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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d98d063 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #53083 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53083) diff --git a/old/53083-0.txt b/old/53083-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c4089a5..0000000 --- a/old/53083-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10613 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Antiquities of Constantinople, by Pierre -Gilles, Translated by John Ball - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: The Antiquities of Constantinople - With a Description of Its Situation, the Conveniencies of Its Port, Its Publick Buildings, the Statuary, Sculpture, Architecture, and Other Curiosities of That City - - -Author: Pierre Gilles - - - -Release Date: September 18, 2016 [eBook #53083] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ANTIQUITIES OF -CONSTANTINOPLE*** - - -E-text prepared by Turgut Dincer, Brian Wilcox, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made -available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org); frontispiece -generously made available by the Google Books Library Project -(http://books.google.com) - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the original illustrations. - See 53083-h.htm or 53083-h.zip: - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/53083/53083-h/53083-h.htm) - or - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/53083/53083-h.zip) - - - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - https://archive.org/details/antiquitiesofcon00gill - - -Transcriber’s note: - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - Text enclosed by equal signs is in blackletter - (=blackletter=). - - See additional notes at the end of the book. - - - - - -[Illustration: IMP CONSTANTINVS P F AVG - -FUNDAVIT CONSTANTINOP. - -ANNO CCCXXX. - - _From Angeloni._ _J. Tinney Sculp._] - - - - -THE - -=Antiquities= - -OF - -CONSTANTINOPLE. - - With a DESCRIPTION of its _SITUATION_, - the Conveniencies of its PORT, - its _PUBLICK BUILDINGS_, - the Statuary, Sculpture, Architecture, _and other_ - _CURIOSITIES_ of that CITY. - With CUTS explaining the Chief of them. - -=In Four Books.= - -_Written Originally in_ Latin _by_ - -PETRUS GYLLIUS _A BYZANTINE HISTORIAN_. - -Now Translated into _English_, and Enlarged with an Ancient -_Description_ of the WARDS of that CITY, as they stood in the Reigns -of _Arcadius_ and _Honorius_. - -With _Pancirolus’s NOTES_ thereupon. - - _To which is added - A large Explanatory INDEX._ - -By JOHN BALL, formerly of _C. C. C. Oxon._ - - ——_Res Antiquæ laudis, et artis - Ingredior._—— Vir. Geo. 2. - - -LONDON. - -Printed for the Benefit of the Translator, 1729. - -_J. Tinney Sculp._ - - - - -[Illustration: Page Header Decoration] - -TO - -RICHARD BANNER, Esq; - -OF - -_PERRY-HALL_, - -IN THE - -County of _STAFFORD_. - - -SIR, - -No sooner had my Inclinations prevail’d upon me to publish this Author, -but my Gratitude directed me where I should make the Dedication. -These Labours are yours by many Obligations. Your Services to me -demand them, you have express’d a particular Esteem for Pieces of -this Kind, you have assisted me with a valuable Collection of Books -in the Translation of them, and you have encourag’d the Performance -by the Interest of your Friends; so that if there be any Merit in the -Publication of it, ’tis you who are entitled to it. - -The Knowledge of _Antiquity_ was always look’d upon as a Study worthy -the Entertainment of a Gentleman, and was never in higher Estimation -among the Nobility and Gentry of _Great Britain_ than it is now. -And this Regard which the present Age pays to it, proceeds from a -wise Discernment, and a proportionable Value of Things. For we never -entertain our Curiosity with more Pleasure, and to better Purposes, -than by looking into the Art, and Improvement, and Industry of antient -Times, and by observing how they excited their Heroes and great Men to -virtuous and honourable Actions by the Memorials of _Statuary_ and -_Sculpture_; the silent Records of their Greatness, and the lasting -History of their Glory. - -The great Discoveries made of late, and publish’d by a [A]Society -of Gentlemen, united in the Search of _Antiquity_, will be lasting -Monuments of their Fame in future Times, and will be look’d upon as -Arguments of an ingenious Curiosity, in looking into the delectable -Situations of Places, in preserving the beautiful Ruines of Antient -Buildings, and in setting Chronology in a truer Light, by the Knowledge -of Coins and Medals. - -But, Sir, what I principally intend in this Dedication, is to do -Justice to Merit, and to acquaint the World, That you never look’d upon -Licentiousness, and Infidelity, to be any Part of the Character of a -fine Gentleman, That Virtue does not sit odly upon Men of a superior -Station, and That in you we have an Example of one, who has Prudence -enough to temper the innocent Freedoms of Life with the Strictnesses -of Duty, and Conduct enough to be Merry, and not Licentious, to be -Sociable, and not Austere; a Deportment this, which sets off your -Character beyond the most elaborate Expressions of Art, and is not to -be describ’d by the most curious Statue, or the most durable Marble. I -am, Sir, with very great Regard, - -_Your most Oblig’d_, - -_And most Obedient Servant_, - -JOHN BALL. - -[Illustration: Page Decoration] - - -[A] The Society of _Antiquaries_ in _London_. - - - - -[Illustration: Page Header Decoration] - -THE - -PREFACE - -OF THE - -TRANSLATOR. - - -_It is customary upon a Translation to give some Account both of the -Author, and his Writings. The Author_ Petrus Gyllius, _as he stands -enroll’d among the Men of Eminency, and Figure in polite Learning, I -find to be a Native of_ Albi, _in_ France. _He was in great Reputation -in the sixteenth Century, and was look’d upon as a Writer of so good a -Taste, and so comprehensive a_ Genius, _that there was scarce any thing -in the polite Languages, which had escap’d him. As he had a particular -Regard for Men of distinguished Learning, so was he equally honour’d, -and esteem’d by them._ Francis _the First, King of_ France, _the great -Patron of Literature, and who was also a good Judge of his Abilities, -sent him into_ Italy, _and_ Greece, _to make a Collection of all the -choice Manuscripts which had never been printed, but in his Passage it -was his Misfortune to be taken by the_ Corsairs. _Some Time after, by -the Application and Generosity of Cardinal_ d’Armanac, _he was redeem’d -from Slavery. The just Sense this munificent Patron had of his Merit, -incited him, when my Author had finish’d more than fourty Years Travels -over all_ Greece, Asia, _and the greatest Part of_ Africa, _in the -Search of Antiquity, to receive him into his Friendship, and Family; -where, while he was digesting, and methodizing his Labours for the -Service of the Publick, he dy’d in the Year 1555, and in the_ 65ᵗʰ -_Year of his Age_. - -_Although it was his Intention to have published all the Learned -Observations he had made in his Travels, yet he liv’d to give us only -a Description of the_ Bosporus, Thrace, _and_ Constantinople, _with an -Account of the_ Antiquities _of each of those Places. In his Search of -what was curious he was indefatigable, and had a perfect Knowledge of -it in all its Parts. He had also translated into_ Latin Theodore_’s -Commentaries on the_ Minor Prophets, _and sixteen Books of_ Ælian_’s_ -History of Animals. Petrus Belonius _is highly reflected upon, in that -being his Domestick, and a Companion with him in his Travels, he took -the Freedom to publish several of his Works under his own Name: And -indeed such a flagrant Dishonesty in acting the Plagiary in so gross a -manner, was justly punish’d with the most severe Censures; since it -had been Merit enough to have deserv’d the Praises of the Learned World -for Publishing such valuable Pieces, with an honourable Acknowledgment -of the Author of them_. - -_I have no Occasion to vindicate the Worth and Credit of my Author, -whose Fame will live, and flourish, while the Characters given him by_ -Gronovius, Thuanus, Morreri, Tournefort, _and_ Montfaucon _are of any -Weight. These Great Men have recorded him to future Times, for his deep -Insight into_ Natural _Knowledge, his unweary’d Application to the -Study of_ Antiquity, _and his great Accuracy and Exactness in Writing_. - -_In the following Treatise, the Reader has before him a full and lively -View of one of the most magnificent Cities in the Universe; stately, -and beautiful in its Natural Situation, improv’d with all the Art and -Advantages of fine Architecture, and furnished with the most costly -Remains of Antiquity; so that_ New Rome, _in many Instances of that -Kind, may seem to excell the_ Old. - -_I hope my Author will not be thought too particular and exact in -describing the several Hills and Vales, upon which_ Constantinople -_stands, when it is consider’d, that he is delineating_ the Finest -Situation in the World. - -_The Manner in which he treats on this Subject is very entertaining; -and his Descriptions, though with the greatest Regard to Truth, are -embellish’d with a Grace and Beauty, almost Poetical. This, I look upon -it, was occasion’d by the agreeable Variety of delightful Prospects and -Situations, which the Subject naturally led him to describe._ - -_The present State of_ Constantinople, _I mean as to the Meanness and -Poverty of its Buildings, is attested by all those, who have either -seen, or wrote concerning it; so that ’tis not_ Now _to be compar’d -with it self, as it stood in its Antient Glory. The_ Turks _have such -an Aversion to all that is curious in Learning, or magnificent in -Architecture, or valuable in Antiquity, that they have made it a Piece -of Merit, for above 200 Years, to demolish, and efface every thing -of that Kind; so that this Account of the_ Antiquities _of that City -given us by_ Gyllius, _is not only the_ Best, _but indeed the_ Only -_collective History of them_. - -_In tracing out the Buildings of Old_ Byzantium, _the antient_ Greek -_Historians, which he perfectly understood, were of great Service to -him; this, with his own personal Observations, as residing for some -Years at_ Constantinople, _furnish’d him with Materials sufficient for -the present History_. - -_The Curious, who have always admir’d the Accuracy of this Work of_ -Gyllius, _have yet been highly concern’d, that it wanted the Advantage -of Cuts, by which the Reader might have the agreeable Pleasure of -surveying with the Eye, what my Author has so exactly describ’d with -the Pen_. - -_I have therefore endeavour’d to supply this Defect, by presenting -to the View of the Reader a Collection of Figures, which do not only -refer to such Curiosities as be will find mention’d in the several -Parts of my Author, but such as have been describ’d by other later -Travellers; and by this Means I hope I have given a compleat View of -whatsoever is most remarkable in the_ Antiquities of Constantinople. -_The Catalogue and Order of the Cuts is as follows_; - -I. _The_ Thracian Bosporus, _with the Situation of_ Constantinople, _as -antiently divided into_ Wards; _from_ Du Fresne. - -II. _A Delineation of that City, as it stood in the Year 1422, before -it was taken by the_ Turks; _from the same_. - -III. _The Ichnography, or Plan of the Church of_ Sancta Sophia; _from -the same_. - -IV. _The whole View of the Church of_ Sancta Sophia; _from the same_. - -V. _The outside Prospect of that Church; from the same._ - -VI. _The inside View of it; from the same._ - -VII. _The Plan of the Church of the Apostles; from Sir_ George Wheler. - -VIII. _The antient_ Hippodrom, _with the_ Thebæan Obelisk, _and the -Engines by which it was erected; from_ Spon _and_ Wheler. - -IX. _The Three Pillars_, viz. _the Serpentine and Porphyry Pillars, -standing in the_ Hippodrom, _as described by_ Gyllius, _with the Pillar -of the Emperor_ Marcian, _since discover’d by_ Spon _and_ Wheler _in a -private Garden; from_ B. Randolph. - -X. _The Historical Pillar, described by_ Gyllius, _and since by_ -Tournefort; _from_ Du Fresne. - -XI. _A View of the Seraglio Point, with a Representation of the present -Imperial Palace, and the Church of_ Sancta Sophia; _from_ B. -Randolph. - -_When this Impression was almost finished, a learned Gentleman of -the University of_ Oxon, _to whom my best Acknowledgments are due, -communicated to me a valuable Passage, relating to the Statues of_ -Constantinople, _demolished by the_ Romans, _which he transcribed from -the Second Book of_ Nicetas Choniat, _a_ MS. _in the_ Bodl. Lib. _I -have added a Translation of it by way of_ Appendix; _and I presume -that the Reader will look upon it as a curious and an agreeable -Entertainment_. - - -[Illustration: Page Decoration] - - - - -[Illustration: Page Header Decoration] - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - _The Preface of the Author, describing the Situation of_ - Constantinople, _the Conveniencies of its Port, and the - Commodities in which it abounds_, Page 1 - -[Illustration: Page Decoration] - - -BOOK I. - - CHAP. I. _Of the Founders of_ Byzantium, _and the - different Successes and Revolutions of that City_, Page 13 - - II. _Of the Extent of Old_ Byzantium, p. 20 - - III. _Of the Rebuilding it by_ Constantine _the_ Great, - _and the Largeness of it in his Time_, p. 21 - - IV. _Of the present Figure, Compass, Length, and Breadth - of_ Constantinople, p. 29 - - V. _A General Description of_ Constantinople, p. 32 - - VI. _The Situation of all the Parts of the City describ’d_, p. 35 - - VII. _Of the First Hill, the Palace of the Grand_ Seignor, - _the Church of St._ Sophia, _and the_ Hippodrom, p. 36 - - VIII. _Of the First Valley_, p. 43 - - IX. _Of the Second Hill_, p. 44 - - X. _Of the Second Valley, which divides the Second from - the Third Hill_, p. 48 - - XI. _Of the Third Hill_, p. 50 - - XII. _Of the Third Valley_, p. 54 - - XIII. _Of the Fourth Hill_, p. 55 - - XIV. _Of the Fifth Hill_, p. 59 - - XV. _Of the Fifth Valley_, p. 61 - - XVI. _Of the Sixth Hill_, p. 62 - - XVII. _Of the Valley which divides the_ Promontory _of - the Sixth Hill from the Seventh Hill_, p. 64 - - XVIII. _Of the Seventh Hill_, p. 65 - - XIX. _Of the Walls of the City_, p. 67 - - XX. _Of the Gates of_ Constantinople, _and the Seven - Towers of Old_ Byzantium, p. 70 - - XXI. _Of the long Walls_, p. 72 - -[Illustration: Page Decoration] - - -BOOK II. - - CHAP. I. _Of the Buildings and Monuments of Old_ Byzantium - _and_ Constantinople, p. 73 - - II. _Of the Antient Monuments of the First Hill, and of - the First_ Ward _of the City_, p. 75 - - III. _Of the Church of St._ Sophia, p. 82 - - IV. _A Description of the Church of St._ Sophia, _as it - now appears_, p. 87 - - V. _Of the Statues found on one Side of that Church_, p. 95 - - VI. _Of the_ Pharo _on the_ Promontory _of_ Ceras, _and - the_ Mangana, p. 96 - - VII. _Of the_ Bagnio’s _of_ Zeuxippus, _and its Statues_, p. 97 - - VIII. _Of the Hospitals of_ Sampson, _and_ Eubulus, p. 100 - - IX. _Of the Statue of_ Eudocia Augusta, _for which - St._ Chrysostom _was sent into Banishment_, p. 101 - - X. _Of those Parts of the City which are contain’d in - the Third_ Ward, p. 102 - - XI. _Of the_ Hippodrom, _its_ Obelisk, _its_ Statues, - _and_ Columns, p. 103 - - XII. _Of the_ Colossus, p. 108 - - XIII. _Of some other_ Columns _in the_ Hippodrom, p. 110 - - XIV. _Of the Church of_ Bacchus, _of the Court of_ Hormisda, - _and the House of_ Justinian, p. 117 - - XV. _Of the Port of_ Julian _and_ Sophia; _of the_ Portico - _nam’d_ Sigma, _and the Palace of St._ Sophia, p. 120 - - XVI. _Of the Fourth_ Ward, p. 126 - - XVII. _Of the_ Forum _called_ Augusteum, _the Pillar of_ - Theodosius, _and_ Justinian, _also of the_ Senate-house, p. 127 - - XVIII. _Of the Imperial Palace, and the_ Basilica, _as also - of the Palace of_ Constantine, _and of the House of Entrance - nam’d_ Chalca, p. 133 - - XIX. _Of the_ Basilica, _and the Imperial Walks_, p. 140 - - XX. _Of the Imperial Library and_ Portico, _and also of the - Imperial_ Cistern, p. 143 - - XXI. _Of the_ Chalcopratia, p. 148 - - XXII. _Of the_ Portico’s _situate between the Palace, and - the_ Forum _of_ Constantine, p. 150 - - XXIII. _Of the_ Miliarium Aureum, _and its Statues; of_ - Fortune, _the Goddess of the City, and her Statue_, p. 152 - - XXIV. _Of the Temple of_ Neptune, _and the Church of - St._ Mina _or_ Menna, _of the_ Stadia, _and_ Stairs _of_ - Timasius, p. 157 - - XXV. _Of the_ Lausus, _and its Statues_; viz. _a_ Venus _of_ - Cnidos, _a_ Juno _of_ Samos, _a_ Minerva _of_ Lindia, _a - winged_ Cupid, _a_ Jupiter Olympius, _a_ Saturn, Unicorns, - Tygers, Vultures, Beasts _that are half Camels and half - Panthers; of the Cistern, in an Hospital, which was call’d_ - Philoxenos, _and a_ Chrysotriclinium, p. 159 - -[Illustration: Page Decoration] - - -BOOK III. - - CHAP. I. _Of several Places in the Fifth_ Ward, _and the - Second Hill; of the_ Neorium, _of the Port nam’d the_ - Bosporium, _of the_ Strategium, _and the_ Forum _of_ - Theodosius, p. 164 - - II. _Of the Sixth_ Ward, _and the remaining antient - Buildings of the Second Hill_, p. 171 - - III. _Of the_ Porphyry _Pillar, the_ Forum _of_ Constantine, - _and the_ Palladium, p. 172 - - IV. _Of the Senate House, the_ Nympheum, _and the Statues - in the_ Forum _of_ Constantine, _of the_ Labarum _and_ - Supparum, _of the_ Philadelphium, _of the Death of_ Arius, - _and of the Temples of_ Tellus, Ceres, Persephone, Juno, - _and_ Pluto, p. 181 - - V. _Of the Seventh Ward_, p. 190 - - VI. _Of the Street call’d_ Taurus, _of the_ Forum, _and - Pillar of_ Theodosius, _which had winding Stairs within it; - of the_ Tetrapylum, _the_ Pyramidical _Engine of the Winds, - of the Statues of_ Arcadius, _and_ Honorius, _the Churches - of_ Hirena, _and_ Anastasia, _and the Rocks called_ - Scyronides, p. 193 - - VII. _Of the Eighth_ Ward, _and the Back-part of the - Third Hill_, p. 202 - - VIII. _Of the Ninth_ Ward, _of the Temple of_ Concord, - _of the Granaries of_ Alexandria _and_ Theodosius, _of - the Baths of_ Anastasia, _of the House of_ Craterus, _of - the_ Modius, _and the Temple of the_ Sun _and_ Moon, p. 205 - - IX. _Of the Third Valley and the Tenth_ Ward, _of the - House, and Palace of_ Placidia, _of the_ Aqueducts of - Valentinian, _the Baths of_ Constantius, _and the_ - Nympheum, p. 209 - -[Illustration: Page Decoration] - - -BOOK IV. - - CHAP. I. _Of the Eleventh_ Ward, _and of the Fourth and - Fifth Hill_, p. 217 - - II. _Of the Church of the_ Apostles, _of the Sepulchre - of_ Constantine _the_ Great, _of the Cisterns of_ - Arcadius, _and_ Modestus, _of the Palace of_ Placilla, - _and the_ Brazen Bull, p. 221 - - III. _Of the Sixth Hill, and the Fourteenth_ Ward, p. 236 - - IV. _Of the_ Hepdomum, _a Part of the Suburbs, of - the_ Triclinium _of_ Magnaura, _of the Palace called_ - Cyclobion, _of the Statue of_ Mauritius, _and his - Arsenal, and also of the Place called the_ Cynegium, p. 238 - - V. _Of the_ Blachernæ, _the_ Triclinium _of the_ - Blachernæ, _of the Palace, the_ Aqueduct, _and many other - Places of Antiquity_, p. 244 - - VI. _Of the Bridge near the Church of St._ Mamas, _of - the_ Hippodrom, _of the_ Brazen Lyon, _and the Tomb of - the Emperor_ Mauritius, p. 248 - - VII. _Of the Seventh Hill, the Twelfth_ Ward, _and of the - Pillar of_ Arcadius, p. 250 - - VIII. _Of the Statues, and the ancient_ Tripos _of_ - Apollo _plac’d in the_ Xerolophon, p. 255 - - IX. _Of the_ Columns _now remaining on the Seventh Hill_, p. 261 - - X. _Of the Thirteenth_ Ward _of the City, called the_ - Sycene Ward, _of the Town of_ Galata, _sometimes called_ - Pera, p. 264 - - XI. _A Description of_ Galata, _of the Temples of_ - Amphiaraus, _of_ Diana, _and_ Venus, _of its_ Theatre - _and the_ Forum _of_ Honorius, p. 270 - - _An Appendix, taken out of a_ MS. _in the_ Bodleian - _Library of the University of_ Oxon, _relating to the - antient Statues of_ Constantinople, _demolish’d by the_ - Latins, _when they took the City_, p. 285 - -[Illustration: Page Decoration] - - A DESCRIPTION Of the CITY of CONSTANTINOPLE, As it stood - in the REIGNS of ARCADIUS and HONORIUS. - - A DESCRIPTION Of the WARDS of CONSTANTINOPLE. - - The first _Region_, or _Ward_. p. 3 - - The Second _Ward_. p. 14 - - The Third _Ward_. p. 18 - - The Fourth _Ward_. p. 19 - - The Fifth _Ward_. p. 27 - - The Sixth _Ward_. p. 31 - - The Seventh _Ward_. p. 35 - - The Eighth _Ward_. p. 38 - - The Ninth _Ward_. p. 39 - - The Tenth _Ward_. p. 42 - - The Eleventh _Ward_. p. 44 - - The Twelfth _Ward_. p. 46 - - The Thirteenth _Ward_. p. 48 - - The Fourteenth _Ward_. p. 51 - - _A Summary View of the whole City._ p. 53 - - _Some Account of the_ Suburbs _as they are mention’d in - the_ Codes _and_ Law-Books. p. 59 - - _Of the present Buildings of_ Constantinople. p. 62 - -[Illustration: Page Decoration] - - - - -[Illustration: Page Header Decoration] - -THE PREFACE OF THE AUTHOR, - - Describing the Situation of _Constantinople_, the Conveniences of its - Port, and the Commodities in which it abounds. - - -Constantinople is situated after such a Manner in a _Peninsula_, that -’tis scarce bounded by the Continent; for on three Sides ’tis inclosed -by the Sea. Nor is it only well fortified by its natural Situation, but -’tis also well guarded by Forts, erected in large Fields, extending -from the City at least a two Day’s Journey, and more than twenty Miles -in Length. The Seas that bound the _Peninsula_ are _Pontus_, or the -_Black Sea_, the _Bosporus_, and the _Propontis_. The City is inclosed -by a Wall formerly built by _Anastasius_. ’Tis upon this Account that -being secured as it were by a double _Peninsula_, she entitles her self -the Fortress of all _Europe_, and claims the Preheminence over all -the Cities of the World, as hanging over the Straits both of _Europe_ -and _Asia_. For besides other immense Advantages peculiar to it, this -is look’d upon as a principal Convenience of its Situation, that ’tis -encompassed by a Sea abounding with the finest Harbours for Ships; -on the South by the _Propontis_, on the East by the _Bosporus_, and -on the North by a Bay full of Ports, which can not only be secured -by a Boom, but even without such a Security, can greatly annoy the -Enemy. For the Walls of _Constantinople_ and _Galata_ straitning its -Latitude into less than half a Mile over, it has often destroy’d the -Enemies Ships by liquid Fire, and other Instruments of War. I would -remark farther, that were it secured according to the Improvements -of modern Fortification, it would be the strongest Fortress in the -World; _viz._ if the four ancient Ports, formerly inclosed within -its Walls by Booms, were rebuilt; two of which (being not only the -Ornament, but the Defence of old _Byzantium_) held out a Siege -against _Severus_ for the Space of three Years; nor could it ever be -obliged to a Surrender, but by Famine only. For besides the Profits -and Advantages it receives from the _Propontis_ and _Ægean_ Sea, -it holds an absolute Dominion over the _Black Sea_; and by one Door -only, namely by the _Bosporus_, shuts up its Communication with any -other part of the World; for no Ship can pass this Sea, if the Port -thinks fit to dispute their Passage. By which means it falls out, -that all the Riches of the _Black Sea_, whether exported or imported, -are at her Command. And indeed such considerable Exportations are -made from hence of Hydes of all Kinds, of Honey, of Wax, of Slaves, -and other Commodities, as supply a great Part of _Europe_, _Asia_ -and _Africa_; and on the other hand, there are imported from those -Places such extraordinary Quantities of Wine, Oil, Corn, and other -Goods without Number, that _Mysia_, _Dacia_, _Pannonia_, _Sarmatia_, -_Mæotis_, _Colchis_, _Spain_, _Albania_, _Cappadocia_, _Armenia_, -_Media_, _Parthia_, and both Parts of _Scythia_, share in the great -Abundance. ’Tis for this Reason, that not only all foreign Nations, if -they would entitle themselves to any Property in the immense Wealth of -the _Black Sea_, but also all Sea Port and Island Towns are obliged -to court the Friendship of this City. Besides, ’tis impossible for -any Ships to pass or repass, either from _Asia_ or _Europe_, but at -her Pleasure, she being as it were the Bridge and Port of both those -Worlds; nay, I might call her the Continent that joins them, did -not the _Hellespont_ divide them. But this Sea is thought, in many -Respects, to be inferior to that of _Constantinople_; first, as it is -much larger, and then, as not having a Bay as that has, by which its -City might be made a _Peninsula_, and a commodious Port for Ships: -And indeed if it had such a Bay, yet could it reap no Advantage of -Commerce from the _Black Sea_, but by the Permission of the People of -_Constantinople_. _Constantine_ at first began to build a City upon -_Sigeum_, a Promontory hanging over the Straits of the _Hellespont_; -but quitting that Situation, he afterwards pitch’d upon a Promontory -of _Byzantium_. _Troy_, I acknowledge, is a magnificent City, but they -were blind, who could not discover the Situation of _Byzantium_; all -stark blind, who founded Cities within View of it, either on the Coast -of the _Hellespont_, or the _Propontis_; which though they maintain’d -their Grandeur for some Time, yet at present are quite in Ruins, or -have only a few Streets remaining, and which, if they were all rebuilt, -must be in Subjection to _Constantinople_, as being superior in Power -to all of them. Wherefore we may justly entitle her the Key, not only -of the _Black Sea_, but also of the _Propontis_ and the _Mediterranean -Sea_. _Cyzicus_ (now called _Chazico_) is highly in Esteem, for that -it joins by two Bridges the Island to the Continent, and unites two -opposite Bays, and is, as _Aristides_ informs us, the Bond of the -_Black_, and the _Mediterranean Sea_; but any Man, who has his Eyes -in his Head, may see, that ’tis but a very weak one. The _Propontis_ -flows in a broad Sea, between _Cyzicus_ and _Europe_; by which Means -as a Passage is open into both Seas, though the People of _Cyzicus_ -should pretend to dispute it; so they on the other hand, should the -People of _Hellespont_ or _Constantinople_ contest it with them, could -have no Advantage of the Commerce of either of those Seas. I shall say -nothing at present of _Heraclea_, _Selymbria_, and _Chalcedon_, seated -on the Coast of the _Propontis_, anciently Cities of Renown, both -for the Industry of their Inhabitants, and the Agreeableness of their -Situation; but they could never share in the principal Commodities -of other Towns of Traffick, in the Neighbourhood of the Port of -_Constantinople_, which was always look’d upon as impregnable. The -Harbours of those Cities have lain for a considerable time all under -Water, so that they were not of sufficient Force to sail the _Bosporus_ -and the _Hellespont_, without the Permission of the Inhabitants of -those Places: But the _Byzantians_ rode Masters of the _Black Sea_, -in Defiance of them all. _Byzantium_ therefore seems alone exempted -from those Inconveniencies and Incapacities which have happen’d to her -Neighbours, and to many other potent and flourishing Cities, which for -several Years having lain in their own Ruins, are either not rebuilt -with their ancient Grandeur, or have changed their former Situation. -All its neighbouring Towns are yet lost: There is only the Name of -_Memphis_ remaining. Whereas _Babylon_, seated in its Neighbourhood, -from a small Fort, is become a large and populous City; and yet neither -of them is so commodious as _Constantinople_. I shall take no Notice -of _Babylon_ in _Assyria_, who, when she was in her most flourishing -State, had the Mortification to see a City built near her, equal in -Largeness to her self: Why is not _Alexandria_ rebuilt, but because -she must support her self more by the Industry of her People, than the -Agreeableness of her Situation? ’Twas the Sanctity of St. _Peter_, -and the Grandeur of the _Roman_ Name, that contributed more to the -rebuilding old _Rome_, than the natural Situation of the Place itself, -as having no Convenience for Ships and Harbours. I pass by in Silence -_Athens_ and _Lacedæmon_, which were more remarkable for the Learning -and resolute Bravery of their People, than the Situation of their -City. I omit the two Eyes of the Sea Coast, _Corinth_ and _Carthage_, -both which falling into Ruins at the same Time, were first repaired by -_Julius Cæsar_; afterwards, when they fell entirely to decay, nobody -rebuilt them: And though _Carthage_ is seated in a _Peninsula_ with -several Havens about it, yet in no part of it are there two Seas which -fall into each other: For though _Corinth_ may be said to lie between -two Seas, and is call’d the Fort of _Peloponnesus_, the Key and Door -of _Greece_; yet is it so far from uniting in one Chanel two Seas, or -two Bays adjoining to the _Peninsula_, that she was never able to make -Head against the _Macedonians_ or _Romans_, as _Cyzico_ and _Negropont_ -did; the one by its well built Forts and other War-like Means, and the -other by the Strength of its natural Situation. But _Constantinople_ -is the Key both of the _Mediterranean_ and _Black Sea_, which alone, -by the best Skill in Navigation, nay though you were to make a Voyage -round the World, you will find to meet only in one Point, and that is, -the Mouth of the Port. I shall say nothing of _Venice_, which does -not so much enclose the Sea for proper Harbours, as ’tis enclosed by -it, and labours under greater Difficulties to keep off the Swellings -and Inundations of the Seas, than unite them together. I pass by the -Situations of the whole Universe, wherever there are, have, or shall -be Cities; in none of them shall you find a Port abounding with so -many and so great Conveniencies, both for the Maintenance of its -Dominion over the Seas, and the Support of Life, as in this City. It -is furnish’d with Plenty of all manner of Provisions, being supply’d -with Corn by a very large Field of _Thrace_, extending itself, in some -Parts of it, a Length of seven Days, and in others, of a more than -twenty Days Journey. I shall say nothing of _Asia_ adjoining to it, -abounding with the greatest Fruitfulness both of Corn and Pasture, and -the best Conveniencies for their Importation from both Seas. And as to -the immense Quantity of its Wines, besides what is the Product of its -own Soil, it is furnish’d with that Commodity from all the Coasts of -the _Bosporus_, the _Propontis_, and the _Hellespont_, which are all -well stock’d with Vineyards; and without the Danger of a long Voyage, -_Constantinople_ can, at her Pleasure, import the choicest Wines of -all Kinds, and whatever else may contribute to her own Gratification -and Delight. ’Tis for this Reason that _Theopompus_ gives her this -Character, That ever since she became a Mart-Town, her People were -wholly taken up, either in the Market, in the Port, or at Taverns, -giving themselves up entirely to Wine. _Menander_, in his Comedy -_Auletris_, tells us, that _Constantinople_ makes all her Merchants -Sots. _I bouze it_, says one of his Actors, _all Night; and upon my -waking after the Dose, I fancy I have no less than four Heads upon -my Shoulders_. The Comedians play handsomely upon them, in giving -us an Account, that when their City was besieged, their General had -no other Way to keep his Soldiers from deferring, but by building -Taverns within the Walls; which, tho’ a Fault proceeding from their -popular Form of Government, yet at the same time denotes to us the -great Fruitfulness of their Soil, and the great Plenty they have of -Wine. They who have been Eye-witnesses can best attest, how well they -are provided with Flesh, with Venison and Fowls, which they might -share more abundantly, but that they are but indifferent Sportsmen. -Their Markets are always stored with the richest Fruits of all Kinds. -If any Objection be made to this, I would have it consider’d, what -Quantities the _Turks_ use, after hard Drinking, to allay their -Thirst. And as to Timber, _Constantinople_ is so plentifully supply’d -with that, both from _Europe_ and _Asia_, and will in all probability -continue to be so, that she can be under no Apprehensions of a Scarcity -that way, as long as she continues a City. Woods of an unmeasurable -Length, extending themselves from the _Propontis_ beyond _Colchis_, -a more than forty Days Journey, contribute to her Stores so that she -does not only supply the neighbouring Parts with Timber for building -Ships and Houses, but even _Ægypt_, _Arabia_ and _Africa_, partake -in the inexhaustible Abundance; while she, of all the Cities in the -World, cannot lie under the want of Wood of any Kind, under which, -even in our Time, we have observed the most flourishing Cities, both -of _Europe_ and _Asia_, sometimes to have fallen. _Marseilles_, -_Venice_, _Taranto_, are all famous for Fish; yet _Constantinople_ -exceeds them all in its Abundance of this Kind. The Port is supply’d -with vast Quantities from both Seas; nor do they swim only in thick -Shoals through the _Bosporus_, but also from _Chalcedon_ to this Port. -Insomuch that twenty Fish-Boats have been laden with one Net; and -indeed they are so numberless, that oftentimes from the Continent you -may take them out of the Sea with your Hands. Nay, when in the Spring, -they swim up into the _Black Sea_, you may kill them with Stones. -The Women, with Osier Baskets ty’d to a Rope, angle for them out of -the Windows, and the Fishermen with bare Hooks take a sort of Fish -of the _Tunny_ Kind, in such Quantities, as are a competent Supply -to all _Greece_, and a great part of _Asia_ and _Europe_. But not to -recount the different Kinds of Fish they are stock’d with, they catch -such Multitudes of Oysters, and other Shell Fish, that you may see -in the Fish Market every Day, so many Boats full of them, as are a -Sufficiency to the _Grecians_, all their Fast-Days, when they abstain -from all sorts of Fish which have Blood in them. If there was not so -considerable a Plenty of Flesh at _Constantinople_, if the People took -any Pleasure in eating Fish, and their Fishermen were as industrious as -those of _Venice_ and _Marseilles_, and were also allow’d a Freedom in -their Fishery, they would have it in their Power, not only to pay as -a Tribute a third part of their Fish at least to the Grand _Seignor_, -but also to supply all the lesser Towns in her Neighbourhood. If we -consider the Temperature of the Climate of New _Rome_, it must be -allow’d by proper Judges, that it far excels that of _Pontus_. For my -own part, I have often experienced it to be a more healthy Air than -that of Old _Rome_; and for many Years past, I have scarce observed -above a Winter or two to have been very cold, and that the Summer Heats -have been allay’d by the northern Breezes, which generally clear the -Air for the whole Season. In the Winter, ’tis a little warm’d by the -southern Winds, which have the same Effect. When the Wind is at North, -they have generally Rain, though ’tis quite otherwise in _Italy_ and -_France_. As to the Plague, ’tis less raging, less mortal, and no more -rife among them, than it is, commonly speaking, in great Cities; and -which indeed would be less rife, were it not for the Multitudes of -the common People, and the foul Way of Feeding among their Slaves. -But that I may not seem to flourish too largely in the Praise of this -City, never to be defamed by the most sour _Cynick_, I must confess -that there is one great Inconvenience it labours under, which is, -that ’tis more frequently inhabited by a savage, than a genteel and -civiliz’d People; not but that she is capable of refining the Manners -of the most rude and unpolish’d; but because her Inhabitants, by their -luxurious way of living, emasculate themselves, and for that Reason -are wholly incapable of making any Resistance against those barbarous -People, by whom, to a vast Distance, they are encompass’d on all -Sides. From hence it is, that although _Constantinople_ seems as it -were by Nature form’d for Government, yet her People are neither under -the Decencies of Education, nor any Strictness of Discipline. Their -Affluence makes them slothful, and their Pride renders them averse to -an open Familiarity, and a generous Conversation; so that they avoid -all Opportunities of being thrust out of Company for their Insolence, -or falling into Dissensions amongst themselves, by which means the -Christian Inhabitants of the Place, formerly lost both their City and -Government. But let their Quarrels and Divisions run never so high, -and throw the whole City into a Flame, as they have many times done, -nay tho’ they should rase her even with the Ground, yet she would -soon rise again out of her own Ruins, by reason of the Pleasantness -of her Situation, without which the _Black Sea_ could not so properly -be called the _Euxine_, as the _Axine_ Sea, (the Inhabitants of whose -Coast used to kill all Strangers that fell into their Hands) by reason -of the great Numbers of barbarous People who dwell round the _Black -Sea_. It would be dangerous venturing on the Coasts of the _Black -Sea_, either by Land or Water, which are full of Pyrates and Robbers, -unless they were kept in a tolerable Order by the Government of the -Port. There would be no passing the Straits of the _Bosporus_ which -is inhabited on both Shores by a barbarous People, but for the same -Reason. And though a Man was never so secure of a safe Passage, yet he -might mistake his Road at the Mouth of the _Bosporus_, being misguided -by the false Lights, which the _Thracians_, who inhabit the Coasts of -the _Black Sea_, formerly used to hang out, instead of a _Pharos_. ’Tis -therefore not only in the Power of _Constantinople_, to prevent any -Foreigners sailing the _Black Sea_; but in reality no Powers can sail -it, without some Assistance from her. Since therefore _Constantinople_ -is the Fortress of all _Europe_, both against the Pyrates of _Pontus_, -and the Savages of _Asia_, was the never so effectually demolish’d, -as to all Appearance, yet would she rise again out of her Ruins to her -former Grandeur and Magnificence. With what Fury did _Severus_ pursue -this City, even to an entire Subversion? And yet when he cool’d in his -Resentments against these People, he recollected with himself, that -he had destroy’d a City which had been the common Benefactress of the -Universe, and the grand Bulwark of the Eastern Empire. In a little time -after he began to rebuild her, and order’d her, in Honour of his Son, -to be call’d _Antonina_. I shall end with this Reflection; That though -all other Cities have their Periods of Government, and are subject to -the Decays of Time, _Constantinople_ alone seems to claim to herself a -kind of Immortality, and will continue a City, as long as the Race of -Mankind shall live either to inhabit or rebuild her. - -[Illustration: Page Decoration] - - - - -[Illustration: Page Header Decoration] - -THE ANTIQUITIES OF CONSTANTINOPLE. - -BOOK I. - - - - -CHAP. I. - - _Of the Founders of_ Byzantium, _and the different Successes and - Revolutions of that City_. - - -It is recorded by _Stephanus_ and _Pausanias_, that _Byzantium_, now -call’d _Constantinople_, was first founded by _Byzas_ the Son of -_Neptune_ and _Ceroessa_, or by a Person named _Byzes_, Admiral of the -Fleet of the _Megarians_, who transplanted a Colony thither. I am of -Opinion, that this was the same Person with _Byzas_. For had it taken -its Name from _Byzes_, this City had more properly been call’d _Byzeum_ -than _Byzantium_. _Philostratus_, in the Life of _Marcus_ a Sophist of -_Byzantium_, calls the Admiral of that Fleet by the Name of _Byzas_, -when he informs us, that _Marcus_ (whom he would have descended from -the ancient Family of _Byzas_) made a Voyage to _Megara_, and was -exceedingly in Favour with the People there, who had formerly sent -over a Colony to _Byzantium_. This People, when they had consulted -_Apollo_ where they should found a City, received in Answer from the -Oracle, _That they should seek out a Situation opposite to the Land -of the Blind_. The People of _Chalcedon_ were given to understand by -this mystical Answer, that tho’ they had made a Landing there before, -and had an Opportunity of viewing the commodious Situation of that and -other Places adjacent, yet at last had pitch’d upon the most improper -Place of all. As to what is mention’d by _Justin_, that _Byzantium_ -was first founded by _Pausanias_ a _Spartan_, I take it to import no -more than this; that they who affirm that _Syca_, at present call’d -_Galata_, was first founded by the _Genoese_, as was _Constantinople_ -by _Constantine_, their Meaning was, that they either rebuilt or -enlarged those Places, and not that they were the first Founders -of them. For when I find it in _Herodotus_, that upon the Invasion -of _Thrace_ by _Darius_, the People of _Byzantium_ and _Chalcedon_ -were not in the least Expectation of the Arrival of the _Phœnician_ -Fleet, that having quitted their Cities, they retired into the Inland -Shores of the _Black Sea_, and there founded _Mesembria_, and that -the _Phœnicians_ burnt _Byzantium_, and _Chalcedon_; I am of Opinion, -that the _Lacedæmonians_, under the Command of _Pausanias_, sent a -Colony thither, and rebuilt _Byzantium_, which was before either a -Colony of the _Megarians_, or the Seat of the Subjects of _Byzas_ -the Son of _Neptune_, its first Founder. _Eustathius_ assures us, -that it was anciently called _Antonina_ from _Antoninus Bassianus_, -the Son of _Severus Cæsar_, but that it passed under that Name no -longer than his Father liv’d, and that many Years after it was call’d -_New Rome_, and _Constantinople_, and _Anthusa_, or _Florentia_, by -_Constantine the Great_; upon which Account it is call’d by _Priscian_ -_New Constantinopolitan Rome_. It was foretold by the Oracle, that -its Inhabitants should be a successful and flourishing People, but -a constant Course of Prosperity did not always attend them. ’Twas -with great Difficulty that this City first began to make a Figure -in the World, in the Struggles it underwent with the _Thracians_, -_Bithynians_, and _Gallogrecians_, and in paying a yearly Tribute of -eighty Talents to the _Gauls_ who govern’d _Asia_. ’Twas with greater -Contests that it rose to higher Degrees of Eminency, being frequently -harass’d, not only with foreign, but domestick Enemies. Mighty Changes -it underwent, being sometimes under the popular, sometimes under the -aristocratical Form of Government, widely extending its Conquests in -_Europe_ and _Asia_, but especially in _Bithynia_. For _Philarcus_ -observes in the sixth Book of his _History_, that the _Byzantians_ had -the same Power over the _Bithynians_, as the _Lacedæmonians_ had over -their _Helotæ_. This Commonwealth had so great a Veneration for the -_Ptolemæi_ Kings of _Ægypt_, that to one of them nam’d _Philadelphus_, -they pay’d divine Honours, and erected a Temple to him, in the Sight -of their City; and so great a Regard had they for the _Roman_ Name, -that they assisted them against the King of _Macedon_, to whom, -as degenerating from his Predecessors, they gave the nickname of -_Pseudo-Philippus_. I need not mention the powerful Succours they sent -against _Antiochus_, _Perseus_, _Aristonicus_, and the Assistance -they gave _Antonius_, when engaged in a War against the Pyrates. This -City alone stood the Brunt of _Mithridates_’s whole Army landed in -their Territories, and at last, though with great Difficulty, bravely -repell’d the Invader. It assisted at once _Sylla_, _Lucullus_ and -_Pompey_, when they lay’d Siege to any Town or Fortification, which -might be a Security to their auxiliary Forces in their Passage, -either by Sea or Land, or might prove a convenient Port, either for -Exportation or Importation of Provision. Joining its Forces at last -with _Niger_ against _Severus_, it became subject to the _Perinthians_, -and was despoil’d of all the Honours of its Government. All its stately -Bagnio’s and Theatres, its strong and lofty Walls, (built of square -Stone, much of the same Hardness with that of a Grindstone, not brought -from _Miletus_, as _Politianus_ fancies) with which it was fortify’d, -were entirely ruin’d. I say, that this Stone was cut out of no Quarry, -either of ancient _Miletus_, or _Miletopolis_; because _Miletus_ lies -at too great a Distance from it, and _Miletopolis_, which is seated -near the River _Rhyndacus_, is no ways famous for Quarries. I saw, -by the By, this last City, adjoining to the Lake of _Apolloniatus_, -entirely demolish’d, retaining at present its Name only. The Walls -of _Byzantium_, as _Herodian_ relates, were cemented with so thin a -Mortar, that you would by no means think them a conjointed Building, -but one entire Stone. They who saw them in Ruins in _Herodian_’s Time, -were equally surpriz’d at those who built, and those who defaced them. -_Dion_, whom _Zonaras_ quotes, reports, that the Walls of _Byzantium_ -were exceeding strong, the Copings of which were built with Stones -three Foot thick, cramp’d together with Links of Brass; and that it -was so firmly compacted inwardly, that the whole Building seem’d to be -one solid Wall. It is adorn’d with numerous and large Towers, having -Gates in them placed one above another. The Walls on the side of the -Continent are very lofty; towards the Sea, not quite so high. It had -two Ports within the Walls, secured with Booms, as was their Entrance -by two high Forts. I had then no Opportunity of consulting _Xenophon_ -in the Original; however I was of Opinion from the _Latin_ Translation, -that a Passage in that Author, which is as follows, has a Relation to -one of those Ports: _When the Soldiers_, says he, _had passed over -from_ Chrysopolis _to_ Byzantium, _and were deny’d Entrance into the -City, they threaten’d to force the Gates, unless the Inhabitants open’d -them of their own Accord; and immediately hastening to the Sea, they -scaled the Walls, and leap’d into the Town, hard by the Sides of the -Port, which the_ Greeks _call_ χηλαὶ, that is by the Piles; because -they jet out into the Sea, winding into the Figure of a Crab’s Claw. -But afterwards meeting with that Author in _Greek_, I found no Mention -there of the Port, but only τὴν χηλὴν τοῦ τείχους, that is, near _the -Copings of the Wall_, or rather the Buttresses that support it. Had it -been in the Original χηλὴ τοῦ λιμένος, it ought rather to have been -translated the _Leg_, or the _Arm_. _Dionysius_ a _Byzantian_ mentions, -that the first Winding of the _Bosporus_ contains three Ports. The -_Byzantians_ in their time had five hundred Ships, some of which were -two-oar’d Galleys; some had Rudders both at Stem and Stern, and had -also their Pilates at each, and two Sets of Hands aboard, so that -either in an Engagement, or upon a Retreat, there was no Necessity for -them to tack about. The _Byzantians_, both in the Life-time and after -the Death of _Niger_, when besieged for the Space of three Years, acted -Wonders; for they not only took the Enemies Ships as they sail’d by -them, but dragg’d their three-oar’d Galleys from their Moorings; for -diving under Water they cut their Anchors, and by fastening small Ropes -from the Stern round their Ancles, they hall’d off their Ships, which -seem’d to swim merely by the natural Tyde of the Sea. Nor were the -_Byzantians_ the first who practis’d this Stratagem, but the _Tyrians_ -frequently, under a Pretence of gathering Shell-Fish, would play the -same Trick; which _Alexander_ had no sooner discover’d, than he gave -Orders that the Anchors of his whole Fleet, instead of Cables, should -be fasten’d to Iron Chains. In this Siege the _Byzantians_ being -reduced to great Straits, still refused to surrender, making the best -Defence they could with Timber taken from their Houses. They also -breeded Cables for their Ships out of their Womens Hair; nay sometimes -they threw down Statues and Horses upon the Heads of their Enemies. -At last their Provision being entirely spent, they took up with Hydes -soften’d in Water; and these being gone, they were brought to the -extreme Necessity of eating one another: At last, being wholly reduced -by Famine, they were forced to a Surrender. The _Romans_ gave no -Quarter to the Soldiers, nor the principal Men of the City. The whole -Town, with all its stately Walls in which it glory’d, was levelled with -the Ground; and all its _Theatres_ and _Bagnio’s_ were demolish’d even -to the small Compass of a single Street. _Severus_ was highly pleased -with so noble a Conquest. He took away the Freedom of the City, and -having deprived it of the Dignity of a Commonwealth, he confiscated -the Goods of the Inhabitants; and afterwards making it tributary, he -gave it, with all the neighbouring Countrey, into the Hands of the -_Perinthians_. Entering the City afterwards, and seeing the Inhabitants -coming to meet him, with Olive-branches in their Hands begging Quarter, -and excusing themselves for making so long a Defence, he forbore the -Slaughter; yet left the _Perinthians_ in the Possession of the Town, -allowing them nevertheless a Theatre, gave Orders for building them a -_Portico_ for Hunting, and a _Hippodrom_, to which he adjoin’d some -_Bagnio’s_, which he built near the Temple of _Jupiter_, who was called -_Zeuxippus_. He also rebuilt the _Strategium_; and all the Works that -were begun by _Severus_ in his Life-time, were finish’d by his Son -_Antoninus_. - - - - -CHAP. II. - -_Of the Extent of Old_ Byzantium. - - -The present Inhabitants of _Constantinople_ tell you, that Old -_Byzantium_ stood within the Compass of the first Hill in the Imperial -Precinct, where the _Grand Seignor’s Seraglio_ now stands: but I -am of Opinion, from what follows it will appear, that it was of a -larger Extent. Our modern Writers describe its Situation thus; that -it began at the Wall of the Citadel, stretched itself to the Tower of -_Eugenius_, and that it rose gradually up to the _Strategium_, the -_Bagnio_ of _Achilles_, and the _Urbicion_. From thence it pass’d on -to the _Chalcopratia_, and the _Miliarium Aureum_, where there was -another _Urbicion_ of the _Byzantians_: Thence it lengthen’d to the -Pillars of _Zonarius_, from whence, after a gentle Descent, it winded -round by the _Manganæ_ and the _Bagnio’s_ of _Arcadius_, up to the -_Acropolis_. I am inclinable to credit all these Writers, excepting -only _Eustathius_, who tells us, that the _Athenians_ made use of -_Byzantium_, a small City, to keep their Treasure in. But _Zosimus_, a -more ancient Historian, describes _Byzantium_ after this Manner: _It -was seated_, says he, _on a Hill, which took up part of the_ Isthmus, -_and was bounded by a Bay called_ Cheras, _and the_ Propontis. _At -the End of the_ Portico’s _built by_ Severus _the Emperor, it had a -Gate set up, upon his Reconciliation with the Inhabitants, for giving -Protection to_ Niger _his Enemy. The Wall of_ Byzantium _extended -itself from the Eastern Part of the City to the Temple of_ Venus, _and -the Sea over-against_ Chrysopolis: _from the North it descended to -the Dock, and so onward to the Sea, which faces the_ Black Sea, _and -through which you sail into it_. This, says he, was the ancient Extent -of the City; but _Dionysius_, a more ancient Writer than _Zosimus_, as -appears by his Account, which was written before its Destruction by -_Severus_, tells us, that _Byzantium_ contain’d in Compass at least -forty Furlongs, which is a much greater Extent than the preceding -Writers reported it. _Herodian_ informs us, that _Byzantium_, in the -Time of _Severus_, was the greatest City in all _Thrace_. - - - - -CHAP. III. - - _Of the Rebuilding of_ Byzantium _by_ Constantine the Great, _and the - Largeness of it in his Time_. - - -It is recorded by _Zonaras_, that _Constantine_ being inclinable -to build a City, and to give it his own Name, at first pitch’d -upon _Sardicus_ a Field of _Asia_; afterwards, upon the Promontory -_Sigeum_, and last of all upon _Chalcedon_ and _Byzantium_, for that -Purpose. _Georgius Cedrinus_ is of Opinion, that he first pitch’d -upon _Thessalonica_, and after he had lived there two Years, being -wonderfully taken with the Delightfulness of the Place, he built -the most magnificent Temples, _Bagnio’s_ and _Aqueducts_; but being -interrupted in his great Designs by the Plague which raged there, he -was obliged to leave it, and passing away for _Chalcedon_, (formerly -overthrown by the _Persians_, but then upon rebuilding) he was directed -by the Eagles frequently carrying the small Stones of the Workmen -from thence to _Byzantium_, where _Constantinople_ ought to be built. -_Zonaras_ is of the same Opinion; and only differs as to the Story -of the Stones, and says, that they were small Ropes which they used -in Building. But this seems to be a Fable taken out of _Dionysius_ a -_Byzantian_ Writer, who tells us, that _Byzas_ had been the Founder of -_Byzantium_, in a Place call’d _Semystra_, seated at the Mouth of the -Rivers _Cydarus_ and _Barbysa_, had not a Crow, by snatching a Piece -of the Sacrifice out of the Flames, and carrying it to a Promontory of -the _Bosporus_, directed _Byzas_ to found _Byzantium_ in that Place. -But _Constantine_ does not seem to me to have been so oversighted as -were the ancient _Chalcedonians_, for which they stand recorded in -the Histories of all Ages. Nay, ’tis distinguishable by any Man of -a tolerable Judgment, that _Byzantium_ was a much more commodious -Situation for the _Roman_ Empire than that of _Chalcedon_. The far -more ancient Historians, among whom are _Sozomen_ of _Salamis_ and -_Zosimus_, who wrote in the Reign of _Theodosius the Less_, judged -more rationally on this Occasion. They tell us, without taking any -Notice of _Sardica_, _Thessalonica_ or _Chalcedon_, that _Constantine_ -debating with himself, where he might build a City, and call it by -his own Name, equal in Glory and Magnificence to that of _Rome_, had -found out a convenient Situation for that Purpose, between old _Troy_ -and the _Hellespont_; that he had lay’d the Foundations, and raised -part of the Wall to a considerable Height, which is to be seen at this -Day on the Promontory _Sigeum_, which _Pliny_ calls _Ajantium_; because -the Sepulchre of _Ajax_, which was in that Place, hung over the Chops -of the _Hellespont_: They tell you farther, that anciently some Ships -were station’d there, and that the _Grecians_, when at War with the -_Trojans_, pitch’d their Tents in that Place: That _Constantine_ -afterwards came into an Opinion, that _Byzantium_ was a properer -Situation; that three hundred and sixty two Years after the Reign of -_Augustus_, he rebuilt, enlarged and fortified it with great and strong -Walls, and by an Edict engraven on a Stone Pillar, and publickly fix’d -up in the _Strategium_, near his own _Equestrian_ Statue, order’d it -to be called _Nova Roma Constantinopolitana_. Upon a Computation made, -that the Natives were not a sufficient Number to people the City, he -built several fine Houses in and about the _Forums_, of which he made a -Present to the Senators and other Men of Quality, which he brought with -him from _Rome_ and other Nations. He built also several _Forums_, some -as an Ornament, others for the Service of the City. The _Hippodrom_ he -beautify’d with Temples, Fountains, _Portico’s_, and a Senate-House, -and allow’d its Members equal Honours and Privileges with those of -_Rome_. He also built himself a Palace, little inferior to the Royal -one at _Rome_. In short, he was so ambitious to make it rival _Rome_ -itself in all its Grandeur and Magnificence, that at length, as -_Sozomen_ assures us, it far surpassed it, both in the Number of its -Inhabitants, and its Affluence of all Kinds. _Eunapius_ a _Sardian_, no -mean Writer, nay though an Enemy to _Constantine_, describes the vast -Extent of _Constantinople_, in these Words: _Constantinople_, says he, -_formerly called_ Byzantium, _allow’d the ancient_ Athenians _a Liberty -of importing Corn in great Quantities; but at present not all the Ships -of Burthen from_ Ægypt, Asia, Syria, Phœnicia, _and many other Nations, -can import a Quantity sufficient for the Support of those People, whom_ -Constantine, _by unpeopling other Cities, has transported thither_. -_Zosimus_ also, though otherwise no very good Friend to _Constantine_ -on the score of his Religion, yet frankly owns, that he wonderfully -enlarged it; and that the _Isthmus_ was enclosed by a Wall from Sea -to Sea, to the Distance of fifteen Furlongs beyond the Walls of old -_Byzantium_. But to what Extent soever _Constantine_ might enlarge its -Bounds, yet the Emperors who succeeded him have extended them farther, -and have enclosed the City with much wider Walls than those built by -_Constantine_, and permitted them to build so closely one House to -another, and that even in their Market Places, that they could not -walk the Streets without Danger, they were so crowded with Men and -Cattle. Upon this Account it was, that a great part of the Sea which -runs round the City was in some Places dry’d up, where by fixing Posts -in a circular Manner, and building Houses upon them, they made their -City large enough for the Reception of an infinite Multitude of People. -Thus does _Zosimus_ express himself as to the vast Extent of this -City, as it stood in the Time either of _Arcadius_ or _Theodosius_. -_Agathius_ says, that in the Time of _Justinian_ the Buildings were -so close and crowded together, that it was very difficult to see the -Sky by looking through the Tops of them. The large Compass of this -City before _Justinian_’s Time, we may in some measure collect from -an _ancient Description of the City_, by an unknown but seemingly a -very faithful Writer. He assures us, that the Length of the City from -the _Porta Aurea_ to the Sea Shore in a direct Line, was fourteen -thousand and seventy five Feet, and that it was six thousand one -hundred and fifty Feet in Breadth. And yet we cannot collect plainly -from _Procopius_, that in the Reign of _Justinian_ the _Blachernæ_ -were enclosed within the Walls, although before his Time the City was -enlarged by _Theodosius the Less_, who as _Zonaras_ and others write, -gave Orders to _Cyrus_ the Governour of the City for that Purpose. This -Man, with great Diligence and wonderful Dispatch, built a Wall over the -Continent from Sea to Sea, in sixty Days. The Inhabitants astonish’d -that so immense a Work should be finish’d in so small a Time, cry’d out -in a publick manner in the Theatre, in the Presence of _Theodosius_ the -Emperor, _Constantine built this City, but_ Cyrus _rebuilt it_. This -drew on him the Envy of his Prince, and render’d him suspected; so that -being shaved by the Command of _Theodosius_, against his Inclinations, -he was constituted Bishop of _Smyrna_. The following Inscriptions -made to _Constantinus_, and carv’d over the Gate of _Xylocerum_ and -_Rhegium_, take Notice of him in these Verses. - -Over the Gate of _Xylocerum_ (_Xylocercum_ or _Xylocricum_) in -_Byzantium_, thus: - - _These Walls by_ Theodosius’ _Royal Will, - And_ Constantinus _Prefect of the East, - In sixty Days, surprizing Speed! were built_. - -Over the Gate of _Rhegium_ is this Inscription: - - _Great_ Constantinus, _Prefect of the East, - In sixty Days this stately Building finish’d_. - -The Reason why _Constantine_ order’d _Byzantium_ to be call’d _New -Rome_, or _Queen_ of the _Roman Empire_, is mention’d by _Sozomen_ -and others; namely, that God appear’d by Night to _Constantine_, and -advised him to build a City at _Byzantium_ worthy his own Name. Some -say, that as _Julius Cæsar_, upon a Plot form’d against him, judg’d it -necessary to remove to _Alexandria_ or _Troy_, stripping _Italy_ at -the same time of every thing that was valuable, and carrying off all -the Riches of the _Roman_ Empire, leaving the Administration in the -Hands of his Friends; so it is said of _Constantine_, that perceiving -himself to be obnoxious to the People of _Rome_, having drain’d the -City of all its Wealth, went over at first to _Troy_, and afterwards -to _Byzantium_. _Zosimus_, an implacable Enemy to the Christian Name, -alledges an execrable Piece of Villany, as the Cause of his Removal. -_Constantine_, says he, _when he had murder’d_ Crispus, _and had -been guilty of other flagrant Crimes, desiring of the Priests an -Expiation for them, their Answer was, That his Offences were so many -and enormous, that they knew not which way to atone for them; telling -him at the same time, that there was a certain_ Ægyptian _who came -from_ Spain _to_ Rome; _who, if he had an Opportunity of speaking to -him, could procure him an Expiation, if he would establish in his -Dominions this Belief of the_ Christians, _namely, That Men of the -most profligate Lives, immediately upon their Repentance, obtain’d -Remission of Sins_. Constantine _readily closed with this Offer, and -his Sins were pardon’d. At the Approach of the Festival, on which it -was usual with him and his Army to go up to the Capitol, to perform -the customary Rites of their Religion_; Constantine _fearful to be -present at that Solemnity, as being warn’d to the contrary by a Dream, -which was sent him from the_ Ægyptian, _and not attending the holy -Sacrifice, highly disgusted the Senate, and the whole Body of the -People of_ Rome. _But unable to bear the Curses and Scandal they threw -upon him on that Account, he went in Search of some Place or other -equally famous with_ Rome, _where he might build him a Palace, and -which he might make the Seat of the_ Roman _Empire, and that at last he -had discovered a Place between_ Troas _and Old_ Ilium, _fit for that -Purpose; and that there he built him a Palace, laid the Foundations of -a City, and raised part of a Wall for its Defence: But that afterwards -disapproving the Situation, he left his Works unfinish’d, and settled -at_ Byzantium; _and being wonderfully taken with the Agreeableness of -the Place, he judged it in all respects to be very commodious for -an Imperial Seat_. Thus far _Zosimus_, a great Favourite of _Julian_ -the Apostate, and an inveterate Enemy to _Constantine_ on the account -of his Religion; to whose Sentiments I have so perfect an Aversion, -that I cannot give the least Credit to those Enormities he charges -him with, and of which he had the greatest Abhorrence, as being a -Prince of remarkable Clemency and Goodness, which I am capable of -proving abundantly, but that it would prove too great a Digression -in the present History. The Truth of it is, that _Sozomen_ and -_Evagrius_ both have sufficiently refuted these malicious Reflections. -In these Calumnies, I say, I entirely differ from _Zosimus_, yet in -his Description of the Extent, and Compass of the City, I am wholly -in his Opinion; who, though an Enemy to _Constantine_, yet is forced -to acknowledge him to have built so large, so noble, so magnificent -a City. I am the more induced to give Credit to his History in this -Respect, because he lived many Ages nearer to the Time of _Constantine_ -than our modern _Monks_, who, in the Books they have written of -_Constantinople_, give the following Account of it; namely, that -_Constantine_ built a Wall from the Tower of _Eugenius_ (which was the -Boundary of old _Byzantium_) to St. _Anthony_’s Church, and the Church -of the _Blessed Virgin_, call’d _Rabdon_, quite up to the _Exacionion_; -and that at a Mile’s Distance, it passed on to the old Gates of the -Church of St. _John_ the _Baptist_, stretching itself farther to the -Cistern of _Bonus_, from whence it extended itself to the _Armation_, -and so winded round to St. _Anthony_’s Church again. I should give my -self the Trouble to examine this Account, but that I know the Authors -are so fabulous, that they are no ways to be depended upon. But this I -look upon to be an intolerable Blunder, that they place the Church of -St. _John Baptist_ within the Walls built by _Constantine_, whereas for -many Years after his Death it continued without the City: Of which, and -many other Errors, I shall take Notice in the following History. - - - - -CHAP. IV. - - _Of the present Figure, Compass, Length and Breadth of_ - Constantinople. - - -The Figure of _Constantinople_ is triangular, the Base of which is -that Part of it which lies Westward: The top Angle points to the East, -where the _Peninsula_ begins. But both the Sides of this Triangle are -not equal; for that Side which lies westward winds round the Angle -of the Bay in the Figure of a Half-Moon. At a great Distance from -thence, it winds about again from North to South. But the South Side -of this Triangle veers about to such a Breadth, that if you should -draw a strait Line from one Angle of it to the other, it would cut off -a Creek, which, in the Middle of it, is at least a quarter of a Mile -over. But that Side which faces the North, and is call’d _Ceras_, the -Bay or Horn, should you draw a strait Line over it from one Angle to -another, it would cut off not only the whole Bay, but also a part of -_Galata_. For this Side inflects inwards in such a manner, that from -each Point it circulates in the Form of a Bow, having two smaller -Windings of the same Figure in the Middle of it, but lies inwardly into -the Continent so far, that the two Horns or Ends of the Bow, which -includes them, no ways intercept the Prospect of the Angles of the -larger Arch. ’Tis upon this Account that _Constantinople_ may rather -seem to be of a triarcular, than a triangular Figure. For right Angles -never project beyond their Sides, nor do they inflect inwards. But all -semicircular Figures are in a manner both convex and concave also. So -that if these three Angles, so far as they project beyond the main -Body of the City, were divided from it, _Constantinople_ would form a -square oblong Figure, little more than a Mile broad, and almost three -times as long. But be that as it will, all are of Opinion, that this -City ought to be look’d upon to be of a triangular Figure, because -it has three Sides; one of which that faces the _Propontis_, and the -other on the side of the _Thracian_ Continent, are of an equal Length; -the third, adjoining to the Bay, is about a Mile shorter than the -other two. This City is computed to be near thirteen Miles in Compass, -although _Laonicus Chalcondylus_, in his History of the _Ottomans_, -assures us, that _Constantinople_ contain’d in Compass an hundred and -eleven Furlongs; the Length of it, extending itself over the Promontory -with six Hills, is no more than thirty Furlongs; but if the Figure -of it was an equilateral Triangle, it would not be much above nine -Miles in Circumference; and could we suppose its hilly Situation to -be widen’d into one large Plain, yet then it would not be so large -in Compass as the Inhabitants generally reckon it, _viz._ eighteen -Miles. It is observable, that _Constantinople_ does not contain more -Bays of Building, as it is situate upon Hills, than it would if it -were built upon a Plain; because you cannot so conveniently build upon -a Declivity, as you can upon a Level. Nor does the Reason equally -hold good, as to the Number of its Houses, and the Number of its -Inhabitants. For _Constantinople_ can contain more Men as it is seated -upon Hills, than it could if it were seated on a Plain. The Breadth of -this City varies in several Places. From the East to the Middle of it, -’tis at least a Mile in Breadth, but in no Place broader than a Mile -and a half. It divides itself afterwards into two Branches, where ’tis -almost as broad as ’tis long. I can compare it, as to its Figure, to -nothing more properly than to an Eagle stretching out his Wings, and -looking obliquely to the left, upon whose Beak stands the first Hill, -where is the _Grand Seignor’s_ Palace. In his Eye stands the Church of -St. _Sophia_; on the lower part of the Head is the _Hippodrom_; upon -his Neck are the second and third Hills, and the remaining part of the -City fill up his Wings, and his whole Body. - - - - -CHAP. V. - - _A general Description of_ Constantinople. - - -Constantinople takes up in Compass the whole _Peninsula_, which -contains seven Hills, of which the eastern Angle of the City -includes one, having its Rise at the Promontory, which _Pliny_ calls -_Chrysoceras_, and _Dionysius_ a _Byzantian_, _Bosporium_. The first -Hill is divided from the second by a broad Valley; the Promontory of -_Bosporium_ contains the other six, extending itself from the Entrance -of the _Peninsula_ on the East, full West with a continued Ridge, but -somewhat convex’d, and hangs over the Bay. Six Hills and five Valleys -shoot from the right Side of it, and ’tis divided only by the third and -fifth Valleys on the left Side of it, which is all upon the Descent, -and has only some small Hills and Vales, which are more steep than -the Hills themselves. It has also two Windings which take their Rise -from the Top of the first Hill, from whence it ascends by Degrees -almost to another Winding, which begins from the Top of the third -Hill, where sinking into a gentle Descent, it admits the Valley, which -lies between the third and the fourth Hill. From thence it rises again -with a moderate Ascent, and continues upon a Level westward almost -to the _Urbicion_, where it rises again. The Plains adjoining to the -Promontory differ as to their Level. Those that divide the Promontory -at the Top, and those at the Foot of it, are very uneven in many -Places. The Plain at the Top of the first Hill is seven hundred Paces -in Length, and two hundred in Breadth. Shooting hence, it rises almost -insensibly to the Top of the second Hill, where ’tis five hundred -Paces in Breadth, and is all upon the Descent to the Top of that Hill, -where the second Valley, which is also shelving and very narrow, takes -its Rise. On the third Hill the Plain is above six hundred Paces in -Breadth, but somewhat more upon the Level at the Entrance of the third -Valley, which is six hundred Paces broad. From hence you rise by a -gentle Ascent to the Plain on the Top of the fourth Hill, which is not -above two hundred Paces wide. On the fifth Hill it dilates itself to -the Breadth of seven hundred Paces. On the Hill, from whence the fifth -Valley takes its Rise, ’tis more narrow; and on the sixth Hill ’tis a -little upon the Ascent again. As to the Plain, which extends itself -between the Sea and the Bottom of the _Promontory_, that also is not so -even in some Places as it is in others; for it is narrower under the -Hills, in the Vales ’tis half as wide again. For winding itself from -the _Promontory_, where it begins, over three Valleys, it is widen’d -at that Distance into the Breadth of a thousand Paces, though at the -Foot of the Hills it is not above an Acre, or a hundred and twenty Foot -in Breadth, except at the Bottom of the third and fifth Hills, where -’tis very narrow, but extends itself over the fourth Valley both in -Length and Breadth to a great Degree. At the Foot of the sixth Hill -it contracts itself again, except at the Foot of two lesser Hills, -situated behind the first and second Hills; one of which projects -almost to the Sea, the other is at no great Distance from it. But to -describe _Constantinople_ in a more easy and comprehensive Manner, I -will give the Reader a particular Account of all its Hills and Vales, -which indeed make a very lovely and agreeable Prospect. For the six -Hills which shoot from the _Promontory_, (and which for their Likeness -you might call Brothers) stand in so regular an Order, that neither -of them intercepts the Prospect of the other; so that as you sail up -the Bay, you see them all hanging over it in such a manner, that quite -round the City you see before you both Sides of every one of them. The -first of these Hills jets out to the East, and bounds the Bay; the -second and third lie more inward to the South; the others lie more open -to the North, so that at one View you have a full Prospect of them. -The first lies lower than the second; the second than the third; the -fourth, fifth and sixth are in some Places higher, in others somewhat -lower than the third, which you may discover by the Level of the -Aqueduct. That the first Hill is lower than the third and fourth, may -be discover’d by the Tower which supports the Aqueduct, by which the -Water is raised into the Air above fifty Foot high. To make this more -intelligible, I will divide the City, as to the Length of it, from the -Land’s Point on the Shore of the _Bosporus_, to the Walls on the Neck -of the _Isthmus_, and consider the Breadth of it, as it widens from -the _Propontis_ to the Bay called _Ceras_. The Reason why I divide the -City, as to its Breadth, into six Parts, is the natural Situation of -the _Promontory_, which itself is divided into six Hills, with Valleys -running between them. It was no great Difficulty to distinguish the -_Roman_ Hills, because they were entirely disjoin’d by Valleys; but -’tis not so easy to distinguish those of _Constantinople_, because they -are conjoin’d at Top; and besides, the Backs of them do not project -in so mountainous a manner as they do in the Front; so that I cannot -better describe them, than by calling them a continued Ridge of Hills, -divided each of them with Valleys. And therefore to proceed regularly, -I shall first give the Reader a Description of the right Side of the -_Promontory_, with its Hills and Vales, and then take Notice of the -left Side of it, which stands behind them. - - - - -CHAP. VI. - - _Of the Situation of all the Parts of the City describ’d._ - - -The first Part of the Breadth of the _Promontory_ is the Front of it, -which opening to the Distance of a thousand Paces Eastwards adjoins to -the Chaps of the _Bosporus_. For this Sea winds round the Back of the -_Promontory_ in such a Manner, that from the Point where the _Bosporus_ -is divided, to the Bay called _Ceras_, and the Land’s Point of that -Sea, it extends itself from North to South to the Distance of fourteen -Furlongs; and from thence to a farther Distance of four Furlongs, it -winds round from the South-east to the South-South-west, even to the -Mouth of the _Propontis_, which joining with the _Bosporus_, winds -round the City to South-west, to the Distance of two Miles more. This -Side of the Hill is bounded at the Bottom of it with a Plain of the -same Breadth with itself, which is two hundred Paces. There rise upon -the Plain some lesser Hills, which are not above four hundred Paces -in Height. On the Top of the left Side of these Hills stands the -_Hippodrom_; on the right Side, which faces the South-west, is the -Palace of the _Grand Seignor_. I might not improperly call it the Front -of the _Promontory_, as being almost of an equal Ascent in all its -Parts, having a Plain running along it, of an equal Length with itself; -besides, it adjoins to the first Hill: I say, for these Reasons I might -call it a part of the first Hill; but to understand it more distinctly, -I shall treat of it by itself. - - - - -CHAP. VII. - - _Of the first Hill, of the Palace of the Grand Seignor, of the Church - of St._ Sophia, _and the_ Hippodrom. - -The first Hill, extending itself from the South-east to the South-west, -opens at the Entrance of it to the Breadth of thirty Paces; from -thence it widens gradually, and so on, till at last ’tis almost as -broad as ’tis long. It rises at the Nook of the _Isthmus_, which joins -the _Peninsula_ to the Continent. It projects itself in the Form of -a Cymetar, or a Hawk’s Beak, and almost divides the Straits of the -_Bosporus_, and the Bay called _Ceras_. The whole Hill projects beyond -the others almost to the Mouth of the Bay. ’Tis all upon a Descent, -except the Top of it, where there’s a Plain which joins to the Plain -of the _Promontory_. The lesser Eminences which stand upon it, and -which face the East and the North, have a moderate Descent, others of -them are more steep, so that in some Places you are obliged to climb -them by Steps, but the tallest of them is not above four hundred Paces -high. The Plain, at the Foot of this Hill, is very different. The -Eastern Part of it is much widen’d by the Sea Shore, which jets out -in a semicircular Manner. The Breadth of the South-east and northern -Part of it is encreased by the Valley, which divides the first from the -second Hill. The Plain on the Top of the Hill is about seven hundred -Paces in Length. This Hill is not only fortified by Nature, as being -encompassed on the East by the _Bosporus_, on the North by the Bay -of _Ceras_, and on the West by a cool Valley; but ’tis also inclosed -within the Walls of the _Seraglio_, which are guarded with numberless -Ramparts and Towers, which are equal in Strength to the Walls of the -City. Towards the Foot of the Hill, and the Plain near the Sea, lie -the Gardens of the _Grand Seignor_. The Imperial Palace, which is -partly situate on the Top of the Hill, and partly on the Eminences -below it, affords almost an unmeasurable Prospect, both by Sea and -Land. In this Plain there are two Imperial _Areas_ or Courts; the first -of these Courts is seven hundred Paces long, and two hundred broad. -You pass through this into another inner Court, which is a Quadrangle -two hundred Paces long, and has round it a magnificent _Portico_, -supported with a Multitude of fine Marble Pillars curiously variegated. -In the Middle of the Court there’s a fine shady Walk of _Plane_ and -_Cypress-Trees_ for the Lawyers, and in the North Angle of the City -is the _Forum Judiciale_, which the _Ottomans_ call their _Divan_. -On the South-east Side of a large Court stands the magnificent and -stately Palace of the _Grand Seignor_, on the North Side of which are -built many Imperial _Bagnio’s_, and Kitchens with eight arch’d Roofs, -rising like a _Cupola_, in an hemispherical Manner; each of these -_Cupola’s_ representing the Figure of a little House, is nothing else -but a Chimney with Windows, light at Top, made in the Likeness of a -Lantern. There is a two-leav’d Iron Gate which lets you into the first -Court, the Leaves of it, when opened, stand at twenty Paces Distance. -The Porters or _Capoochees_ stand always upon Duty at these Gates. -Just above them the Hill rises up to a smooth Level with the Ridge of -the _Promontory_. The Porch or Gate-house is lined on each Side with -glittering Armour, and shines, as do also the Jambs of the Gate with -rich Marble. Over the Porch there rises a square Building cover’d -with Lead, as are all the other Edifices of the Palace. There’s a -Passage out of the first Court through another two-leav’d Gate into the -second inner Court. This is the Station of the _Drudging Porters_. The -Gate-house here also blazes with refulgent Arms. This Gate, without -side of it, has nothing like a Porch, though within side it has. ’Tis -supported with ten Pillars of different Kinds of Marble; the Roof of it -proudly glitters with Gold, and is beautify’d with the most rich and -lively Colours of _Persian_ Work. At the third Gate, where the Entrance -opens into the _Seraglio_, there are other Porters or _Capoochees_ -attending. These are under the Command of the _Capoochee-Basha_, or -Captain of the Porters, who is also Chamberlain to the _Grand Seignor_. -No body is suffer’d to enter the Palace without his Permission, but the -Servants and Officers of the Houshold, unless it be his Noblemen, who -while he is sitting near the Door of the _Seraglio_, may freely enter -to pay their Homage to him. All Ambassadors, when introduced into his -Presence, are allow’d to kiss his Hand, who receives them sitting upon -a low Couch, but curiously embroider’d, in a little Apartment built -with Marble, adorn’d with Gold and Silver, and sparkling with Diamonds -and precious Stones. This Room of State is incircled with a _Portico_, -which is supported with Pillars of the finest Marble, the Capitals and -Pedestals of which are all gilded. Besides these I have mention’d, -there are many other Gates round the _Seraglio_, through which none -are admitted, but such as are in the highest Favour with the Emperour. -If I mistake not, I counted twelve, which were all Iron-work; seven of -them were near the City; two of them, through which they carried their -Hay to the _Seraglio_, were near the Sea; on the Sea Side there were -five more: The first of these stands to the North of the _Seraglio_, -towards the Bay; the second stands upon the Ridge of a Hill: ’Tis -very large, has a Porch with an arch’d Roof before it, is gilded, and -adorn’d in a surprizing manner with _Persian_ Paintings, supported with -Pillars of _Ophitick_ Marble, and looks into the _Bosporus_. At some -Distance Eastward there is another Gate facing _Chalcedon_. Just before -it the Vessels are moor’d, in which the _Grand Seignor_ sails to some -distant Shore, when he goes a hunting, or is inclined to divert himself -in his Gardens. The fourth Gate stands South-east near the Ruins of -a _Christian_ Church, some Tokens of which are still remaining in a -Wall, to which the _Greeks_ to this Day, by their frequent Visits, -continue to pay a kind of devotional Reverence. Beyond this there is a -fifth Port or Gate, where is built a Room, though it is only rafter’d, -whence you may have the Diversion of seeing the Fish catch’d; as it -is also a kind of Repository, where the _Grand Seignor’s_ Fishermen -lay up their Tackle. I would observe by the By, that though all the -Hills of _Constantinople_ afford a very pleasing Prospect, yet there is -none which entertains you with such peculiar Delectation as the first -Hill, where the _Sultan_ lives in a licentious and luxurious manner. -He has before him, whether he is walking in his Gardens, or in his -Chambers of the _Seraglio_, a full View of the _Bosporus_ and both its -Shores, which are green, and flourishing with Woods belonging to the -neighbouring Farms. On the right Hand he beholds a spacious Field of -_Chalcedon_, cover’d with his own Gardens; he sees the _Propontis_, -Islands without Number, and the woody Mountains of _Asia_. If he looks -at an immense Distance, behind him he beholds the _Olympus_ always -cloath’d in Snow. If he takes a shorter Prospect, he views before -him the Wonders of his own City, the Church of St. _Sophia_ and the -_Hippodrom_. If he casts his Eyes to the left Hand, he beholds the -seven Hills on which the City is seated, and more remotely, he looks -round the unmeasurable spacious Fields of _Thracia_. If he extends -his Prospect over the Seas, he views a moving Scene of Ships passing -and repassing before him; some sailing from the _Hellespont_, or the -_Black Sea_, others again coming into his Port from all the Coasts -of the _Propontis_, while other Vessels at the same time are sailing -up and down the Bay of _Ceras_, where there are also abundance of -Wherries and small Boats always oaring from Side to Side. And if he -looks below him, he has the agreeable Pleasure of beholding the three -Sides of the first Hill, dressed with Trees, Flowers and Plants of -all Kinds. But he has not only a fine Prospect from the Palace, but -is entertain’d with several delightful _Visto’s_ from the Top of the -Gardens rising on the Hills. If he has an Inclination to take a View -of his _Seraglio_, from that Point of Land which projects so far into -the Sea, and which, as I observ’d, divided the _Bosporus_; here he -beholds it in all its Glory, strengthen’d with large Pillars of Marble, -and fann’d with gentle refreshing Breezes, where he often sits with -small Osier Lattices before him; so that, like another _Gyges_, he -discerns all that sail near him, though he himself is visible to none: -And if at any time he is weary of the Company of his Domesticks, he -can divert himself with the ridiculous Drollery of the Watermen, when -fixing their Oars and Boat-poles to the Shore, they tug against the -violent Stream of the _Bosporus_, which is much more rapid than the -_Rhone_. Without the _Seraglio_ stands the Church of St. _Sophia_, -which is about seventy Paces distant from the Gate of the first Court. -’Tis situate on the Brow of the first Hill, upon an Eminence that -hangs over the Garden of the first Valley: From thence you ascend -by Stone Steps to the Gate of the _Seraglio_, and the Church of St. -_Sophia_, which from the South-east falls with so easy a Descent, that -it almost imperceptibly terminates on a Plain both above and below it. -In short, all the Descents from the Imperial Palace to the _Hippodrom_, -are moderate and gentle. South-west of the Church of St. _Sophia_, a -Plain extends itself to the End of the _Hippodrom_, which is above -seven hundred Paces long. The _Hippodrom_ is more than two Furlongs in -Length, and one Furlong in Breadth. It stands upon a perfect Level; but -this is more to be ascribed to Industry, than its natural Situation. -The Middle Part of it, stretching as far as the _Propontis_, on three -Sides of it, is a shelving Ground. On the East it falls with a small -Declivity, on the West ’tis more upon the Descent, on the Side of the -_Propontis_ ’tis directly perpendicular to the Depth, more or less, of -fifty Foot. The whole Front of the _Hippodrom_ is built upon Arches, -(which makes it stand upon a Level) and entertains the Spectator with a -very delectable Prospect of the _Propontis_, so that you may not only -see Men sailing to and fro before you, but may also see the Dolphins -frequently tumbling about the Waters. The Steps on the North Side of -the _Hippodrom_, which remained there but a few Years since, were -demolished by _Abraham_ the _Bassa_, and were used in building his own -House. Between the _Hippodrom_ and the _Propontis_ there stretches a -Plain, which widens to the Breadth of four hundred Paces, where the -Churches of _Bacchus_ and _Sergius_ anciently stood; of both which I -shall take Notice in the following History. Below the _Hippodrom_, to -the South, is the Gate call’d _Porta Leonis_, which is situate without -the City, upon the Ruins of the Palace of _Leo Macellus_; the Windows -of which, of antique Workmanship, are still remaining in the Walls. The -Palace was built upon a Hill adjoining to the Sea, which was about a -hundred Paces high. - - - - -CHAP. VIII. - - _Of the first Valley._ - - -From the uppermost Plain of the _Promontory_, on which, as I observed, -stood the Church of St. _Sophia_ and the _Hippodrom_, by an easy Ascent -of a thousand Paces, you climb the Ridge of the second Hill up to the -_Porphyry_ Pillar, erected on the Top of the second Hill, which is -bounded on the East by the first Valley, which divides the first from -the second Hill. It rises at the Plain of St. _Sophia_, and extends -itself from South to North. This Valley represents exactly the Figure -of the Letter V; one of whose Sides extends itself full East, the other -North. Thro’ the Middle of it runs the Wall, which divides the _Grand -Seignor_’s Palace from the rest of the City. The lowermost Plain of -the _Promontory_ extends itself in Length and Breadth so far into this -Valley, that from the Bay to the Church of St. _Sophia_, you may walk -a thousand Paces almost upon the Level. From the Entrance of it on the -Sea Side, ’tis all a plain Ground to the Length of five hundred Paces; -afterwards winding itself into this Vale, it rises with a small Ascent, -which is more easily perceivable by a gentle Fall of the Water, than by -the Eye or Foot. At the Beginning of it ’tis somewhat wide, afterwards -’tis narrower, and at the End of it ’tis straighten’d into two lesser -Valleys; one of which, near to the Church of St. _Sophia_, is four -hundred Paces long. It rises gradually, and is so very narrow, that the -publick Way takes up the whole Breadth of it. - - - - -CHAP. IX. - - _Of the second Hill._ - - -The Ridge of the _Promontory_ rising a little higher, and the two -Valleys adjoining to it, make the second Hill. The first Valley -divides, at East, the first from the second Hill; the other Valley, -Westward, divides the second from the third. On the North ’tis bounded -by a Plain on the Sea Shore. The Ridge of the _Promontory_ extends from -South to North to the Distance of one thousand Paces in Length, and -four hundred in Breadth. The different Breadth of the Vales varies -the Breadth of the whole Hill. For where the Valleys which bound the -Sides of it at the Top are more contracted, the Hill widens, and at -the Foot of the Hill, where they are much wider, the Hill is less. -The lesser Hills which stand upon it, extend its Length, two of which -hang over the Bay. Its Height varies according to the different Height -of the three Clifts, or small Hills which rise upon it. For the Clift -lying to the South-east, rises moderately, from the lowest part of the -Valley to the Top of the Hill, to the Height of about a thousand Paces; -afterwards, as the Valley widens, it grows less, and is rendered more -steep by two small Valleys (branching out of the great Valley) which -indeed are somewhat upon the Descent, but not above a hundred Paces -high. The different Heights of the Clifts which hang over the Bay, may -be best discover’d by considering the different Heights of the five -_publick Ways_, which reach from the Ridge to the Foot of the Hill. -The first of these Ways rises to the Height of five hundred Paces, two -hundred of which from the Foot of the Hill are very easy of Ascent, the -other three hundred are very steep. The second _Road_ is six hundred -Paces high, a hundred of which rise through the lowest of the small -Valleys by a gentle Ascent, the next hundred are almost perpendicular, -so that you must climb them by Steps; the other four hundred rise -gradually to the Top of the Hill, which is sixty Paces in Breadth. This -Hill, on the Ridge of it, shoots Southward to the Distance of a hundred -and fifty Paces, quite from the Church of St. _Sophia_ to the _Porphyry -Pillar_. The other three _publick Ways_, from the Bottom of the Hill, -are for the first hundred Paces upon a gentle Rise, the next two -hundred are a mighty Declivity, so that you are obliged to ascend them -by Windings and Turnings; the remaining five hundred, up to the Plain -upon the Hill, rise moderately. I would observe farther, that on the -Side of the Clifts which project over the Bay, two small Hills jetted -out, one to the North, and the other to the East; both which uniting -form a little Valley, which is bounded on the East by a Hill which -rises eighty Paces in Height, and has in some Places very agreeable -Descents. This is the Reason that most part of the lesser Clifts, which -bear upon this Hill, stand to the East, and that the Side of the Hill -which looks Westward, is in some Parts of it more shelving than in -other: For its Eminencies falling into the lowest Plain in the Valley, -to the Length of three hundred Paces, from the Foot of the Hill up to -the Middle of it, are almost perpendicular, and from the Middle to the -Top they slope but little. As for those Hills which project over the -Head of the Valley, they are not above two hundred Paces high, often -of a different Ascent: For as the Valley rises, the Clifts seem lower. -Indeed all the lesser Clifts of this Hill have a double Descent; one -length-ways, and the other broad-ways: For those of them which stand -East and West are seated in such a manner, that they also lye to the -North. In short, all the Sides of this Hill, in the most steep Ascents -of them, are not above a Furlong in Height; in other Places they fall -into a moderate Declivity, and at the Bottom of them they gradually -enlarge themselves into a Plain. The upper Clifts at the Top of them -are half shelving, and half upon the Plain. The Plain adjoining to the -Sea, and dividing the Hill from the Bay, spreads itself into a Latitude -of three hundred Paces, but immediately widens again into a Breadth -of five hundred Paces, and so visibly enlarges itself, the farther it -extends itself into the Valleys. - -And thus having given the Reader some Account of the Front or fore-part -of the _Promontory_, I shall now give him a short Description of the -back-side of it, which faces the Sea. Behind the second and third Hills -there are two lesser Hills, which hang over the _Propontis_. Between -these Hills descends a hollow Valley. These Hills stand in the Middle -of the Valley. That which lies Eastward, as well as that which lies to -the West, exalts itself to the Height of more than two hundred Paces. -At the End of the Valley, between these Hills, is a well built Harbour -enclosed with a Wall. ’Tis seated upon the Plain on the Shore, near -that part of the Sea which runs up to the Front of the _Hippodrom_. -The Mouth of this Harbour is three hundred Paces in Breadth. From the -Bay call’d _Cornu_, the Breadth crossing the Hill to the _Propontis_, -widens to the Distance of two Miles. - - - - -CHAP. X. - - _Of the second Valley, which divides the second from the third Hill._ - - -That Valley which divides the second from the third Hill, begins at -the _Promontory_, and ends in the Plain adjoining to the Sea. It -contains in it the Fish-Market and the Ferry, whence you cross the -Water to _Syca_. From hence to the Entrance of the Valley, a Plain -expands itself to the Breadth of four hundred Paces so much upon the -Level, that the Water falls from thence into the Bay with almost an -imperceptible Descent. When it has contracted itself into the narrow -Compass of two hundred Paces in Breadth, it gradually straightens -itself into a less, even to the Middle of the Valley, where ’tis but -fifty Paces in Breadth, and afterwards is no broader than the _common -Way_. ’Tis above six hundred Paces in Length, three hundred of which -are almost upon a Level, the other three hundred upon the Descent. It -rises easily to that part of the _Promontory_, where the second and -third Hills join. In the lowermost part of the Valley runs the _broad -Way_ that faces _Galata_. This Way, on both Sides of it, is full of -Merchants Houses, cover’d with a kind of transparent Slat, which have -here and there a small Casement. The Merchants of _Galata_ frequent -the grand _Bezestan_, or Place of _Exchange_. ’Tis situate partly on -the Head of the Valley, and partly on an Eminence of the third Hill. -In the Year of our Lord 1546 it was wholly burnt to the Ground, except -two _Basilica’s_ roof’d with Brick-work, which were lock’d up every -Night, and their Windows secured by Iron Bars, when the Fire was over. -I was allowed after the Fire to view their grand _Forum_. I found it -lie so much upon the Level, that it had but a small Ascent either from -the West to the East, or from the South to the North. I observed that -it stood upon more than five Furlongs of Ground; on the highest part -of it, which lies to the East, I was permitted to see a _Nymphæum_, -adorn’d with five and forty Marble Pillars, which supported a Brick -Roof. The old _Basilica_, of which I could have no Prospect before, by -reason of the Shops and publick Houses, the Fire had lain open to my -View. I observed farther, that it had two additional Buildings like -Wings, joining to the main Building, each of which was divided into -sixty Apartments, which were all arched, and over the Roof cover’d -with Lead, as their Shops and Places of publick Entertainment are. The -inward Chambers of these Apartments, for Privacy, are always lock’d, -and are secured by an Iron Door. The _Basilica_ itself consists of -fifteen large Apartments, in the Figure of a _Dome_, has four Doors, -and is supported by eight Pillars; the Roof is Brick-work, and leaded -at Top. The new _Basilica_ is supported with twelve Pillars built of a -square Stone; four Arches bear upon these Pillars, which support twenty -small Roofs, built in the Form of a _Dome_. There stand round about -sixty Merchants Warehouses, or Shops with arch’d Roofs. Within the -_Basilica_ there are two hundred and twenty more of these Warehouses, -which are made after the following Manner. Round the Walls of the -_Basilica_ are built abundance of very broad Pews, where the Merchants -expose their Goods to Sale, which they take out of Presses, (when they -would shew them to their Chapmen) which have Boxes of Drawers in them, -the Masters always sitting before them. These Presses are fasten’d to -the Wall, have two Folding Doors, and are removable at Pleasure. - - - - -CHAP. XI. - - _Of the third Hill._ - - -The third Hill is bounded on each Side by two Valleys: That which -lies to the East, divides it from the second Hill, the Western Valley -divides it from the fourth. The Ridge of this Hill is above a thousand -Paces in Length. It shoots from the Top of the _Promontory_ Southward, -Northward to the Bay of _Ceras_, almost in an equal Height. The second -Hill on the contrary falls with a surprizing Descent, from the utmost -Height of the _Promontory_, to the lowest Plain on the Bay Shore. The -third Hill, at the Top of it is a Level of a great Length. It extends -itself at the Foot of it, more by three hundred Paces to the North, -than the Foot of the second Hill. It is not in all Places of an -equal Breadth; at the Top of the _Promontory_ itself ’tis every way -about eight hundred Paces. Here ’tis that the _Seraglio_ stands. On -that part of the Plain which lies to the East, stands the Merchants -_Forum_, a _Caravansera_, and the Sepulchre of _Bajazet_ the Emperor. -On the South Side of it is an open _Area_, round which stand the -Booksellers Shops. On that part of it which lies Northward, stand the -Works which the Emperour _Solyman_ is now building, namely his Tomb, a -_Caravansera_, and a magnificent and expensive Mosque. They are built -not only upon the natural Situation of the Ground there, but also upon -artificial Foundations. This Hill, on three Sides of it, descends -upon three lesser Hills. For on that Side of it which lies Eastward, -where stands the Tower of _Hirena_, a small Hill jets out into the -second Valley. The long Projecture of this Hill, on the Ridge of it -towards the Bay, makes another small Hill which lies Northward, and -from that Side of it which points Westward, where stands the Church -of St. _Theodore_, there shoots another little Hill out of the Middle -of it, to the Plain which lies on the Sea Shore. Two Sides of this -Hill descend in a double Declivity, one in a strait, and the other -in an oblique Line. The Eastern Side of the third Hill, after it has -extended itself to thirteen hundred Paces Distance, abates somewhat of -its winding Descent, but the nearer you descend to the Plain, it falls -with a more direct and confined Declivity. The Descents falling from -the Ridge of the Hill to the Valley differ very much, the uppermost -of them hanging over a very deep Valley, rise to the Height of five -hundred Paces, the lowest three hundred of which are very steep, the -three hundred Paces above them are scarce half of that Steepness. The -other Descents of this Hill are not so shelving, where the Valley rises -higher. The Western Side of the Hill, as to its Declivities, is like -the Eastern. The Northern Side of it has several Descents: For a lesser -Hill, shooting from the Ridge of this Hill, is five hundred Paces high, -the lower most three hundred of which fall so precipitately, that -the Buildings which stand upon them, are all under-propp’d, the two -hundred Paces above them fall with an easy Descent. The Descents on -this Side of the Hill, the farther they lie from the Plain on the Sea -Shore, the more are they lengthen’d by a sideling Fall, which rises on -the Eastern Side of the Hill. The Plain on the Shore, as discontinued -by the Inlet of the Bay, is not above two hundred Paces in Breadth, -but at the Foot of the Hill, in other Parts of it, it sensibly widens -up to the Entrance of the Valleys. The _Grand Seraglio_, seated on -the Side of this Hill, when I first arrived at _Constantinople_, was -little less than six thousand Paces in Compass, but is at present more -closely straiten’d, since the _Caravansera’s_ have been built there by -the Sultan _Solyman_, and the burying Place for the Women (which is -at least half the Ground) has been taken out of it and enclosed. The -left Side of the _Promontory_, which lies behind the third Hill to the -South, jets out with two lesser Hills; from one of which that shoots -Eastward, the Side of the _Promontory_ which winds round Westward -to the other Hill, which is seated a little above the Foot of the -Promontory; and at the Bottom of this Hill, the _Promontory_ admits -the third Valley, which lies behind it, and from thence stretches full -North. The left Side therefore of the third Hill hath a double Descent; -the one towards the South, which is six hundred Paces high, another -extending itself South South-west, seven hundred Paces high; but at -full West it falls very short of that Height. The Plain that lies -between the back Southern Parts of the third Hill, and the Shore of the -_Propontis_, is in no part of it less than three hundred Paces broad, -nor above seven hundred Paces long. The Plain of the Valley which -encloses the Foot of the Hill Westward, and which divides the seventh -Hill from the _Promontory_, reaching from the Shore of the _Propontis_, -where the Walls are not encompassed by the Sea, is almost upon a Level, -and is in every part of it five hundred Paces in Breadth. The three -Hills I have mention’d, may very properly be called the _Promontory_ -of the _Bosporus_; for they hang over the Sea in such a manner, that -whether you sail to _Constantinople_ out of the _Black Sea_, or the -_Propontis_, you may see them at a great Distance, prominent over the -Chaps of the _Bosporus_. The third Valley seems to separate the other -three Hills, which lie farther into the Continent from these. The -Reason why I place six Hills in the _Promontory_ of the _Bosporus_ is, -because these latter Hills all stand in a Row near the Bay, and are -join’d together both at the Top and the Sides of them. The Plain which -unfolds itself on the Ridge of the third Hill, descends gently into a -Plain which hangs over the third Valley, and is six hundred and twenty -Paces in Length, and as many in Breadth. - - - - -CHAP. XII. - - _Of the third Valley._ - - -The third Valley, which lies between the third and the fourth Hill, -seems to be a double Valley; for in the Middle of it, it rises high, -which makes it doubtful whether it be a part of the Valley, or the -_Promontory_. That the Height of it is a part of the Valley, seems -plain from the Height of the Arches, which reach from one Side of the -Valley to the other; and it may be look’d upon to be the Ridge of the -_Promontory_, from the Descent of the extreme Parts of it falling to -the right and left, on each Side of the _Promontory_. On the right -Side of which, it descends into a very low Plain, which, at its first -Entrance, is three hundred Paces broad, and continues on upon a Level -to the Length of five hundred Paces more; and though it sinks at Bottom -into an equal Depth, yet the Pitches or Sides of it, in some Places, -are higher than in others. For where the Plain is most hollow, there -one of the Sides of it is three times higher than the other. From -this Plain you ascend by easy Steps to the Top of the Middle of the -Valley, which is six hundred Paces wide, except that small part of it -in the Middle, where it is not above four hundred Paces in Breadth. -Through the Top of this Valley, or _Promontory_, run the Arches of an -_Aqueduct_ from the fourth to the third Hill, of the same Height, -at the Top of them, with the Hills themselves. The Altitude of these -Arches discovers how great the Descent is from them. For though they -are alike equal in Height at the Top of them, yet this Height is very -different, according to the Difference of their Situations. For they -are very high at the Top of the Valley, which is a plain level Ground, -but upon the Descent of the Hills not near so high, and continue to the -Length of eight hundred Paces in the same Height, though the higher -they stand upon these Hills, they are less tall. The Top of this Valley -or _Promontory_, descends with a gentle Fall of seven hundred Paces -into a Plain, which divides the _Promontory_ from the seventh Hill, and -from thence extends itself to the _Propontis_. The City from the Bay -to the _Propontis_, passing thro’ the third Valley, is more than ten -Furlongs in Breadth. - - - - -CHAP. XIII. - - _Of the fourth Hill._ - - -The fourth Hill is enclosed with two Valleys, the Ridge of the -_Promontory_, and the Shore of the Bay. Upon the Side of it stands the -Tomb of _Mahomet_, (who took _Constantinople_) several _Caravansera’s_ -and _Bagnio’s_. It is above three thousand six hundred Paces in -Compass. The Length, from the Ridge of it to the Bay, is a thousand -Paces; the Breadth of it, from East to West, is at least eight hundred. -As you take a View of it from the Top, stretching in a Square towards -the Bay, you perceive it to end in two Windings, though very different -from each other. For that which points Northward stretches on in a -continued Ridge, and has its Descents on both Sides, whereas that -which shoots Eastward lies so low, that it seems to be only an Ascent -to the other. At the End of it it winds Westward, where it forms a -little Valley. This Hill Eastward is bounded by a Valley, and is parted -from the third Hill; on the North by the Plain on the Shore, on the -East partly by a Valley, which divides it from the fifth Hill, and -partly by the winding of the _Promontory_, which rises in so gradual -and delectable a manner, from the Top of the fourth to the Top of the -fifth Hill, that you discover the Ridge of it to be uneven, more by -a nice Discernment of the Eye, than by any Difficulty in walking it. -For these Hills are join’d together in such a manner, that they seem -to lie upon a Level. They are both of them one Plain, which, covering -the Top of the fourth Hill, is not above four hundred Paces in Length, -nor more than two hundred in Breadth, tho’ afterwards, when continu’d -to the fifth Hill, it widens into the Breadth of five hundred Paces. -The fourth Hill, tho’ it is equal in Height to any of the other six, -yet its Ascents, whether they lie in a strait Line, or more obliquely, -are more moderate, by reason it is a long Tract of Ground with three -Declivities. The first of which, thro’ the Length of the whole, -descends from the Southwest full North more than a thousand Paces; two -hundred of which rising from the Sea Shore are a more easy Ascent, the -rest rise so very gently that you can scarce perceive them, although -the uppermost hundred of them, which reach to the Top of the Hill, are -very steep. The cross Descent which runs athwart the Breadth of the -Hill is double, one of which falls Westward; the other, which shelves -Eastward, rises from the Valley, which divides the third and fourth -Hill. From the highest part of this Valley you climb an Ascent two -hundred Paces in Height. Below the Top of it is another Ascent, which -is five hundred Paces high, one hundred of which rising from the Bottom -are very steep. The Height of the rest, which are an easy Ascent, you -discover by the Level of the _Aqueduct_. From the Bottom of the Valley -you ascend four hundred Paces, the first hundred and eighty of which -are very steep, after which you may walk two hundred more almost upon -a Level. From hence you rise to the Middle of it, which is higher, -and is a hundred Paces in Breadth. It is also elevated eight hundred -Paces in Length, from the Top of it to the Bottom. From hence you -descend two hundred Paces Westward to the lowest Part of the Valley, -which divides the fourth and the fifth Hill, which is all a narrow -Piece of Ground, and about four hundred Paces in Length. The first -two hundred Paces upon the Shore of the Bay are all upon a Level; but -it is an Uncertainty whether they are a part of the Valley, or the -Sea Shore. For this Valley is enclosed in such a manner by these two -Hills, as the fourth is bounded by the Plain upon the Shore, which is -two hundred Paces broad, whereas the fifth does scarce descend so far. -The following eight hundred Paces are much upon the same Level, the -last four hundred of which, stretching to the Top of the _Promontory_, -are very steep. The Plain upon the Shore, passing between the Bay and -the fourth Hill, is of a different Breadth. For that part of it which -extends itself to the South-western Point of the Hill, is four hundred -Paces broad, whereas that part of it which extends itself to the -Northern Point, is no more in Breadth than two hundred Paces. In short, -such is the Situation of the fourth Hill, that when you sail along the -Bay, you would take it to be an advanced part of the third Valley. -For the Top of this Hill runs so far Southward, that its Descents, -shelving very moderately, seem almost upon a Level; whereas the Top of -the fifth Hill, which is of the same Height, projects beyond the fourth -directly Northward. The Descents on the Back of the third Hill, which -lie Southward, are very easy and agreeable, till you come to the Plain -of the Vale, which divides the _Promontory_ from the seventh Hill; so -that the back part of this Hill shoots Southward, and is not bounded -on either Side of it by the third Valley. This Southern Part of it is -somewhat narrow, just beyond a little Hill of the third Valley, near -a _Caravansera_, built by the _Sultan Mahomet_; but behind the fifth -Hill, below the _Columna Virginea_, ’tis straitned much more. - - - - -CHAP. XIV. - - _Of the Fifth Hill._ - - -The Bottom of the fifth Hill, on the Top of which stands the Tomb of -_Selymus_ the Emperor, as bounded partly by the Bay, and partly by an -Eastern and Western Valley, is four thousand Paces in Compass. The -Pitch of this Hill hangs so far over the Bay Northward, and the Pitch -of the fourth Hill lies so low towards the same Point, that the fourth -Hill seems to be a kind of Valley, situate between the third, and the -fifth Hill. For the fifth Hill does not join at Top, and continue the -Ridge of the _Promontory_ as other Hills do, but being of an equal -Heighth with it, shoots to a great Distance beyond it running as far -Northward, as does the Foot of the fourth Hill. It has a Descent on -three Sides of it; one to the North, the Steepness of which the Reader -may learn from hence, that altho’ it is very near the Heighth of the -fourth Hill, which is above a thousand Paces high, yet the highest -Ascent of this Hill comes nearer upon the Line, than that of any other -Hill, to the lowest Ascent from the Bottom; for you ascend thro’ a -little Valley, no more than three hundred Paces high to the Top of it. -This Valley is form’d by two small Hills adjoining to the Shore of the -Bay, upon which, at about four hundred Paces distance, you discover -some Stone Steps, belonging to a Foundation of a _Caravansera_, built -by the Emperor _Selymus_. This Northern Side of the Hill has four -small Hills jetting out of it, three small Valleys running between -them, which rise from the Top of the Hill, and are situate at such a -Distance from the Plain upon the Shore, that two of them touch the Wall -which stands upon it; the other two are a hundred Paces from it. The -Plain upon the Shore is in no Part of it narrower than it is at the -Foot of this Hill; for to the Distance of a thousand Paces, it does -not exceed a hundred Paces in Breadth, and in some Places not fifty. -Two of these Hills are very steep, so that the Buildings you see upon -them, as tho’ they were in danger of falling, are all underpropp’d, -and the Inhabitants have been oblig’d to cut Windings in the Rocks to -moderate the Descent. The other two are less Precipitate, the Valleys -which enclose them not lying so deep. The Side of the Hill which shoots -Eastward is one thousand four hundred Paces in Length, and two hundred -in Breadth, and its Altitude two hundred Paces upon the Perpendicular. -The Height of the Side of it, which falls Westward, shelves into a -different Depth, according as the Valley sinks. Where it descends into -a Level Plain, it advances its Top to the Height of five hundred Paces. -In other Places it rises no higher than three hundred, with a very -moderate Ascent. The Side of the _Promontory_ which points Southward, -situate behind the fifth Hill, ends in the Plain of the Valley, which -divides the _Promontory_ from the seventh Hill. In other Places it -falls with a more confined, and sometimes with a more expanded -Descent, upon a small thick Hill, which hangs over the fifth Valley; -as also over that Valley which parts the _Promontory_ from the seventh -Hill. The back Part of the fifth Hill does also wind it self into a -small Valley, which rises at the Brow of the _Promontory_, where not -long since was remaining the _Columna Virginea_. From hence the Ridge -of the _Promontory_ somewhat bends over the Top of the Plain of the -fifth Hill, which in some Places is six hundred, and in others seven -hundred Paces broad. But beyond the Ridge of this Hill it widens to a -great Distance, as far as the Plain of the fourth Hill, and shoots on -with the Plain of the _Promontory_, and falls down to the Neck of the -_Isthmus_, and so extending it self still on, is at least two thousand -Paces in Length. - - - - -CHAP. XV. - - _Of the Fifth Valley._ - - -The fifth Valley, which divides the fifth from the sixth Hill, winding -from North to South, is as long as the _Promontory_ is broad; that -is, about twelve hundred Paces; the first eight hundred of which have -no Ascent. The Valley, at the first Entrance into it, is at least -four hundred Paces broad, but is afterwards straitned into half that -Breadth; and yet to the Length of six hundred Paces, ’tis in no Place -less than two hundred Paces broad. Farther, ’tis at least five hundred -Paces wide. Above this, is the Top of the Valley, or the Ridge of the -_Promontory_, opening upon a Level Breadth of two hundred Paces. From -the Top of this _Promontory_, to the left Side of it, there falls a -Valley with a gentle Descent, to the Distance of five hundred Paces, -where it descends into another Valley, which divides the _Promontory_ -from the seventh Hill. The fifth Valley seems to cut through the Ridge -of the _Promontory_. This may easily be discerned by the right and left -Descent of the two Hills which lie nearest to it; for there is a very -easy Ascent from the Height of this Valley, to the Top of either Hill. - - - - -CHAP. XVI. - - -The sixth Hill is just as long as the _Promontory_ is broad, which is -widen’d upon this Hill to the Breadth of two thousand four hundred -Paces. The City Walls shoot over the Ridge, and the North Side of it -down to the Sea Shore. You descend gradually from the Top of it within -the Walls; without the Walls it lies upon a Level, and is join’d to the -Continent by a Field in the Suburbs. The broadest part of it is not -above eight hundred Paces, the narrowest but four hundred. It descends -with a treble Declivity; one on the left Hand of the _Promontory_, with -an easy Descent at South-east; another on the right falling to the Bay -Northward, which extends itself to the Distance of fifteen hundred -Paces. There are two lesser Hills, separated by a small Valley, which -run between them. At the Foot of that lesser Hill which stands nearest -to the City Wall, there is an _Aqueduct_. Between this Hill and the -Bay, there formerly stood the Church of the _Blachernæ_, which has -been recorded in the Writings of many Historians. The Foundation of -this Church was remaining, when I first arrived at _Constantinople_. -From the Foot of this Hill, which stands above the Church I have -mention’d, there rises a Spring, whose Waters are convey’d thro’ arch’d -subterraneous Passages into the City, where, appearing above Ground, -they flow constantly into a Marble Cistern. That Side of the sixth Hill -which lies Eastward, is as long as the Hill itself; but does not, in -all parts of it, fall with the same Descent. For the Descent varies, -according as the Valley adjoining lies higher or lower. Where the -Valley lies upon the Level, the Pitch of the Hill rises to the Height -of six hundred Paces; where it does not lie so low, ’tis not above five -hundred Paces high; where it rises higher, not above four hundred. Nor -does this Side of the Hill shoot only Eastward, but does also, on the -right Side of it, project Northward, and on the left Side of it extend -itself full South-west. The Plain on the Shore, which lies between the -Foot of the Hill and the Bay, in the narrow part of it, is not above -eight hundred Paces broad, I mean in that Place where the Church of the -_Blachernæ_ stood formerly, as did also a _Triclinium_; but farther on -it winds round into the third Valley, and widens much more. - - - - -CHAP. XVII. - - _Of the Valley which divides the_ Promontory _from the seventh Hill_. - - -The Valley which divides the seventh from the six Hills of the -_Promontory_, is an easy Descent. It extends itself in Length to the -Distance of four thousand Paces, if you take in the Plain on the Sea -Shore. If you exclude that, and take your Dimensions from the winding -of the seventh Hill, ’tis not above three thousand three hundred -Paces long. It lies so much upon a Level, that you cannot perceive by -walking it, that it has the least Ascent; yet you may discover by the -Discernment of the Eye that it sensibly lengthens and widens itself -into a greater Breadth. It bounds the Sides of the third and the fifth -Valley, and the lowest Eminences of the fifth and sixth Hills. It is -full of Gardens and pleasant Meadows. Here the Soldiers sometimes act -their Mock-Fights. There’s a Rivulet which runs through the Middle of -it, which is often dry in Summer Time. - - - - -CHAP. XVIII. - - _Of the seventh Hill._ - - -The seventh Hill is called the _Xerolophos_, on which stands the Pillar -of _Arcadius_. This Hill is little less than twelve thousand Paces in -Circumference, and contains more than a third Part of the City. The -other two Parts are comprehended in the Compass of the _Promontory_, -which is above twenty thousand Paces in Circumference. By _Paces_, I -would here be thought to mean the ordinary Steps we take in Walking, -which I cannot exactly reduce to a just Mensuration with the _Roman -Pace_, by reason of the Turnings and Windings of the Ways, and the -Differences of Paces, which are longer or shorter, according to the -different Ascents and Descents of the Ground we walk. This Hill makes -the third Angle of the City, from whence _Constantinople_ is look’d -upon to be of a triangular Figure. It lies shelving with a very -moderate Descent, and has a double Declivity; one of which falls gently -into the Valley, which divides the seventh Hill from the _Promontory_, -and is of an equal Length with the Valley itself. The other Descent, -which partly lies to the South-east, and partly to the South, falls -into the _Propontis_, and is in some Places five hundred Paces steep, -in others four hundred, three hundred, a hundred, nay even fifty, -till it comes to the Point of the third Angle of the City, whence a -large Plain shoots out towards the Sea, which, in different Places, -is of a different Breadth. The Entrance of this Plain, at the Angle -of the City just mention’d, is very narrow; it afterwards widens, -which is occasioned by the Winding of one of its Sides, from whence -it gently rises to the Foot of a small Hill, where ’tis four hundred -Paces broad; onwards it is straiten’d into fifty, and afterwards is -widen’d into a Breadth of a hundred Paces only. The End of this Plain, -to the Distance of a thousand Paces, is more than four hundred Paces -broad. On the Ridge of this Hill, there is a Plain of some Length and -Breadth; the Hill itself is bounded by the Land Wall, and on the Top of -it is a Cistern which is call’d _Mocisia_, which is wholly unroof’d, -and stripp’d of its Pillars. This Cistern is nine hundred and seventy -Paces in Circumference. The Walls of it, which are made of squared -Free-stone, are still remaining; and the Ground where it stands, is now -turn’d into a Garden. - -Thus is it that I have laid before the Reader a _Plan_ or _Description_ -of the Situation of the City of _Constantinople_, by which means the -Situation of the _Wards_ of that City will be more easily discovered. -I hope I shall not be thought to have dwelt too long on this Subject, -since a verbal Delineation of it is the most concise way of coming to -the Knowledge of it. For although _Constantinople_, by reason of the -Eminency of its Situation, affords a most agreeable Prospect at the -remotest Distance, yet thus to particularize the several Parts of the -City, leads the Reader into a more exact and more expeditious Insight -into it, than any other Method of Information whatsoever. - - - - -CHAP. XIX. - - _Of the Walls of the City._ - - -The Walls of _Constantinople_, in some Places, are built with squared -Free-stone, in others with rough Stone, and in many Places with an -Intermixture of Brick and Stone together. The Walls on the Land Side -are double, secured with a large Ditch five and twenty Paces broad. One -of the Walls is carry’d somewhat farther than the Length of the Ditch, -and is very strongly fortified. These Walls stand at eighteen Foot -Distance from each other. The inward Wall is very lofty, and more than -twenty Foot in Thickness, upon which are built two hundred and fifty -Towers with Steps, facing the Continent. The outward Wall is not above -half as big, but has the same Number of Towers. As to the Nature of its -Fortification, the Ground that takes up the Distance between the Ditch -and the outward Wall, is higher than the adjoining Side of the Ditch, -and the Ground between the two Walls is higher than that. The Countrey -opening without the Walls is not incumber’d with Buildings, and is -partly hilly, and partly upon the Level, but chiefly upon the latter, -so that you have a delightful Prospect over the Fields before you, and -a very extensive View all about you: And there is no Doubt to be made, -but that _Constantinople_ might be made a terrible strong Place. The -Walls which run round the Sea, are not so high as the Land Walls; they -are a plain Building, but very thick, and well guarded with Towers. On -the Side of the Bay _Ceras_, they are about fifty Paces distant from -the Shore. On the Side of the _Bosporus_ and the _Propontis_, they are -built upon the Shore, except where they are discontinu’d by some Port -or Landing-place. _Zonaras_ relates, that _Theophilus_ the Emperor -not only repaired, but raised these Walls higher, after they had been -much impair’d by Time, and the Dashings of the Sea. This is also -confirm’d to us down even to the present Age; for in many Places of -them, I observ’d the Name of _Theophilus_ the Emperor was cut in very -large Characters. The Emperor _Nicephorus_ was hated by his People for -levying a Tax upon them, which was call’d _Diceraton_, for repairing -these Walls. I learn from the _Constitutions_ of _Justinian_, that in -his Time the Walls were commonly call’d the _old_ and the _new_ Walls, -where he decrees, _That a larger Fee shall be paid the Bearers, and -those who attend a Corpse beyond the_ new _Walls of the City_. What I -would observe from hence is, that the old Walls which were built by -_Constantine_, and that the new Walls which were built by _Theodosius -the Less_, were both standing in the Reign of _Justinian_. The Walls -of old _Byzantium_ I have described in the Beginning of this Book; and -as to the Condition they were in formerly, we may learn more fully -from _Herodian_, who writes, that _Byzantium_ was inclosed with a very -large and a very strong Wall, made of square Stones of a great Size, -so artfully cemented, that it was look’d upon as one compacted Piece -of Work. This is also confirm’d by the Authority of _Pausanias_, who -tells us, _That he never saw the Walls of_ Babylon, _or of_ Memnon, -_nor ever heard of any Person who had seen them: But the Walls of_ -Byzantium _and_ Rhodes, says he, _are accounted exceeding strong; and -yet the Walls which inclose_ Messene _are stronger than these_. ’Tis -recorded by some Historians, that the _Athenians_ kept their Treasury -at _Byzantium_, because it was a well fortify’d Place. Whether those -Walls which the Author of the _Ancient Description of the Wards_ calls -the double Walls are the same which we see at _Constantinople_ at -present, or whether they were built by _Theodosius_, I leave it to the -Judgment of the Reader. Thus far I shall give my Opinion, _viz._ That -they do not seem to me to be entirely the same Walls which that Author -describes. For he places the Church of the _Apostles_ in a _Ward_ -which is near to the Walls of the City, and places the fourteenth -_Ward_ without the Walls of the City, which at present, if not all of -it, at least the best part of it, is within the Walls. I would add, -that _Theodosius the Less_, who reign’d before _Justinian_, does not -place the _Blachernæ_ within the Walls of the City, and yet I have -the Authority of _Procopius_, that these were apart of the Suburbs in -the Time of _Justinian_, tho’ at present they are enclosed within the -Walls, as were also the seven Towers, and the Church which was built by -_Stadius_, (or rather _Studius_) who was afterwards _Consul_. - - - - -CHAP. XX. - - _Of the Gates of_ Constantinople, _and the seven Towers of Old_ - Byzantium. - - -The Walls on the Side of the Continent have six Gates; one within the -Palace of _Constantine_, another, which is call’d the _Adrianopolitan_ -Gate, and a third on the Brow of the seventh Hill. Besides these, -there is the _Porta Aurea_ or _Gilded Gate_, the Gate of _Selymbria_ -or _Rhegium_, and the Gate of the seven Towers. On the Side of the Bay -_Ceras_ is the Gate of the _Blachernæ_, at present call’d _Xyloporta_, -seated near the third Angle of the City. There are also the Gates -call’d _Cynigos_, or _Porta Palatina_, _Phanaria_, _Agia_, _Porta -Jubalica_, _Farinaria_, _Lignaria_, _Seminaria_, _Piscaria_, the Gate -of the _Neorium_, and the Gate of _Demetrius_, which stands on the -Ridge of the first Hill. On the Side of the _Propontis_ there are -about five; every one of which has _Stairs_, or a _Landing-place_, -and a Haven for Ships, besides the Gates of the Imperial Palace. -There is also the _Porta Stercoraria_, _Leonina_, _Condescala_, two -of which stand at the Foot of the seventh Hill. Those which have been -principally taken Notice of by Historians, are the Gates of _Cynigos_, -_Rhegium_ and _Xylocerum_, also the Gate of _Eugenius_, the _Porta -Aurea_, that call’d _Myriandros_, the _Porta Condescala_, and _Porta -Carsiana_. In old _Byzantium_ there was the _Thracian Gate_. For we -are told by _Dion_, that the seven Towers reach’d from the _Thracian_ -Gate to the Sea, which _Cedrinus_ tells us was the Bay _Ceras_. If -any one spoke any thing in the first of these Towers, it immediately -flew to the second, and so through all the rest, so that you might -hear the Voice distinctly repeated in every one of them. _Pliny_ tells -the very same Story of _Cyzicus_. In that City, says he, near the -_Thracian_ Gate there are seven Towers, which multiply the Voice by -Repetition, or Reiteration, more than seven times. This, he adds, was -look’d upon by the _Grecians_ as somewhat miraculous, and was call’d -the _Echo_. I never found any Mention made of the _Thracian_ Gates in -any Historian but in _Pliny_, though it is not altogether improbable, -that there were such Gates there; for _Apollonius_, in the _first Book_ -of his _Argonauticks_, mentions the _Thracian_ Haven in _Cyzicus_; and -_Plutarch_ is very express, that near this City there was a Street -call’d the _Thracian Street_. This is also attested not only by some -more modern Writers of _Constantinople_, but also by _Dion_ and -_Xenophon_; the latter of whom writes, That when _Alcibiades_ appear’d -before the Town, the _Byzantians_ open’d the _Thracian_ Gates to him of -their own Accord. - - - - -CHAP. XXI. - - _Of the long Walls._ - - -The Suburbs and Fields adjoining were inclosed with Walls of such an -immoderate Length, that they extended themselves from the City to the -Distance of a two Days Journey. They were built by _Anastasius_ the -Emperor to prevent the Incursions of the _Scythians_ and _Bulgarians_, -reach’d from the _Black Sea_ to the _Propontis_, were forty thousand -Paces remote from the City, and twenty _Roman_ Foot in Breadth. These -Walls were often taken and batter’d by the barbarous Nations, but -repair’d by _Justinian_; and that the Soldiers garrisoned there might -defend them to the best Advantage, he order’d the Passages of one Tower -to another to be stopp’d up, no Entrance being allow’d, but the Door -at the Bottom of the Steps, by which it was ascended; so that by this -means it was sufficiently guarded, though the Enemies Forces were in -the Heart of the City. _Evagrius_ the sacred Historian tells us, that -_Anastasius_ built the long Wall, which was two hundred and eighty -Furlongs distant from the City, that it reach’d from Sea to Sea, was -four hundred Furlongs in Length, that it was a good Security to those -who sail’d out of the _Black Sea_ to the _Propontis_, and that it put a -Stop to the Excursions of the barbarous Nations. - - -_The End of the First Book._ - - - - -[Illustration: Page Header Decoration] - -THE ANTIQUITIES OF CONSTANTINOPLE. - -BOOK II. - - - - -CHAP. I. - - _Of the Buildings and Monuments of Old_ Byzantium _and_ - Constantinople, _called_ New Rome. - - -Having describ’d the Figure and Extent of the City, and having -particularized the Situation of the _seven Hills_, I shall proceed -to consider what Buildings and Monuments _Constantinople_ anciently -had, or now has, and into how many _Wards_ it was divided. For when -I accidentally fell upon this Division of the City into _Wards_, in -an ancient _Manuscript_ written above one thousand Years ago, by a -Gentleman more noble by his Birth than his Writings, I was in hopes, -with some Ease, to have traced out the ancient City; but the barbarous -_Mahometans_ have either so demolish’d those venerable and truly -heroick Ornaments which distinguish’d it, to adorn their own paultry -Houses, or entirely buried them in their own Ruins, that in very few -Places you shall see any Remains of an old Foundation. I omit to -mention the Fires and other Devastations, committed not only by the -Savages of other Countries, but the great Havock lately made by the -_Turks_ themselves, who for the last hundred Years have incessantly -endeavour’d entirely to deface and destroy it, by building upon it in -so different a Manner, that those who have formerly seen some parts of -it, scarce know its ancient Situation. Consider farther the profound -Ignorance of the _Greeks_ at present. There is scarce a Man of them who -either knows, or has so much as an Inclination to know, where their -_Antiquities_ are. Nay, their Priests are so heedless and negligent -in this Respect, that they will not make the least Enquiry themselves -about those Places, where but a few Years since very magnificent -Temples were standing, and so very censorious are they, as to condemn -those that do. However, that I might not pass away my Time uselessly, -while I was in Expectation of Remittances from my Royal Master, for -purchasing all the ancient _Manuscripts_ I could meet with, I made it -my Business, by all the Marks of Antiquity I was capable of observing, -to make what Discoveries I could. In my Description of the ancient -Monuments, I shall observe the same Method I did in the Description of -the Hills. I shall consider them in the Order the Hills stand, or as I -find them in the different _Wards_ of the City; which, like _Old Rome_, -was divided into fourteen _Wards_. - - - - -CHAP. II. - - _Of the Ancient Monuments of the first_ Hill, _and of the first_ Ward - _of the City_. - - -The first Hill, which _Pliny_ sometimes calls _Chrysoceras_, and -sometimes _Auri Cornu_, (though this was a Mistake, as appears from -what I have wrote concerning the _Thracian Bosporus_) _Dionysius_ -a _Byzantian_ calls the _Promontory_ of the _Bosporus_. _There are -two Reasons assigned_, says he, _why ’tis call’d the_ Promontory _of -the_ Bosporus; _the one is, as some say, because a Cow stung with -a Gad-Bee forded over it. Others more fabulously report, that_ Io, -_the Daughter of_ Inachus, _being changed into a Cow, swam across -it, when she went into_ Asia. The same Author, speaking of a Place -call’d _Semystra_, tells us, that _Byzantium_ had been founded there, -had not a Raven snatched a Part of the Sacrifice, they offer’d upon -their landing, out of the Fire, and carry’d it to the _Promontory_ -of the _Bosporus_. This they look’d upon as a Token from the Gods, -that they should found their City there. The same Writer, speaking in -another Place of a _Promontory_ call’d _Metopum_, opposite to the -first Hill of _Constantinople_, this _Promontory_, he adds, faces the -City, and lies directly against the _Promontory_ of the _Bosporus_; -and the same Author informs us, that a little above the _Promontory_ -of the _Bosporus_, there was an Altar erected to _Minerva_, who was -call’d _Ecbasia_, or _Egressoria_, because those who transplanted the -Colony hither, sally’d out from thence, with a Bravery equal to those, -who fight for their Countrey. We might also call her _Ecbateria_, -under which Name, as _Hesychius_ reports, _Diana_ was worshipped in -_Siphnus_. He adds farther, that upon the same _Promontory_ stood -the old Temple of _Neptune_, and below it, upon the Plain, that the -_Byzantian_ Youth exercised themselves in Horse-racing, driving the -Chariot, Wrestling, and other Martial Sports; and lastly, that at the -Foot of the _Promontory_ stood a Bay call’d _Ceras_, which had three -Havens, fortify’d with three Cittadels, and high Sand-banks, upon it -stood the Castle of _Byzantium_, of which _Xenophon_ takes Notice, -when he tells us, that the Men under his Command, having forc’d their -Way into the Town, the Inhabitants fearing they should be put to the -Sword if their City was taken, some fled to the adjoining _Promontory_, -others to the Sea, and that some of them steering about a long time in -a Fisher-boat, made at last a landing, got into a Tower, from thence -made Signals of Distress, and were assisted at last by the People of -_Chalcedon_. And not only the Castle of old _Byzantium_ was built -upon the first Hill, but Historians assure us, that the Emperours of -_Constantinople_ likewise continu’d a Fortress there, when they tell -us, that to keep off the Enemy from entring the Port, they laid a Boom -across the River, from the Cittadel to the Castle of _Galata_: Nay, -even at this Day, the _Grand Seignor_ has a Cittadel there, fortify’d -with thick Walls, which enclose his spacious Gardens on all sides. In -old _Byzantium_ there was a Place call’d the _Thracian_ Field, lying -upon a Level, and not incumber’d with Houses. It was upon this Plain -that _Xenophon_ drew up in Military Order the _Grecian_ Army. He -informs us, in his Book of his _Hellenici_, that this Field was near -the _Thracian_ Gate; they open’d, says he, the Gates adjoining the -_Thracian_ Field: And in the 7ᵗʰ Book of the _Expedition of Cyrus_, -speaking of a Place, seated near the Walls of _Byzantium_, where -he ranged his Army in order of Battle, he tells us, that the most -convenient Place to draw up, or muster an Army is, the _Thracian_ -Field; because, as he goes on, ’tis free of Houses, and upon a Plain. -I observ’d before, that the seven Towers of _Byzantium_ reach’d from -the _Thracian_ Gate to the Sea; _Georgius Cedrinus_ asserts, that -they reach’d to the Northern-Sea, that is, to the Bay call’d _Ceras_. -_Herodotus_ attests, that in old _Byzantium_ stood an Altar erected -to _Diana Orthosia_, and a Temple dedicated to _Bacchus_. _Darius_, -says he, _upon viewing the Black Sea, came back to the Bridge, and -erected upon the_ Bosporus _two Stone Columns, on which he order’d to -be engraven the_ Assyrian _and_ Greek _Alphabets. The_ Byzantians -_afterwards removed them into the City, near to the Altar of_ Diana -Orthosia. _The_ Greek _Alphabet was what they retain’d, and made use -of. The Column with the_ Assyrian _Characters they left remaining -near the Temple of_ Bacchus, _where they had fix’d it_. _Laurentius_ -translates the _Greek_ Word _Orthosia_, _Erecta_, but he had translated -it more properly, had he call’d her _Erectoria_, or _Erectrix_, because -as being the Goddess of Child-birth she _raises up_, or _recovers_ -Women in Labour. This I collect to be the true Sense of the Word, -not only from several Authors, but from _Plutarch_, who in his Book -of _Rivers_, has this Story: _Proud_ Teuthras, _King of_ Mysia, says -he, _with his Retinue of Spearmen chas’d a Boar, which fled into the -Temple of_ Diana Orthosia _to implore her Assistance. As they were -all driving furiously into the Temple, the Boar cry’d out with an -audible human Voice_, Let your Compassion, Royal Sir, be shewn to -one whom _Diana_ brought into the World. Teuthras _enraged at this, -slew the Creature_. Diana _resenting the Affront, threw the King into -a Phrenzy, and punished him with ulcerous Sores. He could not bear -the Indignity of his Punishment, and so retired to the Mountains. -His Mother_ Lysippa, _immediately, with the Prophet_ Polyidius, _who -inform’d her of the Occasion of her Son’s Sufferings, hastens in Search -of him, and by sacrificing to_ Diana _some Oxen, reconciles her to -him. When she perceiv’d her Son return’d to his Senses, she erected an -Altar to_ Diana Orthosia, _and near it placed a Golden Boar, with a -Man’s Head upon his Shoulders_. Before the Destruction of _Byzantium_ -by _Severus_, both the Altar and the Boar were standing, in the first -Valley of the first Hill. Since _Constantine_ rebuilt the City, the -first Hill included in it the first _Ward_, which contain’d the House -of _Placidia Augusta_, that also of the most noble _Marina_, and -the Baths of _Arcadius_. I learn this from the ancient Division of -the City into _Wards_, though I must confess myself at a Loss, to -know in what Part of the City the first _Ward_ began, nor can I make -any such Discovery from the Remains of any ancient Buildings, which -are now entirely destroy’d. However, thus much may be inferr’d from -_Procopius_, who has it upon Record, that when you sail from the -_Propontis_ to the Eastern Part of the City, there stand the publick -Baths, built by _Arcadius_. In this Place, says he, _Justinian_ built a -Court, which was encompassed with so calm a Sea, that when you walk’d -in the Galleries, you might discourse audibly with the Sailors. It made -a very beautiful, a very delightful, and most magnificent Prospect: -It was fann’d with gentle Breezes, supported with lofty Columns, and -laid with the most curious Marble, which like the Sun, reflected a -most amazing Lustre: It was also adorn’d with abundance of Marble and -brazen Statues, finish’d to the nicest Perfection; a lovely Scene to -the Spectators! The Reader, had he seen it, would have taken it to -have been the Work of _Phidias_, _Lysippus_, or _Praxiteles_. Upon a -high Pillar of _Porphyry_ Marble, in the same Place, stood the Statue -of the Empress _Theodora_, addressing herself, as it were, to him for -building so noble a Structure. The Beauty of the Column is exceedingly -surprising, yet does it by no means come up to that inconceivable -inexpressible Gracefulness and Dignity you see in the Statue. From -these Words of _Procopius_, as I would observe by the By, that that -Pillar now landing upon a Descent, lying Eastward of the _Grand -Seignor_’s Palace, is not the same with that upon which _Theodora_ -was erected, as some are of Opinion it is; because it is neither of a -_Porphyry_ Colour, and is at too remote a Distance form the Court; so -would I have the Reader understand, that the first _Ward_ contain’d in -it the Length of the first Hill, which is bounded on three Sides by the -Sea. I find not only in many _Historians_, but also in _Suidas_ the -_Grammarian_, that the Statue of _Arcadia_, the second Wife of _Zeno_, -stood in the _Arcadian_ Baths, near the Places call’d the _Bathra_, -from the Stairs by which you ascend them. I find also in that Place two -Statues of _Verina_, the Wife of _Leo Magnus_, one in the Northern Part -of the City, near the Church of St. _Agathonicus_ beyond the _Bathra_, -the other on that Side of the City where stands the Church of St. -_Barbara_: The first was erected by _Leo_ in his Life-time, the second -since his Death; when upon the Flight of _Zeno_, his Son in Law, his -Brother _Basiliscus_ was crown’d Emperor in his stead. I have reason -to believe, when I consider the natural Situation and Order in which -the _Wards_ stand, that Part of the second _Ward_ was inclos’d in the -Palace: For this _Ward_, according to the ancient Description of it, -at its first Entrance stood upon a Level; at some Distance it rose by -a gentle Ascent, and at last, with very deep Precipices, fell into the -Sea. I am of Opinion, that these Precipices descended on that Spot -of Ground where the Kitchens, and _Bagnio’s_ of the _Grand Seignor_ -stand at present. But where-ever they might stand in ancient Times, -all the steep Places that were formerly enclosed within the _Palace_ -are now levell’d, where now there stands an old Church commonly call’d -_Sophia the Less_. Some of the most ancient Inhabitants affirm it to -be the Church of St. _Irene_, which _Socrates_ tells us was built by -_Constantine the Great_. I take it to be the same Church which the -People of the second _Ward_ call the _Old Church_. I have Reason also -to believe, that the other Part of the second _Ward_ stood without -the _Palace_, from the Situation of the _Churches_ and _Bagnio’s_, -which the second _Ward_ encloses. For _Zonaras_ and other Historians -assert, that the Church, which formerly went by the Name of the _Great -Church_, was afterwards call’d the Church of St. _Sophia_, which every -body knows stood without the Enclosure of the Palace. I have reason to -conjecture also, that the Palace of _Maximinus_ formerly stood within -the Verge of the Court, from the following Inscription made in its -Commendation by _Cyrus_, once a _Consul_ and Nobleman of _Rome_. - - _Great_ Maximinus _rais’d this noble Pile; - From hence to Lengths unmeasurable I view - Unbounded Prospects; for behind me stand - The City, and_ Bithynia’s _beauteous Towns. - The swelling Ocean rolls its Waves before me; - When near my Doors, it moves but slowly on, - Delighted to behold the lovely Landscape - Of blooming Trees, gay Seats, and floating Ships, - The City’s rising Towers, and pleasing Site._ - - - - -CHAP. III. - - _Of the Church of St._ Sophia. - - -The modern Writers among the _Greeks_ will have it, that the Church of -St. _Sophia_ was first built by the Emperor _Constantius_, the Son of -_Constantine the Great_, and arch’d at Top, not with Brick-work, but -a wooden Roof. In the Time of _Theodosius_, when the second _Synod_ -was held there, the _Arians_ rising in Sedition, burnt it. It was -after rebuilt by _Theodosius the Great_, and beautified with Arches -of a cylindrick Form. The same _Writer_ tells us, that it was burnt -a second time in the Reign of _Justinian_; but _Sozomen_, an ancient -and creditable Author, records it, that in the Time of _Theodosius -the Less_, when there were warm Debates in the _great Church_, about -expelling St. _Chrysostom_ the _Synod_, it was all on a sudden in -a Blaze, those who adhered to him throwing Fire into it, with an -Intention to burn down the Church, and to destroy all that were in -it. _Procopius_ will have it, that it was first burnt down in the -Reign of _Justinian_, who rebuilt it in the same Figure it stands at -present; but he does not tell us, whether it stands on the same Spot -of Ground or not; so that it remains doubtful from this Author, who -is not so much to be depended upon, though he has a Catalogue of the -Names of the Persons of whom _Justinian_ purchas’d the Houses where it -stood before the Fire. An _Ancient Description of the City_, wrote -before _Justinian_’s Time, seems to fix it in another Place; for the -_great Church_ and the _old Church_, the Author places in the second -_Ward_, the _Forum_ of _Augustus_ in the fourth, which I shall make -appear stood near the Church of St. _Sophia_. _Zonaras_ says, that -_Justinian_ built it much larger from the old Foundation; but ’tis -much to be question’d, whether _Justinian_ purchas’d the neighbouring -Houses for its Enlargement. As to the _Forum_ of _Augustus_, and the -_great Church’s_ being placed in different _Wards_, we cannot from -hence conclude, that they did not stand near one another. So that when -_Justinian_ had enlarged and beautify’d it, and adorned it with a great -Variety of Metal-work, when he had built the Walls and Roof with Brick, -and to strengthen them the more, had cramp’d them in many Places with -Iron-work, using no Rafters in the whole Fabrick for fear of Fire; -although it has hitherto escaped the Flames, yet has it been often -damaged and endanger’d by several Accidents, even from the Time of its -Rebuilding. For the Eastern Arch before it was finish’d, bore with its -Weight so hard upon the Pillars, that in all Probability it had fell, -had not the Architect been very expeditious in finishing it; when -bearing upon its own _Curvature_, it laid less heavy upon the Pillars -which supported it. The two Northern and Southern _Arches_ bore so hard -upon the Pillars and Foundation, that the Tops of the _Pillars_ began -to fly; and had sunk, if the Workmen had not with the greatest Skill -taken them down, and afterwards replaced them, when the Greenness and -Moisture of the Building was somewhat abated. The Church however, at -the Emperor’s great Expence, and by the indefatigable Industry of the -Workmen, was at last finish’d; yet in his own Time it was grievously -shock’d by an Earthquake, by which, as _Agathius_ writes, the Tower -above the Roof was much shatter’d in the Middle of it; so that the -Emperor was obliged to repair and strengthen it, raising it much -higher than it was before. This was done when _Anthemius_ the first -Architect was dead. However young _Isidorus_, and some other Architects -who succeeded him, notwithstanding the Errors committed in the former -Building, did not judge it necessary to take down the Eastern or -Western Arches, but widen’d the North and South Arches, and so visibly -enlarged them, that the whole Building seem’d more regular and uniform; -so that it was evident to the Eye of the Spectator, that the Sides of -the Church, which terminated with their Arches in the Roof, were of -an equal Dimension; and that the Architects had with so much Skill -contracted the vast Vacuity of the Body of the Church into so narrow a -Compass at the Top, that the whole Structure seem’d very proportionate -and agreeable. Above the Arches, in the Middle of the Church, they -raised a _Dome_ or _Cupola_ to a very great Height, which was regular, -and not so round at Top as usual, but more spiked, and better contrived -for the Security of the Building. _Zonaras_ writes, That the _great -Church_ being finished and consecrated; it happen’d that the Eastern -Arch was thrown down by an Earthquake, which broke the Pulpit and the -Communion-Table, but was afterwards rebuilt by _Justinian_, who raised -it twenty five Foot higher than it was before. The same Report, almost -Word for Word, is given by _Cedrinus_. He also built other Pillars -proportionable to the Weight of the Arch which bore upon them. On -the Outside of the Church he built a Pair of Winding-steps against -the Pillars, near to the Church, which rising from the Ground to the -Roof of it, support the Pillars, and the Arches. Other Writers, but -of less Note, will have it, that by the Earth-quake above-mention’d -the Roof of the Church was thrown down, but that the Arches stood -secure, that the Emperor rebuilt the Roof, but lower than before by -twenty five Foot. I could, for my own part, bear with this Relation, if -these Historians would agree with me, that the Church was afterwards -shock’d with other Earth-quakes, and then built lower than it stood -before. For when _Evagrius_ tells us that _Justinian_ raised it to -such an Height, that within side of it you could scarce see the Top, -and that the Descent was so deep, that it was dangerous to look from -the Height of it downwards, it is very probable, that _Justinian_ only -raised it to its former Height. _Cedrinus_ relates, that _Basilius_ -the Emperor gave Orders for repairing, and strengthening the great -Western Arch, which was very much shatter’d by an Earth-quake, and -likely to fall. _Nicephorus_ inveighs bitterly against the Empress -_Anna_, who in the Reign of _Catacosmus_, sacrilegiously robb’d the -Church of all its Furniture and Ornaments, and exclaims heavily, that -the Tyranny, Oppression, and the different Sects and Opinions of those -Times, were the chief Occasion of the Destruction of this Church: For, -as he subjoins, one Midnight when the Sky was very clear, one of the -Eastern Arches fell to the Ground, and brought that Part of the Roof, -which it supported, after it, which broke down the Pulpit, the Images -which adorn’d it, and demolished the middle Galleries. He adds farther, -that it was the Opinion of many in those Times, that if _Andronicus_ -the Emperor had not built Buttresses on the East-side of the Church, -it had wholly sunk into Ruines. _Evagrius_ determines the Length of -the Church in the following manner: From the Arch, where the bloodless -Sacrifice is offer’d, to the Gate opposite to it, it is an hundred -and ninety Foot long; from North to South it is a hundred and fifteen -Foot broad; and from the Pavement to the Center of the Roof, it is a -hundred and eighty Foot high. It was dangerous for me to measure its -Length from East to West, so that I was obliged to have the Dimensions -of it taken for me by a _Turk_, who made his Report, that the Church -was two hundred and thirteen Foot in Breadth, two hundred and forty in -Length, and from the Pavement to the highest Curvature of the Arches, -a hundred and forty two Foot in Height. The Fellow never measured the -Roof; If he had taken the Height of it true, he had found but a small -Difference between his own Account and that of _Evagrius_. Should the -Reader desire to be inform’d more at large of the Dimensions, and the -Architecture of this Church, as it stood in former Times, let him -consult _Procopius_, _Agathius_, _Paulus Florus_, and _Evagrius_. What -the Architecture and Dimensions of it are at present, I shall, as far -as my Observations have reach’d, describe more fully in the following -Chapter. - - - - -CHAP. IV. - - _A Description of the Church of St._ Sophia, _as it now appears_. - - -The Walls and Roof of this Church are built with Brick. The Inside of -the Walls of the Church are incrusted with elegant Marble of several -Kinds. All its Materials are the most valuable Productions of Nature, -so that the Prospect of it employs the Thoughts of the Spectator with -Delight and Admiration. The Roof of it is a surprizing Piece of gilded -_Mosaick_ Work, which reflects such a Lustre upon the Eye, that even -the _Barbarians_ who behold it, are wonderfully taken with the Sight -of it. This Roof is supported with eight Pillars, four of the largest -and tallest of which bear up the four Arches which support the Roof. -Two of these Arches, _viz._ the Northern and Southern, bear at the -Bottom of their Curvature upon a thin Wall full of Windows, which Wall -is strengthen’d by two Ranges of Pillars standing one above another. -In the lower Range stand eight Pillars, which rise from the Pavement, -the six above them support the thin Wall. The Eastern and Western -Arches have neither a Wall nor a Pillar to support them, but are so -open, that they make the Body of the Church appear more large. For -these Arches projecting beyond the former, bear upon four other Arches, -which are supported by two small and two large Pillars: For the four -large Pillars do not only bear up the four great Arches, but every -one of them does also support two small Arches, one of which extends -itself length-ways, the other cross-ways of the Church; by which -means the Church is lengthen’d and widen’d to a great Distance; for -on the East and West Side of it there are two _Semi-domes_ which are -join’d to the _Cupola_ in such a Manner, that they have the same Roof -within the Church, though without it the Roofs seem to be distinct. -These _Semi-domes_ are a great Ornament to the _Cupola_, which rises -very highly above them. The Breadth of the Church is widen’d beyond -the _Dome_ with Arches and Pillars, and the Northern and Southern -Wall, which form the three upper and three lower Galleries, which are -incrusted with elegant Marble of different Kinds, the Roof of them -being cover’d with _Moresco Mosaick_ Work, finely gilded. Every Arch -which lies across the Church bears only upon one Pillar, for one End -of their Curvatures is supported by the outward Wall of the Church, -which bears upon large Pillars, from whence there rise four Arches, -which on both Sides of the Church are supported by the Wall. Two of -these Arches bear up the Roof of the three lower Galleries, and the -other two support the Roof of the three upper Galleries, the Sides of -which bear upon Walls, and Arches, and Pillars. Hence it is, that if -we consider the Inside of the Church by itself, as enclosed by its -Pillars and Columns, we discover it to be of an oval Figure; whereas if -we view the whole Space of it without these Pillars, it is a perfect -Square. For the upper and the lower Galleries, which are the Wings of -the Church, adjoin to it in such a Manner, that if we measure it from -the Pavement to the Bottom of the Curvature of the upper Galleries, -’tis of a square Figure, but as contracted within the Enclosure of -the four large and the four smaller Pillars, as far as the Curvature -of the four Arches of the _Dome_, it is entirely of an oval Form. The -Form of the Galleries is as follows: On three Sides of them they are -built in a square Manner: The fourth Side of them, which looks into -the Church, is of an oval Figure, as is the Church itself. The Roofs -of these Galleries are supported with Arches and Columns. I shall -give the Reader a Description of three of them, by which means he may -easily form a Judgment of the rest, for they are all of one Form. -Those I shall take Notice of, are the three upper Galleries on the -North Side of the Church. The first of these Galleries has two Fronts, -and looks both Eastward and Northward. The two Sides of this Gallery -rise from the Wall of the Church, and end in an Arch. In the Middle -of each Side of it there are three square Columns five Foot and nine -Inches in Circumference, which are made the Jambs of the Windows. These -Pillars support three other square Pillars, which are all made of -blue and white Marble. The Side which faces the Body of the Church is -adorn’d with six Pillars of green Marble, standing below the Arch which -supports an Eastern _Semi-dome_, whose Shafts at the Bottom of them -are seven Foot and eight Digits in Compass. The _Intercolumniations_ -of these Pillars being little less than seven Foot and eleven Digits -wide, are strengthen’d with Marble _Closures_ which are four Foot -high, so that those who lean upon them, have a full View of all the -upper and lower Part of the Church. That Side which parts the first -and second Gallery, reaching from the outward Wall Northward, to the -great Pillar which supports the _Dome_, is forty four Foot in Length, -part of which is adorn’d with Pillars, and an Arch which supports the -_Dome_. You pass through this into the second Gallery, the Breadth of -which is twenty four Foot, and it is made up of the Arch of a Pillar, -and a Wall which is a part of one of the Wings of the Church, and -extends itself as far as the Roof of the _Dome_. This Gallery, at both -Ends of it, is born up by Arches and Walls. In the Middle of it, it -is supported by four white Pillars speckled with blue, the Shafts of -which are seven Foot in Compass. ’Tis of a square Figure, and, as I -observ’d, bears upon Arches and Walls. These Arches, at one End of -them, rise behind two of the large Pillars which support the _Dome_; -at the other End they bear upon Pillars which rise within Side of the -Walls, and support the four large Pillars. The outer Side of this -Gallery is supported with eight square Pillars, which are six Foot in -Compass. There rises in the Middle of them a Pillar of a larger Size. -These Pillars are instead of Jambs for the Windows; and above them -there are other Pillars, which are also Jambs to other Windows. These -Windows, which below and above are sixteen in Number, do very much -enlighten this second or Middle Gallery. The Front of this Gallery, -facing the Church, is beautified with six Pillars of green Marble. The -_Intercolumniations_ of them, like those of the first Gallery, have -their Marble _Closures_ at Bottom. From this middle Gallery you pass -through an Arch into the third Gallery, which is much like the first -in its Length, Windows, Jambs and Pillars. The Roof of it is supported -with four Pillars, and the Side of it towards the Church with six green -Pillars. There are also four green Marble Pillars which support one -of the Western _Semi-domes_ which stands between two other Pillars. -These Pillars stand two and two together, and between them are rais’d -two lesser Pillars, made after the _Ionic_ Order. At the Western Door -of the Church there are instead of a _Vestibulum_, two _Portico’s_, -the lower of which lies upon a Level with the Church itself. The upper -leads to the Womens Galleries. Both of them in Length the Wideness of -the Church, and twenty eight Foot in Breadth. The _Portico_ over it is -situate between the Pillars which support the Western _Semi-dome_ and -the Windows. For both in the Inside and Outside of it, ’tis supported -with eight Pillars, between which, the Windows both in the upper and -lower Galleries, cast a great Light into the Church. There is nothing -parts this _Portico_ and the Womens Galleries, but the Pillars which -bear up the Roof of the _Portico_; for the Pavement of the _Portico_ -lies upon the same Level with the Pavement of the Galleries. The Inside -of the lower _Portico_ is enclosed with Walls, which are lined with -a delectable Variety of Marble, and is cover’d at Top with curious -_Moresco Mosaick_ Work, very beautifully gilded. On the East Side -the _Portico_ are Doors which open into the Church; on the West End -of it you go out at five Brass folding Doors into a _Portico_ that -stands without the Church, and from thence you pass into a Court, -where there are several Springs constantly running, to which there is -a very deep Descent by many Steps. At the Ends of these _Portico’s_ -there are two Places of Entrance into the Church, one on the Northern -Side of it, and another with six folding Doors on the South. These -Doors formerly were all of Brass, at present three only of them are -so, but curiously wrought. The Church has also two folding Doors on -the East Side of it. There are also some Doors in the Sides of it, -which were formerly open’d, but are now kept shut. The Inside of the -Church is very light, by reason of the Multitude of Windows about it. -The high Wall, which between the great Arches and the _Cupola_ is of -a circular Figure, let in the Light at forty Windows. The Walls under -the Arches are enlighten’d with twenty six Windows, the Middle of the -Galleries with thirty two, and the Ends of them with more than twenty. -I shall take no Notice of the Lights of the two Western and the four -lower Galleries, nor those of the two _Semi-domes_, nor those of the -_Sanctum Sanctorum_, and the upper _Portico_, which I omitted to count, -by reason of the great Number of them. The largest Entrance into this -Church is on the West Side of it, where you do not ascend the Pavement -as formerly, and as the _Romans_ did their _Pantheon_, nor do you -descend into it by five Steps. You go up to the Top of the Church by -four Pair of winding Stairs, not winding round in the Manner of a -Cockle-shell, as _Cedrinus_ reports, but turning more upon the Square, -and work’d by the Line. These Stairs rise with a very easy Ascent, -and are cut out of large Marble Tables. Every Turning of these Stairs -is nineteen Foot and a half high, and five Foot broad. Above these -there is another Pair of winding Stairs which reach to the Top of the -Church. You must ascend these when you go to the upper Galleries, and -_Portico’s_. If the Reader will give himself the Trouble to compare -what I have said of the Church of St. _Sophia_, with what has been -written by _Procopius_ and _Agathius_ upon that Subject, he may easily -discover, that the Ruins of what was built by _Justinian_ have not been -so great as the _Turks_ pretend, who tell you, that the Church was -formerly much larger, and that several Parts of it have been pull’d -down by the _Barbarians_, and that there is scarce a tenth Part of it -remaining at this Day. This Story would carry a Face of Probability -in it, if they meant, that the Palaces, the Houses of the Priests and -the Noblemen, which were built about it, had been demolish’d by Fire, -and the Ravage of those People, otherwise I am convinc’d ’tis a gross -Mistake; for I saw every Part of the old Church standing, mention’d -by _Procopius_, except one _Portico_. For whereas _Procopius_ writes, -that the Church had two _Portico’s_ at each End of it, there is -none, remaining at present, but only that at the West End. ’Tis very -probable that the other was thrown down by an Earthquake, and that in -the Room of it, the Inhabitants erected a large Lump of Building of -square Stone, which is now standing, to support the East end of the -Church. This Lump of Stone you would take to be a Piece of a craggy -Rock, though it does not seem, by reason of the Earthquakes, to be of -the same Height as it was when it was first built, yet is it as near -as high, as _Evagrius_ mentions it to be. Since which, to fortify the -labouring Pillars, it is lengthen’d with four Walls. These Walls are -more than twenty Foot long and eight Foot broad, rising to the Height -of the great Pillars, and seem, to speak in the Terms of Architecture, -to be Wings to the Church, or rather Buttresses, by which the North -and South Side of it are strengthen’d and supported. Both Ends of the -Church, which project beyond the eight Pillars, extending themselves -each into a _Semi-dome_, and rising at Top into an arched Form, are -yet remaining. The same lower Galleries for the Men, and the same -upper Galleries for the Women, the whole Roof, the same Walls and -Pillars, the same Dimensions of the Church, as originally beautify’d -and adorn’d, are still in Being. There are indeed some Flaws in the -Building, occasion’d by those who opposed the setting up of Images in -the Church. In short, the whole, and every part of it, is to be seen -at present; and it is despoiled of nothing, except a little of the -Metal-work, which shews itself in great abundance through the whole -Church. The _Sanctum Sanctorum_, formerly holy and unpolluted, into -which the Priests only were suffer’d to enter, is yet standing, though -there is nothing remaining of the Jewels and precious Stones which -adorn’d it, as having been plunder’d by its sacrilegious Enemies. That -inimitable Table, given to the Church by its Founder _Justinian_, -made of the different Materials of Gold, Silver, all Kinds of Wood, -costly Stones, which either the Sea or the whole World could produce, -and which was embellish’d and enrich’d with infinite Offerings of -Emperors, Popes, Princes, and Ladies of the first Quality; among whom -was _Pulcheria_, the Daughter of _Arcadius_, and Sister of _Theodosius -the Less_, is at present despoil’d of all its fine Decorations. -_Sozomen_ tells us, that this Table was a very beautiful and surprizing -Ornament to the Church, which was endow’d with very ample Donations, -the _Mahometan_ Priests being now in Possession of them. They have -eleven hundred Shops and publick Houses, situate in the best Markets -of the City, which pay them a constant Revenue or Rent, without any -Deductions, for their Maintenance and Support. - - - - -CHAP. V. - - _Of the Statues discover’d on one Side of the Church of St._ Sophia. - - -On the Side of the Church of St. _Sophia_, says _Suidas_, were -discovered more than seventy Statues of the _Grecian_ Deities, the -Figures of the twelve Signs of the _Zodiack_, and no less than eighty -Statues of Christian Princes and Emperors, which, when _Justinian_ -had commanded to be placed in several Parts of the City, he built -the great Church. I could give the Reader an Account of the Names of -these Deities from an unknown Author, who has wrote a Treatise of -_Constantinople_, and the adjacent Countrey; but I have found him -faulty in so many of his Narrations, that I cannot depend upon his -Authority. - - - - -CHAP. VI. - - _Of the_ Pharo _on the Promontory_ Ceras, _and the_ Mangana. - - -_Ammianus Marcellinus_ writes, that there was built near the Promontory -_Ceras_, a high Watch-Tower, which was call’d _Pharos_, and was a Guide -to the Ships at a great Distance. The Situation of this _Pharos_, in -all Probability, was near the Church of St. _Sophia_. For from what -Part of the City could it spread a more convenient and diffusive -Light to those who sail’d out of the _Bosporus_ and the _Propontis_? -_Dionysius_ calls it the _Bosporian Promontory_, and tells us, that -_Io_, the Daughter of _Inachus_, provoked by _Juno_’s Resentment -against her, passed over from thence into _Asia_. The Place call’d the -_Mangana_ was their Armoury, where they kept their Ordnance. It stood -in the Imperial Precinct, or by it, near the Chops of the _Bosporus_. -The Emperor _Constantine_, Surnamed _Monomachus_, built a handsome and -large Monastery, which is also call’d _Mangana_, in Honour of the noble -_Martyr_ St. _George_. _Alexius Comnenus_, when he was ill of the Gout, -was carry’d to the great Palace, which stands in the Eastern part of -the City; but when his Physicians judg’d it not to be so wholsome an -Air, he was removed into the Palace of the _Mangana_. - - - - -CHAP. VII. - - _Of the_ Bagnio’s _of_ Zeuxippus _and its Statues_. - - -These _Bagnio’s_ were so call’d, as _Cedrinus_ relates, because they -were built in a Place, where formerly had stood the Temple of _Jupiter -Zeuxippus_. This is said of them by _Eusebius_, who writes, _That there -are some of Opinion, that the fine Bathing-place at_ Constantinople -_took its Name from the famous Painter_ Zeuxes, _whose Pieces adorn’d -it_. I collect that it stood near the Church of St. _Sophia_, not only -from the _Treatise_ of the _ancient Description_ of the City, which -places them both in the same _Ward_, but also from the Fire which -happen’d in the Reign of _Justinian_, and burnt down, as _Procopius_ -observes, the Church of St. _Sophia_, and the adjacent Buildings, as -the _Bagnio_ of _Zeuxippus_, and the House of Entrance before the -Palace; and _Zonaras_ writes, that _Severus_ the Emperor join’d it -to the _Hippodrom_, and built it on the same Spot of Ground, where -formerly had stood the Temple of _Jupiter_. _Leontius_, a more ancient -and judicious Historian, does not join it to the _Hippodrom_, but makes -it to stand near it, as appears by his Verses inscrib’d over a Door of -a House, situate between the _Zeuxippum_ and the _Hippodrom_. - -An Inscription of _Leontius_ upon a House call’d the _Zeuxippum_ and -the _Hippodrom_. - - _Between_ Zeuxippus’ _cool refreshing Baths, - And the fam’d_ Hippodrom_’s swift Course I stand. - Let the Spectator, when he baths himself, - Or sees the struggling Steed panting for Breath, - Pay a kind Visit, to enhanse his Pleasures; - He’ll find a hearty Wellcome at my Table. - Or if more manly Sports his Mind affects, - Practise the rough Diversions of the_ Stadia. - -_Cedrinus_ relates, that in this _Bagnio_ there was a pleasant Variety -of Prospects of surprizing Art, both in Marble and Stone-work, in -Statues of Brass, and Figures of Persons of Antiquity, who seem’d -to want nothing but a Soul to animate and enliven them. Among these -celebrated Pieces of the most exquisite Workmanship, was the Statue of -old _Homer_, in a thoughtful Posture, just as he was, his Hands folded -in his Breast, his Beard carelessly hanging down, his Hair very thin -before, his Face wrinkled with Age, and the Cares of the World; his -Nose well proportion’d, his Eyes fix’d in their Sockets, as is usual -with blind Persons, which he was generally look’d upon to be. Over his -close Coat hung a loose Garment, and under his Feet, upon the Pedestal -of the Pillar, was a Bridle in Brass. This Place was also beautify’d -with the brazen Statues of all those renown’d Personages who had -been famous for Wisdom, Poetry, Oratory or Courage, throughout the -World, but were all destroy’d by Fire. Among these were the Statues -of _Deiphobus_, _Æschines_, _Demosthenes_, _Aristotle_, _Euripides_, -_Hesiod_, _Theocritus_, _Simonides_, _Anaximenes_, _Calchas_, -_Pyrrhus_, _Amymone_; of _Sappho_, _Apollo_, _Venus_, _Chrysa_, _Julius -Cæsar_, _Plato_, _Hermaphroditus_, _Herinna_, _Terpander_, _Pericles_, -_Pythagoras_, _Stesichorus_, _Democritus_; of _Hercules_, _Aurora_, -_Æneas_, _Creusa_, _Helenus_, _Andromachus_, _Menelaus_, _Helena_, -_Ulysses_, _Hecuba_, _Cassandra_, _Polyxena_, _Ajax_, _Paris_, and his -_Oenone_; of _Milo_, _Dares_ and _Entellus_, _Charidemus_, _Melampus_, -_Panthous_, _Demogeron_, _Isocrates_, _Amphiaraus_, _Sarpedon_, -_Achilles_, _Mercury_, _Apuleius_, _Diana_, _Pherecydes_, _Heraclitus_, -_Cratinus_, _Menander_, _Amphitryon_, _Thucydides_, _Herodotus_, -_Pindar_, _Xenophon_, _Alcmæon_, _Pompey_ and _Virgil_. There were also -many other Statues which have been describ’d in Verse by _Christodorus_ -a Poet of _Thebes_, or, as others report, a Native of _Coptos_ in -_Ægypt_, which, were it not a Work of Prolixity, I would explain to the -Reader. There stood near the _Bagnio_ call’d _Zeuxippum_, a small Bath, -taken Notice of by _Leontius_ in the following Lines: - - _Let not thy stately Walls, O proud_ Zeuxippum, - _Resent the Meanness of this little Bath. - In Heaven’s high Tower, near the Constellation - Of_ Ursa Major _shines the_ Polar _Star_. - -There is nothing of the _Zeuxippum_ remaining at present, nor of many -other fine _Bagnio’s_, although we have many Inscriptions relating to -them; as of that famous one celebrated by _Agathius_, in which _Venus_ -is said to have bathed her self; also of another call’d _Didymum_, -in which both Sexes used to wash, describ’d in Verse by _Paulus -Silentiarius_, and a third made memorable by an Inscription of the -learned _Leontius_. Besides these, there was another named _Cupido_, -describ’d by the ingenious _Marianus_; yet are all of them either -entirely ruin’d, or so defaced by the _Mahometans_, that you cannot -discover who built them, or to whom they belong’d. - - - - -CHAP. VIII. - - _Of the Hospitals of_ Sampson _and_ Eubulus. - - -_There was built_, as _Procopius_ says, _a Hospital for the Relief of -poor and sick People. It was founded in ancient Times by a holy Man, -whose Name was_ Sampson. _But it did not escape the Flames, occasion’d -by a riotous Mob, which burnt down that and the Church of St._ Sophia. -_It was rebuilt by_ Julian, _who beautify’d and enlarged it with a -Multitude of small handsome Apartments, and afterwards endow’d it with -a yearly Stipend, for the Support and Comfort of the miserable and -distressed. But the good Emperor not being content with this Oblation -he had made to God, with the Co-assistance of his Imperial Consort_ -Theodora, _built over-against it two other Hospitals on the same -Ground, where formerly stood the Houses of_ Isidorus _and_ Arcadius. -Thus far _Procopius_. From whence I would observe, that the Hospital -of _Sampson_ was not far from the Church of St. _Sophia_, and have -read in the History of an unknown Author, that it stood over-against -it. I am confirm’d in this Opinion by the Authority of _Zonaras_, who -tells us in the like Manner, that there was a Fire occasion’d by a -Faction, which burnt down the _great Church_, that of St. _Irene_, the -Hospital of _Eubulus_, the _Chalca_, the _Bagnio_ of _Severus_, call’d -the _Zeuxippum_, and many other Buildings. This is farther attested -by _Cedrinus_, who speaking of the same Fire, tells us, _That a great -Part of the City, the Churches of St._ Sophia _and St._ Irene, _the -Hospitals of_ Sampson _and_ Eubulus, _with the sick People inhabiting -them, as also the_ Augustean _Gate-house of the_ Basilica, _the_ -Chalca, _the two_ Portico’s, _as far as the_ Forum, _the_ Octogon _and -the_ Bagnio _of_ Zeuxippus, _were destroy’d by Fire_. After I had made -the former Quotation from the printed Works of _Procopius_, I lighted -by chance upon a Manuscript of him, wherein I was inform’d, that the -Hospital of _Sampson_ stood between the two Churches of St. _Sophia_ -and St. _Irene_. - - - - -CHAP. IX. - - _Of the Statue of_ Eudoxia Augusta, _for which St._ Chrysostom _was - sent into Banishment_. - - -SOCRATES and _Sozomen_, Writers of sacred History, tells us, that -a Silver Statue of _Eudoxia Augusta_ was erected upon a _Porphyry_ -Pillar on the South Side of the Church of St. _Sophia_, though at -some Distance from it, near the _Senate-House_. The People commonly -paid their Homage and Acclamations to this Statue. There were publick -Entertainments of Dancing, and other mimical Gestures acted before it, -according to a Custom which had long prevail’d, of paying Adoration to -the Images of Princes. St. _Chrysostom_ reflecting upon this Practice, -as contrary to the Precepts of the Christian Religion, publickly -condemn’d it in a _Sermon_. _Eudoxia_ believing her self to be closely -struck at in that Discourse, banish’d him. I should here take Notice -of the _Miliarium_ and the _Basilica_, as being near the Church of St. -_Sophia_, but then I shall invert the Method I proposed to observe. - - - - -CHAP. X. - - _Of those Parts of the City which are contain’d in the third_ Ward. - - -The third _Ward_ is discover’d to have been that Space of Ground upon -which stood the _Hippodrom_, the House of _Abraham Bassa_, the Gate of -_Leo_, and the Haven which the Inhabitants call the _Caterga Limena_, -where the Three-oar’d Galleys used to anchor, and so on to the Top of -the second Hill, as far as the _Forum_ of _Constantine_. I made this -Observation, not only from the Order the _Wards_ stand in, but also -from the Treatise of the _Description of the Wards_, which says, that -the third _Ward_, at the Entrance of it, is a Level Ground, but in the -most remote Part of it, it descends with too great a Declivity into -the Sea, and contains the Tribunal of the _Forum_ of _Constantine_, -the _Circus Maximus_, the House of _Pulcheria Augusta_, the new Port, -and the semicircular _Portico_, made after the Figure of an old _Greek -Sigma_. - - - - -CHAP. XI. - - _Of the_ Hippodrom, _its_ Obelisk, _its_ Statues, _and_ Columns. - - -Modern Historians, as _Zonaras_ and others, write, that the _Hippodrom_ -was built by _Severus_ upon his Reconciliation with the _Byzantians_. -_Zosimus_, a more ancient Writer tells us, that it was built, and -curiously beautified by _Constantine the Great_, part of which he -made the Temple of _Castor_ and _Pollux_, whose Images remain’d in -the _Portico’s_ of the _Hippodrom_ down to his Time; that is, ’till -the Reign of _Theodosius_ the _Less_. In the middle of the _Circo_, -which the _Greeks_ call the _Hippodrom_, there stood an _Obelisk_ -made of _Thebaick_ Stone; but as the _ancient Description of the -Wards_ takes no Notice of it, tho’ it does of the Square _Thebaick -Obelisk_ in the fifth _Ward_, I should be inclin’d to believe, that -the _Obelisk_, I am speaking of, was overturn’d by an Earth-quake, and -remov’d by _Theodosius_ into the _Hippodrom_, after that Treatise was -wrote, if the Author had not taken notice of many of _Theodosius_’s -Works, and omitted some Things in the _Wards_, which he afterwards -mention’d in his _General View of the City_. ’Tis very probable, that -_Constantinople_ had more _Obelisks_ than one. As to that taken notice -of in the fifth _Ward_, it is not now remaining. When first I arriv’d -at _Constantinople_ I saw two of them, one in the _Circus Maximus_, -another in the Imperial Precinct, standing on the North-side of the -first Hill. This last was of a square Figure, and was erected near the -Houses of the _Grand Seignor_’s Glaziers. A little time after I saw -it lying prostrate without the Precinct, and found it to be thirty -five Foot in Length. Each of its Sides, if I mistake not, was six Foot -broad, and the whole was eight Yards in Compass. It was purchased by -_Antonius Priolus_, a Nobleman of _Venice_, who sent it thither, and -placed it in St. _Stephen_’s Market. The other is standing in the -_Hippodrom_ to this Day. ’Tis supported by four square broad Pieces of -Brass, each a Foot and a half high, with a Base and a Pedestal of the -same Height. From the Ground there rise two Steps against the Pedestal, -the lowermost of which is a Foot high, and of the same Breadth: The -upper Step is two Foot high, and projects four Foot and four Fingers -Breadth beyond the Pedestal. The Steps are not laid within the -Pedestal, but are join’d to it withoutside, as appears by the Cement. -Upon the Steps stands the Pedestal, which is every way twelve Foot -broad, four Foot eight Digits in Height and projects beyond the Base a -Foot and a half: Somewhat above a Foot higher it is more contracted, -and does not project beyond its Base; for from the Top of the Pedestal -there’s a Fluting on the four Sides of the _Obelisk_ which is cut out -of the same Stone of which the Pedestal is made, and is a Foot and -thirteen Digits high. The Corners of the Top of the Pedestal are worn, -and defac’d, but are repair’d by four Stones of _Thebaick Porphyry_ -Marble, each of them a Foot and a half high; for all the fluted Part -of the Pedestal that lies between these four angular Stones, together -with the upper Part of it, support the Base, which is seven Foot and -thirteen Digits high, and projects a Foot and a half beyond the Bottom -of the Shaft of the _Obelisk_, to the Breadth of nine Foot, and as -many Digits: ’Tis carv’d on all Sides, as is also the Pedestal, which -is covered with curious Statues cut in _Basso Relievo_. The Sculptures -on the North-side of it, stand in two Ranges, the lowermost of which -contains eighteen Statues, and two Cap-stands, which are turn’d round -with Iron Crows by four Men, and wind the Ropes, which are drawn -through Pullies, round the Cap-stand, and so draw the _Obelisk_ along -the Ground. In the same Range is engraved the _Obelisk_ in an upright -Posture, as it now stands, with three Statues, one of which, as the -Inhabitants tell you, represents the Master, and the other the Servant, -whom he design’d to correct, if a third Person had not interposed, -because he had erected the _Obelisk_ in his Absence. In the upper Range -there are also the Figures of two Cap-stands, with the same Number of -Men working them, and labouring with those below them, to drag the -_Obelisk_. The Wreaths of the Ropes in particular, are very nicely -cut. If the Reader could apprehend the manner in which this cumbersome -Pillar was erected, I believe he would judge it was done the way, as -_Marcellinus_ describes. There was nothing wanting, says he, but the -Erection of the _Obelisk_, the Accomplishment of which, without the -greatest Danger, could scarcely be conceiv’d. You might see, says he, a -vast Wood of Scaffolding made of tall Beams: At the Top of these were -fix’d large, and long Ropes, after the manner of Threads in a Weaver’s -Loom; which by their Thickness and Closeness to one another, darkned -the Air. These Ropes at the Bottom were fastned round the _Obelisk_, -which being leisurely drawn into the Air, many thousands working at the -Cap-stands, was at last fix’d upon its _Basis_. I believe there are at -present Engineers at _Constantinople_, who could do the same thing. I -am induc’d to think so, by what I observ’d of a Pillar on the Side of -the fifth Hill, which was almost equal in Magnitude to this _Obelisk_. -I saw this Pillar taken off its _Basis_, and laid upon the Ground in -the following manner. Round the Pillar, though at some Distance from -it, they fix’d in the Ground near to one another large Poles, much -taller than the Pillar, at an equal Distance from each other. At the -Top of these Poles, they laid others across them, which were fasten’d -to them in the strongest manner, and to which were fix’d the Pullies, -through which the Ropes slipp’d, which reach’d from the Bottom of the -Shaft of the Pillar to the Top, and were fasten’d to it: The Ropes were -so thick, both length-ways and cross-ways, that at some Distance the -Scaffolding look’d like a square Tower. There were many Cap-stands on -all Sides fix’d in the Ground, which were turn’d by infinite Numbers -of the strongest Youth, till they had mov’d it from its _Basis_, and -laid it prostrate with the Earth. They afterwards laid it upon strong -Carriages, the Wheels of which were bound with thick Iron, and brought -it safe to the third Hill, and set it up as an Ornament to the _Mosque_ -of _Solyman_ the Emperor. But to return to the _Obelisk_; on the -West-side of the Pedestal was the following Inscription in _Greek_: - - _To raise this Four-square Pillar to its Height, - And fix it steddy on its solid Base, - Great_ Theodosius _try’d, but try’d d in vain. - In two and thirty Days, by_ Proclus’ _Skill, - The toilsome Work, with great Applause, was finish’d_. - -And on the other Side was this Inscription in _Latin_, -which was somewhat defac’d, but I could -read it, and is as follows: - - _Difficilis quondam dominis parere serenis - Jussus, & extinctis palmam portare Tyrannis. - Omnia_ Theodosio _cedunt, sobolique perenni: - Ter denis sic victus, duobusque diebus, - Judice sub_ Proclo, _sublime elatus ad auras_. - -On the South Side of it there are two Ranges of Statues, the lowermost -of which has engrav’d upon it four Chariots, two of which are drawn by -a Pair, and the other by four Horses, with a Driver to each of them. -In the upper Range are two _Equestrian_ Statues, three Footmen, three -_Togati_, two _Obelisks_, and four square Pillars. On the North Side -of the _Basis_ are engrav’d four Ranges of Figures, which contain -thirty five Statues in Gowns. On the West Side there are two Ranges, -the lowest of which has nine Statues in a suppliant Posture, making -Presents to the Emperor, who stands in the upper Range, with sixteen -Statues about him. The South Side has two Ranges; upon the lowest are -cut ten Statues in Gowns, in a petitioning manner; the upper contains -twenty Statues, all in Gowns, except four in a fighting Posture, arm’d -with Bucklers. The East Side, on the lowest part of it, has three -Ranges; the lowest Range contains sixteen Statues of Men and Women, -dancing and playing upon Instruments of Musick; above which are two -Ranges more, in which appear little more than the Heads, which I look -upon to be the Spectators. The highest Range has twenty Statues, six -of which are divided from the rest by Pillars. The middle Figure -holds a Crown in his Hand. Upon the _Basis_ are four square Pieces -of Brass carv’d, which being plac’d in a quadrilateral Figure, the -whole _Obelisk_ bears upon them. ’Tis engrav’d from Top to Bottom with -_Ægyptian_ Characters. - - - - -CHAP. XII. - - _Of the_ Colossus. - - -There is yet standing, in the Middle of the _Hippodrom_, a _Colossus_ -made of square Stones, which was formerly (as an injudicious Author -writes) incrusted with Marble; but, as appears by an Inscription carv’d -upon its _Basis_, ’twas cover’d with Plates of Brass, cramp’d together -with Iron, as appears not only by the Holes made in the Shaft, but -by those which still remain in the _Base_; where the Iron Pins were -fasten’d, and strengthen’d with melted Lead. ’Tis now despoil’d of its -outward beauteous Appearance; and discovers only the Workmanship of its -Inside, as having felt the Effects of the Avarice and Rapine of the -_Barbarians_. This was also the Fate of the _Colossus_ at _Rhodes_, -which was demolish’d by the _Hagarens_ in the Reign of _Constans_, -Nephew of _Heraclius_, thirteen hundred Years after it was erected. -’Twas purchas’d afterwards by one _Emesenus_ a _Jew_, and the Brass, -when strip’d off, was of so considerable a Weight, that it was carried -off by Nine hundred Camels. Upon the _Base_ of the _Colossus_ at -_Constantinople_, are inscrib’d the following Verses; - - _Fam’d_ Constantine, Romanus’ _Princely Son, - (Who wore with Honour the Imperial Crown) - This lofty Pile, by Time decay’d, repair’d; - And join’d fresh Beauty to her Builder’s Art_. - -This _Colossus_ at the _Base_ of it, has three Steps. The lowest is -two Foot high, the next a Foot and two Digits, and the uppermost of -the same Height. The _Basis_ is a square Marble, seven Foot and three -Digits high, each Side of which is ten Foot and nine Inches broad. This -_Colossus_ is taller than the _Obelisk_. One Day, being the _Festival_ -of the Circumcision of the Prince of _Boldania_, I saw an ingenious -Fellow of a Mountebank climb to the Top of it, and come down safe. -The same Attempt was immediately made by another, who made a Shift -to reach the Top of it, but the Height so dazzled and confounded him, -that, despairing of getting down without Hurt, he threw himself, with -all his Might, as far as he could from the _Colossus_, to avoid the -Danger of being dash’d to pieces upon the Foundation; so that falling -down right upon his Feet, he stuck deep in the Earth, and dy’d upon the -Spot. - - - - -CHAP. XIII. - - _Of some other Columns in the_ Hippodrom. - - -About the Middle of the _Hippodrom_, among a strait Range of small -_Obelisks_, there stand seven Pillars. One of which, made of _Arabian_ -Marble, is seventeen Foot and eight Digits in Circumference. There -was erected upon the Top of it, by one _Abraham_ a Basha, the Statue -of _Hercules_. It was cast in Brass, and made of the Spoils which he -had taken in _Hungary_; but upon the Death of _Abraham_, _Hercules_, -who was reported to have travell’d so many Countries, and tam’d so -many Monsters, was at last forced to submit, and be torn to pieces by -the _Turks_, the most inveterate Enemies to _Statuary_, and the whole -_Vitruvian_ Art; so that they treated him in as barbarous a manner as -he was by _Diagoras_, who going into an Inn, and wanting Wood to boil -his Lentils, finding a wooden Statue of _Hercules_, well-finish’d, -cut it to pieces, and threw it into the Fire, saying these Words; -_O Hercules, who hast pass’d with so much Courage through thy twelve -Labours, try how thou canst struggle with the thirteenth_. - -In the same Range of _Obelisks_ there stands another Pillar. ’Tis made -of Brass, but not fluted, but wreath’d round with the Foldings of -three Serpents, like those we see in great Ropes. The Heads of these -Serpents are placed in a triangular Form, and rise very high upon the -Shaft of the Pillar. There are many fabulous and trifling Reports -among the Inhabitants, concerning the Erection of this Pillar, which -is occasion’d by their Ignorance of the History of their Ancestors. -_Zosimus_, among other Historians, writes, that _Constantine_ the -_Great_ plac’d in the _Hippodrom_ the _Tripos_ of _Apollo_, which was -brought from _Delphos_, and which had on it the Image of that God. -_Sozomen_ tells us, that _Constantine_ did not only place the _Delphick -Tripos_ in the _Hippodrom_, but also that celebrated _Tripos_, which -_Pausanias_ the _Lacedæmonian_ General, and the Cities of _Greece_, -upon the Conclusion of the War with the _Medes_, consecrated to -_Apollo_. _Eusebius_ is more clear upon this Occasion, and says, -that _Constantine_, in some part of _Constantinople_, see up the -Image of _Sminthius Apollo_, which was a Title given to him; but that -in the _Hippodrom_ he placed the _Pythian Tripos_, round which was -wreathed the Figure of the Serpent _Python_; so that it seems to me -very probable, that this was the same _Tripos_ which was plac’d upon -the brazen Pillar I am speaking of at _Constantinople_. _Herodotus_ -writes, that the golden _Tripos_ which was at _Delphos_, was made -out of a tenth Part of the Spoils taken from the _Persians_, and -erected upon this Pillar; and adds farther, that when the _Persians_ -were routed at the Battle of _Platææ_, there was found a golden -_Tripos_, which was restor’d to _Apollo_, and set upon a brazen -Pillar, encircled with three Serpents entwin’d, near an Altar. ’Tis a -Mistake in those who imagine, that this Pillar was formerly overlaid -with Gold, but was plunder’d of it by the _Turks_; since _Pausanias_ -makes it appear, that it was stripp’d of its Gold long before the -_Turks_ took _Constantinople_. _After the Battle of Platææ_, says -he, _the_ Greeks _made a common Offering to_ Apollo, _which was a -golden_ Tripos, _supported by a brazen Serpent_. The Brass, he tells -us, remain’d whole in his Time, but the Gold was carry’d off by the -_Phocean_ Generals. There are five other Pillars in the same Range. -In the Front of the _Hippodrom_, facing the _Propontis_, there was -a Range of seventeen Pillars of white Marble standing, when first I -came to _Constantinople_. They stood on the South-west Side of the -_Hippodrom_. The _Pedestal_ of each of them is two Foot and ten Digits -high, and are all of them supported by arch’d Foundations, which lye -Level with the Plain of the _Hippodrom_, but rise above Ground to the -Height of fifty Foot. They are all placed upon a little Wall, which -projects two Steps, or square Plinths, the lowermost of which is a -Foot and a Digit high; the upper is a Foot and six Digits high, and -projects beyond the Pedestal eight Digits. The Pedestals of them are -every way five Feet, and seven Inches broad. The lowest Projectures -of them, which are placed there for _Tores_ and other _Modules_, are -six Digits and a half high, the upper Projectures of the same Height; -the _Plinth_ of the _Cornice_ is eleven Digits in Thickness; the lower -_Tore_ seven Digits and a half; the _Scotia_ four Digits; the upper -_Tore_ six Digits; the Stone which supports the Shaft is five Digits -high, and the Shafts themselves three Foot five Digits in Diameter, -and twenty eight Foot in Height. These Pillars were lately taken down, -and the _Bases_ of them removed by Order of _Solyman_ the Emperor, -to build an Hospital. I was concern’d to see them thus demolish’d, -not so much for the Use they were intended, but that some of them -were squared out for paving a _Bagnio_, and that the _Capitals_, -made after the most exact Plans of ancient _Architecture_, were cut -into Rude and ill-shapen Models for covering a Bake-house, and that -the _Pedestals_, and all the _Entablature_ were hewn out, it may be -only to build a Wall. The _Shafts_ of the Pillars stood at eleven -Foot Distance. I observ’d the _Capitals_ were impair’d by reason of -the great Space of Intercolumniation. The _Capitals_ were finish’d -after the _Corinthian_ Order, and the _Trabeation_ was beautifully -wrought, but was not adorn’d with an _Ovolo_. There were Iron Rings -fix’d to the _Architraves_, upon which were hung Curtains. Beyond -this was another Range of Pillars, which were remaining some time -after the Taking of the City by the _Turks_. Before it was taken -by the _Gauls_ and the _Venetians_, there were in the _Hippodrom_ -abundance of Figures of Horses, both in Stone and Brass. There were -four in particular of surprizing Skill, which were gilded, equal in -Beauty and Workmanship to those which now stand before the Church -of St. _Marcian_ at _Venice_, which, some say, were brought thither -from _Constantinople_. I shall omit the Statues of great Numbers of -Emperors and Princes, which were set up in the _Circo_. Among these -stood the Statue of the Emperor _Justinian_, which has been celebrated -in Verse. There were also the Statutes of some Eunuchs, who were most -in the Interest and Favour with their Masters. Among others, there was -the Statue of _Plato_ the Eunuch, the Emperor’s Chamberlain, who was -burnt to Death in the Reign of _Basiliscus_. There was an Inscription, -according to _Suidas_, fix’d upon the Breast of this Statue, which -ran thus; _Whosoever shall remove this Statue into another Place, let -him be hang’d_. Yet was it taken out of the Church of _Procopius_, -and carry’d into the _Hippodrom_. I have not time to take Notice of -the numberless Statues of all the Combatants, Wrestlers, Charioteers, -formerly placed in the _Hippodrom_; of which, though there is nothing -remaining at present, yet the Memory of them is still preserved in a -small Poem of three hundred Verses, in which some Chariot-Racers are -mention’d with particular Honours, though no Notice be there taken -of a Person named _Thomas_, a Man of surprizing Agility and Speed, -in that kind of Exercise. I have seen the Fragment of a Stone at -_Constantinople_ with this Inscription, Θομᾶ Ἡνιόχου. This probably is -the same Person mention’d by the Emperor _Theodoric_, in a Letter to -_Faustus_ a _Roman Prætor_, in the following Words: _Of our Imperial -Bounty and Consideration we have given and granted to_ Thomas, _the -famous Chariot-Racer, a present Stipend to be continued to him, till -we have farther experienced, and been fully satisfied of his wonderful -Skill in that Exercise; but having now received ample Testimony of his -Superiority in that Performance, and that having left his Countrey, he -hath chosen voluntarily to settle himself within our Dominions, we, out -of our Imperial Munificence, have encouraged him by a monthly Salary -to continue among us. He has, by his frequent Successes, received the -repeated Applauses, and stood high in the Favour of the People, whom he -has sometimes, though unfortunately, vindicated, and at other times has -eminently distinguish’d himself in the Race of the Chariot. Victory so -often attended him, that he was look’d upon as a Sorcerer by a Set of -People, who would have accounted it the highest Commendation to have -been thought so themselves, for the same Reasons. And ’tis no Wonder -that Men should ascribe those Excellencies to the Power of Sorcery -and Enchantment, which they cannot arrive to themselves, the Sight -of a Chariot-Race, in ancient Times, was had in the highest Honour -and Esteem, though at present ’tis little better than the Occasion -of Buffoonry, an Incentive to trifling Disputes, an Encouragement to -Roguery and Sharping, and the constant Source of Broils and Quarrels._ -Thus far the Emperor: From whose Words I would observe, that the -Chariot-Racer here mention’d, who had left _Constantinople_, probably -upon some Party Quarrels among the Chariot-Racers (who were therefore -call’d _Factions_) was also in Danger at _Rome_, upon the like -Account. The Commonwealth both of _Rome_ and _Constantinople_ have -not only been often harrass’d with such Commotions, but the Emperors -themselves have often fallen into the greatest Danger of losing their -Government by them. But all the Diversions of the _Circo_ are now -ceased. I was concern’d to see it despoil’d of all its Ornaments, -though the _Turks_ of late have begun to build there again. I was -the more concern’d, because, by looking casually upon a Medal I had -then in my Hand, it put me in mind of _Belisarius_ triumphing in the -_Hippodrom_, after his Victory over the King of the _Vandals_, as also -of the Disgrace and Poverty, notwithstanding his Bravery and Courage, -he afterwards fell into by the Jealousy of the Emperor. On one Side of -it was stamp’d the triumphant Reception of _Belisarius_, and on the -other this Image, with this Inscription, _Gloria Romanorum Belisarius_. -_Procopius_ writes, That there was a Gate in the _Hippodrom_ call’d -the _Cochlia_, because it had winding Stairs within it. There was also -a Passage, through which they went to their Burial-Ground. The same -Writer tells us, that in the same Place there was a _Portico_ call’d -_Venetia_, from the _Companies_ or _Factions_ of Chariot-Racers who -used to assemble there, and who distinguish’d themselves from other -_Factions_ or _Companies_, by a _Sky-colour’d_ Garment, which was -called so from the _Venetians_, a People that particularly affected -that Colour. ’Tis very probable, that the _Prasin Faction_ had also -a _Portico_ here. These were another Company of Charioteers, and -distinguish’d themselves by a _green_ Livery. The Word _Prasina_ being -derived from πράσον in the _Greek_, which signifies a _Leek_. Nor is -it unlikely, that there were other Companies with Liveries of other -Colours, who were not promiscuously crowded together, but seated in -their own Apartments in the _Portico’s_, to see the Races. - - - - -CHAP. XIV. - - _Of the Church of_ Bacchus, _the Court of_ Hormisda, _and the House - of_ Justinian. - - -It is observable from the Situation of the Church of _Bacchus_ and -_Sergius_, now standing on the Plain between the _Propontis_ and the -_Hippodrom_, that the Imperial Palace, and the House _Justinian_ lived -in, before he was Emperor, stood near it. _Procopius_ writes, that -_Justinian_ built a Church, and dedicated it to St. _Peter_ and St. -_Paul_. It stood near the Imperial Court, where formerly had stood a -Palace built by _Hormisda_. This, _Justinian_ made a Mansion-house -for himself, that the Beauty and Elegancy of its Building might be an -Ornament to the Palace. - -After he had arrived to the Imperial Dignity, he built other fine -Palaces about it, and near it built another Church in honour of two -illustrious Saints, _Sergius_ and _Bacchus_. These Churches which are -both of them equally beautiful, stood on the same Compass of Ground, -nor is there any material Difference between them. They shine alike -with the most glossy Marble; both are curiously gilded, and adorn’d -with the richest Offerings, nor is there any thing wherein they do not -resemble each other, but that one is built lengthways, and the other -in a semicircular manner. They are both wonderful in their kind, and -are a great Ornament not only to the Palace, but to the whole City: -_Procopius_ adds a little farther, that _Justinian_ chang’d the House, -which was call’d the House of _Hormisda_, into a more magnificent -Figure, and join’d it to the Palace. I am of Opinion, that this -_Hormisda_, whom he dignifies with the Title of Prince, was the Son -of a King of _Persia_, who, as _Marcellinus_ reports, when _Constans_ -the Son of _Constantine_ came to _Rome_, and glorying how far he would -transcend _Hormisda_ in his immoderate Schemes of Building, being -unable to accomplish his Designs, he was content, he said, in an -humble manner, only to have such another Horse made as stood in the -_Forum_ of _Trajan_. The Story coming afterwards to _Hormisda_’s Ear, -he reply’d in a jocular manner, _Let him try first, if he can build a -Stable for him_. _Cedrinus_ explains more at large how near the House -of _Justinian_ was to the Church of _Bacchus_: _Justinian_, says he, -_built the Church of_ Sergius _and_ Bacchus, _which on the Sea-side of -it, is near the Palace, and built also another Church by it, on the -same piece of Ground, on which had stood his own House: In building -these two Churches, and in founding a Monastery, which he fill’d with -Men of sound Learning, and exemplary Conversation, he laid out his -whole Estate, and all he was worth, till he arrived to the Imperial -Dignity_. There is nothing remaining at present of the Church of St. -_Peter_ and St. _Paul_, but the Church of _Sergius_ and _Bacchus_ are -yet standing. It goes still under its ancient Name, though the _Turks_ -have changed it into a Mosque. ’Tis covered at top with a Brick Roof, -and bears upon eight Pilasters; between the Pilasters there are two -Ranges of Pillars of the _Ionick Order_. In the lowest Range, there are -sixteen Pillars which bear upon the Pavement: Six of these Pillars are -of Green Marble, and ten of white streak’d with Red Veins. The upper -Range consists of eighteen Pillars, eight of which are Green, ten White -Marble, and are vein’d as the other. The _Capitals_ of the lower are -adorn’d with _Ovolo’s_ at the Bottom of them. The upper part of them is -cover’d with a _Foliage_. The _Volutæ_ of the upper Range of Pillars -project from the four Angles of the _Capitals_, but the _Ovolo’s_ -project from the Sides of them, which are also cover’d with a _Foliage_ -of fine Workmanship. The _Architraves_ over the _Capitals_ of the -lower Range are finished with the nicest Art. There is a noble Piece -of Sculpture in this Church. ’Twas done by _Zoophorus_, who has carved -round the Church some _Greek_ Verses, in the largest Characters. The -Tops of the _Pilasters_ are shaded with a _Vineal Foliage_, intermixed -with cluster’d Grapes, which denote, that the Church was dedicated to -_Bacchus_. - - - - -CHAP. XV. - - _Of the Port of_ Julian, _and_ Sophia; _of the_ Portico _nam’d_ - Sigma, _and the Palace of_ Sophia. - - -Near the Church of _Bacchus_, stood the Port of _Julian_. This is plain -from the Account we have of the Fire, which happen’d in the Reign of -_Leo_ the _Great_, and as _Evagrius_ tells us, began on the North-side -of the City, and destroy’d all before it, from the _Bosporian_ Port, -to the old Temple of _Apollo_; and that on the South-side of the City, -it made the same Havock from the Port of _Julian_, to the Houses near -the Temple of _Concord_. _Zonaras_ writes, who has described the -Devastations of that Fire, that it burnt with great Fury from the -_Bosporium_ to the Church of St. _John_ the _Calybite_, and on the -South from the Church of St. _Thomas_ to the Church of the renowned -Martyrs, _Sergius_ and _Bacchus_. The Church of St. _Thomas_ stood near -the Temple of _Concord_. The Account which _Cedrinus_ gives of this -Fire is, that it took its Course round the City quite from the Northern -to the Southern Shore, as far as the Church of _Sergius_ and _Bacchus_. -The Emperor _Anastasius_ fortified the Port of _Julian_, and secured -it by a strong Wall. It was afterwards called the Port of _Sophia_, -according to _Cedrinus_, who writes, _That_ Justin _the Nephew of_ -Justinian, _built a Palace in the Port of_ Julian, _which he ordered -to be cleansed, and that he commanded his own, and the Statue of_ -Sophia _his Consort to be erected there, and from thence gave it the -Name of the Port_ of Sophia. The Inscription on the Statue of _Justin_ -placed here is as follows: - - _I_ Theodorus, _Prefect of the City, - Here, on the Shore, erect this lofty Statue; - It represents the Emperor_ Justinus. - _May his kind Presence guard, and ever shed - Its peaceful Influence o’er the neighbouring Ports._ - -_Procopius_ writes, that the Church of the Martyr _Thecla_ stood near -this Port. Some modern Historians tell us, that _Belisarius_ set -Sail from this Port, when he went to Battel against the _Vandals_. -But I cannot conceive what Reason they have for that Opinion, unless -it be from some Words of _Procopius_, who says, that _Justinian_ -commanded the Ship, in which the General sail’d, to be brought near -the Palace, and that there _Epiphanius_ Bishop of _Constantinople_, as -was customary upon such Occasions, put up a Prayer for his Success, -and that then _Belisarius_ went off with his Wife _Antonina_. There -were indeed some Palaces near this Port, but there were also other -Palaces near the Bay, which was full of Havens, from whence, at a -little Distance, stood the House of _Belisarius_. _Suidas_ confirms -it, that _Anastasius_ fortify’d this Harbour, and made a Pier there; -and _Zonaras_ attests, that _Justin_ built there some Palaces, and -call’d them the Palaces of _Sophia_, from the Name of his Consort, whom -he passionately loved. Many _Historians_ are of Opinion, that these -Palaces stood near the Port of _Sophia_; but I am induced to think, -both from Reason and the Authority of learned Men, that it was not so. -For _Zonaras_, among others, writes, that _Justin_ built these Palaces -against the City, and _Agathius_, a much ancienter Writer, and who was -living at the Time they were built, wrote the following Inscription, -which was fix’d upon them. From whence the Reader may observe, that -they were not seated near the _Propontis_, adjoining to which was the -Port of _Sophia_, but opposite to the City, near the Shore of the -_Bosporus_, where the Continent is divided into two Parts. - -_Agathius Scholasticus_ upon the Palaces of SOPHIA. - - _Where the streight Sea divides the Continents, - These gilded Palaces the Emperor built - For his dear Consort, fair_ Sophia_’s Use. - The Wonders of thy Beauty, potent_ Rome, - Europe, _and_ Asia, _half th’ extended World - With Pleasure view, and silently admire_. - -The Word which in the Original Inscription is wrote δέρκεαι, _Zonaras_ -writes δέρκεται. ’Tis easy to discover from these Verses, that the -Palace of _Sophia_ was not seated near the _Bosporus_, but without -the Walls of the City, waich is attested by _Cedrinus_, and many -other Historians, in their Descriptions of the _hard Frost_, which -happen’d in the Reign of _Leo Copronymus_, by which the _Bosporus_ -was frozen so hard, that whosoever had a mind to pass over from the -Palace of _Sophia_ to the City, or from _Chrysopolis_ to the Church of -St. _Mamas_, or repass to _Galata_ on the Shore of the _Bosporus_, -might cross over the Ice without the least Danger. The Port of -_Sophia_, before it was call’d the Port of _Julian_, seems to me to -be the same, which was formerly called the _Neorium_, and which the -_ancient Description of the Wards_ places in the same _Ward_ with the -_Hippodrom_; but whether it be one, or either of these, it is now -fill’d up; or if it was that Port which stands West of the Church -of _Bacchus_, ’tis now almost demolish’d, and enclosed with a Wall. -There is only a small Part of it remaining, which is a standing Water, -where the Women wash their Linnen. The People tell you, that they have -seen some Three-Oar’d Gallies which have been sunk there. ’Tis call’d -at present by the Inhabitants _Caterga limena_, or the Port of the -Three-Oar’d Gallies; whether it be the same Port, which is standing on -the East of the Church of _Bacchus_, near the Gate of the City call’d -_Porta Leonis_, which Name it took either from a Lion near it, which -was carved in Stone, or from the Emperor _Leo_, who, they tell you, -had a Palace there, I shall not determine. _Nicephorus_, an Historian -of modern Date, tells us, that an Emperor of _Constantinople_, when -besieged by the People of _Italy_, summoned a Multitude of Smiths into -the _Morion_, which ran round the _Hippodrom_. I could never discover -at _Constantinople_ the Place which was called the _Pyctacia_; yet I -cannot but take Notice from _Cedrinus_, and other modern Historians, -that in the Place which they called the _Pyctacia_, there was a -Pillar which supported the Statue of _Leo_ the Emperor, the Consort -of _Verina_. This Statue, as some write, was erected by his Sister -_Euphemia_, a Lady of great Wisdom and Continency, near her own -House, where _Leo_ every Week, used to pay her a Visit. All Persons -who laboured under Afflictions of any Kind, laid their Petitions to -the Emperor, upon the Steps of this Pillar. The Apparitors took them -up, and when the Emperor waited upon his Sister, they presented them -to him. _Budæus_ says, that the _Pyctacia_, or as he calls them, the -_Pystacia_, were Briefs; though I see no Reason why they may not also -be called Petitions. For as _Pyctium_ signifies a Book, I do not see -why _Pyctacium_ may not signify any smaller Writing. The _Greeks_ at -present generally call their Letters _Pyctacia_. In an History written -by an unknown Author, I have read, that _Eudoxia_ had set up her own -Statue, made of massy Silver, in a Place called the _Pyctacium_. If -the Author be not mistaken, I should take this to be the same Statue -which stood near the Church of St. _Sophia_, by which, as I have shewn -before, stood the Statue of _Eudoxia_. I have seen a small _Treatise_ -of _Constantinople_, which says, that _Constantine_ the _Great_ built -a Church to St. _Euphemia_, near the _Hippodrom_, which was afterwards -turned into an Armory by _Constantine_, surnamed _Copronymus_, a -professed Adversary to Images in Churches, and who cast the Reliques -of St. _Euphemia_ into the Sea. _Suidas_ writes, that the Statue of -_Euphemia_ (the Consort of the Emperor _Justin_, who was a _Thracian_) -was placed in the Church of St. _Euphemia_, which she her self had -built. Some modern Writers say, that in the Time of _Basilius_ the -Emperor, there was a great Earthquake which overturned the Church of -St. _Polyclete_, and killed all that were in it; and that from that -Time it was called _Sigma_. I am more inclined to believe, that it took -its Name from a _Portico_ so called, many Ages before this Earthquake, -because it was built after the Similitude of the Letter _Sigma_, and -is placed in the _antient Description_ of _Constantinople_, in the -same _Ward_ with the _Hippodrom_. _Cedrinus_ seems to take Notice -of this Place. _They dragged_, says he, Michael _the Emperor in his -Monks Habit, by the Heels, out of the Monastery of_ Studius, _through -the Market, and leading him beyond the Monastery called_ Periblepton, -_in a Place called_ Sigma, _they put out both his Eyes_. The same -Author tells us, that _Basilius_ the Emperor, a Native of _Macedon_, -rebuilt from the Foundations, a Church to the Honour of the _Blessed -Virgin_, which was called _Sigma_. _Chrysaphius Zomas_, an Eunuch, set -up the Statue of _Theodosius_ the _Less_, in a Place called _Sigma_. -Some Writers affirm, that _Constantine_ the _Great_ built a Church to -St. _Stephen_, in a Place called _Sigma_. The _Sigma_ therefore here -intended, must needs be another Place in the City, distinct from that -which I observed was in the third _Ward_, and ought to be written with -the Letter _e_, as _Segma_; by Reason, as I hinted just now, that the -Fall of the Church of St. _Polyclete_ by an Earthquake, crushed to -Death all that were in it. - - - - -CHAP. XVI. - - _Of the Fourth_ Ward. - - -If the _Miliarium Aureum_ had been now in Being, or the People of -_Constantinople_ had preserved the Memory of its Situation, we might -easily discover, from the _antient Description of the Wards_, (which -tells us, that the fourth _Ward_ extended it self, the Hills rising -on the Right and Left, from the _Miliarium Aureum_ to a plain level -Ground) that it was in the first Valley, or on the Ridge of the Hill -that arises just above it. Nor could we have failed to make the like -Discovery from the Remains of the _Augustæum_, the _Basilica_, the -_Nymphæum_, and other fine Buildings, had they not been entirely buried -in their own Ruins. But since no Observations at present can be made -that Way, I was in Suspense, whether or no the Valley, where the fourth -_Ward_ stood, was not the same Valley which I had described at the -first; because it is common to other Vales, to have Hills rising on the -right and left. And when I had sufficiently instructed my self from the -Writings and Histories of learned Men, what Monuments of Antiquity had -formerly been in the fourth _Ward_, and where they had stood, I was -soon sensible that the fourth _Ward_ stood in the first Valley, and on -the Sides of it, and on the Hill near to the Church of St. _Sophia_, as -the Reader will perceive from the following History. - - - - -CHAP. XVII. - - _Of the_ Forum _called the_ Augustæum, _of the Pillar of_ Theodosius, - _and_ Justinian, _and the_ Senate-House. - - -_Procopius_ writes, that the _Forum_ which was formerly called the -_Augustæum_, was surrounded with Pillars, and was situate before the -Imperial Palace. Not only the _Forum_ is at present quite defaced, -but the very Name of it is lost, and the whole Ground where it stood -is built upon. The Palace is entirely in Ruines, yet I collect from -the _Pedestal_ of a Pillar of _Justinian_ lately standing, but now -removed by the _Turks_, which _Procopius_ says was built by _Justinian_ -in the _Augustæum_, and _Zonaras_ in the Court before the Church of -_Sophia_, that the _Augustæum_ stood where there is now a Fountain, -at the West End of the Church of St. _Sophia_. _Suidas_ says, that -_Justinian_, after he had built the Church of St. _Sophia_, cleansed -the Court, and paved it with Marble, and that it was formerly called -the _Forum Augustæum_; and adds, that he erected his own Statue there. -_Procopius_ writes, _That there was a certain_ Forum _facing the -Senate House, which was called by the Citizens the_ Augustæum; _where -are seven Stones, so cemented together in a quadrangular Manner, -and are so contracted one within another the upper within the lower -Stone, that a Man may conveniently sit down upon every Projecture of -them_. I was more induced to give this Account from _Procopius_, of -the Pedestal, because I do not find it in his _printed Works_. Upon -the Top of it, says he, there’s erected a large Pillar, composed of -many Stones covered with Brass, which did at once both strengthen and -adorn them. The Plates of Brass did not reflect so strong a Lustre -as pure Gold, yet was it, in Value, little inferior to Silver. On -the Top of the Statue was set a large Horse in Brass, facing the -East, which indeed afforded a noble Prospect. He seemed to be in a -marching Posture, and struggling for Speed. His near Foot before was -curvated, as though he would paw the Ground; his off Foot was fixed -to the _Pedestal_, and his hind Feet were so contracted, as though he -was prepared to be gone. Upon the Horse was placed the Statue of the -Emperor. ’Twas made of Brass, large like a _Colossus_, dress’d in a -warlike Habit like _Achilles_, with Sandals on his Feet, and armed -with a Coat of Mail, and a shining Helmet. He looked Eastward, and -seemed to be marching against the _Persians_. In his left Hand he bore -a Globe, devised to signify his universal Power over the whole World. -On the Top of it was fixed a Cross, to which he attributed all his -Successes in War, and his Accession to the Imperial Dignity. His right -Hand was stretched to the East, and by pointing with his Fingers, he -seemed to forbid the barbarous Nations to approach nearer, but to stand -off at their Peril. _Tzetzes_, in his _Various History_, describes -what kind of Helmet he had upon his Head. _The_ Persians, says he, -_generally wore a Turbant upon the Head. When the_ Romans _obtained -any Victory over them, they plundered them of these Turbants, which -they placed upon their own Heads. They are_, says he, _of the same -Shape with that, with which the Statue of_ Justinian, _erected upon a -large Pillar, is crowned_. _Cedrinus_ relates, that _Justinian_ held -the Globe in his Silver Hand. _Zonaras_ writes, that _Justinian_, in -the seventeenth Year of his Reign, set up this Pillar, in the same -Place, where formerly had stood another Pillar of _Theodosius_ the -_Great_, bearing his Statue in Silver, made at the Expence of his Son -_Arcadius_, which weighed seven Thousand four Hundred Pounds. When -_Justinian_ had demolished the Statue and the Pillar, he stripped it of -a vast Quantity of Lead, of which he made Pipes for _Aqueducts_, which -brought the Water into the City. This ill Treatment of _Theodosius_ -by _Justinian_, was revenged upon him by the _Barbarians_; for they -used his Pillar in the same Manner, and stripped it of the Statue, the -Horse, and the Brass wherewith it was covered, so that it was only a -bare Column for some Years. About thirty Years ago the whole _Shaft_ -was taken down to the _Pedestal_, and that, about a Year since, was -demolished down to the _Basis_, from whence I observed a Spring to -spout up with Pipes, into a large Cistern. At present there stands in -the same Place a Water-House, and the Pipes are enlarged. I lately -saw the _Equestrian_ Statue of _Justinian_, erected upon the Pillar -which stood here, and which had been preserved a long Time in the -Imperial Precinct, carried into the melting Houses, where they cast -their Ordnance. Among the Fragments were the Leg of _Justinian_, which -exceeded my Height, and his Nose, which was above nine Inches long. -I dared not publickly measure the Horse’s Legs, as they lay upon the -Ground, but privately measured one of the Hoofs, and found it to be -nine Inches in Height. _Suidas_, and some modern Historians allure us, -that it was called the _Forum Augustæum_, because the _Curatores_, -and _Sebastophori_, on the fifteenth Day of _October_, used to dance -in the Market Place there, in Honour of _Augustus_; or because the -Statues of _Constantine_, and his Mother _Helena_, were set up in an -arched Gallery which stood here. _Zosimus_, a more antient Historian -than _Procopius_, asserts, that _Constantine_ built a round Market, -with four _Portico_’s, two in a Row, above each other; and that he -roofed two of them with _Proconnesian_ Marble, that you might pass from -them unto the Portico of _Severus_, and from thence beyond the Bounds -of the antient City; and adds, that this Market stood in a Place, to -which there was a Passage thro’ a Landgate adjacent. This is the same -Market which is intended by the _unknown Author_ of the _History of -Constantinople_, where he tells us, that _Constantine_ built a Market -in a circular Manner. The same Author tells us in another Place, that -when he was at _Constantinople_, _Constantine_ had surrounded the great -_Forum_ with four _Portico_’s and placed at both Ends of one of them, -which you ascend by many Steps, two Statues: At one End was placed -the Statue of _Rhea_, the Mother of the Gods, (the same Statue, which -those who sailed with _Jason_, placed on Mount _Dindymus_) rising above -the City of _Cyzicus_. They tell you, that for her Neglect in paying -divine Worship to the Gods, the Statue was defaced; and that her Hands, -which before held the Reins of two Lyons which stood before her, were -changed into a petitioning Posture. This Statue at the same Time faced -and adorned the City. At the other End of the _Portico_ he placed the -_Fortune_ of the City, though _Suidas_ relates, that the _Fortune_ -of the City stood in a Nich of the _Miliarium_. If this Statue was -set up here by _Constantine_, I should think, that both the Markets -mentioned by _Zosimus_ are one and the same. But to me they seem to be -different; because _Zosimus_ tells us in one Place, that _Constantine_ -built a Market with two _Portico’s_ round it, and afterwards, that -he built a Market with four _Portico_’s round it; unless he reckons -in the Account, the _Portico’s_ of _Severus_ and _Constantine_, from -whence there was a free Entrance into other _Portico’s_. On the East -Side of the _Forum Augusteum_, _Procopius_ writes, that _Justinian_ -built a large Court, where the Senate used to assemble, and celebrate -an Anniversary Festival every new Year. Before the Senate-House stand -six Columns, two of which support the Western Wall, in the Middle of -it. The other four stand at a little Distance from it. These Pillars -are all of white Marble, and I look upon them to be the largest in -the World. The other six support a _Portico_, which runs round the -Top of a large Building. The upper Part of the _Portico_ is adorned -with Marble elegantly variegated, and equal to that of the Columns, -and is furnished with an infinite Variety of curious Statues. I am -of Opinion, that _Justinian_ did not build this _Senate-House_, but -that he rebuilt the old _Senate-House_, which was burnt down by the -Fire, which consumed the Church of St. _Sophia_, and the Baths of -_Zeuxippus_. For _Sozomen_ writes, that _Constantine_ the _Great_ -built the Great Council-Hall, which was called the _Senate-House_, and -ordered it to be held in equal Dignity, and honoured it with the same -publick Celebration of the Feast of the _Calends_, with that of antient -_Rome_. He tells us where this great Court stood, when he writes, that -the silver Statue of _Eudoxia Augusta_ was placed upon a _Porphyry_ -Pillar, on the South Side of the Church of St. _Sophia_, beyond the -high Pulpit, which faces the _Senate-House_. _Socrates_ tells us, that -it was neither erected near, nor at any considerable Distance from the -Church of St. _Sophia_; but beyond the broad Way, as _Suidas_ observes, -which runs between them both. _In the Tribunal of the Palace_, says he, -_stood the Pillar of_ Eudoxia, _the Wife of_ Theodosius. The Treatise -_of the antient Description of the Wards_ places the Senate-House, -the _Tribunal_ with _Porphyry_ Steps, and the _Basilica_, all in -the same _Ward_. _Sozomen_ clearly points out the Situation of the -_Senate-House_, where he says, that when a Tumult arose concerning the -Expulsion of St. _Chrysostom_, the great Church was all on a sudden in -a Blaze, which burnt down the Buildings upon the Walks, and the Great -_Senate-House_, lying to the South of them. There are some Remains of -the Walls of the _Senate-House_ still standing, southerly of the Church -of St. _Sophia_, beyond the Way that leads from the Imperial Gate to -the _Forum_ of _Constantine_. - - - - -CHAP. XVIII. - - _Of the Imperial Palace, the_ Basilica; _of the Palace of_ - Constantine, _and the House of Entrance nam’d_ Chalca. - - -Not far from the _Forum Augusteum_, as _Procopius_ writes, stood a -Palace, the Statelyness and Magnificence of which the Reader may -easily guess at from the Description he gives of the _Vestibulum_, -or the House of Entrance into it. This _Vestibulum_ is call’d the -_Chalca_, which is made after this Manner. There are four strait Walls -carried up to a great Height in a quadrangular Figure, from each -Angle of which there projects a Stone Building curiously finish’d, -which rises with the Wall from Top to Bottom, no ways intercepting -the beauteous Prospect before you, but seeming rather to add to the -Pleasure and Agreeableness of it. Above this Building are raised -eight Arches, supporting the Roof, which rises into a globular Height -most beautifully adorn’d. The Roof of it is not furnish’d with fine -Paintings, but shines with _Mosaick_ Work of all sorts of Colours, -in the several Figures of Men, and other Kinds of Creatures. The -Historian at large has explain’d the Designs, which are the Scenes -of War, of Battles, and the Surrender of many Towns, both in _Africa_ -and _Italy_. Among other Curiosities are describ’d the Victories of -_Justinian_ under his General _Belisarius_, and his triumphant Return -to the Emperor. The Courage and Chearfulness of his Army is expressed -in a lively Manner. The General is figured in an humble Posture, as -making an Offering to him of all the Kings, the Kingdoms, and other -rich Spoils he had taken from the Enemy. In the Middle of the Work -is represented the Emperor and his Empress _Theodora_ in a pleasant -gay Humour, celebrating a Festival in Honour of his Victory over -the _Goths_ and _Vandals_, and bringing great Numbers of Captives -before him. The whole Senate is described round them, joining in the -Celebration. They all look chearful and merry, smiling, and highly -pleased with the Honour they have to attend the Emperor on so important -an Occasion. I would here observe, that as _Papinius_ in his _Sylvæ_ -calls the _Basilica_ of _Paulus_, the Palace of _Paulus_, so the -House, which _Procopius_ calls Βασιλεῖον went by the Name both of -the _Basilica_ and the Palace. And I am confirm’d in this Opinion -from _Cedrinus_, who says, That the Fire which happen’d in the Reign -of _Justinian_, burnt down the Porch, or House of Entrance into the -_Basilica_, the _Basilica_ itself, and the brazen Covering of the -Palace of _Constantine the Great_, which from that Time to this Day, -is call’d the _Chalca_, because it is cover’d with Plates of Brass -gilded. What _Cedrinus_ calls the _Basilica_, _Procopius_, in his Book -_De Ædif. Justiniani_, calls τὰ Βασιλεῖα, when speaking of the Fire -above-mention’d, he tells us, That it consumed the Gate-houses τῶν -Βασιλείων, and that in particular which was call’d _Chalca_: The same -Writer adds a little lower, that the Emperor commanded _Belisarius_ -to go to the _Chalca_, and the other Houses of Entrance seated by it. -From which Words it is observable, that _Procopius_ seems to believe, -that there were other Houses of Entrance into the Palace, though in -the Beginning of this Chapter he mentions only the _Chalca_. It is -my Opinion, that the House where the Emperor dwelt was first call’d -the _Basilica_; that afterwards, when the great Houses, where the -Merchants assembled for Trade and Commerce, were call’d _Basilica_, -the Emperor’s House was call’d Βασιλεῖον; and, at last, the Palace. -If there was any Difference between the _Basilica_ and the Palace, -yet the _Basilica_ was either a part of the Palace, or built near to -it, as the Reader may see in the _Ancient Description of the Wards_, -which places the _Augusteum_ and the _Basilica_ in the same _Ward_. -As this _Treatise_ takes no Notice in this _Ward_ either of a Palace -or a Court, but only of a _Basilica_, it seems to intimate, that the -_Basilica_ was the Palace itself. But whether the _Basilica_ was within -or without the Palace, it is certain it was near it, because they were -both destroy’d by Fire, by reason of their Vicinity to one another; and -the Rules of _Architecture_ prescribe, that it be built near a Market, -which is always near the Palace; and that it be built warm, that the -Merchants may manage their Business there in Winter Time, without any -Molestation from the Severity of the Weather. _Julius Pollux_ is of -the same Opinion, who says, That the _Stadia_, the _Hippodrom_, the -_Senate-House_, the _Forum_, the Court, the Imperial _Portico_, and the -_Tribunal_, ought to stand near the Theatre. _Cedrinus_ writes, that -the beautiful Structure of the _Chalca_ was built by one _Ætherius_ a -famous Architect, by the Command of the wife of Emperor _Anastasius_, -as appears from a _Greek_ Inscription upon it, which runs thus: - -Upon a Building in the Palace, call’d _Chalca_. - - _I am the Palace of fam’d_ Anastasius - _The Scourge of Tyrants; none surpasses me, - In Beauty, and in wonderful Contrivance. - When the Surveyors view’d my mighty Bulk, - My Height, my Length, and my extensive Breadth; - ’Twas thought beyond the Reach of human Power - To roof at Top my widely gaping Walls. - But young_ Ætherius, _ancient in his Art, - This Building finish’d, and an Offering made - To our good Emperor. - Not_ Italy, _with all its Glory shews - A Structure so magnificent and great; - Not the proud_ Capitol _of ancient_ Rome - _With all its gilded Roofs can rival me. - The costly Galleries of_ Pergamus, - Ruffinus’ _Walks, and stately_ Portico’s - _Crowded with Art, and marbled Images - Submit to my superior Workmanship. - Not the fam’d Temple, which at_ Cyzico, - _By_ Adrian _built, stands on a lofty Rock, - Nor_ Ægypt’s _costly_ Pyramids, _nor at_ Rhodes - _The mighty_ Colosse _equal me in Greatness. - When my good Emperor, in hostile Manner, - Quell’d the_ Isaurian _Faction, thus he rais’d me - In Honour of_ Aurora, _and the Winds_. - -Some modern Historians will have it, that _Constantine the Great_ first -built the Palace of _Chalca_. I should be inclinable to disbelieve -them, but that I am induced to think it was so, when I observ’d the -brazen Tyles gilded with Gold, resembling those of the _Capitol_, -and a _Forum_ of _Old Rome_, whose Buildings _Constantine_ was proud -to imitate, as near as he could. I could never learn, who it was who -remov’d the Tyles of the _Chalca_; though it is not improbable, but -that they were spoiled by the Fire. ’Tis related by _Procopius_, that -_Genseric_ plunder’d half the _Roman_ Capitol of the gilded Plates of -Brass that cover’d it, and that _Constantine_ the _Third_, the Nephew -of _Heraclius_, carry’d off the Silver Plates which were laid over the -_Pantheon_. At a small Distance (on the South-west Side of the Church -of St. _Sophia_) from the Water-Pipes of an _Aqueduct_ running from a -Conduit situate in the _Forum Augusteum_, where was erected the Pillar -of _Justinian_, are still remaining seven _Corinthian_ Pillars, on the -_Shaft_ of one of which is cut the Name of _Constantine_, with the -_Signal_ of the Cross he saw in the Heavens, with this Inscription, -ἐν τούτῳ νίκα. The _Basis_ and _Shaft_ of these Pillars are buried, -at the Bottom of them, under Ground, to the Depth of six Foot, which -I discover’d, when I casually fell into the Foundation of the Walls, -which were built between them. I could not see the _Plinth_ of the -_Base_ of any of them, because it was cover’d with Earth; yet I -perceiv’d the lowermost _Tore_, which was eight Digits in Thickness, -and seven in Height. The Stone at the Bottom of the _Shaft_ was nine -Inches broad. Every Pillar is thirty Foot and six Digits high: In -short, the whole _Pillar_, _Capital_ and _Pedestal_, is about forty six -Foot and a half in Height. The Bottom of the _Shaft_, which I measured -just above the Stone it bears upon, is eighteen Foot in Circumference. -The Pillars stand at the Distance of twenty Foot and ten Digits from -each other. The Inhabitants say, that these Pillars stood within the -Palace of _Constantine_; others say, that they formerly supported a -Bridge, over which you passed, as you went from the Palace to the -Church of St. _Sophia_. But there is nothing of Truth in either of -these Opinions; for ’tis plain from what I observed before, that they -stood in the _Forum Augusteum_. So that I am inclined to believe, that -they supported the Arches of the _Portico’s_, in which the Statues of -_Constantine the Great_, his Mother _Helena_, and other Statues were -placed. From what I have said, the Reader may trace the Beauty and -Grandeur of the Palaces at _Constantinople_, as well as from _Zosimus_, -who says, that _Constantine_ built some Palaces at _Constantinople_, -little inferior to those of _Rome_. _Eusebius_ reports, that he -illustrated and adorn’d _New Rome_, and the Imperial Palace, in other -respects, besides those I have mention’d, but that in the finest -Buildings of his Palace, and in the Middle of all his gilded Roofs, he -fix’d a Cross set with several Kinds of the richest Jewels, shining -with massy Gold; intimating thereby, that he look’d upon the Cross as -the Defence and Bulwark of his Government. St. _Jerome_ tells us, _That -he stripp’d almost every City of its Curiosities and Ornaments, -to adorn his New_ Rome. _Eusebius_ also mentions the Statues of the -_Muses_, which he caused to be fix’d up in his Palace. _Sozomen_ -writes, that by the Command of _Constantine_, all that was valuable in -the Temples of the Ancients under his Government, and all the brazen -Statues of the nicest Workmanship were brought to _Constantinople_, to -beautify the City; which, he tells us, remain’d in the publick _Ways_, -in the _Hippodrom_, and in the Palace, down to his Time. But not only -_Constantine the Great_, but many other Emperors of _Constantinople_ -ravaged the whole World for the Decoration of this City. Among these -was _Constantine the Third_, the Nephew of _Heraclius_, who plunder’d -_ancient Rome_ of all its brazen and Marble Statues, ship’d off all -the costly Furniture of their Temples, and made more Havock there in -the Space of seven Days, than the _barbarous_ Nations did in the Space -of two hundred and fifty Years; for so many Years was the _Roman_ -Empire in its Declension before that general Pillage. _Iornandes_, no -indifferent Writer of the _Getick_ History, reports, That _Theodorick -Prefect_ of _Constantinople_ was adopted, and made Consul by the -Emperor _Zeno_, who honour’d him with an _Equestrian_ Statue, which was -erected before the Palace. _Tzetzes_, in his _various History_, tells -us, that even in his Time, the Head of _Apollo_, made by _Phidias_ in -the Likeness of the Sun, remain’d in the Palace. _Suidas_ relates, that -the Statue of _Pulcheria_, the Daughter of _Arcadius_, was placed in -the _Chalca_, near the Walks of _Ariadne_ the first Wife of _Zeno_, -and that the Statues of _Zeno_ himself were set up in the Imperial -Gate-house of _Chalca_; as were also two other Statues on foot, erected -upon a small Pillar, with Elegies inscrib’d upon them, composed by -_Secundus_ the Philosopher. I have seen in the History of no creditable -Author, tho’ well known to the People of _Constantinople_, that -_Justinian_ erected on the left Side of the _Chalca_, seven Statues in -Honour of his Relations, some of Brass, and some of Marble, and that -he had also set up two Horses in the Nich before the _Chalca_, as also -some gilded Heads of Women, in the frightful Likeness of _Medusa_; I -could mention others, but that I do not much depend upon the Authority -of the History. _Suidas_ says, that in the _Tribunal_ of the Palace -stood the Statues of _Eudoxia_, and her Emperor _Theodosius_; of -_Marcian_ and _Constantine_, till the Time of _Heraclius_. - - - - -CHAP. XIX. - - _Of the_ Basilica, _and the Imperial Walks_. - - -The _Basilica_, which, as I observed before, stood in the _Forum -Augusteum_, had four Arches, as appears from the ancient following -Inscriptions on them. - -Upon an Arch in the _Basilica_ of _Byzantium_. - - _Great_ Theodore, _who beautify’d the City - With four extensive Arches, highly merits - The Government of four Imperial Cities_. - -And on another Part of the same Arch: - - _You_, Theodorus, _with surprizing Art, - Once_ Consul, _and thrice_ Prefect _of the City, - Adorn’d this shining Fane with lofty Pillars, - Sacred to_ Fortune, _Goddess of the City_. - -_Calliades_, General of the _Byzantian_ Army, plac’d the Statues of -_Byzas_ and _Phidalia_ in the _Basilica_, with this Inscription upon -them: - - Calliades _erected here the Statues - Of_ Byzas, _and his lov’d_ Phidalia. - -And on the Statue of _Phidalia_: - - _This is the Statue of the fair_ Phidalia - _Young_ Byzas’ _Wife, the Work of_ Bupalus. - -_Pliny_, among other Statuaries, mentions _Anthermus_ of _Chios_, -and his Sons _Biopalus_ and _Anthermus_. _Dionysius_, a Native of -_Byzantium_ writes, that _Byzas_, from whom _Byzantium_ took its Name, -was the Husband of _Phidalia_, from whom the Port of the _Bosporus_ -took the Name of the Port of _Phidalia_, of which I have wrote more -largely in my _Treatise of the Bosporus_. _Suidas_, and some modern -Writers say, that in the _Basilica_, behind the _Miliarium Aureum_, -there was a gilded Statue in the Likeness of a Man, where was also the -_Exammon_ of _Heraclius_, and the Statue of _Justin_ the Emperor in -a kneeling Posture. _Terbelis_ is said to have preached in the same -Place. Here was also placed by the Order of _Severus_, the Figure -of a large Elephant, upon the following Occasion: That an Elephant -being stabled near it, and the House of a Silver-Smith, who worked -in Plate, being robbed, he suspecting the Keeper of the Elephant to -be the Thief, threatned him with Death, unless he would move his -Station; and the Fellow bidding him Defiance, he slew him, and threw -him to the Elephant, at which the Beast being enraged, killed his -Keeper’s Murderer. _Severus_ being acquainted with the Fact, offered -Sacrifices to the Elephant, commanded him and his Keeper to be cast -in Brass, and set up here; where also, as _Suidas_ relates, was the -Statue of _Hercules_, to which the _Byzantians_ paid divine Adoration, -and offered Sacrifice. Afterwards, in the _Consulship_ of _Julian_, -it was moved into the _Hippodrom_; but was originally, with ten other -Statues, brought from _Old Rome_, partly by Sea, and partly by Land -Carriage. Thus it was that _Hercules_, living and dead, travelled the -greatest Part of the World. _Suidas_ writes, that in the Imperial -Walks were placed the _Equestrian_ Statues of _Trajan_, _Theodosius_, -_Valentinian_, _Gibbus_, and _Firmillianus_ the Buffoon. There were -many other Statues of Emperors and Eunuchs set up in this Place, the -most famous of which was the Statue of _Eutropius_, who was Chamberlain -to the Emperor _Arcadius_. The Honour and Opulency of this Eunuch -appeared in numberless gilded Statues, erected to him in every Part -of the City, and the Magnificence and Superiority of the Houses he -built, almost in every Street. This so far encouraged and increased the -Number of the Eunuchs, that even the Boys affected to be so, that they -might become as rich and as honourable as _Eutropius_. The _Basilica_ -was so near to the _Miliarium_, and the _Augusteum_, that the Clock -made by the Command of the Emperor _Justin_, _Cedrinus_ places in -the _Miliarium_, others in the _Forum Augusteum_, and others in the -_Basilica_, as is evident from the following Inscription. - -On the _Basis_ of the Dial over the Arch in the _Basilica_. - - _This Dial was erected at the Cost - Of Prince_ Justinus, _and the fair_ Sophia. - _The Scourge of execrable Tyrants he, - She the bright Patroness of Liberty. - Behold the_ Gnomon _cast in shining Brass, - The certain_ Index _of the flying Hours. - This was the Invention of the learned_ Julian - _An honest, upright, and impartial Lawyer_. - - - - -CHAP. XX. - - _Of the Imperial Library, and_ Portico; _as also of the Imperial_ - Cistern. - - -The Imperial Palace, says _Zonaras_, stood near the _Basilica_, -hard by the Brasiers Shops. The _Basilica_ was furnished with many -Volumes, both of human and divine Learning. It was anciently the -Mansion House of some Person of distinguished Knowledge, whom they -called the President or Master. He had under him twelve Assistants, -excellently well skilled in the Art of Reasoning, who were maintained -at the publick Charge. They had each of them several Pupils under -them, who were instructed in the Methods of Argumentation, and were -had in such high Estimation, that upon all important Affairs of State, -the Emperors summoned them to Council. In the Reign of _Basilicus_, -there happened at _Constantinople_ a great Fire, which begun at, and -consumed the Brasiers Shops, with all the adjacent Buildings, burnt -down whole Streets; and among other fine Edifices, destroyed the famous -_Basilica_, which contained a Library of six hundred thousand Volumes. -Among other Curiosities of this Place, was the Gut of a Dragon, a -hundred and twenty Foot long, on which were inscribed in Golden -Characters the _Iliads_ and _Odysses_ of _Homer_. _Malchus_, a learned -_Byzantian_, wrote the History of _Constantinople_, which he brought -down from the Reign of _Constantine_, to the Time of _Anastasius_ -the Emperor, in which he very passionately laments the burning of -the publick Library, and the Statues of the _Forum Augusteum_. -_Cedrinus_ speaking of the same Library, gives the same Account of it -with _Zonaras_, almost word for word, and adds, _That this Library -contain’d the Histories of the Atchievements of the greatest Heroes, in -the several Ages of the World_. Many Years after this _Basilica_ was -burn’d down, the Emperor _Leo Conon_, the Students vigorously opposing -his Heresy, order’d the Palace to be fired, and burnt them, and the -Library; which was afterwards rebuilt, and furnished with a most -curious Collection of the best Authors. The _Basilicæ_ at _Old Rome_, -were the Places where they used to plead, to hold their Councils and -_Senates_, and to carry on the Business of Merchandize and Commerce: At -_Constantinople_ they were used as Libraries and Schools of Learning, -as appears by what I have already observ’d, as also from the following -Inscription. - -Upon the publick School in _Byzantium_. - - _This Place was built for all th’ unletter’d Youth - Whose_ Genius _leads ’em to the_ Roman _Law. - In Pleading skill’d, and fraught with Eloquence, - They leave these Walls, and plead their Countrey’s Cause._ - -Modern Writers tell us, that the Place where the Library stood was of -an Octogonal Figure, where there were arch’d _Portico’s_, and a large -Room, where the head Master used to converse with his Assistants. -_Cedrinus_ affirms, that the great Church, the Hospital of _Sampson_, -the Gate-house of the _Basilica_, the _Augusteum_, the _Chalca_, the -two long _Portico’s_, as far as the _Forum_ of _Constantine_, the -_Octogon_, and the _Bagnio’s_ of _Zeuxippus_, were destroy’d by a -Fire, which happen’d in the Reign of _Justinian_. I would observe -from this Passage, that there must of Necessity be two _Octogons_ -near one another. For if the _Octogon_, as _Cedrinus_ reports, had -been the same with that where the Library stood, he would not have -omitted to take Notice that the Library was burnt down also in the -Reign of _Justinian_. It is my Opinion, that the Place where the -Library stood, was of a quadrangular Figure, and seems to be the -same Building which _Procopius_ says was encompassed with Pillars -erected in a square Manner. _Zonaras_ mentions nothing of the Form of -the _Basilica_, which contain’d the Library, but only says, that it -adjoin’d to the _Chalcopratia_, or Braziers Shops. _Cedrinus_ calls -the _Basilica_, _Cisterna_, which some Writers erroneously tell us, -was built by _Constantine the Great_. I am confirm’d in this Opinion -from _Procopius_, who says, that near the Imperial _Portico_, where -the Lawyers used to plead, there was a spacious Building of a great -Length and Breadth, encompassed with Pillars in a quadrangular Manner, -situate on a rocky Ground, which was built by _Justinian_ to a great -Height, for preserving the Water in Summer, which was brought into it -by subterraneous Pipes, and in the Winter from the _Aqueducts_, for -the Use of the Poor. _Menander_, surnam’d the _Protector_, says of -himself, that it was once against his Inclinations to enter into the -Litigations of the Law in the Imperial _Portico_, and by the Force of -Pleading, to attempt to reconcile the Jarrings and Contentions of Men. -_Agathius_ plays handsomly upon one _Uranius_ a Native of _Syria_, -who set up for a Physician, although he was entirely ignorant of the -_Aristotelian_ Discipline. This Fellow was blustering, noisy, an -impudent Pretender to infallible Cures, and very talkative, among other -Places, in the Imperial _Portico_; and speaking of himself, he tells -us, that he has often from Morning to Night read over many Law Books, -and Discourses of Trade and Commerce in the Imperial _Portico_’s. From -these Passages it is observable, that the Imperial _Portico_, and the -Imperial _Cistern_, stood in the same Place. The Imperial _Portico_ -is not to be seen, though the _Cistern_ is still remaining. Through -the Carelesness and Contempt of every thing that is curious in the -Inhabitants, it was never discover’d, but by me, who was a Stranger -among them, after a long and diligent Search after it. The whole Ground -was built upon, which made it less suspected there was a _Cistern_ -there. The People had not the least Suspicion of it, although they -daily drew their Water out of the Wells which were sunk into it. I went -by Chance into a House, where there was a Descent into it, and went -aboard a little Skiff. The Master of the House, after having lighted -some Torches, rowing me here and there across, through the Pillars, -which lay very deep in Water, I made a Discovery of it. He was very -intent upon catching his Fish, with which the _Cistern_ abounds, and -spear’d some of them by the Light of the Torches. There is also a small -Light which descends from the Mouth of the Well, and reflects upon the -Water, where the Fish usually come for Air. This _Cistern_ is three -hundred and thirty six Foot long, a hundred and eighty two Foot broad, -and two hundred and twenty four _Roman_ Paces in Compass. The Roof, and -Arches, and Sides, are all Brick-work, and cover’d with Terrass, which -is not the least impair’d by Time. The Roof is supported with three -hundred and thirty six Marble Pillars. The Space of _Intercolumniation_ -is twelve Foot. Each Pillar is above forty Foot nine Inches high. -They stand lengthways in twelve Ranges, broad-ways in twenty eight. -The _Capitals_ of them are partly finish’d after the _Corinthian_ -Model, and part of them not finish’d. Over the _Abacus_ of every Pillar -is placed a large Stone, which seems to be another _Abacus_, and -supports four Arches. There are abundance of Wells which fall into the -_Cistern_. I have seen, when it was filling in the Winter-time, a large -Stream of Water falling from a great Pipe with a mighty Noise, till the -Pillars, up to the Middle of the _Capitals_, have been cover’d with -Water. This _Cistern_ stands Westward of the Church of St. _Sophia_, at -the Distance of eighty _Roman_ Paces from it. - - - - -CHAP. XXI. - - _Of the_ Chalcopratia. - - -It is plain from what has been observed, that the _Chalcopratia_, -or Places where they work’d their Brass, stood near the _Basilica_. -_Cedrinus_ reports, That _Theodosius the Less_ built the Church of the -_Chalcopratia_, and dedicated it to the Virgin _Mary_. Others say, -that the _Jews_, who had lived there from the Time of _Constantine the -Great_, had obliged _Theodosius the Less_ to retire from thence, and -built that Church; and that afterwards, when it had been shatter’d by -an Earthquake, it was rebuilt by _Justin Curopalatos_, tho’ _Zonaras_ -is of another Opinion. _Theodosius the Great_, says he, _marching into -the Western Parts, the_ Jews _took the Opportunity, and made_ Honoratus -_the Prefect of the City, their Friend, and obtain’d of him the -Freedom to build a Synagogue in the_ Chalcopratia: _The People being -enraged at this, set it on fire, and burnt it down. When_ Theodosius -_was made acquainted with the Fact, he lay’d a Fine upon those who were -concern’d in it, and gave them a fresh Licence to build another. St._ -Ambrose, _who was then Bishop of_ Milan, _being inform’d of the Matter, -lay’d before_ Theodosius _the Greatness of the Crime, in suffering the_ -Jews _to build a Synagogue in the very Centre of the Queen of Cities, -upon which he remitted the Fine, and stopp’d their Proceedings_. -There are no Braziers Shops in this Place at present, they being -removed into another part of the City, tho’ I was inform’d by some -of the Inhabitants, that not many Years since they follow’d their -Trade near the _Chalcopratia_. The _unknown Author_ of the History of -_Constantinople_, describing the Boundaries of _Old Byzantium_, tells -us, _That the_ Chalcopratia _were not far from the_ Miliarium. Others -say, that they were near the Church of St. _Sophia_. _Strabo_ speaking -of the Palace of _Alexandria_, relates, that in Conformity to this at -_Constantinople_, it had a Library, a _Portico_, a Convocation-House, -or Place of Assembly upon publick Affairs, and a large publick -Foundation for the Encouragement of Persons of Literature and Science. - - - - -CHAP. XXII. - - _Of the_ Portico’s _situate between the Palace, and the_ Forum _of_ - Constantine. - - -Besides the Imperial _Portico_, which stood near the Library, there -were also other _Portico’s_ at a little Distance from it, which reach’d -from the Palace to the _Forum_ of _Constantine_. The first Fire, which -happen’d in the Reign of _Justinian_, consumed the Palace and the -Church of St. _Sophia_, both the long _Portico_’s, as far as the _Forum -of Constantine_. _Cedrinus_ says, that besides these, it destroy’d also -the _Chalca_ and the _Augusteum_. The Fire that happen’d afterwards -in the Reign of _Basiliscus_, began at the _Chalcopratia_, burnt down -the two adjoining _Portico’s_, all the neighbouring Buildings, the -_Basilica_, in which was the Library, two _Portico’s_ which stood -between the Palaces, and all the fine Ornaments of the _Lausus_. These -_Portico’s_ have been often burnt, and as often rebuilt; first of -all by _Justinian_, then by others, and last by _Domninus_, which is -confirm’d by a modern Historian, who says, That when _Constantinople_ -was taken by the _Gauls_ and the _Venetians_, the cover’d _Portico_’s -of _Domninus_ reaching on both Sides of the Way, from the _Miliarium_ -to the Forum of _Constantine_, were burnt to the Ground. Some say, -That in the Time of _Constantine the Great_, _Eubulus_ built four -double _Portico’s_, which were arch’d at Top, and reach’d from the -Palace to the Land Wall of the City; one of which stretch’d as far -as the Church of St. _Anthony_, at the End of the City, another from -the Port of _Sophia_, to the Church named _Rabdon_; the other two -extended themselves from the _Chalca_, and the _Miliarium_ to the -_Forum_ of _Constantine_, the Street call’d _Taurus_, and the _Brazen -Bull_. All of them were paved with square Marble, and adorn’d with -infinite Numbers of Statues. These Relations, though they come from -unknown Authors, who, as I have sometimes observed, have not so -strictly adhered to Truth, yet seem to carry with them a good Face of -Probability, since it is evident from Historians of more Veracity, how -industrious _Constantine_ was in adorning the City; and ’tis no less -evident from the _Treatise of the ancient Description of the Wards_, -that _Constantinople_, in the Reigns of _Arcadius_ and _Honorius_, -had no less than fifty two publick _Portico’s_, five of which the -Author places in the fourth _Ward_, in which stood the _Basilica_, -the Imperial _Portico_, and the _Portico_ of _Fannio_; besides which, -he places four large _Portico’s_ in the sixth _Ward_. In the same -_Ward_ he places another large _Portico_. He adds, that the seventh -_Ward_ abounds with _Portico’s_, and that the eighth _Ward_ had six -_Portico’s_ more. In the ninth _Ward_ were two large _Portico’s_. The -tenth had six, the eleventh four. From which it is credible, that the -_Portico’s_ stood very thick from the _Chalca_ to the Land Wall, but I -cannot say they were contiguous beyond the _Taurus_. - - - - -CHAP. XXIII. - - _Of the_ Miliarium Aureum _and its Statues, and of the_ Fortune _of - the City, and her Statue_. - - -The _Miliarium Aureum_ was a gilded Pillar, from whence they used -to adjust the Mensuration of their Miles, and the Distances from -the City. _Pliny_ tells us, that it was set up at _Rome_ in the -highest Ground of the publick _Forum_; but whether the _Miliarium_ at -_Constantinople_ was like that of _Rome_, the _Greek_ Historians have -been so far from declaring their Opinions concerning it, that in all -their Writings they have not so much as mention’d the Name of it. Yet -it seems very probable to me, that it was like it, and was also seated -in the _Forum_, or near it. For the _Ancient Description of the Wards_ -places it in the _Ward_ where the _Forum Augusteum_ and the _Basilica_ -stood, to which it adjoin’d. They who have written the History of -the Atchievements of _Alexius Comnenus_ the Emperor, tell us, that -at Break of Day, the Forces of _Alexius_, marching out of the great -Palace, under the Command of _Sabatius_ their General, enter’d the -Church of St. _John_ the _Divine_, and when they had got to the Top of -the Church, they express’d themselves in a provoking manner, so that a -Battle began about three in the Morning, and that many People in the -_Forum_ were wounded, who fought from the Roof of the _Miliarium_, and -the Top of St. _John_’s Church. The Inhabitants say, that this was the -Church where the Elephants of the _Grand Seignor_ are now stabled. ’Tis -near the _Hippodrom_, and the _Forum Cupedinis_, famous for Niceties, -situate near the Church of St. _Sophia_, and was formerly called the -_Forum Augusteum_. But to come closer to the Point: _Suidas_ says, -_That in the_ Basilica, _behind the_ Miliarium, _were placed a gilded -Statue of a Man, as also of an Elephant and his Keeper_; others, with -more Probability, say, that these Statues were erected behind the -_Basilica_, near the _Miliarium_. _Suidas_ adds, that the Statue of -_Theodosius_ was placed in the _Miliarium_, and that upon the setting -it up, he distributed large Donations of Corn among the People. Upon -the _Equestrian_ Statue of _Theodosius_, not remaining at present, were -inscrib’d these Verses. - - _Not the bright Sun, which gilds the Eastern Sky, - With greater Lustre shines, than_ Theodosius. - _See how he sits aloft in radiant Arms, - And with mild Aspect views his loving People! - The fiery Steed, pleas’d with the Royal Burthen, - In warlike Posture seems to move, and live._ - -_Suidas_ proceeds farther, and tells us, that the Statues of _Sophia_, -the Consort of _Justin_ the _Thracian_, of his Daughter _Arabia_, and -his Niece _Helena_; as also the _Equestrian_ Statues of _Arcadius_ and -_Theodosius_ his Son, were placed in the _Miliarium_, near the Statue -of _Theodosius_ the _Great_. _Cedrinus_ writes, that there stood two -Statues above the Nich of the _Miliarium_, one of _Constantine_ the -_Great_, the other of his Mother _Helena_, with a Cross between them: -Behind them was placed the Statue of _Trajan_ on Horse-back, and that -near him was placed the Statue of _Ælius Hadrianus_. _Suidas_ adds, -that the Cross which was placed between _Constantine_ and _Helena_, had -this Inscription; _una sancta, & duo celeres Cursores_. From whence it -is evident, that the _Forum_, the _Miliarium_, and the _Basilica_ stood -so near together, that they are not only placed by different Authors -in different Places, but sometimes by one and the same Historian. -The same Writer says, that there was also in the _Miliarium_ a great -Piece of Antiquity, which was a Chariot drawn by four Fallow Horses, -supported by two square Pillars, in the Place where _Constantine_ -was received by his Army with joyful Congratulations, after he had -conquered _Azotium_; but originally, because _Byzas_, the Founder of -_Byzantium_, had there been highly applauded by the People. The Chariot -of the Sun was carried into the _Hippodrom_, in which was seated a -small Statue, made by the Order of _Constantine_. This Statue was the -_Fortune_ of the City, which on great Festivals, and the Day of the -Celebration of the Foundation of the City, was set up with a Cross on -her Head, in the _Senate-House_. _Julian_ the Apostate demolished it -in the same Place, where _Arius_ died in a miserable Manner, which -was at a small Distance from the _Senate-House_. In the same Place, -the pious Emperor _Theodosius_ had ordered the Statues of _Arius_, -_Macedonius_, _Sabellius_, and _Eunomius_, which were cut in Marble, -to be placed in a sitting Posture on the Ground, to be polluted with -the Excrements, and receive the Curses of the People, in Token of -their flagrant Perfidiousness. Other Historians say, that the Statue -of the _Fortune_ of the City was brought from _Rome_ by _Constantine_ -the _Great_, and placed in a Nich in the Palace. _Zosimus_ writes, that -_Constantine_ placed the _Fortune_ of _Rome_, on the Side of one of the -four _Portico’s_ that surrounded the great _Forum_. ’Tis very probable, -that the People of _Constantinople_ celebrated a Festival in Honour of -her, as was customary at _Old Rome_, both by Natives and Foreigners, -the same Day, in which the _Palilia_, (the Festivals of _Pales_) were -celebrated. _Socrates_ tells us, that _Julian_, when he was publickly -sacrificing to the _Fortune_ of _Constantinople_, in the _Basilica_, -where her Statue was set up; _Mares_, the Bishop of _Chalcedon_, being -led thither by the Hand, for he was blind with Age, sharply reprimanded -him, and called him an Apostate from the Christian Religion. _Julian_ -in Return, called him a blind old Fellow, adding sarcastically this -Question; _Is your God, the Galilean, able to cure you?_ For thus, by -Way of Contempt, he used to call our Saviour. Upon which the good old -Bishop replied, _I thank my God, who has taken my Sight from me, so -that I cannot behold the Man who is fallen into so great an Apostacy_; -upon which _Julian_ was silent. _Zonaras_, and some Historians who -lived before him, have recorded, That in the Time of _Anastasius_, the -Statue of _Fortune_, made in Brass, stood with one Foot in a brazen -Ship, and was placed in some Part of the City; but that when this Ship -began to decay with Age, or some Parts of it were stolen, or shattered -by Treachery, it happened, that no Ships of Burthen came into the -Port of _Constantinople_, but that upon their Arrival near the City, -a Storm prevented their coming into Harbour; and if their Cargo was -taken aboard the Long-boats, and brought into the City, they tell you -it was soon consumed, by Reason of the Scarcity, which then prevailed. -Upon this, the _Curatores_ of the City were obliged to enquire into -the Reason of it. When the Magistrates of the City, upon Information, -began to suspect the Cause, they found, upon Enquiry, the Fragments -of the Ship, which were fitted to their proper Places, when on a -sudden, Navigation was open and free, and the Sea was constantly full -of Vessels sailing into the Port. And that they might fully discover -the real Cause of this Calamity, they repeated the Experiment, by -stripping the Ship again of some Pieces of it, and the Ships coming -into Harbour, were prevented as before; so they repaired the brazen -Vessel she stood in, and took a particular Care of it. _Eunapius_, who -wrote the _History of the Lives of the Philosophers and wise Men_, -says, that in the Reign of _Constantine_, the Inhabitants attributed -this Difficulty of coming into Harbour to another Cause. _There was no -entring the Port at_ Constantinople, says he, _unless the Wind stood -full South. When this had frequently happened, the People, oppressed -with Famine, assembled in the Theatre, enraged at_ Constantine. _The -Chief of the Courtiers having conceived a Resentment against_ Sopatrus -_the Philosopher, brought him before the Emperor, and impeached him -in the following Manner: This_ Sopatrus, _Sir, who is so high in your -Favour, has by his excessive Wisdom chained up the Winds, for which -you so far admire him, as to admit him too near your Imperial Person_. -_Constantine_, believing the Allegations, ordered him to be beheaded. - - - - -CHAP. XXIV. - - _Of the Temple of_ Neptune, _of the Church of St._ Mina, (_or_ Menna) - _of the_ Stadia, _and the Stairs of_ Timasius. - - -I cannot omit taking Notice of the Church of St. _Mina_, because it -shews in what Part of the City the fourth _Ward_ stood, which contained -the _Basilica_, the _Augusteum_, and the Church of St. _Mina_. The -History of an unknown Author reports, that _Byzas_ formerly built a -Temple to _Neptune_, near the _Acropolis_, by the Sea, where, he says, -that in his Time stood the Church of St. _Mina_ the Martyr; though he -seems to contradict himself, where he says, that the Church of St. -_Mina_ was formerly the Temple of _Jupiter_, and that the Roof of it, -which was arched with Marble, was supported with two large Pillars. -So that I can conclude nothing from the Uncertainty of this Writer, -but that it seems more probable to me, that the Church of St. _Mina_ -stood in those Parts of the _Acropolis_, in which formerly stood the -Temple of _Neptune_, as appears from _Dionysius_ an antient Writer of -_Byzantium_, who says, that a little above the _Promontory_ of the -_Bosporus_, was erected an Altar to _Minerva Egressoria_, and the -Temple of _Neptune_; and that below the Temple of _Neptune_ were the -_Stadia_, and the _Gymnasia_, where they diverted themselves with -martial Sports and Exercises, as I have shewn more at large in my -Treatise of the _Bosporus_. I am confirmed in this Opinion from the -Information of some of the Inhabitants now living, who told me, that -within the Imperial Precinct, formerly called the _Acropolis_, stood -the Church of St. _Mina_. The _Antient Description of the Wards of the -City_ tells us, that the Church of St. _Mina_ stood in the same Ward -with the _Stadia_, and the Stairs of _Timasius_. _Procopius_ writes, -_That at the Place called the_ Stadium, _near the Sea, where they -exercised themselves in martial Sports, the Emperor_ Justinian, _and -his Empress_ Theodora, _built some large Inns for the Entertainment of -Strangers_. - - - - -CHAP. XXV. - - _Of the_ Lausus, _and its Statues; namely, a_ Venus _of_ Cnidos, - _a_ Juno _of_ Samos, _a_ Minerva _of_ Lindia, _a winged_ Cupid, _a_ - Jupiter Olympius, _a_ Saturn, _Unicorns, Tygers, Vultures, Beasts - that are half Camels, and half Panthers; of the_ Cistern _of the - Hospital called_ Philoxenos, _and the_ Chrysotriclinium. - - -The _Lausus_ is a Place celebrated in the Writings of many Historians, -some of whom write, that it was the House of _Lausus_ a Patrician, who -bore many Offices in the Reign of _Arcadius_, the Son of _Theodosius_ -the _Great_, and that he adorned his House with many famous Monuments -of Antiquity. There is a Book still extant, under the Title of -_Lausaicus_, which was wrote by _Heraclidas_, Bishop of _Cappadocia_, -and inscribed to _Lausus_. In what Part of the City this Place was, -no Authors mention; but ’tis very probable that it was between the -Palace, and the _Forum_ of _Constantine_, from the Authorities both of -_Zonaras_, and _Cedrinus_; who having described the Ruines of the Fire, -which happened in the Reign of _Leo_, both on the North, and South Side -of the City tell us, that in the Middle of the City, it burnt from -the _Lausus_, to the Street called _Taurus_. And _Evagrius_, speaking -of the same Fire, says, that it destroyed all the Buildings from the -_Forum_ of _Constantine_ to the _Taurus_. The Reader may observe from -hence, that the _Lausus_ was not far from the _Forum_ of _Constantine_. -_Cedrinus_ also in his Description of that Fire which happened in the -Reign of _Basiliscus_, makes it plain, that it stood Eastward, between -the Palace, and the _Forum_ of _Constantine_. This Fire, says he, -consumed the _Chalcopratia_, the most beautiful Part of the City, the -_Basilica_, with its eminent Library, and all the surprizing Ornaments -of the _Lausus_, to the _Forum_ of _Constantine_. There was in the -_Lausus_, continues our Historian, an infinite Number of Statues, the -most remarkable of which was, the Statue of _Minerva_ of _Lindia_, -which was four Cubits long, and made of an _Emerald_ Stone. ’Twas cut -by _Scyllis_ and _Dipœnus_, two eminent Statuaries, and presented by -_Sesostris_ King of _Egypt_, to _Cleobulus_ King of _Lindia_, a Prince -of incomparable Wisdom. From hence it is probable the Place is called -_Laousos_; for _Minerva_ sometimes goes under the Name of _Laossos_. -_Theophrastus_ writes, that the _Egyptian_ Commentators mention, that -the King of _Babylon_ made a Present to their King of an _Emerald_, -which was four Cubits long, and three in Breadth. If _Sesostris_, -_Scyllis_, and _Dipœnus_ were living at the same Time, _Pliny_ should -rather have called it the _Emerald_ of _Minerva_. But these were no -less antient, than eminent Statuaries, born in the Island of _Crete_, -when under the Government of the _Medes_, before _Cyrus_ was King of -_Persia_, that is, about the fifteenth _Olympiad_. They carved the -Statues of _Apollo_, _Diana_, _Hercules_, as also of _Minerva_, which -was blasted with Lightning. _Pliny_ takes Notice, that _Ambracia_, -_Argos_, and _Cleone_ were full of Statues made by _Dipœnus_, tho’ -he says nothing of the Statue of _Minerva_ of _Lindia_. _Cedrinus_ -adds, that there was placed in the _Lausus_, the Statue of _Venus_ of -_Cnidos_, which was looked upon every where as a celebrated Piece of -Sculpture. It was finished by _Praxiteles_, is made of white Marble, -and appears in a naked Posture. There is also a _Juno_ of _Samos_, the -Workmanship of _Lysippus_ and _Bupalus_, and a winged _Cupid_, with -his Quiver. This Statue was brought from _Myndus_. There was also a -_Jupiter_ riding upon an Elephant, which was carved by _Phidias_, and -placed in his Temple by _Pericles_. There was also another Statue made -by _Lysippus_, which was bald behind, tho’ not before, which was taken -for the Statue of _Saturn_. There were also erected here many Statues -of Unicorns, Tygers, Beasts that were half Camels, and half Panthers; -others that were half Bulls, and half Harts, besides several Statues -of Vultures. The unknown Author of the History of _Constantinople_ -says, That in his Time there were standing in the _Lausus_ some Eagles -that were cut in Stone. I am induced to think, that there were some -Figures of Birds standing there at that Time, but believe them to be -the Vultures mentioned by _Cedrinus_. This Author tells us, that there -stood in the _Lausus_ several fine Buildings, some Hospitals, a Place -for the Entertainment of Strangers, which had very good Spring-water, -and was call’d _Philoxenon_. Some Writers affirm, that the -_Philoxenon_ was a _Cistern_, built by one of that Name. I look upon it -to be the same _Cistern_, which was situate between the _Triclinium_ -and the _Lausiacum_, and was filled up by the Order of _Heraclius_. -_Menander_, surnamed the Protector, tells us, That _Philip_ of -_Macedon_ cleansed most of the _Cisterns_ of the City, which -_Heraclius_ commanded to be replenished with Earth. If that Prince -gave Orders for the cleansing of that _Cistern_, among others, ’tis -the same which lies under Ground, on the North Side of _Abraham_ the -_Basha_’s House, between the _Lausiacum_, and the _Triclinium_; whose -Roof is supported with four Hundred and twenty four marble Pillars, -two hundred and twelve supporting the same Number of Pillars above -them. I measured one of them, for they all seem to be of a Bigness, -and I found it to be six Foot and nine Inches in Circumference. There -is another _Cistern_ on the West Side of the same House, whose Arches -are supported with thirty two _Corinthian_ Pillars, standing in four -Ranges, each Range consisting of eight Pillars, whose _Shafts_ are -nine Foot in Compass. As to the _Triclinium_, between which and the -_Lausus_ was built the _Philoxenon_; I suppose it to be the same which -_Justinian_ the _Third_ built near the Palace, and called it after his -own Name, the _Triclinium_ of _Justinian_. ’Tis reported by _Cedrinus_, -that this _Triclinium_ was finely beautified by the Emperor _Tiberius_. -The Western Gate of this _Triclinium_ is taken Notice of by _Leo_ the -_Fifth_, when he foretold that the Head of the Man which should be cut -off in the _Hippodrom_ for his Tyranny, should be brought before him -through the Western Gate of the _Triclinium_. Frequent Mention is made -of this _Chrysotriclinium_ by Historians, who wrote just before the -taking of _Constantinople_ by the _Turks_, and all the Inhabitants both -knew the Name, and the Place where it stood. But the People are since -fallen into such an Aversion to Learning, and a Disrelish of what is -ingenious and Polite, that they rather chuse to embrace a voluntary -Ignorance, and treat every Thing that is curious with Indignity and -Contempt. - - -_The End of the Second Book._ - -[Illustration: Page decoration] - - - - -[Illustration: Page Header Decoration] - -THE ANTIQUITIES OF CONSTANTINOPLE. - -BOOK III. - - - - -CHAP. I. - - _Of several Places in the fifth Ward, and the second Hill; of the_ - Neorium; _of the Port nam’d the_ Bosporium; _of the_ Strategium, _and - the_ Forum _of_ Theodosius. - - -It was impossible for me to discover from the _Ancient Description -of the Wards_, that the fifth _Ward_ stood on the North Side of the -second Hill, and in a Plain at the Bottom of it, and that it descended -jointly with the fourth Ward from the Ridge of the _Promontory_ to -the Bay call’d _Ceras_, although the Author takes Notice that a great -part of it fell down in winding Descents into the Bosom of a Plain. -For this Description of it is no less agreeable to other Wards. Nor -could I find out its Situation from any Buildings remaining in it, or -from the Information of the most ancient Inhabitants. All the Light -I could get was from the Situation of the _Phosphorian_ or, as some -call it, the _Bosphorian_ Port, and the _Stairs_ of _Chalcedon_, which -do not take that Name, because they are built in the Eastern Part of -the City facing _Chalcedon_, for they stand full North; and so it is -call’d the _Bosphorian_ Port, not from the Sea of _Bosporus_, but -from a depraved Custom of the People, who pronounce it so; whereas, -according to the Authorities of _Stephanus_ and _Eustathius_, they -ought to call it the _Phosphorian_ Port. For these Writers assert, that -it took its Name from hence; _viz._ that when _Philip_ of _Macedon_ -besieged _Byzantium_, and his Soldiers were digging a Passage under -Ground into the Town, the Moon, which is call’d _Phosphora_, shone -out in its full Brightness, and discover’d the Stratagem; so that the -_Byzantians_, the Siege being raised, call’d it the _Phosphorium_. But -as they give some Reason why it may be thought the same Haven, though -under different Names, yet are they silent as to its Situation, whether -it stood on the Eastern, Northern, or Southern Side of the City; though -it is reasonable to believe, if we consider the Situation of the Stairs -of _Chalcedon_, which the _Ancient Description of the Wards_ places -in the same _Ward_ with the _Bosphorian_ Haven, that it stood on the -South Side of the City, and not on the East Side, although it directly -faces _Chalcedon_. For the Force and Rapidity of the _Bosporus_ makes -it very difficult to sail from _Chalcedon_ to the Eastern and Southern -Parts of _Constantinople_; but ’tis an easy Passage to those who sail -between that and _Chalcedon_, to go in or out of Port on the North Side -of the City. It is observable farther, that the _Ancient Description of -the Wards_ mentions no _Stairs_ which lie over-against _Chalcedon_; or -if the Author had taken Notice of any, he had placed them in the first -or second _Wards_, opposite to _Chalcedon_, or in the third _Ward_, -which stands Southward, where the _Neorium_ or the new Dock stood, as I -observ’d before. But it would be of little Significancy to enlarge on -this Matter, since I shall be very particular in naming and producing -such Authorities, as will make it evident, that the _Bosphorian_ -Port, and the _Stairs_ of _Chalcedon_ were not only situate on the -North Side of the City, but shall mention the very Place where they -stood. The first Historian I shall quote is _Dionysius_, a Native -of the City, who places, just without the Walls of Old _Byzantium_, -the Temple of _Tellus_ upon the Bay of the _Bosporus_, and a little -below it the Temple of _Ceres_ and _Proserpina_, whom he does not call -_Proserpina_, but only κόρη the _Virgin_; yet by the Situation of -the Place we may easily understand that Virgin to be _Hecate_, whose -_Tripos_ _Cedrinus_ mentions to have been in the _Strategium_, where, -or at least not far from it, as appears from the same Author, stood -the Temple of _Proserpina_: But _Evagrius_ is more clear upon this -Occasion, who tells us, that in the Reign of _Leo_ there happen’d -a great Fire on the North Side of the City, where the Dock stood, -which consumed all before it, from the _Bosphorian_ Haven, to the old -Temple of _Apollo_; on the South Side, from the Port of _Julian_ to -the Temple of _Concord_, in the Middle of the City, from the _Forum_ -of _Constantine_, to the _Taurus_; and _Zonaras_ adds, that the same -Fire destroy’d all the Buildings between the North and the South Sea. -_Cedrinus_ reports, that the same Fire began at the Dock, and burnt -down all before it, as far as the Church of St. _John_; from whence -I observe, that the _Bosphorian_ Port and the Dock were near to one -another, although the Author of the _Description of the Wards_, places -the former in the fifth, and the latter in the sixth _Ward_. For since -both these _Wards_ join’d together, and descended from the Ridge of -the _Promontory_ down to the Sea, it is not possible that they should -stand at any great Distance from one another. _Zosimus_, an ancient -Historian, points out the very Place where the Dock was built in his -_Description_ of Old _Byzantium_. He tells us, that ’twas situate upon -a Hill, which made part of the _Isthmus_, which was enclosed by the -_Propontis_, and the Bay call’d _Ceras_; and adds, that the Wall of -_Byzantium_ stretch’d it self over a Hill, from the Western Side of -the City to the Temple of _Venus_, and the Sea facing _Chrysopolis_; -and that it descended on the North Side of the City to the _Neorion_, -or _New Haven_, which I take to stand near the Gate which the _Greeks_ -call Ὡραῖα, and since by a Corruption of Language _Porta Neoria_, or at -least not far from it. There is at present between the Seas and the -_Porta Neoria_, a broad Space of Land, a Market of Merchandize and -Sea Goods, which the _Turks_ call _Siphont_, or _Tsiphont_, because -the _Jews_ inhabit it. It adjoins to the _Stairs_ or _Landing-place_ -of _Chalcedon_, from whence they daily sail to _Scutarieum_, or -_Scutaricum_, anciently call’d _Chrysopolis_, a Mart-Town, and a Port -of _Chalcedon_. Near the _Stairs_ of _Chalcedon_ is the _Ferry_, whence -you cross the Water to _Galata_. It was formerly called the _Sycæne -Ferry_, and is placed in the _Description of the Wards_, near the -_Bosphorian Haven_, or _Dock_. But the Situation of these Places seems -to be somewhat chang’d, by reason of some Granaries built there, (which -are removed farther into the City) or for the greater Enlargement of -the Precinct of the _Seraglio_, or because they are fallen to Decay, -and filled up with Earth. For at that Time, when _Philip_ of _Macedon_ -undermin’d the Town, ’tis very probable that there was no Port built -in that Place, which by the _Byzantians_ was afterwards call’d the -_Phosphorion_. There was no building a Haven there, because of the -Rising of the Springs, but the _Bosphorian_ Haven was built afterwards -in another Place. And this is no more than what is said of the Dock, -or the _Neorium_, which they tell you was enclosed by _Constans_, and -was made a Market of Merchandize, and other naval Affairs. This Market -was afterwards kept near the Port of _Julian_. Some Historians write, -that _Leontius_ the Emperor, who reign’d after _Justin_, order’d the -Dock to be cleansed. Others write, that there was erected, at the -_Neorium_, the Figure of a large Ox in Brass, which much resembled -the _Brazen Bull_. This Figure was set up in the eleventh _Ward_, -which, as some modern Writers would persuade you, bellow’d once a Year, -which portended great Mischief and Detriment to the City. But this I -look upon to be a Fable taken out of _Callimachus_ and _Pindar_, who -tell you, that upon the Mountain of _Artabyris_ in _Rhodes_, there -are brazen Bulls that used to bellow upon any Calamity impending the -City. There is nothing remaining of this Haven, where the Dock was -at present. I gather from the Situation of the _Bosphorian_ Port, -and the Stairs of _Chalcedon_, that the fifth _Ward_ stood on the -Side of the second Hill, and in a Plain below it; where were also -the _Bagnio’s_ of _Honorius_, the _Prytaneum_, the _Bagnio’s_ of -_Eudoxia_, the Granaries of _Valentinian_ and _Constantius_, the -_Thebean_ Obelisk, the _Bosphorian_ Port, the Stairs of _Chalcedon_, -the Cistern of _Theodosius_, and the _Strategium_, in which was the -_Forum_ of _Theodosius_. _Justinian_ in his _Constitutions_ takes -Notice of the _Bagnio_ of _Achilles_ in a Letter, thus: _Our Imperial -Will and Pleasure is, that the leaden Pipes, conducting the Water to -the_ Achillean _Bagnio’s, contrived by your Wisdom, and purchased by -your Munificence, be under the same Regulation and Management, as has -been appointed by_ Theodosius _and_ Valentinian _in the like Case; and -that the said Pipes shall only supply such_ Bagnio’s _and_ Nymphæa, _as -your Excellency shall think fit, allowing at the same time full Power, -Licence and Authority to the Apparitors of your Excellency, to enter -without Fear or Molestation, such Houses and_ Bagnio’s _in the Suburbs, -as they shall judge convenient, to enquire into all Evasions of this -Order, and to prevent the Stoppage of the Water to the Detriment -of the publick_. The Law by which _Constantine_ the _Great_ enacts, -that _Constantinople_ shall be call’d _New Rome_, is inscrib’d upon a -publick Pillar, near his own _Equestrian_ Statue in the _Strategium_. -I find in the _Ancient Description of the Wards_, that there were -three _Fora’s_ in the City, which took their Name from _Theodosius_. -One was in the fifth _Ward_, and stood, as I just observ’d, in the -_Strategium_; another stood in the sixth Ward, and a third in the -twelfth. The two last of them were Markets for Provision, the first -was the _Forum Prætorianum_, a Court of publick Justice, where the -_Prætors_ presided, and this I gather from the _Treatise_ just -mention’d, and which was call’d, both by the _Latins_ and _Greeks_, -_Prætorium_. I am not certain, though it seems very probable to me, -that this great _Prætorium_ was beautifully finish’d at the Expence -and Care of the Emperor _Justin_ and _Domninus_, as will appear from -the following Verses of _Paulus Silentiarius_. I shall subjoin them in -order to prove, that the Word _Prætorium_ was used by the _Greeks_, as -were also very many other _Latin_ Words. - -Some Verses of _Paulus Silentiarius_, upon beautifying the great -_Prætorium_. - - _When great_ Justinus _had reform’d the World, - This noble Structure consecrate to_ Themis - _He then repair’d with fresh Increase of Beauty; - And yet some share of Praise to thee is due_, - Domninus, _skilful Architect, whose Head - Long labour’d nightly in the great Design_. - - - - -CHAP. II. - - _Of the sixth Ward, and the remaining ancient Buildings of the second - Hill._ - - -It had been very difficult to have discover’d, either from the -Situation of the _Forum_ of _Constantine_, or the Pillar of -_Constantine_ still standing at _Constantinople_, or the _Description -of the Wards_ (although it takes Notice of the Pillar of _Constantine_, -and tells us, that the sixth Ward enters upon a short Plain, and -that ’tis afterwards lengthen’d by a long Descent) whether the sixth -_Ward_ had been on the North or the South Side of the City, unless the -Author had added, that it reach’d from the _Forum_ of _Constantine_ -down to Stairs from whence you sail over the _Sycæne_ Ferry. It was -originally call’d the _Sycæne_ Ferry from _Syca_, but is now call’d -_Galata_, or _Pera_, as will appear more fully, when I come to speak -of it in the thirteenth _Ward_. That the fifth and sixth _Wards_ -join’d together, I observ’d before from the Vicinity of the Dock, the -Stairs of _Chalcedon_, the _Sycæne_ Stairs, and the _Bosphorian_ Port -to each other. Having therefore discover’d the Situation of _Syca_, -I take it for granted, that the Dock stood near a Plain on the Sea -Shore, which was below the Foot of the second Hill, and that the Ferry -Place from whence you passed over to _Syca_, is the same with that -from whence you sail at present to _Galata_, and that the _Porphyry_ -Pillar now standing, is the same with that mention’d by the Author of -the _Description_, &c. and placed by him in the sixth _Ward_; though -he takes no Notice in his Description of the sixth _Ward_, where he -places the Senate-House, how near it stood to the _Forum_ or Pillar -of _Constantine_. But I shall make it plain to the Reader from other -Historians, in what follows, that the Senate-House stood on the North -Side of the _Forum_ of _Constantine_, and that this _Ward_ stood -partly on the Ridge of the second Hill, where the _Porphyry_ Pillar -is now standing, as is also the Poultry Market, which the _Turks_ -call _Taubasor_, or _Taouck Baser_, the Dyers Shops, the House of -_Ænobarbus_, a _Turkish_ Admiral, and the Mosque of _Hali-Bassa_. Part -of it spreads itself also over the right Side of the second Valley, and -part of it covers a Plain near the Sea, below the Valley, and the Foot -of the second Hill, which is much inhabited by the _Jews_. - - - - -CHAP. III. - - _Of the_ Porphyry _Pillar, the_ Forum _of_ Constantine, _and the_ - Palladium. - - -Those Historians who have treated of the Actions of _Constantine the -Great_, report, that he brought the round _Porphyry_ Pillar from -_Rome_. This Pillar was bound, at the Joints, with circular Wreaths -of Laurel made of Brass, and was placed in the _Forum_, call’d the -_Placoton_, because it was paved with smooth broad Stones, which -the _Greeks_ call _Placæ_. They add farther, that there was erected -upon this Pillar a curious Statue of Brass, surprizing both for its -Workmanship and Size. ’Twas an ancient Piece of Statuary, exquisitely -finish’d, even to the Life. They tell you that ’twas originally the -Image of _Apollo_ of _Troy_, that the Emperor gave it his own Name, -and commanded to be fix’d in the Head of it, some of those Nails -which fasten’d our Saviour to the Cross. Upon the Statue was cut the -following Inscription: - - _To thee, O Saviour, Lord of th’ Universe, - Who rulest the unmeasurable Globe - With deepest Knowledge, I this People offer. - May they be thine, I conquer’d them for thee. - I lay m’ Imperial Sceptre at thy Feet, - With all th’ united Force, and Power of_ Rome. - _Let thy good Providence, with watchful Eye, - Look down, and guard the City from all Ills._ - -_Cedrinus_ relates, that at the Bottom of the Pillar were carved the -twelve Baskets, full of the Fragments which were left, after the -Miracle of the _Loaves_ and _Fishes_. This Pillar has no Winding -Stairs, but is all solid Marble, and therefore _Fulvius_, otherwise a -good _Antiquary_, is visibly in an Error, when he tells us, that it had -an ascent within it. _Zonaras_ says, that the Statue of _Constantine_ -was standing upon the Pillar in his Time, and that in the Spring -Time, in the Reign of _Alexius Comnenus_, among many other Buildings -which were thrown down by a violent Storm of Wind, the Statue of -_Constantine_ the _Great_ was blown down and demolished, and that by -the Fall of it, several People who were passing by, were dashed to -Pieces. The Author who has wrote the History of _Alexius Comnenus_, -tells us, that not only the Statue was struck down with Lightning, but -also that three of the _Tores_, or round Circles of the Pillar, were -also removed. The Pillar is still standing on the Top of the second -Hill; ’tis somewhat impair’d, not so much by Time, altho’ it is very -ancient, as by Fires and Earthquakes, and Tempests. The Statue and the -three upper Wreaths are gone, and in the Room of them there’s a plain -round Superstructure, almost of the same Thickness and Size with the -other Part of the Shaft. The Pedestal of it is made of squar’d Marble, -and is, every Way, eleven Foot nine Inches broad, and eighteen Foot -high. Upon this is placed a Cornice, but after the _Doric_ Manner, -consisting of a _Plinth_, an upper and a lower _Tore_, and a _Scotia_ -between them. Upon the _Cornice_ stands the _Shaft_ of the Pillar, -which is about eleven Yards in Circumference. It consists of eight -large Pieces of Marble; each of which is encircled at the Joints, with -a Wreath of Laurel-Work, which covers the Cement of the _Fissures_. And -if it had not been injured by Time, it would look like one entire Stone -of Marble, and has therefore been thought so by some _Historians_, who -have handed it down to Posterity, that it consisted only of one Piece -of Marble, and ridicule the Ignorance and Injudiciousness of those, -who, they tell you, have been imposed upon by the Wreaths of Brass, -which were only added for the sake of Ornament. There’s nothing of -these brazen Wreaths or _Tores_ to be seen at present, the Pillar, to -prevent its falling to pieces, being bound round with Iron Hoops. At -the Top of the Pillar is carv’d the Name of the Emperor, who after -the Statue was thrown down, lay’d the uppermost Stone of it. This -Pillar bore some Resemblance to those mention’d by _Athenæus_, who -writes, that there were some tall round Pillars erected in _Ægypt_, -made after the same Manner. They were cover’d at the _Fissures_ with -circular Wreaths, alternately white and black, one below another. -Their _Capitals_ were also round, about which was a fine Sculpture of -Roses just opening. There were no _Flutings_ in these Pillars, nor any -coarse _Foliage_ (according to the _Grecian_ Model) which enfolded it; -but it was adorn’d with _Dates_, and the Fruit of young _Lote Trees_, -and a Sculpture of all kind of Flowers. Below these, is an Expression -of _Ægyptian_ Beans, intermix’d with Flowers, and a _Foliage_ which -projects beyond the _Fissure_ of the _Capital_. Thus it is that the -_Ægyptians_ make and adorn their Pillars; and in building their Walls, -it is their constant Practice to lay alternately a Row of white over -a Row of black Bricks. I have seen the same Method in building their -Walls among the _Persians_ and _Syrians_; the finest of which they -built with Bricks, or Stones naturally variegated, the meaner sort they -colour’d several ways with Paintings, and other Inventions of Art. The -Wreaths or _Tores_ beforemention’d, which were fix’d to the Pillar of -_Constantine_, were carv’d, as some Writers tell us, to presignify -the many Years _Constantine_ should live, and the many Victories he -should obtain over his Enemies. I believe the Design of the Sculptor -was only to express, that the Laurel was sacred to _Apollo_, and that -this ancient Pillar supported the Image of him made in a stupendous -Size. However that may be, it is certain that _Constantine_ order’d -it to be call’d his own Statue, whether on the account of his many -Victories, or whether he was better pleased with the _Heathen_ Notion -of that God than any other, so that when he demolish’d other _Heathen_ -Idols, he commanded the Statue of a _Delphick Apollo_, and his _Tripos_ -to be set up in the _Hippodrom_, as is observ’d by a _German_ Orator, -who address’d himself in a _Panegyrick_ to _Constantine_, after the -following Manner: _When your Imperial Majesty turn’d down to the Temple -of_ Apollo, _the most stately, the most beautiful Building in the -World, you saw your favourite God offering to you his Crowns, a happy -Presage of Length of Days, and a Life extended beyond that of_ Nestor. -_You saw him, you gazed on his Features, and beheld your own Likeness -in him; who, as the ancient Poets have sung, deserv’d the Empire of -the World. That auspicious Period of Time seems to be now come, since -you, like that God, are gay and youthful; like him salutary; like him a -personable and a beautiful Prince._ - -If the _Turk_, whom I employ’d to climb the Pedestal, had follow’d my -Directions, (while I was obliged to appear a mere accidental Spectator) -and held his Pearch true, I had discover’d the lowest Stone of the -_Shaft_, from a Notch he had cut in it, to have been nine Foot and four -Digits high; and the _Tore_, which projected six Digits beyond it, to -have been a Foot and a half broad, I mean the _Tore_ at the Foot of the -_Shaft_, so that every Stone was ten Foot nine Inches high. The Height -therefore of all the eight Stones was about eighty six Foot and nine -Inches. The whole Pillar was lengthen’d besides with an _Abacus_ placed -on the uppermost Stone, and below with a _Pedestal_ and its _Cornice_, -and four Marble Steps at the Bottom. The lowermost of these Steps is -a Foot and six Digits high; the second of the same Height; the third -and fourth, each of them a Foot and a half. There is no Discovery can -be made, from what has been said, where this prodigious Column, or -rather where this _Colossus_ stood. For since neither _Procopius_, nor -any other Historian of those Times, takes any Notice of the _Forum_ -call’d Πλακότον, where _Zonaras_, and other modern Writers say it was -erected, I was in some Suspence, whether or no this was not the same -with the _Forum_ of _Constantine_. For it seem’d very probable to me, -that _Constantine_ had herein follow’d the Example of _Trajan_, in -setting up his Statue in the _Forum_, which went by his own Name. But -I was soon clear’d of this Difficulty, by the Authority of _Socrates_, -(the Author _of the Dissensions among Christians_,) who writes, that -they are one and the same Place; and that _Arius_, when he came near -where the _Forum_ of _Constantine_ stood, expired with the falling of -the Guts. But this is no less evident, if it be consider’d where the -_Palladium_ of _Minerva_ stood; which, as _Zonaras_ says, was convey’d -by the Command of _Constantine_ from _Troy_ to the _Placotum_, and as -_Procopius_ adds, into the _Forum_ of _Constantine_. _The_ Hirpines, -says he, _report, that_ Diomedes _met_ Æneas _coming out of_ Troy, -_and that in Conformity to the Answer of the Oracle, he gave him the -Image of_ Minerva, _which he, with the Assistance of_ Ulysses, _had -formerly brought from_ Troy, _when they went thither to consult the -Oracle, how_ Troy _might be taken. They add farther, that_ Diomedes -_being indisposed, and consulting the Oracle concerning his Recovery, -it was foretold by it, that he would never be well, till he had given -that Image to_ Æneas. The _Romans_ pretend that they know nothing of -this Image at present, yet they shew you an Image cut in Stone, which -to this Day stands in the Eastern Part of the Temple of _Fortune_, -before the Statue of _Minerva_. The Statue is carv’d in a War-like -Posture, brandishing, as in Battle, a Spear, dress’d in a long Garment, -not representing the Statue of _Minerva_, as she is figured by the -_Greeks_, but as described by the _Ægyptians_. The Inhabitants tell -you, that _Constantine_ order’d this Statue, which was placed in -the _Forum_, call’d by his own Name, to be bury’d under Ground. The -Authorities that the _Placoton_ and the _Forum_ of _Constantine_ are -the same Place ought to be regarded, because it is impossible to come -to the Knowledge of four of the _Wards_ without them; for the third -_Ward_ contains the Tribunal of the _Forum_ of _Constantine_; the -sixth reaches from the _Forum_ of _Constantine_, to the Stairs against -_Sycæ_, where is erected the Pillar of _Constantine_. The seventh -extends itself with continual _Portico’s_ from the Right Hand Side of -the Pillar of _Constantine_ to the _Forum_ of _Theodosius_, and the -eighth contains part of the _Forum_ of _Constantine_. When I was ask’d -by some Gentlemen who were curious that way, how _Constantine_ came by -that _Palladium_, I answer’d, that I was at an Uncertainty as to that. -For _Zonaras_’s Opinion of its being brought from _Troy_ did not look -very probable, since _Troy_ was destroy’d so many Ages before it; and -_Strabo_ is hard put to it to trace out the Place of its Situation. The -Story of its being brought from ancient _Rome_ seems very improbable, -since it was often destroy’d by Fire, and the Inhabitants were entirely -ignorant where it originally stood. Yet the _Latin_ Historians tell -us, that _Diomedes_ presented it to _Æneas_, that it was kept for some -time at _Lavinium_, and that it was afterwards removed to _Rome_, and -set up in the Temple of _Vesta_. The _Greek_ Historians are of another -Opinion. Among these, _Pausanias_, who wrote in the Time of _Adrian_, -tells us, that it was held the most sacred of any Thing in _Athens_, -that it fell down from Heaven, that it was consecrated by the Advice -of all the Senators, and placed in the Citadel of _Athens_. There has -been some Dispute, whether it was made of Wood or Brass, and whether it -was a Figure or a Shield. Some say, that it was a sacred Shield, such -as they had at _Rome_. _Dion_ and _Diodorus_ think otherwise, and tell -us, that it was an Image made of Wood, three Cubits high, that it fell -from Heaven into _Pessinus_, a City of _Phrygia_, holding in her right -Hand a Spear, in her left a Spindle and a Distaff. To me it seems to -have been the Image of _Pallas_, whose Statue, whenever it was placed, -was call’d the _Palladium_. _Procopius_ asserts, that the Statue which -the _Romans_ shew in the Temple of _Minerva_, is not cut after the -_Grecian_ Manner. For they carve her, as was mention’d before, in a -fighting Posture, with a Spear in her Hand, denoting by the Spear, -her Courage; by her Shield, her Wisdom, which repels all Attacks: She -is cover’d with a Helmet, to intimate, that the Height of Wisdom is -not to be seen and discover’d: She bears an Olive-Tree as affording -Matter of Light; and upon her Breast is cut a _Medusa_, to illustrate -the Quickness of Thought, and the surprizing Agility of the Mind. She -had also a Breast-Plate, on which was the Figure of a Night-Owl and -a _Gorgon_. The Night-Owl was an Emblem of the Depth of Prudence and -Conduct; for Wisdom dives into the Secrets and Darknesses of Nature. I -wish the divine _Palladium_ may guard all those, who shall in future -Times attempt the same Travels as I have done, and pray that they may -be defended, as I have been, by that good Providence, and that heavenly -Wisdom, the Wisdom of the _Father_, which amidst all the Treacheries -and Insults of a barbarous People, and the almost incredible Dangers of -a long Voyage, did not only support and strengthen, but did animate, -enliven, and refresh me. - - - - -CHAP. IV. - - _Of the Senate-House; the_ Nympheum; _the Statues of the_ Forum _of_ - Constantine; _of the_ Philadelphium; _the_ Musæum; _the_ Labarum - _and_ Syparum; _of the Death of_ Arius; _of the Temples of_ Tellus, - Ceres, Persephone; _of_ Juno _and_ Pluto. - - -The _Porphyry_ Pillar, and the Senate-House, is placed by the Author -of the _Ancient Description of the Wards_, in the sixth _Ward_, and -the _Nympheum_ in the fifth; but he does not tell us, how near they -stood to one another. That they stood at a very little Distance, is -evident both from _Zonaras_ and _Cedrinus_, who write, that the Fire -which happen’d in the Reign of _Leo_, burnt down the Senate-House on -the North Side of the _Forum_ of _Constantine_, which was adorn’d -with Statues of Brass and _Porphyry_ Marble, in which was placed the -_Porta_ of _Diana_ of the _Ephesians_, a Present of _Trajan_, taken -from the _Scythians_, containing a Description of the Wars of the -Giants, a _Jupiter_ arm’d with Thunder, _Neptune_ with his Trident, -_Apollo_ with his Darts and Quiver. In the lower Part of the _Porta_ -were figured the Giants attacking the Dragons, tossing large Clods -of Earth, and looking in a fierce and a stern Manner. Hither it was -that the principal Men of the City usually convened freely to debate -of the important Affairs of the Government, whither also the Emperor -himself came in Procession, when he receiv’d the _Consular_ Robes. It -was a very noble and magnificent Building. The same Authors mention -another spacious Edifice situate against it, which was consumed by -the same Fire, and was call’d the _Nympheum_, because the Marriage -Rites were perform’d in this Place, as being capacious enough to hold -the numerous Assemblies which attended those Solemnities. They add -farther, that on the West Side of the same _Forum_ was placed a Statue -of _Minerva_ of _Lyndus_. She had a Helmet on her Head, and a Shield in -her Hand, on which was figured _Medusa_ with Snakes and Adders entwin’d -round her Neck; for in this Manner the ancient Statuaries usually -carv’d _Minerva_. On the East Side of it was placed the Statue of an -_Amphitrite_, one of the _Syrens_, having her Temples encircled with -Crabs Claws. The _unknown_ Author of the History of _Constantinople_ -says, that on the same Side of the _Forum_ were placed the Statues of -several _Syrens_, which were call’d by some Sea-Horses; three of which, -he tells you, were remaining in his Time, at a Place in the Suburbs -call’d St. _Mamas_. On the North Side of the _Forum_ was erected upon -a lofty Pillar a Figure of that Cross which _Constantine_ saw in the -Heavens. This is confirm’d by the Authority of most Historians, but -principally by _Eusebius_, who although he is not express as to his -setting it up in the _Forum_ of _Constantine_, yet as his Authority is -not to be disputed, when he asserts, that he set it up in _Old Rome_ -in the Heart of the City, ’tis reasonable to believe that he did so at -_Constantinople_, since the same Writer assures us, that he set up a -true Representation of the same Cross in all his finest buildings, and -in the most remarkable Places of _Constantinople_. In Memory of which, -as _Sozomen_ writes, _Constantine_ chang’d the most famous and most -honourable War-like Standard among the _Romans_, which was always bore -before their Princes, and to which the Soldiers were obliged by Law to -pay divine Adoration, into the Ensign of the Cross, to bring them off -from their heathenish Rites, and idolatrous Worship. _Prudentius_, upon -this Occasion, has the following Lines: - - Christ_’s radiant Form upon the Standard rose, - Emboss’d with sparkling Gems, and burnish’d Gold, - Which o’er the Purple Ground-work cast a Light. - No dreadful Shields hung on the blazon’d Flag_; - Christ_’s awful Name alone was there inscrib’d. - While on its Top, sure Sign of Victory, - The Cross triumphant blaz’d in costly Stones._ - -_Eusebius_ writes, that he saw the same Expression of the _Christian_ -Standard in his Time. _There was_, says he, _a tall Spear which was -transvers’d near the Top with a short piece of Wood, in the Figure of -a Cross at the Top of which was a Crown made of precious Stones, and -curiously wrought with Gold, in the Middle of which were embroider’d -the two initial Letters of_ Jesus Christ, _with the_ Greek _Letter_ -X, _in the Form of a Cross. The Ensign or Standard was fix’d to the -transverse Part of the Spear._ From this Description of _Eusebius_, -the Difference between what was then called the _Labarum_ and -_Syparum_ seems to be this; that the _Labarum_ signifies only a -longer Piece of Wood transversed near the Top with a short Piece, and -that the _Syparum_ is the Veil, or Flag, which falls down from the -transverse Part. The Religion of the old _Romans_ was purely military, -they worshipp’d their Standards, and swore by them; which Custom was -abolish’d, upon the introducing the Christian Standard. - -I hope the Reader will pardon me, if I here go a little out of my way, -to vindicate the Story of _Constantine_’s seeing the Cross in the -Heavens, from the Charge of Fiction and Imposture. There is scarce any -Miracle, in my Opinion, which seems to be better attested than this, -or which is capable of being confirm’d by more Eye-witnesses; for -_Eusebius_, who lived in those Times, writes, that it was not only seen -by _Constantine_ himself, but also by his whole Army, and that too in -the Middle of the Day; and adds, that the Truth of the Fact was not -only believed by the _Christians_, but by those who were Enemies to the -Cross of _Christ_. So prevalent was the Report of this Miracle, that -the Inhabitants testify in the triumphal Arch, which they dedicated -to _Constantine_, that he conquer’d _Maxentius_ by the immediate -Direction and Assistance of the Divinity, although but a little before -many of them were of _Maxentius_’s Party, and Enemies to the Christian -Name: So that they did not, in that triumphal Arch, made in Honour of -_Constantine_, change the Form of the Cross into that of our Saviour’s, -but order’d it to be figur’d with such Sculptures and Expressions, as -were carv’d on the Arches of _Trajan_, _Severus_, and other _Roman_ -Emperors, as appears by some such Monuments of _Antiquity_ as are at -present to be seen at _Rome_. I cannot conclude with so much Certainty, -that _Nazarius_ was a Christian, because his Daughter _Euphemia_ was -such, as I can, from his panegyrical Address to _Constantine_. _’Tis -the general Discourse among the_ Gauls, says he, _that there was an -Angelick Host seen in the Air, and that they were sent by God; and -although Things of a celestial Nature are imperceptible by human Sight, -because a simple and incompounded Substance is not properly the Object -of our Senses; yet_, as he proceeds, _these your auxiliary Forces -of Heaven, who are cloath’d with visible Appearances, attended upon -you, as Witnesses of your great Merits, and then withdrew into their -etherial Mansions. But of what Species of the Creation were these -exalted Spirits? Of what Firmness and Vigour of Body; of what Largeness -of Limbs? Their glittering Shields blaz’d in an awful Manner, and the -Splendour of their celestial Armour was terrible: They march’d in such -formidable Array, that they seem’d to wait on you as your Guards. This -was the Language which was heard among them: We are flying to the -Assistance of_ Constantine. _Beings of a heavenly Nature may be allow’d -to triumph, and there’s an Ambition which becomes them. This noble Army -of Spirits who descended from above, were sent down by Omnipotence -itself, and gloried that they fought for you._ But I shall add nothing -farther of our Author, and shall only observe, that some Historians -take Notice, that this large Cross was plac’d upon a gilded Column -in the _Philadelphium_, which was the _Poets College_, and, as the -following Inscription shews, was built near the _Porphyry_ Pillar. - -Upon the _Porphyry_ Pillar in the _Philadelphium_. - - Muselius’ _publick Acts aloud proclaim, - A firm Attachment to the Emperor’s Service. - This fam’d_ Museum, _sacred Seat of Learning - He rais’d, and plac’d his Prince’s Picture here._ - -And another thus. - - _This Building is an Honour to the Learn’d, - One of the City’s brightest Ornaments, - A Spur to laudable and virtuous Actions, - A great Encouragement to virtuous Men._ - -And again. - - _The good_ Muselius, _steddily believing - The heavenly_ λόγος _to be truly God, - This Structure made an Off’ring to his Service._ - -_Julian_, the _Prefect_ of the City, set up a gilded Statue of -_Anastasius_ before the _College_ of the Poets, on which was inscribed -a Couple of elegant Verses; yet no Mention is made in them, in what -Part of the City this College was built. When a Report was made to -_Manuel_ the Emperor, that from antient Times, on the West Side of the -_Forum_ of _Constantine_, there had stood in the Nich of the Wall two -female Statues made of Brass, one a _Roman_, the other an _Hungarian_ -Woman; and that the Statue of the _Roman_ Woman projected, by Reason of -its Craziness, beyond its Base, and the Statue of the _Hungarian_ Woman -stood fixed in its Station; he sent some Workmen to erect the _Roman_, -and demolish the _Hungarian_ Statue, thinking by this Means, that the -Affairs of _New-Rome_ would take a new Turn of Prosperity and Success. -In the same _Forum_, among other elegant Statues of famous Men, was the -Statue of _Longinus_, who had been _Prefect_ of the City, on which was -cut the following Inscription, made by _Arabius_. - - Iberia, Persis, _and the distant_ Nile, - _The_ Solymæans, Indians, _and_ Armenians, - _With all th’ extended Regions of the West, - The_ Colchi, _bordering near to_ Caucasus, - _Which hides its tow’ring Head amongst the Clouds, - And all the flow’ry Plains of fair_ Arabia, - Longinus’ _Expedition can attest; - With what Dispatch he flew to treat of Peace, - And with what Speed successfully return’d_. - -I shall take no Notice of the Statue of _Themistius_ the Philosopher, -plac’d near the _Forum_ of _Constantine_, whom _Valentinian_ had -dignified with the Title of _Prefect_ of the City, and to whom the -Emperor _Valens_ had done more Honour by his Writings, than any -Statue or high Station whatsoever. _Socrates_ gives us the following -Account of the Death of _Arius_, the Ring-leader of the Sect of the -_Arians_. _Arius_, says he, when he had made his Appearance before -_Constantine the Great_, at his coming out of the Palace, attended -by the Life-Guards, of which _Eusebius_ was Commander, and passing -thro’ the City, gaz’d at by Crowds of People; when he came near the -_Porphyry_ Pillar in the _Forum_ of _Constantine_, and being informed -upon Enquiry, where there was a Privy, he repairs thither under a -strange Terror and Despondency of Mind, where being oppressed with an -uncommon falling of the Bowels, his strait Gut fell from him, which -was followed by a large Effusion of Blood, which brought away his -small Guts, his Liver, and his Spleen, so that he died instantly. The -same Author adds, that this Privy was standing in his Time. There is -nothing however remaining at present in the _Forum_ of _Constantine_, -but the _Porphyry_ Pillar, for the Ground of it is wholly rebuilt -upon. Near the Pillar there stands a _Caravansera_, or a Place built -for the Entertainment of Strangers; and near that, a _Turkish_ Mosque, -built by _Hali Bassa_, the _Vestibule_ or Porch of which is large, -made of Marble, and adorned with six shining Pillars, four of white, -and two of _Thebaick_ Marble; the Shafts of which measure at the -bottom of them seven Foot and four Digits in Circumference. These, -tho’ they are very tall Columns, have each of them, according to the -_Turkish_ Manner, two _Bases_; the lowermost of which was Marble, and -the other Brass. This Way of Building they learned from the _Greeks_, -who generally raised their _Pedestals_ with a very high _Cornice_. -Not far from this Mosque there stands a School, or College, inhabited -by the Professors of the _Mahometan_ Divinity. There’s a quadrangular -_Portico_ runs round it, which is supported with eighteen Pillars, -Part of which consist of green, and Part of white Marble. A little -below that of _Ali-Bassa_ stands another Mosque. ’Tis seated on the -highest Eminence of the second Valley, and has a Marble _Vestibule_, -adorned with six Columns; two of which are made of _Porphyry_ Marble -variegated, two of white Marble with Sky coloured Streaks, and two of -a dark green Marble stained with White. From some Things, which, as I -remarked before, stood on the second Hill, you discover the Situation -of Part of the third _Ward_, (in which was built the Tribunal of the -_Forum_ of _Constantine_) and almost all the fifth and sixth _Ward_. I -would observe also in this Place, that _Dionysius_ places the Temples -of _Tellus_, _Ceres_, _Proserpina_, _Juno_ and _Pluto_, partly on -the Eminencies of the second Hill, and partly on the Plain on the -Sea-Shore below it. He places the Temple of _Tellus_ in particular -beyond the Bay, without the Walls of _Old Byzantium_. He tells us, -_That this Temple is open at Top, to shew the Freedom of the Earth in -her Productions, and that the Walls of it are built of a fine polished -Stone_. He adds farther, _That above the Temple of_ Tellus, _stood -the Temples of_ Ceres _and_ Proserpina, _which were beautified with a -large Collection of fine Paintings, the curious Reliques of preceding -Times, and with Statues no Ways inferior to them, finished in the most -elaborate Manner. The Temples of_ Juno _and_ Pluto, he tells us, _were -situate where the Sea winds off from the Continent; and that nothing -was remaining of them in his Time, but the Names of them only_. He -continues, _That_ Cyrus _in his Expedition against the_ Scythians, _in -Return of the Preparations made against him by the_ Byzantians, _burnt -down the Temple of_ Juno; _and that_ Philip _of_ Macedon, _when he was -carrying on the Siege of_ Byzantium, _and wanted some Materials for -that Purpose, demolished the Temple of_ Pluto; _and that the Names -of each of these Temples still continued: For the Temple of_ Pluto -_was called_ Acra Plutonis, _as was the Temple of_ Juno _called_ Acra -Heræa; _and lastly, that in these Temples, the Youth constantly at -the Beginning and End of the Year, offered their Sacrifices_. It will -appear more probable, that these _Acræ_ were seated on some Eminencies -of the second Hill, rather than in the Plain below it, because there is -not the least Appearance of either of them in that Place: So that when -_Dionysius_ records it, that these _Acræ_ of _Pluto_ and _Juno_, were -situate very near the Sea-Shore, he must intend only that they were -only the _Points_ of some Dock, or Haven. If this be not his Meaning, -the _Acræ_ here mentioned ought to be interpreted the _Sea-Shores_; -but I have enlarged more fully on this Matter in my _Treatise of the_ -Bosporus. - - - - -CHAP. V. - - _Of the Seventh_ Ward. - - -The _Antient Description of the Wards_ tells us, that the Situation -of the seventh _Ward_, in Comparison with the sixth, is more upon the -Level, altho’ at the Extremity of one of its Sides, it falls with a -greater Declivity into the Sea; and from hence I concluded, that there -could be little Difficulty in discovering where this _Ward_ stood. But -this Description of it is not peculiar to it, but common also to other -_Wards_. For as to what the Author adds, that this _Ward_ stretches it -self with very long _Portico’s_ from the _Right Hand_ of the Pillar of -_Constantine_, to the _Forum_ of _Theodosius_; as it does also on the -other Side of it down to the Sea-Shore, extended in the same Manner: I -could make no more Observations from this Account of it, than I could -from the Buildings which are mentioned to be contained in it, since -the very Remembrance of them is entirely lost. I therefore considered -with my self, what the Author might probably be understood to mean by -the _Right Hand_ of the Pillar of _Constantine_. In this Difficulty -I had Recourse to _Livy_, who says, that _Romulus_ has determined -all the _Wards_, which reach from East to West, to be the Right Hand -_Wards_, and all the _Wards_ which extended from South to North to be -Left Hand _Wards_. But I could not explain the Difficulty this Way; -for by this Means I had made this _Ward_ to stretch it self Southward; -whereas I shall shew plainly in another Place, that it extended it self -to the North. Nor could the _Geographical_ Method give me any Light -into this Matter; for when these Gentlemen take the Altitude of the -Pole, they look full North, so that the East lies directly on their -Right Hand. _Varro_, who has defined to an Exactness the four Parts of -the Heavens, following the _Astrological Scheme_, has given me some -Insight into this Matter: He tells us, that the South lies directly -before us, and the North behind us, so that the East lies to the left -Hand, and the West to the Right. I judged by this Division of the -Heavens into four Parts, that the seventh _Ward_ was situate Westward -of the Pillar of _Constantine_; and yet was in Suspence, whether the -Author _of the Description_ followed the Division of _Romulus_, or -that of the _Astrologers_. I was therefore under greater Hesitation -than I was before, till after a diligent Enquiry I made a Discovery -where the Column of _Theodosius_ stood, and of some Footsteps of the -Churches of _Anastasia_ and _Hirena_, by which I perceived that the -seventh _Ward_ descended from the Top of the _Promontory_ down to the -Bay, and that this Author had described its Situation more distinctly, -had he told us, that as you go from East to West, the seventh _Ward_ -extends it self on the right Hand, from the Pillar of _Constantine_, -to the _Forum_ of _Theodosius_. In this _Ward_ antiently were erected -several fine Buildings, which stood on the same Ground where the -most famous Place of Merchandize in the City, by the _Turks_ called -_Bezestan_, or their _Exchange_, stands at present, and where the most -valuable Goods of all Kinds are kept, as they were in the Reigns of the -_Christian_ Emperors, in the Building called the _Lampterum_, which -I believe formerly stood in another Place. I am prevailed upon to be -of this Opinion, when I consider the Ruines occasioned by the Fire, -which happened in the Reign of _Justinian_; and which, as _Cedrinus_ -relates, destroyed, among other Edifices, the Church of St. _Sophia_, -the Place where they kept the _Records_ of it, the _Octogon_, the Baths -of _Zeuxippus_, and the famous Structure of the _Lampterum_, so called, -by reason of the _Lights_ burning there every Night. This Building was -roofed with Wood, where the most costly Commodities, such as Silks, -Velvets, and the richest _Brocades_ were reposited. In short, this -Fire consumed every Thing, which the former Fire had spar’d. I might -not improperly have called it λαμπτῆρες, which in _Latin_ signifies -_Lucernæ_, as ’tis confirmed by the Authorities of _Livy_ and _Pliny_. - - - - -CHAP. VI. - - _Of the Street called_ Taurus, _the_ Forum _of_ Theodosius, _the - Pillar of_ Theodosius _with Winding Stairs, of the_ Tetrapylum, _the_ - Pyramidical _Engine of the Winds, the Statues of_ Arcadius _and_ - Honorius, _of the Churches of_ Hirena _and_ Anastasia, _and the Rocks - called_ Scyronides. - - -When I was quite out of Heart as to Discovery of the seventh _Ward_, -and the _Taurus_, without which no Discovery could be made of the -eighth _Ward_, I made the best Enquiry I could after some other -Buildings, which might lead me into the Knowledge of them. And after -I had searched for the Situation of the Pillar of _Theodosius_ for a -considerable Time, I was informed by some antient Persons, that it -stood on the Top of the _Promontory_, where the Plain of the third Hill -extends it self, which is near the New _Bagnio_ built by _Bajazet_ -the Emperor, who had demolished that Pillar above forty Years before -I came to _Byzantium_, that he might build his _Bagnio_ with more -Convenience. Beyond that Bath, Northward, there is a broad Way, where -there are three Booksellers Shops, and an antient Cistern; more towards -the South is the _Seraglio_. This broad Way widens Eastward into a -large _Area_, at the farther End of which is the Sepulchre of _Bajazet_ -the Emperor, with a Mosque, and a _Caravansera_. _Cedrinus_ relates, -that this Pillar of _Theodosius_ is, in all Parts, like that which was -erected by _Arcadius_, and is still standing in the _Xerolophum_, which -I shall have Occasion to describe hereafter. _Zonaras_ writes, that -the Pillar in the _Taurus_, erected at the Expence of _Theodosius_, -whereon were expressed the Trophies he took, and his well-fought -Battles with the _Scythians_, and barbarous Nations, with his own -Statue at the Top of it, was thrown down by an Earthquake, the same -Year that _Old Rome_ was taken. _Anastasius_ the Emperor ordered many -curious Pieces of Brass Workmanship to be demolished, and new cast into -his own Statue. Among these was a famous Statue of _Constantine the -Great_, which, with other Statues, made a large _Equestrian_ Statue, -which was gilded, dignified with his own Name and Title, and placed on -the same Pillar, where before had stood the Statue of _Theodosius_. -I would observe here by the By, that the Street called the _Taurus_ -was the same Place, where the Pillar of _Theodosius_ stood; and from -hence I would observe farther, that the seventh _Ward_ stood on the -Top and Sides of the third Hill. And although the seventh _Ward_ does -not contain the _Forum_ of _Theodosius_, yet it is not improbable -that it was but at a small Distance from it, not only if we consider -how exactly _Constantinople_ emulated _Old Rome_; but also, if any -Dependence may be had on the Authority of _Evagrius_, who asserts, -that the Fire which happened in the Reign of _Leo_, burnt down all -the Edifices from the _Forum_ of _Constantine_, to the _Forum_ of -_Taurus_. _An antient Native of_ Constantinople _informed me, that in -his Time the_ Forum _of_ Taurus, _and the Pillar of_ Theodosius _stood -in the same Place, and that it was like the_ Hippodrom, _full of wild -and uncultivated Trees. And because it was only a Shelter for Thieves -and Robbers, the Emperor_ Mahomet, _who took the City, voluntarily -bestowed the Ground on those who would build upon it_. That the _Forum -Pistorium_, or Bread-market, stood on Part of the Ground of the _Forum_ -of _Theodosius_, or at least was very near to it, I conjecture from -_Zonaras_, who says, that as the Emperor _Nicephorus Phocas_ was -coming out of his Palace, situate at the _Golden Fountain_, and near -the _Porta Aurea_, the People pursued him grievously with Railery -and Invective from the _Forum Pistorium_, as far as the Pillar of -_Constantine_. The _unknown Author_ of the History of _Constantinople_ -is of the same Opinion, as to the Situation of the _Taurus_, and the -Pillar, and tells us, _That the Pillar stood in a paved Court, near -the_ Forum Pistorium; and adds, _that in the same Place there was -a square Building, with four Gates, and four_ Portico’s _round it, -which he calls the_ Tetrapylum, _which before was called_ Quatrivium. -_Cedrinus_ places the _Tetrapylum_ not far from the _Forum_ of -_Taurus_, when he tells us, that the Fire in _Leo_’s Time, destroyed -two large Churches, adorned with all Kinds of curious Stones; one -not far from the _Tetrapylum_, the other adjoining to the _Forum_ of -_Taurus_. The same Author, speaking of another Fire, which happened in -the same Emperor’s Reign, writes, that it consumed all the Buildings -from the _Tetrapylum_, covered with Plates of Brass, to the Church. -The Author of the _Description of the Wards_ writes, that there was -in _Constantinople_ one gilded _Tetrapylum_, but does not mention in -what _Ward_ it stood. _Johannes_ the _Rhetorician_ (as he is cited by -_Evagrius_) tells us, that in the Reign of _Zeno_ the Emperor, one -_Mamianus_, an eminent Senator, built at _Constantinople_ some handsome -_Portico’s_, and that between two of them he built a _Tetrapylum_, as -a Boundary to both, which he splendidly adorned with Brass and Marble -Pillars; and adds, that in his Time the _Portico’s_ bore the Name of -some Emperor, and that large Stones of _Proconnesian_ Marble, the -Reliques of their antient Beauty and Magnificence, lay on the Ground, -but that there was not the least Sign of the _Tetrapylum_ remaining. -The _unknown_ Author abovementioned says, that in this _Tetrapylum_, -over the Pillars, there was a Chamber, where the Empress, and the -Relations of the Emperor deceased, received the News of his Death; and -having their Faces veiled, bewailed his Departure till six o’ Clock in -the Evening, when meeting the Corpse passing by, they attended it to -the Church of the _Apostles_, where they usually buried their Emperors. -The _Tetrapylum_ seems to me to have formerly been the Temple of -_Janus Quadrifrons_, and stood near the _Capitol_. It had, like that -of _Old Rome_, four Doors, denoting the four Seasons of the Year. For -_Janus_ takes his Name _ab eundo_, and therefore all _Passages_ are -said to be sacred to him, and the Doors of all Temples are called -_Januæ_. Some Authors tell us, that in the _Forum Pistorium_ there -was a quadrilateral _Pyramid_. _Cedrinus_ defines this _Tetrasceles_ -to be a quadrilateral Engine, invented to shew in what Point of the -Compass the Wind stood, and adds, that _Theodosius the Great_ erected -a Machine in the Form of a _Pyramid_, adorned with several Figures of -Animals, of Plants, of Fruits, of gilded Bunches of Pomegranates, and -naked _Cupids_, in _Basso Relievo_. Some of these _Cupids_ were cut in -a gay smiling Humour, some of the Uppermost were wantoning, and playing -their little Tricks with those who were below them, while others were -dancing. There was carved upon it a Set of young Fellows playing upon -brazen Pipes. On the Top of the _Pyramid_ was a Vane, or Weathercock, -which shewed in what Corner the Wind sat. The Statues of _Arcadius_ and -_Honorius_ were placed near the Statue of _Theodosius_ their Father; -that of _Arcadius_ in an Eastern, and that of _Honorius_ in a Western -Nich. _Socrates_, who has wrote the _History of the Christians_, tells -us, that _Valens_ the Emperor built out of the Ruines of _Chalcedon_, -a large _Aqueduct_, which he brought into the City, and which supplied -a very capacious Cistern, built by _Clearchus_, who was _Prefect_ of -_Constantinople_, and which, in his Time, was called the _Cistern_, or, -as the original Word in _Socrates_ seems more properly to signifie, -the _Lake_ of _Theodosius_. _Zonaras_ and _Cedrinus_ call this Lake a -_Nympheum_, and add to the Authority of _Socrates_, that the _Prefect_ -of the City celebrated there a great Festival, and very splendidly -entertained all the People. I would remark from these Citations, -that the Place which _Socrates_ calls the _Forum_ of _Theodosius_, -is called by _Zonaras_ and _Cedrinus_, the _Taurus_, and that they -are both the same _Forum_, and that the _Nympheum_ here mentioned is -different from the _Nympheum_ which is situate near the _Forum_ of -_Constantine_, over against the Senate-House, and where they usually -solemnized their Weddings, as has been observed before. The Author of -the _Antient Description, &c._ writes, that the _Carosian Bagnio’s_ -were so called from _Carosia_, the Daughter of the Emperor _Valens_; -but he does not tell us in what Part of the third Hill they stood, -nor could I discover when I was at _Constantinople_, whether they are -entirely in Ruines, and others built in the Room of them, (as there -are very large ones at present on the Top and the Sides of the third -Hill, which the _Turks_ have built) or not. The same Author places the -Churches of St. _Hirena_ and _Anastasia_ in the seventh _Ward_, but -does not mention in what Part of it. Nor is it possible to find out -their Situation, but from the Historical Accounts we have received of -it, which say, that when the City was taken by the _Franks_ and the -_Venetians_, a Fire began at the Synagogue of the _Saracens_, in that -Part of the City which declines towards the Sea Northward, very near to -the Church of St. _Hirena_. That this Church stood within the Precinct -of the _Seraglio_, I was first informed by some antient People of the -City; I afterwards took Notice of a lofty Tower which stood without -the Precinct of the _Seraglio_, which was situate on the East Side -of the third Hill. It was a square Building, and is still called by -the Vulgar _Hirene_; but whether it was the Church of St. _Hirene_, -or the Empress _Hirena_, I cannot tell. I find among the Monuments of -antient Learning, that there were three Churches at _Constantinople_ -dedicated to St. _Hirena_. The first was called the Old Church of St. -_Hirena_, which, as _Socrates_ writes, was built by _Constantine the -Great_, and stood near the Church of St. _Sophia_. The second, I am now -speaking of, stood on the third Hill; and the third, as _Procopius_ -says, was built by _Justinian_, at the Mouth of the Bay called _Ceras_, -or _Cornu_, and was called the Church of St. _Hirena_ the Martyr. Some -Authors write, that the Church of _Anastasia_ was built in that Place, -where the new _Bezestan_, or new _Basilica_ now stands: Others that -it was situate near the Cistern, supported with Abundance of Marble -Pillars, and stands between the _Basilica’s_ of the _Forum_, and the -Tomb, and _Caravansera_ of _Bajazet_ the Emperor. _Sozomen_ writes, -that when St. _Gregory_ went from _Nazianzum_ to _Constantinople_, he -preached in a small Church built by his Auditors, which was afterwards -very much enlarged by succeeding Emperors, and was also beautified and -adorned in the most expensive Manner, and was called the Church of -St. _Anastasia_. Whether it was so called, because St. _Gregory_ by -his Sermons preached in this Church had revived the _Constitutions_ -and _Decrees_ of the Council of _Nice_; or whether, as he adds, it -went by that Name, because a Woman big with Child, falling from the -upper Gallery, and dying upon the Spot, was restored to Life again -by the joint Prayers of the Congregation then present, I shall not -determine. However ’tis plain from this Passage of _Sozomen_, that -those Historians are grievously in the wrong, who say, that this Church -was built in Memory of St. _Anastasia_, a _Roman_ Saint. In my Treatise -of the _Thracian Bosporus_, I have shewn, that on the North Side of -the third Hill there rise some Rocks from the lowermost Eminencies of -it, which were call’d _Scironides_, by those who first transplanted a -Colony from _Megara_ and _Corinth_, to _Byzantium_. These Rocks were so -call’d, because of the Resemblance they bear to the _Scironides_, which -grow between _Corinth_ and _Megara_. I shall take the Freedom here just -to mention what’s worth observing on the third Hill. On the Top of it -stands the Tomb of _Bajazet_ the Emperor, near a _Caravansera_, and a -large Mosque which was built by him, after the Likeness of the Church -of St. _Sophia_, which is roof’d with Brick-work, and cover’d with -Lead. It has a large Porch or _Vestibule_, pav’d with white Marble, and -is surrounded with four _Portico’s_, which are supported with Columns -of the choicest Marble. In the Middle of it is a fine Fountain, which -falls into a large Bason, which emits the falling Water through several -little Cocks. The Mosque and _Vestibule_ is surrounded on three Sides -with a large _Area_, which is enclosed partly with Walls, and partly -with a _Caravansera_; and on the fourth Side ’tis encompass’d with a -Garden adjoining, in the Middle of which is the Tomb of _Bajazet_, in -a small Edifice built in a cylindrick Form. On the Top of the third -Hill stands the _Seraglio_, where the Emperor’s Concubines constantly -reside; ’tis enclos’d with a high Wall, which, at my first Arrival -at _Constantinople_, was more than two Miles in Compass. The present -Emperor _Solyman_ has taken up a Place in the Middle of this Precinct, -where he is laying a Foundation for a _Caravansera_, and his future -Sepulchre, which are now building with the most elegant Marble, brought -from several Parts of the _Turkish_ Dominions, so that you may see -infinite Kinds of it lying about the Building, not lately dug out of -the Quarry, but such as for many Ages has been used in the Palaces -of several Princes and Emperors, not only at _Byzantium_, but in -_Greece_, and all _Ægypt_. In the seventh _Ward_ I saw three ancient -Cisterns, not taken Notice of in the _Description of the Wards_; one -in the _Forum_ of _Taurus_, another between the Tomb of _Bajazet_ and -the _Bezestan_, both of which are supported with Marble Pillars. The -third was built on a Clift of the third Hill, which faced the North, -of which there are yet remaining six _Corinthian_ Pillars, very large -and tall, made of _Arabian_ Marble, and curiously wrought. Below the -_Base_ of the _Pedestal_ was lay’d an Earthen Pipe which convey’d Water -into a Cistern made of Brick, whose Roof also, which is Brick-work, is -supported with twenty square Brick Pillars. A little above the Cistern -there was formerly a Court belonging to a _Christian Church_, which the -_Turks_ demolish’d, to repair and beautify their own Houses. On that -Side of the Hill which extends itself Westward, there stands a Mosque, -whose _Vestibule_ is supported with twelve Pillars, six of which are -of _Arabian_ Marble. Above this Mosque there stands another, which is -also supported with Pillars, and was formerly a Church dedicated to -St. _Theodorus_. This however is not the same Church which _Procopius_ -says _Justinian_ built in a Place call’d _Rhessium_. There is another -Christian Church, now a Mosque, standing between the _Seraglio_, and -the Tomb which the Emperor _Solyman_ built for his Son _Mahomet_, which -is incrusted with several Kinds of Marble, curiously variegated. - - - - -CHAP. VII. - - _Of the eighth_ Ward, _and the Hind-part of the third Hill_. - - -I cannot find by the _Ancient Description of the Wards_, that the -eighth _Ward_ was situate on the South Side of the third Hill, though -it says, that the eighth _Ward_, on the Side of the _Taurus_, is not -bounded by the Sea, and may be look’d upon to be rather a narrow -than a broad Piece of Ground, though this Defect is sufficiently -amended by its great Length. For by this Description of it, I am left -altogether in Suspence, whether it lye North or South. But I discover -the Situation of the eighth _Ward_ from hence, that the Author _of -the Description_ tells us, that it contained part of the _Forum_ of -_Constantine_, and a _Portico_ on the left Side of it, as far as the -_Taurus_, and that the seventh _Ward_ stretch’d itself from the right -Hand of the Pillar of _Constantine_, to the _Forum_ of _Theodosius_. I -observe from these Authorities, that part of the _Promontory_, which -reaches from Sea to Sea, situate between the _Porphyry_ Pillar and -the _Taurus_, was divided into the North and South Side, and that -the _Portico’s_ on the right and left extending themselves from the -Pillar of _Constantine_ to the _Taurus_, parted the seventh and eighth -_Ward_, the former of which contain’d the right Hand _Portico’s_, and -the latter, the left. There’s nothing to be seen of these _Portico’s_ -at present, but only the broad Way which runs from the Church of St. -_Sophia_ to the Land-Wall. This _Ward_ contains also the _Capitol_, -and the _Basilica_ of _Theodosius_ both of which, ’tis very probable, -stood near the Pillar and _Forum_ of _Theodosius_. It is no less -evident from _Zonaras_ and _Cedrinus_, that the Fire in _Leo_’s Time -consumed the Senate-House, built for the Dispatch of publick Business -by the great Council of the Empire, and for the Conveniency of the -Emperor, when _Consul_, to preside over them. This Senate-House, as -the same Authors add, had twelve Pillars curiously variegated, made of -_Trojan_ Marble, which were twenty five Foot high, the Roof of it being -supported with four Arches. This House, according to these Writers, -was about two hundred and forty Foot long, and a hundred and fifty -Foot broad. I am inclin’d to believe, from what I have mention’d upon -this Occasion, that it was either the _Capitol_, or the _Basilica_ of -_Theodosius_. For it is plain from modern _Historians_, that these -two Structures, by whomsoever they were rebuilt after the Fire, lost -their Names, and they tell us, that in the _Taurus_ there was a Palace, -and a Place for the Entertainment of Strangers. And these Authorities -are strengthen’d by some ancient People of _Constantinople_, who -attest, that in their Remembrance, near the _Mint-House_, where they -now coin their Money, there stood a spacious Palace, inhabited, as -some say, by _Mahomet_ who took the City, before he built the great -enclosed Palace which stands upon the first Hill, and that some of the -_Sultans_ have since beautified their Palaces out of the Ruins of the -former. The Place of Entertainment, or rather the Church, which stood -to the South-west of the _Taurus_, I saw entirely demolish’d, and the -Pillars of it carried off, to build a _Caravansera_, which the Emperor -_Solyman_ erected in Memory of his Son, whom he dearly lov’d. I leave -it to the _Greek_ Priests to make the Enquiry, whether this was not the -same with the Church of St. _Paul_, which stood in the seventh _Ward_, -though I could never yet meet with one of them, who could give me -Insight into this Matter. - - - - -CHAP. VIII. - - _Of the ninth Ward; of the Temple of_ Concord; _of the Granaries of_ - Alexandria _and_ Theodosius; _of the Baths of_ Anastasia, _of the - House of_ Craterus; _of the_ Modius, _and the Temple of the_ Sun - _and_ Moon. - - -That the ninth _Ward_ was situate behind the third Hill, partly on -the Clifts which lye under the Ridge of it, and partly on those which -lye at the Bottom of it, and partly on the Shore of the _Propontis_, -extending itself as far as the Gardens call’d _Blanchæ_; I am -convinced, among other Authorities, principally by the Author _of the -Description_, &c. who says, that the ninth _Ward_ is all a Declivity, -and bounded by the Sea, as also from the Account he gives of the eighth -_Ward_, which as it is not terminated on the Side of the _Taurus_, -by any Part of the Sea, I have Reason to believe, took up the Plain -on the Top of the third Hill, but not the Descents below it, and -that the ninth _Ward_ lies partly under the eighth, on that Side of -it, which extends from the _Taurus_ Southward towards the Sea of the -_Propontis_, and was partly situate also on the two Declivities; one of -which descends from the _Taurus_ to South, South-west, the other from -the Houses of the _Janizaries_ to the South. You may also discover -by the Situation of the Temple of _Concord_, where the ninth _Ward_ -stood, which though it be not expressly declared by the Author _of the -Description_; yet Reason, and the Authority of other Writers, will -lead us into that Discovery. For _Evagrius_, describing the Fire which -happen’d in _Leo_’s Time, says, that it raged in a frightful Manner -on the North Side of the City, from the _Bosphorian_ Haven to the old -Temple of _Apollo_; on the South, from the Port of _Julian_, to the -Houses seated at a small Distance from the Temple of _Concord_; and -in the Middle Part of the City, from the _Forum_ of _Constantine_ to -the _Taurus_; and farther, that it extended itself in Length to the -Distance of five Furlongs. From hence it is discoverable, that the -Fire destroy’d all that Part of the ninth _Ward_, through which you -may draw a strait Line from the _Taurus_ to the _Propontis_. And this -would evidently appear to any one, who would walk the five Furlongs -from the _Forum_ of _Constantine_ to the _Forum_ of _Taurus_, and -there fix a Mark, and should afterwards walk Westward from the Port of -_Julian_, through the Plain on the Sea Shore, to the Distance of five -Furlongs more, and should there fix another Mark, and should compare -that Mark with another fix’d at the _Taurus_, he would vary very little -as to the Situation of the Temple of _Concord_. But that, and the -Church of St. _Thomas_ the _Apostle_ are now entirely in Ruins. If we -consider the Rules generally observed in Architecture, ’tis reasonable -to believe, that the Granaries of _Theodosius_ stood near the Port of -_Theodosius_, which was situate in the Gardens now call’d _Blanchæ_. -There was no Port either in the eighth or ninth _Ward_, but in that -Part of the twelfth _Ward_ which adjoins to the ninth, is the Port of -_Theodosius_, of which I shall speak more largely hereafter. Above the -_Blanchæ_ to the North, there stands a Temple upon an Eminence, call’d -_Myreleos_; in the Inside of which was a Cistern, the Roof of which is -supported with about sixty Marble Pillars. In the Place of this Cistern -there was formerly a Granary, which _Suidas_, though very improperly, -calls _Horeium_. The Statue of _Maimus_, says he, who march’d his Army -against the _Scythians_, stood in the _Horeium_, (which was before -the House of _Craterus_, now of _Myreleus_) near the _Modius_, and -the Brazen Hands. This _Modius_, or Bushel, was a settled Measure, -or Standard, according to which they bought and sold their Corn. The -Emperor _Valentinian_ made a Law, that twelve Bushels should be sold -at such a Sum; a certain Sea-faring Man, acting in Violation of this -Law, forfeited his right Hand. This, they tell you, was the Reason why -_Valentinian_ order’d two brazen Hands to be set up in a Nich of some -Place in the _Amastrianum_, and the brazen Bushel to be placed between -them. Others say, that _Valentinian_ commanded, that this Bushel should -not be sold by the Strike, but in full Measure; and that a certain -Offender lost both his Hands, for not observing this Order. _Cedrinus_ -writes, that some Places here were call’d the _Amastrianum_, from a -sorry abandon’d Fellow, a Native of _Amastrum_, who laying under the -deepest Scandal for cursing the _Paphlagonians_, and to escape the -Punishment of Homicide, fled for Shelter to _Constantinople_. The -same Author writes, that in the same Place there was a very large -Temple of the _Sun_ and _Moon_, where were carved, at the Charge of -_Phidalia_, the _Sun_ riding in a white Chariot, and the _Moon_ as his -Spouse sitting by him. Below these Figures, near the Ground, was cut a -powerful Prince, prescribing the Rules of Obedience to his People. Near -his Throne was carv’d a _Jupiter_, in a recumbent Posture, which was -the Work of _Phidias_. If the House before mention’d was the House of -the learned _Craterus_ a Sophist, there was erected his _Suggestum_, or -Desk, which has been celebrated in Verse by _Julian_ the _Ægyptian_. -Besides the Curiosities, the ninth _Ward_ also contain’d the famous -Baths of _Anastasia_, which took their Name, as _Marcellinus_ says, -from _Anastasia_ the Sister of _Constantine_. _Sozomen_ writes, that -_Marcian_ the _Grammarian_ was Tutor to the two Daughters of the -Emperor _Valens_, _Anastasia_ and _Carosia_; and that the Baths which -went by their Names, were standing in _Constantinople_ in his Time. - - - - -CHAP. IX. - - _Of the third Valley, and the tenth_ Ward; _of the House of_ - Placidia, _and her Palace; of the_ Aqueduct _of_ Valentinian, _the_ - Bagnio’s _of_ Constantine, _and the_ Nympheum. - - -That the tenth _Ward_ extended itself towards the North, and that it -was situate in the third Valley, and on the East Side of it; as also on -the Top of the _Promontory_, rising above the third Valley, is evident -from the Author of the _Description of the Wards_, who writes, that -the tenth _Ward_ is divided from the ninth by a broad Way; that it -lies much more upon the Level; that ’tis in no part of it uneven, but -near the Sea Shore; that ’tis of a proportionable Length and Breadth; -and that it contains the Church of St. _Achatius_, the _Bagnio’s_ of -_Constantine_, the House of _Placidia Augusta_, and many other fine -Buildings. But I could not find, after the utmost Search and Enquiry, -the Situation of any of them; so that I was obliged to have Recourse -to the Authority of Historians who had wrote of these Matters; and in -consulting them, I could not but take Notice of a Mistake in the Author -_of the Description_, &c. who says, that this _Ward_ contain’d the -_Bagnio’s_ of _Constantine_, whereas I cannot find, that _Constantine_ -ever had any _Bagnio’s_ at _Constantinople_, but that _Constantius_ -had. For _Sozomen_, speaking of those Persons, who, favouring St. -_Chrysostom_ and his Doctrine, were expelled the City, says, _That -perceiving the People to be furiously enraged against them, they did -not assemble the next Day in the great Church, but celebrated the Holy -Communion in a_ Bagnio, _which was called the_ Bagnio _of_ Constantius. -Suidas _reports, that_ Elladius Alexandrinus _wrote a Description of -the_ Bagnio’s _of_ Constantius, _in the Time of_ Theodosius _the_ -Less. Socrates _relates, that_ Valens _the Emperor commanded the Walls -of_ Chalcedon _to be taken down, and the Stones to be carried to_ -Constantinople _to build a_ Bagnio, _which was to be called the_ Bagnio -_of_ Constantius; and adds, _That in one of these Stones was cut a -Prophecy, which had been hid for many Ages, but was then explained_, -viz. _That when the City abounded with Water, a Wall would be of some -Service to a_ Bagnio, _and that numberless Nations of the_ Barbarians, -_should invade the Territories of the_ Romans, _make great Devastations -there, but at last should be overcome_. The Prophecy, as described by -_Socrates_, is as follows: - - _When tender Virgins shall in Circles dance - Around the publick Cistern, and with Flowers - Dress the capacious Vessel, when the Streets - Shall be with fragrant Sweets, and Garlands crown’d, - When rising Waters shall o’reflow its Top, - And a Stone-Bason made to catch them in; - A mighty Host, in shining Armour clad, - A wild and warlike Race, shall come from far, - And pass the rapid_ Danube’s _silver Streams_: - - Scythia, _and_ Mæsia’s _Lands unmeasurable - Shall be despoiled by their All-conquering Sword: - All_ Thrace _shall fear, the fatal Period’s come_. - -_Zonaras_ and _Cedrinus_ write this Prophecy the same Way, but differ -in the _Greek_ from _Socrates_, and put for δροσερὴν, ἱερὴν, for -λουτροῖο, λουτροῖσι, for ἄγρια μαρμαίροντα, ἄγρα μαργαίνοντα, for -καλιρόοιο, κιμμερίοιο. This Prophecy is thus interpreted by _Socrates_, -who tells us, that it was fully accomplished, when _Valens_ built an -_Aqueduct_, which supplied the City with Plenty of Water, when the -_Barbarous_ Nations invaded the Territories of _New Rome_. However, -it is capable of being interpreted in another Manner. For after -_Valens_ had brought the _Aqueduct_ into _Constantinople_, _Clearchus_, -the _Prefect_ of the City, built a large Cistern in the _Forum_ of -_Theodosius_, into which the _Aqueduct_ emptied it self, and the People -were there entertained at a jovial Feast, and that therefore it was -called the _plentiful Cistern_, which they tell you, was foretold -by the Prophecy in the Lines abovementioned. But some Part of this -Prophecy was not fulfilled till some Time after, when the Wall of -_Chalcedon_ was pulling down by the Order of _Valens_. At this Time -the People of _Nicomedia_, of _Nice_, and _Bithynia_, petitioned the -Emperor against it, who being highly displeased with them for it, could -hardly be prevailed upon to comply with their Petition; and therefore -to disengage himself from an Oath he had made to demolish the Wall, -he ordered other Stones to be placed in their Room, as fast as the -old ones were taken down. So that you may see at present, what a -mean Superstructure is railed upon the Remains of the old Wall, which -consisted of Stones of the largest, and most wonderful Size. _Zonaras_ -and _Cedrinus_ record it also, that _Valens_ to express his Resentment -against the People of _Chalcedon_, for giving Protection to his Enemy -_Procopius_, commanded the Walls of their City to be demolished, and -an _Aqueduct_ to be made of their Stones, which the former Historian -sometimes calls the _Aqueduct_ of _Valens_, and the latter sometimes -the _Aqueduct_ of _Valentinian_; and adds, among other Passages of -the History before mentioned, that according to the Prophecy, the -_Barbarous_ Nations made their Incursions into _Thrace_, but were -afterwards defeated. The _Aqueduct_ of _Valentinian_, which is highly -arched, passing thro’ the tenth Ward, reaches from the Sides of the -fourth, to the Side of the third Hill. I should be much surprized, that -the Author _of the Description of the Wards_, who has taken Notice of -the Granaries of _Valentinian_, has not mentioned it; but that I am -sensible he has omitted many other Monuments of _Antiquity_, which were -in Being in his Time. In the Reign of _Constantine_, the Son of _Leo_ -the Emperor (who was a declared Enemy to Images in Churches) and in the -Year of our Lord 759, there was so great a Drought at _Constantinople_, -that the Dew ceas’d to fall from Heaven, and all the Cisterns, -_Bagnio’s_, and Fountains of the City were dry’d up; which the Emperor -observing, he began to repair the _Aqueduct_ of _Valentinian_, which -continued in good Order, till the Reign of _Heraclius_, when it was -demolished by the _Avares_. Upon this he sent for Workmen from many -Places to rebuild it; from _Asia_ and _Pontus_ he had a Thousand -Builders, and two hundred White-washers; from _Greece_ five hundred -Brick-makers, and from _Thrace_ a Thousand Day-labourers, over whom -there presided a Nobleman, and some of the principal Men of the City, -as Surveyors of the Works. When the _Aqueduct_ was finished, the City -was again supplied with Water, which was conveyed into the Town through -a Passage lying between the ninth and the tenth Ward. There are many -subterraneous _Aqueducts_ which run through six of the Hills, but the -_Aqueduct_ of _Valentinian_ has its Course above Ground, which the -Historians, who have wrote of the _Actions_ of _Andronicus_ tell you, -passed through the Great _Forum_, that the Water of it was clear and -pleasant, that it was repaired and enlarged by _Andronicus_ himself, -and that he encreased its Current by the River _Hydrales_. At the -Spring-head, from whence this _Aqueduct_ arose, he built a Tower and a -Palace, where he used to divert himself in the Summer. He also brought -the Water from the same River into the _Blachernæ_, which is a Part of -the _Suburbs_. The Tower was ruined by _Isacius_ his Successor, in pure -Resentment to his Memory. We are told by _Procopius_, that _Justinian_ -repaired the Church of _Achatius_, when injured by Time; that he placed -white Marble Pillars round it, and that he paved and incrusted the -Sides of it with the same kind of Marble, so that the whole Building -was beautifully white. There were two _Portico’s_ adjoyning to the -Church, one which opening to the _Forum_, is encompassed with Pillars. -This Passage is not inserted in the printed Edition of _Procopius_, -which induced me the more to take Notice of it here. _Cedrinus_ -writes, that the Church of St. _Achatius_ stood in a Place called the -_Heptascalum_; others say, that it stood in the _Scala_; but no body -at present knows where that Place was. However, if any one hereafter -should have the Curiosity to enquire where this Church stood, I -would advise him to take along with him the following Direction. Let -him enquire where the great House stands, which Historians call the -_Carya_, because there stands in the _Area_ of it a Nut Tree, upon -which, they tell you, that _Achatius_ was put to Death, and upon -that Occasion, that a Church was built in Memory of him, which some -think, was situate in the _Neorium_, because they have seen it in some -Authors, that the Image of St. _Achatius_, made with Glass Stones, and -inlay’d with Gold, was placed in the Church of the _Neorium_. But the -Person of whom this is spoke was another _Achatius_, who, not only, as -many Historians, but as _Suidas_ the Grammarian tells us, was Bishop of -_Constantinople_ in the Time of _Leo Marcellus_, but a Man of so proud -and haughty a Spirit, that he commanded many of his Pictures to be -placed in Churches, while he was yet alive, from whence he was called -_Doxomanes_. The House of _Placidia_, I have observed before, stood in -the first _Ward_, so that it may be questioned, whether it ought to -be read _Domus Placidiæ_, or _Placillæ_, or _Placidæ_; for _Agathius_ -takes Notice of the Palaces of _Placidæ_ or _Placidi_, in the following -Inscription. - - The learned _Agathius_ upon a Picture in the Palace of _Placidia_, - set up by the Gentlemen of the LONG ROBE, or new _Chancery_. - - _The learned Sages of the Law have plac’d - At their Expence, great_ Thomas’ _Picture here, - Near that which represents his Royal Mistress. - This mighty Honour he’s entitl’d to, - In that he serv’d his Prince with Faithfulness, - And was the constant Guardian of his Throne: - His Prudence fill’d the Royal Treasury, - And rais’d th’ Imperial Family, yet higher. - To celebrate his Worth, for Times to come, - His Picture shines amongst our Emperors._ - -Beyond the Rocks called _Scironides_, _Dionysius_ mentions a long Shore -in a Plain of the third Valley, and the fourth Hill, which is looked -upon as a remarkable Place for Fishing; for ’tis a very deep and a very -still Water, which was antiently call’d _Cycla_, because the _Greeks_ -had formerly hemm’d in there the _Barbarians_. There is also in the -same Place, an Altar dedicated to _Minerva Dissipatoria_, which was -erected in Memory of that Action. Beyond _Cycla_ is a Creek called -_Melias_, another famous Place for Fishing, which is enclosed with -several Rocks, and a Ridge of the _Promontory_ hanging over the Sea. -There is no Creek in this Valley at present. Time has filled it up, as -we learn from _Strabo_, who writes, that this Creek was called _Ceras_, -because it had many Inlets into the Shore in the Form of a Deer’s Horn, -but there’s scarce any Appearance of them at present. _Zosimus_, who -wrote his History in the Reign of _Arcadius_ and _Honorius_, tells us, -that _Constantinople_ was then so crowded with Inhabitants, that the -Emperors did not only enlarge the Walls beyond those of _Constantine_, -but that they built upon Timber Foundations over the Sea. This Method -of Building, ’tis probable, very much contributed in Time to incumber -and stop up these Inlets of the Creek. At the End of the Creek called -_Melias_, is a Place which goes by the Name of Κῆπος, because ’tis very -good Garden Ground. Beyond the Garden is a Place named _Aspasius_; but -of this I have spoken in my _Treatise_ of the _Bosporus_. - - -_The End of the Third Book._ - -[Illustration: Page Decoration] - - - - -[Illustration: Page Header Decoration] - -THE ANTIQUITIES OF CONSTANTINOPLE. - -BOOK IV. - - - - -CHAP. I. - - _Of the Eleventh Ward, and of the Fourth and Fifth Hills._ - - -I had been at a Loss to discover the eleventh _Ward_, (which, tho’ -the _ancient Description_ of the _Wards_ mentions to have been wider -in Compass than the Tenth, and in no Part of it bounded by the Sea; -as also that it partly consisted of a Level, and partly of a rising -Ground) unless the Author had subjoin’d, that it contain’d also -the Church of the _Apostles_, And tho’ at present there’s nothing -remaining of that Church, yet I was inform’d by some ancient People of -_Constantinople_, who told me, that they remembred it stood upon the -Back of the fourth Hill; which fell upon a Hill of the third Valley, -near the _Sadlers Shops_, and the Sepulchre of _Mahomet_ the Emperor. -I observe from hence, that the eleventh _Ward_ was Part on the Top of -the same Hill, and Part on the North Side of it. I shall shew by what -follows, that this _Ward_ reach’d to the _Land-Wall_ of the City, which -divided the Eleventh, from the fourteenth _Ward_, and which was also -itself divided from the City by an intermediate Space of Land. I shall -convince the Reader presently, that this _Ward_ was situate on the -sixth Hill, without the Walls of the City, and was afterwards wall’d -round by _Theodosius_ the _Less_. The Walls built by _Constantine_ -are said to have reach’d as far as the Churches of St. _Anthony_, and -St. _Mary_, who was call’d _Rabdos_, and from thence to have risen to -a _Land-Wall_ call’d _Exacionion_, which took its Name from hence, -_viz._ That without the _Land-Wall_ there stood a Pillar, on which was -erected the Statue of _Constantine_ the _Great_. Some modern Writers -will have it, that he built a Church which he dedicated to the _Holy -Trinity_ in a Place call’d the _Exacionion_, now call’d the Church of -the _Apostles_; for, if I am not mistaken, the Walls of _Constantine_ -were built upon the Borders of the fourth and fifth Hill, near the -_Exacionion_, _Cedrinus_ writes, that the Walls of the City, the -beautiful Churches, the fine Houses seated in the _Exacionion_ were -thrown down by a dreadful Earthquake. They tell us in other Places, -tho’ not consistently with themselves, that there were _Portico’s_ -which reach’d from the _Miliarium_ to the Street call’d _Taurus_, and -to the Gates of St. _John_ the _Baptist’s_ Church near the _Hippodrom_, -which are more than a thousand _Roman_ Paces distant from the Church of -the _Apostles_, and as far from the Walls of the City which were built -by _Constantine_, as may be gather’d from the following Passage of -_Sozomen_. _Theodosius_, says this Author, _leading his Army against_ -Eugenius, _went a Mile out of the City to the Church of St._ John, -_which he had built in the_ Hepdomum. This _Hepdomum_ was a Part of -the Suburbs of the City, but is now enclos’d within the Walls, as -will appear when I come to speak of it. If the Pillar from whence the -_Exacionion_ took its Name, was the same with that high Pillar which -stood on the Top of the fifth Hill, and was seen not long since at a -great Distance from the City, above all the Houses, we might easily -discover, that the Walls built by _Constantine_ did not reach beyond -this Pillar, which stood about half a Mile’s distance from the _Church_ -of the _Apostles_. I saw this Pillar took to Pieces, and remov’d for -building a Mosque, by Order of _Solyman_ the Emperor. The _Base_, -the _Pedestal_ and the Foundation of it were of white Marble. The -Foundation-Stone alone was so high, that I could not climb it without -a Ladder. The _Pedestal_ was four Foot and nine Digits high, and the -_Plinth_ one Foot, and six Digits. The _Greeks_ and the _Turks_, each -in their Dialect, call’d it the _Pillar_ of the _Virgin_, which I -take to be that celebrated by our modern Writers, which they say was -erected upon a Hill, and supported the Statue of _Venus_, carv’d in -Stone. When the _Ancient Description of the Wards_ tells us, that the -eleventh _Ward_ is no Ways bounded by the Sea, it must be so understood -as to mean, that the Plain situated between the Bay of _Ceras_, and -the Foot of the fourth Hill, was not within the Walls, since the same -_Treatise_ mentions, that the City was six thousand one hundred and -fifty Foot broad; that is, a Mile and two hundred and thirty Paces; for -the Latitude of the _Isthmus_, which stretches itself over the fourth -and seventh Hill, thro’ which the old Wall extended itself, exceeds the -Breadth abovemention’d. But _Zosimus_, an ancient Historian, says, that -_Constantine_ the _Great_ so wholly surrounded the City with a Wall, -that it cut off the _Isthmus_ from Sea to Sea. So that upon the whole, -there is a Necessity to place the Plain, situate between the Bay, and -the Bottom of the fourth Hill, in the tenth _Ward_. - - - - -CHAP. II. - - _Of the Church of the Apostles, the Sepulchre of_ Constantine _the - Great, the Cistern of_ Arcadius _and_ Modestus, _of the Palace of_ - Placilla, _and the_ Brazen Bull. - - -’Tis attested by _Eusebius_, That _Constantine_ the _Great_ built the -Church of the _Apostles_ to a great Heighth, that he incrusted it with -all Sorts of variegated Marble, which cast a beautiful Lustre from Top -to Bottom; that he adorn’d it with small gilded Roofs, and cover’d -it with Plates of Brass deeply gilt, which cast a blazing Reflexion -to a great Distance. The upper Part of this venerable Structure, was -curiously wrought all round it with Brass and Gold, and was enlightned -with Abundance of Lattices and Windows. Round the Church there was -a fine Court lying open to the Air. The _Portico’s_ which enclos’d -it, stood in a Quadrangular Manner. Near the _Portico’s_ stood the -Palace, the _Bagnio’s_, the Cloysters, and many other Houses and -Buildings belonging to the Ecclesiasticks, and other Ministers of the -Church. These bountiful Benefactions has the pious Emperor handed -down to Posterity in Memory of the _Apostles_ of the blessed Saviour -of Mankind, to whom also he consecrated twelve Purses of Gold. The -Coffin in which he intended to be buried after he was dead, was -plac’d by his Order in the Body of the Church, and guarded with the -twelve _Apostles_ in Effigy. ’Tis added by _Socrates_, that the Body -of _Constantine_ lying in a golden Coffin, was brought into the City -by his intimate Friends, and buried in the Church of the _Apostles_. -I am inclin’d to believe, that _Zonaras_ never read _Eusebius_, when -he tells us, that ’twas buried in the Cloyster of the Church of -the _Apostles_, which, he says, was built by _Constantius_ for the -Interrment of his Father. Near the broad Way which stretches itself -along the Top of the _Promontory_, from the Church of St. _Sophia_, -to the Gate of _Adrianople_, (hard by the Place where stood the -Church of the _Apostles_,) there is shewn to this Day, a Coffin made -of _Porphyry_ Marble, empty; and without a Cover, ten Foot long, and -five Foot and a half broad, which the _Greeks_ and _Turks_ say, was -the Coffin of _Constantine_ the _Great_; but I cannot vouch for the -Truth of it: Yet the Authorities of _Socrates_ and _Eusebius_ seem -to be somewhat doubtful, who tell us, that he was buried in a golden -Coffin, unless perhaps the golden Coffin was inclos’d in that of the -_Porphyry_ Marble. _Zonaras_ is of Opinion, that _Theodora_, the Wife -of _Justinian_, built the Church of the _Apostles_; and adds, that -there was anciently in the same Place a _Church_ of the _Apostles_, -but much Inferior in Beauty and Magnificence to that which stands at -present, on the same Ground. _Procopius_ says, that there had been -for some Ages, a Church at _Constantinople_ which was much impair’d -by Time, and likely to fall, which _Justinian_ order’d to be taken -down, rebuilt, and enlarg’d, and made in the Figure of a Cross, the -Body of the Church pointing East, and West, and the Part crossing it, -North, and South. This Church is well wall’d, and adorn’d within with -Ranges of Pillars standing one above another: _Evagrius_ therefore -seems to be mistaken, in attributing the Building of this Church to -_Justinian_, when it is evident it was built by _Constantine_ the -_Great_; and _Procopius_ too grosly flatters _Justinian_ in ascribing -to him the Building of many fine Structures, whereas, in reality, he -only repair’d them when they were old, or rebuilt them when fall’n too -much to decay, or destroy’d by Fire. There’s nothing remaining of this -Church at present, no, not even of its Foundation. You see only the -Ruines of an old _Cistern_, which supply’d the Church, and the Clergy -with Water. There are now standing upon the same Spot of Ground about -two hundred _Sadlers Shops_, and _Work-houses_, where they make and -sell not only all kinds of Horse-Geer, but also Leathern Bucketts, -Quivers, and Trunks. A little above this _Cistern_, stands a Mosque, -with a _Caravansera_ adjoining to it, situate on a Plain, which was -built with square Stone, after the Form of the Church of St. _Sophia_, -out of the Ruins and Sacrilege of the Church of the _Apostles_, and -other Christian Churches by _Mahomet_, who took the City. The Roof is -of a Semicircular Figure, made of Brick-Work, and cover’d with Lead, -as are all the publick Buildings of the _Turks_. ’Tis beautify’d with -a very elegant square Porch as broad as the Church itself, pav’d with -the finest Marble, and adorn’d with square _Portico’s_. The Arches of -them, which bear up the Roof, are supported with very large Pillars of -Marble, curiously variegated. In the Middle of it is a Fountain with -nine Pipes, whose Waters fall into a great Bason. Round the Mosque is -a spacious Court, Part of which is enclos’d with Walls, and Part with -long kind of Houses, some of which are inhabited by their Priests, and -School-Masters. In the Eastern Part of this Court there’s a Garden, -in the Middle of which stands the Sepulchre of _Mahomet_, built in a -Cylindric Form of the whitest Marble. ’Tis covered with Lead, lighted -with Windows, and has a Door of Entrance into it. In the Middle of -this Structure is the Coffin of _Mahomet_, cover’d with Velvet, placed -on the Ground on a rich Carpet. The Ground is wholly covered with the -most costly Carpets, where the Priests continually sit, and guard -the Body Night and Day. A little without the Court are several large -_Caravansera’s_, built also with square Stone, which have Court-yards -in the Middle of them, and _Portico’s_ surrounded with Marble Pillars. -These _Caravansera’s_ have large Gardens adjoyning to them. In short, -this Mosque, with the adjacent Buildings round the Court, with the -_Caravansera’s_ and Gardens, take up a Space of Ground six Furlongs -in Compass. _Mahomet_, the same Emperor, built in this Place, where -had formerly been the Old _Cistern_ of _Arcadius_, or _Modestus_, the -largest _Bagnio’s_ in all the City. These Baths were of two Kinds, -some for Men, and some for Women. They adjoin to each other, but have -different Entries without any Passage out of one into the other. I -shall only describe the Mens Baths; because the Womens are like them. -The first Place you enter is the Room where they undress. From hence -you pass into the hot, and from thence into the cold Bath. They all -stand in one Range, and are only separated by Walls from each other. -The Room where they undress is a square Structure, built of square -Stone up to the Roof, which is arch’d and built with Brick; the Inside -of which, measuring two hundred and fifty eight Foot in compass, is -surrounded with an Ascent of Stone, above six Foot broad, and three -Foot high. The Wall of this Room, from the Pavement to the Bottom of -the arch’d Roof is thirty seven Foot high. In the Middle of the Floor, -which is pav’d with Marble, there’s a large Marble Bason, which is -thirty seven Foot in compass, and three Foot deep, which is always -supply’d from a Fountain of Spring Water. There are two Doors out of -the stripping Room into the hot Bath. This Apartment is a hundred Foot -in compass in the Inside of it, and is supported with four Arches, -which bear up a _Dome_ at the Top. It contains eight _Cells_ or bathing -Rooms; one of which, not above half so large as the rest, has some -Privies behind it, which are cleans’d by an Efflux of all the Waters -which are turn’d out of the Bath. Six of these _Cells_ have, each of -them, a bathing Cistern, and are built in such a Manner, that two of -these Arches hang each of them over one bathing Room; from whence you -may pass, on the Right and on the Left, into another. The _Cells_ under -the other two Arches are so form’d, that that Arch which is nearest -the Doors which lead out of the stripping Room into the hot Bath, hangs -over a very large bathing Room. ’Tis pav’d with Marble, and the _Turks_ -wash their Linen in this Place. A plain Wall arch’d at top parts the -hot from the cold Bath. In the Middle of the hot Bath there is a Bason -with a Fountain playing. There is but one Door which leads out of the -hot into the cold Bath. This Apartment has eight Arches which support -its _Dome_, and contains eight bathing Places, which project beyond the -Sphere of its _Dome_, and encircle the whole _Bagnio_, which is about -ninety Foot in compass. The whole Pavement of it is lay’d with Marble, -and in the Middle of it is built an Ascent in the Form of an _Octagon_, -which is fifty seven Foot, and nine Inches in Circumference, and two -Foot and four Digits high. Round the _Octagon_ there runs a Channel of -Water, which is of the same Depth with the Height of the _Octagon_. -The four inward bathing Rooms are situate in four Angles, and are each -of them every Way eleven Foot and three Digits broad, and these are -call’d the _Hot-Houses_ or _Sweating-Bagnio’s_. The Dimension of the -two Bathing Rooms, which are situate without the two Arches, is the -same. The other six Bathing Rooms are of a Semicircular Figure, and -stand under six Arches within the Circle of the _Dome_ of the hot Bath. -At the Bottom of the Pillars which support the Arches, they are eleven -Foot in length, and five Foot nine Inches in breadth. Every one of -these Bathing Rooms has a Marble _Cistern_ wherein they bath; and in -one of them above the rest, there is erected a stately Marble Throne. -There are no Lights in the Walls either of the hot or cold Baths, tho’ -the _Domes_ of them are wholly illuminated with Glass-Windows. The -_Stoke-Hole_, which is two Foot and a half in compass, and of the same -height, is built without the Baths. They keep a constant Fire in it, -which heats a Brazen Vessel, whence it emits its warm Steams thro’ -Pipes laid in a strait, and an oblique Manner, by that means heating -the Bottom of the _Cisterns_ in which they bath. There is a Rivulet -in a Field of the Suburbs, about six Foot in breadth, which runs near -the _Stoke-Hole_. There are Pipes laid in this Brook, which convey the -Water thro’ the Walls of these Baths into all Parts of them. One of -these Pipes which passes thro’ a heated Earthen Vessel, upon turning -a Cock, supplies the _Cisterns_ with hot Water; the other Pipe which -rises higher, upon the turning of an other Cock, tempers the hot Water -according to the Pleasure of the Person who baths in it. But I shall -treat of the Use of Bathing, and the Way of building _Bagnio’s_ among -the _Turks_ in another Place. I return now to the eleventh _Ward_, -which _Procopius_ takes Notice of, when he tells us, that _Theodora_ -the Consort of _Justinian_ address’d herself to him in the following -Manner: _We have, may it please your Imperial Majesty, other Palaces -still remaining, which are call’d the Palaces of_ Helena, _as we have -also those of_ Placilla, _the Wife of_ Theodosius _the Great. For as_ -Justinus _honour’d his Empress with several noble Palaces, which, -after her own Name, were call’d the Palaces of_ Sophia, _so it is -highly probable that_ Theodosius _did_ Placilla _the same Honour in -building a Palace for her, which was call’d the Palace of_ Placilla. -_I am induc’d to believe this, because he passionately lov’d her, and -by Reason of that strong Resentment he bore to the People of_ Antioch, -_whom he subjected to the Dominion of the_ Laodenses, _for demolishing -the Statues of_ Placilla, _plac’d in his own_ Forum, _because he lay’d -an additional Tribute upon them_. This Palace may not improperly be -call’d also the Palace of _Flacilla_, of whom _Claudian_ speaks in the -following Lines: - - _’Tis_ Spain _alone, subject to potent_ Rome, - _Which pays her Tribute in her Emperours. - Provision, Taxes, and Confederate Bands_ - Rome _by her Arms in ev’ry Nation raises, - Which bows its Head to her superiour Greatness_. - Spain _only furnishes a Race of Princes, - Wise, Bold, and Warlike, form’d for Empire, - And fit to rule the Mistress of the World. - Nor pleas’d alone to send her valiant Sons, - Unless a second Offering she made, - Of princely Mothers, noble Empresses_, - Flacilla, Maria, _pious, humble, good; - And fair_ Serena, _full of blooming Charms_. - -The _Brazen Bull_ was plac’d in the eleventh _Ward_. In what Part of -that _Ward_ it was plac’d might easily be conjectur’d from a large -_Cistern_, which, the modern Historians write, was built near it by -_Nicetas_ an Eunuch, in the Reign of the Emperor _Theophilus_, if that -_Cistern_ was now in being. If the _Bull_ itself was remaining, or the -_Forum_ where it stood, I had heard something of it. _Tzetzes_ in his -History writes, that the _Forum Bovis_ was so call’d from the _Brazen -Bull_. This _Bull_ is more particularly describ’d by _Zonaras_, who -says, _that the Body of the unhappy Tyrant_ Phocas _was burnt at a -Place call’d_ Bos, _where there was a Stove, or Fire-Place set up in -the Form of a Bull, which was brought from_ Troy. _Cedrinus_ relates, -that _Antypas_ the _Martyr_ was burnt to Death in this _Bull_. It is a -plain Instance of the Cruelty and Tyranny of some of the Emperors of -_Constantinople_, that they us’d to punish Malefactors with a Death -so tormenting. The like Example of Barbarity we have in _Perillus_, -or rather _Perilaus_, a Brazier of _Attica_, who made a _Brazen Bull_ -for the Execution of _Phalaris_, but first suffer’d in it himself. -This Piece of Workmanship, says _Pliny_, was preserv’d a long Time, -that those, who saw it, might curse the Hand that made it. I am more -inclin’d to believe, that this _Bull_ was brought from _Sicily_, or -_Italy_. I enquir’d after it, but could hear nothing of it, altho’ the -Inhabitants are not ignorant, that there was formerly such a _Bull_ at -_Constantinople_, and are us’d to boast of a Prophecy, which has been -handed down to them from their Ancestors, concerning such a _Bull_, -and lastly, altho’ they believe their own Interpretation of it to -be more agreeable to Truth than that of _Tzetzes_, who explain’d it -above three hundred and seventy Years ago in the following Manner. -There was a mighty Talk of a Prophecy at _Constantinople_ some Time -ago, which run in these Words: Βοῦς βοήσει τε, καὶ Ταῦρος δὲ θρηνήσει, -_Bos mugiet, Taurus lugebit_. The People conjectur’d from hence, says -he, that great Calamities should befall the City, that they should be -perplex’d with amazing Fears, that an innumerable Army of _Germans_, -and other Nations, should come against the Town; and that they should -be all terrify’d and affrighted with strange Dreams, by Reason of the -Plundering and Destruction of their City. Upon which, the Wife of -the _Grand Hetæriarch_ being in great Consternation, and her Fears -and Fancies being encreas’d by some fabulous Verses made upon the -Occasion, she imagin’d she dream’d of all that had been the Town-Talk -for some Time before. She dream’d that _Constantinople_ was wall’d -round with Brick, that near the _Forum Bovis_, or the Place call’d -_Bos_, she saw infinite Numbers of arm’d Forces drawn up in Battle -array, and that hard by the Street call’d _Taurus_, she saw a Man in -a melancholly Posture expressing his Grief in a mournful Tone, and -beating his Breast. The credulous Woman believing the Destruction of -the City was at hand, told her Dream to _Tzetzes_, who thus interpreted -it: _The Brick Walls_, says he, _which you saw denote great Plenty of -Provision to_ Constantinople. _You are sensible, Gentlemen_, says he, -(speaking to those who stood by him) _how wonderfully that Part of -the Prophecy was accomplish’d at that Time. As to that Clause of it, -which mentions that abundance of armed Forces shall stand round the_ -Bull, _and that a Man in a disconsolate and forlorn Condition shall -sit down by the_ Bull, _which is principally intended by the Prophecy, -tho’ not yet fulfill’d; this may prove beneficial, and advantageous -to every Citizen of us. Therefore hear, O_ Constantinople, _and tell -it to others, that this is the Interpretation of_ Tzetzes. _The same -Word, which among us_ Greeks _signifies a Bull, signifies also a Cow, -and sometimes a Heifer, and by the Word_ Taurus _or_ Bull, _the_ Latins -_call the_ Italian _Bull. Our Cow therefore, which is the famous -City of_ Constantine, _and which was built by the_ Roman _Bulls of_ -Italy, _full of Arms, abounding with Forces, and Plenty of Provision, -shall sound an Alarm against our Enemies; and the_ Italian _Bull, -which is the Army of the_ Latins, _shall look Pale with Fear, and -mourn_. _Tzetzes_, without Question, was a very learned Man, and this -Interpretation of the Prophecy was cunning enough; besides that it was -a fine Compliment to the Empress, and at the same Time the Historian -pleas’d his own Humour in it, in interpreting the Prophecy according -to his own Wishes. See how ingenious is the Weakness of Man to impose -upon himself! But at that Time there was another Interpretation of this -Prophecy, which, in the Event, was much more agreeable to Truth, tho’ -_Tzetzes_ took a great deal of Pains to confute, and expose it; and it -was the general Opinion of the People of _Constantinople_, that the -Army of the _Latins_ would besiege their City, as it happen’d a little -Time after, ravaging, burning, destroying every where; throwing some of -the Ring-leaders of an arbitrary Party from the Top of _Theodosius_’s -Pillar into the Street call’d _Taurus_, and burning others to Death -in the _Brazen Bull_. The same Author is no less mistaken in the -Interpretation of another Prophecy, which is as follows: _Wo be to -thee, O_ Constantinople, _seated on seven Hills, thou shalt not -continue a thousand Years_. His Explanation of it is this: _Altho’ it -be not thy Fate, O_ Constantinople, _to endure a thousand Years, but -to be totally demolish’d, yet this ought to be no Occasion of Grief to -thee, but the Cause of Joy; for thou shalt rise again from thy Ruines -more beautiful, and more enlarg’d. For thou shalt be destroyed, ev’n -to the Advantage of those who shall destroy thee._ This Interpretation -is a downright Flattery of the principal Leaders of the several -_Factions_ (or Companies of Charioteers) when they were struggling -for the Government. But take this Interpretation which Way you will, -it seems to be a very wild one. For whether the City was demolish’d -by its own Inhabitants, or any foreign Power, it could neither Way be -any reasonable Cause of Joy to them. This Prediction of the Oracle -was seconded by another Prediction of the _Astronomers_ to the same -Purpose. Some Historians have attested, as ’tis confirm’d by _Suidas_, -that _Constantine_ the _Great_, after he had finish’d the City, sent -for one _Valens_ an _Astronomer_ of great Skill, and commanded him to -enquire what Star had the _Ascendant_ at the Birth of the City, and by -that means inform him of the Duration of it. _Valens_ predicted that -the City would continue six hundred and ninety Years; but that Time is -past and gone. Therefore, says _Zonaras_, I must conclude, that this -Prophecy of _Valens_ was erroneous, and that there’s little Dependance -to be had upon the Rules of _Astronomy_, or otherwise that _Valens_ -only meant the Time of her Prosperity, when the Laws of Polity were -strictly obey’d, when the publick Peace was preserv’d, when their -_Senate_ was in high Estimation among the People, when the Empire -flourish’d and was under a regular Administration, and there was no -such Thing as Tyranny, and Arbitrary Power among them. But to finish -the Oracular Predictions concerning this City, I come now to _Zosimus_, -a very ancient Historian, if compar’d with _Tzetzes_, and _Zonaras_. -This Author writes, that _Constantinople_ was arriv’d to such a State -of Grandeur, and Magnificence, that no City in the World was to be -compar’d with it, in point of Greatness, or Prosperity. _And yet_, as -he proceeds, _when after a long Search I could find no divine Oracle, -or Prophecy presignifying any Increase of Happiness to_ Constantinople, -_I at last accidentally, having read many Historians, and other Authors -for that Purpose, met with an Oracular Prediction of a Sibyl, nam’d_ -Erythræa Phaelles, _or_ Phaenno _of_ Epirus. _This Woman, they tell -you, being inspir’d, utter’d Oracles, to which_ Nicomedes, _the Son of_ -Prussias, _conforming himself, especially in such Predictions as might -be some Advantage to himself, enter’d into a War with his Father_. The -Oracle runs thus: - - _Attend, great King of_ Thrace, _and learn thy Doom; - Thy stately City soon thou must depart, - And thy defenceless Sheep shall follow thee; - The Savage Lion’s irresistless Power - Shall plunder thee, and ravage all thy Stores. - Thou from thy princely Grandeur soon shalt fall; - The Dogs which now in State stand round thy Throne - Shall rouze the sleepy Wolf, bold to assert - His Liberty, nor drag thy servile Chain._ - Bithynia’s _Realm shall then become a Prey - To fierce devouring Wolves, and_ Jove’s _Decree - Transfer thy Empire hence to fair_ Byzantium. - _Happy, thrice happy Monarch would’st thou be, - Could’st thou repel with Force the rav’nous Wolf, - Thus timely warn’d by me: For I am forc’d - To speak, and tell the Will of Heav’n to Man. - Wide Desolation now attends thee_, Thrace; - _A heavy Vengeance waits; long hast thou try’d, - And daringly provok’d the Neighbouring States; - And now a Cloud of Woe hangs o’re thy Head, - Which daily swelling to a larger Size, - Shall burst in Blood, and ruine all about thee_. - -This Oracle or Prophecy, says _Zosimus_, truly fore-tells, tho’ in -an Ænigmatical Manner, all the Calamities which would befall the -_Bythinians_, by Reason of an excessive Tribute which had been demanded -of them, and presignifies also their speedy Subjection to the Empire of -_Constantinople_. And tho’ this did not happen till a long Time after, -yet let no Man from thence infer, that the Time of the Accomplishment -of the Prediction was expired before it came to pass. For all Time is -but for a Moment with God, who is eternal. _This Interpretation of the -Oracle_, says the Historian, _I observed to be true, by comparing the -Event of Things with the Words of the Prophecy_; and adds, _that if -any other Interpretation seems more agreeable, any one is at his own -Liberty to follow it_. And to confirm the more this Explication of it, -he tells us, how _Constantine_ the _Great_ and his Sons, oppress’d not -only _Bithynia_, but the whole World with severe Exactions, so that -whole Cities, unable to pay the Levies, remained desolate. The learned -_Tzetzes_ before-mentioned, explains this Oracle in another Manner, -and says, that it was delivered by _Phaenno_. _This Sybil_, says he, -_was long ago famous for her Oracles, and foretold same Things many -Ages since, which were accomplished but a little before the Times we -live in; as the Conquest of_ Persia _over the Empire, the Slavery and -Subjection of the Emperor to them, his Dethronement by his People and -Nobles, the Wars of the_ Scythians _with the Eastern Empire, by whom -she seems to mean the_ Turks. Thus far _Zosimus_. This Oracle, tho’ it -be very antient, yet, amidst the present Ruins of _Constantinople_, it -never appeared so manifest as now. - -But to proceed in my Narration of other Monuments of Antiquity; On -the Brow of the fourth Hill, which lies Eastward, you see a Church -built to the Honour of Almighty God, which has been much celebrated -in the Writings of modern Historians. The Walls of it within side -are incrusted with several Kinds of Marble: It has two Porches or -_Vestibules_, many lesser _Cupola’s_ covered with Lead, the largest of -which is supported with four Pillars of red Marble variegated, each of -which Pillars measures seven Foot in Circumference. There’s another -_Cupola_ which bears upon four Arches, which are supported with four -Pillars of _Thebaic_ Marble. On the South Side of the fourth Hill there -is erected a Pillar, which nearly resembles that, which was lately, -as I observed, standing in the _Exacionion_, but is now removed into -the Precinct of the _Seraglio_. Round the _Basis_ of it there runs a -Wreath of Laurel-work, and the Standard of the Cross, curiously cut in -_Basso Relievo_. At the Foot of the fifth Hill is a double Wall, which -encloses a Street now called _Phanarium_, because as the Inhabitants -tell you, when the City was formerly besieged, it was built in the -Space of one Night by Candle-light. I am induced from the Authority -of _Dionysius_ to believe, that _Mellacopsas_ stood near this Street; -the Reason why it was so called I have shewn in my _Treatise of the -Bosporus_. On the Top of the fifth Hill stands the Palace of _Selimus_ -the _Grand Signor_, with a _Caravansera_, and his Tomb. Near it is a -very large _Cistern_, in a pleasant Meadow, which is despoiled of its -Roof and Pillars. - - - - -CHAP. III. - - _Of the Sixth Hill, and the Fourteenth_ Ward. - - -The Author _of the Description of the Wards_ relates, that the -fourteenth _Ward_, though it is looked upon as a Part of the City, -yet because it is divided from the other _Wards_ by an intermediate -Space of Land, and enclosed with its own Walls, makes the Figure of a -small City by it self; and adds, among other Particularities, that the -Entrance of it, at the Gate, is somewhat upon the Level; but the right -Side of it, rising into an Ascent, almost to the Middle of the broad -Way, falls into a deep Ascent, and contains a Church, the Palace, _&c._ -It is very probable, one would think, or at least it looks to be so, -that any one who had never seen _Constantinople_, could learn from this -Description in what Part of the City stood the fourteenth _Ward_. But -since, nothing of the antient Buildings are remaining there at present, -no not so much as the Bridge, or the very Channel of the River; there -is some Room for Enquiry, where was the Place of its Situation. For -I am entirely ignorant of the Gate whence its Entrance begins, which -is somewhat upon the Level. It is possible that I might also discover -the Situation of it, if I knew where the right Side of the _Ward_ was, -which rose into an Ascent. ’Tis plain that this _Ward_ did not stand -on the fifth Hill from hence, that the Author tells us, that it was -divided from other _Wards_ by some intermediate Space. Had this _Ward_ -been divided from other _Wards_ by a small Tract of Land only, it had -been very injudicious in the Inhabitants to have enclosed it with a -Wall by it self, when it stood so near the Walls of the City. I would -observe farther, that ’tis inconceivable that there could be any Bridge -on the fifth, sixth, or seventh Hills of the City, or without the Walls -of the City; nor is there any Valley running between the fifth or the -third Hill, where there’s any Bridge, or any Water, unless it can be -imagined that it had any small Creek, which is now filled up, with -a Bridge over it. If it could be supposed that there formerly stood -any Bridge beyond the sixth Hill, in the Street called _Avasarius_, -we could conclude it to be no other than what was built over the Bay -of _Ceras_, near which are still seen the Piles of a Bridge. And in -all Probability the sixth Hill was wholly inhabited, by Reason of the -Nearness and Goodness of its Roads from _Thrace_. This is the more -probable, if it be considered, that the Suburbs called the _Hepdomum_, -were seated on the sixth Hill, which excited _Theodosius_ the _Less_, -by Reason of its Nearness to _Constantinople_ to enlarge the Walls of -the City. - - - - -CHAP. IV. - - _Of the_ Hepdomum, _a Part of the Suburbs; of the_ Triclinium _of_ - Magnaura; _of the_ Cyclobion; _of the Statue of_ Mauritius, _and his - Armory; and of the Place called the_ Cynegium. - - -The Suburbs, call’d the _Hepdomum_, stood upon the third Hill, which -is now enclosed within the Walls of the City. This is plain from the -Situation of the Church of St. _John Baptist_, whom, even at this Time, -the _Greeks_ call the Πρόδρομος, or _Fore-runner_ of our Saviour. -This Church is seated on the Eastern Side of the City. ’Tis almost -entirely demolished by the _Mahometans_, and nothing of it remains but -a few Marble Pillars, expecting the last Effort of their Sacrilege. -This was a costly and magnificent Building, as appears, among other -Tokens, from the _Cistern_ of _Bonus_, which was built by a Nobleman -of that Name, and seated a little above it. It was three hundred Paces -long; its Roof and Columns are entirely ruined, and its Situation at -present is turned into a Garden. _Sozomen_ says, that _Theodosius_ the -_Great_ brought over the Head of St. _John Baptist_, from a Village -call’d _Coslaus_, near _Pantichium_, in _Chalcedon_, and placed it -before _Constantinople_ in the _Hepdomum_, and there built a large and -handsome Church to the Honour of God. The same Author attests, that -_Theodosius_, when he marched his Army against _Eugenius_, as soon -as he came out of the City, offered his Prayers to God, in St. _John -Baptist_’s Church, which he had built in the _Hepdomum_. _Procopius_ -pays too great a Compliment to _Justinian_, when he reports him to have -built this Church in the forementioned Suburbs. _Zonaras_ tells us, -that in the Reign of _Constantine_ surnamed _Pogonatus_, the _Hagarens_ -besieged the City with a numerous Fleet, which extended itself from -the _Promontory_ situated in the _Hepdomum_ Westward, as far as the -_Cyclobion_. Other _Historians_ mention the same Thing; namely, that -they had their Station from the said _Promontory_, or the _Triclinium_ -of _Magnaura_, as far Easterly as the Palace call’d _Cyclobion_. From -which Passage I would observe by the By, that _Magnaura_ was a Place in -the _Hepdomum_. _Cedrinus_ asserts, that _Philip_ of _Macedon_, built -there a round Solar, and placed in the Court of it his own Statue, -and built an Armory there. Others write, that _Mauritius_ the Emperor -built the _Triclinium_ of _Magnaura_, and that he erected his Statue, -and built the Armory there. Over the _Triclinium_ are inscribed these -Verses; - -Upon the _Triclinium_ of _Magnaura_. - - Heraclius _and his Son_ Constantine, - _With Conquest crown’d, and loaden with Success, - Under th’ auspicious Influence of the_ Cross, - _Built, with surprizing Speed, this beauteous Structure._ - -The _Cistern_ of _Magnaura_, which stood near the Palace, was -demolished by _Heraclius_; and, as _Cedrinus_ relates, was afterwards -cleansed, and rebuilt by Order of _Philip_, King of _Macedon_. Some -attest, if not consistently with Truth, yet more appositely, that -the Emperor _Anastasius_, when he was expiring at that Place, by a -terrible Storm of Wind, Lightning and Thunder, cried out with a loud -Voice; _Magnâ perimus aurâ_. _Pulcheria_ the Sister of _Theodosius_ -the _Less_, being removed from the Administration of the Government, -retired into the _Hepdomum_, and lived privately. _Zonaras_ relates, -that _Nicephorus_ the Emperor, surnamed _Phocas_, as he came near -to the City, was received by the _Prasine_ Faction, with great -Acclamations, and that he was crowned Emperor in the _Hepdomum_ by -the _Patriarch_ of _Constantinople_. The Reason why those Suburbs are -called the _Hepdomum_, is taken from the Number _Seven_, which was -formerly the Number of them. They retained their antient Names, even -after they were inclosed within the City. _Procopius_ has it, that -_Justinian_, in that _Ward_, which ought to be called the Second, -built a Church to St. _Anne_. An unknown Writer of the Empire of -_Constantinople_ gives a Reason why it may be called the Second. _In -the Place_, says he, _called the_ Second, _there stood the Statue -of_ Justinian Rhinometus. Bardus Cæsar Michael, _the Grandfather -of_ Theophilus, _demolished and broke it to Pieces_. This Place is -called the Second, because when _Justinian_ was banished by _Leo_ the -_Patrician_ to _Cherso_, after he had continued there ten Years, he -applied himself to _Terbelus_, King of the _Bulgarians_, whose Daughter -_Theodora_ he married. The King gave him an Army, which he marched -against _Constantinople_ to recover his Empire. But the Inhabitants -denying him Entrance, he privately stole into the City through the -Passage of an _Aqueduct_ to a Place where was still remaining the -Foundation of a Pillar he had set up, and which his Adversary had -destroyed. Having recovered his Dominions a second Time, he erected -there a second Pillar, and built in the same Place a Church, which -was dedicated to St. _Anne_. But, as I observed a little before, -_Procopius_ relates, that _Justinian_ built this Church in the second -_Ward_, where, I am of Opinion, before the Reign of _Theodosius_ -the _Less_, who built the Walls of the City, stood the Suburbs of -the seventh Hill, that is, according to _Cedrinus_ and others, in -the twelfth _Ward_. There were, say these Writers, most dreadful -Earthquakes, which overturned the Wall of the City in the _Exacionion_, -and levell’d many beautiful Houses and magnificent Churches in the -_Porta Aurea_ of the City; and add that in the second _Ward_, the Shock -was felt as far as St. _Anne_’s Church. I mentioned this Observation -to many of mine Acquaintance, lest any one should imagine that the -δεύτερον χώριον was one of the fourteen _Wards_ mentioned in the -_Treatise_, entitled, an _Antient Description of_ Constantinople. I -am surprized that _Procopius_, who was so exact in describing so many -Buildings of the City, never mentions them, since they are taken Notice -of by _Justinian_ in his _Constitutions_. There’s a Church situate -on the seventh Hill, between the Palace of _Constantine_, and the -_Adrianopolitan Gate_, which though for many Ages it stood within the -Walls, yet on three Sides of it, it formerly stood without the Walls of -the City, as it was customary to build the _Greek_ Churches. There’s -a _Portico_ runs round it. The Walls of it within are incrusted with -square Pieces of several Kinds of Marble, the _Fissures_ of which are -covered from Top to Bottom with _Modules_ of _Astragals_, some of which -are adorned with Berries, and others are work’d round without them. -Above these _Incrustations_ rise three _Fasciæ_, and three Ornaments -resembling an _Astragal_, two of which are round, and the uppermost of -them is of a square Figure. Higher yet are three _Fasciæ_, above these -are the _Dentils_, and over the _Dentils_, a _Corinthian Foliage_. -It will evidently appear from what I shall mention hereafter, that -the Suburbs called the _Hepdomum_, were in the fourteenth _Ward_ of -the City, where also stood a Palace. There remains at present, out -of many antient Palaces, not so much as the Name of one of them, -except that seated on the seventh Hill, which is called the Palace of -_Constantine_, besides a few Pillars, and a _Cistern_ in which the -Grand _Signor_’s Elephants are stabled. In the Plain upon the Shore, -situate at the Foot of the sixth Hill Eastward, is the _Palatine_ Gate -called _Cynegion_. Without the Gate is a fine Growth of Plane-Trees. -Near the Gate, within the Wall, were formerly three large Arches, now -fill’d up, through which the Inhabitants used to sail their Three-oar’d -Galleys, into a Creek built within the City for the Conveniency of the -neighbouring Palace. This Creek is now entirely ruin’d, and turn’d into -a Garden. The _Cynegion_, according to modern Writers, is a Place of -some Note, so that even _Suidas_ himself thought it not impertinent -to insert in his _Lexicon_ the following Story. _Criminals_, says he, -_condemned to dye were thrown into the_ Cynegion, _which was adorned -with some Statues_. Theodorus, _the Town-Clerk, going thither with_ -Imerius _Keeper of the Records, saw a short, but a very thick Statue. -Look upon the Man, says_ Imerius, _meaning himself, who built the_ -Cynegion. _I returned in Answer, that_ Maximinus _built it, and that_ -Aristides _measured out the Ground; when immediately one of its Pillars -fell, which crushed_ Imerius _to Pieces, so that he died on the Spot. -Being terrified at the Sight, I hastened to the Church, where I told -what had happened. I attested the Fact with an Oath to those who -questioned the Relation. Some of the Emperor’s Domesticks and Servants, -when their Attendance was over, walked with me to the Place. Being -surprized at the Death of_ Imerius, _and the Fall of the Pillar, a -certain Philosopher named_ Johannes, _told ’em, that he had discovered -from a small Animal, that a Man of some Note should dye_. Philip -_of_ Macedon _believing him, ordered the little Creature to be bury’d -in the Place, where this Accident happened_. _Justinus_ the _Third_ -commanded _Tiberius_ and _Leontius_, after they had reign’d three -Years, to have their Chains taken off, ty’d Body to Body, dragged thro’ -the _Forum_ and the _Theatre_ by Horses; and after he had trampled upon -the Necks of them, he ordered them to be slain in the _Cynegion_, in -the Sight of the People. I look upon this _Theatre_ to be that which -was called _Theatrum Venatorium_. For as there was such a _Theatre_ -at _Rome_, so there was at _Constantinople_. For _Procopius_ reports, -that the _Theatres_, _Hippodroms_, and the _Cynegia_, were greatly -neglected, and fell to Ruine, thro’ the Avarice of _Justinian_. - - - - -CHAP. V. - - _Of the_ Blachernæ, _the_ Triclinium _of the_ Blachernæ, _the_ - Palace, _the_ Aqueduct _and many other Places of Antiquity_. - - -The Author of the Book entitled, _The antient Description of the_ -Wards attests, that there stood in the fourteenth _Ward_, a Church, but -does not name it; nor does he take Notice of the _Blachernæ_, although -it was called so before the taking of _Constantinople_ by _Severus_, -as I shall immediately make appear. The _Blachernæ_ stood without the -Walls, not only in the Time when that Book was wrote, but even in the -Reign of _Justinian_, who, as _Procopius_ writes, built a Church, which -he dedicated to the _Virgin Mary_, before the Walls of the City, in a -Place called the _Blachernæ_. _The Spectator_, says he, _when he enters -this Church, will admire its large and bulky Building, yet secure -from the Danger of falling by the Strength of its Foundation. You may -behold in it_, adds he, _a stately Magnificence, without any Mixture of -Gaiety, and too much Embellishment_. ’Tis my Opinion, that _Justinian_ -only repaired this Church: For _Zonaras_ reports, that _Pulcheria_, the -Wife of _Marcian_, built a Church in the _Blachernæ_, and dedicated -it to the _Virgin Mary_. _Pomponius Lætus_ tells us, that this Church -was built by _Theodosius_. _Cedrinus_ writes, that _Justin_ the Nephew -of _Justinian_, added two Arches to the Church in the _Blachernæ_. So -that ’tis plain from what _Procopius_ has wrote upon this Occasion, -that the _Blachernæ_ stood without the Walls of the City, as it is no -less evident from the Testimony of _Agathius_. _When the barbarous -Nations_, says he, _approached_ Constantinople, _by the Permission -of_ Justinian, _all the Churches situate without the Walls, from the_ -Blachernæ _to the Black-Sea, were stripp’d of their Armaments, which -were kept within the City_. There is at present to be seen, near the -Gate called _Xylon_, and the Western Angle of the City, between the -Foot of the sixth Hill, and the turning of a Mosque, situate within -the City, (which the People say was dedicated to the _Virgin Mary_) a -Spring now running, which the _Greeks_ tell us was consecrated to her. -The Place, where the Spring is, is call’d the _Blachernæ_. Upon my -first coming to _Constantinople_, some Remains of it were to be seen, -but now there nothing appears even of its Ruines. From the Bottom of -the sixth Hill, which rises above the Church in the _Blachernæ_, there -shoots an _Aqueduct_ with two Pipes; one of which is stopp’d with a -Cock, and the other flows in a constant Stream. I took Notice before, -that _Andronicus_ the Emperor brought this _Aqueduct_ from the River -_Hydrales_, into the _Ward_ of the _Blachernæ_, where there was no -River Water till his Time. The Emperor _Anastasius_ built the great -_Triclinium_ in the _Blachernæ_, which went under his Name, even in the -Time of _Suidas_. _Zonaras_, and others assure us, that the Emperor -_Tiberius_ built the publick Bath in the _Blachernæ_. ’Tis certain -from some modern Histories, that there was in the Time of _Zonaras_, -even down to the Reign of _Manuel_ the Emperor, an Imperial Palace in -that Place. The Reason why ’tis called the _Blachernæ_, is mentioned -by _Dionysius_ a _Byzantian_, in his _Navigation of the Bosporus_, -from whom I shall just touch upon some Places described by him, which -reach from the Foot of the fifth Hill, to the furthermost Angle of the -City, and the sixth Hill. _Beyond Mellacopsas_, says he, (this, I took -Notice of before, was at the Foot of the fifth Hill) _there are two -Places which afford good Sport in Fishing, all the Year. One upon the -Shallows under the Promontories, the other under the deep hollow Shores -which are never ruffled by the Wind. The first of these is called_ -Indigenas, _from some great Man who was a Native there; the other_ -Pyracius, _from_ Pyræus, _a Port of_ Athens; _or as some believe, from -some antient Inhabitant. There’s a Place between them called_ Cittos, -_from the great Plenty of Ivy it produces._ There is also a steep Place -called _Camara_, which adjoins that of _Pyracius_. ’Tis much exposed to -the Wind, and therefore often feels the Roughness of the Sea. Thence, -up higher, stands _Thalassa_, which is the Boundary of the _Ceratine -Bay_, where the Rivers begin to flow into it. ’Tis thus called, either -by Reason of their Nearness to the Sea, whose Salt Waters they mingle -with their Freshness, or because it stands steddy, and more out of -the Wind; or rather, because the constant Influx of the Rivers into -it, brings down daily a muddy Substance into the Sea, which very much -thickens it; though it serves for Nourishment to the Multitudes of Fish -with which it abounds. The first Place that stands upon this calm Sea -is called _Polyrrhetius_, from a Man named _Polyrrhetus_: The next is -_Vateiascopia_, so called from the deep Sea that is about it; a third -is the _Blachernæ_, which is a barbarous Word; and the last Place is -the Marshes. - - - - -CHAP. VI. - - _Of the Bridge near the Church of St._ Mamas; _of his_ Hippodrom; _of - the Brazen Lyon, and the Sepulchre of the Emperor_ Mauritius. - - -Not only some Historians, but also _Suidas_ the Grammarian, have -handed it down to us, that near the Church of St. _Mamas_, there stood -a Bridge, which had twelve Arches; for there was a great Floud of -Waters at that Place. There was also set up at the same Place a brazen -Dragon; because ’twas reported that a Serpent had some Time liv’d -there, which had deflour’d many Virgins. This Story was occasion’d by -the Name of a Man, who was call’d _Basiliscus_, one of _Numerianus -Cæsar_’s Life-Guard, who liv’d there, and built a Church, which _Zeno_ -afterwards pull’d down. _Constantine_, call’d _Iconomachus_, because -he was a profess’d Enemy to Images, order’d one _Andreas_ a Statuary, -a Man of some Note in the _Blachernæ_, to be whipt to Death in the -_Hippodrom_ of St. _Mamas_. _Zonaras_ tells us, that _Mauritius_ the -Emperor was buried in the Church of St. _Mamas_, which was built -by _Pharasmenes_, an Eunuch, and Gentleman of the Bed-chamber to -_Justinian_. _Cedrinus_ writes, that the Church of St. _Mamas_ stood -near the Gate call’d _Xylocercon_. Others report, That _Crunna_, King -of the _Bulgarians_, surrounded _Constantinople_ with an Army from -the _Blachernæ_ to the _Porta Aurea_, and distrusting the Strength of -his Forces to take the Town, he hasten’d to this Church, set Fire to -a Palace that was near it, and that upon his Retreat, he carry’d off -a Brazen Lyon plac’d in the _Hippodrom_, a Bear, a Dragon, and some -curious Pieces of Marble. _Sozomen_ speaking of those Persons who were -banish’d on St. _Chrysostom_’s Account, says, that when they were got -without the Walls they met in a Place situate before the City, which -_Constantine_ order’d to be cleans’d, to be pal’d round, and made it -into a _Hippodrom_. This, I take it, was the Place which was afterwards -call’d the _Hippodrom_ of St. _Mamas_. _Zonaras_ adds upon this -Occasion, that _Leo_ the Emperor, scar’d by a Fire, which then rag’d -in the City, flew to the Church of St. _Mamas_, and continu’d there -for some Time. _Cedrinus_ mentions, that the Emperor diverted himself -with Horse-racing, near the Church of St. _Mamas_ the Martyr, situate -in the _Stenon_. ’Tis plain from the Authorities abovemention’d, -that this Church was seated in the _Blachernæ_, and that there was a -Bridge there, as is farther confirm’d by _Johannes Tzetzes_ in his -_Variâ Historiâ_, where he says, that the Sea extending itself from -the Streights of _Abydus_, to the Bridge of the _Blachernæ_, is call’d -the _Hellespont_. ’Tis also evident, that this Bridge stood, where -the Stone Piles of the old Bridge (when the Water is low, as ’tis in -Summer) are seen at present, and stand between the Suburbs call’d the -_Blachernæ_, and the Suburbs, which the _Turks_ call the _Aibasarium_. -This, I am confident, is the same Bridge which the ancient Treatise -_of the Wards of the City_, calls the Wooden Bridge, and places it in -the fourteenth _Ward_, in which, as I observ’d, was the Suburbs call’d -the _Hepdomum_. I desire the Reader to remark one Thing from _Suidas_, -that St. _Mamas_ Bridge had either twelve Stone Arches, or else, that -he was writing of another Church of St. _Mamas_, situate in another -Place. - - - - -CHAP. VII. - - _Of the seventh Hill, the twelfth Ward, and of the Pillar of_ - Arcadius. - - -I take it for granted, from the Situation of the Pillar of _Arcadius_, -now standing on the seventh Hill, call’d the _Xerolophon_, (which -is divided from the other six Hills by a broad Valley,) that That -is the twelfth _Ward_, which lies a great Way upon the Level, from -the Entrance of the City at the _Porta Aurea_, and is lengthen’d, on -the Left Side of it, by a gentle Descent, and bounded by the Sea. It -contain’d the _Porta Aurea_, the _Trojan Portico’s_, the _Forum_, and -Haven of _Theodosius_, and a Pillar with winding Steps in the Inside, -built in the _Xerolophon_ by _Arcadius_. The Hill still preserves -the same Name. Upon this Pillar the Emperor plac’d his Statue, which -was thrown down, in the Reign of _Leo Conon_ by an Earthquake, which -shook the whole City, overturn’d many Churches and Houses, and buried -Multitudes of People under it. _Cedrinus_ assures us, that this -Pillar was in all respects like that of _Theodosius_ erected in the -_Taurus_. It has a _Base_, a _Pedestal_, and a _Capital_. The _Shaft_ -of the Pillar, with its _Pedestal_ and _Capital_, consists of twenty -one Stones. Above the _Capital_ are two Stones. The _Pedestal_ alone -is built with five Stones, so closely cemented together, that if the -Pillar had never felt the Shocks of an Earth-quake, or the Decays of -Time, it had appear’d to have been one entire Stone. These Stones are -plac’d one above another, and are hollow in the Inside. Each of them -is the whole Compass of the Pillar, out of which are cut the Steps and -Windows which beautify and enlighten it. I took upon me to measure the -Compass of the _Shaft_ from the Stone which covers it at Top, down to -the lowest Step of the _Pedestal_. This Stone therefore, thro’ which -there is cut a Door, by which you ascend above the _Abacus_ of the -_Capital_, is about thirteen Foot nine Inches high, and is itself the -Roof and Arch of the whole Pillar. The Door is six Foot two Digits -high, and three Foot nine Inches broad. The second Stone is six Foot -high, in which is cut the uppermost Step above the _Abacus_ of the -_Capital_. The third is five Foot and four Digits high, and contains -the _Abacus_ and the whole _Capital_. The fifth is five Foot in -height, wanting two Digits. The Sixth is four Foot nine Inches high. -The Seventh five Foot and two Digits. The Eighth four Foot and four -Digits. The Ninth is six Foot high. The Tenth five Foot. The Eleventh -four Foot and fourteen Digits. The Twelfth four Foot nine Inches. -The Thirteenth five Foot. The Fourteenth five Foot two Digits. The -fifteenth five Foot and a half. The Sixteenth the same. The Seventeenth -five Foot and ten Digits. The eighteenth six Foot and a half. The -Nineteenth five Foot and four Digits. The Twentieth six Foot and a -half. The Twenty first, where the _Shaft_ of the Pillar begins, six -Foot and four Digits high. The _Pedestal_ consists of six Stones. The -uppermost of which is four Foot nine Inches high. The Second is the -same height. The Third four Foot. The Fourth four Foot six Inches. The -Fifth the same. The Sixth and last is four Foot high. It has in all -fifty six Windows, and two hundred thirty three Steps of two kinds. -For some rise in square, others in circular Windings, after the Manner -of some Shell-Fish. You ascend the _Pedestal_ by five square Winding -Steps. Every Winding has at the Top of it a small Floor, which leads -you from one Winding to another. The first and second Windings have -six Steps each; the third eight; the fourth and fifth, nine each; the -lowest of them all, which lies level with the Threshold of the Door, -is ten Digits high, twelve Inches broad, and two Foot nine Inches -long. The other square Windings are like this, and the Floor at the -Top of each of them is two Foot nine Inches square. Upon the fifth -Winding stands the _Shaft_ of the Pillar, the first Steps of which are -ten Digits high; near the Wall they are a Foot broad, in the Middle a -Foot and nine Inches, and in Length they are two Foot nine Inches. The -Steps above them, are all of them, nine Digits high. The Inside of -the _Shaft_ of the Pillar measures twenty eight Foot in Circumference. -The Wall which encloses the Steps, in the lowest Part of it, is two -Foot and three Digits, in the highest, ’tis one Foot nine Inches thick. -If I should be thought too curious, in taking the Dimensions of every -Stone, this Character with more Justice belongs to that Man, (and yet -_Thucydides_ highly commends him for it) who by counting the Rows of -Bricks of which they were built, took the height of the Enemies Walls. -I was under some Apprehensions from the Savageness of the Inhabitants, -lest they should catch me dropping my Line, had I measur’d it without, -so that I lay under a Necessity of taking the Dimensions within; and by -joining the height of one Stone to the height of another, I discover’d -its Altitude. There are two Steps consisting of many Stones, which -first shew themselves from the Surface of the Earth. Above them is the -third Step, which is cut out of a Stone three Foot and four Digits -high, and thirty three Foot and a half in Circumference. Upon the Stone -which makes the third Step, stands the _Pedestal_. The first of the -five Stones of which it consists, from the Threshold of the Door, is -five Foot and a half high. Its Ornaments are a plain _Plinth_ three -Foot five Digits high, a small _Tore_ five Digits high, an _Apophyge_ -with a _Reglet_ nine Inches, another _Reglet_ above it two Digits, -and a _Cornice_ engrav’d, which is nine Inches high. The _Frieze_, on -three Sides, is curiously engrav’d with Trophies; the Northern Side of -it, where the Door is, is not engrav’d at all. The _Cornice_ of the -Pedestal bends downwards. At the bottom of it is a _Reglet_, above that -an _Astragal_, adorn’d with Berries; then an _Ovolo_, and above that -an _Astragal_ wreath’d like a Rope. Higher yet is a _Folial_ Bandage. -There projects beyond the _Pedestal_ a kind of _Abacus_; on each side -of which there are two _Fasces_ of Laurel-work, the largest of which -is incurvated even to the bottom of the _Abacus_. On the Sides of this -_Abacus_ there is a Sculpture of seven naked Boys, holding each of them -in his Hand a Laureated _Fascis_. At every Angle of this _Abacus_ there -stands an Eagle, and above it is the _Plinth_ of the Pillar, adorn’d -with a _Foliage_, which projects very little. Above the _Plinth_ is -a _Tore_, adorn’d with Laurel-work, which is filletted with a spiral -Bandage. Above the _Tore_ there rises an _Apophyge_, upon which Stands -the Shaft of the Pillar, which is carv’d with the Scenes of War, and -of Battles. The Sculpture is much like that which adorns the Pillar of -_Trajan_ in Old _Rome_. The _Trachelium_, or Top of the _Shaft_, is -fluted perpendicularly. The lower part of its _Capital_ is adorn’d with -_Apophyges_, an _Ovolo_, and an _Abacus_, which projects beyond the -_Shaft_ two Foot and fourteen Digits. The _Abacus_, on all sides of it, -is seventeen Foot, and nine Inches round. Above the _Abacus_ there is a -Door, above which the Pillar rises in the Form of a _Cone_, where there -is another Door above ten Foot high. We may look upon this Pillar to be -of the _Tuscan_ Order, because both the _Base_, and the _Capital_ of -it, are finished after the _Tuscan_ manner. - - - - -CHAP. VIII. - - _Of the Statues, and the antient_ Tripos _of_ Apollo, _standing in - the_ Xerolophon. - - -_Suidas_ writes, that the _Xerolophon_ was formerly call’d _Thema_, -because it was a kind of Repository, and contained in it fifteen -winding Apartments, the Statue of _Diana_, and _Severus_, who built -it; besides a _Thermation_, a _Tripos_ from whence many Oracles were -deliver’d. In this Place, the Founder of it us’d to offer Sacrifices; -and among others he sacrificed a Virgin. _Priscian_, whom I find -mention’d by _Benedictus Ægius_, indefatigably curious in his Search -of Antiquity, observes, That the _Azoles_ sometimes inserted in a Word -the Letter Ϝ, as I have taken Notice of in some Inscriptions of a very -antient _Tripos_ of _Apollo_, still remaining in the _Xerolophon_; the -Words of which are written after this Manner; Δημοφάϝων, Λαϝονάϝων. -He tells us, that ’tis customary in another Place, meaning among the -_Æolians_, to place an Ϝ between two Vowels of the same Word; as in -ὄϝις, _ovis_, Δάϝος, _Davus_, ὦϝον, _ovum_. I have seen, says he, -the same in some old Inscriptions, in very antient Characters, on -some _Tripos’s_, especially on the _Tripos_ of _Apollo_, which is at -_Constantinople_; as Δημοφόϝων for Δημοφόων, Λαϝοκόϝων for Λαοκόων. -Others add, that there were the like Insertions in the _Xerolophon_, a -little above the _Basis_ of the Pillars of _Marcian_, _Valentinian_, -and _Theodosius_ the _Less_. _Zonaras_ tells us, that _Simeon_, a -Prince of the _Bulgarians_, a Man of a cruel and turbulent Spirit, -march’d an Army against the _Chrobatians_; when he was conquer’d, and -lost his Army, partly by the Badness of the Roads, some Body inform’d -the Emperor that the Statue plac’d above the Arch in the _Xerolophon_, -looking Westward, was carv’d for the Statue of _Simeon_ of _Bulgaria_, -and that if any one cut off the Head of the Statue, _Simeon_ should -immediately die. The Emperor commands the Head of the Statue to be -chopt off, and soon received the News that _Simeon_ was dead of a -violent Pain of the Stomach. For he watch’d to a Minute the Time -of his Death. As to the Port of _Theodosius_, that was in the same -Place where the Gardens, which are now call’d the _Blancha_, stand at -present. These Gardens are enclos’d with a Wall, and are seated in a -Plain, adjoyning to the Shore of the _Propontis_, at the Foot of the -sixth Hill. The Mouth of the Port stood Eastward, from whence the Pier -extended it self Westward, in a direct Line, where at present stand -the Walls of the City. The Pier was twelve Foot in Thickness; and, as -I found by walking it, ’twas six Hundred of my Paces in length. ’Tis -now entirely ruin’d. The Gardens, which are very spacious, abound with -Sallets and Potherbs, but have very few Fruit-Trees. These Gardens -are water’d with Pools, which they have within them, and which are -the Remains of the old Port. I discover’d by the Pier, and Situation -of the Place, that ’twas above a Mile in compass. In the Mouth of the -Port, not altogether unfit for Ships at present, without the City -Wall, you still see a Fortress in its Ruins, surrounded by the Sea. -The unknown Writer of _the Empire_ of _Constantinople_ asserts, That -it was first called _Thema_, afterwards the _Forum_ of _Theodosius_; -tho’ it seems to me rather to be the _Forum_ of _Arcadius_, by Reason -the Pillar of _Arcadius_ joyns to it. For the _Forum_ of _Theodosius_, -in all Probability, stood near the Port of _Theodosius_. This is no -more than what is conformable to the Rules of Architecture, which -prescribe, that a Market should be built near a Port. I am of Opinion, -that it was formerly call’d the Port of _Eleutherius_, if we may credit -those Writers who affirm, That _Constantine_ the _Great_ built a Wall -from the Ridge of the first Hill to the Port of _Sophia_, and the -Port of _Eleutherius_, built by _Constantine_ the _Great_, to prevent -the Inundations of the Sea. ’Tis called the Port of _Eleutherius_, -because, when ’twas built, he was Surveyor of the Works. It was for -this Reason, that there was a Marble Statue erected to him in that -Port, bearing on his Shoulders a Basket of Marble, and holding in -his Hand a Marble Spade. They add further, that _Irena_, and her Son -_Constantine_, built him a noble Seat; and that from that Seat, as -far as the _Amastrianum_, reach’d the _Hippodrom_, which was built by -_Theodosius_ the _Great_, and was demolish’d by _Irena_. _Zonaras_ -writes, that _Irena_, after she was remov’d from the Government by -_Constantine_ her Son, liv’d in a House which she built in the Port -of _Eleutherius_. The _Portico’s_, which the _ancient Description -of the Wards of the City_ names with the Epithet _Troadeæ_, others -mention with that of _Troadesiæ_, and tell us, that _Constantine_ -the _Great_ built the Walls of the City as far as the _Portico’s_ -call’d _Porticus Troadesiæ_ (that is, the _Trojan Portico’s_) and the -_Porta Aurea_, which stood in the twelfth _Ward_. I am of Opinion, -that they were call’d the _Trojan Portico’s_, because they contain’d -some Things of the like Kind with that which was called the _Porticus -Varia_. ’Tis reported, says he, that in the _Portico_, formerly call’d -_Plesiactia_, and now _Pæcilla_, or _Porticus Varia_, a celebrated -Painter drew the Face of _Laodice_, on the Picture of _Elpinica_. I -had not known it by the Name it goes at present, had it not been for -a Spring near it which they call Χρυσοπηγὴ, as deriving its Name from -the _Porta Aurea_. This Spring, to this Day, constantly flows, and is -drank with great Devotion by the _Greeks_, who hold all Springs, near -their Churches, to be sacred. There’s nothing of the Church remaining -at present, tho’ _Procopius_ takes Notice of it. _Justinian_, says -he, _built two Churches to the_ Virgin Mary, _before the Walls of the -City one in the_ Blachernæ, _the other in a Place call’d_ Πηγὴ, _where -there is a large Wood of Cypresses, a verdant Meadow, and a delightful -Garden, which produces a great Store of fine Fruit, and where there -is also a gentle Spring, which affords very good drinking Water. One -of the Churches stood near the Sea-shore, the other near the_ Porta -Aurea. _Both of them_, he adds, _were near the end of the City Walls, -and were upon Occasion impregnable Fortresses to it_. From hence I -would remark, that in the Time of _Justinian_, the Angle of the City, -which they call the Angle of the seven Towers, was not within the City; -but that the Land-wall from the _Porta Aurea_, straitned the Angle of -the City into a more narrow Compass, as appears from the Situation of -the Monastery of _Studius_, which stood upon a piece of Ground, which -was formerly look’d upon to be in the Suburbs, but now stands further -within the Walls, than the Angle of the seven Towers. He proceeds, -and tells us, that _Justinian_, at a vast Expence, upon the Entrance -of the _Porta Aurea_ on the right Hand, rebuilt the Temple of _Ja_, -(which Time had wholly defac’d) for the Service of the True GOD. The -Observation I would make from hence is, that the _Porta Aurea_ stood -near the seventh Hill, call’d the _Xerolophon_, which is also confirm’d -by _Zonaras_, who writes, That in the Time of _Leo_, many Churches -and Houses, the Statue of _Arcadius_, plac’d upon a Pillar in the -_Xerolophon_, and the Statue of _Theodosius_ the _Great_, placed upon -the _Porta Aurea_, as also the City Walls, reaching to the Continent on -the Field side, were overthrown by an Earthquake. _Cedrinus_ asserts, -that the Statue of _Victory_, near the _Porta Aurea_, was overturn’d -by the same Earthquake. Other Historians mention, that by the same -Earthquake, which happen’d the Vᵗʰ of the _Calends_ of _November_, -many sacred Buildings, and many others of common Use, with Multitudes -of People, were destroy’d; and that the Statue of _Constantine_ the -_Great_, which stood upon the Gate of _Attalus_, with the Gate it self, -was demolish’d by it. It is therefore a great Mistake in those, who -take the _Porta Aurea_ to be the same Gate which is now call’d _Oria_, -and is seated in the Northern Part of the City, which, as I observ’d -before, was called the Port of _Neorius_, since ’tis plain from what -I have mentioned, that the _Porta Aurea_ was in the Western Part of -the City. This is also evident from the _antient Description_ of the -_Wards_ of _Constantinople_, which tells us, that the Length of the -City, from the _Porta Aurea_ to the Sea-shore, in a direct Line, is -fourteen Thousand and seventy five Feet. _Cedrinus_ takes Notice, that -the Elephants stabled in the _Porta Aurea_, were much of that Kind, -with which _Theodosius_ made his publick Entry into the City. ’Tis -said that _Theodosius_ the _Less_ who built the Walls of the City -as far as the _Blachernæ_, brought the Statues of those Elephants, -which are plac’d upon the _Porta Aurea_, from the Temple of _Mars_ at -_Athens_. _Cedrinus_ asserts, that _Philip_ King of _Macedon_ built -the great Church of _Mocius_ the Martyr, and a Church to St. _Anne_ in -a Place call’d _Secundus_. _Procopius_ says, that both these Churches -were built by _Justinian_. I have seen some Remains of the Church of -_Mocius_, near a large _Cistern_, built by _Justinian_, on the Top of -the seventh Hill. All its Pillars are standing, and it goes still under -the Name of _Mocius_. Some Historians, and _Suidas_ the _Grammarian_ -say, that this _Cistern_ was built by _Anastasius Dicorus_. It may be -worth Enquiry, whether the _Moneta_, which the _antient Description -of the Wards_ places in this Ward, was the Temple of _Juno Moneta_, -or the Treasury. For the _Grand Seignor_, to this Day, makes use of -the Castle with seven Towers for a Treasury. _Suidas_ writes, that the -Statue of _Juno_ was supported by a Brazen Arch, made somewhat in Form -of a Pair of Barbers Scissars, but takes no Notice where it stood; so -that I desire the Reader would lay no great Stress upon what I have -said of the _Moneta_. - - - - -CHAP. IX. - - _Of the Columns now remaining on the Seventh Hill._ - - -The Church standing here is called _Studios_, because it was built by -one _Studius_ an eminent Citizen of _Constantinople_. It was he, says -_Suidas_, who built this Church with a handsome Monastery. _Justinian_, -in his _Constitutions_, takes Notice of him, when he says, That there -were two Biers plac’d in the sacred Treasury; one to the Memory of -the Famous _Studius_, and the other to the Memory of the Magnificent -_Stephanus_. The Monastery built by _Studius_ was call’d _Studium_, -which is entirely demolish’d. The Church remains, tho’ converted -into a Mosque. In its Porch are four Pillars with a _Trabeation_ -curiously finish’d. In the Inside of the Mosque, there are on each -side seven green Pillars, streak’d with black Veins, and look as if -they were inlay’d with Pieces of Stone of another kind. Each of them -measures in Circumference six Foot and six Digits. Their _Capitals_, -and _Architraves_, are finish’d after the _Corinthian_ Manner, as -are those which stand in the _Vestibule_. In the upper Part of it -stands another Order of six Pillars. In the Courts of the Mosque is a -_Cistern_; the Roof of it, which is Brick-work, is supported by twenty -three lofty _Corinthian_ Pillars. The Monastery of _Studius_ is now -within the Walls of the City, tho’ it formerly stood without it, near -the way you go from the Pillar of _Arcadius_ to the Gate of the seven -Towers. The Passage of this Gate is at present fill’d up; the Jambs -of it are two _Corinthian_ Pillars of spotted Marble, streak’d with -green Veins, which sustain eight smaller Pillars, which support three -Arches above. On the left Side of the Gate are six Marble Tables, all -of which are enclos’d, some with round, some with square Pilasters, -upon which are carv’d many fine Statues. They are all of them Naked, -of exquisite Workmanship, in a fighting Posture, with Clubs in their -Hands, the tallest of which have engrav’d over them winged _Cupids_. -On the right Side of the Gate are six more Tables, enclos’d as the -former. Upon the lowest of these there lies a young Man, with his -Face upwards, and his Legs folded, holding a musical Instrument in -his Hand. There hangs over him a little Figure, in the Likeness of a -_Cupid_, and above the _Cupid_ there rises a Woman. Upon the highest -Table there’s carved a naked Statue, with a Club in his Hand; his -right Arm is cover’d with a Lyon’s Skin, and with his left Hand he is -leading Dogs. Above him is the Statue of a Lyoness with full Dugs. -Upon another Table are carv’d two Husbandmen carrying Baskets full of -Grapes; and upon another is the Statue of a flying Horse. The Bridle is -held by a Woman, behind whom stand two Women more: At the Top of the -Table there’s another Woman in a recumbent Posture, and opposite to -her a young Man lying on the Ground. I took particular Notice of these -Figures, by Reason of the Antiquity, and the admirable Sculpture of -them. I saw also upon the seventh Hill, among others, four Mosques of -curious Workmanship. Their _Vestibules_ and Pillars were all of Marble. -Three of them stood on the Eastern Side of the Hill, two of whose -_Vestibules_ were adorn’d with six lofty and large Pillars; two of -which were of _Thebean_ Marble, and the other four of different kinds -of Marble, vein’d with a dark green. The other stands near the Pillar -of _Arcadius_, lately built by the Consort of _Solyman_ the _Grand -Seignor_, (with a handsome _Caravansera_, and a College, where the -_Turkish_ and _Arabian_ Learning is profess’d) in which I counted more -than sixty Pillars of different kinds. On the Top of the Hill there are -two other Mosques, one of which has _Bagnio’s_, and Colleges joyning to -it. The _Vestibule_ of it is beautify’d with six Pillars of _Thebean_ -Marble, which measure each six Foot in Circumference. Their _Bases_ and -_Capitals_ are finish’d after the _Turkish_ Manner. The _Shafts_ of -the Pillars are very ancient, especially of those two which face the -Door of the Mosque, whose _Hypotrachelions_ at Top are more slender -than the _Shafts_, tho’ in the lower Parts of them, they are equal to -them, as a Man’s Neck is less in Circumference near the Head, than the -Shoulders. ’Tis adorn’d with one _Annulet_, which rises in the manner -of a Ring. Above it there’s another _Annulet_, which is broad and flat. -I saw no _Hypotrachelion_, all the Time I was at _Constantinople_, -which came so near the Model of _Vitruvius_, as this; who delivers it -as his Judgment, that the _Hypotrachelion_ ought to be contracted in -the upper Part of it, as you may see in his third Book _de Ionicis_. -There’s another Mosque on the same Hill, the _Vestibule_ of which is -beautify’d with six very lofty Pillars; in the College Court there are -fourteen, and as many in a _Portico_ adjoyning to it. - - - - -CHAP. X. - - _Of the Thirteenth_ Ward _of the City, call’d the_ Sycene Ward, _of - the Town of_ Galata, _sometimes nam’d_ Pera. - - -The _Antient Description of the Wards of the City_ takes Notice, that -_Galata_ was formerly a Part of the City. The Thirteenth _Ward_ of _New -Rome_, says the Author, is the _Sycene Ward_, which is divided from it -by a narrow Bay, and preserves an Intercourse with it, by Boats and -Shipping. It is seated on the Side of a Hill, except a broad Tract -of Land at the Foot of it, which lies upon the Level. _Stephanus_ -says, that the Town of _Sycæ_ was situated against _New Rome_, and -that it was call’d in his Time _Sycæ Justinianæ_, but does not give -the Reason why it was call’d so. Probably it was, because _Justinian_ -either repair’d or rebuilt it; for which Reasons principally Cities -frequently change their Names. I wonder that _Procopius_ never took -Notice of this Place, since he has given us an exact Description of all -the Edifices of the Bay, call’d the _Chrysoceras_, which were either -built or repair’d by him; unless perhaps the Mistake be in _Procopius_, -by inserting the Word _Jucundianæ_ instead of _Justinianæ_, when he -tells us, that _Justinian_ rebuilt the Palaces of the Suburbs in the -_Chalcopratia_, as also in the Place call’d _Sycæ Jucundianæ_. If -the Fault be not in _Procopius_, ’tis an Errour of _Stephanus_, who -writes _Justinianæ_ for _Jucundianæ_. But ’tis plain, that _Stephanus_ -wrote long before the Time of _Justinian_; so that if there be any -Blunder, ’tis none of _Stephanus_, but _Hermolaus_, a Grammarian of -_Constantinople_, who abridg’d the Commentaries of _Stephanus_, and -dedicated them to _Justinian_. If I might give my Opinion, I should -rather call it _Sycæ Justinianæ_, than _Jucundianæ_, because it -appears to me it should be so, not only by comparing some Books of -_Procopius_ and _Justinian_ which have been publish’d, but also by the -Authorities of several MSS. _Justinian_ asserts in his _Constitutions_, -_That ’tis agreeable to Equity, if a Corpse be carried to the Grave -to a great Distance, that the Deacons attending it, should have some -Acknowledgment_. He subjoyns a little after, _That he is of the same -Opinion, if the Corpse be bury’d within the new Walls of the City -or this Side of the_ Sycæ Justinianæ. This is but a small Procession, -and it requires not much Time or Pains to walk thither; _but_, says -he, _if the Body be carried beyond the Walls of this flourishing City, -or beyond any other Stairs, than those which lead to_ Sycæ——There’s -no Occasion to add what follows. I would only have the Reader observe, -that the Word πέρασμα which the _Latins_ interpret _Terminus_, or a -Boundary, signifies properly _Trajectus_, a Ferry, or the _Stairs_ from -whence you sail from one Place to another. ’Tis evident, from what -I have quoted, that the Town call’d _Sycæ_ is on the other side of -the Bay facing _Constantinople_, altho’ _Stephanus_ has not declar’d -against what Part of the City it lies. I observe notwithstanding from -the _Treatise_ above mention’d, that the sixth _Ward_ reach’d from -the _Forum_ of _Constantine_ to the Ferry against _Sycæ_, which is -now call’d the Ferry of _Pera_, or _Galata_. As I would pay a just -Regard to the Authorities of some more modern Historians, I hall -produce several Testimonies from them. They assert, that _Absimarus_, -the Commander in Chief of the Forces which besieg’d _Constantinople_, -harbour’d in the Port of _Sycæ_ against the City. _Evagrius_ writes, -that the Heads of _Longinus_, and _Theodorus_, stuck upon Poles, -were sent to _Constantinople_ by _Johannes_ a _Scythian_, and by the -Emperor’s Command were fix’d upon the Shore of _Sycæ_, opposite to -_Constantinople_; a pleasant Spectacle to the Inhabitants of the City! -He adds further, That _Vitalianus_ made an Incursion as far as _Sycæ_, -and that when he came to an Anchor there, the Emperor _Anastasius_ -sent _Marinus_ an _Assyrian_ Admiral to fight him. Both Fleets prepare -for the Engagement; the one facing _Constantinople_, the other _Sycæ_. -For some Time they kept their Stations; after some small Skirmishes, -and Attacks on both Sides, the Fight began near the Places call’d the -_Vitharia_. _Vitalianus_ having lost most of his Men, was forced to -bear off, so that there was not the least Appearance of an Enemy in all -the _Bosporus_. Nor am I induc’d to change my Opinion by the Authority -of _Strabo_, who seems to place _Sycæ_ at some Distance from the Bay. -_The_ Bosporus, says he, _straitning it self from the Promontory into -the Measure of five_ Stadia, _or Furlongs, widens at the Harbour plac’d -below_ Sycæ _into thirty Furlongs, and from_ Sycæ _to the_ Chrysoceras -_it contracts it self again into five Furlongs_. Nor would this Opinion -any ways contradict what I have said before, if my Author had meant by -the _Ceras_ of the _Byzantians_, what _Pliny_ ’tis plain did, _viz._ -the _Bosporian Promontory_ where _Byzantium_ stood. But _Strabo_ -immediately subjoins, that the _Ceras_ was a Bay which was sixty -Furlongs in length; and therefore it appears to me, that the Mistake -lies either in _Cod. Strabon._ or in the Historian himself, as is fully -evident from the Authority of _Dionysius_, a very ancient Writer of the -History of _Constantinople_, which was his Native Place. This Author -has recorded it, that _Sycodes_, or _Sycæ_, is the same Place near the -Bay call’d _Ceras_, where _Galata_ stands at present, as I have more -evidently shewn in my _Treatise of the Bosporus_. The People of _Pera_ -therefore are grosly in the wrong, when they tell us, that _Pera_ was -first built by the _Genoese_; when it is plain that _Pera_ was built -long before they were suppos’d either to have purchas’d the Town, -or to have receiv’d it as a Reward of their Sea-Services, from some -Emperor of _Constantinople_; since _Justinian_ places _Sycæ_ within -the Walls of the City, and _Agathius_ assures us, it was enclosed with -Walls, when he writes, that the People of _Constantinople_ were in -such a Consternation upon the Approach of the Enemy, that the Forces -of _Justinian_ were obliged to climb the Walls of _Sycæ_, to make a -more vigorous Defence. _Sycæ_, by _Stephanus_, is call’d a City, as it -is also by some modern Writers; but more antient Authors, who liv’d -before _Galata_ was taken by the _Genoese_, call it the Cittadel of -_Galata_. They tell us farther, that a Fleet of the _Saracens_ was -station’d from the _Magnaura_ to the _Cyclobion_; and that after it had -continu’d two Days in that Station, Part of it was driven by a Storm to -the Cittadel of _Galata_, as far as the _Clydion_, where the Emperor -of _Constantinople_ destroy’d it, from _Acropolis_, with liquid Fire. -_Zonaras_ writes, that when _Michael_ the Emperor was besieged both by -Sea and Land, he was so terribly distrest, that he was forc’d to lay a -Boom across the Sea from _Acropolis_, to a small Town on the opposite -Shore. There is at this Day a Gate at _Galata_, which is call’d the -_Boom-Gate_. ’Tis however beyond Dispute, that _Galata_ was more than -once enlarg’d by the _Genoese_: This appears from the Walls, which at -several Times they have built about it, being fortified on the East by -Double, and on the West by Treble Walls, denoting the gradual Increase -of the Town. You may see at present the antient _Sycæ_, enclos’d in the -middle of _Galata_, situate against the sixth _Ward_, and the _Sycene_ -Ferry, all built on the Side of a Hill, just as ’tis represented in -the _Antient Description_ of the _Wards_, except one broad Piece of -Ground, which lies upon a Level on the Shore at the Foot of the Hill. -This Tract of Land was at least a hundred _Roman_ Paces broad. For at -present, between the Hill and the Bay, there is a Plain to be seen of -an equal, if not of a larger Breadth; because, in such a Length of -Time, it is widen’d, as may be observ’d daily, by the Abundance of -Filth and Nastiness, which is cast about it. To make it subside at the -Bottom, the Inhabitants have fix’d wooden Troughs upon Piles, which -they drive into the Earth by an Engine, much like a Rammer. By this -Means the Plain upon the Shore is enlarg’d, and made more commodious -for Havens. But that the Reader may understand more perfectly where -the _Sycene Ward_ stood formerly, I will describe the Situation of -_Galata_, as it stands at present. - - - - -CHAP. XI. - - _A Description of_ Galata; _of the Temples of_ Amphiaraus, Diana, - _and_ Venus; _of the Theatre of_ Sycæ, _and the_ Forum _of_ Honorius. - - -The _Sycene Ward_, which is commonly called _Galata_, or _Pera_, -ought more properly to be called the _Peræan Ward_. Thus it is that -_Josephus_ calls _Judæa_, because it lay on the _other Side_ of the -River _Jordan_: And thus it is, that _Strabo_ calls that Part of the -Countrey which lies on the _other Side_ of _Euphrates_. The Reason -alledg’d by the Inhabitants, why ’tis call’d _Galata_, is, as they -tell you, (being impos’d upon by the Allusion of the Name) that _Milk_ -was formerly sold there: And I make no Question of it, did they but -know, that _Galata_ was formerly call’d _Sycæ_, they would derive its -Name from the Word _Fig_; and pretend to justify their Mistake from -the Authority of _Dionysius_ their Countryman, who says, that it was -originally call’d _Sycæ_, from the Fairness and Abundance of that -Fruit which grew there. But their Conjectures had been grounded upon a -better Foundation, if they had deriv’d the Name of _Galata_ from the -_Galatæ_, back’d by the Authority of _Johannes Tzetzes_ (a Citizen of -_Constantinople_, and a very industrious Grammarian) in his _Var. -Hist._ written above four hundred Years ago. This Author tells us, -that _Brenus_ a _Gaul_, and Commander in Chief of the _Gauls_, whom -the _Greeks_ call Γαλάται, _pass’d over the Sea_ from thence to a -Place of _Byzantium_, and that this Place for this Reason was call’d -_Pera_, which was after their Arrival call’d _Galata_. This Place is -seated partly on a Hill, and partly on a Plain at the Foot of it. This -Hill is enclosed on the East and West by two Valleys, each of which -is about a Mile in length. The Ridge of the Hill shoots from North to -South, and is in no Part of it less than two hundred Paces broad, and -of equal Length with the Valleys that enclose it, and joins to the -Plain upon the Continent. The South Side of this Hill, and the Plain -below it, is bounded by the Bay of _Ceras_, which makes it almost a -_Peninsula_ of a semicircular Figure, in the Form of a drawn Bow, -with this Difference only, that the Western Point of it is larger by -half; and not quite so long as the Eastern. _Galata_, as ’tis enclos’d -with a Wall, is four Thousand and four Hundred Paces in Compass. It -varies, in many Places, as to its Breadth. In the middle of the Town -’tis six hundred Paces broad. The Bay and the Walls stand at twenty -Paces Distance. The Plain that runs between the Bay and the Hill, is a -hundred and eighty, and the Hill it self four hundred Paces broad. The -Eastern Side of _Galata_, at the first Entrance of it, is four hundred -Paces in breadth; after which it contracts it self into the Breadth -of two hundred and sixty Paces only. The Western Side of it, which -stands without Old _Galata_, rises upon a moderate Ascent, which winds -Southward, and adjoyns to a small Descent, which terminates Westward -near the Walls of Old _Galata_. The Town therefore of _Galata_ stands -upon a Treble Descent; one of which winds from North to South, another -falls Easterly, and another at West. The Declivity which crosses the -Breadth of it, stretches from North to South; and is so steep, that in -many Places you are forced to climb it by Steps; so that you ascend -the first Floor of the Houses, which stands upon a Level, by Ladders. -The Eastern and Western Side of _Galata_ have a double Declivity; one -from North to South, the other to East and West; so that not only those -Parts of it which lie in a strait Line, but those Ways also which are -winding, or lie Cross-ways, have their Descents; but the Eastern Side -of the Town is more upon the Declivity than the Western Side of it. To -be short, _Galata_ is of such a Steepness, that if all the Houses were -of an equal Height, the upper Rooms would have a full View of the Sea, -and of all the Ships sailing up and down in it. And not only _Galata_, -but almost the whole City of _Constantinople_ would have the same -Privilege, if that Law, which was first made by _Zeno_, and afterwards -ratify’d by _Justinian_, was in full Force. This Law expressly forbids -any Man to hinder or obstruct an open and entire View of the Sea, or -indeed a Side Prospect of it, and enjoyns the Inhabitants to build at -least at a hundred Paces Distance from it. The Level Part of the Town, -which runs between the Bottom of the Hill and Bay, is, in no Place of -it, less than two hundred Paces broad. Towards the Ends of it ’tis -much broader; and, in some Places, it widens to the Length of five -hundred Paces. The Town is thrice as long as it is broad. It extends -it self in Breadth from North to South, in Length from East to West. -The Western Side of it is broader than the Eastern, and almost of an -equal Breadth with the middle of the City. For in a Length of five -hundred Paces, ’tis no less than five hundred Paces broad. The Eastern -Side of _Galata_ is more narrow, where it is no more than two hundred -and sixty Paces broad. The Shore round the Town is full of Havens. -Between the Walls and the Bay is a Piece of Ground, where are Abundance -of _Taverns_, _Shops_, _Victualing-houses_, besides several _Wharfs_, -where they unlade their Shipping. It has six Gates, at three of which -there are _Stairs_, from whence you sail over to _Constantinople_. -_Galata_ is so situate to the North of _Constantinople_, that it faces -the first, second, and third Hills, and the first and second Valley of -that City; having in Front the Bay of _Ceras_, and _Constantinople_, -and behind it some Buildings of the Suburbs. For many of these -Buildings stand partly on the Top of the Hill, and partly on the Sides -of it. The Town, it self does not rise to the Ridge of the Hill. Where -_Galata_ rises highest, there is yet standing a very lofty Tower, where -there is an Ascent of about three hundred Paces, full of Buildings, -and beyond that is the Ridge of the Hill upon a Level, about two -hundred Paces broad, and two thousand Paces long. Thro’ the middle of -it runs a broad Way full of Houses, Gardens, and Vineyards. This is -the most pleasant Part of the Town; from hence, and from the Sides of -the Hill, you have a full View of the Bay of _Ceras_, the _Bosporus_, -the _Propontis_, the seven Hills of _Constantinople_, the Countrey of -_Bithynia_, and the Mountain _Olympus_, always cover’d with Snow. And -besides these, there are many other additional Buildings, which adorn -the Hills, and Vales adjoining to this Town. It has the same Number of -Hills and Vales as _Constantinople_ it self; so that the Inhabitants, -whenever they please, can make the Town one third larger than it is -at present; and if the Grandeur of the _Byzantian Empire_ continues a -hundred Years longer, _Galata_, it is not improbable, may seem to rival -_Constantinople_ it self. They who write that _Byzas_, the Founder of -_Byzantium_, built the Temple of _Amphiaraus_ in _Sycæ_, are somewhat -in the wrong, tho’ not grosly mistaken. For _Dionysius_ a _Byzantian_ -tells us, that behind _Sycæ_ stood the Temple of _Amphiaraus_, which -was built by those who transplanted a Colony to _Constantinople_, under -the Command of _Byzas_. Both the _Grecians_, and the _Megarians_, -honour’d _Amphiaraus_ as a God. But altho’ the Temple of _Amphiaraus_ -did not stand in the Place which _Dionysius_ calls _Sycæ_; yet the -Word _Sycæ_ signified a larger Tract of Ground, after it was made a -City; so that the Temples of _Amphiaraus_, of _Diana Lucifera_, and of -_Venus Placida_, all stood within the Limits of it, as I have fully -made it appear in my _Treatise_ of the _Bosporus_. But there are no -Remains of these Buildings at present, nor of those Edifices, which, -the _Antient Description of the City_ tells you, were in the _Sycene -Ward_. The oldest Man now living cannot so much as tell where those -Temples antiently stood, nor ever read or heard, whether there was -ever such a Place as the _Sycene Ward_. Thus far only we can guess -from the Rules and Usuage of _Architecture_, that the _Theatre_, and -_Forum_ of _Honorius_, stood at the Bottom of the Hill upon a Plain, -where _Theatres_ are generally built, as I frequently observ’d in -my Travels thro’ _Greece_. There was standing a _Forum_, in a Level -Ground, (near to the Haven, where is now built a _Caravansera_, in -the Ruines of a Church dedicated to St. _Michael_) when first I came -to _Constantinople_. This _Forum_ was well supply’d with Water by an -ancient subterraneous _Aqueduct_. In short, there is nothing to be seen -at present of old _Sycæ_. Those antient Pillars we see in some Mosques -at _Galata_, are said to have been imported by the _Genoese_: Some of -them are of very antient Workmanship, and well finish’d. The _Cistern_ -of St. _Benedict_, now despoil’d of its Roof, and three hundred -Pillars, which supported it, (now turn’d into a _Cistern_ for watering -the Priest’s Gardens) shews it to be a very antique and expensive Work. - -From what has been wrote upon this Subject, the Reader may learn how -renown’d _Constantinople_ has been for its Monuments of Antiquity. It -would take up another Volume, to enlarge upon the Publick Buildings -of the _Mahometans_ at present, and to explain for what Uses they -were intended. I shall just touch upon a few Things, which are the -most remarkable. The City, as it now stands, contains more than -three hundred Mosques, the most magnificent of which were built by -their Emperors and _Basha’s_, and are all cover’d at Top with Lead -and Marble, adorn’d with Marble Columns, the Plunder and Sacrilege of -Christian Churches, as these were before beautify’d with the Spoils -of the Heathen Temples. It has above a hundred publick and private -_Bagnio’s_, fifty of which are very spatious, and of two Lengths, much -like those I have describ’d, built by their Emperour _Mahomet_. Their -_Caravansera’s_, and publick Inns, are much above a Hundred; the most -famous of which, in the Middle of their Court-yard, are furnish’d -with Fountains of Water, brought from the Fields adjoyning to the -City. Their Emperors have peculiarly distinguish’d themselves in this -Respect. Thus does _Eusebius_ enlarge in the Praise of _Constantine_: -In the middle of their _Fora_, says he, you may see their Fountains -adorn’d with the Emblems of a good _Pastor_, well known to those who -understand the Sacred Writings; namely, the History of _Daniel_ and the -_Lyons_ figur’d in Brass, and shining with Plates of Gold. _Valens_, -and _Andronicus_, at a vast Expence made Rivers, at a remote Distance, -tributary to the Town; partly by directing their Courses under Arches, -at this Time appearing above Ground, and partly by Channels dug -under it. Several other Emperors, with no less Cost, made themselves -Fish-ponds, and subterraneous Lakes, by after Ages call’d _Cisterns_, -in every Ward of the City, and that principally to supply them with -Water in Case of a Siege. But the Enemies of _Constantinople_ lie at -present at such a Distance from them, that they have either entirely -ruin’d their _Cisterns_, or converted them to another Use. I shall take -no Notice of the stately Houses of their Noblemen and _Basha’s_, nor -of the Grand _Signor_’s Palace, which spreading it self all over old -_Byzantium_, is constantly supply’d with Rivers, which flow in upon -it, from distant Parts of the Neighbouring Countrey. I pass by their -Lakes and Conduits, seated in every Part of the City, which serve them -not only with Water to drink, but likewise carry off the Filth of it -into the Sea, and wash away those Impurities of the Town, which clog -and encumber the Air, and for which great Cities are generally look’d -upon as unwholsome. I shall not mention at present, that almost all -the Buildings of _Constantinople_ are low, and made out of the Ruines, -which the Fire and Earthquakes had spar’d; that many of them are not -two Story high, rebuilt with rough Stones, or with burnt, and sometimes -unburnt Bricks. I omit also the Houses of _Galata_, built by the -_Genoese_. The _Greeks_ who profess Christianity, have lost their six -hundred Churches, and have not one left, of any Note, except the Church -belonging to the Monastery, where their _Patriarch_ dwells. The rest -are either entirely ruin’d, or prostituted to the _Mahometan_ Worship. -The _Francks_ have about Ten, the _Armenians_ only Seven. The _Jews_ -have upwards of Thirty Synagogues, which are scarce sufficient to hold -the numerous Congregations of that populous Nation. The Reader will -view in a better Light the antient _Monuments_ of _Constantinople_, -when he shall peruse the _Antient Description of the Wards of the -City_, finished before the Time of _Justinian_, and annex’d at the End -of this Book. When this _Treatise_ was first wrote, _Constantinople_ -was so fully peopled, that those who inhabited the _Fora_, and the -broad Ways were very straitly pent up; nay, their Buildings were so -closely joyn’d to one another, that the Sky, at the Tops of them, -was scarce discernible. And as to the Buildings in the Suburbs, they -were very thickly crowded together, as far as _Selymbria_, and the -_Black Sea_; and indeed some Part even of the neighbouring Sea, was -cover’d with Houses supported by Props under them. For these, and -many other _Monuments_, was _Constantinople_ antiently renown’d; none -of which are remaining at present, except the _Porphyry_ Pillar of -_Constantine_, the Pillar of _Arcadius_, the Church of St. _Sophia_, -the _Hippodrom_ now in Ruines, and a few _Cisterns_. No Historian has -recorded the _Antiquities_ of Old _Byzantium_, before it was destroy’d -by _Severus_; altho’ it is reasonable to believe, there were very -many of them, especially if it be consider’d, that it long flourish’d -in those Times of _Heroism_, when Art and Ingenuity were in high -Estimation, and when _Rhodes_, no ways preferable to _Byzantium_, was -beautify’d with no less than three thousand _Monuments_. ’Tis easy -to form a Judgment, from the Strength and Proportion of its outside -Walls, what beauteous Scenes of Cost, and Workmanship were contain’d -within. This we know however for a Certainty, that _Darius_, _Philip_ -of _Macedon_, and _Severus_, demolish’d many of their _Antiquities_, -and when they had ravag’d the whole City, that the _Byzantians_ made -a noble Stand against the Forces of _Severus_, with Statues, and -other Materials, which were Part of the Ruines of the City. I have -already in Part accounted for the Ruines of these _Curiosities_; I -shall at present briefly mention some other Causes which contributed -thereto; the Principal of which was the Division of their Emperors -amongst themselves; frequent Fires, sometimes accidentally, sometimes -designedly occasion’d, not only by their Enemies from abroad, but by -their own Factions, and civil Dissensions among themselves; some of -which burnt with a constant Flame three or four Days together. These -Fires were so raging and terrible, that they did not only consume what -was purely combustible, but they wasted the Marble Statues and Images, -and Buildings made of the most tough and solid Materials whatsoever; -nay, so fierce were they, that they devour’d their own Ruines, and -laid the most mountainous Heaps of Rubbish even with the Ground. Nor -were the antient _Monuments_ of Old _Byzantium_ demolish’d only by -their Enemies, but even by those Emperors who had the greatest Regard -and Affection for the City; the Chief of whom was _Constantine_ the -_Great_, who, as _Eusebius_ reports, spoil’d the Temples of the Heathen -Gods, laid waste their fine Porches, entirely unroofed them, and took -away their Statues of Brass, of Gold and Silver, in which they glory’d -for many Ages. And to add to the Infamy, that he expos’d them by way -of Mockery and Ridicule, in all the most publick Places of the City. -To disgrace them the more, he tells us, that he fill’d it with his -own Statues of Brass, exquisitely finish’d; and then concludes, that -he was so far incensed against the _Heathen Monuments_, that he made -a Law for the utter Abolishment of them, and the entire Destruction -of their Temples. How far _Eusebius_ himself, and other _Christian_ -Authors were provoked against them, is plainly discernible in their -Writings; namely, that they inveigh’d with the same Severity against -the Images of their Gods, as they do at present against our Statues. -The Emperors _Basilius_ and _Gregorius_, were bitterly enrag’d not only -against the Images themselves, but against those who wrote too freely -in Justification of them. I shall not mention many other Emperors, -Successors of _Constantine_, who were so much exasperated even with -the Images of the _Christians_, that they not only destroy’d them, but -proceeded with such Rigour against those who devis’d, or painted, or -engrav’d them, that they were entitled the _Iconomachi_, or Champions -that fought against them. I shall say nothing of the Earthquakes, -mention’d in History, which happen’d in the Reigns of _Zeno_, -_Justinian_, _Leo Conon_, _Alexius Comnenus_, whereby not only the most -considerable Buildings of _Constantinople_, but almost the whole City -with its Walls were demolish’d, so that they could scarce discover -its antient Foundation, had it not been for the _Bosporus_, and -_Propontis_, the eternal Boundaries of _Constantinople_, which enclose -it. I pass by the large _Wards_ of the City, which through the Poverty -of the Inhabitants, after frequent Fires, and the Ravage of War, lay -a long Time in Ruins, but were at last rebuilt; tho’ the Streets are -promiscuously huddled up without Regularity, or Order. These were the -Causes, as _Livy_ relates of Old _Rome_, after it was burnt down, that -not only the antient common Shores, but the _Aquæducts_ and _Cisterns_, -formerly running in the open Streets, now have their Courses under -private Houses, and the City looks rather like one solid Lump of -Building, than divided into Streets and Lanes. I shall not mention how -the large Palaces of their Emperors, seated in the middle of the City, -nor the Seats of the Nobility enclosing great Tracts of Land, nor how -the old Foundations still appearing above Ground, nor the Remains of -Buildings, discover’d by the nicest Discernment under it, are almost -entirely defac’d. Had I not seen, the Time I liv’d at _Constantinople_, -so many ruinated Churches and Palaces, and their Foundations, since -fill’d with _Mahometan_ Buildings, so that I could hardly discover -their former Situation, I had not so easily conjectured, what -Destruction the _Turks_ had made, since they took the City. And tho’ -they are always contriving to beautify it with publick Buildings, yet -at present it looks more obscurely in the Day, than it did formerly in -the Night; when, as _Marcellinus_ tells us, the Brightness of their -Lights, resembling a Meridian Sun-shine, reflected a Lustre from their -Houses. The Clearness of the Day now only serves to shew the Meanness -and Poverty of their Buildings; so that was _Constantine_ himself -alive, who rebuilt and beautify’d it, or others who enlarg’d it, they -could not discover the Situation of their antient Structures. The -Difficulties I labour’d under in the Search of Antiquity here were very -great. I was a Stranger in the Countrey, had very little Assistance -from any Inscriptions, none from Coins, none from the People of the -Place. They, as having a natural Aversion to any thing that’s valuable -in Antiquity, did rather prevent me in my Enquiries, so that I scarce -dar’d to take the Dimensions of any Thing, being menac’d, and curs’d -if I did, by the _Greeks_ themselves. A Foreigner has no way to allay -the Heat and Fury of these People, but by a large Dose of Wine. If -you don’t often invite them, and tell them _you’ll be as drunk_ as -a _Greek_, they’ll use you in a very coarse manner. Their whole -Conversation is frothy and insipid, as retaining no Custom of the old -_Byzantians_, but a Habit of fuddling. It is not the least, among these -Inconveniencies, that I could not have Recourse to so many Authors in -describing _Constantinople_, as a Writer may have in describing Old -_Rome_. They are so fond of Change and Novelty, that any Thing may be -called _Antique_ among them, which is beyond the Memory of them, or -was transacted in the first Stages of Humane Life. And not only the -magnificent Structures of antient Times have been demolish’d by them, -but the very Names of them are quite lost, and a more than _Scythian_ -Barbarity prevails among them. The _Turks_ are so tenacious of their -own Language, that they give a new Name to all Places, which are -forc’d to submit to their Power, tho’ it be never so impertinent and -improper. They have such an Abhorrence of _Greek_ and _Latin_, that -they look upon both these Tongues to be Sorcery and Witchcraft. All the -Assistance I had was my own Observation, the Memory, and Recollection -of others, and some Insight into antient History. By these Assistances -principally I discovered the Situation of the fourteen _Wards_ of the -City. The Inhabitants are daily demolishing, effacing, and utterly -destroying the small Remains of Antiquity; so that whosoever shall -engage himself in the same Enquiries after me, though they may far -exceed me in Industry and Application, yet they will not be able to -make any farther Discoveries of the _Monuments_ of the fourteen Wards. -But it is not my Intention to prefer my self above other Writers; if I -can any way be assistant to future Times, my End is answered. I hope I -need make no Apology for recording in History such _Monuments_ as are -falling into Ruines; and if my Stay at _Constantinople_ was somewhat -longer than I intended, I hope it will not be any Imputation upon me, -as it was occasioned by the Death of my Royal Master. It was by his -Command that I travelled into _Greece_, not with any Design of staying -long at _Constantinople_, but to make a Collection of the antient -_Greek_ MSS. Not with any Intention of describing only that City; but -as a farther Improvement of Human Knowledge, that I might delineate -the Situation of several other Places and Cities. Upon the Death of my -King, (not having Remittances sufficient) I was forc’d, with a small -Competency, to travel thro’ _Asia_, and _Greece_, to this Purpose; and -I can assure the Reader, that I did not undertake this Voyage upon -any Prospect of sensual Pleasure, any View of worldly Interest, or any -Affectation of popular Applause; no, I could have liv’d in Ease, more -to my own Advantage; and in a much better State of Health, as to all -Appearance, in my own Countrey. Not all the Dangers and Inconveniencies -of a long and a laborious Voyage could ever move me to a speedy Return. -How I came to engage my self in such unfortunate Travels I know not. -I was very apprehensive of the Troubles and Dangers, which I must -necessarily undergo, and which indeed have befallen me, before I -ventur’d upon such an Undertaking; yet I would willingly persuade my -self, that my Resolutions herein were Good, and my Design Honourable; -being confirm’d in the Opinion of the _Platonists_, That _we ought to -be indefatigable in the Search of Truth_; and, _That ’tis beneath a Man -to give over, when his Enquiries are Useful, and Becoming_. - -[Illustration: Page Decoration] - -[Illustration: _The_ Thracian Bosporus _with_ Constantinople _divided -into Wards_.] - -[Illustration: CONSTANTINOPOLIS - -_The_ DELINEATION _of_ CONSTANTINOPLE _as it stood in the Year 1422 -before it fell under the Dominion of the Turks_ - -_From Du Fresne Lib. 1. p. 1._ - - 1. _Ecclesia Apostolorum._ - 2. _Ecclesia Sanctæ Sophiæ._ - 3. _S. Joh. de Studio._ - 4. _Portus Palatii._ - 5. _Hodegetria._ - 6. _S. Demetrius._ - 7. _Porta Iudæa._ - 8. _Porta Piscaria._ - 9. _Contoscalium._ - -_J. Tinney Sculp._] - -[Illustration: _The Ichnography or Groundplot of the Church of_ Sancta -Sophia _from Du Fresne_. - - 1 _The outward Porch._ - 2 _The inward Porch._ - 3 _The 2 Doors of the outward Porch._ - 4 _The 5 Doors of the inward Porch._ - 5 _The 8 principal Pillars._ - 6 _The Centre._ - 7 _The Holy Doors._ - 8 _The Holy Table._] - -[Illustration: _The whole view of the Church of_ Sancta Sophia _from Du -Fresne Lib. 3. Pag. 5_. - -_J. Tinney Sculp._] - -[Illustration: _The outside Prospect of the Church of_ Sancta Sophia -_from Du Fresne Lib. 3. Pag. 1_. - -_J. Tinney Sculp._] - -[Illustration: _The inside Prospect of the Church of_ Sancta Sophia -_from Du Fresne Lib. 3. Pag. 1_. - -_J. Tinney Sculp._] - -[Illustration: _The Plan of the Church of the Apostles. Lib. 4. Cap. 2._ - - _aa. Propilæum or Church porch._ - _b. The Nave, or body of the Church._ - _cccc. The circuit of the Chancel._ - _d. The holy Table._ - _e. The holy Chair._] - -[Illustration: _The_ Hippodrom _with the_ Thebean Obelisk _and_ Engines -_by which it was erected_. - -_From Sʳ. G. Wheler._] - -[Illustration: _The Serpentine Pillar. - -Lib. 2. Cap. 13._ - -_The Porphyry Pillar. - -Lib. 3. Cap. 3._ - -_The Pillar of the Empʳ._ Marcian. - -_Lib. 4. Cap. 8_. - -_From Sʳ. G. Wheler._] - -[Illustration: THE HISTORICAL PILLAR - -_from Du Fresne Lib. 1 Pag. 79._ - -_J. Tinney Sculp._] - -[Illustration: _The SERRAGLIO POINT of_ CONSTANTINOPLE. - - A _The Entrance into yᵉ. Serraglio from yᵉ. City._ - B _Lodging for the Guards._ - C _The great Hall for publick Audience._ - D _The Grand Signors Lodgings._ - E _The Womens Lodgings._ - F _Pleasure Houses._ - G _The Grand Signors Barge-houses._ - H _Part of Constantinople called Balat._ - I _The Entrance into the Serraglio from Sea._ - K _Sancta Sophia now yᵉ. Grand Signors Mosque._ - L _Part of Asia Shoar._ - M _The Bosporus wᶜʰ. divides Europe from Asia._ - -_From B. Randolph._] - - - - -[Illustration: Page Header Decoration] - -_APPENDIX._ - - -_The following Piece was communicated to me by a Gentleman of the -University of_ Oxford, _who had copy’d it from the latter End of -the Second Book of_ Nicetas Choniat, Concerning the Destruction of -Constantinople. _I had no sooner perus’d it, but I found it so curious -in it self, and so well suited to the Subject of my Author, that I -perceiv’d the Obligations I was under for that Favour; and judg’d it -worthy of a Translation. I would only farther advertise the Reader, -that the following Passage is not to be met with in any of the Printed -Copies of_ Choniat, _but is a Transcript from him in that Part of his -Book, where he writes, concerning the Statues of_ Constantinople, -_which the_ Romans, _when they took that City, caused to be melted -down, and coyn’d. The Passage may be found in a_ MS. Cod. Bodl. fol. -447. _l._ 25. _and runs thus_: - - * * * * * - -The _Roman_ Conquerours, who were of an with avaritious Temper, even -to a Proverb, practis’d a new Method of Rapine and Plunder, entirely -unknown to those who had taken the City before them. For breaking open -by Night the Royal Sepulchres in the great Grove of the _Heroum_, they -sacrilegiously rifled the Corps of those Blessed Disciples of _Jesus -Christ_, and carry’d off whatsoever was valuable in Gold, Rings, and -Jewels, which they could find in these Repositories of the Dead. But -coming to the Body of the Emperor _Justinian_, and finding his Coffin -untouch’d, tho’ it was publickly known for some Years that it was nobly -enrich’d, aw’d with in Fear and Admiration, they forbore to disturb the -Imperial Ashes. And as they express’d no Reverence and Regard to the -Dead, so were they equally Savage and Inhuman in their Treatment of -the Living; even to those who were their own Countreymen. They spar’d -neither the House of GOD, nor his Ministers, but stripped the great -Church (_Sancta Sophia_) of all its fine Ornaments and Hangings, made -of the richest Brocades, of inestimable Value: But still continuing -unsatiable in their Avarice, they no sooner cast their Eyes upon the -brazen Statues, than they order’d them to be melted down. The fine -_Statue of Juno in Brass_, which stood in the _Forum_ of _Constantine_, -they chopt in Pieces, and threw it into the Forge. The Head of this -Statue was so large, that four Yoke of Oxen could scarce drag it into -the Palace. Upon the _Base_ of it was cut, in _Basso Relievo_, the -Figure of _Paris_, _Venus_ standing by him, presenting her with the -Apple of Discord. The noble _Quadrilateral Pillar_, supported with -several Ranges of Pillars, and which by its Height overlook’d the -whole City, and was both the Wonder and the Delight of the curious -Spectator, shared the same Fate. This lofty Column was adorn’d with -rural Representations of all kinds of singing Birds, Folds of Cattle, -milking Pails, of Sheep bleating, and of Lambs frisking and playing, -_&c._ There was also engrav’d upon it a View of the Sea and Sea-Gods; -some of whom were catching Fish with their Hands; others ordering -their Nets, then diving to the Bottom; whilst some in a wanton -Manner, were throwing Balls at one another. This Pillar supported a -_Pyramid_ at the Top of it, upon which was plac’d the _Statue of a -Woman_, which turn’d about with the Wind, and was therefore called -_Anemodes_. This excellent Piece was also melted down for Coinage, as -was also an _Equestrian_ Statue, fixed upon a Quadrilateral _Pedestal_ -in the _Taurus_. This was a bold Figure, of an heroic Countenance, -and surprizing Stature. It was reported by some, that he was one -of the Spies, who was sent by _Joshua_ the Son of _Nun_. With one -Hand he pointed Eastward, with the other to the West, and the Coast -of _Gabeon_. But this Statue was generally believed to represent -_Bellerophon_, (born and brought up at _Peloponnesus_) sitting upon -_Pegasus_; for the Horse was without a Bridle, as _Pegasus_ is mostly -figur’d, scouring the Plain, despising a Rider, flying and driving -about in a headstrong manner. There is an old Report, which at this -Day is in every Body’s Mouth, that there was stampt in the Breast-Plate -of this Horse, with great Skill, the Figure of a Man, which appear’d -outwardly; this Image was either one of the _Venetici_, the -_Epizophurii_, or the _Bulgari_, who were not, at that Time, conquer’d -by the _Romans_. This Horse and his Rider were also melted down. In the -Accoutrements of this Horse was likewise found a small brazen Image, -wrapp’d up as it were in Wool, which the _Romans_ look’d upon to be -of little or no Value, and therefore threw that also into the Fire. -Neither did the Resentment of the barbarous and unpolite Soldiers stop -here, but they expressed the utmost Fury against the finest Statues, -and most curious Pieces of Workmanship in the _Hippocum_, cutting -the largest of them, which cost immense Sums, into small Coins of -little Value. The great Statue of _Hesperian Hercules_, fix’d upon a -magnificent _Pedestal_, clothed in a Lyon’s Skin, which seem’d to live, -and affright the Spectators with his tremendous Voice, felt the Marks -of military Power. He was not here arm’d with his Quiver, his Bow, or -his Club, but stretching out his right Leg and Arm, he kneeled upon -his left Knee, and leaning upon his left Elbow, with his Hand open, he -supported his Head in a thoughtful Manner, and seem’d to lament his -Misfortunes; uneasy above all at those which _Eurystheus_ out of mere -Envy had impos’d upon him. This Figure was broad-chested, the Shoulders -were large, his Hair long, curl’d, and reaching to his Waste; his Arms -were brawny, and as long as those of the Original made by _Lysimachus_, -which was the first and last Master-piece of his Skill. In short, of -such a stupendous Size was this Statue, that his Wrist was as thick as -a Man’s Body, and the Length of his Leg equal in height to that of any -ordinary Person. This noble Statue, I say, did not escape the Rage of -these mighty Pretenders to native Virtue and Honour: Beside this, they -also carry’d away the _Image of the Loaded Ass_ and his _Driver_. These -Figures were set up originally by _Augustus Cæsar_ at _Actium_, of -whom the Fable goes, that when he went out privately in the Night Time -to take a View of _Anthony_’s Army, he met a Man driving an Ass; and -asking him “_Who he was_, and _whither he was going_? He answered, _my -Name is_ Nichon, _and my Ass’s_ Nichander, _and I am going to Cæsar’s -Army_”. The _Statues_ also of the _Hyæna_, and the _Wolf_ which suckled -_Romulus_ and _Remus_, underwent the same Fate, and were coyn’d into -little brazen _Staters_. The _several Statues_ also of a _Man_ fighting -with a _Lyon_, of the Horse _Neilôus_, cover’d with Scales behind, of -an _Elephant_ with a moving _Proboscis_, of the _Sphinx’s_, beautiful -as Women, and terrible as Beasts; which can occasionally walk, or fly -in the Air, to fight with Birds of Prey. There was also the _Statue_ -of a _wild Horse_, pricking up his Ears, snorting, curvetting, and -prancing; this, and _old Scylla_ were served in the same injurious -Manner. She was figur’d like a Woman to the Waste, with a grim -frightful Look, just as she appear’d, when she sent her Dogs to destroy -_Ulysses_. There was also plac’d in the _Hippocum_ a _brazen Eagle_, -which was the Invention of _Apollonius Tyanæus_, and a celebrated -_Monument_ of his Sorcery. This Impostor, when he was once requested -by the _Byzantians_, to heal them of the Bitings of Serpents, which -was then a common Malady among them, immediately using some diabolical -Charms, and heathenish Ceremonies, he plac’d this Eagle upon a Pillar; -it was a pleasant Sight enough, and deserv’d the Curiosity of being -more narrowly inspected; for it made an agreeable Harmony, and less -dangerous than that of the _Syrens_. Its Wings were stretch’d out, as -ready for Flight, and it was trampling upon a _Serpent_, wreathing it -self about him. The Serpent seem’d to make the utmost Effort to bite -the Eagle, but its Venom had no Power to hurt him. The Eagle seem’d -to gripe him so hard in his Talons, that he was forced to hang down -his Head quietly, and seem’d either to be unwilling, or unable to spit -his Venom at him. The _Eagle_, on the other Hand, look’d brisk and -sprightly, and having obtain’d the Victory, seem’d to be in Haste, to -bear him through the Air in Triumph, denoting by the Sprightliness -of his Look, and the Feebleness of the Serpent, that the Serpents, -that tormented the _Byzantians_, would hurt them no more, but suffer -themselves even to be handled and strok’d by them. But these were not -the only Curiosities observable in this _Aquiline_ Statue. It was also -very remarkable, that the _twelve Hours_ were engraven under its -Wings, under each Wing six, which shew’d the Hour of the Day, by the -Rays of the Sun darting thro’ a Hole in each Wing, artificially made -for that Purpose. But what shall I now say of the fine Proportions -of _Helen_, who engag’d all _Greece_ in her Quarrel, and for whose -Sake _Troy_ itself was laid in Ruines? No Wonder that when living -she could charm the most stubborn, and soften the most impenetrable -Heart, when in breathing Brass she captivated all that saw her. Her -Habit sat loose upon her, which discover’d too great an Inclination -for Gallantry. Her Hair, which seem’d to wave in the Wind, was long -and delicate, braided with Gold and Jewels. Her Robe was girt about -her, falling down to the Knee. Her Lips seem’d like the opening Roses, -you would fancy they mov’d, and such an agreeable Smile brightned her -Countenance, as entertain’d the Eye of the Spectator with Pleasure. It -is impossible for me to describe the Sweetness and Chearfulness of her -Looks, the Arches of her Eyes, and the perfect Symmetry of the whole -Statue. Take it therefore as it is given us by Poets and Historians. -_Helen_ the Daughter of _Tyndarus_ was the Perfection of Beauty, the -Child of Love, the Pride, and the Care of _Venus_; the Master-piece of -Nature, the great Prize of the _Grecians_ and _Trojans_. Where is now -your _Nepenthe_, the secret Charm to guard you from all Evils? Where -are your irresistible _Philtrums_? Why did you not use them against -these barbarous Invaders, with the same Success as you did formerly? -But I suppose it was determined by the Fates, that you should fall -by the Force of Fire, who have rais’d such Flames in the Breasts of -those who came to behold you; or perhaps these our new Conquerours, -who pretend to be descended from the _Trojans_, threw your Statue into -the Fire, to revenge the burning of that City, of which you was only -the innocent Cause. But I can neither think nor speak with Patience of -these avaritious Monsters, who have demolish’d the most valuable, the -most curious, the most costly Statues in the whole World; Fellows, who -would have sold their Wives for Money; who behav’d themselves rather -like Birds of Prey, than a regular well-disciplin’d Army; only with -this Difference, that they spent their Prey as loosely, as they got -it ingloriously, and would willingly venture their Lives to support -their Extravagance. Hear these Verses of _Homer_, who is well known -to the _Greeks_ and the _Barbarians_; to the Learned, and Unlearned, -concerning _Helen_. - - —_No Wonder such Celestial Charms, - For ten long Years should hold the World in Arms._ - - Pope. - -Pardon this Digression:—There was also plac’d upon a Pillar a more -_modern Statue_ of a _Woman_, which was very curious and agreeable. Her -Hair hung down behind, combed close down from the Forehead backwards, -not breaded up, but bending to the Hand of the Spectator. Upon the -right Hand of this Statue stood the _Equestrian Statue_ of a _Man_. -The Horse stood upon one Leg, the other bore a Cup with a mix’d Potion. -The Rider was of a large Size, his Body compleatly arm’d, his Legs -and his Feet were cover’d with Greaves, his Air was manly, rough, and -warlike. The Horse was mettlesome, and high courag’d, pricking up -his Ears, as tho’ he heard the Trumpet. His Neck was high, his Look -fierce, his Eyes sparkling, as eager for the Battle; he rear’d up -his Fore-feet, and pranced like a War-Horse. Near this Statue, hard -by the Eastern Goal, call’d _Rusius_, were a Range of _Statues_ of -_Charioteers_, dextrous in driving the Chariot, and turning the Goal. -They were very busy in managing their Bridles, and smacking their -Whips, and directing their Horses, with their Eyes fix’d steddily upon -the Goal. In short, there seem’d to be describ’d in these _Figures_ -all the Tumult and Fury of a Chariot Race, with the most vigorous -Struggle for Victory and Success. This Description of these Statues -may seem imperfect; for it never was my Intention to describe them -all. But what gave me the most agreeable Pleasure, and seem’d to me -the most admirable Piece of Workmanship, was a large _Pedestal_, upon -which was plac’d _an Animal cast in Brass_, as large as an Ox, having -a short Tail, and a moderate Dewlap, something like the _Ægyptian_ -Cattle. It had no Hoofs; but held in its Teeth, ready to strangle it, -another _Animal_, cloth’d all over with Scales, almost impenetrable. It -seem’d to be a _Basilisk_, and had a Mouth somewhat like a Serpent’s. -It was taken by many to be an Ox of the _Nile_, and by some to be a -_Crocodile_. But I forbear to give the several Conjectures upon it. -These Figures however seem’d to represent an odd Sort of Fight, each -of them furiously striving for Victory. The Creature which seem’d to -be the _Basilisk_ was in Colour like a Frog, and was all over bloated -from Head to Foot. He was casting out his Venom upon his Antagonist, -with an Intent to destroy him. This _Animal_ was carv’d as bearing upon -one Knee, and in a languishing Condition. This Observation gave the -Spectators occasion to believe it fallen dead backward, if the _Base_ -where he stood had not supported him. There was also the _Figure_ of -another _Animal_, in whose Jaws was represented a Smaller Creature, -whose Mouth was open as almost choak’d by the Teeth which held him, -struggling to get loose, but to no Purpose. His Tail, which was very -Short, seem’d to tremble; his Shoulders, his fore Feet, and the hinder -Part of his Body, were hid in the Mouth of his Enemy, and mash’d by -his Jaws. These _Animals_ also mutually kill’d each other. Thus we -may observe, that these Poisonous Creatures, so destructive to Man, -are no less noxious to each other. And this, many Times, is the Case -of Nations, and Kingdoms, as was exemplify’d in the _Romans_, when -they made War upon us; killing, and destroying one another, through -the Power of _Christ_, who rejoyceth not in Blood, and disperseth the -Nations that delight in War; who maketh the Just to walk upon the -Adder, and the Basilisk, and treadeth the Lyon and Dragon under his -Feet. - - * * * * * - -_In the Beginning of this_ MS _upon a large Folio Page, are inscrib’d -the following Words, in the Benefactor’s own Hand_. “_Sir_ John -Roe, _Bart. Ambassador from His Majesty of_ Great Brittain _to the_ -Grand Seignior, _as a perpetual Testimony of his Gratitude to the -University_, (Oxon) _gave this Book, which he met with in his Travels, -to the Publick Library_, 1628.” - -[Illustration: Page Decoration] - - - - -[Illustration: Page Header Decoration] - -AN EXPLANATORY INDEX. - - -A. - - ABACUS from ἄβαξ, which signifies a square Trencher. It is the four - square Table, that makes the Capital on the Top of a - Column, _p._ 148 - - ACROPOLIS, is that Point of Land where Old _Byzantium_ stood, 157 - - ÆGYPTIANS, how they adorn their Pillars, 175 - - ALPHABETS, _Assyrian_ and _Greek_, 77 - - ANNULETS, are little square Parts turn’d round in the _Corinthian_ - Capitals, 264 - - ANTIQUITY, a famous Piece of it, 154 - - APOPHYGE, it comes from the _Greek_ Word ἀποφυγὴ, and signifies that - Part of a Column, where it seems to _fly_ out of its _Base_, 253 - - AQUEDUCT of _Valens_, 197 - Of _Valentinian_, 212 - Other _Aqueducts_, 213 - - ARCHITRAVE, this Word is a Compound of two Languages, ἀρχὴ and - _Trabs_, and denotes the first Member of the _Entablature_, 113 - - ARIUS, his miserable Death, 177 - - ARMATION, a Place of Arms, 28 - - ASTRAGAL, is deriv’d from the _Greek_ Word Ἀστράγαλος, and signifies - the little Joynts in the Neck. It is a Member of Architecture - joyn’d to _Bases_, _Cornices_, and _Architraves_, 242 - - AVASARIUS, a Street in _Constantinople_, 238 - - -B. - - BAGNIO’S, of _Achilles_, 20 - Of _Arcadius_, 79 - Of _Anastasia_, 208 - Of _Bajazet_, 193 - Of _Carosia_, 198 - Of _Constantius_, 210 - Of _Honorius_, and _Eudocia_, 169 - Of _Zeuxippus_, 97 - - BASE. This signifies the Foot of a Pillar, which supports it; as - also that Part, upon which the Shaft of the Pillar bears, 109 - - BASILICA, is derived from Βασιλεὺς, a King, and was a large - Building, made at first for Kings and Princes; afterwards - they were turn’d into Courts of Justice, and sometimes into - Churches. _In Constantinople_ it contain’d the Imperial Library, - consisting of six hundred Thousand Volumes; was also a Seat of - Learning, and a Place of Traffick, 145 - - BEZESTAN, in the _Ottoman_ Language, is their Grand Exchange, 48 - - BLACHERNÆ, a Part of the Suburbs, 63 - - BRAZEN-BULL, 228 - - BYZANTIUM, founded by _Byzas_, 13 - The _Megarians_ its first Inhabitants, 14 - Rebuilt by the _Lacedæmonians_, 15 - Afterwards call’d _Antonina_, ibid. - After that _New Rome_, _Constantinople_, and _Anthusa_, or - _Florentia_ by _Constantine_, ibid. - Its Revolutions, _ibid._ - Its Walls, Towers, Gates, Ports, 17 - Taken by the _Romans_, 19 - Its Antient Situation and Extent, 20 - The greatest City in all _Thrace_, 21 - Rebuilt by _Constantine_, 23 - Its seven Towers, 71 - Its Old Castle where built, 76 - - -C. - - CAPITAL, the Top of a Pillar, 113 - - CAPITOL; This was a large Temple, where they celebrated their - Festivals and Triumphs, and to which they repair’d upon publick - Occasions, 203 - - CAPOCHEE’S, the drudging Porters among the _Turks_, 38 - - CHALCA, a Description of it, 134 - - CHALCOPRATIA, the Places where they worked their Brass, 148 - - CARAVANSERA, a Place built like an Inn for the Reception of Strangers - and Travellers, 52 - - CERAS, or CHERAS, a Bay which divides _Galata_ from the City, and is - so called, because it winds round like a _Horn_, 20 - - CHRYSOSTOM St., banish’d, 102 - - CHURCH of St. _Anthony_, _Blessed Virgin_, St. _John Baptist_, 28 - Of _Anastasia_ and _Hirena_, 192 - Of St. _Agathonicus_, 80 - Of the _Apostles_, 221 - Of the _Blachernæ_, 63 - Of _Bacchus_, and _Sergius_, 117 - Of St. _Euphemia_, 124 - Of St. _Irene_, 101 - Of St. _Marcian_, 114 - Of St. _Mina_, of _Mocius_ and St. _Anne_, 260 - Of St. _Peter_ and St. _Paul_, 117 - Of St. _Paul_, 204 - Of St. _Polyclete_, 124 - Of _Procopius_, of the Martyr _Theca_, 121 - Of St. _Theodore_, 202 - And of St. _Thomas_, 120 - - CHURCH, without the Walls of the City. This Church was called - Χριστὸς χώρας, that is, a Church sacred to _Christ_, in a - Monastery call’d _Chora_; because when first built it stood in - the Suburbs, 242 - See _Cantacuzenus_. - - CHURCH of St. _Sophia_, situate in the Imperial Precinct, 81 - By whom built, 82 - By what Architects, 84 - Its Length, Breadth, and Height, 86 - Incrusted with elegant Marble of all Kinds, 87 - Its Roof, Pillars, and Arches, _ibid._ - The whole Architecture of it describ’d from _Page_ 87, to 95 - - CIRCUS MAXIMUS, a Place of a large oblong Figure, built for the - Exercise of Martial Sports, with Seats for the Spectators, 103 - - CISTERN, of _Bonus_, 28 - Of _Mocisia_, 66 - Imperial Cistern, whose Roof is supported with 336 Marble - Pillars, discovered by the Author, 147 - More Cisterns, 162 - Cistern of _Theodosius_, 169 - Of _Arcadius_ and _Modestus_, 124 - Of _Justinian_, 260 - Of St. _Benedict_, 275 - - COCHLIA, This was a Gate of the City, and so call’d, as I conceive, - because it had winding Stairs within it, 116 - - COLOSSUS, Its Description and Size, 108, 109 - - COLUMNA VIRGINEA, 58 - - CONSTANTINE. An Account of his fine Buildings, 23, 24 - A Prince of Remarkable Clemency and Goodness, 28 - His Military Standard, 183 - The Story of his seeing the Cross in the Heavens vindicated, 84 - His Coffin, 222 - - CONSTANTINOPLE, its delightful Situation, 1 - Its Strength, 2 - Its Commodities, 3 - Conveniencies of its Port, 5 - Is the Key of the _Mediterranean_ and _Black Sea_, 6 - Its choice Wines, 7 - Its Timber, 8 - Its Fish, 9 - Temperature of its Climate, _ibid._ - The Disposition of its Inhabitants, 10 - The Fortress of all _Europe_, 11 - Its Magnificence and vast Extent, 24, 25 - Its Figure, 29 - Its Compass and Length, 30 - Its Breadth, 31 - Strength, and Stateliness of its Walls, 67 - By whom built and repair’d, 68 - Its several Gates, 70 - The long Walls of it by whom built, 72 - Divided into 14 Wards, 73 - - CORNICE; this signifies the third, and highest Part of the - _Entablature_, 113 - - CYCLOBION; this was a round Castle in the City, and some time a - Palace, 239 - - CYNEGION; this was the same Kind of Building with the _Theatrum - Venatorium_ in antient _Rome_, 244 - - -D. - - DELPHIC TRIPOS, 111 - - DENTILS, is a Member of the _Ionic Cornice_, Square, and cut out at - proper Distances, which gives it the Form of a Set of Teeth, 242 - - DICERATON; a Tax laid upon the People for Repairing the Walls of the - City, 68 - - DIGIT; this is a Measure somewhat short of an Inch, 104 - - DIVAN, it signifies the _Forum Judiciale_ of the _Turks_, 38 - - -E. - - EMERALD, of a large Size, 160 - - ENTABLATURE; this Word denotes the three Members of Architecture, - _viz._ the _Architrave_, _Frieze_, and _Cornice_, 113 - - EXACIONION; this was a Place, thro’ which there ran the Land-Wall of - the City, 218 - - EXAMMON _of_ HERACLIUS, or Ἐξάμον. This is a Word which is - _Greeciz’d_ from the Latin _Examen_, and signifies a Standard - Measure appointed by that Emperour, 141 - - -F. - - FACTIONS. These were Company of Chariot-racers. There were four - Companies of them at Old _Rome_. At _Constantinople_, (as far - as I have observ’d, or at least not mention’d by _Gyllius_) but - only One, which was called the _Prasine Faction_, because they - wore a _Green_ Livery. The Word _Prasine_ is deriv’d from Πράσον, - a _Leek_, 116, 117 - - FASCIAE. These are three _Bands_ in Architecture, of which the - _Architrave_ is compos’d, 242 - - FRIEZE. The round Part of the _Entablature_, which is between the - _Architrave_, and the _Cornice_, 253 - - Forum of _Arcadius_, 257 - Of _Augustus_, 83 - Of _Constantine_, 171 - _Cupedinis_, 153 - Of _Honorius_, 275 - _Forum Pistorium_, 195 - _Forum Prætorianum_, or the Court of Publick Justice, 170 - _Forum_ in the _Taurus_, and the _Forum_ of _Theodosius_, 169 - - -G. - - GALATA, now called _Sycæ_ and _Pera_, its Situation, 264 - - GATES, of _Constantinople_, 70 - - GRAND-HETAERIARCH, Commander of the prime Auxiliary Band; for there - were two such Bands under the _Greek_ Emperors, the One called the - ἡ μεγάλη, the other ἡ μικρὰ ἑταιρεία i. e. the Greater and Lesser - Band of Auxiliaries. The Commander of the former was ὁ μεγάλης - ἑταιρείας Ἄρχων, or sometimes in one Word Μεγαλεταιρειάρχης, 230 - - See _Codinus_. - - GYMNASIA, Places where they exercis’d themselves in Martial - Sports, 158 - - -H. - - HIPPOCUM, 290. This I take to be the same with the _Hyppodrom_. - - HIPPODROM, the Place where they perform’d their Races of all - Kinds, 103 - - HOMER, his _Iliads_ and _Odysses_ inscrib’d, in Golden Characters, on - the Gut of a Dragon, 144 - - HOSPITAL of _Sampson_, and _Eubulus_, 100 - - HYPOTRACHELION, this is the most slender Part, or _Neck_ of the - Pillar, which touches the _Capital_, 263 - - -I. - - INTERCOLUMNIATION, the Distance of one Pillar from another, 147 - - -L. - - LABARUM, this Word signifies a longer piece of Wood, transvers’d near - the Top with a short Piece, upon which hangs the military Flag, 184 - - LAMPTERUM, a place in _Constantinople_ so called, because it was - Nightly Illuminated, 192 - - -M. - - MAGNAURA, a place in the Suburbs, 239 - - MAHOMET, took the City, 195 - - MANGANA, a Place of Arms; also a Monastery of that Name, 96 - - MEDAL, of _Belisarius_, 116 - - MILIARIUM AUREUM, this was a gilded Pillar, from whence they us’d to - adjust the Distances of Places from the City, 152 - - MODIUS, this generally signifies a Bushel according to English - Measure; but I am sensible, I had translated it more properly, - had I made it to signify no more than a Peck wanting half a Pint; - which is the _Grecian Modius_, 107 - - MODULES, these are certain Measures invented to regulate the whole - Building, 113 - - MONASTERY, of _Studius_, 259 - - MORION, a place so call’d, which ran round the _Hippodrom_, 123 - - MOSAIC WORK, A curious Piece of it, 87 - - -O. - - OBELISK, built of _Thebaic_ Marble, 103 - Two more _Obelisks_, 104 - - OVOLO, or Egg, is that Member of Architecture, which is first plac’d - on the Top of _Ionic Capitals_, 113 - - -P. - - PACES, by this, the Author means the Ordinary Steps a Man takes in - Walking, which cannot be exactly reduced to the _Roman Pace_, - because they vary according to the different Ascents and Descents - of the Ground he walks, 65 - - PALACE of _Constantine_, 134 - of the Grand _Seignor_, 37 - of _Justinus_, 120 - Other Palaces built by him, 121 - Palace of _Maximinus_, 81 - Palaces of _Sophia_, 121 - - PALLADIUM of _Minerva_, 117 - Describ’d, 179 - How Figur’d, 180 - - PEDESTAL; this is that Member of Architecture, that supports a - Column, having a Base and Cornice different, according to the - Difference of the several Orders of Building, 113 - - PHANARIUM, a Street in _Constantinople_, 236 - - PHARO, a Watch-Tower; set up as a Guide to Ships at a Distance, 96 - - PHILOXENON; this Word, by its Derivation from the _Greek_, signifies - a publick Place of Entertainment for Travellers, and Strangers. - The _Turks_ at present call these Places _Caravansera’s_, 161 - - PILLAR of _Arcadius_; this is the same Pillar, which is called the - Historical Pillar; and which is Represented among the Cuts which - I have added to this Book: It is therefore called the Historical - Pillar; because it Represents the Actions and Triumphs of that - Emperor. It is a plain Marble Column, 147 Foot in Height; work’d - in _Basso Relievo_, 250 - See _Tournefort_. - - PILLAR of MARCIAN; this Pillar is only mention’d by my Author; - but since his Time has been discover’d in a private Garden at - _Constantinople_, by Sir _G. Wheler_. The Pillar is made of - _Granate_, and is thought to have been the Urn, where that - Emperor’s Heart was buried, 256 - See the same Author. - - PILLARS; Of _Constantine_, 156 - _Corinthian_, very large, 137 - Pillars in the _Hippodrom_, 110, 111, 112 - Of _Justinian_, 129 - _Porphyry_ Pillar, 172 - See also the Cuts. - Pillars in the _Senate-House_, 131 - Of _Sophia_, 120 - Of _Theodosius_, 129 - Of _Valentinian_, 256 - - PLINTH; in Architecture it is taken for that square Member, which - makes the Foundation of the Base of the Pillar, 113 - - PORTICO’S; these were Buildings of curious work, added to publick - Structures whether Sacred or Civil. - - PORTICO, Of the Church of the Apostles, 221 - Imperial _Portico_, where sealed, 150 - Other _Portico’s_, full of Statues, 151 - _Portico_, called _Sigma_, 221 - - PRYTANEUM; this was a stately Building, where those who had deserv’d - well of the Government, were handsomely maintain’d at the publick - Charge. There was such a Structure at _Athens_, for the same - purpose, 169 - - PYRAMIDICAL Engine; its Use and Contrivance, 197 - - -S. - - SCOTIA; this is a Member of Architecture hollow’d, or fluted as a - Demi-Channel. It is particularly us’d in the _Bases_, where it is - plac’d between the _Tore_, and the _Astragals_, 113 - - SENATE-HOUSE; built by _Constantine_, 132 - How adorn’d, 182 - - SERAGLIO, or the Imperial Palace; a Description of it, 37, 38, 39, - 40, 41 - Where situate, 51 - Its Extent, 52 - - SHAFT of a Pillar is the Body of it, 111 - - STADIA; these were Places, in the Form of _Circo’s_, for running of - Men and Horses, 136 - - STATUES; Of _Apollo_, 176 - Of _Arcadia_, and _Verina_, 79 - Of _Arcadius_ and _Honorius_, 197 - Of _Ariadne_, 139 - Of _Arius_ and others, 154 - Of _Byzas_ and _Phidalia_, 141 - Of _Constantine_ the _Great_, 170 - A Silver Statue of _Eudoxia Augusta_, 101 - Two _Female Statues_, 186 - Of the _Fortune_ of the City, 154 - A gilded _Statue_, and that of _Justinian_, 141 - Of _Helena_ and others, 138 - Of _Hercules_, 142 - _Statues_ in the _Hippodrom_, 108, 109, 110, 111 - _Statue_ of old _Homer_ very fine, 78 - Of _Justinian_, 127 - _Statues_ in the _Lausus_, 159 - Of _Leo_ the Emperour, 123 - Of _Longinus_, 187 - Of the _Muses_, 139 - Of Princes, Poets, Historians, and Orators, 99 - Of _Pulcheria_, 139 - Of _Rhea_, 131 - Of _Theodora_, 79 - Of _Theodosius_, 125, 129 - Of _Trajan_, _Theodosius_, _Valentinian_, _Gibbus_, - _Firmillianus_, and _Eutropius_, 142 - Of _Zeno_, _Statues_ in the _Bagnio’s_ of _Zeuxippus_, 98 - - STATUES (mention’d in the _Appendix_) demolish’d by the _Romans_. - _Anemodes_, a _Woman_ plac’d on a _Pyramid_, and turning with the - Wind, 287 - _Animals_; two large ones represented in Brass, 293 - _Animals_; two less, 294 - An _Ass_ and his _Driver_, 289 - _Charioteers_; a Range of them, 293 - An _Eagle_ in Brass, entwin’d by a _Serpent_, 290 - An _Elephant_, 289 - An _Equestrian Statue_ of a Man, 293 - An _Equestrian Statue_ in the _Taurus_, 287 - A _Helen_ very fine, 291 - An _Hesperian Hercules_, 288 - A _Horse_ wild, 289 - A _Hyæna_, and a _Wolf_, _ibid._ - A _Juno_ in Brass, 288 - A _Man_ fighting with a _Lyon_, 289 - _Neilôus_, a _Horse_, _ib._ - Old _Scylla_, ibid. - _Sphinx’s_, ibid. - a _Woman_, a more modern _Statue_, 293 - - STRATEGIUM, a kind of a Parade, or Place where the Generals usually - pitched their Tents, and exercis’d their Men, 23 - - SYPARUM; the Flag of a Military Standard, 184 - - -T. - - TAURUS; a Street in _Constantinople_, 193 - - TEMPLES; - Of _Amphiaraus_, 274 - Of _Apollo_, 120 - Of _Bacchus_, 77 - Of _Ceres_, 166 - Of _Concord_, 120 - Of _Diana Lucifera_, 274 - Of _Ja_, 259 - Of _Juno_, 190 - Of _Jupiter_, 97 - Of _Neptune_, 76 - Of _Pluto_, 190 - Of _Proserpina_, 166 - Of the Sun and Moon, 208 - Of _Tellus_, 166 - Of _Venus Placida_, 274 - - TETRAPYLUM; a Description of it, 196 - - THEBAIC OBELISK, where fix’d, 103 - Its Length, with a Description of it, 104, 105 - Manner of Raising it, (See the Cuts) 106 - - THERMATION; a Place of Bathing, 255 - - TOMB of _Bajazet_, 194 - describ’d, 200 - _Tomb_ of _Constantine_, 221 - Of _Mahomet_, 55 - Of _Mahomet_, _Solyman_’s Son, 202 - Of _Mauritius_, 248 - Of _Selymus_, 59 - - TORE; this is the third Member of Architecture in the _Base_ of the - Column, which turns round it like a Ring, 113 - - TRABEATION, 113 - See _Entablature_. - - TRICLINIUM; this was a place of Publick Entertainment, and was many - Times a very sumptuous Building most beautifully adorn’d, 162 - The great _Triclinium_ built by _Anastasius_, 246 - The _Triclinium_ of _Magnaura_, 239 - - TRIPOS of _Apollo_; this _Tripos_ was set upon a brazen Pillar made - of three Serpents entwin’d, which was about fifteen Foot high, - according to _Tournefort_. See the Cut of the _Serpentine_ - Pillar, 112 - - TURKS; their Way of building Pillars, 188 - - -V. - - VESTIBULE, or VESTIBULUM; a House of Entrance into a Church, or any - great Building, 133 - - VOLUTÆ. The Word signifies _wreath’d_, and is that Part of the - _Capitals_, of the _Ionic_, _Corinthian_, and _Composite_ Orders, - which is suppos’d to represent the Bark of Trees twisted, 119 - - -W. - - WALLS of _Constantinople_, 72 - - WALKS Imperial, 142 - - -X. - - XEROLOPHON; this Word signifies a _dry Unction_, and the Place was - call’d so, because whoever was anointed there never us’d to - bath, 259 - - -_FINIS._ - -[Illustration: Page Decoration] - - - - - A - DESCRIPTION - Of the CITY of - CONSTANTINOPLE, - As it stood in the REIGNS of - ARCADIUS and HONORIUS. - - Published from the - _Notitia Utriusque Imperii_. - - WITH - PANCIROLUS’_s_ NOTES. - - ——_Vestigia retrò - Observata sequor._—— - - VIR. ÆN. II. - -[Illustration: Page Decoration] - - _LONDON_: - Printed in the Year MDCCXXIX. - - - - -[Illustration: Page Header Decoration] - - A - DESCRIPTION - Of the WARDS of - CONSTANTINOPLE. - - - - - The first _Region_, or _Ward_. - - -_The first_ Ward _contains in it, the House of_ Placidia Augusta; -_the House of the most illustrious_ Marina; _the_ Bagnio’s _of_ -Arcadius; _twenty nine Streets; an Hundred and eighteen large Houses; -two_ Portico’s _of a great Length; fifteen private_ Bagnio’s; _four -publick, and fifteen private Mills; and four_ Gradus. _It was governed -by one_ Curator, _who had under his Charge, the whole_ Ward. _There -was also one_ Vernaculus, _who was Messenger of the_ Ward, _was also -Assistant to him, and entirely at his Command. It had also twenty five_ -Collegiati, _chosen out of the several Bodies of Tradesmen, whose -Office it was to direct and assist in Cases of Fire. There were also -five_ Vico-Magistri, _whose Business it was to watch the City by Night_. - - * * * * * - -Thus far my Author. I shall here add a Remark made by _Gyllius_, it -not being foreign to our Purpose, _viz._ That those whom _P. Victor_ -and _S. Rufus_, believed to have been called the _Denunciatores_ in -antient _Rome_, here in new _Rome_, he calls _Vernaculi_. Neither of -them mention the _Collegiati_, tho’ all Historians take Notice of the -_Vico-Magistri_, who with more Propriety of the _Latin_ Tongue, should -rather have been called _Vicorum Magistri_, as appears, he tells us, by -an Inscription yet remaining in the Capitol of _Old Rome_, which is as -follows. - - IMP. CAESARI DIVI. - TRAIANI PARTHICI FIL. - DIVI NERVAE NEPOTI. - TRAIANO HADRIANO. - AVG. PONTIF. MAXIMO. - TRIBVNIC. POTESTAT. XX. - IMP. II. CON. III. P. - MAGISTRI VICORVM XIIII. - - -NOTES. - -_The first Ward._] ’Tis evident from _Pliny_, and also from _Tacitus_, -in that Part of his History, where he mentions the Burning of the City -by _Nero_, that antient _Rome_ was divided into fourteen _Regions_, or -_Wards_. _Sex. Rufus_, and _P. Victor_, who had pass’d the _Consular_ -Dignity, have given us some short Descriptions of them. As to the -_Wards_ of _New Rome_, they are here described as I found them placed -before the _Notitia Utriusque Imperii_. _Constantinople_, which -was a kind of Representation of _Old Rome_, was likewise after her -Example, as _Justinian_ observes in his 43ᵈ _Novel_, divided into -fourteen _Wards_; and he calls them _Regions_ or _Wards_. There were -many Monuments of Antiquity carried thither from _Old Rome_, and -many new ones made there, which I could by no Means pass by, as the -Accounts of them may be necessary to the Knowledge of both Places. And -therefore to explain and illustrate them the more, I have subjoined -some _Annotations_ of my own; and have also taken Notice, as they -fell in my Way, of some Observations made in my _Comments_ on the -_Notitia_, _&c._ The Author of the _Description_ observes this Method. -The Churches, and other Matters which are most Material, he treats of -in the first Place, then he mentions what is less Important, in the -same Order, in every _Ward_; as the Streets, Houses, _Bagnio’s_, Mills, -the _Gradus_, then the _Curator_, _Vernaculus_, the _Collegiati_, and -last of all, the _Vico-Magistri_. In the thirteenth _Ward_, through -a Mistake, the Streets are omitted, which Error I have taken Care to -correct, as I have also another in the fourteenth _Ward_, where he has -left out the _Curator_, the _Vernaculus_, the _Collegiati_, and the -_Vico-Magistri_. He mentions only fourteen Churches, in seven _Wards_; -whereas at _Rome_, there was not a Street without some Temple or other, -and some had two. I shall make my _Annotations_ upon every Monument of -Antiquity, in the same _Ward_, and in the same Place, that I find it. - -_The House of_ Placidia Augusta.] This Lady was the Daughter of -_Theodosius_ the _Great_, and Sister of _Arcadius_ and _Honorius_. When -_New Rome_ was taken by _Alaric_, King of the _Goths_ and _Vandals_, -he carried her away into Captivity, who afterward married his Kinsman -and Successor _Athaulfus_. Upon his Death, she was restored to her -Countrey, and being married again to _Constantius_, she had by him -two Sons, _Valentinian_ and _Honoriades_; as _Eutropius_, _Zonaras_, -_Cedrinus_, and other Historians tell us. - -_The House of the most illustrious_ Marina.] _Marina_ was the Daughter -of _Arcadius_, who being honoured with the Title of the _Most -Illustrious_, as _Cedrinus_ writes, continued a Virgin. The Title of -the _Most Illustrious_, is discovered by an antient Inscription to -have been first given to _Valerianus_ the Younger, about the Year of -our Lord 260. Afterwards it was given to _Severinus_, and _Maximinus -Cæsar_, and at Length it was ascribed to Ladies of the highest -Birth. This sometimes entitled them to a Share in the Government; -for whosoever was dignified with this Character, was allowed to -wear a Purple Habit, laced round with Gold, and took Place of the -_Præfecti_, (the Mayors or Chief Magistrates of the City) as _Zosimus_ -observes, who will have it, that this Honour was first instituted by -_Constantine_; tho’ ’tis very evident, that this Dignity was conferred -long before his Time. - -_The Bagnio’s of_ Arcadius.] They were so called, because they were -built by him, as _Procopius_ writes in his 1st _Orat._ concerning -the Buildings of _Justinian_. As you sail, says he, out of the -_Propontis_, to the Eastern Coast, you see a Publick _Bagnio_, call’d -the _Arcadian Bagnio_, which is a great Ornament to the City. In this -Place _Justinian_ built a Court, which lies before the City, so near -to the Sea, that they who walk upon the Shore, may hold a Discourse -with any of the Ships Crew, as they sail by them. The Account I shall -give of the Curiosities of this Court, is as follows. The Court -it self is a very beautiful Building, and is fann’d with gentle -Breezes. ’Tis paved with delicate Marble, and adorned with stately -Pillars, which afford a delectable Prospect, even to a Brightness, -which seems to rival a Meridian Sun-shine. There are also many other -Curiosities which adorn this Court, some of which are Pieces of most -elegant Workmanship, both in Brass and Stone. Thus far _Procopius_. -The _Bagnio’s_ here mentioned are probably the same with those which -are called the _Xerolophus_, which _Cedrinus_ tells us were built by -_Arcadius_. The _Xerolophus_, says he, was built by _Arcadius_, the -Pillars of which are all like that Pillar, which _Theodosius_ erected -in the _Taurus_. _Socrates_ in his _Seventh_ Book, _Chap._ 1. attests, -that this Building stood in the _Forum_ of _Arcadius_. For speaking -of one _Sabbatius_ a Heretick, he says, that the People rais’d a Tax -to oppose _Sesonnicus_ their Bishop, in a Place of the City which -is called Ξηρόλοφος, in the _Forum_ of _Arcadius_. Thus _Socrates_. -This was certainly a Building which consisted of several Apartments, -which induces me to believe it was the _Bagnio’s_ here mentioned. For -_Nicephorus Gregoras_, in his _Seventh Book_, _Chap._ 1. writes, That -_Athanasius_, Patriarch of _Constantinople_, resided some Time in the -Apartments of the _Xerolophus_. The Word _Xerolophus_, says _Suidas_, -signifies a _Dry Unction_, and the Place was called so, because, when -any Body was anointed there, they never used to bath, and adds; That -this Place was formerly famous for Oracles, and that answers were given -to Enquiries there made, from a _Tripos_. There were also in the same -Place sixteen private Apartments, with Winding-Stairs. I have seen it -in an antient _Greek_ Author, that there were here twelve Buildings -with Winding-Stairs, as also the Columns of _Diana_, _Severus_, -_Marcianus_, and the Statues of _Valentinian_, and _Theodosius_ the -_Less_. _Justinian_ also quotes an Inscription there, taken out of -the _Fifth Book_ of _Xenophon_’s _Anabasis_. _Zonaras_ also writes, -that when _Leo Isaurus_ was Emperor of _Constantinople_, the Statue of -_Arcadius_, placed upon a Pillar in the _Xerolophus_, was thrown down -by an Earthquake. The _Bagnio’s_ here mentioned were called Publick, or -Imperial _Bagnio’s_; whereas those which were built by private Persons -were called _Thermæ_, or _Baths_. - -_A Hundred and eighteen Houses._] I take the Word _Houses_ in this -Place, to signifie the Dwelling Houses of some of the principal Men -of the City, as the Great Mens Houses at _Rome_ were distinguished by -standing by themselves, and having no other Houses adjoining to them. - -_Two_ Portico’s _of a great Length_.] These _Portico’s_, as at present, -were not joined to Houses, so as to seem a Part of them, but were -built separate from them, contrived for the Pleasure of Walking, and -refreshing the Mind. Hence it is, that _Strabo_, _Lib._ V. _de Geogra._ -where he is describing the Parts of _Rome_, calls the _Portico_ of -_Livia_ the περίπατον, or Walk. _Pliny_ is of the same Opinion in his -_Fourth Book_, _Chap._ 1. _Strabo_ tells us in another Place, that the -_Cumani_ of _Æolis_ borrowed Money to build a _Portico_, and that when -they failed, as to the Time of Payment, the Person, who gave them -Credit, laid them under a Prohibition not to walk in it, but only -when it rained; and when the Cryer called aloud to them to enter the -_Portico_, it passed into a Proverb, _That the Cumani_ dared not to -enter their _Portico_ without the Leave of the Cryer. These are the -same Kind of _Portico’s_ which _Ulpian_ means, where he mentions the -_Portico’s_, which had no Houses adjoining to them. _Tacitus_, _Lib._ -XV. speaking of the Burning of _Rome_ by _Nero_, takes Notice of these -Ambulatory _Portico’s_, when he tells us, that the _Portico’s_ which -were dedicated to Pleasure, were most of them destroyed by Fire. There -was a _Portico_ of this Sort at _Athens_, Part of which, as _Pliny_ -records, _Lib._ XXXV. _Cap._ 3. was painted by _Myco_, who was paid -for it; and the other Part was finished _gratis_ by _Polygnotus_, an -eminent Painter. It was for this Reason, that ’twas call’d _Porticus -varia_, or ποικίλη. This is the same _Portico_ in which _Zeno_ taught, -and for which he was called the Father of the _Stoicks_. _Suidas_ -says, that it was customary to adorn such _Portico’s_ with Silver and -Marble Statues, as appears by a Will mentioned by _Marcellus_, which -runs thus, _My Will and Pleasure is, that my Heir, at his own Expence, -build in my native Countrey a Publick_ Portico, _in which, I desire -my Silver and Marble Statues may be reposited_. I believe my Author -understands in this Clause of the Will, the same Kind of _Portico’s_ -with those I now comment upon, which were of so considerable a -Length, that they reached from the Imperial Palace, to the _Forum_ of -_Constantine_. For _Procopius_ writes, in his _First Orat. de Ædif. -Justin._ That in the Reign of _Justinian_, the Church of St. _Sophia_, -and both the long _Portico’s_, stretching themselves as far as the -_Forum_ of _Constantine_, were burnt down. The same Fact is testified -by _Cedrinus_, who says, that both these _Portico’s_ were consumed by -Fire, in the Reign of _Basiliscus_, altho’ after these Casualities, -they were always rebuilt. I would observe, that every _Ward_ at -_Constantinople_ had in it some _Portico’s_, though some _Wards_ at -Rome had none. - -_Four Gradus._] The Word, which is here called _Gradus_, signifies a -Tribunal, which was ascended by Marble Steps, to receive the Bread -which was to be distributed among the common People, and which, was -therefore called, _Panis Gradilis_. _Valentinian_ tells us, that the -carrying the _Panis Gradilis_ from one Tribunal to another, is -strictly forbidden. He also commands in _Cod. Theod._ that every one -receive the _Panis Gradilis_ from the Tribunal. From which Passages -it is plain, that this _Gradus_ was a famous Tribunal, from whence -they used to distribute Bread. For _Constantine_, as _Metaphrastes_ -writes, bestowed every Day upon the Poor, eighty Thousand Loaves. -_Socrates_, _Lib._ II. _Cap._ 13. says expressly, that he gave Daily -eighty Thousand Bushels of Corn to the Poor; besides, as _Suidas_ adds, -Wine, and Flesh, and Oil. These were therefore _Gradus_, or Tribunals, -erected in this _Ward_ for that Purpose. - -_It was governed by one_ Curator, _who had under his Charge the whole_ -Ward.] The _Curators_ (who seem something like our Aldermen) were first -instituted by _Augustus_, and by _Suetonius_, _Cap._ XXX. are called -_Magistratus_. He divided, says he, meaning _Augustus_, the City into -Streets and _Wards_, and commanded that the _Wards_ should be governed -by a Magistrate, chosen by Lot yearly, and that the Streets should be -governed by a Master elected out of the common People. Afterwards, in -the Room of these, _Alexander Augustus_ appointed fourteen _Curators_. -_Lampridius_ tells us, that _Rome_ chose fourteen _Curators_, out of -the most eminent Citizens, and obliged them to assist the _Prefect_ of -the City, so that all, or most of them attended, when any Thing was -transacted for the good of the Publick. It was a principal Part of -their Business to decide Causes, and to take Care of Orphans, and the -Poor. - -_There was also one_ Vernaculus _who was Messenger of the_ Ward, _he -assisted the_ Curator, _and was entirely at his Command_.] The -Business of this Officer was to be subservient to the _Curator_, and -give Notice to, and summon the Citizens to meet in all Matters, which -more immediately related to the _Ward_. Their Office was the same, -mentioned by _S. Rufus_, and _P. Victor_, who give them at _Old Rome_, -the Name of _Denunciatores_. Two of which were appointed to assist in -every _Ward_. - -_It had also twenty five_ Collegiati, _chosen out of the several Bodies -of Tradesmen, whose Business it was, to direct and assist in Cases of -Fire_.] At _Rome_ the _Præfectus Vigilum_ commanded in Chief the seven -Companies of Freemen appointed for a constant Watch to the City. This -Office was instituted by _Augustus_, who placed a single Company over -two _Wards_, as is observed by _Suetonius_, and _Dion._ _Lib._ LV. -and by _Paullus_, _Lib. de Offi. præ. Vigil._ These Men were chosen -out of the several Bodies of the Tradesmen, whose Business was the -same with those at _Rome_; and were called _Collegiati._ The Number -of them was always stated, and unalterable so that when one of them -died, the _Prefect_ of the City filled up the Vacancy with one of his -own Body. _Honorius_ and _Theodosius_, in their _Letters Mandatory_ -to _Æstius Prefect_ of the City, will and command, _That the Number -of five hundred sixty three be the standing Number of them, and that -no Person presume by any Authority whatsoever, to alter that Number; -so that it shall be lawful to you only, in the Presence of the Body -Corporate, when any Person is deceased, or otherways removed, to elect, -and nominate one to succeed him out of the same Body Corporate of -which he was a Member_: These _Collegiati_ are chosen out of thirty -five Corporations of Tradesmen, which are particularly specified in -a Letter sent by _Constantine_ to _Maximus_, and are discharged upon -their Election from all other Offices whatsoever. In this first _Ward_, -there were only twenty five of them, in others more or less, who made -up the Number a Hundred and sixty, or a Hundred and sixty three. To -complete the Number of which, as appears from the first Book of _Zeno -de Collegiat._ Thirty seven or forty, are wanting in the last _Ward_. -The Word _Collegiati_, in other Places, sometimes signifies the -_Deacons_ who buried the Dead; and sometimes it is taken for _Freemen_, -as in _Lib._ XLI. _Co. Theod. de Op. Pub._ - -_There were also five_ Vico-Magistri, _whose Business it was to watch -the City by Night_.] These were originally instituted by _Augustus_. -_Suetonius_, in the Life of _Augustus_, _Chap._ XXX. writes, that the -City was divided into Streets and _Wards_, and adds, that _Augustus_ -commanded, that the Magistrates of the _Wards_ should be annually -chosen by Lot. The Streets were governed by the _Vico-Magistri_, who -were elected out of the Commons, in the Neighbourhood of the Streets, -over which they presided; so that as those who governed the _Wards_ -were called _Curatores_, so they who governed the Streets were called -_Vico-Magistri_. ’Tis very probable, that these Magistrates had some -Soldiers under their Command to prevent Robberies, and other Outrages -committed in the Night, as _Old Rome_ had its _Vigils_, or Watchmen, -who were all Soldiers. There were two, three, or four _Vico-Magistri_ -appointed over every Street at _Rome_: At _Constantinople_ every _Ward_ -had but five, so that the whole Number of them is Seventy; although -my Author in his _Summary View of the City_, which follows hereafter, -reckons no more than sixty five. - - - - -The Second _Ward_. - - -_The second_ Ward, _after an easy, and almost imperceptible Ascent -above its Level from the lesser Theatre, falls with a deep Precipice -down to the Sea. This_ Ward _contains in it, the Great Church of St._ -Sophia; _the Old Church; the Senate-House; a Tribunal with_ Porphyry -_Steps; the_ Bagnio’s _of_ Zeuxippus; _a Theatre; an Amphitheatre; -thirty four Streets; ninety eight large Houses; four great_ Portico’s; -_thirteen private Baths; four private Mills, and four_ Gradus. _It has -also one_ Curator, _one_ Vernaculus, _thirty five_ Collegiati, _and -five_ Vico-Magistri. - - -NOTES. - -_The great Church of St._ Sophia.] This Church, some say, was built by -_Constantine_, others by _Constantius_. It was afterwards burnt down, -and rebuilt by _Justinian_, and was then look’d upon as the finest and -most beautiful Church in the whole World. _Periander_, and others, -whose Works are still extant, have described at large the Delicacy -and Magnificence of this wonderful Piece of Architecture. _Evagrius_ -writes, that this Church measured in Length a Hundred and ninety Foot, -in Breadth a Hundred and fifteen; and that from the Pavement to the Top -of the _Cupola_, it was an Hundred and eighty Foot high. - -_The Old Church._] I suppose the Author here means one of those -Churches which were built by _Constantine_, some of which are mentioned -by _Procopius_, in _Lib. de Ædif. Justinian._ - -_The Senate-House._] In this Place they held their Senate, which, as -_Sozomen_ affirms, was built by _Constantine_ the _Great_, where he -commanded the same yearly Solemnity to be celebrated on the _Calends_ -of _Jan._ as was done at _Rome_. It was burnt down, upon a Sedition -occasioned by an Attempt to banish St. _Chrysostom_ out of the City, -and was rebuilt, as _Procopius_ tells us, with greater Splendor. - -_A Tribunal with_ Porphyry _Steps_.] This Tribunal was made of -_Porphyry_ Marble, which Word in _Latin_, signifies _Purple_, because -_Porphyry_ Marble is of a _Purple_ Colour. - -_The_ Bagnio’s _of_ Zeuxippus.] These _Bagnio’s_ were famous for a -_Portico_, which run round the Houses and Shops adjoining to them. -There was a yearly Revenue assigned for lighting the Lamps of this -_Bagnio_, and repairing them. _Theodosius_ in _Lib. de Op. Pub._ -writes thus; _Because there are many Houses and Shops adjoining the_ -Portico’s _of_ Zeuxippus, _we will and command, that the yearly -Income of the said Houses and Shops, without any Pretence or Excuse -to the contrary, be paid into our Imperial_ Bagnio, _for purchasing -Lights, and for the Repairs of the said_ Bagnio’s. This Passage is -part of a Letter which he wrote to _Severinus_, _Prefect_ of the -City, (not _Prætor_) as it stands in the _Codex Theodos. de Op. Pub._ -These _Bagnio’s_ formerly stood near the Imperial Palace, and were -afterwards called the _Bagnio’s_ of the _Numeri_, as _Nicephorus_ -writes, _Lib._ IX. _Cap._ 9. _Sozomen_ and _Socrates_ take Notice of -the same _Bagnio’s_. I believe they were first built by _Zeuxippus_, -who persecuted the _Christians_ at _Byzantium_, much about the -Time of _Nero_; and who among other of his Severities, forced St. -_Andrew_ to fly to _Argyropolis_. If I mistake not, he was at that -Time Lieutenant of _Macedonia_ and _Thrace_. These _Bagnio’s_ were -enlarged and beautified by _Severus_ the Emperor, for which Reason -they were afterwards called the _Bagnio’s_ of _Severus_. After this -they were called _Balnea Numerorum_, because great Numbers of Soldiers -use to bath there. _Zosimus_, in his second Book writes, that these -_Bagnio’s_ formerly stood in a _Peninsula_. In antient Times, says -he, _Constantinople_ had a Port at the End of the _Bagnio’s_, which -were built by _Severus_ the Emperor, when he was reconciled to the -_Byzantians_, for opening the Gates of the City to _Niger_, his Enemy. -_Suidas_ says, that a Poet named _Christodorus_, celebrated the -Statues and Images of _Zeuxippus_ in Verse, among which he is very -particular in the Praises of the Statue of _Hesiod_. _Procopius_, in -his First Book, _de Ædif. Justinian._ tells us, that these _Bagnio’s_ -were rebuilt by _Justinian_, but were called the _Zeuxippum_, because -in this Place they used to run their _Horses in Pairs_, as the Word -_Zeuxippus_ signifies in the _Greek_. St. _Gregory Nazianzen_ takes -Notice of them in his Oration to the _Arians_, and in another which -he made _concerning himself_. I am not, says he, taking a Journey to a -new _Jerusalem_, that is to the _Zeuxippum_; for that Place was laid -in Ashes in the Reign of _Justinian_. The _Bagnio’s_ of _Severus_, as -_Cedrinus_ relates, which were call’d the _Zeuxippum_, were consumed -by Fire. In this Place was a very delightful Variety of Prospects. All -the ingenious Contrivances of Art were here expressed in Marble and -Stone, and the most elaborate Workmanship of Antiquity. In short, the -Designs here were so matchless and inimitable, that they seemed to want -nothing but a Soul to animate, and inform them. Among other surprizing -Pieces of antient Skill, was the Statue of old _Homer_. The Figure was -finished very naturally, and in his Looks might be observed a great -Thoughtfulness, with a Mixture of much Uneasiness and Trouble. This -Place was also beautified with brazen Pillars, which had been here set -up in Honour of those great Personages, who had been renowned for their -Learning or Virtue, through the whole World. - -_An Amphitheatre._] This stands near the Sea Shore. You must pass by -it, as you go to the Imperial Palace, and the Port of _Julian_, between -which Places there were formerly Lime Kilns, which were commanded to be -filled up by _Theodosius_ the _Less_, as the Reader may see in _Lib. -ult. Cod. Theod._ _We will and command_, says he, _that all Lime-kilns, -standing on any Ground, between the Sea Shore, the Amphitheatre, and -the Port of St._ Julian, _be entirely demolished, for the Benefit and -Health of our most great and magnificent City_, and _by Reason of the -Nearness they stand to our Imperial Palace; and we do hereby prohibit -all Persons whatsoever for the future, to burn any Lime in those -Places_. - - - - -The Third _Ward_. - - -_The third_ Ward, _at the Entrance of it, is a Level Ground, and -stands, in Part, where the_ Circus _is built; but descends, at the -End of it, with a very great Declivity down to the Sea, and contains, -the same_ Circus Maximus; _the House of_ Pulcheria Augusta; _the new -Port; a_ Portico _of a Semi-circular Figure, made after the Likeness -of the_ Greek _Letter_ Sigma, _which was formerly wrote thus_, C; _the -Tribunal of the_ Forum _of_ Constantine; _seven Streets; ninety four -great Houses; five large_ Portico’s; _eleven private_ Bagnio’s; _and -nine private Mills. It had one_ Curator, _one_ Vernaculus, _twenty one_ -Collegiati, _and five_ Vico-Magistri. - - -NOTES. - -_The House of_ Pulcheria Augusta.] This Lady was the Sister of -_Theodosius_ the _Less_, who continued for some Time unmarried. When -her Brother was dead, she married _Martian_, and made him Emperor. -_Zonaras_, _Cedrinus_, _Zosimus_, _Nicephorus_, and other Historians -have mentioned many Things of her. She had also another House in the -eleventh _Ward_. - -_The New Port._] This probably is the same Port that was built by -_Julian_ the Apostate. There was another Port in the sixth _Ward_ -called _Portus Neorius_, because there was a Dock there for building -Ships. - -_A_ Portico _of a Semi-circular Figure_.] The _Greek_ Letter Σ, as ’tis -now wrote, was formerly wrote C. _Zonaras_ and _Cedrinus_ often take -Notice of this _Portico_. - - - - -The Fourth _Ward_. - - -_The fourth_ Ward _extends itself in a long Vale, the Hills rising -on the Right and Left from the_ Miliarium Aureum _through a Vale, -to a plain level Ground. It contains, the_ Miliarium Aureum; _the_ -Augusteum; _a_ Basilica; _a_ Nympheum; _the_ Portico _of_ Phanio; _a -Marble Galley, the Monument of a naval Victory; the Church of St._ -Menna; _a_ Stadium; _The Stairs of_ Timasius; _thirty two Streets; -three hundred and seventy five great Houses; four large_ Portico’s; -_seven private Baths; five private Mills; and seven_ Gradus. _It -is presided by one_ Curator, _assisted by one_ Vernaculus, _forty_ -Collegiati, _and five_ Vico-Magistri. - - -NOTES. - -_The_ Miliarium Aureum.] _Cedrinus_, speaking of the _Miliarium -Aureum_, writes thus: Under the Roof of the _Miliarium Aureum_ were -placed the Statues of _Constantine_ the _Great_, and his Mother, with -a Cross between them. Behind him stands _Trajan_, and near his Mother -is the Statue of _Ælius Hadrianus_ on Horseback. There is a Clock -here, which was set up by _Justinian_. There was also a _Miliarium -Aureum_ at _Rome_, erected in the _Forum_ by _Augustus_, from whence -they used to adjust the Distances of Places, and the Mensuration -of Miles, all the Roads of _Italy_ meeting at the Foot of it, as -’tis observed by _Plutarch_, _Dion_, _P. Victor_, and others. Yet -_Æmilius Macer_ is of another Opinion. A Mile, says he, is not to be -computed from the _Miliarium_, but from the Houses, upon the Skirts -of the City, to the Place to which you measure. As then there was a -_Miliarium Aureum_ at _Rome_, so there was at _Constantinople_, which -imitated _Old Rome_ as near as it could; tho’ at _Rome_ it was built -in the Figure of a Pillar, at _Constantinople_ it was another kind of -Building, as is evident from what is above-mentioned by _Cedrinus_; -and is also attested by _Suidas_, who writes, that under the Roof of -the _Miliarium_, stood the Cross, the Figures of _Constantine_ and -_Helena_, the Image of _Fortune_, and many other Statues. He calls it -not the _Miliarium_, but the _Milium_. - -_The_ Augusteum.] This was a large Pillar of Brass, erected by -_Justinian_, as _Cedrinus_ relates, who tells us, that in the fifteenth -Year of the Reign of _Justinian_, was finished the great brazen -Pillar, which is called the _Augusteum_. Upon it was placed the Statue -of _Justinian_ on Horseback, holding in his Right Hand an Apple, in -Imitation of a Globe, to signify that the whole World was subject to -his Government. He sat with his Right Hand stretched out, pointing to -the _Persians_ to stand off, and not to approach his Dominions. All the -Coverings of the Passage of Entrance into the Imperial Palace, were -made of gilded Brass. This is still called the Brazen Passage, as the -Pillar is call’d the _Augusteum_. _Procopius_ speaks largely of it in -his Oration _de Ædif. Justin._ where he writes, that not the Pillar, -but the Place where the Pillar stood, was called the _Augusteum_, as -it was also the _Macellum_. The principal Pillar, says he, is to be -admired for its Size, yet is it no regular and uniform Structure, but -made of Stones of a vast Compass. The Pedestal and Top of it is covered -with the most refined Brass, which by cramping its Stones together, -does at the same Time both strengthen and adorn it. The Brass, as to -its Lustre, is not much inferior to pure Gold, and at least of equal -Worth and Beauty with the finest Silver. At the Top of this Pillar was -placed a very large Horse cast in Brass, facing the East, wonderful -in his Kind, in a walking Posture, with his Head bending downwards, -lifting up his near Fore-Foot, as though he would paw the Ground. -His Off-Foot is fixed to the Pedestal, on which he stands; and his -Hind-Feet are so closely contracted, as if he was rising upon his -Speed. Upon him sits the Statue of the Emperor in Brass, whom they call -_Achilles_, because he is somewhat like him. He has no Boots, but his -Feet are bound round with a kind of Sandals. He is armed with a radiant -Breast-plate and Head-piece, and looks, you would fancy, as if he were -marching, in a war-like Posture, against the _Persians_. In his left -Hand he bears a Globe, by which ’tis signified, that the Earth and the -Sea is subject to his Power. He is not equipped either with Sword nor -Spear. There’s a Cross fixed upon the Globe, intimating, that under its -auspicious Influence, he arrived to the Imperial Dignity; and that all -Success in War is to be attributed to the Omnipotency of the Saviour -of Mankind. His Right Hand, which is open, is stretched Eastward, and -seems to forbid the barbarous Nations to approach his Territories. -Below this Place, stands the _Forum_ called _Augustum_. This _Forum_ -stands before the Imperial Palace; ’tis surrounded with Pillars, and -the Inhabitants call it _Augustum_. Eastward from hence stands the -_Curia_, or _Prætorium_, which was built by _Justinian_, where the -old _Romans_, in the Beginning of the new Year used, as _Suidas_ -observes, to perform a solemn Festival. _Phavorinus_ relates, that the -Flesh-Market was the same with the _Augusteum_. It was so called, says -_Suidas_, because the _Curatores_, and _Senastophori_ of the _Wards_, -used every Year, on the _Ides_ of _October_, to dance in Honour of -_Augustus_, or because the Statues of _Constantine_, and _Helena_ his -Mother, were erected there. - -_A_ Basilica.] This was one of the most magnificent _Basilica’s_ in -the World, which _Cedrinus_ takes Notice of, when he tells us, that a -Fire began at the Middle of the _Chalcopratia_, which consumed both -the _Portico’s_ before mentioned, all the neighbouring Buildings, and -the _Basilica_, which contained a Collection of a Hundred and twenty -Thousand Books. There was a Curiosity very particular in this Library, -which was the Gut of a Dragon, on which were inscribed in Golden -Characters, the _Iliads_ and _Odysses_ of _Homer_, with the _History_ -of the Atchievements of other _Heroes_. The Roof of this _Basilica_ was -supported with many Ranges of Pillars, as we see at present in some -Churches, which are many of them built after the same Manner with the -_Basilica’s_. One of these _Basilica’s_ is described by _Virgil_, in -his seventh _Æneid_. - - _A stately Palace in the City’s Height, - Sublime upon a hundred Pillars stood, - With gloomy Groves, religiously obscure_, - Laurentian Picus’ _Palace; where the Kings, - The first Inauguration of their Sway, - The Sceptres, and the regal_ Fasces _took_. - - TRAPP’S Virg. - -In these _Basilica’s_ they used to plead, and admit to Audience publick -Ambassadors; and, indeed, most of the publick Affairs were transacted -here. This I am speaking of was finely gilded, and made of a delicate -Marble. _Theodosius_, in his Letters Mandatory to _Cyrus_, _Prefect_ -of the City, means this _Basilica_, in the following Words: _We will -and command, that the_ Basilica _gilt with Gold, and shining with -Marble, be no Ways shaded or darkened with Statues, or Pictures placed -before it_. I believe _Zonaras_ understands the same Building in his -_Leo Magnus_, where he says, that the Building called the _Domus -Maxima_, in which the Senate, and some of the principal Citizens met -to deliberate upon publick Affairs, was burnt down; nay, that the -Emperor himself came thither in solemn Pomp, when he entered upon his -Consular Dignity. It was a Work of surprising Beauty and Splendor. -_Justinian_ tells us in his 81st _Novel_, that the inferior Judges used -to sit there in small Apartments. _Suidas_ writes, that this _Basilica_ -stood behind the _Miliarium_, and that there was placed in it, amidst -several others, a golden Statue. Among other Curiosities here, there -is an Elephant, cast at the Expence of _Severus_, on the Account of a -certain Banker, who killed his Keeper, and gave his Body to be devoured -by a wild Beast; which the Elephant seeing, in a Rage slew the Banker. -_Severus_, to preserve the Memory of the Fact, ordered the Elephant and -his Keeper to be cast in Brass, and both the Figures, in the Consulship -of _Julian_, were carried to _Constantinople_, and placed in the -_Basilica_. - -_A_ Nympheum.] This, as _Zonaras_ and _Cedrinus_ tell us, was a -spacious Building, in which they used to celebrate Marriage, when they -had not Houses large enough for that Purpose. _Suidas_ mentions, that -in the _Forum_ of this _Ward_, there was a Spring continually running, -which filled the _Bagnio_ of the _Nympheum_. _Theodosius_, in another -Letter to _Cyrus_ above-mentioned, writes thus. _I command you, by -Virtue of your prefectorial Authority, to appoint, as you shall judge -convenient, what Share of Water be allotted to our Imperial_ Bagnio’s, -_and what Quantity may be sufficient for the_ Bagnio’s _of the_ -Nympheum. - -_The_ Portico _of_ Phanio.] _Suidas_ tells us, that _Phanio_ is a -Place where they carried the Filth of the City. This, probably, is -the same _Portico_, which the Emperor _Zeno_ tells us, reached from -the _Miliarium_, as far as the _Capitol_, and is supported with four -Ranges of Pillars, between which he allows, in his _Cod. de Priv. -Ædif._ a Privilege to build little Shops. - -_A Marble Galley._] This was set up in Memory of a Victory, which -_Zosimus_, in his fifth Book tells us, _Trajutus_, Admiral of -_Arcadius_’s Fleet, obtain’d over _Gaina_, near _Chersonesus_. - -_The Church of St._ Menna.] This Person was an _Egyptian Soldier_, who -suffer’d Martyrdom under _Dioclesian_, in _Phrygia_: This Church was -built by _Constantine_, who, as _Eusebius_ reports in _his Life, Book_ -III. _Chap._ 4. built also other Churches in honour of the _Martyrs_. - -_A_ Stadium.] This was a square _Area_, design’d, as _Suidas_ -observes, for Martial Exercises. The _Grecians_ generally made them -two hundred Foot long, and sometimes more. This _Area_ was surrounded -with a _Portico_, and Pillars. The _Grecians_ used them sometimes in -Merriment, and Dancing, and sometimes in more manly Diversions, as -Wrestling, fighting at Gauntlets, _&c._ The _Portico_, on the South -Side of it, was double Wall’d, to secure it from the Violence of the -Northern Storms. In the _Stadium_, stood an _Ephebeum_, with Seats all -round it, where they held publick Disputations in Philosophy, and where -Youth was train’d up in Literature, and Science. In ancient Times, when -Books were scarce, they used to improve themselves by Dispute, and -Argumentation. On each Side of the _Ephebeum_, there were _Bagnio’s_, -in which the Combatants anointed themselves, before they enter’d the -Lifts. The _Stadium_ fac’d the Sea, as _Procopius_ observes in his -Book _de Ædif Justin._ In a Place, says he, near the Sea, at present -call’d the _Stadium_, (a Place formerly appropriated to Games, and -Martial Exercises) _Justinian_, and his Consort _Theodora_, built some -large Hospitals. - -_The Stairs of_ Timasius.] These were three Steps, at the Foot of a -Hill, leading down to the Sea, which were built by _Timasius_. ’Tis -very probable, that they were made of Marble, and were something -remarkable, because my Author takes Notice of them. There was Custom -paid at these Stairs, for the Repairs of the City _Aqueduct_; as -appears from the _Cod. Theod. Aquæduc._ _We will_, says he, _that all -the Customs, which are, or may be collected at the Stairs of this our -City of_ Constantinople, _be expended in the Repairs of the common -Aque-duct_. I am of Opinion, that this Custom was payable by such Ships -as unladed their Freight there. _Justinian_ in his 159ᵗʰ _Novel_ takes -notice of a Clause in the Codicil of the Will of _Hierius_, where he -bequeaths to his Kinsman _Hierius_ the Suburbs _Coparium_, with all -the Stairs thereunto belonging. _Cedrinus_ writes, That in the Reign -of _Copronymus_ the Emperor, the Sea was froze by the Severity of the -Weather, and that upon a sudden Thaw, a large Cake of Ice bore against, -and demolish’d the Stairs of the Imperial Palace at _Constantinople_. -_Timasius_, who built these Stairs, was General of the Infantry to -_Theodosius_ the _Great_, and was train’d up in the Art of War from the -Time of _Valens_ the Emperor. At last being falsely, and injuriously -accused by _Eutropius_, the Chamberlain of _Arcadius_, he was banish’d -into _Oasis_. _Zosimus_, speaking of him in his _fifth Book_, says, -that he was the Father of _Syagrius_, who was entitled _Pater Patriæ_. - - - - -The Fifth _Ward_. - - -_The fifth_ Ward, _a great Part of it is full of Windings, and -Turnings, and is lengthen’d by an adjoining Plain. There are many -useful Buildings in this_ Ward, _which contains the_ Bagnio’s _of_ -Honorius; _the Cistern of_ Theodosius; _the_ Prytaneum; _the_ Bagnio’s -_of_ Eudocia; _the_ Strategium, _in which stands the_ Forum _of_ -Theodosius, _and the_ Thebean Obelisk; _the Store-houses for Oil; a_ -Nympheum; _the Granaries of_ Troas; _the Granaries of_ Valens, _and_ -Constantius: _It contains also the_ Prosphorian _Port; the_ Stairs -_of_ Chalcedon; _twenty three Streets; a hundred and eighty four -great Houses; seven large_ Portico’s; _eleven private Baths; seven -publick, and two private Mills; nine_ Gradus, _and two Flesh-Markets: -It had one_ Curator, _one_ Vernaculus, _forty_ Collegiati, _and five_ -Vice-Magistri. - - -NOTES. - -_The Cistern of_ Theodosius.] This Cistern was a subterraneous Cavern, -arched at top, which was supply’d, not with Spring, but with Rain Water -only. _Petrus Gyllius_ in his _Antiquities_ of _Constantinople_, tells -us, that when he resided at that City, he discover’d a subterraneous -Cistern there; which he shewed to the Proprietors of the Land where it -was, who, before, were intirely ignorant of it. It was, says he, 336 -Foot in length, 182 Foot broad, and 224 in compass. The Roof of it was -supported with Marble Pillars, placed at twelve Foot distance from each -other. Every Pillar was near nine Foot high. They stand, lengthways, -in twelve Ranges; broad-ways, in twenty eight. In Winter-time, when -the _Aque-duct_ pours itself with more Violence into it, it fills up -to the Middle of the Capitals of the Columns. It has sometimes Fish in -it, which the Master, who overlooks it, skiffing about in a small Boat, -kills with a Spear. - -_A_ Prytaneum.] There was at _Athens_ a Tower call’d the _Prytaneum_, -where their Senators, and wise Men met upon publick Affairs, and where -Persons, who deserv’d well of the Commonwealth, were maintain’d at the -Publick Charge, as ’tis observ’d by _Cicero_, _Lib. primo de Orat._ In -Conformity to _Athens_, there was also at _Constantinople_ a spacious -Building, near the Imperial Cistern, where a Person, eminent in Wisdom -and Learning, instructed twelve young Men in such Arts and Sciences, -as might qualify them to be serviceable to the Publick. _Cedrinus_ in -his History of _Leo Isaurus_, writes, that, near the Royal Cistern, -there was a venerable Pyle of Building, over which there presided -a Master, who had under him, according to ancient Custom, twelve -Scholars, of sober Life, and a good Share of Learning. These, when -they had run through the whole Compass of human Literature, apply’d -themselves very diligently to the Study of Divinity, and were had in -so high Estimation, that the Emperors themselves look’d upon it as an -Injury to their Character, to transact any thing of Importance, without -their Advice. This Institution was afterwards suppress’d by _Leo_. -_Zonaras_ is more express, and large upon this Occasion; there was, -says he, a House in the _Basilica_, near the _Forum Ærarium_, large -enough for a Palace, in which were reported many ancient _Manuscripts_ -of Human, and Divine Learning, and where a sufficient Maintenance was -allow’d for a Person of distinguish’d Knowledge whom they call’d the -_Oecumenical Doctor_. He had under him twelve _Fellows_, who lived at -the publick Cost, and instructed such as desired to be their Pupils. -The Emperors also, concludes he, consulted them in the most arduous -Affairs of State. But _Leo_ the Emperor, when he could not prevail -with them to declare themselves the same profess’d Enemies to Images, -in Church-worship, with himself, destroy’d them, and their Library, -in the Night by Fire. As therefore it was customary in other Nations -to maintain at the common Charge Persons who might prove useful to -the Publick, so was it here; and therefore, I conceive, that as the -_Prytaneum_ at _Constantinople_ took its Name from that of _Athens_, so -was it originally instituted for Purposes, much of the same Nature. - -_The_ Bagnio’s _of_ Eudocia.] These _Bagnio’s_ were so call’d, because -they were built by _Eudocia_ the Wife of _Theodosius_ the _Less_. -Before she was converted to the Christian Faith, she was called -_Athenais_. _Zonaras_, _Nicephorus_, and others have wrote much -concerning her. She had some Houses in the tenth _Ward_; where I shall -speak more of her. - -_The_ Strategium.] This, I look upon, to be the Place, where the -General’s Troops liv’d, and pitch’d their Tents. Here was the _Forum_ -of _Theodosius_, and the _Thebean Obelisk_ which was brought from -_Thebes_ in _Ægypt_ to _Constantinople_, and there squat’d. - -_The Granaries of_ Troas.] These Granaries contain’d the Corn, and -other Commodities which were brought from _Troas_; as those Granaries -were call’d the Granaries of _Alexandria_, in which the Corn was laid -up, that was brought from _Alexandria_. _Troas_ is a Countrey of -_Phrygia_, situate near the _Hellespont_, not far from _Constantinople_. - -_The Granary of_ Valens.] This was built by _Valens_. It is probably -the same Granary, in which was placed the Statue of _Manaim_, who -march’d his Army against the _Scythians_. There was kept here a brazen -Bushel, which was the common Standard, by which Corn was bought, and -sold. _Valens_ commanded that twelve Bushels of Wheat should be sold at -the Price of an _Aureus_, (in _English_ Coin 17_s._ 1_d._ _ob. qua._) -and commanded a Sailor’s Hand to be cut off, who had eluded the Force -of that Law by Tricks, and Evasions, and in Memory of the Fact, order’d -a Brazen Hand to be hung up in the Granary. - -They had also at _Constantinople_ Store-houses where they reposited -their Gold, and Silver, and Jewels. For _Paulus_ a Lawyer informs us, -that ’twas customary to lay up in Store-houses the most valuable Part -of their Estates. _Lampridius_ also mentions some Store-houses built -by _Alexander_, where private Persons, who had no Conveniency in their -own Houses, used to lay up their Gold, their Silver, their Jewels, and -their Corn, and that the Masters of the Store-houses were obliged to -keep them safe at their Peril. - -_The_ Prosphorian _Port_.] Here they used to unlade all kinds of -Provisions; for the Word προσφορὸν in the _Greek_ signifies any thing -that is brought to Market. - -_The Stairs of_ Chalcedon.] These were a convenient Descent by Steps, -where they went on Board, when they sail’d for _Chalcedon_, which lay -over against _Constantinople_. - -_Two Flesh-Markets._] All kind of Provisions were sold here. - - - - -The Sixth _Ward_. - - -_The sixth_ Ward, _upon the Entrance of it, is a short Piece of level -Ground, all the rest is upon the Descent; for it extends itself -from the_ Forum _of_ Constantine _to the Stairs, where you ferry over -to_ Sycæna. _It contains the_ Porphyry _Pillar of_ Constantine; _the -Senate-house in the same Place; the_ Neorian _Port; the Stairs of_ -Sycæna; _twenty two Streets; four hundred and eighty four great Houses; -one large_ Portico; _nine private Baths; one publick, and seventeen -private Mills; it has also one_ Curator, _one_ Vernaculus; _forty nine_ -Collegiati, _and five_ Vico-Magistri. - - -NOTES. - -_The_ Porphyry _Pillar of_ Constantine.] This Pillar stood in the -_Forum_ of _Constantine_, which was pav’d with square Stones. -_Zonaras_, speaking of _Nicephorus Phocas_ the Emperor, has this -Passage: The People curse _Nicephorus_ even to the pav’d _Forum_, in -which is erected the round _Porphyry_ Pillar. _Cedrinus_ in his History -tells us, that _Constantine_ in the twenty fourth Year of his Reign, -built a _Forum_ with two _Rostrums_, or Pleading Desks made in the -form of Pulpits, and that he plac’d in the _Forum_, a Pillar which -he brought from _Rome_. It was one solid Piece of _Porphyry_ Marble, -and was bound with three _Fasciæ_, or Wreaths of Brass round it, with -Inscriptions upon them. On the Top of it he erected his own Statue, -with this Inscription, _CONSTANTINUS_. It blazed like the Sun, was -made by the famous _Phidias_, and was brought from _Athens_. Upon the -Pedestal of the Pillar were carved in _Basso Relievo_, the seven and -twelve Baskets of Fragments, which were taken up in the Miracles of the -_Loaves_ and _Fishes_, and beneath were inscribed the following Verses. - - _To thee, O Saviour, Lord of th’ Universe, - Who rulest the unmeasurable Globe - With deepest Knowledge, I this People offer; - May they be thine; I conquer’d them for thee. - I lay m’ Imperial Sceptre at thy Feet, - With all the mighty Force and Pow’r of_ Rome. - _Let thy good Providence with watchful Eye - Look down, and guard the City from all Ills._ - -_Zonaras_ mentions the same Thing, tho’ in different Words. He placed, -says he, meaning _Constantine_, the round _Porphyry_ Pillar which he -brought from _Rome_, in the _Forum_, paved with square Stones. For -this Reason it was called by the _Greeks_ Πλακότον. At the Top of the -Pillar he placed his own Statue in Brass, which for its Largeness, -and the Exquisiteness of its Work, was scarce to be matched in the -whole World, as being finished to the Life, by an antient and eminent -Statuary. It was thought that it was originally designed for _Apollo_, -and brought from _Troy_; but _Constantine_ gave it his own Name, -making some Alteration by fattening some of those Nails in the Head of -it, with which the _Jews_ crucified the _Lord of Life_. This Statue -continued standing upon the Pillar till very lately, when in the Reign -of _Alexius Comnenus_, it was thrown down by an Earthquake, and crushed -some People to Death. _Nicephorus_ in the Fourth Book, _Chap._ 8. of -his _Eccles. Hist._ gives a better Description of it. He built, says -he, a large _Porphyry_ Pillar, upon which he placed his own Statue, -holding in his right Hand a Globe, with a Cross fixed upon it. By this -Symbol he intimated, that by Virtue of that invincible Trophy the -Cross, the whole Earth and Sea was subject to his Power. _Gyllius_ -writes, that this Pillar was made of eight Stones, and that at the -Joints of it, it was covered round with Wreathed Laurels made of Brass, -so that you could not perceive where it was cemented; but that upon -the Removal of the Brass-work, you might easily discern that it was a -jointed Structure, and that the Number of the Stones might be plainly -seen. This Pillar is eighty six Foot high, besides the _Basis_, the -Steps, and the Pedestal. - -_The Senate-House, in the same Place._] This Building stood on the -North Side of the _Forum_ of _Constantine_. The Senators and principal -Men of the City used to assemble here upon publick Affairs, and -the Emperor took upon him in this Place the Consular Habit. It was -curiously beautified with Brass, and _Porphyry_ Marble. _Zonaras_, and -_Cedrinus_ tell us, that in the Reign of _Leo_ the _Great_, it was -destroyed by Fire. - -_The_ Neorian _Port_.] This was the Haven, or Dock, where they built -their shipping, from whence the Gate, which hands near it, is called -by some Writers, the Gate of the _Neorium_; but by _Zonaras_, and -_Cedrinus_, as will appear in my Notes upon the twelfth _Ward_, it was -called _Porta Aurea_, the gilded or beautiful Gate. Some have given it -the Name of the Imperial Gate, because it joins to the Palace. - -_The Stairs_ of Sycæna.] These are the Stairs upon the Shore, from -whence you go off to a neighbouring Island called _Sycæna_ but which at -present is called _Pera_. In the Creek here, there are many Thousand -small Boats, more in Number than at _Venice_. They are generally called -Ferry-boats, because they _carry_ their Fare to and fro’ across the -River. - -_One large_ Portico.] This _Portico_ reached as far as the _Forum_ of -_Constantine_, and was burnt down in a tumultuous Manner, in the Reign -of _Justinian_. - - - - -The Seventh _Ward_. - - -_The seventh_ Ward, _if compared with the former, lies more upon the -Level, although at the Extremity on one Side of it, it falls with a -greater Declivity into the Sea. It stretches its self with very long_ -Portico’s, _from the right Hand of the Pillar of_ Constantine, _to the_ -Forum _of_ Theodosius; _as it does also on another Side of it as far -as the Sea, by_ Portico’s _extended in the same Manner. It contains -in it three Churches, that of St._ Irene; _St._ Anastasia, _and St._ -Paul; _the Pillar of_ Theodosius, _which you ascend on the Inside by -Winding Stairs; two large Equestrian Statues; Part of the_ Forum _of_ -Theodosius; _the_ Bagnio’s _of_ Corosia; _eighty five Streets; seven -hundred and eleven great Houses; six large_ Portico’s; _eleven private -Baths; twelve private Mills; and sixteen_ Gradus. _It is governed by -one_ Curator, _has one_ Vernaculus, _eighty_ Collegiati, _and five_ -Vico-Magistri. - - -NOTES. - -_The Church of St._ Irene.] This Church stood in a Street of this -_Ward_, which was called _Taurus_. It was called the Church of St. -_Irene_, _i. e._ of Peace; and which, as _Socrates_ and _Cedrinus_ -inform us, was built by _Constantine_ the _Great_, and burnt down in -the Reign of _Justinian_. - -_The Church of St._ Anastasia.] The Reliques of St. _Anastasia_, in -the first Year of _Leo_ the _Great_, were brought from _Syrmium_ to -_Constantinople_, and reposited in this Church which was built by the -Catholicks, because St. _Gregory Nazianzen_ had there revived the -Doctrine of the _Holy Trinity_, or as _Sozomen_ reports, because a -Woman big with Child falling from a Gallery over the Church-porch died -upon the Spot, and revived by the Prevalency of the Prayers of the -Congregation. - -But it seems to me more agreeable to Truth, that there were at -_Constantinople_ two Churches which went under this Name: One was the -Church of the _Novatians_, which was pull’d down by the _Arians_, and -which was afterwards rebuilt by them, as _Sozomen_ observes, _Lib._ IV. -_Cap._ 19, and was therefore call’d the Church of St. _Anastasia_. The -other was so call’d, from the Revival of the Doctrine of the Trinity, -just mentioned. The Church here meant was anciently the House of -_Nicobulus_, where St. _Gregory Nazianzen_ was hospitably entertained -by him, as appears in his Oration to the Hundred and fifty Bishops. -This House was afterwards made a Church, and became a most magnificent -_Basilica_. But _Sozomen_ tells us, _Lib._ V. _Cap._ 5. That the Church -was so called for the Reason above-mentioned. _Martian_, one of the -Principal, and most wealthy Citizens, built there a large and beautiful -Church. The Reliques of _Anastasia_, were reposited there, because the -Church bore her Name. - -_The Pillar of_ Theodosius, _which is ascended on the Inside by Winding -Stairs_.] _Zonaras_, in his Life of _Justinian_, writes concerning this -Pillar as follows: In the seventeenth Year of his Reign, says he, the -great Pillar placed before the Porch of the great Church was finished, -upon which he placed his own Statue on Horseback. In the same Place had -stood formerly the Pillar of _Theodosius_, supporting a silver Statue, -made at the Cost of his Son _Arcadius_. This Statue was seven Thousand -four hundred Pound in Weight. _Justinian_ took down the Statue, and -demolished the Pillar, and laid them both up; so that the Statue, -with the Stones of the Pillar, is to be seen at this Day. As the -Treatise, I am, upon was wrote when this Pillar was standing, it must -of Consequence be wrote before the Time of _Justinian_. _Cedrinus_, in -his Life of _Zeno_, speaks of this Pillar in another Manner, or else -he is speaking of another Pillar. In the Street called _Taurus_, says -he, _Theodosius_ the _Great_ erected a Pillar, on which was carved -the History of his Battles with the _Scythians_, and the Trophies of -his Success. This Pillar, continues he, has Winding-Stairs within it. -At the Top of it, in a Place where two Ways meet, sat _Theodosius_ on -Horseback, with his right Hand stretched towards the City, and pointing -downwards to the Trophies carved upon it. This Pillar, with the Statue, -was thrown down by an Earthquake in the fourth Year of the Reign of -_Zeno_ the Emperor. The same Historian, speaking of _Anastasius_, -says, that he ordered to be melted down many of the Statues, and other -Curiosities set up by _Constantine_ the _Great_, out of which his own -Statue was made, which he placed upon the Pillar in the _Taurus_. For -before the Statue of _Theodosius_ the _Great_ was placed there, the -Pillar of _Anastasius_ was thrown down, and dashed to Pieces by an -Earthquake. - -_Two large Equestrian Statues._] One of these was the Statue of -_Theodosius_ the _Great_. The other is unknown. - -_The_ Bagnio’s _of_ Corosia.] These Bagnio’s took their Name from -_Corosia_, the Daughter of _Valens_ the Emperor, as _Sozomen_ observes -in the Ninth Chapter of his Sixth Book. _Martian_, says he, a Man of -consummate Learning, and great Austerity of Life, who had formerly -been one of the Emperor’s Life-Guard, but at that Time a Priest, was -a _Novatian_, and Tutor to _Anastasius_ and _Corosia_, the Son and -Daughter of _Valens_, in the Rudiments of Grammar. He adds, that there -were some _Bagnio’s_ at _Constantinople_ that were named from them. - - - - -The Eighth _Ward_. - - -_The eighth_ Ward, _on the Side of the_ Taurus, _is not bounded by -the Sea, and may be looked upon to be rather a narrow, than a broad -Piece of Ground; yet is this Defect sufficiently amended by its great -Length. It contains part of the_ Forum _of_ Constantine, _a_ Portico -_on the left Side of it, reaching as far as the_ Taurus; _the_ Basilica -_of_ Theodosius; _the_ Capitol; _twenty two Streets; a hundred and -eight spacious Houses; five large_ Portico’s; _fifteen private Baths; -five private Mills; five_ Gradus, _and two Flesh Markets. It has -one_ Curator, _one_ Vernaculus, _seventeen_ Collegiati, _and five_ -Vico-Magistri. - - -NOTES. - -This _Ward_ is wholly encompassed by the Land, and contains part of -the _Taurus_, which was a Street of _Constantinople_. _Zonaras_ in his -Life of _Nicephorus Botoniates_, takes Notice of it, and tells us, that -it contained Part of the _Forum_ of _Constantine_, a _Portico_ on the -left Side of it, reaching as far as the _Taurus_, the _Basilica_ of -_Theodosius_, and the _Capitol_: In such magnificent Buildings, more -especially, did _Constantinople_ much resemble _Old Rome_. - - - - -The Ninth _Ward_. - - -_The ninth_ Ward _is all a Declivity, and bounded by the Sea. It -contains the two Churches of_ Cænopolis, _and_ Omonæa; _the Granaries -of_ Alexandria; _the House of the most illustrious_ Arcadia; _the_ -Bagnio’s _of_ Anastasia; _the Granaries of_ Theodosius; _sixteen -Streets; a hundred and sixteen great Houses; two large_ Portico’s; -_fifteen private Baths; fifteen private, and four publick Mills. ’Tis -governed by one_ Curator, _one_ Vernaculus, _thirty eight_ Collegiati, -_and five_ Vico-Magistri. - - -NOTES. - -_The two Churches of_ Cænopolis, _and_ Omonæa.] I am of Opinion, that -the first of these Churches took its Name from some Place in the City. -Perhaps it was call’d so from a Spring without the _Porta Aurea_, -which had made the Ground foul, and oozy. _Leo_, before he came to -the Government, as the Story goes, anointed the Eyes of a blind Man -with the Dirt of that Place, and he recover’d his Sight. When he -arriv’d afterwards to the Imperial Dignity, he dedicated a Church -to the _Virgin Mary_, who foretold his Accession to the Government. -_Nicephorus_, in _Lib._ XV. _Cap._ 25. _Hist. Ecclesiast._ (and -_Procopius_ confirms it) says, that in the Suburbs, which was called -_Fons_, or the Spring, _Justinian_ repair’d the Church of the _Blessed -Virgin_. The other Church is call’d Ὁμόνοια, or the Church of Concord; -because, probably in the Times of Heathenism, the Temple of _Concord_ -stood there; as there were no less than three such Temples at _Rome_. -One of which was dedicated to her by _M. Furius Camillus_, upon a -Suppression of a Military Tumult; the second by _M. Manlius Prætor_, -upon quelling such another Tumult in _Gaul_; and the third in the -_Forum Romanum_, near the _Græcostasis_, by _L. Opimius_ the _Consul_, -upon the Defeat of _Gracchus_ and his Party, in Opposition to the -strongest Resentments of the People; so that the Inscription over this -Temple was _Opus Vecordiæ_, and not _Concordiæ_. There was also another -Temple dedicated to _Concord_, which was either built, or repair’d by -_Livia Augusta_, as is observed by St. _Austin._ _Lib._ III. _Cap._ -2. _de Civit. Dei._ One of these Temples was repaired by _Constantine_ -for Christian Worship, as is evident from an antient Inscription in the -_Lateran_. - -_The Granaries_ of Alexandria.] There were yearly carried from -_Alexandria_ to _Constantinople_, eight Millions of _Medimni_ of Wheat, -(each _Medimnus_ of _Attick_ Measure consisted of six Bushels) for -which the Masters of the Ships by an Edict of _Justinian_, received -the Sum of ninety Thousand _Aurei_. There was antiently rais’d by -Order of the Senate, and the principal Inhabitants, the Sum of six -hundred and eleven Pounds in Gold, which was lodged in the Hands of the -_Prefect_ of the City, for purchasing Provision; to which the Emperor -added another Import, for purchasing Corn from _Alexandria_, _Lib._ -III. _Cod. Theod. de Frumen. Urb. Constan._ This Corn, when brought to -_Constantinople_, was laid up in Granaries, which were therefore called -the Granaries of _Alexandria_. - -_The House of the most illustrious_ Arcadia.] This Lady, as _Cedrinus_ -relates, was the Daughter of _Arcadius_. She had another House in the -tenth _Ward_. _Arcadius_ had by the Empress _Eudocia_, three Daughters, -_Pulcheria_, _Marina_, and _Arcadia_, who all lived in a State of -Celibacy. - -_The_ Bagnio’s _of_ Anastasia.] These _Bagnio’s_ were so call’d from -_Anastasia_, the Daughter of _Valens_, as others were from her Sister -_Carosia_ abovementioned. _Marcellinus_, in his _Seventeenth Book_ -observes, that these _Bagnio’s_ took their Name from _Anastasia_. -_Paulas Diaconus_ tells us in his _Thirteenth Book_, that there’s a -very large House in _Constantinople_ called _Carya_, which signifies -a Nut: For, says he, there stands in the Porch of this House a -Nut-tree, on which, as the Report goes, St. _Achatius_ suffered -Martyrdom. Upon this Account, there is also an Oratory built in the -same Place. _Procopius_ also mentions a Man, who went to the _Bagnio’s_ -of _Anastasia_, which took their Name, says he, from the Sister of -_Constantine_. - - - - -The Tenth _Ward_. - - -_The tenth_ Ward, _on the other Side of the City, is divided from the -ninth by a broad Way, yet is it much more upon the Level; nor is it, in -any Part of it uneven, but near the Sea Shore. ’Tis of a proportionable -Length and Breadth, and contains in it; the Church of St._ Achatius; -_the_ Bagnio’s _of Constantine; the House of_ Augusta Placidia; _the -House of_ Augusta Eudocia; _the House of the most illustrious_ Arcadia; -_a large_ Nympheum; _twenty Streets; six hundred and thirty six great -Houses; six large_ Portico’s; _twenty two private Baths; two publick, -and sixteen private Mills; and twelve_ Gradus. _It has one_ Curator, -_one_ Vernaculus, _ninety_ Collegiati, _and five_ Vico-Magistri. - - -NOTES. - -_The Church of St._ Achatius.] This good Man suffered Death at -_Constantinople_, as I just observed, upon a Nut-tree, which -_Nicephorus_ says, remained in the Middle of the Church, sacred to his -Memory in the Reign of _Arcadius_, though he was martyr’d in the Time -of _Dioclesian_ an hundred Years before. For, speaking of _Procopius_ -the Tyrant, The Church, says he, which was demolished with Age, was -rebuilt, and beautified by _Justinian_. And _Procopius_ the Historian -tells us in _Lib. de Ædif Just._ That _Justinian_ rebuilt it from the -Ground, and that it cast such a Lustre, that it struck the Spectators -with Admiration, its Marble being very glossy, and white as Snow. -He adds farther, that this Church was called the _Martyrdom_ of St. -_Achatius_, because he was buried there, which happened on the sixth of -_May_. - -_The_ Bagnio’s _of_ Constantine.] _Gyllius_ says they were the -_Bagnio’s_ of _Constantius_, and which, indeed, are often mentioned -by _Sozomen_, _Socrates_, and _Suidas_; but ’tis more probable that -these _Bagnio’s_ were built by _Constantine_, who was indefatigable in -beautifying the City with many Decorations. - -_The House of_ Placidia Augusta.] This Lady was the Daughter of -_Theodosius_ the _Less_, who afterwards resided in _Italy_, with her -Brother _Honorius_. - -_The House of_ Augusta Eudocia.] She was the most learned Woman of -her Age, and wrote the Life of _Christ_ in _Greek Hexameters_, after -the Manner of _Homer_. At last being suspected by her Husband of -Adultery, and divorc’d, she went to _Jerusalem_, but upon the Death of -_Theodosius_, as _Zonaras_ and _Nicephorus_ write, returned again to -_Constantinople_. - - - - -The Eleventh _Ward_. - - -_The eleventh_ Ward, _much wider in Compass than the former, is, -in no part of it, bounded by the Sea. The whole of it, level and -rising Ground, contains, the Church of the_ Apostles; _the Palace of_ -Flacilla; _the House of_ Augusta Pulcheria; _the Brazen Bull; the -Cistern of_ Arcadius; _the Cistern of_ Modestus; _five hundred and -three great Houses; four large_ Portico’s; _fourteen private Baths; -one publick, and three private Mills; and seven_ Gradus. _It has one_ -Curator; _one_ Vernaculus; _thirty seven_ Collegiati, _and five_ -Vico-Magistri. - - -NOTES. - -_The Church of the_ Apostles.] _Cedrinus_ and _Eusebius_ write, that -this Church was rebuilt by _Constantine_. _Eusebius_, _Lib._ IV. -_Cap._ 58. _de Vita Const._ says, that to perpetuate the Memory of -the _Apostles_, he began to build a Church, in the City called after -his own Name. When he had built the Church to a very great Height, he -beautify’d it with Stones of all Kinds, and inlay’d it with Variety of -the most delicate Marble, from the Pavement to the Top of the Church; -and having closed the Roof with Arches of the best Workmanship, he -gilded it over. The Top of the Church, on the Outside of it, was -cover’d with Brass, to secure it from the Violence of the Weather, -part of which was also gilded; so that the amazing Splendour of it, -reflected the Rays of the Sun to a very great Distance. The inward -part of the Church he cover’d with Net-work, which was artificially -made of Brass and Gold. Thus beautifully was the Church adorn’d by the -great Care and Application of the Emperor. Before it stood a spacious -Court, with an open Gallery round it. The Church and the Gallery were -wholly surrounded with _Portico’s_. The Palace, the _Bagnio’s_, the -Walks, and many Houses built for the Accommodation of those who look’d -after them, had all of them the Conveniency of some _Portico_. In -this Church was laid the Body of _Constantine_, in a golden Chest, -the twelve _Apostles_ standing round his Tomb. This is attested by -_Socrates_. This Church was afterwards rebeautified by _Justinian_. For -_Procopius_, _Lib. de Ædif. Just._ speaks of it thus: There was, says -he, an ancient Church at _Constantinople_, just sinking with Age. This -Church, for the Reverence he bore to it, was repair’d by _Justinian_, -where the Masons and Workmen found three wooden Chests or Coffins, -which proved by their Inscriptions, that the Bodies of St. _Luke_, St. -_Andrew_ and _Timothy_, were interr’d there, and which were viewed by -_Justinian_, and the _Christians_ of those Times, with the greatest -Admiration. - -_The Palace of_ Flacilla.] If we read it _Falcilla_, it is meant of -another Daughter of _Arcadius_; if _Placilla_, she was the Wife of -_Theodosius the Great_, whom _Paulus Diaconus_ calls _Flacilla_. - -_The Brazen Bull._] This Bull, _Cedrinus_ writes, was brought from -_Troy_. There was, says he, a Stove in which St. _Antipas_ the Martyr -was burnt to Death. Some are of Opinion, that this Stove was the -_Brazen Bull_ here mention’d, which was invented by _Perillus_, who -was forced to undergo the same Torment by _Phalaris_, a cruel Tyrant -of _Agrigentum_. _Zonaras_ relates, that _Phocas_ the Tyrant was burnt -in a Bull, _i. e._ in a brazen Stove made in the Shape of a Bull, -brought from _Pergamus_, which Place gave its Name to a Place near -_Constantinople_. - -_The Cistern of_ Modestus.] _Modestus_ was first chief Governour of -the East, and was afterwards, _Præfectus Prætorio_, or General of -the Life-Guard to _Valens_. As he was an _Arian_, he persecuted the -Catholicks. Afterwards he was recovered from a dangerous Illness by the -Prayers of St. _Basil_, as ’tis recorded by _Gregory Nazianzen_ in his -Funeral Oration upon him. I take this to be the same Person who built -the Cistern here mention’d. - - - - -The Twelfth _Ward_. - - -_The twelfth_ Ward, _from the Entrance of the City at the_ Porta Aurea, -_is a long way upon the Level. ’Tis extended on the left Side of it -by a gentle Descent, and is bounded by the Sea. This_ Ward _is better -guarded, and more handsomly beautified than any other, the Walls rising -higher here than in any other part of the City. It contains the_ Porta -Aurea; _the_ Portico’s _of_ Troas; _the_ Forum _of_ Theodosius; _A -Column with winding Stairs in its Inside; the Mint, or Treasury; the -Port of_ Theodosius; _eleven Streets; three hundred and sixty three -great Houses; three large_ Portico’s; _five private Baths; five private -Mills, and nine_ Gradus. _It has one_ Curator, _one_ Vernaculus, -_thirty four_ Collegiati, _and five_ Vico-Magistri. - - -NOTES. - -_The_ Porta Aurea.] The _Greeks_ call it ὡραία both on the account -of its own Beautifulness, and that of the neighbouring Buildings; so -that it is a palpable Mistake in those who call it _Porta Neoria_ from -the Dock, which is near to it. I take this to be the same Gate which -_Zonaras_ mentions in his Life of _Leo_ the Philosopher. He calls it -the Western Gate of the Golden _Triclinium_, from whence it is call’d -the _Porta Aurea_, as is observ’d by _Nicetas_ in his Life of _Alexius -Ducas, Marzulfus_, and in the _History_ of their Atchievements, after -they had taken the City; as also by _Nicephorus Gregoras_, in his -_Treatise_ entituled, _The Entry of_ Michael Palæologus _into the -City_. In this Gate it is reported, the Elephants were stabled, which -were much like those with which _Theodosius_ made his publick Entry -into _Constantinople_, as ’tis mention’d by _Cedrinus_. Some Historians -tell us, that they were transported to _Constantinople_ from the Temple -of _Mars Atheniensis_. This Gate stood Easterly, facing the Sea, and -as _Nicephorus_ observes, overlook’d the Imperial Citadel through the -City to a great Distance, and that from thence you might look very far -backwards into the Inland Countries. This Gate, in a direct Line, was -distant from the Sea-shore fourteen thousand and seventy five Feet, so -that the City was about three Miles in Length. - -_The_ Portico’s _of_ Troas.] I believe these _Portico’s_ took their -Name either from the People of _Troas_, who, while they continued -there, built them; or from some Part of the City so call’d, or because -some Goods and Merchandize were imported thither from _Troas_, as I -observed before of the Granaries of _Troas_. - -_A Column with winding Stairs on its Inside._] Upon this Pillar was -erected the Statue of _Theodosius_, which, as _Zonaras_ writes, was -near the _Porta Aurea_, and fell down in the Reign of _Leo Isaurus_. -_Gyllius_ is of Opinion, that this was the Statue of _Arcadius_, that -the Shaft of it, with the Pedestal and Capital, consisted of twenty one -Stones; and adds, that the Battels of _Theodosius_ were carv’d upon it. - - - - -The Thirteenth _Ward_. - - -_The thirteenth_ Ward _is call’d the_ Sycæne Ward, _which is divided -from the City by a narrow Bay of the Sea, and maintains an Intercourse -with it by Boats, and small Vessels. It stands wholly upon the Side -of it, except a broad Tract of Land, which lies Level, at the Foot of -it, near the Sea-shore. It contains one Church, the_ Bagnio’s _and_ -Forum _of_ Honorius; _A Theatre; A Dock for Ship-building; four -hundred and thirty one great Houses; one large_ Portico; _five private_ -Bagnio’s; _one publick, and four private Mills; with eight_ Gradus. -_It has one_ Curator, _one_ Vernaculus, _thirty four_ Collegiati, _and -five_ Vico-Magistri. - - -NOTES. - -_The_ Sycene Ward.] This _Ward_ is a _Peninsula_ divided from -_Constantinople_ by a small Bay of the City. ’Tis at present call’d -_Galata_, or _Pera_. _Stephanus_ (_de Urbibus_) tells us, that _Sycæ_ -is a small City over against New _Rome_, which in his Time was called -_Justiniana_. But _Justinian_ himself, _Novel._ 59. _Cap._ 5. places -it so far within the new Walls of the City, that, as he says, it -ought to be looked upon as a Part of it. It was named by the _Greeks_ -_Sycæna_, from the great Produce it bears of the best _Figs_, as -is observed by _Cedrinus_ and _Dionysius_ a _Byzantian_. ’Tis not -inhabited at present by the _Franks_, for so the _Greeks_ call the -_Latines_. _Gyllius_ is of Opinion that it was called _Galata_, because -_Brennus_, Captain General of the _Gauls_, whom the _Greeks_ call -Γαλάται marched thither with his Army. It was also called _Pera_, -that is, the _Ferry_, or _Peræa_, and stood on the other Side of the -Water; as _Josephus_ relates, that _Judæa_ was on the other Side of -_Jordan_; and as _Strabo_ mentions a Place, which he says was on the -other Side of _Euphrates_. _Anastasius_ in his _Constitutions_ calls -it _Sycæ_, or the _Ferry_ of _Sycæ_, where he commands the Dead to be -bury’d without Fee, or Reward. ’Tis divided by a Hill that runs from -North to South, and is bounded on each Side by two Vales, of a Mile in -Length. Its Walls are four Thousand four Hundred Paces in Compass. Near -to it, _Justinian_ in his 159ᵗʰ _Nov._ seems to fix the Suburbs called -_Coparium_: And _Socrates_ in his 30ᵗʰ _Chap._ of his _Eccles. Hist._ -tells us, that there’s a Place just against the City, which is called -_Sycæ_. The Church of the _Novatians_ was translated hither in the -Reign of _Constantine_. - -_It maintained an Intercourse with_ Constantinople, _by Boats and -small Vessels_.] There were in the Bay here many Thousands of small -Boats, far exceeding the Number of those which are at _Venice_ to carry -Passengers from one Shore to the other, so that this _Peninsula_ might -reasonably be looked upon as a Part of the City. ’Tis almost surrounded -with Mountains, at the Foot of which, towards the Sea, it lies all upon -a Level to the opposite Shore. It contained a Church, the _Forum_, -and Theatre of _Honorius_, and many other Ornaments and Curiosities -in common with other _Wards_. There stood here a magnificent Church -dedicated to St. _Irene_, which was built by _Pertinax_, who had pass’d -the Consular Dignity, and was then _Patriarch_ of _Constantinople_: -And _Constantine_, when he had beautified the _Ward_ with many stately -Buildings, enclosed it with a Wall, as ’tis recorded by _Cardinal -Baronius_ in his _Annals_ of the Year 314. - -_The Dock._] There was also a Place in this _Ward_ where they built -their Ships. - -The Author has taken no Notice of two Streets which belonged to this -_Ward_, and which would complete the Number of three hundred and twenty -two Streets, mentioned in the Conclusion of his _Treatise_; but without -the Addition of them, we can reckon them three hundred and twenty and -no more. - - - - -The Fourteenth _Ward_. - - -_Although this_ Ward _is look’d upon to be a fourteenth Part of -the City, yet because it is divided from the other_ Wards _by an -intermediate Space of Land, and enclosed within its own Walls, it -makes the Figure of a small City by it self. The Entrance of it at the -Gate is somewhat upon the Level; but the right Side of it, rising into -an Ascent, almost to the Middle of the broad Way, falls into a deep -Descent, and ends afterwards near the Sea in a Plain. It contains a -Church; the Palace; a_ Nympheum; _some Baths; a Theatre; a_ Lusorium; -_a Wooden Bridge; eleven Streets; a hundred and sixty seven great -Houses; two large_ Portico’s; _five private Baths; one publick, and one -private Mill; with five_ Gradus. - - -NOTES. - -_The fourteenth_ Ward, _which is enclosed within its own Walls, makes -the Figure of a kind of small City by it self_.] It was antiently -looked upon to be a small City, because one of the Emperors had built -there an Imperial Citadel. ’Tis very mountainous about it, and it -descends towards the Sea, into the Bosom of a Plain. The Name of the -Church in this _Ward_ is not known at present. - -_A Palace._] This is the Place of Imperial Residence, which was -antiently called _Palatium_, because _Augustus_ dwelt in Mount -_Palatine_ at _Rome_. The Dwelling-House of _Romulus_ was also called -by the same Name. Wherefore, says _Dion_, speaking of _Augustus_, let -the Emperor be where he pleases, yet the Place where he constantly -dwells, is always called his Palace. - -_A_ Lusorium.] This probably was the same Place with the _Ludus -Venatorius_, in which the Combatants exercised themselves before -they engaged with wild Beasts; yet is it more probable, that it was -so called from the _Naves Lusoriæ_, which were built there, of which -_Marcellinus_ takes Notice in his _sixth Book_, as also the _Code_ of -_Theodosius de Lusoriis Danubii_. - -_A Wooden Bridge._] _Suidas_ writes, that near the Church of St. -_Mamas_, there was a Bridge which consisted of twelve Arches, for there -was a great Flood of Waters there. I believe this was after chang’d -into a Stone Bridge. - -_Five_ Gradus, _or Stairs_.] At the End of this _Ward_, after the five -_Gradus_, I would correct the Omission of my Author, by comparing this -with the other _Wards_, and adding one _Curator_, one _Vernaculus_, -thirty seven _Collegiati_, and five _Vico-Magistri_. - -The Author, in his following summary View of the City, mentions five -hundred and sixty _Collegiati_, but to complete the Number of them, -there are wanting seven. _Theodosius_ the _Less_ has added three in -_Lib. de Commer. & Mercat._ and makes the Number of them to be five -hundred and sixty three. - - - - -_A Summary View of the whole City._ - - -_Having taken a particular View of the City, as divided into_ Wards, -_I shall now_, continues my Author, _give the Reader a more large and -general Description of it, to shew that its Beauty and Magnificence is -not only to be ascribed to Art and good Workmanship, but that Nature -herself by the Mediation of the Elements, has happily contributed -to its Security and Defence. The divine Providence has with so much -Wisdom consulted the Preservation of its Inhabitants, even to future -Ages, that a long Tract of Land, in the Nature of a_ Promontory, -_full of Windings and Harbours in its Sides, facing the Chaps of the_ -Black-Sea, _narrow in Breadth, is strongly fortified by the Sea. The_ -Isthmus, _the only Part of the City not bounded by the Sea, is at the -same Time strengthened with a double Wall with numerous Towers on its -Ramparts. The City thus enclosed and defended, contains in the Whole -the following Buildings. Five Palaces; fourteen Churches; five divine -Houses of the_ Augustæ; _three of the most illustrious Ladies_; -_eight_ Bagnio’s; _two_ Basilica’s; _four_ Fora’s; _two Senate-Houses; -five Granaries, or Store-Houses; two Theatres; two_ Lusoria; _four -Havens; one_ Circo; _four Cisterns; four_ Nymphea; _three hundred -and twenty two Streets; four Thousand three hundred and eight large -Houses; fifty two_ Portico’s; _a hundred and fifty three private Baths; -twenty publick, and a hundred and twenty private Mills; a hundred and -seventeen_ Gradus; _five Flesh Markets; one_ Porphyry _Pillar; two -Pillars with winding Stairs; one_ Colossus; _one Golden_ Tetrapylum; -_the_ Forum _of_ Augustus; _the Capitol; the Mint, or Treasury; and -three_ Gradus _by the Sea-Shore. It was under the Care and Government -of fourteen_ Curators, _fourteen_ Vernaculi, _five hundred and sixty_ -Collegiati, _and sixty five_ Vico-Magistri. _The Length of the City -from the_ Porta Aurea _in a direct Line to the Sea-Shore, is fourteen -Thousand and seventy five Feet; the Breadth of it, six Thousand one -Hundred and fifty_. Thus concludes the Author of the Description, I -shall now go on with my - - -NOTES. - -_It has five Palaces._] Old _Rome_, instead of these, has one Thousand -one hundred and eighty Houses. - -_Fourteen Churches._] _Rome_ had four Hundred and twenty four Temples. - -_Five divine Houses of the_ Augustæ, _and of those who bore the Title -of the Most Illustrious three_.] The Houses of those Ladies, who bore -the Title of _Augustæ_ were called Divine. They had also other Marks -of Imperiality and Honour conferr’d upon them. By the Mistake of the -Writer these Houses were reckoned six, though they were no more in -Number than five only, _viz._ two of _Placidia_, two of _Pulcheria_, -and one of _Eudocia_, the Wife of _Theodosius_. As to the Houses -belonging to the Ladies, entitled the _Most Illustrious_, one of them -belonged to _Marina_, and the other two to _Arcadia_, and bore the same -Title with themselves. - -_Eight_ Bagnio’s.] _Victor_ writes, that at _Rome_ there were eleven. - -_Two_ Basilica’s.] There were ten of them at _Rome_. - -_Four_ Fora’s.] At _Rome_ there were eleven; _Victor_ says nineteen. - -_Two Senate-Houses._] At _Rome_, as _Victor_ says, there were three; -one stood between the _Capitol_, and the _Forum Romanum_, where was the -Temple of _Concord_; another by the _Porta Capena_, and a third in the -Temple of _Bellona_, which stood in the _Circo_ of _Flaminius_, where -the Foreign Ambassadors resided, because they would not allow them -Admittance into the City. - -_Five Granaries._] At _Rome_ there were two hundred and ninety two. - -_Two Theatres._] At _Rome_ there were three. - -_Two_ Lusoria.] At _Rome_, according to _Victor_, there were sixteen. - -_Four Havens._] At _Rome_ there was but one. - -_One_ Circo.] At _Rome_ there were two. - -_Four Cisterns._] At _Rome_ there were none. - -_Four_ Nymphea.] At _Rome_ there were fifteen. - -_Three hundred and twenty two Streets._] At _Rome_ four Hundred and -twenty four. - -_Four Thousand three hundred and eighteen large Houses._] At _Rome_ -there were forty six Thousand six hundred and two _Insulæ_, and one -Thousand seven hundred and eighty large Houses. The Houses here -mentioned were large roof’d Buildings, tyl’d at Top four Ways; the -_Insulæ_ were roof’d Buildings, tyl’d only before and behind. - -_Forty two_ Portico’s.] At _Rome_ there were six only. - -_A hundred and fifty three private Baths._] At _Rome_ there were eight -hundred and fifty six. - -_Twenty publick, and a hundred and twenty private Mills._] At _Rome_ -two hundred and fifty four. - -_A hundred and seventeen_ Gradus.] At _Rome_ none. - -_Five Flesh-Markets._] At _Rome_ two only. - -_Five hundred and sixty_ Collegiati.] It is apparent that thirty seven -of them are omitted in the last _Ward_. There was no such Office at -_Rome_, yet there were, instead of them, Watchmen divided into seven -Companies, whose Business, according to _Dion_ and _Suetonius_, was -much the same with that of the _Collegiati_. - -_Sixty five_ Vico-magistri.] It should be read seventy; for five -of them are omitted in the last _Ward_. At _Rome_ the Number of -_Collegiati_ was six hundred and seventy two. - -_A Porphyry Pillar._] There was no such Pillar, as _Cedrinus_ says, -at _Rome_, tho’ this was brought from thence. _Gyllius_ writes, that -this Pillar was made of square marble Stones, and that it stood in the -_Hippodrom_. - -_Two Pillars with Winding-Stairs in the Inside of them._] There was the -same Number at _Rome_. - -_One_ Colossus.] At _Rome_ there were two. ’Tis omitted in the -_Description of the Wards_, as many other Things of Note are. - -_The Golden_ Tetrapylum.] _Gyllius_ quotes an unknown Author who will -have this _Tetrapylum_ to have been a Quadrangle with _Portico’s_ -round it, having Four Gates, and was formerly call’d _Quadrivium_. The -_Latines_ call it a _Stadium_. But there’s no such Place to be found -in the _Wards_ of the City, unless it be the _Stadium_ in the Fourth -_Ward_, which is omitted in the _Summary View_ of the City. _Cedrinus_, -in his Life of _Leo Magnus_, mentions this _Tetrapylum_. _Evagrius_ -in the _twenty eighth Chapter_ of his _third Book_ tells us, that -it was built by the Senator _Mammianus_, in the Reign of _Zeno_. He -built, says he, two stately _Portico’s_ of exquisite Workmanship, and -beautify’d them with a neat glossy Marble. As to the _Tetrapylum_ built -by _Mammianus_, there are not, as _Gyllius_ tells us, the least Remains -of it. _Victor_ writes, that there was a _Pentapylum_ in the tenth -_Ward_ of _Rome_. - -_The_ Augusteum.] This was the _Forum_ of _Augustus_. - -_The Capitol._] At _Rome_, as _Victor_ writes, there were two; the old -and the new _Capitol_. - -_The Mint, or Treasury._] There was no such Place at _Rome_. - -_Three_ Gradus _by the Sea-Shore_.] There were no such _Stairs_ at -_Rome_, yet they had their _Lakes_, their _Naval Fights_, &c. - -The City is reported to have had twenty three Gates. _Laonicus -Chalcondylus_, in his History of the _Ottomans_, tells us, that -_Constantinople_ contains in compass a hundred and eleven Furlongs, -which is more than thirteen _Italian_ Miles. ’Tis generally thought -to be eighteen Miles in Circumference. Besides the foremention’d -Curiosities, _Constantinople_ has been famous for the _Aqueduct_ -of _Hadrian_, which furnish’d the Palace, the _Nymphea_, and the -_Bagnio’s_ with a Sufficiency of Waters, as _Theodosius_ mentions in a -Letter to _Cyrus_, _Prefect_ of the City. The _Bagnio’s_ of _Achilles_ -are also mention’d by him, where he says, that these _Bagnio’s_ were -supply’d with Water convey’d into them from the said _Aqueduct_ by -leaden Pipes. _Cedrinus_ says, that these _Bagnio’s_ were built -near the _Strategium_, and took their Name from an Altar, which was -dedicated to _Ajax_ and _Achilles:_ And _Cassiodorus_ relates, that the -Fire, which happen’d in the Reign of _Constantine_ the _Great_, burnt -down the City, as far as the _Bagnio’s_ of _Achilles_. - - - - - _Some Account of the_ Suburbs _as they are mention’d in the_ Codes - _and_ Law-Books. - - -_Procopius_ tells us, in his first Book _de Ædif. Justin._ that -the _Hepdomum_ was one Part of the Suburbs of _Constantinople_. -_Justinian_, says he, built another Church dedicate to St. _Theodora_ -in a Place call’d the _Hepdomum_, which in the _Greek_ signifies the -_Seventh_. _Zonaras_, in the Life of _Phocas_, mentions the same -Thing, as does also _Cedrinus_ in the Life of _Arcadius_ and _Justin_, -with many others. In this Place were many Laws enacted; and _Zonaras_ -writes, that _Theodosius_ the _Great_ built a Church there, in Honour -of St. _John Baptist_. _Gyllius_ says, that ’tis at present enclos’d -within the Walls of the City, that it stands upon the sixth Hill, and -that ’tis call’d _Hepdomum_, or _Seventh_, as denoting the Number of -the Suburbs of the City. - -_The_ Blachernæ.] This is another Part of the Suburbs, mention’d -by _Justinian_ in his 151ˢᵗ _Nov._ where he says, that _Hierius_ -bequeath’d by Will to his Son _Anthemius_ the Suburbs in the -_Blachernæ_. _Zonaras_ writes, that _Pulcheria_, the Sister of -_Theodosius_ the _Less_, built a Church to the _Blessed Virgin_ in this -Place, which, as _Procopius_ tells us, was repair’d by _Justinian_. -_Cedrinus_ observes, that the Emperor _Justin_, Nephew of _Justinian_, -enlarg’d it with two Arches. _Suidas_ reports, that _Anastasius_ the -Emperor built there a large _Triclinium_ and _Tiberius_ a _Bagnio_, as -_Zonaras_ writes. It took its Name of the _Blachernæ_, as _Gyllius_ -believes, upon the Authority of _Dionysius_ a _Byzantian_ Writer, from -some Person, who was formerly a kind of a petty King there. It was -situate near the Sea, in the Place, as _Nicephorus_ observes in his -15ᵗʰ _Book_ _Chap._ 25ᵗʰ _of his Eccl. Hist._ where _Leo_ the _Great_ -built a Church to the Virgin _Mary_. - -The _Monastery_ of _Studius_ was another Part of the Suburbs of -_Constantinople_, in which, as _Justinian_ observes, in his 6ᵗʰ -_Chap._ _Novel_ 59ᵗʰ. was kept a large Bier, for the Burial of the -Dead. The following Account is given of _Studius_ by _Nicephorus_, -in his 15ᵗʰ _Book_, _Chap._ 25ᵗʰ _of his Eccles. Hist._ An eminent -Citizen of _Rome_, says he, nam’d _Studius_, came from thence to -_Constantinople_, where he built a Church to the Memory of St. _John -Baptist_, and that divine Service might be celebrated there with more -Decency and Solemnity, he took some Monks out of the Monastery of -the Ἀκοίμητοι, who were so call’d, because some of them were always -_waking_ to attend divine Worship. The heavenly-minded _Marcellinus_ -built them a Monastery, in which they continually sang Hymns to God, -their Society being divided into three Tribes for that Purpose. Thus -far _Nicephorus_. Upon this Occasion _Studius_ was made _Consul_, as -appears by an Inscription over the Gate of his own Monastery, which -runs thus: - - _This Pyle was rais’d by_ Studius’ _bounteous Hand: - Great Actions greatest Honours should command. - In just Acknowledgment, the grateful Town, - Repay’d the Founder with a_ Consul’s _Gown_. - -This happen’d in the Reign of _Leo_ the Emperor. - -The _Coparia_, as is plain from the 159ᵗʰ _Nov. of Justinian_, was -another Part of the Suburbs, and was bequeath’d, as appears by the -Codicil of _Hierius_’s Will to his Niece. - -There was also another Part of the Suburbs in the _Promontory_ of -the Creek of _Sosthenium_, which was formerly in the Possession of -_Ardaburus_, General of the Army to _Theodosius_ the _Less_. The Right -of it afterwards came to _Hierius_, who was _Præfectus Prætorio_, or -General of the Life-Guard to the Emperor _Zeno_. _Nicephorus_ in the -50ᵗʰ _Chap. of his_ 7ᵗʰ _Book of Eccl. Hist._ gives this Reason why it -was call’d _Sosthenium_, ’Tis recorded, says he, that the _Argonauts_ -of _Greece_, when they arriv’d here, began to plunder the Countrey, -but were defeated by _Amycus_, who was then Governor of the Place, -and being dispers’d, they wander’d about till they came to a woody -unhospitable Place, where they took shelter in a large Thicket of -Trees; that in this Calamity _Virtue_ came down to them from Heaven in -a human Shape, having Wings like an Eagle, and by her Oracle foretold, -that if they would venture another Battle, they should conquer -_Amycus_. Directed by this Advice, they engag’d them again, obtain’d -an entire Victory over them, slew him, and all his Forces; and that -to express their Gratitude to the _Vision_, they built a Temple, and -erected a Statue to her, in the Shape she appear’d to them, which gave -the Place the Name of _Sosthenium_, because they _secur’d_ themselves -by the second Battle. - -Bytharium, _or_ Philotheum.] This was also another Part of the -_Suburbs_, and is mention’d as such in 159ᵗʰ _Nov. of Justinian_. - -The _Porta Veneta_ is mentioned by _Procopius_ in his _History of the_ -Persian _War_; who, speaking of some military Officer, tells us, that -when he came to the _Porta Veneta_, which stands on the Right Hand of -the Palace, he halted and determin’d to march to _Hypalium_. This Gate -seems to take its Name from the _Suburbs_ call’d _in Venetis_, probably -because the _Venetian Faction_, a Company of Chariot-Racers dress’d in -_Sky-colour’d_ Cloths, dwelt there. - -_Procopius_ also takes Notice of the _Pontichium_ by the Ferry, and -also of the _Rusiniana_, as two other Parts of the _Suburbs_. These -Places he mentions in his 1ˢᵗ _Book of the_ Persian _War_; as does also -_Sozomen_ in the 21ˢᵗ _Chap._ _Book_ the 8ᵗʰ. - - - - - _Of the present Buildings of_ Constantinople. - - -_Gyllius_ assures us, that the whole City, at present, is under a -visible Decay, as to its Buildings; that the Houses are low and mean, -and that there’s little or nothing to be seen of its ancient Beauty -and Magnificence, except in a few of their _Basha’s_ Houses, their -_Mosques_, their _Bagnio’s_, and their _Caravansera’s_, which are all -very noble Buildings, and are as follows. - -There are at least three hundred _Mosques_ built with Marble, cover’d -with Lead, and shining with glossy marble Pillars. - -There are above a hundred publick _Bagnio’s_, both for Men and Women, -which are very spacious. - -There are also about the same Number of _Caravansera’s_; the most -eminent of which are adorn’d with Fountains, which are constantly -supply’d with Water from the Fields adjoining the _Suburbs_, and which -also supply the whole City. - -[Illustration: BYZANTIΩN - -BYZANTIΩN - -B Y] - - - - - * * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber’s note: - -The original spelling, hyphenation, punctuation has been retained -except for apparent typographical errors. - -The chapter headings and page numbers have been added to the CONTENTS, -by the transcriber, for the following: - - A DESCRIPTION - Of the CITY of CONSTANTINOPLE, - As it stood in the REIGNS of - ARCADIUS and HONORIUS. - -In the Preface of the Translator the author’s birthplace is given as -“Abi”. This has been corrected to read “Albi” (in South-West France). - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ANTIQUITIES OF CONSTANTINOPLE*** - - -******* This file should be named 53083-0.txt or 53083-0.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/3/0/8/53083 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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*/ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; -} /* page numbers */ - - -.blockquote { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -.center {text-align: center;} - - -.right {text-align: right;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -.caption {font-weight: bold;} - -.covernote {visibility: hidden; display: none;} - -/* Images */ -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -/* Footnotes */ - -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -/* Poetry */ - -.poetry-container {text-align: center; font-size: .9em;} - -.poetry {display: inline-block; text-align: left;} - -.poetry .stanza {margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em;} - -.poetry .line {margin: 0; text-indent: -3em; padding-left: 3em;} - -.center {text-align: center;} - - .inblk { - text-indent: -1em; - padding-left: 1em; - display: inline-block; - text-align: left } - -.hangingindent1 {padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;} - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.covernote {visibility: hidden; display: none;} - -.caption {font-weight: normal; text-align: center;} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - -@media handheld -{ - p.dropcap2 { - text-indent: 0em; /* restore default */ - } - p.dropcap2:first-letter - { - float: none; - margin: 0; - font-size: 100%; - } -} - -@media handheld -{ - img.drop-cap - { - display: none; - } - - p.drop-cap:first-letter - { - color: inherit; - visibility: visible; - margin-left: 0; - } - - p.drop-cap { - text-indent: 0em;} -} - -@media handheld { - .covernote {visibility: visible; display: block;} -} - - h1.pg { font-weight: bold; - font-size: 190%; } - h2.pg { font-weight: bold; - font-size: 135%; } - h3.pg { font-weight: bold; } - h4.pg { font-weight: bold; - font-size: 1em; } - hr.full { width: 100%; - margin-top: 3em; - margin-bottom: 0em; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - height: 4px; - border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ - border-style: solid; - border-color: #000000; - clear: both; } - </style> -</head> -<body> -<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Antiquities of Constantinople, by Pierre -Gilles, Translated by John Ball</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States -and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no -restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it -under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this -eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you are not -located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> -<p>Title: The Antiquities of Constantinople</p> -<p> With a Description of Its Situation, the Conveniencies of Its Port, Its Publick Buildings, the Statuary, Sculpture, Architecture, and Other Curiosities of That City</p> -<p>Author: Pierre Gilles</p> -<p>Release Date: September 18, 2016 [eBook #53083]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: UTF-8</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ANTIQUITIES OF CONSTANTINOPLE***</p> -<p> </p> -<h4 class="pg">E-text prepared by Turgut Dincer, Brian Wilcox,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="https://archive.org">https://archive.org</a>);<br /> - frontispiece generously made available by<br /> - the Google Books Library Project<br /> - (<a href="http://books.google.com">http://books.google.com</a>)</h4> -<p> </p> -<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> - <tr> - <td valign="top"> - Note: - </td> - <td> - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - <a href="https://archive.org/details/antiquitiesofcon00gill"> - https://archive.org/details/antiquitiesofcon00gill</a> - </td> - </tr> -</table> -<p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_frontis_alt.jpg" width="392" height="600" alt="IMP CONSTANTINVS P F AVG" /> - -<p class="caption"><i>From Angeloni.</i> <span class="add4em"><i>J. Tinney Sculp.</i></span></p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h1 class="chapter"> -<span class="smallest">THE</span><br /> - -<span class="largest">Antiquities</span><br /> - -<span class="smallest">OF</span><br /> - -<span class="largest">CONSTANTINOPLE</span>.<br /> - -<small>With a <span class="smcap">Description</span> of its</small><br /> -<i>SITUATION</i>,<br /> -<small>the Conveniencies of its</small><br /> -PORT,<br /> -<small>its</small> <i>PUBLICK BUILDINGS</i>,<br /> -<small>the Statuary, Sculpture, Architecture,<br /> -<i>and other</i><br /> -</small><i>CURIOSITIES</i> <small>of that</small> CITY.<br /> -<small>With <span class="smcap">Cuts</span> explaining the Chief of them.</small></h1> -<h2>In Four Books.<br /> - -<i>Written Originally in</i> Latin <i>by</i><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Petrus Gyllius <i>a Byzantine Historian</i></span>.</h2> -<p> -Now Translated into <i>English</i>, and Enlarged with an Ancient -<i>Description</i> of the <span class="smcap">Wards</span> of that CITY, as they stood -in the Reigns of <i>Arcadius</i> and <i>Honorius</i>.</p> - -<p class="center">With <i>Pancirolus’s <span class="smcap">Notes</span></i> thereupon.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>To which is added<br /> -A large Explanatory <span class="smcap">Index</span>.</i></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center">By <span class="smcap">John Ball</span>, formerly of <i>C. C. C. Oxon.</i></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">——<i>Res Antiquæ laudis, et artis</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Ingredior.</i>——<span class="add4em"> Vir. Geo. 2.</span></div> -</div></div></div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center"><span class="larger">LONDON.</span><br /> - -Printed for the Benefit of the Translator, 1729.</p> - -<p class="right smallest"><i>J. Tinney Sculp.</i></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter chapter"> -<img src="images/i_png004_a.jpg" width="600" height="225" alt="page header decoration" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="no-break" id="Dedication"><span class="small">TO</span><br /> -<span class="smcap larger">Richard Banner</span>, <span class="smcap larger">Esq;</span><br /> -<span class="smaller">OF</span><br /> -<span class="larger"><i>PERRY-HALL</i>,</span><br /> -<span class="smaller">IN THE</span><br /> -<span class="large">County of</span> <span class="larger"><i>STAFFORD</i>.</span></h2> - -<p><span class="smcap large">Sir</span>,</p> - -<div> - <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_png004_cap_n.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="uppercase">No</span> sooner had my Inclinations prevail’d upon me to publish this Author, -but my Gratitude directed me where I should make the Dedication. -These Labours are yours by many Obligations. Your Services to me -demand them, you have express’d a particular Esteem for Pieces of -this Kind, you have assisted me with a valuable Collection of Books -in the Translation of them, and you have encourag’d the Performance -by the Interest of your Friends; so that if there be any Merit in the -Publication of it, ’tis you who are entitled to it.</p> - -<p>The Knowledge of <i>Antiquity</i> was always look’d upon as a Study worthy -the Entertainment of a Gentleman, and was never in higher Estimation -among the Nobility and Gentry of <i>Great Britain</i> than it is now. -And this Regard which the present Age pays to it, proceeds from a -wise Discernment, and a proportionable Value of Things. For we never -entertain our Curiosity with more Pleasure, and to better Purposes, -than by looking into the Art, and Improvement, and Industry of antient -Times, and by observing how they excited their Heroes and great Men to -virtuous and honourable Actions by the Memorials of <i>Statuary</i> and -<i>Sculpture</i>; the silent Records of their Greatness, and the lasting -History of their Glory.</p> - -<p>The great Discoveries made of late, and publish’d by a <a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">A</a>Society -of Gentlemen, united in the Search of <i>Antiquity</i>, will be lasting -Monuments of their Fame in future Times, and will be look’d upon as -Arguments of an ingenious Curiosity, in looking into the delectable -Situations of Places, in preserving the beautiful Ruines of Antient -Buildings, and in setting Chronology in a truer Light, by the Knowledge -of Coins and Medals.</p> - -<p>But, Sir, what I principally intend in this Dedication, is to do -Justice to Merit, and to acquaint the World, That you never look’d upon -Licentiousness, and Infidelity, to be any Part of the Character of a -fine Gentleman, That Virtue does not sit odly upon Men of a superior -Station, and That in you we have an Example of one, who has Prudence -enough to temper the innocent Freedoms of Life with the Strictnesses -of Duty, and Conduct enough to be Merry, and not Licentious, to be -Sociable, and not Austere; a Deportment this, which sets off your -Character beyond the most elaborate Expressions of Art, and is not to -be describ’d by the most curious Statue, or the most durable Marble. I -am, Sir, with very great Regard,</p> - -<p><span class="add1em"><i>Your most Oblig’d</i>,</span><br /> - -<span class="add4em"><i>And most Obedient Servant</i>,</span></p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap largest">John Ball.</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_png007.jpg" width="300" height="214" alt="page decoration" /> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">A</span></a> The Society of <i>Antiquaries</i> in <i>London</i>.</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter chapter"> -<img src="images/i_png008_a.jpg" width="600" height="190" alt="page header decoration" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="no-break" id="THE_PREFACE_OF_THE_TRANSLATOR"><span class="smaller">THE</span><br /> - -<span class="largest">PREFACE</span><br /> - -<span class="smaller">OF THE</span><br /> - -<span class="larger">TRANSLATOR.</span></h2> - -<div> - <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_png008_b_cap_i_ital.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><i>IT is customary upon a Translation to give some Account both of the -Author, and his Writings. The Author</i> Petrus Gyllius, <i>as he stands -enroll’d among the Men of Eminency, and Figure in polite Learning, I -find to be a Native of</i> Albi, <i>in</i> France. <i>He was in great Reputation -in the sixteenth Century, and was look’d upon as a Writer of so good a -Taste, and so comprehensive a</i> Genius, <i>that there was scarce any thing -in the polite Languages, which had escap’d him. As he had a particular -Regard for Men of distinguished Learning, so was he equally honour’d, -and esteem’d by them.</i> Francis <i>the First, King of</i> France, <i>the great -Patron of Literature, and who was also a good Judge of his Abilities, -sent him into</i> Italy, <i>and</i> Greece, <i>to make a Collection of all the -choice Manuscripts which had never been printed, but in his Passage it -was his Misfortune to be taken by the</i> Corsairs. <i>Some Time after, by -the Application and Generosity of Cardinal</i> d’Armanac, <i>he was redeem’d -from Slavery. The just Sense this munificent Patron had of his Merit, -incited him, when my Author had finish’d more than fourty Years Travels -over all</i> Greece, Asia, <i>and the greatest Part of</i> Africa, <i>in the -Search of Antiquity, to receive him into his Friendship, and Family; -where, while he was digesting, and methodizing his Labours for the -Service of the Publick, he dy’d in the Year 1555, and in the</i> 65ᵗʰ -<i>Year of his Age</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Although it was his Intention to have published all the Learned -Observations he had made in his Travels, yet he liv’d to give us only -a Description of the</i> Bosporus, Thrace, <i>and</i> Constantinople, <i>with an -Account of the</i> Antiquities <i>of each of those Places. In his Search of -what was curious he was indefatigable, and had a perfect Knowledge of -it in all its Parts. He had also translated into</i> Latin Theodore<i>’s -Commentaries on the</i> Minor Prophets, <i>and sixteen Books of</i> Ælian<i>’s</i> -History of Animals. Petrus Belonius <i>is highly reflected upon, in that -being his Domestick, and a Companion with him in his Travels, he took -the Freedom to publish several of his Works under his own Name: And -indeed such a flagrant Dishonesty in acting the Plagiary in so gross a -manner, was justly punish’d with the most severe Censures; since it -had been Merit enough to have deserv’d the Praises of the Learned World -for Publishing such valuable Pieces, with an honourable Acknowledgment -of the Author of them</i>.</p> - -<p><i>I have no Occasion to vindicate the Worth and Credit of my Author, -whose Fame will live, and flourish, while the Characters given him by</i> -Gronovius, Thuanus, Morreri, Tournefort, <i>and</i> Montfaucon <i>are of any -Weight. These Great Men have recorded him to future Times, for his deep -Insight into</i> Natural <i>Knowledge, his unweary’d Application to the -Study of</i> Antiquity, <i>and his great Accuracy and Exactness in Writing</i>.</p> - -<p><i>In the following Treatise, the Reader has before him a full and lively -View of one of the most magnificent Cities in the Universe; stately, -and beautiful in its Natural Situation, improv’d with all the Art and -Advantages of fine Architecture, and furnished with the most costly -Remains of Antiquity; so that</i> New Rome, <i>in many Instances of that -Kind, may seem to excell the</i> Old.</p> - -<p><i>I hope my Author will not be thought too particular and exact in -describing the several Hills and Vales, upon which</i> Constantinople -<i>stands, when it is consider’d, that he is delineating</i> the Finest -Situation in the World.</p> - -<p><i>The Manner in which he treats on this Subject is very entertaining; -and his Descriptions, though with the greatest Regard to Truth, are -embellish’d with a Grace and Beauty, almost Poetical. This, I look upon -it, was occasion’d by the agreeable Variety of delightful Prospects and -Situations, which the Subject naturally led him to describe.</i></p> - -<p><i>The present State of</i> Constantinople, <i>I mean as to the Meanness and -Poverty of its Buildings, is attested by all those, who have either -seen, or wrote concerning it; so that ’tis not</i> Now <i>to be compar’d -with it self, as it stood in its Antient Glory. The</i> Turks <i>have such -an Aversion to all that is curious in Learning, or magnificent in -Architecture, or valuable in Antiquity, that they have made it a Piece -of Merit, for above 200 Years, to demolish, and efface every thing -of that Kind; so that this Account of the</i> Antiquities <i>of that City -given us by</i> Gyllius, <i>is not only the</i> Best, <i>but indeed the</i> Only -<i>collective History of them</i>.</p> - -<p><i>In tracing out the Buildings of Old</i> Byzantium, <i>the antient</i> Greek -<i>Historians, which he perfectly understood, were of great Service to -him; this, with his own personal Observations, as residing for some -Years at</i> Constantinople, <i>furnish’d him with Materials sufficient for -the present History</i>.</p> - -<p><i>The Curious, who have always admir’d the Accuracy of this Work of</i> -Gyllius, <i>have yet been highly concern’d, that it wanted the Advantage -of Cuts, by which the Reader might have the agreeable Pleasure of -surveying with the Eye, what my Author has so exactly describ’d with -the Pen</i>.</p> - -<p><i>I have therefore endeavour’d to supply this Defect, by presenting -to the View of the Reader a Collection of Figures, which do not only -refer to such Curiosities as be will find mention’d in the several -Parts of my Author, but such as have been describ’d by other later -Travellers; and by this Means I hope I have given a compleat View of -whatsoever is most remarkable in the</i> Antiquities of Constantinople. -<i>The Catalogue and Order of the Cuts is as follows</i>;</p> - -<p><a href="#i_png304">I.</a> <i>The</i> Thracian Bosporus, <i>with the Situation of</i> Constantinople, <i>as -antiently divided into</i> Wards; <i>from</i> Du Fresne.</p> - -<p><a href="#i_png306">II.</a> <i>A Delineation of that City, as it stood in the Year 1422, before -it was taken by the</i> Turks; <i>from the same</i>.</p> - -<p><a href="#i_png308">III.</a> <i>The Ichnography, or Plan of the Church of</i> Sancta Sophia; <i>from -the same</i>.</p> - -<p><a href="#i_png310">IV.</a> <i>The whole View of the Church of</i> Sancta Sophia; <i>from the same</i>.</p> - -<p><a href="#i_png312">V.</a> <i>The outside Prospect of that Church; from the same.</i></p> - -<p><a href="#i_png314">VI.</a> <i>The inside View of it; from the same.</i></p> - -<p><a href="#i_png316">VII.</a> <i>The Plan of the Church of the Apostles; from Sir</i> George Wheler.</p> - -<p><a href="#i_png318">VIII.</a> <i>The antient</i> Hippodrom, <i>with the</i> Thebæan Obelisk, <i>and the -Engines by which it was erected; from</i> Spon <i>and</i> Wheler.</p> - -<p><a href="#i_png320">IX.</a> <i>The Three Pillars</i>, viz. <i>the Serpentine and Porphyry Pillars, -standing in the</i> Hippodrom, <i>as described by</i> Gyllius, <i>with the Pillar -of the Emperor</i> Marcian, <i>since discover’d by</i> Spon <i>and</i> Wheler <i>in a -private Garden; from</i> B. Randolph.</p> - -<p><a href="#i_png322">X.</a> <i>The Historical Pillar, described by</i> Gyllius, <i>and since by</i> -Tournefort; <i>from</i> Du Fresne.</p> - -<p><a href="#i_png324">XI.</a> <i>A View of the Seraglio Point, with a Representation of the present -Imperial Palace, and the Church of</i> Sancta Sophia; <i>from</i> B. -Randolph.</p> - -<p><i>When this Impression was almost finished, a learned Gentleman of -the University of</i> Oxon, <i>to whom my best Acknowledgments are due, -communicated to me a valuable Passage, relating to the Statues of</i> -Constantinople, <i>demolished by the</i> Romans, <i>which he transcribed from -the Second Book of</i> Nicetas Choniat, <i>a</i> MS. <i>in the</i> Bodl. Lib. <i>I -have added a Translation of it by way of</i> Appendix; <i>and I presume -that the Reader will look upon it as a curious and an agreeable -Entertainment</i>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_png013.jpg" width="300" height="197" alt="page decoration" /> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter chapter"> -<img src="images/i_png014_a.jpg" width="600" height="183" alt="page header decoration" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="no-break" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS.</h2> - -<div> - <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_png014_cap_t_ital.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><i>THE Preface of the Author, describing the Situation of</i> Constantinople, -<i>the Conveniencies of its Port, and the Commodities in which it -abounds</i>,</p> -<p class="right">Page <a href="#THE_PREFACE_OF_THE_AUTHOR">1</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_png014_c_crown_dec.jpg" width="600" height="33" alt="page decoration" /> -</div> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="my90" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="toc1"> -<tr> -<th class="tdc normal larger padb1" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Book I.</span></th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span> <i>Of the Founders of</i> Byzantium, <i>and the different -Successes and Revolutions of that City</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">Page <a href="#Book_I_Chap_I">13</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">II. <i>Of the Extent of Old</i> Byzantium,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_I_Chap_II">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">III. <i>Of the Rebuilding it by</i> Constantine <i>the</i> Great, <i>and the -Largeness of it in his Time</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_I_Chap_III">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">IV. <i>Of the present Figure, Compass, Length, and Breadth of</i> -Constantinople,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_I_Chap_IV">29</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">V. <i>A General Description of</i> Constantinople,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_I_Chap_V">32</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">VI. <i>The Situation of all the Parts of the City describ’d</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_I_Chap_VI">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">VII. <i>Of the First Hill, the Palace of the Grand</i> Seignor, <i>the Church -of St.</i> Sophia, <i>and the</i> Hippodrom,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_I_Chap_VII">36</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">VIII. <i>Of the First Valley</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_I_Chap_VIII">43</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">IX. <i>Of the Second Hill</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_I_Chap_IX">44</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">X. <i>Of the Second Valley, which divides the Second from the Third -Hill</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_I_Chap_X">48</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XI. <i>Of the Third Hill</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_I_Chap_XI">50</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XII. <i>Of the Third Valley</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_I_Chap_XII">54</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XIII. <i>Of the Fourth Hill</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_I_Chap_XIII">55</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XIV. <i>Of the Fifth Hill</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_I_Chap_XIV">59</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XV. <i>Of the Fifth Valley</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_I_Chap_XV">61</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XVI. <i>Of the Sixth Hill</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_I_Chap_XVI">62</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XVII. <i>Of the Valley which divides the</i> Promontory <i>of the Sixth Hill -from the Seventh Hill</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_I_Chap_XVII">64</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XVIII. <i>Of the Seventh Hill</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_I_Chap_XVIII">65</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XIX. <i>Of the Walls of the City</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_I_Chap_XIX">67</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XX. <i>Of the Gates of</i> Constantinople, <i>and the Seven Towers of Old</i> -Byzantium,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_I_Chap_XX">70</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XXI. <i>Of the long Walls</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_I_Chap_XXI">72</a></td> -</tr></table></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_png015_crown_dec.jpg" width="600" height="33" alt="page decoration" /> -</div> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="my90" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="toc2"> -<tr> -<th class="tdc normal larger padb1" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Book II.</span></th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span> <i>Of the Buildings -and Monuments of Old</i> Byzantium -<i>and</i> Constantinople,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_I">73</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">II. <i>Of the Antient Monuments of the First Hill, and -of the First</i> Ward -<i>of the City</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_II">75</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">III. <i>Of the Church of St.</i> Sophia,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_III">82</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">IV. <i>A Description of the Church of St.</i> Sophia, -<i>as it now appears</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_IV">87</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">V. <i>Of the Statues found on one Side of that Church</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_V">95</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">VI. <i>Of the</i> Pharo <i>on the</i> Promontory -<i>of</i> Ceras, <i>and the</i> Mangana,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_VI">96</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">VII. <i>Of the</i> Bagnio’s <i>of</i> Zeuxippus, -<i>and its Statues</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_VII">97</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">VIII. <i>Of the Hospitals of</i> Sampson, -<i>and</i> Eubulus,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_VIII">100</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">IX. <i>Of the Statue of</i> Eudocia Augusta, -<i>for which St.</i> Chrysostom <i>was sent into Banishment</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_IX">101</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">X. <i>Of those Parts of the City which are -contain’d in the Third</i> Ward,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_X">102</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XI. <i>Of the</i> Hippodrom, <i>its</i> Obelisk, -<i>its</i> Statues, <i>and</i> Columns,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_XI">103</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XII. <i>Of the</i> Colossus,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_XII">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XIII. <i>Of some other</i> Columns <i>in -the</i> Hippodrom,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_XIII">110</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XIV. <i>Of the Church of</i> Bacchus, -<i>of the Court of</i> Hormisda, <i>and the House of</i> Justinian,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_XIV">117</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XV. <i>Of the Port of</i> Julian <i>and</i> -Sophia; <i>of the</i> Portico <i>nam’d</i> Sigma, <i>and the Palace of St.</i> Sophia,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_XV">120</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XVI. <i>Of the Fourth</i> Ward,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_XVI">126</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XVII. <i>Of the</i> Forum <i>called</i> -Augusteum, <i>the Pillar of</i> Theodosius, <i>and</i> Justinian, <i>also of -the</i> Senate-house,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_XVII">127</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XVIII. <i>Of the Imperial Palace, and the</i> Basilica, <i>as also of the Palace of</i> Constantine, <i>and of the House of Entrance nam’d</i> Chalca,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_XVIII">133</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XIX. <i>Of the</i> Basilica, <i>and the Imperial Walks</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_XIX">140</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XX. <i>Of the Imperial Library and</i> Portico, <i>and also of the Imperial</i> Cistern,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_XX">143</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XXI. <i>Of the</i> Chalcopratia,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_XXI">148</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XXII. <i>Of the</i> Portico’s <i>situate between the Palace, and the</i> Forum <i>of</i> Constantine,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_XXII">150</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XXIII. <i>Of the</i> Miliarium Aureum, <i>and its Statues; of</i> Fortune, <i>the Goddess of the City, and her Statue</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_XXIII">152</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XXIV. <i>Of the Temple of</i> Neptune, <i>and the Church of St.</i> Mina <i>or</i> Menna, <i>of the</i> Stadia, <i>and</i> Stairs <i>of</i> Timasius,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_XXIV">157</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XXV. <i>Of the</i> Lausus, <i>and its Statues</i>; -viz. <i>a</i> Venus <i>of</i> Cnidos, <i>a</i> Juno <i>of</i> Samos, <i>a</i> Minerva -<i>of</i> Lindia, <i>a winged</i> Cupid, <i>a</i> Jupiter Olympius, <i>a</i> Saturn, -Unicorns, Tygers, Vultures, Beasts <i>that are half Camels and half Panthers; of the -Cistern, in an Hospital, which was call’d</i> Philoxenos, <i>and a</i> Chrysotriclinium,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_II_Chap_XXV">159</a></td> -</tr></table></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_png017_crown_dec.jpg" width="600" height="33" alt="page decoration" /> -</div> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="my90" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="toc3"> -<tr> -<th class="tdc normal larger padb1" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Book III.</span></th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span> <i>Of several Places -in the Fifth</i> Ward, <i>and the -Second Hill; of the</i> Neorium, <i>of the Port nam’d the</i> Bosporium, <i>of -the</i> Strategium, <i>and the</i> Forum <i>of</i> Theodosius,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_III_Chap_I">164</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">II. <i>Of the Sixth</i> Ward, <i>and the remaining antient Buildings of the -Second Hill</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_III_Chap_II">171</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">III. <i>Of the</i> Porphyry <i>Pillar, the</i> Forum <i>of</i> Constantine, <i>and the</i> -Palladium,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_III_Chap_III">172</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">IV. <i>Of the Senate House, the</i> Nympheum, <i>and the Statues in the</i> -Forum <i>of</i> Constantine, <i>of the</i> Labarum <i>and</i> Supparum, <i>of the</i> -Philadelphium, <i>of the Death of</i> Arius, <i>and of the Temples of</i> Tellus, -Ceres, Persephone, Juno, <i>and</i> Pluto,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_III_Chap_IV">181</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">V. <i>Of the Seventh Ward</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_III_Chap_V">190</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">VI. <i>Of the Street call’d</i> Taurus, <i>of the</i> Forum, <i>and Pillar of</i> -Theodosius, <i>which had winding Stairs within it; of the</i> Tetrapylum, -<i>the</i> Pyramidical <i>Engine of the Winds, of the Statues of</i> Arcadius, -<i>and</i> Honorius, <i>the Churches of</i> Hirena, <i>and</i> Anastasia, <i>and the -Rocks called</i> Scyronides,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_III_Chap_VI">193</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">VII. <i>Of the Eighth</i> Ward, <i>and the Back-part of the Third Hill</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_III_Chap_VII">202</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">VIII. <i>Of the Ninth</i> Ward, <i>of the Temple of</i> Concord, <i>of the -Granaries of</i> Alexandria <i>and</i> Theodosius, <i>of the Baths of</i> Anastasia, -<i>of the House of</i> Craterus, <i>of the</i> Modius, <i>and the Temple of the</i> Sun -<i>and</i> Moon,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_III_Chap_VIII">205</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">IX. <i>Of the Third Valley and the Tenth</i> Ward, <i>of the House, and -Palace of</i> Placidia, <i>of the</i> Aqueducts of Valentinian, <i>the Baths of</i> -Constantius, <i>and the</i> Nympheum,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_III_Chap_IX">209</a></td> -</tr></table></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_png018_crown_dec.jpg" width="600" height="33" alt="page decoration" /> -</div> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="my90" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="toc4"> -<tr> -<th class="tdc normal larger padb1" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Book IV.</span></th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Chap.</span> I. <i>Of the Eleventh</i> Ward, <i>and of the Fourth and Fifth -Hill</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_IV_Chap_I">217</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">II. <i>Of the Church of the</i> Apostles, <i>of the Sepulchre of</i> Constantine -<i>the</i> Great, <i>of the Cisterns of</i> Arcadius, <i>and</i> Modestus, <i>of the -Palace of</i> Placilla, <i>and the</i> Brazen Bull,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_IV_Chap_II">221</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">III. <i>Of the Sixth Hill, and the Fourteenth</i> Ward,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_IV_Chap_III">236</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">IV. <i>Of the</i> Hepdomum, <i>a Part of the Suburbs, of the</i> Triclinium -<i>of</i> Magnaura, <i>of the Palace called</i> Cyclobion, <i>of the Statue -of</i> Mauritius, <i>and his Arsenal, and also of the Place called the</i> -Cynegium,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_IV_Chap_IV">238</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">V. <i>Of the</i> Blachernæ, <i>the</i> Triclinium <i>of the</i> Blachernæ, <i>of the -Palace, the</i> Aqueduct, <i>and many other Places of Antiquity</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_IV_Chap_V">244</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">VI. <i>Of the Bridge near the Church of St.</i> Mamas, <i>of the</i> Hippodrom, -<i>of the</i> Brazen Lyon, <i>and the Tomb of the Emperor</i> Mauritius,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_IV_Chap_VI">248</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">VII. <i>Of the Seventh Hill, the Twelfth</i> Ward, <i>and of the Pillar of</i> -Arcadius,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_IV_Chap_VII">250</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">VIII. <i>Of the Statues, and the ancient</i> Tripos <i>of</i> Apollo <i>plac’d in -the</i> Xerolophon,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_IV_Chap_VIII">255</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">IX. <i>Of the</i> Columns <i>now remaining on the -Seventh Hill</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_IV_Chap_IX">261</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">X. <i>Of the Thirteenth</i> Ward <i>of the City, called the</i> Sycene Ward, <i>of -the Town of</i> Galata, <i>sometimes called</i> Pera,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_IV_Chap_X">264</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">XI. <i>A Description of</i> Galata, <i>of the Temples of</i> Amphiaraus, <i>of</i> -Diana, <i>and</i> Venus, <i>of its</i> Theatre <i>and the</i> Forum <i>of</i> Honorius,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Book_IV_Chap_XI">270</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl padt1"><p class="indent"><i>An Appendix, taken out of a</i> MS. <i>in the</i> Bodleian <i>Library of -the University of</i> Oxon, <i>relating to the antient Statues of</i> -Constantinople, <i>demolish’d by the</i> Latins, <i>when they took the City</i>,</p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb">p. <a href="#Appendix">285</a></td> -</tr></table></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_png019_crown_dec.jpg" width="600" height="33" alt="page decoration" /> -</div> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="my90" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="toc5"> -<tr> -<th class="tdc normal larger padb1" colspan="2"> -A DESCRIPTION Of the CITY of CONSTANTINOPLE, <br />As it stood -in the <span class="smcap">Reigns</span> of <span class="smcap">Arcadius</span> and <span class="smcap large">Honorius</span>.</th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">A DESCRIPTION Of the WARDS of CONSTANTINOPLE.</p></td> -<td class="tdl vertb"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">The first <i>Region</i>, or <i>Ward</i>.</p></td> -<td class="tdl vertb">p. <a href="#THE_FIRST_REGION_OR_WARD">3</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">The Second <i>Ward</i>.</p></td> -<td class="tdl vertb">p. <a href="#THE_SECOND_WARD">14</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">The Third <i>Ward</i>.</p></td> -<td class="tdl vertb">p. <a href="#THE_THIRD_WARD">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">The Fourth <i>Ward</i>.</p></td> -<td class="tdl vertb">p. <a href="#THE_FOURTH_WARD">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">The Fifth <i>Ward</i>.</p></td> -<td class="tdl vertb">p. <a href="#THE_FIFTH_WARD">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">The Sixth <i>Ward</i>.</p></td> -<td class="tdl vertb">p. <a href="#THE_SIXTH_WARD">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">The Seventh <i>Ward</i>.</p></td> -<td class="tdl vertb">p. <a href="#THE_SEVENTH_WARD">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">The Eighth <i>Ward</i>.</p></td> -<td class="tdl vertb">p. <a href="#THE_EIGHTH_WARD">38</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">The Ninth <i>Ward</i>.</p></td> -<td class="tdl vertb">p. <a href="#THE_NINTH_WARD">39</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">The Tenth <i>Ward</i>.</p></td> -<td class="tdl vertb">p. <a href="#THE_TENTH_WARD">42</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">The Eleventh <i>Ward</i>.</p></td> -<td class="tdl vertb">p. <a href="#THE_ELEVENTH_WARD">44</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">The Twelfth <i>Ward</i>.</p></td> -<td class="tdl vertb">p. <a href="#THE_TWELFTH_WARD">46</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">The Thirteenth <i>Ward</i>.</p></td> -<td class="tdl vertb">p. <a href="#THE_THIRTEENTH_WARD">48</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent">The Fourteenth <i>Ward</i>.</p></td> -<td class="tdl vertb">p. <a href="#THE_FOURTEENTH_WARD">51</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent"><i>A Summary View of the whole City.</i></p></td> -<td class="tdl vertb">p. <a href="#A_SUMMARY_VIEW">53</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent"><i>Some Account of the</i> Suburbs <i>as they are mention’d in -the</i> Codes <i>and</i> Law-Books.</p></td> -<td class="tdl vertb">p. <a href="#ACCOUNT_OF_THE_SUBURBS">59</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"><p class="indent"><i>Of the present Buildings of</i> Constantinople.</p></td> -<td class="tdl vertb">p. <a href="#PRESENT_BUILDINGS">62</a></td> -</tr></table></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_png019.jpg" width="300" height="216" alt="page decoration" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">1</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter chapter"> -<img src="images/i_png020_a.jpg" width="600" height="225" alt="page header decoration" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="no-break" id="THE_PREFACE_OF_THE_AUTHOR"><span class="small">THE</span><br /> -<span class="largest">PREFACE</span><br /> -<span class="small">OF THE</span><br /> -<span class="larger">AUTHOR,</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk">Describing the Situation of <i>Constantinople</i>, the Conveniences of its -Port, and the Commodities in which it abounds.</span></h2> - -<div> - <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_png020_b_cap_c.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">Constantinople</span> is situated after such a Manner in a <i>Peninsula</i>, that -’tis scarce bounded by the Continent; for on three Sides ’tis inclosed -by the Sea. Nor is it only well fortified by its natural Situation, but -’tis also well guarded by Forts, erected in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span> large Fields, extending -from the City at least a two Day’s Journey, and more than twenty Miles -in Length. The Seas that bound the <i>Peninsula</i> are <i>Pontus</i>, or the -<i>Black Sea</i>, the <i>Bosporus</i>, and the <i>Propontis</i>. The City is inclosed -by a Wall formerly built by <i>Anastasius</i>. ’Tis upon this Account that -being secured as it were by a double <i>Peninsula</i>, she entitles her self -the Fortress of all <i>Europe</i>, and claims the Preheminence over all -the Cities of the World, as hanging over the Straits both of <i>Europe</i> -and <i>Asia</i>. For besides other immense Advantages peculiar to it, this -is look’d upon as a principal Convenience of its Situation, that ’tis -encompassed by a Sea abounding with the finest Harbours for Ships; -on the South by the <i>Propontis</i>, on the East by the <i>Bosporus</i>, and -on the North by a Bay full of Ports, which can not only be secured -by a Boom, but even without such a Security, can greatly annoy the -Enemy. For the Walls of <i>Constantinople</i> and <i>Galata</i> straitning its -Latitude into less than half a Mile over, it has often destroy’d the -Enemies Ships by liquid Fire, and other Instruments of War. I would -remark farther, that were it secured according to the Improvements -of modern Fortification, it would be the strongest Fortress in the -World; <i>viz.</i> if the four ancient Ports, formerly inclosed within -its Walls by Booms, were rebuilt; two of which (being not only the -Ornament, but the Defence of old <i>Byzantium</i>) held out a Siege -against <i>Severus</i> for the Space of three Years; nor could it ever be -obliged to a Surrender, but by Famine only. For besides the Profits -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a></span>and Advantages it receives from the <i>Propontis</i> and <i>Ægean</i> Sea, -it holds an absolute Dominion over the <i>Black Sea</i>; and by one Door -only, namely by the <i>Bosporus</i>, shuts up its Communication with any -other part of the World; for no Ship can pass this Sea, if the Port -thinks fit to dispute their Passage. By which means it falls out, -that all the Riches of the <i>Black Sea</i>, whether exported or imported, -are at her Command. And indeed such considerable Exportations are -made from hence of Hydes of all Kinds, of Honey, of Wax, of Slaves, -and other Commodities, as supply a great Part of <i>Europe</i>, <i>Asia</i> -and <i>Africa</i>; and on the other hand, there are imported from those -Places such extraordinary Quantities of Wine, Oil, Corn, and other -Goods without Number, that <i>Mysia</i>, <i>Dacia</i>, <i>Pannonia</i>, <i>Sarmatia</i>, -<i>Mæotis</i>, <i>Colchis</i>, <i>Spain</i>, <i>Albania</i>, <i>Cappadocia</i>, <i>Armenia</i>, -<i>Media</i>, <i>Parthia</i>, and both Parts of <i>Scythia</i>, share in the great -Abundance. ’Tis for this Reason, that not only all foreign Nations, if -they would entitle themselves to any Property in the immense Wealth of -the <i>Black Sea</i>, but also all Sea Port and Island Towns are obliged -to court the Friendship of this City. Besides, ’tis impossible for -any Ships to pass or repass, either from <i>Asia</i> or <i>Europe</i>, but at -her Pleasure, she being as it were the Bridge and Port of both those -Worlds; nay, I might call her the Continent that joins them, did -not the <i>Hellespont</i> divide them. But this Sea is thought, in many -Respects, to be inferior to that of <i>Constantinople</i>; first, as it is -much larger, and then, as not having a Bay as that has, by which its -City might be made a <i>Peninsula</i>, and a commodious Port for Ships: -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span>And indeed if it had such a Bay, yet could it reap no Advantage of -Commerce from the <i>Black Sea</i>, but by the Permission of the People of -<i>Constantinople</i>. <i>Constantine</i> at first began to build a City upon -<i>Sigeum</i>, a Promontory hanging over the Straits of the <i>Hellespont</i>; -but quitting that Situation, he afterwards pitch’d upon a Promontory -of <i>Byzantium</i>. <i>Troy</i>, I acknowledge, is a magnificent City, but they -were blind, who could not discover the Situation of <i>Byzantium</i>; all -stark blind, who founded Cities within View of it, either on the Coast -of the <i>Hellespont</i>, or the <i>Propontis</i>; which though they maintain’d -their Grandeur for some Time, yet at present are quite in Ruins, or -have only a few Streets remaining, and which, if they were all rebuilt, -must be in Subjection to <i>Constantinople</i>, as being superior in Power -to all of them. Wherefore we may justly entitle her the Key, not only -of the <i>Black Sea</i>, but also of the <i>Propontis</i> and the <i>Mediterranean -Sea</i>. <i>Cyzicus</i> (now called <i>Chazico</i>) is highly in Esteem, for that -it joins by two Bridges the Island to the Continent, and unites two -opposite Bays, and is, as <i>Aristides</i> informs us, the Bond of the -<i>Black</i>, and the <i>Mediterranean Sea</i>; but any Man, who has his Eyes -in his Head, may see, that ’tis but a very weak one. The <i>Propontis</i> -flows in a broad Sea, between <i>Cyzicus</i> and <i>Europe</i>; by which Means -as a Passage is open into both Seas, though the People of <i>Cyzicus</i> -should pretend to dispute it; so they on the other hand, should the -People of <i>Hellespont</i> or <i>Constantinople</i> contest it with them, could -have no Advantage of the Commerce of either of those Seas. I shall say -nothing at present of <i>Heraclea</i>, <i>Selymbria</i>, and <i>Chalcedon</i>, seated -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span>on the Coast of the <i>Propontis</i>, anciently Cities of Renown, both -for the Industry of their Inhabitants, and the Agreeableness of their -Situation; but they could never share in the principal Commodities -of other Towns of Traffick, in the Neighbourhood of the Port of -<i>Constantinople</i>, which was always look’d upon as impregnable. The -Harbours of those Cities have lain for a considerable time all under -Water, so that they were not of sufficient Force to sail the <i>Bosporus</i> -and the <i>Hellespont</i>, without the Permission of the Inhabitants of -those Places: But the <i>Byzantians</i> rode Masters of the <i>Black Sea</i>, -in Defiance of them all. <i>Byzantium</i> therefore seems alone exempted -from those Inconveniencies and Incapacities which have happen’d to her -Neighbours, and to many other potent and flourishing Cities, which for -several Years having lain in their own Ruins, are either not rebuilt -with their ancient Grandeur, or have changed their former Situation. -All its neighbouring Towns are yet lost: There is only the Name of -<i>Memphis</i> remaining. Whereas <i>Babylon</i>, seated in its Neighbourhood, -from a small Fort, is become a large and populous City; and yet neither -of them is so commodious as <i>Constantinople</i>. I shall take no Notice -of <i>Babylon</i> in <i>Assyria</i>, who, when she was in her most flourishing -State, had the Mortification to see a City built near her, equal in -Largeness to her self: Why is not <i>Alexandria</i> rebuilt, but because -she must support her self more by the Industry of her People, than the -Agreeableness of her Situation? ’Twas the Sanctity of St. <i>Peter</i>, -and the Grandeur of the <i>Roman</i> Name, that contributed more to the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span>rebuilding old <i>Rome</i>, than the natural Situation of the Place itself, -as having no Convenience for Ships and Harbours. I pass by in Silence -<i>Athens</i> and <i>Lacedæmon</i>, which were more remarkable for the Learning -and resolute Bravery of their People, than the Situation of their -City. I omit the two Eyes of the Sea Coast, <i>Corinth</i> and <i>Carthage</i>, -both which falling into Ruins at the same Time, were first repaired by -<i>Julius Cæsar</i>; afterwards, when they fell entirely to decay, nobody -rebuilt them: And though <i>Carthage</i> is seated in a <i>Peninsula</i> with -several Havens about it, yet in no part of it are there two Seas which -fall into each other: For though <i>Corinth</i> may be said to lie between -two Seas, and is call’d the Fort of <i>Peloponnesus</i>, the Key and Door -of <i>Greece</i>; yet is it so far from uniting in one Chanel two Seas, or -two Bays adjoining to the <i>Peninsula</i>, that she was never able to make -Head against the <i>Macedonians</i> or <i>Romans</i>, as <i>Cyzico</i> and <i>Negropont</i> -did; the one by its well built Forts and other War-like Means, and the -other by the Strength of its natural Situation. But <i>Constantinople</i> -is the Key both of the <i>Mediterranean</i> and <i>Black Sea</i>, which alone, -by the best Skill in Navigation, nay though you were to make a Voyage -round the World, you will find to meet only in one Point, and that is, -the Mouth of the Port. I shall say nothing of <i>Venice</i>, which does -not so much enclose the Sea for proper Harbours, as ’tis enclosed by -it, and labours under greater Difficulties to keep off the Swellings -and Inundations of the Seas, than unite them together. I pass by the -Situations of the whole Universe, wherever there are, have, or shall -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span>be Cities; in none of them shall you find a Port abounding with so -many and so great Conveniencies, both for the Maintenance of its -Dominion over the Seas, and the Support of Life, as in this City. It -is furnish’d with Plenty of all manner of Provisions, being supply’d -with Corn by a very large Field of <i>Thrace</i>, extending itself, in some -Parts of it, a Length of seven Days, and in others, of a more than -twenty Days Journey. I shall say nothing of <i>Asia</i> adjoining to it, -abounding with the greatest Fruitfulness both of Corn and Pasture, and -the best Conveniencies for their Importation from both Seas. And as to -the immense Quantity of its Wines, besides what is the Product of its -own Soil, it is furnish’d with that Commodity from all the Coasts of -the <i>Bosporus</i>, the <i>Propontis</i>, and the <i>Hellespont</i>, which are all -well stock’d with Vineyards; and without the Danger of a long Voyage, -<i>Constantinople</i> can, at her Pleasure, import the choicest Wines of -all Kinds, and whatever else may contribute to her own Gratification -and Delight. ’Tis for this Reason that <i>Theopompus</i> gives her this -Character, That ever since she became a Mart-Town, her People were -wholly taken up, either in the Market, in the Port, or at Taverns, -giving themselves up entirely to Wine. <i>Menander</i>, in his Comedy -<i>Auletris</i>, tells us, that <i>Constantinople</i> makes all her Merchants -Sots. <i>I bouze it</i>, says one of his Actors, <i>all Night; and upon my -waking after the Dose, I fancy I have no less than four Heads upon -my Shoulders</i>. The Comedians play handsomely upon them, in giving -us an Account, that when their City was besieged, their General had -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span>no other Way to keep his Soldiers from deferring, but by building -Taverns within the Walls; which, tho’ a Fault proceeding from their -popular Form of Government, yet at the same time denotes to us the -great Fruitfulness of their Soil, and the great Plenty they have of -Wine. They who have been Eye-witnesses can best attest, how well they -are provided with Flesh, with Venison and Fowls, which they might -share more abundantly, but that they are but indifferent Sportsmen. -Their Markets are always stored with the richest Fruits of all Kinds. -If any Objection be made to this, I would have it consider’d, what -Quantities the <i>Turks</i> use, after hard Drinking, to allay their -Thirst. And as to Timber, <i>Constantinople</i> is so plentifully supply’d -with that, both from <i>Europe</i> and <i>Asia</i>, and will in all probability -continue to be so, that she can be under no Apprehensions of a Scarcity -that way, as long as she continues a City. Woods of an unmeasurable -Length, extending themselves from the <i>Propontis</i> beyond <i>Colchis</i>, -a more than forty Days Journey, contribute to her Stores so that she -does not only supply the neighbouring Parts with Timber for building -Ships and Houses, but even <i>Ægypt</i>, <i>Arabia</i> and <i>Africa</i>, partake -in the inexhaustible Abundance; while she, of all the Cities in the -World, cannot lie under the want of Wood of any Kind, under which, -even in our Time, we have observed the most flourishing Cities, both -of <i>Europe</i> and <i>Asia</i>, sometimes to have fallen. <i>Marseilles</i>, -<i>Venice</i>, <i>Taranto</i>, are all famous for Fish; yet <i>Constantinople</i> -exceeds them all in its Abundance of this Kind. The Port is supply’d -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span>with vast Quantities from both Seas; nor do they swim only in thick -Shoals through the <i>Bosporus</i>, but also from <i>Chalcedon</i> to this Port. -Insomuch that twenty Fish-Boats have been laden with one Net; and -indeed they are so numberless, that oftentimes from the Continent you -may take them out of the Sea with your Hands. Nay, when in the Spring, -they swim up into the <i>Black Sea</i>, you may kill them with Stones. -The Women, with Osier Baskets ty’d to a Rope, angle for them out of -the Windows, and the Fishermen with bare Hooks take a sort of Fish -of the <i>Tunny</i> Kind, in such Quantities, as are a competent Supply -to all <i>Greece</i>, and a great part of <i>Asia</i> and <i>Europe</i>. But not to -recount the different Kinds of Fish they are stock’d with, they catch -such Multitudes of Oysters, and other Shell Fish, that you may see -in the Fish Market every Day, so many Boats full of them, as are a -Sufficiency to the <i>Grecians</i>, all their Fast-Days, when they abstain -from all sorts of Fish which have Blood in them. If there was not so -considerable a Plenty of Flesh at <i>Constantinople</i>, if the People took -any Pleasure in eating Fish, and their Fishermen were as industrious as -those of <i>Venice</i> and <i>Marseilles</i>, and were also allow’d a Freedom in -their Fishery, they would have it in their Power, not only to pay as -a Tribute a third part of their Fish at least to the Grand <i>Seignor</i>, -but also to supply all the lesser Towns in her Neighbourhood. If we -consider the Temperature of the Climate of New <i>Rome</i>, it must be -allow’d by proper Judges, that it far excels that of <i>Pontus</i>. For my -own part, I have often experienced it to be a more healthy Air than -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span>that of Old <i>Rome</i>; and for many Years past, I have scarce observed -above a Winter or two to have been very cold, and that the Summer Heats -have been allay’d by the northern Breezes, which generally clear the -Air for the whole Season. In the Winter, ’tis a little warm’d by the -southern Winds, which have the same Effect. When the Wind is at North, -they have generally Rain, though ’tis quite otherwise in <i>Italy</i> and -<i>France</i>. As to the Plague, ’tis less raging, less mortal, and no more -rife among them, than it is, commonly speaking, in great Cities; and -which indeed would be less rife, were it not for the Multitudes of -the common People, and the foul Way of Feeding among their Slaves. -But that I may not seem to flourish too largely in the Praise of this -City, never to be defamed by the most sour <i>Cynick</i>, I must confess -that there is one great Inconvenience it labours under, which is, -that ’tis more frequently inhabited by a savage, than a genteel and -civiliz’d People; not but that she is capable of refining the Manners -of the most rude and unpolish’d; but because her Inhabitants, by their -luxurious way of living, emasculate themselves, and for that Reason -are wholly incapable of making any Resistance against those barbarous -People, by whom, to a vast Distance, they are encompass’d on all -Sides. From hence it is, that although <i>Constantinople</i> seems as it -were by Nature form’d for Government, yet her People are neither under -the Decencies of Education, nor any Strictness of Discipline. Their -Affluence makes them slothful, and their Pride renders them averse to -an open Familiarity, and a generous Conversation; so that they avoid -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>all Opportunities of being thrust out of Company for their Insolence, -or falling into Dissensions amongst themselves, by which means the -Christian Inhabitants of the Place, formerly lost both their City and -Government. But let their Quarrels and Divisions run never so high, -and throw the whole City into a Flame, as they have many times done, -nay tho’ they should rase her even with the Ground, yet she would -soon rise again out of her own Ruins, by reason of the Pleasantness -of her Situation, without which the <i>Black Sea</i> could not so properly -be called the <i>Euxine</i>, as the <i>Axine</i> Sea, (the Inhabitants of whose -Coast used to kill all Strangers that fell into their Hands) by reason -of the great Numbers of barbarous People who dwell round the <i>Black -Sea</i>. It would be dangerous venturing on the Coasts of the <i>Black -Sea</i>, either by Land or Water, which are full of Pyrates and Robbers, -unless they were kept in a tolerable Order by the Government of the -Port. There would be no passing the Straits of the <i>Bosporus</i> which -is inhabited on both Shores by a barbarous People, but for the same -Reason. And though a Man was never so secure of a safe Passage, yet he -might mistake his Road at the Mouth of the <i>Bosporus</i>, being misguided -by the false Lights, which the <i>Thracians</i>, who inhabit the Coasts of -the <i>Black Sea</i>, formerly used to hang out, instead of a <i>Pharos</i>. ’Tis -therefore not only in the Power of <i>Constantinople</i>, to prevent any -Foreigners sailing the <i>Black Sea</i>; but in reality no Powers can sail -it, without some Assistance from her. Since therefore <i>Constantinople</i> -is the Fortress of all <i>Europe</i>, both against the Pyrates of <i>Pontus</i>, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span>and the Savages of <i>Asia</i>, was the never so effectually demolish’d, -as to all Appearance, yet would she rise again out of her Ruins to her -former Grandeur and Magnificence. With what Fury did <i>Severus</i> pursue -this City, even to an entire Subversion? And yet when he cool’d in his -Resentments against these People, he recollected with himself, that -he had destroy’d a City which had been the common Benefactress of the -Universe, and the grand Bulwark of the Eastern Empire. In a little time -after he began to rebuild her, and order’d her, in Honour of his Son, -to be call’d <i>Antonina</i>. I shall end with this Reflection; That though -all other Cities have their Periods of Government, and are subject to -the Decays of Time, <i>Constantinople</i> alone seems to claim to herself a -kind of Immortality, and will continue a City, as long as the Race of -Mankind shall live either to inhabit or rebuild her.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_png031.jpg" width="300" height="215" alt="page decoration" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_png032_a.jpg" width="600" height="182" alt="page header decoration" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="no-break" id="BOOK_I"><span class="small">THE</span><br /> -<span class="largest">ANTIQUITIES</span><br /> -<span class="smaller">OF</span><br /> -<span class="smcap largest">Constantinople</span>.<br /> -<br /> -<span class="larger">BOOK I.</span></h2> - -<h3 class="no-break" id="Book_I_Chap_I"><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Founders of</i> Byzantium, <i>and the different Successes and -Revolutions of that City</i>.</span></h3> - -<div> - <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_png032_b_cap_i.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="uppercase">It</span> is recorded by <i>Stephanus</i> and <i>Pausanias</i>, that <i>Byzantium</i>, now -call’d <i>Constantinople</i>, was first founded by <i>Byzas</i> the Son of -<i>Neptune</i> and <i>Ceroessa</i>, or by a Person named <i>Byzes</i>, Admiral of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span>Fleet of the <i>Megarians</i>, who transplanted a Colony thither. I am of -Opinion, that this was the same Person with <i>Byzas</i>. For had it taken -its Name from <i>Byzes</i>, this City had more properly been call’d <i>Byzeum</i> -than <i>Byzantium</i>. <i>Philostratus</i>, in the Life of <i>Marcus</i> a Sophist of -<i>Byzantium</i>, calls the Admiral of that Fleet by the Name of <i>Byzas</i>, -when he informs us, that <i>Marcus</i> (whom he would have descended from -the ancient Family of <i>Byzas</i>) made a Voyage to <i>Megara</i>, and was -exceedingly in Favour with the People there, who had formerly sent -over a Colony to <i>Byzantium</i>. This People, when they had consulted -<i>Apollo</i> where they should found a City, received in Answer from the -Oracle, <i>That they should seek out a Situation opposite to the Land -of the Blind</i>. The People of <i>Chalcedon</i> were given to understand by -this mystical Answer, that tho’ they had made a Landing there before, -and had an Opportunity of viewing the commodious Situation of that and -other Places adjacent, yet at last had pitch’d upon the most improper -Place of all. As to what is mention’d by <i>Justin</i>, that <i>Byzantium</i> -was first founded by <i>Pausanias</i> a <i>Spartan</i>, I take it to import no -more than this; that they who affirm that <i>Syca</i>, at present call’d -<i>Galata</i>, was first founded by the <i>Genoese</i>, as was <i>Constantinople</i> -by <i>Constantine</i>, their Meaning was, that they either rebuilt or -enlarged those Places, and not that they were the first Founders -of them. For when I find it in <i>Herodotus</i>, that upon the Invasion -of <i>Thrace</i> by <i>Darius</i>, the People of <i>Byzantium</i> and <i>Chalcedon</i> -were not in the least Expectation of the Arrival of the <i>Phœnician</i> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span>Fleet, that having quitted their Cities, they retired into the Inland -Shores of the <i>Black Sea</i>, and there founded <i>Mesembria</i>, and that -the <i>Phœnicians</i> burnt <i>Byzantium</i>, and <i>Chalcedon</i>; I am of Opinion, -that the <i>Lacedæmonians</i>, under the Command of <i>Pausanias</i>, sent a -Colony thither, and rebuilt <i>Byzantium</i>, which was before either a -Colony of the <i>Megarians</i>, or the Seat of the Subjects of <i>Byzas</i> -the Son of <i>Neptune</i>, its first Founder. <i>Eustathius</i> assures us, -that it was anciently called <i>Antonina</i> from <i>Antoninus Bassianus</i>, -the Son of <i>Severus Cæsar</i>, but that it passed under that Name no -longer than his Father liv’d, and that many Years after it was call’d -<i>New Rome</i>, and <i>Constantinople</i>, and <i>Anthusa</i>, or <i>Florentia</i>, by -<i>Constantine the Great</i>; upon which Account it is call’d by <i>Priscian</i> -<i>New Constantinopolitan Rome</i>. It was foretold by the Oracle, that -its Inhabitants should be a successful and flourishing People, but -a constant Course of Prosperity did not always attend them. ’Twas -with great Difficulty that this City first began to make a Figure -in the World, in the Struggles it underwent with the <i>Thracians</i>, -<i>Bithynians</i>, and <i>Gallogrecians</i>, and in paying a yearly Tribute of -eighty Talents to the <i>Gauls</i> who govern’d <i>Asia</i>. ’Twas with greater -Contests that it rose to higher Degrees of Eminency, being frequently -harass’d, not only with foreign, but domestick Enemies. Mighty Changes -it underwent, being sometimes under the popular, sometimes under the -aristocratical Form of Government, widely extending its Conquests in -<i>Europe</i> and <i>Asia</i>, but especially in <i>Bithynia</i>. For <i>Philarcus</i> -observes in the sixth Book of his <i>History</i>, that the <i>Byzantians</i> had -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span>the same Power over the <i>Bithynians</i>, as the <i>Lacedæmonians</i> had over -their <i>Helotæ</i>. This Commonwealth had so great a Veneration for the -<i>Ptolemæi</i> Kings of <i>Ægypt</i>, that to one of them nam’d <i>Philadelphus</i>, -they pay’d divine Honours, and erected a Temple to him, in the Sight -of their City; and so great a Regard had they for the <i>Roman</i> Name, -that they assisted them against the King of <i>Macedon</i>, to whom, -as degenerating from his Predecessors, they gave the nickname of -<i>Pseudo-Philippus</i>. I need not mention the powerful Succours they sent -against <i>Antiochus</i>, <i>Perseus</i>, <i>Aristonicus</i>, and the Assistance -they gave <i>Antonius</i>, when engaged in a War against the Pyrates. This -City alone stood the Brunt of <i>Mithridates</i>’s whole Army landed in -their Territories, and at last, though with great Difficulty, bravely -repell’d the Invader. It assisted at once <i>Sylla</i>, <i>Lucullus</i> and -<i>Pompey</i>, when they lay’d Siege to any Town or Fortification, which -might be a Security to their auxiliary Forces in their Passage, -either by Sea or Land, or might prove a convenient Port, either for -Exportation or Importation of Provision. Joining its Forces at last -with <i>Niger</i> against <i>Severus</i>, it became subject to the <i>Perinthians</i>, -and was despoil’d of all the Honours of its Government. All its stately -Bagnio’s and Theatres, its strong and lofty Walls, (built of square -Stone, much of the same Hardness with that of a Grindstone, not brought -from <i>Miletus</i>, as <i>Politianus</i> fancies) with which it was fortify’d, -were entirely ruin’d. I say, that this Stone was cut out of no Quarry, -either of ancient <i>Miletus</i>, or <i>Miletopolis</i>; because <i>Miletus</i> lies -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span>at too great a Distance from it, and <i>Miletopolis</i>, which is seated -near the River <i>Rhyndacus</i>, is no ways famous for Quarries. I saw, -by the By, this last City, adjoining to the Lake of <i>Apolloniatus</i>, -entirely demolish’d, retaining at present its Name only. The Walls -of <i>Byzantium</i>, as <i>Herodian</i> relates, were cemented with so thin a -Mortar, that you would by no means think them a conjointed Building, -but one entire Stone. They who saw them in Ruins in <i>Herodian</i>’s Time, -were equally surpriz’d at those who built, and those who defaced them. -<i>Dion</i>, whom <i>Zonaras</i> quotes, reports, that the Walls of <i>Byzantium</i> -were exceeding strong, the Copings of which were built with Stones -three Foot thick, cramp’d together with Links of Brass; and that it -was so firmly compacted inwardly, that the whole Building seem’d to -be one solid Wall. It is adorn’d with numerous and large Towers, -having Gates in them placed one above another. The Walls on the side -of the Continent are very lofty; towards the Sea, not quite so high. -It had two Ports within the Walls, secured with Booms, as was their -Entrance by two high Forts. I had then no Opportunity of consulting -<i>Xenophon</i> in the Original; however I was of Opinion from the <i>Latin</i> -Translation, that a Passage in that Author, which is as follows, -has a Relation to one of those Ports: <i>When the Soldiers</i>, says he, -<i>had passed over from</i> Chrysopolis <i>to</i> Byzantium, <i>and were deny’d -Entrance into the City, they threaten’d to force the Gates, unless the -Inhabitants open’d them of their own Accord; and immediately hastening -to the Sea, they scaled the Walls, and leap’d into the Town, hard by -the Sides of the Port, which the</i> Greeks <i>call</i> <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χηλαὶ</span>, that -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span>is by the Piles; because they jet out into the Sea, winding into the -Figure of a Crab’s Claw. But afterwards meeting with that Author in -<i>Greek</i>, I found no Mention there of the Port, but only <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τὴν χηλὴν τοῦ τείχους</span>, that is, near <i>the Copings of the Wall</i>, or rather -the Buttresses that support it. Had it been in the Original <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χηλὴ τοῦ λιμένος</span>, it ought rather to have been translated the <i>Leg</i>, -or the <i>Arm</i>. <i>Dionysius</i> a <i>Byzantian</i> mentions, that the first Winding -of the <i>Bosporus</i> contains three Ports. The <i>Byzantians</i> in their time -had five hundred Ships, some of which were two-oar’d Galleys; some -had Rudders both at Stem and Stern, and had also their Pilates at -each, and two Sets of Hands aboard, so that either in an Engagement, -or upon a Retreat, there was no Necessity for them to tack about. The -<i>Byzantians</i>, both in the Life-time and after the Death of <i>Niger</i>, -when besieged for the Space of three Years, acted Wonders; for they -not only took the Enemies Ships as they sail’d by them, but dragg’d -their three-oar’d Galleys from their Moorings; for diving under Water -they cut their Anchors, and by fastening small Ropes from the Stern -round their Ancles, they hall’d off their Ships, which seem’d to swim -merely by the natural Tyde of the Sea. Nor were the <i>Byzantians</i> the -first who practis’d this Stratagem, but the <i>Tyrians</i> frequently, -under a Pretence of gathering Shell-Fish, would play the same Trick; -which <i>Alexander</i> had no sooner discover’d, than he gave Orders that -the Anchors of his whole Fleet, instead of Cables, should be fasten’d -to Iron Chains. In this Siege the <i>Byzantians</i> being reduced to great -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span>Straits, still refused to surrender, making the best Defence they -could with Timber taken from their Houses. They also breeded Cables -for their Ships out of their Womens Hair; nay sometimes they threw -down Statues and Horses upon the Heads of their Enemies. At last their -Provision being entirely spent, they took up with Hydes soften’d in -Water; and these being gone, they were brought to the extreme Necessity -of eating one another: At last, being wholly reduced by Famine, they -were forced to a Surrender. The <i>Romans</i> gave no Quarter to the -Soldiers, nor the principal Men of the City. The whole Town, with all -its stately Walls in which it glory’d, was levelled with the Ground; -and all its <i>Theatres</i> and <i>Bagnio’s</i> were demolish’d even to the small -Compass of a single Street. <i>Severus</i> was highly pleased with so noble -a Conquest. He took away the Freedom of the City, and having deprived -it of the Dignity of a Commonwealth, he confiscated the Goods of the -Inhabitants; and afterwards making it tributary, he gave it, with -all the neighbouring Countrey, into the Hands of the <i>Perinthians</i>. -Entering the City afterwards, and seeing the Inhabitants coming to meet -him, with Olive-branches in their Hands begging Quarter, and excusing -themselves for making so long a Defence, he forbore the Slaughter; yet -left the <i>Perinthians</i> in the Possession of the Town, allowing them -nevertheless a Theatre, gave Orders for building them a <i>Portico</i> for -Hunting, and a <i>Hippodrom</i>, to which he adjoin’d some <i>Bagnio’s</i>, which -he built near the Temple of <i>Jupiter</i>, who was called <i>Zeuxippus</i>. He -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span>also rebuilt the <i>Strategium</i>; and all the Works that were begun by -<i>Severus</i> in his Life-time, were finish’d by his Son <i>Antoninus</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_I_Chap_II"><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Extent of Old</i> Byzantium.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE present Inhabitants of <i>Constantinople</i> tell you, that Old -<i>Byzantium</i> stood within the Compass of the first Hill in the Imperial -Precinct, where the <i>Grand Seignor’s Seraglio</i> now stands: but I -am of Opinion, from what follows it will appear, that it was of a -larger Extent. Our modern Writers describe its Situation thus; that -it began at the Wall of the Citadel, stretched itself to the Tower of -<i>Eugenius</i>, and that it rose gradually up to the <i>Strategium</i>, the -<i>Bagnio</i> of <i>Achilles</i>, and the <i>Urbicion</i>. From thence it pass’d on -to the <i>Chalcopratia</i>, and the <i>Miliarium Aureum</i>, where there was -another <i>Urbicion</i> of the <i>Byzantians</i>: Thence it lengthen’d to the -Pillars of <i>Zonarius</i>, from whence, after a gentle Descent, it winded -round by the <i>Manganæ</i> and the <i>Bagnio’s</i> of <i>Arcadius</i>, up to the -<i>Acropolis</i>. I am inclinable to credit all these Writers, excepting -only <i>Eustathius</i>, who tells us, that the <i>Athenians</i> made use of -<i>Byzantium</i>, a small City, to keep their Treasure in. But <i>Zosimus</i>, a -more ancient Historian, describes <i>Byzantium</i> after this Manner: <i>It -was seated</i>, says he, <i>on a Hill, which took up part of the</i> Isthmus, -<i>and was bounded by a Bay called</i> Cheras, <i>and the</i> Propontis. <i>At -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span>the End of the</i> Portico’s <i>built by</i> Severus <i>the Emperor, it had a -Gate set up, upon his Reconciliation with the Inhabitants, for giving -Protection to</i> Niger <i>his Enemy. The Wall of</i> Byzantium <i>extended -itself from the Eastern Part of the City to the Temple of</i> Venus, <i>and -the Sea over-against</i> Chrysopolis: <i>from the North it descended to -the Dock, and so onward to the Sea, which faces the</i> Black Sea, <i>and -through which you sail into it</i>. This, says he, was the ancient Extent -of the City; but <i>Dionysius</i>, a more ancient Writer than <i>Zosimus</i>, as -appears by his Account, which was written before its Destruction by -<i>Severus</i>, tells us, that <i>Byzantium</i> contain’d in Compass at least -forty Furlongs, which is a much greater Extent than the preceding -Writers reported it. <i>Herodian</i> informs us, that <i>Byzantium</i>, in the -Time of <i>Severus</i>, was the greatest City in all <i>Thrace</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_I_Chap_III"><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Rebuilding of</i> Byzantium <i>by</i> Constantine the Great, <i>and the -Largeness of it in his Time</i>.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">IT is recorded by <i>Zonaras</i>, that <i>Constantine</i> being inclinable -to build a City, and to give it his own Name, at first pitch’d -upon <i>Sardicus</i> a Field of <i>Asia</i>; afterwards, upon the Promontory -<i>Sigeum</i>, and last of all upon <i>Chalcedon</i> and <i>Byzantium</i>, for that -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span>Purpose. <i>Georgius Cedrinus</i> is of Opinion, that he first pitch’d -upon <i>Thessalonica</i>, and after he had lived there two Years, being -wonderfully taken with the Delightfulness of the Place, he built -the most magnificent Temples, <i>Bagnio’s</i> and <i>Aqueducts</i>; but being -interrupted in his great Designs by the Plague which raged there, he -was obliged to leave it, and passing away for <i>Chalcedon</i>, (formerly -overthrown by the <i>Persians</i>, but then upon rebuilding) he was directed -by the Eagles frequently carrying the small Stones of the Workmen -from thence to <i>Byzantium</i>, where <i>Constantinople</i> ought to be built. -<i>Zonaras</i> is of the same Opinion; and only differs as to the Story -of the Stones, and says, that they were small Ropes which they used -in Building. But this seems to be a Fable taken out of <i>Dionysius</i> a -<i>Byzantian</i> Writer, who tells us, that <i>Byzas</i> had been the Founder of -<i>Byzantium</i>, in a Place call’d <i>Semystra</i>, seated at the Mouth of the -Rivers <i>Cydarus</i> and <i>Barbysa</i>, had not a Crow, by snatching a Piece -of the Sacrifice out of the Flames, and carrying it to a Promontory of -the <i>Bosporus</i>, directed <i>Byzas</i> to found <i>Byzantium</i> in that Place. -But <i>Constantine</i> does not seem to me to have been so oversighted as -were the ancient <i>Chalcedonians</i>, for which they stand recorded in -the Histories of all Ages. Nay, ’tis distinguishable by any Man of -a tolerable Judgment, that <i>Byzantium</i> was a much more commodious -Situation for the <i>Roman</i> Empire than that of <i>Chalcedon</i>. The far -more ancient Historians, among whom are <i>Sozomen</i> of <i>Salamis</i> and -<i>Zosimus</i>, who wrote in the Reign of <i>Theodosius the Less</i>, judged -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span>more rationally on this Occasion. They tell us, without taking any -Notice of <i>Sardica</i>, <i>Thessalonica</i> or <i>Chalcedon</i>, that <i>Constantine</i> -debating with himself, where he might build a City, and call it by -his own Name, equal in Glory and Magnificence to that of <i>Rome</i>, had -found out a convenient Situation for that Purpose, between old <i>Troy</i> -and the <i>Hellespont</i>; that he had lay’d the Foundations, and raised -part of the Wall to a considerable Height, which is to be seen at this -Day on the Promontory <i>Sigeum</i>, which <i>Pliny</i> calls <i>Ajantium</i>; because -the Sepulchre of <i>Ajax</i>, which was in that Place, hung over the Chops -of the <i>Hellespont</i>: They tell you farther, that anciently some Ships -were station’d there, and that the <i>Grecians</i>, when at War with the -<i>Trojans</i>, pitch’d their Tents in that Place: That <i>Constantine</i> -afterwards came into an Opinion, that <i>Byzantium</i> was a properer -Situation; that three hundred and sixty two Years after the Reign of -<i>Augustus</i>, he rebuilt, enlarged and fortified it with great and strong -Walls, and by an Edict engraven on a Stone Pillar, and publickly fix’d -up in the <i>Strategium</i>, near his own <i>Equestrian</i> Statue, order’d it -to be called <i>Nova Roma Constantinopolitana</i>. Upon a Computation made, -that the Natives were not a sufficient Number to people the City, he -built several fine Houses in and about the <i>Forums</i>, of which he made a -Present to the Senators and other Men of Quality, which he brought with -him from <i>Rome</i> and other Nations. He built also several <i>Forums</i>, some -as an Ornament, others for the Service of the City. The <i>Hippodrom</i> he -beautify’d with Temples, Fountains, <i>Portico’s</i>, and a Senate-House, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span>and allow’d its Members equal Honours and Privileges with those of -<i>Rome</i>. He also built himself a Palace, little inferior to the Royal -one at <i>Rome</i>. In short, he was so ambitious to make it rival <i>Rome</i> -itself in all its Grandeur and Magnificence, that at length, as -<i>Sozomen</i> assures us, it far surpassed it, both in the Number of its -Inhabitants, and its Affluence of all Kinds. <i>Eunapius</i> a <i>Sardian</i>, no -mean Writer, nay though an Enemy to <i>Constantine</i>, describes the vast -Extent of <i>Constantinople</i>, in these Words: <i>Constantinople</i>, says he, -<i>formerly called</i> Byzantium, <i>allow’d the ancient</i> Athenians <i>a Liberty -of importing Corn in great Quantities; but at present not all the Ships -of Burthen from</i> Ægypt, Asia, Syria, Phœnicia, <i>and many other Nations, -can import a Quantity sufficient for the Support of those People, whom</i> -Constantine, <i>by unpeopling other Cities, has transported thither</i>. -<i>Zosimus</i> also, though otherwise no very good Friend to <i>Constantine</i> -on the score of his Religion, yet frankly owns, that he wonderfully -enlarged it; and that the <i>Isthmus</i> was enclosed by a Wall from Sea -to Sea, to the Distance of fifteen Furlongs beyond the Walls of old -<i>Byzantium</i>. But to what Extent soever <i>Constantine</i> might enlarge its -Bounds, yet the Emperors who succeeded him have extended them farther, -and have enclosed the City with much wider Walls than those built by -<i>Constantine</i>, and permitted them to build so closely one House to -another, and that even in their Market Places, that they could not -walk the Streets without Danger, they were so crowded with Men and -Cattle. Upon this Account it was, that a great part of the Sea which -runs round the City was in some Places dry’d up, where by fixing Posts -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span>in a circular Manner, and building Houses upon them, they made their -City large enough for the Reception of an infinite Multitude of People. -Thus does <i>Zosimus</i> express himself as to the vast Extent of this -City, as it stood in the Time either of <i>Arcadius</i> or <i>Theodosius</i>. -<i>Agathius</i> says, that in the Time of <i>Justinian</i> the Buildings were -so close and crowded together, that it was very difficult to see the -Sky by looking through the Tops of them. The large Compass of this -City before <i>Justinian</i>’s Time, we may in some measure collect from -an <i>ancient Description of the City</i>, by an unknown but seemingly a -very faithful Writer. He assures us, that the Length of the City from -the <i>Porta Aurea</i> to the Sea Shore in a direct Line, was fourteen -thousand and seventy five Feet, and that it was six thousand one -hundred and fifty Feet in Breadth. And yet we cannot collect plainly -from <i>Procopius</i>, that in the Reign of <i>Justinian</i> the <i>Blachernæ</i> -were enclosed within the Walls, although before his Time the City was -enlarged by <i>Theodosius the Less</i>, who as <i>Zonaras</i> and others write, -gave Orders to <i>Cyrus</i> the Governour of the City for that Purpose. This -Man, with great Diligence and wonderful Dispatch, built a Wall over the -Continent from Sea to Sea, in sixty Days. The Inhabitants astonish’d -that so immense a Work should be finish’d in so small a Time, cry’d out -in a publick manner in the Theatre, in the Presence of <i>Theodosius</i> the -Emperor, <i>Constantine built this City, but</i> Cyrus <i>rebuilt it</i>. This -drew on him the Envy of his Prince, and render’d him suspected; so that -being shaved by the Command of <i>Theodosius</i>, against his Inclinations, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span>he was constituted Bishop of <i>Smyrna</i>. The following Inscriptions -made to <i>Constantinus</i>, and carv’d over the Gate of <i>Xylocerum</i> and -<i>Rhegium</i>, take Notice of him in these Verses.</p> - -<p class="noindent">Over the Gate of <i>Xylocerum</i> (<i>Xylocercum</i> or <i>Xylocricum</i>) in -<i>Byzantium</i>, thus:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>These Walls by</i> Theodosius’ <i>Royal Will</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>And</i> Constantinus <i>Prefect of the East</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>In sixty Days, surprizing Speed! were built</i>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noindent">Over the Gate of <i>Rhegium</i> is this Inscription:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>Great</i> Constantinus, <i>Prefect of the East</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>In sixty Days this stately Building finish’d</i>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>The Reason why <i>Constantine</i> order’d <i>Byzantium</i> to be call’d <i>New -Rome</i>, or <i>Queen</i> of the <i>Roman Empire</i>, is mention’d by <i>Sozomen</i> -and others; namely, that God appear’d by Night to <i>Constantine</i>, and -advised him to build a City at <i>Byzantium</i> worthy his own Name. Some -say, that as <i>Julius Cæsar</i>, upon a Plot form’d against him, judg’d it -necessary to remove to <i>Alexandria</i> or <i>Troy</i>, stripping <i>Italy</i> at -the same time of every thing that was valuable, and carrying off all -the Riches of the <i>Roman</i> Empire, leaving the Administration in the -Hands of his Friends; so it is said of <i>Constantine</i>, that perceiving -himself to be obnoxious to the People of <i>Rome</i>, having drain’d the -City of all its Wealth, went over at first to <i>Troy</i>, and afterwards -to <i>Byzantium</i>. <i>Zosimus</i>, an implacable Enemy to the Christian Name, -alledges an execrable Piece of Villany, as the Cause of his Removal. -<i>Constantine</i>, says he, <i>when he had murder’d</i> Crispus, <i>and had -been guilty of other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span> flagrant Crimes, desiring of the Priests an -Expiation for them, their Answer was, That his Offences were so many -and enormous, that they knew not which way to atone for them; telling -him at the same time, that there was a certain</i> Ægyptian <i>who came -from</i> Spain <i>to</i> Rome; <i>who, if he had an Opportunity of speaking to -him, could procure him an Expiation, if he would establish in his -Dominions this Belief of the</i> Christians, <i>namely, That Men of the -most profligate Lives, immediately upon their Repentance, obtain’d -Remission of Sins</i>. Constantine <i>readily closed with this Offer, and -his Sins were pardon’d. At the Approach of the Festival, on which it -was usual with him and his Army to go up to the Capitol, to perform -the customary Rites of their Religion</i>; Constantine <i>fearful to be -present at that Solemnity, as being warn’d to the contrary by a Dream, -which was sent him from the</i> Ægyptian, <i>and not attending the holy -Sacrifice, highly disgusted the Senate, and the whole Body of the -People of</i> Rome. <i>But unable to bear the Curses and Scandal they threw -upon him on that Account, he went in Search of some Place or other -equally famous with</i> Rome, <i>where he might build him a Palace, and -which he might make the Seat of the</i> Roman <i>Empire, and that at last he -had discovered a Place between</i> Troas <i>and Old</i> Ilium, <i>fit for that -Purpose; and that there he built him a Palace, laid the Foundations of -a City, and raised part of a Wall for its Defence: But that afterwards -disapproving the Situation, he left his Works unfinish’d, and settled -at</i> Byzantium; <i>and being wonderfully taken with the Agreeableness of -the Place, he judged it in all respects to be very commodious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span> for -an Imperial Seat</i>. Thus far <i>Zosimus</i>, a great Favourite of <i>Julian</i> -the Apostate, and an inveterate Enemy to <i>Constantine</i> on the account -of his Religion; to whose Sentiments I have so perfect an Aversion, -that I cannot give the least Credit to those Enormities he charges -him with, and of which he had the greatest Abhorrence, as being a -Prince of remarkable Clemency and Goodness, which I am capable of -proving abundantly, but that it would prove too great a Digression -in the present History. The Truth of it is, that <i>Sozomen</i> and -<i>Evagrius</i> both have sufficiently refuted these malicious Reflections. -In these Calumnies, I say, I entirely differ from <i>Zosimus</i>, yet in -his Description of the Extent, and Compass of the City, I am wholly -in his Opinion; who, though an Enemy to <i>Constantine</i>, yet is forced -to acknowledge him to have built so large, so noble, so magnificent -a City. I am the more induced to give Credit to his History in this -Respect, because he lived many Ages nearer to the Time of <i>Constantine</i> -than our modern <i>Monks</i>, who, in the Books they have written of -<i>Constantinople</i>, give the following Account of it; namely, that -<i>Constantine</i> built a Wall from the Tower of <i>Eugenius</i> (which was the -Boundary of old <i>Byzantium</i>) to St. <i>Anthony</i>’s Church, and the Church -of the <i>Blessed Virgin</i>, call’d <i>Rabdon</i>, quite up to the <i>Exacionion</i>; -and that at a Mile’s Distance, it passed on to the old Gates of the -Church of St. <i>John</i> the <i>Baptist</i>, stretching itself farther to the -Cistern of <i>Bonus</i>, from whence it extended itself to the <i>Armation</i>, -and so winded round to St. <i>Anthony</i>’s Church again. I should give my -self the Trouble to examine this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span> Account, but that I know the Authors -are so fabulous, that they are no ways to be depended upon. But this I -look upon to be an intolerable Blunder, that they place the Church of -St. <i>John Baptist</i> within the Walls built by <i>Constantine</i>, whereas for -many Years after his Death it continued without the City: Of which, and -many other Errors, I shall take Notice in the following History.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_I_Chap_IV"><span class="smcap">Chap. IV.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the present Figure, Compass, Length and Breadth of</i> -Constantinople.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE Figure of <i>Constantinople</i> is triangular, the Base of which is that -Part of it which lies Westward: The top Angle points to the East, -where the <i>Peninsula</i> begins. But both the Sides of this Triangle are -not equal; for that Side which lies westward winds round the Angle -of the Bay in the Figure of a Half-Moon. At a great Distance from -thence, it winds about again from North to South. But the South Side -of this Triangle veers about to such a Breadth, that if you should -draw a strait Line from one Angle of it to the other, it would cut off -a Creek, which, in the Middle of it, is at least a quarter of a Mile -over. But that Side which faces the North, and is call’d <i>Ceras</i>, the -Bay or Horn, should you draw a strait Line over it from one Angle to -another, it would cut off not only the whole Bay, but also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span> a part of -<i>Galata</i>. For this Side inflects inwards in such a manner, that from -each Point it circulates in the Form of a Bow, having two smaller -Windings of the same Figure in the Middle of it, but lies inwardly into -the Continent so far, that the two Horns or Ends of the Bow, which -includes them, no ways intercept the Prospect of the Angles of the -larger Arch. ’Tis upon this Account that <i>Constantinople</i> may rather -seem to be of a triarcular, than a triangular Figure. For right Angles -never project beyond their Sides, nor do they inflect inwards. But all -semicircular Figures are in a manner both convex and concave also. So -that if these three Angles, so far as they project beyond the main -Body of the City, were divided from it, <i>Constantinople</i> would form a -square oblong Figure, little more than a Mile broad, and almost three -times as long. But be that as it will, all are of Opinion, that this -City ought to be look’d upon to be of a triangular Figure, because -it has three Sides; one of which that faces the <i>Propontis</i>, and the -other on the side of the <i>Thracian</i> Continent, are of an equal Length; -the third, adjoining to the Bay, is about a Mile shorter than the -other two. This City is computed to be near thirteen Miles in Compass, -although <i>Laonicus Chalcondylus</i>, in his History of the <i>Ottomans</i>, -assures us, that <i>Constantinople</i> contain’d in Compass an hundred and -eleven Furlongs; the Length of it, extending itself over the Promontory -with six Hills, is no more than thirty Furlongs; but if the Figure -of it was an equilateral Triangle, it would not be much above nine -Miles in Circumference; and could we suppose its hilly Situation to -be widen’d<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span> into one large Plain, yet then it would not be so large -in Compass as the Inhabitants generally reckon it, <i>viz.</i> eighteen -Miles. It is observable, that <i>Constantinople</i> does not contain more -Bays of Building, as it is situate upon Hills, than it would if it -were built upon a Plain; because you cannot so conveniently build upon -a Declivity, as you can upon a Level. Nor does the Reason equally -hold good, as to the Number of its Houses, and the Number of its -Inhabitants. For <i>Constantinople</i> can contain more Men as it is seated -upon Hills, than it could if it were seated on a Plain. The Breadth of -this City varies in several Places. From the East to the Middle of it, -’tis at least a Mile in Breadth, but in no Place broader than a Mile -and a half. It divides itself afterwards into two Branches, where ’tis -almost as broad as ’tis long. I can compare it, as to its Figure, to -nothing more properly than to an Eagle stretching out his Wings, and -looking obliquely to the left, upon whose Beak stands the first Hill, -where is the <i>Grand Seignor’s</i> Palace. In his Eye stands the Church of -St. <i>Sophia</i>; on the lower part of the Head is the <i>Hippodrom</i>; upon -his Neck are the second and third Hills, and the remaining part of the -City fill up his Wings, and his whole Body.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_I_Chap_V"><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>A general Description of</i> Constantinople.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2"><span class="smcap">Constantinople</span> takes up in Compass the whole <i>Peninsula</i>, -which contains seven Hills, of which the eastern Angle of the City -includes one, having its Rise at the Promontory, which <i>Pliny</i> calls -<i>Chrysoceras</i>, and <i>Dionysius</i> a <i>Byzantian</i>, <i>Bosporium</i>. The first -Hill is divided from the second by a broad Valley; the Promontory of -<i>Bosporium</i> contains the other six, extending itself from the Entrance -of the <i>Peninsula</i> on the East, full West with a continued Ridge, but -somewhat convex’d, and hangs over the Bay. Six Hills and five Valleys -shoot from the right Side of it, and ’tis divided only by the third and -fifth Valleys on the left Side of it, which is all upon the Descent, -and has only some small Hills and Vales, which are more steep than -the Hills themselves. It has also two Windings which take their Rise -from the Top of the first Hill, from whence it ascends by Degrees -almost to another Winding, which begins from the Top of the third -Hill, where sinking into a gentle Descent, it admits the Valley, which -lies between the third and the fourth Hill. From thence it rises again -with a moderate Ascent, and continues upon a Level westward almost -to the <i>Urbicion</i>, where it rises again. The Plains adjoining to the -Promontory differ as to their Level. Those that divide the Promontory<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span> -at the Top, and those at the Foot of it, are very uneven in many -Places. The Plain at the Top of the first Hill is seven hundred Paces -in Length, and two hundred in Breadth. Shooting hence, it rises almost -insensibly to the Top of the second Hill, where ’tis five hundred -Paces in Breadth, and is all upon the Descent to the Top of that Hill, -where the second Valley, which is also shelving and very narrow, takes -its Rise. On the third Hill the Plain is above six hundred Paces in -Breadth, but somewhat more upon the Level at the Entrance of the third -Valley, which is six hundred Paces broad. From hence you rise by a -gentle Ascent to the Plain on the Top of the fourth Hill, which is not -above two hundred Paces wide. On the fifth Hill it dilates itself to -the Breadth of seven hundred Paces. On the Hill, from whence the fifth -Valley takes its Rise, ’tis more narrow; and on the sixth Hill ’tis a -little upon the Ascent again. As to the Plain, which extends itself -between the Sea and the Bottom of the <i>Promontory</i>, that also is not so -even in some Places as it is in others; for it is narrower under the -Hills, in the Vales ’tis half as wide again. For winding itself from -the <i>Promontory</i>, where it begins, over three Valleys, it is widen’d -at that Distance into the Breadth of a thousand Paces, though at the -Foot of the Hills it is not above an Acre, or a hundred and twenty Foot -in Breadth, except at the Bottom of the third and fifth Hills, where -’tis very narrow, but extends itself over the fourth Valley both in -Length and Breadth to a great Degree. At the Foot of the sixth Hill -it contracts itself again, except at the Foot of two lesser Hills,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span> -situated behind the first and second Hills; one of which projects -almost to the Sea, the other is at no great Distance from it. But to -describe <i>Constantinople</i> in a more easy and comprehensive Manner, I -will give the Reader a particular Account of all its Hills and Vales, -which indeed make a very lovely and agreeable Prospect. For the six -Hills which shoot from the <i>Promontory</i>, (and which for their Likeness -you might call Brothers) stand in so regular an Order, that neither -of them intercepts the Prospect of the other; so that as you sail up -the Bay, you see them all hanging over it in such a manner, that quite -round the City you see before you both Sides of every one of them. The -first of these Hills jets out to the East, and bounds the Bay; the -second and third lie more inward to the South; the others lie more open -to the North, so that at one View you have a full Prospect of them. -The first lies lower than the second; the second than the third; the -fourth, fifth and sixth are in some Places higher, in others somewhat -lower than the third, which you may discover by the Level of the -Aqueduct. That the first Hill is lower than the third and fourth, may -be discover’d by the Tower which supports the Aqueduct, by which the -Water is raised into the Air above fifty Foot high. To make this more -intelligible, I will divide the City, as to the Length of it, from the -Land’s Point on the Shore of the <i>Bosporus</i>, to the Walls on the Neck -of the <i>Isthmus</i>, and consider the Breadth of it, as it widens from -the <i>Propontis</i> to the Bay called <i>Ceras</i>. The Reason why I divide the -City, as to its Breadth, into six Parts, is the natural Situation of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span> -the <i>Promontory</i>, which itself is divided into six Hills, with Valleys -running between them. It was no great Difficulty to distinguish the -<i>Roman</i> Hills, because they were entirely disjoin’d by Valleys; but -’tis not so easy to distinguish those of <i>Constantinople</i>, because they -are conjoin’d at Top; and besides, the Backs of them do not project -in so mountainous a manner as they do in the Front; so that I cannot -better describe them, than by calling them a continued Ridge of Hills, -divided each of them with Valleys. And therefore to proceed regularly, -I shall first give the Reader a Description of the right Side of the -<i>Promontory</i>, with its Hills and Vales, and then take Notice of the -left Side of it, which stands behind them.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_I_Chap_VI"><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Situation of all the Parts of the -City describ’d.</i></span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE first Part of the Breadth of the <i>Promontory</i> is the Front of it, -which opening to the Distance of a thousand Paces Eastwards adjoins to -the Chaps of the <i>Bosporus</i>. For this Sea winds round the Back of the -<i>Promontory</i> in such a Manner, that from the Point where the <i>Bosporus</i> -is divided, to the Bay called <i>Ceras</i>, and the Land’s Point of that -Sea, it extends itself from North to South to the Distance of fourteen -Furlongs; and from thence to a farther Distance of four Furlongs, it -winds round from the South-east<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span> to the South-South-west, even to the -Mouth of the <i>Propontis</i>, which joining with the <i>Bosporus</i>, winds -round the City to South-west, to the Distance of two Miles more. This -Side of the Hill is bounded at the Bottom of it with a Plain of the -same Breadth with itself, which is two hundred Paces. There rise upon -the Plain some lesser Hills, which are not above four hundred Paces -in Height. On the Top of the left Side of these Hills stands the -<i>Hippodrom</i>; on the right Side, which faces the South-west, is the -Palace of the <i>Grand Seignor</i>. I might not improperly call it the Front -of the <i>Promontory</i>, as being almost of an equal Ascent in all its -Parts, having a Plain running along it, of an equal Length with itself; -besides, it adjoins to the first Hill: I say, for these Reasons I might -call it a part of the first Hill; but to understand it more distinctly, -I shall treat of it by itself.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_I_Chap_VII"><span class="smcap">Chap. VII.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the first Hill, of the Palace of the -Grand Seignor, of the Church of St.</i> -Sophia, <i>and the</i> Hippodrom.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE first Hill, extending itself from the South-east to the South-west, -opens at the Entrance of it to the Breadth of thirty Paces; from -thence it widens gradually, and so on, till at last ’tis almost as -broad as ’tis long. It rises at the Nook of the <i>Isthmus</i>, which joins -the <i>Peninsula</i> to the Continent. It projects itself in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span> Form of -a Cymetar, or a Hawk’s Beak, and almost divides the Straits of the -<i>Bosporus</i>, and the Bay called <i>Ceras</i>. The whole Hill projects beyond -the others almost to the Mouth of the Bay. ’Tis all upon a Descent, -except the Top of it, where there’s a Plain which joins to the Plain -of the <i>Promontory</i>. The lesser Eminences which stand upon it, and -which face the East and the North, have a moderate Descent, others of -them are more steep, so that in some Places you are obliged to climb -them by Steps, but the tallest of them is not above four hundred Paces -high. The Plain, at the Foot of this Hill, is very different. The -Eastern Part of it is much widen’d by the Sea Shore, which jets out -in a semicircular Manner. The Breadth of the South-east and northern -Part of it is encreased by the Valley, which divides the first from the -second Hill. The Plain on the Top of the Hill is about seven hundred -Paces in Length. This Hill is not only fortified by Nature, as being -encompassed on the East by the <i>Bosporus</i>, on the North by the Bay -of <i>Ceras</i>, and on the West by a cool Valley; but ’tis also inclosed -within the Walls of the <i>Seraglio</i>, which are guarded with numberless -Ramparts and Towers, which are equal in Strength to the Walls of the -City. Towards the Foot of the Hill, and the Plain near the Sea, lie -the Gardens of the <i>Grand Seignor</i>. The Imperial Palace, which is -partly situate on the Top of the Hill, and partly on the Eminences -below it, affords almost an unmeasurable Prospect, both by Sea and -Land. In this Plain there are two Imperial <i>Areas</i> or Courts; the first -of these Courts is seven hundred Paces long, and two hundred<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span> broad. -You pass through this into another inner Court, which is a Quadrangle -two hundred Paces long, and has round it a magnificent <i>Portico</i>, -supported with a Multitude of fine Marble Pillars curiously variegated. -In the Middle of the Court there’s a fine shady Walk of <i>Plane</i> and -<i>Cypress-Trees</i> for the Lawyers, and in the North Angle of the City -is the <i>Forum Judiciale</i>, which the <i>Ottomans</i> call their <i>Divan</i>. -On the South-east Side of a large Court stands the magnificent and -stately Palace of the <i>Grand Seignor</i>, on the North Side of which are -built many Imperial <i>Bagnio’s</i>, and Kitchens with eight arch’d Roofs, -rising like a <i>Cupola</i>, in an hemispherical Manner; each of these -<i>Cupola’s</i> representing the Figure of a little House, is nothing else -but a Chimney with Windows, light at Top, made in the Likeness of a -Lantern. There is a two-leav’d Iron Gate which lets you into the first -Court, the Leaves of it, when opened, stand at twenty Paces Distance. -The Porters or <i>Capoochees</i> stand always upon Duty at these Gates. -Just above them the Hill rises up to a smooth Level with the Ridge of -the <i>Promontory</i>. The Porch or Gate-house is lined on each Side with -glittering Armour, and shines, as do also the Jambs of the Gate with -rich Marble. Over the Porch there rises a square Building cover’d -with Lead, as are all the other Edifices of the Palace. There’s a -Passage out of the first Court through another two-leav’d Gate into the -second inner Court. This is the Station of the <i>Drudging Porters</i>. The -Gate-house here also blazes with refulgent Arms. This Gate, without -side of it, has nothing like a Porch, though within<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span> side it has. ’Tis -supported with ten Pillars of different Kinds of Marble; the Roof of it -proudly glitters with Gold, and is beautify’d with the most rich and -lively Colours of <i>Persian</i> Work. At the third Gate, where the Entrance -opens into the <i>Seraglio</i>, there are other Porters or <i>Capoochees</i> -attending. These are under the Command of the <i>Capoochee-Basha</i>, or -Captain of the Porters, who is also Chamberlain to the <i>Grand Seignor</i>. -No body is suffer’d to enter the Palace without his Permission, but the -Servants and Officers of the Houshold, unless it be his Noblemen, who -while he is sitting near the Door of the <i>Seraglio</i>, may freely enter -to pay their Homage to him. All Ambassadors, when introduced into his -Presence, are allow’d to kiss his Hand, who receives them sitting upon -a low Couch, but curiously embroider’d, in a little Apartment built -with Marble, adorn’d with Gold and Silver, and sparkling with Diamonds -and precious Stones. This Room of State is incircled with a <i>Portico</i>, -which is supported with Pillars of the finest Marble, the Capitals and -Pedestals of which are all gilded. Besides these I have mention’d, -there are many other Gates round the <i>Seraglio</i>, through which none -are admitted, but such as are in the highest Favour with the Emperour. -If I mistake not, I counted twelve, which were all Iron-work; seven of -them were near the City; two of them, through which they carried their -Hay to the <i>Seraglio</i>, were near the Sea; on the Sea Side there were -five more: The first of these stands to the North of the <i>Seraglio</i>, -towards the Bay; the second stands upon the Ridge of a Hill: ’Tis -very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span> large, has a Porch with an arch’d Roof before it, is gilded, and -adorn’d in a surprizing manner with <i>Persian</i> Paintings, supported with -Pillars of <i>Ophitick</i> Marble, and looks into the <i>Bosporus</i>. At some -Distance Eastward there is another Gate facing <i>Chalcedon</i>. Just before -it the Vessels are moor’d, in which the <i>Grand Seignor</i> sails to some -distant Shore, when he goes a hunting, or is inclined to divert himself -in his Gardens. The fourth Gate stands South-east near the Ruins of -a <i>Christian</i> Church, some Tokens of which are still remaining in a -Wall, to which the <i>Greeks</i> to this Day, by their frequent Visits, -continue to pay a kind of devotional Reverence. Beyond this there is a -fifth Port or Gate, where is built a Room, though it is only rafter’d, -whence you may have the Diversion of seeing the Fish catch’d; as it -is also a kind of Repository, where the <i>Grand Seignor’s</i> Fishermen -lay up their Tackle. I would observe by the By, that though all the -Hills of <i>Constantinople</i> afford a very pleasing Prospect, yet there is -none which entertains you with such peculiar Delectation as the first -Hill, where the <i>Sultan</i> lives in a licentious and luxurious manner. -He has before him, whether he is walking in his Gardens, or in his -Chambers of the <i>Seraglio</i>, a full View of the <i>Bosporus</i> and both its -Shores, which are green, and flourishing with Woods belonging to the -neighbouring Farms. On the right Hand he beholds a spacious Field of -<i>Chalcedon</i>, cover’d with his own Gardens; he sees the <i>Propontis</i>, -Islands without Number, and the woody Mountains of <i>Asia</i>. If he looks -at an immense Distance, behind him he beholds the <i>Olympus</i> always<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span> -cloath’d in Snow. If he takes a shorter Prospect, he views before -him the Wonders of his own City, the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i> and the -<i>Hippodrom</i>. If he casts his Eyes to the left Hand, he beholds the -seven Hills on which the City is seated, and more remotely, he looks -round the unmeasurable spacious Fields of <i>Thracia</i>. If he extends -his Prospect over the Seas, he views a moving Scene of Ships passing -and repassing before him; some sailing from the <i>Hellespont</i>, or the -<i>Black Sea</i>, others again coming into his Port from all the Coasts -of the <i>Propontis</i>, while other Vessels at the same time are sailing -up and down the Bay of <i>Ceras</i>, where there are also abundance of -Wherries and small Boats always oaring from Side to Side. And if he -looks below him, he has the agreeable Pleasure of beholding the three -Sides of the first Hill, dressed with Trees, Flowers and Plants of -all Kinds. But he has not only a fine Prospect from the Palace, but -is entertain’d with several delightful <i>Visto’s</i> from the Top of the -Gardens rising on the Hills. If he has an Inclination to take a View -of his <i>Seraglio</i>, from that Point of Land which projects so far into -the Sea, and which, as I observ’d, divided the <i>Bosporus</i>; here he -beholds it in all its Glory, strengthen’d with large Pillars of Marble, -and fann’d with gentle refreshing Breezes, where he often sits with -small Osier Lattices before him; so that, like another <i>Gyges</i>, he -discerns all that sail near him, though he himself is visible to none: -And if at any time he is weary of the Company of his Domesticks, he -can divert himself with the ridiculous Drollery of the Watermen, when -fixing their Oars and Boat-poles to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span> the Shore, they tug against the -violent Stream of the <i>Bosporus</i>, which is much more rapid than the -<i>Rhone</i>. Without the <i>Seraglio</i> stands the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, -which is about seventy Paces distant from the Gate of the first Court. -’Tis situate on the Brow of the first Hill, upon an Eminence that -hangs over the Garden of the first Valley: From thence you ascend -by Stone Steps to the Gate of the <i>Seraglio</i>, and the Church of St. -<i>Sophia</i>, which from the South-east falls with so easy a Descent, that -it almost imperceptibly terminates on a Plain both above and below it. -In short, all the Descents from the Imperial Palace to the <i>Hippodrom</i>, -are moderate and gentle. South-west of the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, a -Plain extends itself to the End of the <i>Hippodrom</i>, which is above -seven hundred Paces long. The <i>Hippodrom</i> is more than two Furlongs in -Length, and one Furlong in Breadth. It stands upon a perfect Level; but -this is more to be ascribed to Industry, than its natural Situation. -The Middle Part of it, stretching as far as the <i>Propontis</i>, on three -Sides of it, is a shelving Ground. On the East it falls with a small -Declivity, on the West ’tis more upon the Descent, on the Side of the -<i>Propontis</i> ’tis directly perpendicular to the Depth, more or less, of -fifty Foot. The whole Front of the <i>Hippodrom</i> is built upon Arches, -(which makes it stand upon a Level) and entertains the Spectator with a -very delectable Prospect of the <i>Propontis</i>, so that you may not only -see Men sailing to and fro before you, but may also see the Dolphins -frequently tumbling about the Waters. The Steps on the North Side of -the <i>Hippodrom</i>, which remained<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span> there but a few Years since, were -demolished by <i>Abraham</i> the <i>Bassa</i>, and were used in building his own -House. Between the <i>Hippodrom</i> and the <i>Propontis</i> there stretches a -Plain, which widens to the Breadth of four hundred Paces, where the -Churches of <i>Bacchus</i> and <i>Sergius</i> anciently stood; of both which I -shall take Notice in the following History. Below the <i>Hippodrom</i>, to -the South, is the Gate call’d <i>Porta Leonis</i>, which is situate without -the City, upon the Ruins of the Palace of <i>Leo Macellus</i>; the Windows -of which, of antique Workmanship, are still remaining in the Walls. The -Palace was built upon a Hill adjoining to the Sea, which was about a -hundred Paces high.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_I_Chap_VIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. VIII.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the first Valley.</i></span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">FROM the uppermost Plain of the <i>Promontory</i>, on which, as I observed, -stood the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i> and the <i>Hippodrom</i>, by an easy Ascent -of a thousand Paces, you climb the Ridge of the second Hill up to the -<i>Porphyry</i> Pillar, erected on the Top of the second Hill, which is -bounded on the East by the first Valley, which divides the first from -the second Hill. It rises at the Plain of St. <i>Sophia</i>, and extends -itself from South to North. This Valley represents exactly the Figure -of the Letter V; one of whose Sides extends itself full East, the other -North. Thro’ the Middle of it runs the Wall, which divides the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span> <i>Grand -Seignor</i>’s Palace from the rest of the City. The lowermost Plain of -the <i>Promontory</i> extends itself in Length and Breadth so far into this -Valley, that from the Bay to the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, you may walk -a thousand Paces almost upon the Level. From the Entrance of it on the -Sea Side, ’tis all a plain Ground to the Length of five hundred Paces; -afterwards winding itself into this Vale, it rises with a small Ascent, -which is more easily perceivable by a gentle Fall of the Water, than by -the Eye or Foot. At the Beginning of it ’tis somewhat wide, afterwards -’tis narrower, and at the End of it ’tis straighten’d into two lesser -Valleys; one of which, near to the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, is four -hundred Paces long. It rises gradually, and is so very narrow, that the -publick Way takes up the whole Breadth of it.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_I_Chap_IX"><span class="smcap">Chap. IX.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the second Hill.</i></span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE Ridge of the <i>Promontory</i> rising a little higher, and the two -Valleys adjoining to it, make the second Hill. The first Valley -divides, at East, the first from the second Hill; the other Valley, -Westward, divides the second from the third. On the North ’tis bounded -by a Plain on the Sea Shore. The Ridge of the <i>Promontory</i> extends from -South to North to the Distance of one thousand Paces in Length, and -four hundred in Breadth. The different Breadth of the Vales<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span> varies -the Breadth of the whole Hill. For where the Valleys which bound the -Sides of it at the Top are more contracted, the Hill widens, and at -the Foot of the Hill, where they are much wider, the Hill is less. -The lesser Hills which stand upon it, extend its Length, two of which -hang over the Bay. Its Height varies according to the different Height -of the three Clifts, or small Hills which rise upon it. For the Clift -lying to the South-east, rises moderately, from the lowest part of the -Valley to the Top of the Hill, to the Height of about a thousand Paces; -afterwards, as the Valley widens, it grows less, and is rendered more -steep by two small Valleys (branching out of the great Valley) which -indeed are somewhat upon the Descent, but not above a hundred Paces -high. The different Heights of the Clifts which hang over the Bay, may -be best discover’d by considering the different Heights of the five -<i>publick Ways</i>, which reach from the Ridge to the Foot of the Hill. -The first of these Ways rises to the Height of five hundred Paces, two -hundred of which from the Foot of the Hill are very easy of Ascent, the -other three hundred are very steep. The second <i>Road</i> is six hundred -Paces high, a hundred of which rise through the lowest of the small -Valleys by a gentle Ascent, the next hundred are almost perpendicular, -so that you must climb them by Steps; the other four hundred rise -gradually to the Top of the Hill, which is sixty Paces in Breadth. This -Hill, on the Ridge of it, shoots Southward to the Distance of a hundred -and fifty Paces, quite from the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i> to the <i>Porphyry -Pillar</i>. The other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span> three <i>publick Ways</i>, from the Bottom of the Hill, -are for the first hundred Paces upon a gentle Rise, the next two -hundred are a mighty Declivity, so that you are obliged to ascend them -by Windings and Turnings; the remaining five hundred, up to the Plain -upon the Hill, rise moderately. I would observe farther, that on the -Side of the Clifts which project over the Bay, two small Hills jetted -out, one to the North, and the other to the East; both which uniting -form a little Valley, which is bounded on the East by a Hill which -rises eighty Paces in Height, and has in some Places very agreeable -Descents. This is the Reason that most part of the lesser Clifts, which -bear upon this Hill, stand to the East, and that the Side of the Hill -which looks Westward, is in some Parts of it more shelving than in -other: For its Eminencies falling into the lowest Plain in the Valley, -to the Length of three hundred Paces, from the Foot of the Hill up to -the Middle of it, are almost perpendicular, and from the Middle to the -Top they slope but little. As for those Hills which project over the -Head of the Valley, they are not above two hundred Paces high, often -of a different Ascent: For as the Valley rises, the Clifts seem lower. -Indeed all the lesser Clifts of this Hill have a double Descent; one -length-ways, and the other broad-ways: For those of them which stand -East and West are seated in such a manner, that they also lye to the -North. In short, all the Sides of this Hill, in the most steep Ascents -of them, are not above a Furlong in Height; in other Places they fall -into a moderate Declivity, and at the Bottom of them they gradually -enlarge<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span> themselves into a Plain. The upper Clifts at the Top of them -are half shelving, and half upon the Plain. The Plain adjoining to the -Sea, and dividing the Hill from the Bay, spreads itself into a Latitude -of three hundred Paces, but immediately widens again into a Breadth -of five hundred Paces, and so visibly enlarges itself, the farther it -extends itself into the Valleys.</p> - -<p>And thus having given the Reader some Account of the Front or fore-part -of the <i>Promontory</i>, I shall now give him a short Description of the -back-side of it, which faces the Sea. Behind the second and third Hills -there are two lesser Hills, which hang over the <i>Propontis</i>. Between -these Hills descends a hollow Valley. These Hills stand in the Middle -of the Valley. That which lies Eastward, as well as that which lies to -the West, exalts itself to the Height of more than two hundred Paces. -At the End of the Valley, between these Hills, is a well built Harbour -enclosed with a Wall. ’Tis seated upon the Plain on the Shore, near -that part of the Sea which runs up to the Front of the <i>Hippodrom</i>. -The Mouth of this Harbour is three hundred Paces in Breadth. From the -Bay call’d <i>Cornu</i>, the Breadth crossing the Hill to the <i>Propontis</i>, -widens to the Distance of two Miles.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_I_Chap_X"><span class="smcap">Chap. X.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the second Valley, which divides the second from the third Hill.</i></span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THAT Valley which divides the second from the third Hill, begins at -the <i>Promontory</i>, and ends in the Plain adjoining to the Sea. It -contains in it the Fish-Market and the Ferry, whence you cross the -Water to <i>Syca</i>. From hence to the Entrance of the Valley, a Plain -expands itself to the Breadth of four hundred Paces so much upon the -Level, that the Water falls from thence into the Bay with almost an -imperceptible Descent. When it has contracted itself into the narrow -Compass of two hundred Paces in Breadth, it gradually straightens -itself into a less, even to the Middle of the Valley, where ’tis but -fifty Paces in Breadth, and afterwards is no broader than the <i>common -Way</i>. ’Tis above six hundred Paces in Length, three hundred of which -are almost upon a Level, the other three hundred upon the Descent. It -rises easily to that part of the <i>Promontory</i>, where the second and -third Hills join. In the lowermost part of the Valley runs the <i>broad -Way</i> that faces <i>Galata</i>. This Way, on both Sides of it, is full of -Merchants Houses, cover’d with a kind of transparent Slat, which have -here and there a small Casement. The Merchants of <i>Galata</i> frequent -the grand <i>Bezestan</i>, or Place of <i>Exchange</i>. ’Tis situate partly on -the Head of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span> Valley, and partly on an Eminence of the third Hill. -In the Year of our Lord 1546 it was wholly burnt to the Ground, except -two <i>Basilica’s</i> roof’d with Brick-work, which were lock’d up every -Night, and their Windows secured by Iron Bars, when the Fire was over. -I was allowed after the Fire to view their grand <i>Forum</i>. I found it -lie so much upon the Level, that it had but a small Ascent either from -the West to the East, or from the South to the North. I observed that -it stood upon more than five Furlongs of Ground; on the highest part -of it, which lies to the East, I was permitted to see a <i>Nymphæum</i>, -adorn’d with five and forty Marble Pillars, which supported a Brick -Roof. The old <i>Basilica</i>, of which I could have no Prospect before, by -reason of the Shops and publick Houses, the Fire had lain open to my -View. I observed farther, that it had two additional Buildings like -Wings, joining to the main Building, each of which was divided into -sixty Apartments, which were all arched, and over the Roof cover’d -with Lead, as their Shops and Places of publick Entertainment are. The -inward Chambers of these Apartments, for Privacy, are always lock’d, -and are secured by an Iron Door. The <i>Basilica</i> itself consists of -fifteen large Apartments, in the Figure of a <i>Dome</i>, has four Doors, -and is supported by eight Pillars; the Roof is Brick-work, and leaded -at Top. The new <i>Basilica</i> is supported with twelve Pillars built of a -square Stone; four Arches bear upon these Pillars, which support twenty -small Roofs, built in the Form of a <i>Dome</i>. There stand round about -sixty Merchants Warehouses, or Shops with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span> arch’d Roofs. Within the -<i>Basilica</i> there are two hundred and twenty more of these Warehouses, -which are made after the following Manner. Round the Walls of the -<i>Basilica</i> are built abundance of very broad Pews, where the Merchants -expose their Goods to Sale, which they take out of Presses, (when they -would shew them to their Chapmen) which have Boxes of Drawers in them, -the Masters always sitting before them. These Presses are fasten’d to -the Wall, have two Folding Doors, and are removable at Pleasure.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_I_Chap_XI"><span class="smcap">Chap. XI.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the third Hill.</i></span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE third Hill is bounded on each Side by two Valleys: That which -lies to the East, divides it from the second Hill, the Western Valley -divides it from the fourth. The Ridge of this Hill is above a thousand -Paces in Length. It shoots from the Top of the <i>Promontory</i> Southward, -Northward to the Bay of <i>Ceras</i>, almost in an equal Height. The second -Hill on the contrary falls with a surprizing Descent, from the utmost -Height of the <i>Promontory</i>, to the lowest Plain on the Bay Shore. The -third Hill, at the Top of it is a Level of a great Length. It extends -itself at the Foot of it, more by three hundred Paces to the North, -than the Foot of the second Hill. It is not in all Places of an -equal Breadth; at the Top of the <i>Promontory</i> itself ’tis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span> every way -about eight hundred Paces. Here ’tis that the <i>Seraglio</i> stands. On -that part of the Plain which lies to the East, stands the Merchants -<i>Forum</i>, a <i>Caravansera</i>, and the Sepulchre of <i>Bajazet</i> the Emperor. -On the South Side of it is an open <i>Area</i>, round which stand the -Booksellers Shops. On that part of it which lies Northward, stand the -Works which the Emperour <i>Solyman</i> is now building, namely his Tomb, a -<i>Caravansera</i>, and a magnificent and expensive Mosque. They are built -not only upon the natural Situation of the Ground there, but also upon -artificial Foundations. This Hill, on three Sides of it, descends -upon three lesser Hills. For on that Side of it which lies Eastward, -where stands the Tower of <i>Hirena</i>, a small Hill jets out into the -second Valley. The long Projecture of this Hill, on the Ridge of it -towards the Bay, makes another small Hill which lies Northward, and -from that Side of it which points Westward, where stands the Church -of St. <i>Theodore</i>, there shoots another little Hill out of the Middle -of it, to the Plain which lies on the Sea Shore. Two Sides of this -Hill descend in a double Declivity, one in a strait, and the other -in an oblique Line. The Eastern Side of the third Hill, after it has -extended itself to thirteen hundred Paces Distance, abates somewhat of -its winding Descent, but the nearer you descend to the Plain, it falls -with a more direct and confined Declivity. The Descents falling from -the Ridge of the Hill to the Valley differ very much, the uppermost -of them hanging over a very deep Valley, rise to the Height of five -hundred Paces, the lowest three hundred of which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span> are very steep, the -three hundred Paces above them are scarce half of that Steepness. The -other Descents of this Hill are not so shelving, where the Valley rises -higher. The Western Side of the Hill, as to its Declivities, is like -the Eastern. The Northern Side of it has several Descents: For a lesser -Hill, shooting from the Ridge of this Hill, is five hundred Paces high, -the lower most three hundred of which fall so precipitately, that -the Buildings which stand upon them, are all under-propp’d, the two -hundred Paces above them fall with an easy Descent. The Descents on -this Side of the Hill, the farther they lie from the Plain on the Sea -Shore, the more are they lengthen’d by a sideling Fall, which rises on -the Eastern Side of the Hill. The Plain on the Shore, as discontinued -by the Inlet of the Bay, is not above two hundred Paces in Breadth, -but at the Foot of the Hill, in other Parts of it, it sensibly widens -up to the Entrance of the Valleys. The <i>Grand Seraglio</i>, seated on -the Side of this Hill, when I first arrived at <i>Constantinople</i>, was -little less than six thousand Paces in Compass, but is at present more -closely straiten’d, since the <i>Caravansera’s</i> have been built there by -the Sultan <i>Solyman</i>, and the burying Place for the Women (which is -at least half the Ground) has been taken out of it and enclosed. The -left Side of the <i>Promontory</i>, which lies behind the third Hill to the -South, jets out with two lesser Hills; from one of which that shoots -Eastward, the Side of the <i>Promontory</i> which winds round Westward -to the other Hill, which is seated a little above the Foot of the -Promontory; and at the Bottom of this Hill, the <i>Promontory</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span> admits -the third Valley, which lies behind it, and from thence stretches full -North. The left Side therefore of the third Hill hath a double Descent; -the one towards the South, which is six hundred Paces high, another -extending itself South South-west, seven hundred Paces high; but at -full West it falls very short of that Height. The Plain that lies -between the back Southern Parts of the third Hill, and the Shore of the -<i>Propontis</i>, is in no part of it less than three hundred Paces broad, -nor above seven hundred Paces long. The Plain of the Valley which -encloses the Foot of the Hill Westward, and which divides the seventh -Hill from the <i>Promontory</i>, reaching from the Shore of the <i>Propontis</i>, -where the Walls are not encompassed by the Sea, is almost upon a Level, -and is in every part of it five hundred Paces in Breadth. The three -Hills I have mention’d, may very properly be called the <i>Promontory</i> -of the <i>Bosporus</i>; for they hang over the Sea in such a manner, that -whether you sail to <i>Constantinople</i> out of the <i>Black Sea</i>, or the -<i>Propontis</i>, you may see them at a great Distance, prominent over the -Chaps of the <i>Bosporus</i>. The third Valley seems to separate the other -three Hills, which lie farther into the Continent from these. The -Reason why I place six Hills in the <i>Promontory</i> of the <i>Bosporus</i> is, -because these latter Hills all stand in a Row near the Bay, and are -join’d together both at the Top and the Sides of them. The Plain which -unfolds itself on the Ridge of the third Hill, descends gently into a -Plain which hangs over the third Valley, and is six hundred and twenty -Paces in Length, and as many in Breadth.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_I_Chap_XII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XII.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the third Valley.</i></span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE third Valley, which lies between the third and the fourth Hill, -seems to be a double Valley; for in the Middle of it, it rises high, -which makes it doubtful whether it be a part of the Valley, or the -<i>Promontory</i>. That the Height of it is a part of the Valley, seems -plain from the Height of the Arches, which reach from one Side of the -Valley to the other; and it may be look’d upon to be the Ridge of the -<i>Promontory</i>, from the Descent of the extreme Parts of it falling to -the right and left, on each Side of the <i>Promontory</i>. On the right -Side of which, it descends into a very low Plain, which, at its first -Entrance, is three hundred Paces broad, and continues on upon a Level -to the Length of five hundred Paces more; and though it sinks at Bottom -into an equal Depth, yet the Pitches or Sides of it, in some Places, -are higher than in others. For where the Plain is most hollow, there -one of the Sides of it is three times higher than the other. From -this Plain you ascend by easy Steps to the Top of the Middle of the -Valley, which is six hundred Paces wide, except that small part of it -in the Middle, where it is not above four hundred Paces in Breadth. -Through the Top of this Valley, or <i>Promontory</i>, run the Arches of an -<i>Aqueduct</i> from the fourth to the third Hill, of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span> the same Height, -at the Top of them, with the Hills themselves. The Altitude of these -Arches discovers how great the Descent is from them. For though they -are alike equal in Height at the Top of them, yet this Height is very -different, according to the Difference of their Situations. For they -are very high at the Top of the Valley, which is a plain level Ground, -but upon the Descent of the Hills not near so high, and continue to the -Length of eight hundred Paces in the same Height, though the higher -they stand upon these Hills, they are less tall. The Top of this Valley -or <i>Promontory</i>, descends with a gentle Fall of seven hundred Paces -into a Plain, which divides the <i>Promontory</i> from the seventh Hill, and -from thence extends itself to the <i>Propontis</i>. The City from the Bay -to the <i>Propontis</i>, passing thro’ the third Valley, is more than ten -Furlongs in Breadth.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_I_Chap_XIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XIII.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the fourth Hill.</i></span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE fourth Hill is enclosed with two Valleys, the Ridge of the -<i>Promontory</i>, and the Shore of the Bay. Upon the Side of it stands the -Tomb of <i>Mahomet</i>, (who took <i>Constantinople</i>) several <i>Caravansera’s</i> -and <i>Bagnio’s</i>. It is above three thousand six hundred Paces in -Compass. The Length, from the Ridge of it to the Bay, is a thousand -Paces; the Breadth of it, from East to West, is at least eight hundred. -As you take a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span> View of it from the Top, stretching in a Square towards -the Bay, you perceive it to end in two Windings, though very different -from each other. For that which points Northward stretches on in a -continued Ridge, and has its Descents on both Sides, whereas that -which shoots Eastward lies so low, that it seems to be only an Ascent -to the other. At the End of it it winds Westward, where it forms a -little Valley. This Hill Eastward is bounded by a Valley, and is parted -from the third Hill; on the North by the Plain on the Shore, on the -East partly by a Valley, which divides it from the fifth Hill, and -partly by the winding of the <i>Promontory</i>, which rises in so gradual -and delectable a manner, from the Top of the fourth to the Top of the -fifth Hill, that you discover the Ridge of it to be uneven, more by -a nice Discernment of the Eye, than by any Difficulty in walking it. -For these Hills are join’d together in such a manner, that they seem -to lie upon a Level. They are both of them one Plain, which, covering -the Top of the fourth Hill, is not above four hundred Paces in Length, -nor more than two hundred in Breadth, tho’ afterwards, when continu’d -to the fifth Hill, it widens into the Breadth of five hundred Paces. -The fourth Hill, tho’ it is equal in Height to any of the other six, -yet its Ascents, whether they lie in a strait Line, or more obliquely, -are more moderate, by reason it is a long Tract of Ground with three -Declivities. The first of which, thro’ the Length of the whole, -descends from the Southwest full North more than a thousand Paces; two -hundred of which rising from the Sea Shore are a more easy Ascent, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span> -rest rise so very gently that you can scarce perceive them, although -the uppermost hundred of them, which reach to the Top of the Hill, are -very steep. The cross Descent which runs athwart the Breadth of the -Hill is double, one of which falls Westward; the other, which shelves -Eastward, rises from the Valley, which divides the third and fourth -Hill. From the highest part of this Valley you climb an Ascent two -hundred Paces in Height. Below the Top of it is another Ascent, which -is five hundred Paces high, one hundred of which rising from the Bottom -are very steep. The Height of the rest, which are an easy Ascent, you -discover by the Level of the <i>Aqueduct</i>. From the Bottom of the Valley -you ascend four hundred Paces, the first hundred and eighty of which -are very steep, after which you may walk two hundred more almost upon -a Level. From hence you rise to the Middle of it, which is higher, -and is a hundred Paces in Breadth. It is also elevated eight hundred -Paces in Length, from the Top of it to the Bottom. From hence you -descend two hundred Paces Westward to the lowest Part of the Valley, -which divides the fourth and the fifth Hill, which is all a narrow -Piece of Ground, and about four hundred Paces in Length. The first -two hundred Paces upon the Shore of the Bay are all upon a Level; but -it is an Uncertainty whether they are a part of the Valley, or the -Sea Shore. For this Valley is enclosed in such a manner by these two -Hills, as the fourth is bounded by the Plain upon the Shore, which is -two hundred Paces broad, whereas the fifth does scarce descend so far. -The following<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span> eight hundred Paces are much upon the same Level, the -last four hundred of which, stretching to the Top of the <i>Promontory</i>, -are very steep. The Plain upon the Shore, passing between the Bay and -the fourth Hill, is of a different Breadth. For that part of it which -extends itself to the South-western Point of the Hill, is four hundred -Paces broad, whereas that part of it which extends itself to the -Northern Point, is no more in Breadth than two hundred Paces. In short, -such is the Situation of the fourth Hill, that when you sail along the -Bay, you would take it to be an advanced part of the third Valley. -For the Top of this Hill runs so far Southward, that its Descents, -shelving very moderately, seem almost upon a Level; whereas the Top of -the fifth Hill, which is of the same Height, projects beyond the fourth -directly Northward. The Descents on the Back of the third Hill, which -lie Southward, are very easy and agreeable, till you come to the Plain -of the Vale, which divides the <i>Promontory</i> from the seventh Hill; so -that the back part of this Hill shoots Southward, and is not bounded -on either Side of it by the third Valley. This Southern Part of it is -somewhat narrow, just beyond a little Hill of the third Valley, near -a <i>Caravansera</i>, built by the <i>Sultan Mahomet</i>; but behind the fifth -Hill, below the <i>Columna Virginea</i>, ’tis straitned much more.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_I_Chap_XIV"><span class="smcap">Chap. XIV.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Fifth Hill.</i></span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE Bottom of the fifth Hill, on the Top of which stands the Tomb of -<i>Selymus</i> the Emperor, as bounded partly by the Bay, and partly by an -Eastern and Western Valley, is four thousand Paces in Compass. The -Pitch of this Hill hangs so far over the Bay Northward, and the Pitch -of the fourth Hill lies so low towards the same Point, that the fourth -Hill seems to be a kind of Valley, situate between the third, and the -fifth Hill. For the fifth Hill does not join at Top, and continue the -Ridge of the <i>Promontory</i> as other Hills do, but being of an equal -Heighth with it, shoots to a great Distance beyond it running as far -Northward, as does the Foot of the fourth Hill. It has a Descent on -three Sides of it; one to the North, the Steepness of which the Reader -may learn from hence, that altho’ it is very near the Heighth of the -fourth Hill, which is above a thousand Paces high, yet the highest -Ascent of this Hill comes nearer upon the Line, than that of any other -Hill, to the lowest Ascent from the Bottom; for you ascend thro’ a -little Valley, no more than three hundred Paces high to the Top of it. -This Valley is form’d by two small Hills adjoining to the Shore of the -Bay, upon which, at about four hundred Paces distance, you discover -some Stone Steps, belonging to a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span> Foundation of a <i>Caravansera</i>, built -by the Emperor <i>Selymus</i>. This Northern Side of the Hill has four -small Hills jetting out of it, three small Valleys running between -them, which rise from the Top of the Hill, and are situate at such a -Distance from the Plain upon the Shore, that two of them touch the Wall -which stands upon it; the other two are a hundred Paces from it. The -Plain upon the Shore is in no Part of it narrower than it is at the -Foot of this Hill; for to the Distance of a thousand Paces, it does -not exceed a hundred Paces in Breadth, and in some Places not fifty. -Two of these Hills are very steep, so that the Buildings you see upon -them, as tho’ they were in danger of falling, are all underpropp’d, -and the Inhabitants have been oblig’d to cut Windings in the Rocks to -moderate the Descent. The other two are less Precipitate, the Valleys -which enclose them not lying so deep. The Side of the Hill which shoots -Eastward is one thousand four hundred Paces in Length, and two hundred -in Breadth, and its Altitude two hundred Paces upon the Perpendicular. -The Height of the Side of it, which falls Westward, shelves into a -different Depth, according as the Valley sinks. Where it descends into -a Level Plain, it advances its Top to the Height of five hundred Paces. -In other Places it rises no higher than three hundred, with a very -moderate Ascent. The Side of the <i>Promontory</i> which points Southward, -situate behind the fifth Hill, ends in the Plain of the Valley, which -divides the <i>Promontory</i> from the seventh Hill. In other Places it -falls with a more confined, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span> sometimes with a more expanded -Descent, upon a small thick Hill, which hangs over the fifth Valley; -as also over that Valley which parts the <i>Promontory</i> from the seventh -Hill. The back Part of the fifth Hill does also wind it self into a -small Valley, which rises at the Brow of the <i>Promontory</i>, where not -long since was remaining the <i>Columna Virginea</i>. From hence the Ridge -of the <i>Promontory</i> somewhat bends over the Top of the Plain of the -fifth Hill, which in some Places is six hundred, and in others seven -hundred Paces broad. But beyond the Ridge of this Hill it widens to a -great Distance, as far as the Plain of the fourth Hill, and shoots on -with the Plain of the <i>Promontory</i>, and falls down to the Neck of the -<i>Isthmus</i>, and so extending it self still on, is at least two thousand -Paces in Length.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_I_Chap_XV"><span class="smcap">Chap. XV.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Fifth Valley.</i></span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE fifth Valley, which divides the fifth from the sixth Hill, winding -from North to South, is as long as the <i>Promontory</i> is broad; that -is, about twelve hundred Paces; the first eight hundred of which have -no Ascent. The Valley, at the first Entrance into it, is at least -four hundred Paces broad, but is afterwards straitned into half that -Breadth; and yet to the Length of six hundred Paces, ’tis in no Place -less than two hundred Paces broad. Farther, ’tis at least<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span> five hundred -Paces wide. Above this, is the Top of the Valley, or the Ridge of the -<i>Promontory</i>, opening upon a Level Breadth of two hundred Paces. From -the Top of this <i>Promontory</i>, to the left Side of it, there falls a -Valley with a gentle Descent, to the Distance of five hundred Paces, -where it descends into another Valley, which divides the <i>Promontory</i> -from the seventh Hill. The fifth Valley seems to cut through the Ridge -of the <i>Promontory</i>. This may easily be discerned by the right and left -Descent of the two Hills which lie nearest to it; for there is a very -easy Ascent from the Height of this Valley, to the Top of either Hill.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_I_Chap_XVI"><span class="smcap">Chap. XVI.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE sixth Hill is just as long as the <i>Promontory</i> is broad, which is -widen’d upon this Hill to the Breadth of two thousand four hundred -Paces. The City Walls shoot over the Ridge, and the North Side of it -down to the Sea Shore. You descend gradually from the Top of it within -the Walls; without the Walls it lies upon a Level, and is join’d to the -Continent by a Field in the Suburbs. The broadest part of it is not -above eight hundred Paces, the narrowest but four hundred. It descends -with a treble Declivity; one on the left Hand of the <i>Promontory</i>, with -an easy Descent at South-east; another on the right falling to the Bay -Northward,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span> which extends itself to the Distance of fifteen hundred -Paces. There are two lesser Hills, separated by a small Valley, which -run between them. At the Foot of that lesser Hill which stands nearest -to the City Wall, there is an <i>Aqueduct</i>. Between this Hill and the -Bay, there formerly stood the Church of the <i>Blachernæ</i>, which has -been recorded in the Writings of many Historians. The Foundation of -this Church was remaining, when I first arrived at <i>Constantinople</i>. -From the Foot of this Hill, which stands above the Church I have -mention’d, there rises a Spring, whose Waters are convey’d thro’ arch’d -subterraneous Passages into the City, where, appearing above Ground, -they flow constantly into a Marble Cistern. That Side of the sixth Hill -which lies Eastward, is as long as the Hill itself; but does not, in -all parts of it, fall with the same Descent. For the Descent varies, -according as the Valley adjoining lies higher or lower. Where the -Valley lies upon the Level, the Pitch of the Hill rises to the Height -of six hundred Paces; where it does not lie so low, ’tis not above five -hundred Paces high; where it rises higher, not above four hundred. Nor -does this Side of the Hill shoot only Eastward, but does also, on the -right Side of it, project Northward, and on the left Side of it extend -itself full South-west. The Plain on the Shore, which lies between the -Foot of the Hill and the Bay, in the narrow part of it, is not above -eight hundred Paces broad, I mean in that Place where the Church of the -<i>Blachernæ</i> stood formerly, as did also a <i>Triclinium</i>; but farther on -it winds<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span> round into the third Valley, and widens much more.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_I_Chap_XVII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XVII.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Valley which divides the</i> Promontory <i>from the seventh Hill</i>.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE Valley which divides the seventh from the six Hills of the -<i>Promontory</i>, is an easy Descent. It extends itself in Length to the -Distance of four thousand Paces, if you take in the Plain on the Sea -Shore. If you exclude that, and take your Dimensions from the winding -of the seventh Hill, ’tis not above three thousand three hundred -Paces long. It lies so much upon a Level, that you cannot perceive by -walking it, that it has the least Ascent; yet you may discover by the -Discernment of the Eye that it sensibly lengthens and widens itself -into a greater Breadth. It bounds the Sides of the third and the fifth -Valley, and the lowest Eminences of the fifth and sixth Hills. It is -full of Gardens and pleasant Meadows. Here the Soldiers sometimes act -their Mock-Fights. There’s a Rivulet which runs through the Middle of -it, which is often dry in Summer Time.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_I_Chap_XVIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XVIII.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the seventh Hill.</i></span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE seventh Hill is called the <i>Xerolophos</i>, on which stands the Pillar -of <i>Arcadius</i>. This Hill is little less than twelve thousand Paces in -Circumference, and contains more than a third Part of the City. The -other two Parts are comprehended in the Compass of the <i>Promontory</i>, -which is above twenty thousand Paces in Circumference. By <i>Paces</i>, I -would here be thought to mean the ordinary Steps we take in Walking, -which I cannot exactly reduce to a just Mensuration with the <i>Roman -Pace</i>, by reason of the Turnings and Windings of the Ways, and the -Differences of Paces, which are longer or shorter, according to the -different Ascents and Descents of the Ground we walk. This Hill makes -the third Angle of the City, from whence <i>Constantinople</i> is look’d -upon to be of a triangular Figure. It lies shelving with a very -moderate Descent, and has a double Declivity; one of which falls gently -into the Valley, which divides the seventh Hill from the <i>Promontory</i>, -and is of an equal Length with the Valley itself. The other Descent, -which partly lies to the South-east, and partly to the South, falls -into the <i>Propontis</i>, and is in some Places five hundred Paces steep, -in others four hundred, three hundred, a hundred, nay even fifty, -till it comes to the Point of the third Angle of the City, whence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span> a -large Plain shoots out towards the Sea, which, in different Places, -is of a different Breadth. The Entrance of this Plain, at the Angle -of the City just mention’d, is very narrow; it afterwards widens, -which is occasioned by the Winding of one of its Sides, from whence -it gently rises to the Foot of a small Hill, where ’tis four hundred -Paces broad; onwards it is straiten’d into fifty, and afterwards is -widen’d into a Breadth of a hundred Paces only. The End of this Plain, -to the Distance of a thousand Paces, is more than four hundred Paces -broad. On the Ridge of this Hill, there is a Plain of some Length and -Breadth; the Hill itself is bounded by the Land Wall, and on the Top of -it is a Cistern which is call’d <i>Mocisia</i>, which is wholly unroof’d, -and stripp’d of its Pillars. This Cistern is nine hundred and seventy -Paces in Circumference. The Walls of it, which are made of squared -Free-stone, are still remaining; and the Ground where it stands, is now -turn’d into a Garden.</p> - -<p>Thus is it that I have laid before the Reader a <i>Plan</i> or <i>Description</i> -of the Situation of the City of <i>Constantinople</i>, by which means the -Situation of the <i>Wards</i> of that City will be more easily discovered. -I hope I shall not be thought to have dwelt too long on this Subject, -since a verbal Delineation of it is the most concise way of coming to -the Knowledge of it. For although <i>Constantinople</i>, by reason of the -Eminency of its Situation, affords a most agreeable Prospect at the -remotest Distance, yet thus to particularize the several Parts of the -City, leads the Reader into a more exact and more expeditious Insight -into it, than any other Method of Information whatsoever.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_I_Chap_XIX"><span class="smcap">Chap. XIX.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Walls of the City.</i></span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE Walls of <i>Constantinople</i>, in some Places, are built with squared -Free-stone, in others with rough Stone, and in many Places with an -Intermixture of Brick and Stone together. The Walls on the Land Side -are double, secured with a large Ditch five and twenty Paces broad. One -of the Walls is carry’d somewhat farther than the Length of the Ditch, -and is very strongly fortified. These Walls stand at eighteen Foot -Distance from each other. The inward Wall is very lofty, and more than -twenty Foot in Thickness, upon which are built two hundred and fifty -Towers with Steps, facing the Continent. The outward Wall is not above -half as big, but has the same Number of Towers. As to the Nature of its -Fortification, the Ground that takes up the Distance between the Ditch -and the outward Wall, is higher than the adjoining Side of the Ditch, -and the Ground between the two Walls is higher than that. The Countrey -opening without the Walls is not incumber’d with Buildings, and is -partly hilly, and partly upon the Level, but chiefly upon the latter, -so that you have a delightful Prospect over the Fields before you, and -a very extensive View all about you: And there is no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span> Doubt to be made, -but that <i>Constantinople</i> might be made a terrible strong Place. The -Walls which run round the Sea, are not so high as the Land Walls; they -are a plain Building, but very thick, and well guarded with Towers. On -the Side of the Bay <i>Ceras</i>, they are about fifty Paces distant from -the Shore. On the Side of the <i>Bosporus</i> and the <i>Propontis</i>, they are -built upon the Shore, except where they are discontinu’d by some Port -or Landing-place. <i>Zonaras</i> relates, that <i>Theophilus</i> the Emperor -not only repaired, but raised these Walls higher, after they had been -much impair’d by Time, and the Dashings of the Sea. This is also -confirm’d to us down even to the present Age; for in many Places of -them, I observ’d the Name of <i>Theophilus</i> the Emperor was cut in very -large Characters. The Emperor <i>Nicephorus</i> was hated by his People for -levying a Tax upon them, which was call’d <i>Diceraton</i>, for repairing -these Walls. I learn from the <i>Constitutions</i> of <i>Justinian</i>, that in -his Time the Walls were commonly call’d the <i>old</i> and the <i>new</i> Walls, -where he decrees, <i>That a larger Fee shall be paid the Bearers, and -those who attend a Corpse beyond the</i> new <i>Walls of the City</i>. What I -would observe from hence is, that the old Walls which were built by -<i>Constantine</i>, and that the new Walls which were built by <i>Theodosius -the Less</i>, were both standing in the Reign of <i>Justinian</i>. The Walls -of old <i>Byzantium</i> I have described in the Beginning of this Book; and -as to the Condition they were in formerly, we may learn more fully -from <i>Herodian</i>, who writes, that <i>Byzantium</i> was inclosed with a very -large and a very strong Wall, made of square<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span> Stones of a great Size, -so artfully cemented, that it was look’d upon as one compacted Piece -of Work. This is also confirm’d by the Authority of <i>Pausanias</i>, who -tells us, <i>That he never saw the Walls of</i> Babylon, <i>or of</i> Memnon, -<i>nor ever heard of any Person who had seen them: But the Walls of</i> -Byzantium <i>and</i> Rhodes, says he, <i>are accounted exceeding strong; and -yet the Walls which inclose</i> Messene <i>are stronger than these</i>. ’Tis -recorded by some Historians, that the <i>Athenians</i> kept their Treasury -at <i>Byzantium</i>, because it was a well fortify’d Place. Whether those -Walls which the Author of the <i>Ancient Description of the Wards</i> calls -the double Walls are the same which we see at <i>Constantinople</i> at -present, or whether they were built by <i>Theodosius</i>, I leave it to the -Judgment of the Reader. Thus far I shall give my Opinion, <i>viz.</i> That -they do not seem to me to be entirely the same Walls which that Author -describes. For he places the Church of the <i>Apostles</i> in a <i>Ward</i> -which is near to the Walls of the City, and places the fourteenth -<i>Ward</i> without the Walls of the City, which at present, if not all of -it, at least the best part of it, is within the Walls. I would add, -that <i>Theodosius the Less</i>, who reign’d before <i>Justinian</i>, does not -place the <i>Blachernæ</i> within the Walls of the City, and yet I have -the Authority of <i>Procopius</i>, that these were apart of the Suburbs in -the Time of <i>Justinian</i>, tho’ at present they are enclosed within the -Walls, as were also the seven Towers, and the Church which was built by -<i>Stadius</i>, (or rather <i>Studius</i>) who was afterwards <i>Consul</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_I_Chap_XX"><span class="smcap">Chap. XX.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Gates of</i> Constantinople, <i>and the seven Towers of Old</i> -Byzantium.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE Walls on the Side of the Continent have six Gates; one within the -Palace of <i>Constantine</i>, another, which is call’d the <i>Adrianopolitan</i> -Gate, and a third on the Brow of the seventh Hill. Besides these, -there is the <i>Porta Aurea</i> or <i>Gilded Gate</i>, the Gate of <i>Selymbria</i> -or <i>Rhegium</i>, and the Gate of the seven Towers. On the Side of the Bay -<i>Ceras</i> is the Gate of the <i>Blachernæ</i>, at present call’d <i>Xyloporta</i>, -seated near the third Angle of the City. There are also the Gates -call’d <i>Cynigos</i>, or <i>Porta Palatina</i>, <i>Phanaria</i>, <i>Agia</i>, <i>Porta -Jubalica</i>, <i>Farinaria</i>, <i>Lignaria</i>, <i>Seminaria</i>, <i>Piscaria</i>, the Gate -of the <i>Neorium</i>, and the Gate of <i>Demetrius</i>, which stands on the -Ridge of the first Hill. On the Side of the <i>Propontis</i> there are -about five; every one of which has <i>Stairs</i>, or a <i>Landing-place</i>, -and a Haven for Ships, besides the Gates of the Imperial Palace. -There is also the <i>Porta Stercoraria</i>, <i>Leonina</i>, <i>Condescala</i>, two -of which stand at the Foot of the seventh Hill. Those which have been -principally taken Notice of by Historians, are the Gates of <i>Cynigos</i>, -<i>Rhegium</i> and <i>Xylocerum</i>, also the Gate of <i>Eugenius</i>, the <i>Porta -Aurea</i>, that call’d <i>Myriandros</i>, the <i>Porta Condescala</i>, and <i>Porta -Carsiana</i>. In old <i>Byzantium</i> there was the <i>Thracian Gate</i>. For we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span> -are told by <i>Dion</i>, that the seven Towers reach’d from the <i>Thracian</i> -Gate to the Sea, which <i>Cedrinus</i> tells us was the Bay <i>Ceras</i>. If -any one spoke any thing in the first of these Towers, it immediately -flew to the second, and so through all the rest, so that you might -hear the Voice distinctly repeated in every one of them. <i>Pliny</i> tells -the very same Story of <i>Cyzicus</i>. In that City, says he, near the -<i>Thracian</i> Gate there are seven Towers, which multiply the Voice by -Repetition, or Reiteration, more than seven times. This, he adds, was -look’d upon by the <i>Grecians</i> as somewhat miraculous, and was call’d -the <i>Echo</i>. I never found any Mention made of the <i>Thracian</i> Gates in -any Historian but in <i>Pliny</i>, though it is not altogether improbable, -that there were such Gates there; for <i>Apollonius</i>, in the <i>first Book</i> -of his <i>Argonauticks</i>, mentions the <i>Thracian</i> Haven in <i>Cyzicus</i>; and -<i>Plutarch</i> is very express, that near this City there was a Street -call’d the <i>Thracian Street</i>. This is also attested not only by some -more modern Writers of <i>Constantinople</i>, but also by <i>Dion</i> and -<i>Xenophon</i>; the latter of whom writes, That when <i>Alcibiades</i> appear’d -before the Town, the <i>Byzantians</i> open’d the <i>Thracian</i> Gates to him of -their own Accord.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_I_Chap_XXI"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXI.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the long Walls.</i></span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE Suburbs and Fields adjoining were inclosed with Walls of such an -immoderate Length, that they extended themselves from the City to the -Distance of a two Days Journey. They were built by <i>Anastasius</i> the -Emperor to prevent the Incursions of the <i>Scythians</i> and <i>Bulgarians</i>, -reach’d from the <i>Black Sea</i> to the <i>Propontis</i>, were forty thousand -Paces remote from the City, and twenty <i>Roman</i> Foot in Breadth. These -Walls were often taken and batter’d by the barbarous Nations, but -repair’d by <i>Justinian</i>; and that the Soldiers garrisoned there might -defend them to the best Advantage, he order’d the Passages of one Tower -to another to be stopp’d up, no Entrance being allow’d, but the Door -at the Bottom of the Steps, by which it was ascended; so that by this -means it was sufficiently guarded, though the Enemies Forces were in -the Heart of the City. <i>Evagrius</i> the sacred Historian tells us, that -<i>Anastasius</i> built the long Wall, which was two hundred and eighty -Furlongs distant from the City, that it reach’d from Sea to Sea, was -four hundred Furlongs in Length, that it was a good Security to those -who sail’d out of the <i>Black Sea</i> to the <i>Propontis</i>, and that it put a -Stop to the Excursions of the barbarous Nations.</p> - -<p class="center padt1"><i>The End of the First Book.</i></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_png092_a.jpg" width="600" height="208" alt="page header decoration" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="no-break" id="BOOK_II"><span class="small">THE</span><br /> -<span class="largest">ANTIQUITIES</span><br /> -<span class="smaller">OF</span><br /> -<span class="smcap largest">Constantinople</span>.<br /> -<br /> -<span class="larger">BOOK II.</span></h2> - -<h3 class="no-break" id="Book_II_Chap_I"><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Buildings and Monuments of Old</i> -Byzantium <i>and</i> Constantinople, <i>called</i> -New Rome.</span></h3> - -<div> - <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_png092_b_cap_h.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="uppercase">Having</span> describ’d the Figure and Extent of the City, and having -particularized the Situation of the <i>seven Hills</i>, I shall proceed -to consider what Buildings and Monuments <i>Constantinople</i> anciently -had, or now has, and into how many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span> <i>Wards</i> it was divided. For when -I accidentally fell upon this Division of the City into <i>Wards</i>, in -an ancient <i>Manuscript</i> written above one thousand Years ago, by a -Gentleman more noble by his Birth than his Writings, I was in hopes, -with some Ease, to have traced out the ancient City; but the barbarous -<i>Mahometans</i> have either so demolish’d those venerable and truly -heroick Ornaments which distinguish’d it, to adorn their own paultry -Houses, or entirely buried them in their own Ruins, that in very few -Places you shall see any Remains of an old Foundation. I omit to -mention the Fires and other Devastations, committed not only by the -Savages of other Countries, but the great Havock lately made by the -<i>Turks</i> themselves, who for the last hundred Years have incessantly -endeavour’d entirely to deface and destroy it, by building upon it in -so different a Manner, that those who have formerly seen some parts of -it, scarce know its ancient Situation. Consider farther the profound -Ignorance of the <i>Greeks</i> at present. There is scarce a Man of them who -either knows, or has so much as an Inclination to know, where their -<i>Antiquities</i> are. Nay, their Priests are so heedless and negligent -in this Respect, that they will not make the least Enquiry themselves -about those Places, where but a few Years since very magnificent -Temples were standing, and so very censorious are they, as to condemn -those that do. However, that I might not pass away my Time uselessly, -while I was in Expectation of Remittances from my Royal Master, for -purchasing all the ancient <i>Manuscripts</i> I could meet with, I made it -my Business, by all the Marks of Antiquity<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span> I was capable of observing, -to make what Discoveries I could. In my Description of the ancient -Monuments, I shall observe the same Method I did in the Description of -the Hills. I shall consider them in the Order the Hills stand, or as I -find them in the different <i>Wards</i> of the City; which, like <i>Old Rome</i>, -was divided into fourteen <i>Wards</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_II"><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Ancient Monuments of the first</i> -Hill, <i>and of the first</i> Ward <i>of the City</i>.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE first Hill, which <i>Pliny</i> sometimes calls <i>Chrysoceras</i>, and -sometimes <i>Auri Cornu</i>, (though this was a Mistake, as appears from -what I have wrote concerning the <i>Thracian Bosporus</i>) <i>Dionysius</i> -a <i>Byzantian</i> calls the <i>Promontory</i> of the <i>Bosporus</i>. <i>There are -two Reasons assigned</i>, says he, <i>why ’tis call’d the</i> Promontory <i>of -the</i> Bosporus; <i>the one is, as some say, because a Cow stung with -a Gad-Bee forded over it. Others more fabulously report, that</i> Io, -<i>the Daughter of</i> Inachus, <i>being changed into a Cow, swam across -it, when she went into</i> Asia. The same Author, speaking of a Place -call’d <i>Semystra</i>, tells us, that <i>Byzantium</i> had been founded there, -had not a Raven snatched a Part of the Sacrifice, they offer’d upon -their landing, out of the Fire, and carry’d it to the <i>Promontory</i> -of the <i>Bosporus</i>. This they look’d upon as a Token from the Gods, -that they should found their City there. The same Writer, speaking in -another<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span> Place of a <i>Promontory</i> call’d <i>Metopum</i>, opposite to the -first Hill of <i>Constantinople</i>, this <i>Promontory</i>, he adds, faces the -City, and lies directly against the <i>Promontory</i> of the <i>Bosporus</i>; -and the same Author informs us, that a little above the <i>Promontory</i> -of the <i>Bosporus</i>, there was an Altar erected to <i>Minerva</i>, who was -call’d <i>Ecbasia</i>, or <i>Egressoria</i>, because those who transplanted the -Colony hither, sally’d out from thence, with a Bravery equal to those, -who fight for their Countrey. We might also call her <i>Ecbateria</i>, -under which Name, as <i>Hesychius</i> reports, <i>Diana</i> was worshipped in -<i>Siphnus</i>. He adds farther, that upon the same <i>Promontory</i> stood -the old Temple of <i>Neptune</i>, and below it, upon the Plain, that the -<i>Byzantian</i> Youth exercised themselves in Horse-racing, driving the -Chariot, Wrestling, and other Martial Sports; and lastly, that at the -Foot of the <i>Promontory</i> stood a Bay call’d <i>Ceras</i>, which had three -Havens, fortify’d with three Cittadels, and high Sand-banks, upon it -stood the Castle of <i>Byzantium</i>, of which <i>Xenophon</i> takes Notice, -when he tells us, that the Men under his Command, having forc’d their -Way into the Town, the Inhabitants fearing they should be put to the -Sword if their City was taken, some fled to the adjoining <i>Promontory</i>, -others to the Sea, and that some of them steering about a long time in -a Fisher-boat, made at last a landing, got into a Tower, from thence -made Signals of Distress, and were assisted at last by the People of -<i>Chalcedon</i>. And not only the Castle of old <i>Byzantium</i> was built -upon the first Hill, but Historians assure us, that the Emperours of -<i>Constantinople</i> likewise continu’d a Fortress<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span> there, when they tell -us, that to keep off the Enemy from entring the Port, they laid a Boom -across the River, from the Cittadel to the Castle of <i>Galata</i>: Nay, -even at this Day, the <i>Grand Seignor</i> has a Cittadel there, fortify’d -with thick Walls, which enclose his spacious Gardens on all sides. In -old <i>Byzantium</i> there was a Place call’d the <i>Thracian</i> Field, lying -upon a Level, and not incumber’d with Houses. It was upon this Plain -that <i>Xenophon</i> drew up in Military Order the <i>Grecian</i> Army. He -informs us, in his Book of his <i>Hellenici</i>, that this Field was near -the <i>Thracian</i> Gate; they open’d, says he, the Gates adjoining the -<i>Thracian</i> Field: And in the 7ᵗʰ Book of the <i>Expedition of Cyrus</i>, -speaking of a Place, seated near the Walls of <i>Byzantium</i>, where -he ranged his Army in order of Battle, he tells us, that the most -convenient Place to draw up, or muster an Army is, the <i>Thracian</i> -Field; because, as he goes on, ’tis free of Houses, and upon a Plain. -I observ’d before, that the seven Towers of <i>Byzantium</i> reach’d from -the <i>Thracian</i> Gate to the Sea; <i>Georgius Cedrinus</i> asserts, that -they reach’d to the Northern-Sea, that is, to the Bay call’d <i>Ceras</i>. -<i>Herodotus</i> attests, that in old <i>Byzantium</i> stood an Altar erected -to <i>Diana Orthosia</i>, and a Temple dedicated to <i>Bacchus</i>. <i>Darius</i>, -says he, <i>upon viewing the Black Sea, came back to the Bridge, and -erected upon the</i> Bosporus <i>two Stone Columns, on which he order’d to -be engraven the</i> Assyrian <i>and</i> Greek <i>Alphabets. The</i> Byzantians -<i>afterwards removed them into the City, near to the Altar of</i> Diana -Orthosia. <i>The</i> Greek <i>Alphabet was what they retain’d, and made use -of. The Column with the</i> Assyrian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span> <i>Characters they left remaining -near the Temple of</i> Bacchus, <i>where they had fix’d it</i>. <i>Laurentius</i> -translates the <i>Greek</i> Word <i>Orthosia</i>, <i>Erecta</i>, but he had translated -it more properly, had he call’d her <i>Erectoria</i>, or <i>Erectrix</i>, because -as being the Goddess of Child-birth she <i>raises up</i>, or <i>recovers</i> -Women in Labour. This I collect to be the true Sense of the Word, -not only from several Authors, but from <i>Plutarch</i>, who in his Book -of <i>Rivers</i>, has this Story: <i>Proud</i> Teuthras, <i>King of</i> Mysia, says -he, <i>with his Retinue of Spearmen chas’d a Boar, which fled into the -Temple of</i> Diana Orthosia <i>to implore her Assistance. As they were -all driving furiously into the Temple, the Boar cry’d out with an -audible human Voice</i>, Let your Compassion, Royal Sir, be shewn to -one whom <i>Diana</i> brought into the World. Teuthras <i>enraged at this, -slew the Creature</i>. Diana <i>resenting the Affront, threw the King into -a Phrenzy, and punished him with ulcerous Sores. He could not bear -the Indignity of his Punishment, and so retired to the Mountains. -His Mother</i> Lysippa, <i>immediately, with the Prophet</i> Polyidius, <i>who -inform’d her of the Occasion of her Son’s Sufferings, hastens in Search -of him, and by sacrificing to</i> Diana <i>some Oxen, reconciles her to -him. When she perceiv’d her Son return’d to his Senses, she erected an -Altar to</i> Diana Orthosia, <i>and near it placed a Golden Boar, with a -Man’s Head upon his Shoulders</i>. Before the Destruction of <i>Byzantium</i> -by <i>Severus</i>, both the Altar and the Boar were standing, in the first -Valley of the first Hill. Since <i>Constantine</i> rebuilt the City, the -first Hill included in it the first <i>Ward</i>, which contain’d the House -of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span> <i>Placidia Augusta</i>, that also of the most noble <i>Marina</i>, and -the Baths of <i>Arcadius</i>. I learn this from the ancient Division of -the City into <i>Wards</i>, though I must confess myself at a Loss, to -know in what Part of the City the first <i>Ward</i> began, nor can I make -any such Discovery from the Remains of any ancient Buildings, which -are now entirely destroy’d. However, thus much may be inferr’d from -<i>Procopius</i>, who has it upon Record, that when you sail from the -<i>Propontis</i> to the Eastern Part of the City, there stand the publick -Baths, built by <i>Arcadius</i>. In this Place, says he, <i>Justinian</i> built a -Court, which was encompassed with so calm a Sea, that when you walk’d -in the Galleries, you might discourse audibly with the Sailors. It made -a very beautiful, a very delightful, and most magnificent Prospect: -It was fann’d with gentle Breezes, supported with lofty Columns, and -laid with the most curious Marble, which like the Sun, reflected a -most amazing Lustre: It was also adorn’d with abundance of Marble and -brazen Statues, finish’d to the nicest Perfection; a lovely Scene to -the Spectators! The Reader, had he seen it, would have taken it to -have been the Work of <i>Phidias</i>, <i>Lysippus</i>, or <i>Praxiteles</i>. Upon a -high Pillar of <i>Porphyry</i> Marble, in the same Place, stood the Statue -of the Empress <i>Theodora</i>, addressing herself, as it were, to him for -building so noble a Structure. The Beauty of the Column is exceedingly -surprising, yet does it by no means come up to that inconceivable -inexpressible Gracefulness and Dignity you see in the Statue. From -these Words of <i>Procopius</i>, as I would observe by the By, that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span> that -Pillar now landing upon a Descent, lying Eastward of the <i>Grand -Seignor</i>’s Palace, is not the same with that upon which <i>Theodora</i> -was erected, as some are of Opinion it is; because it is neither of a -<i>Porphyry</i> Colour, and is at too remote a Distance form the Court; so -would I have the Reader understand, that the first <i>Ward</i> contain’d in -it the Length of the first Hill, which is bounded on three Sides by the -Sea. I find not only in many <i>Historians</i>, but also in <i>Suidas</i> the -<i>Grammarian</i>, that the Statue of <i>Arcadia</i>, the second Wife of <i>Zeno</i>, -stood in the <i>Arcadian</i> Baths, near the Places call’d the <i>Bathra</i>, -from the Stairs by which you ascend them. I find also in that Place two -Statues of <i>Verina</i>, the Wife of <i>Leo Magnus</i>, one in the Northern Part -of the City, near the Church of St. <i>Agathonicus</i> beyond the <i>Bathra</i>, -the other on that Side of the City where stands the Church of St. -<i>Barbara</i>: The first was erected by <i>Leo</i> in his Life-time, the second -since his Death; when upon the Flight of <i>Zeno</i>, his Son in Law, his -Brother <i>Basiliscus</i> was crown’d Emperor in his stead. I have reason -to believe, when I consider the natural Situation and Order in which -the <i>Wards</i> stand, that Part of the second <i>Ward</i> was inclos’d in the -Palace: For this <i>Ward</i>, according to the ancient Description of it, -at its first Entrance stood upon a Level; at some Distance it rose by -a gentle Ascent, and at last, with very deep Precipices, fell into the -Sea. I am of Opinion, that these Precipices descended on that Spot -of Ground where the Kitchens, and <i>Bagnio’s</i> of the <i>Grand Seignor</i> -stand at present. But where-ever they might stand in ancient Times, -all the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span> steep Places that were formerly enclosed within the <i>Palace</i> -are now levell’d, where now there stands an old Church commonly call’d -<i>Sophia the Less</i>. Some of the most ancient Inhabitants affirm it to -be the Church of St. <i>Irene</i>, which <i>Socrates</i> tells us was built by -<i>Constantine the Great</i>. I take it to be the same Church which the -People of the second <i>Ward</i> call the <i>Old Church</i>. I have Reason also -to believe, that the other Part of the second <i>Ward</i> stood without -the <i>Palace</i>, from the Situation of the <i>Churches</i> and <i>Bagnio’s</i>, -which the second <i>Ward</i> encloses. For <i>Zonaras</i> and other Historians -assert, that the Church, which formerly went by the Name of the <i>Great -Church</i>, was afterwards call’d the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, which every -body knows stood without the Enclosure of the Palace. I have reason to -conjecture also, that the Palace of <i>Maximinus</i> formerly stood within -the Verge of the Court, from the following Inscription made in its -Commendation by <i>Cyrus</i>, once a <i>Consul</i> and Nobleman of <i>Rome</i>.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>Great</i> Maximinus <i>rais’d this noble Pile</i>;</div> -<div class="line"><i>From hence to Lengths unmeasurable I view</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Unbounded Prospects; for behind me stand</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>The City, and</i> Bithynia’s <i>beauteous Towns</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>The swelling Ocean rolls its Waves before me</i>;</div> -<div class="line"><i>When near my Doors, it moves but slowly on</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Delighted to behold the lovely Landscape</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Of blooming Trees, gay Seats, and floating Ships</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>The City’s rising Towers, and pleasing Site.</i></div> -</div></div></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_III"><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Church of St.</i> Sophia.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE modern Writers among the <i>Greeks</i> will have it, that the Church of -St. <i>Sophia</i> was first built by the Emperor <i>Constantius</i>, the Son of -<i>Constantine the Great</i>, and arch’d at Top, not with Brick-work, but -a wooden Roof. In the Time of <i>Theodosius</i>, when the second <i>Synod</i> -was held there, the <i>Arians</i> rising in Sedition, burnt it. It was -after rebuilt by <i>Theodosius the Great</i>, and beautified with Arches -of a cylindrick Form. The same <i>Writer</i> tells us, that it was burnt -a second time in the Reign of <i>Justinian</i>; but <i>Sozomen</i>, an ancient -and creditable Author, records it, that in the Time of <i>Theodosius -the Less</i>, when there were warm Debates in the <i>great Church</i>, about -expelling St. <i>Chrysostom</i> the <i>Synod</i>, it was all on a sudden in -a Blaze, those who adhered to him throwing Fire into it, with an -Intention to burn down the Church, and to destroy all that were in -it. <i>Procopius</i> will have it, that it was first burnt down in the -Reign of <i>Justinian</i>, who rebuilt it in the same Figure it stands at -present; but he does not tell us, whether it stands on the same Spot -of Ground or not; so that it remains doubtful from this Author, who -is not so much to be depended upon, though he has a Catalogue of the -Names of the Persons of whom <i>Justinian</i> purchas’d the Houses where it -stood before the Fire. An <i>Ancient<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span> Description of the City</i>, wrote -before <i>Justinian</i>’s Time, seems to fix it in another Place; for the -<i>great Church</i> and the <i>old Church</i>, the Author places in the second -<i>Ward</i>, the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Augustus</i> in the fourth, which I shall make -appear stood near the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>. <i>Zonaras</i> says, that -<i>Justinian</i> built it much larger from the old Foundation; but ’tis -much to be question’d, whether <i>Justinian</i> purchas’d the neighbouring -Houses for its Enlargement. As to the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Augustus</i>, and the -<i>great Church’s</i> being placed in different <i>Wards</i>, we cannot from -hence conclude, that they did not stand near one another. So that when -<i>Justinian</i> had enlarged and beautify’d it, and adorned it with a great -Variety of Metal-work, when he had built the Walls and Roof with Brick, -and to strengthen them the more, had cramp’d them in many Places with -Iron-work, using no Rafters in the whole Fabrick for fear of Fire; -although it has hitherto escaped the Flames, yet has it been often -damaged and endanger’d by several Accidents, even from the Time of its -Rebuilding. For the Eastern Arch before it was finish’d, bore with its -Weight so hard upon the Pillars, that in all Probability it had fell, -had not the Architect been very expeditious in finishing it; when -bearing upon its own <i>Curvature</i>, it laid less heavy upon the Pillars -which supported it. The two Northern and Southern <i>Arches</i> bore so hard -upon the Pillars and Foundation, that the Tops of the <i>Pillars</i> began -to fly; and had sunk, if the Workmen had not with the greatest Skill -taken them down, and afterwards replaced them, when the Greenness and -Moisture of the Building was somewhat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span> abated. The Church however, at -the Emperor’s great Expence, and by the indefatigable Industry of the -Workmen, was at last finish’d; yet in his own Time it was grievously -shock’d by an Earthquake, by which, as <i>Agathius</i> writes, the Tower -above the Roof was much shatter’d in the Middle of it; so that the -Emperor was obliged to repair and strengthen it, raising it much -higher than it was before. This was done when <i>Anthemius</i> the first -Architect was dead. However young <i>Isidorus</i>, and some other Architects -who succeeded him, notwithstanding the Errors committed in the former -Building, did not judge it necessary to take down the Eastern or -Western Arches, but widen’d the North and South Arches, and so visibly -enlarged them, that the whole Building seem’d more regular and uniform; -so that it was evident to the Eye of the Spectator, that the Sides of -the Church, which terminated with their Arches in the Roof, were of -an equal Dimension; and that the Architects had with so much Skill -contracted the vast Vacuity of the Body of the Church into so narrow a -Compass at the Top, that the whole Structure seem’d very proportionate -and agreeable. Above the Arches, in the Middle of the Church, they -raised a <i>Dome</i> or <i>Cupola</i> to a very great Height, which was regular, -and not so round at Top as usual, but more spiked, and better contrived -for the Security of the Building. <i>Zonaras</i> writes, That the <i>great -Church</i> being finished and consecrated; it happen’d that the Eastern -Arch was thrown down by an Earthquake, which broke the Pulpit and the -Communion-Table, but was afterwards rebuilt by <i>Justinian</i>, who raised -it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span> twenty five Foot higher than it was before. The same Report, almost -Word for Word, is given by <i>Cedrinus</i>. He also built other Pillars -proportionable to the Weight of the Arch which bore upon them. On -the Outside of the Church he built a Pair of Winding-steps against -the Pillars, near to the Church, which rising from the Ground to the -Roof of it, support the Pillars, and the Arches. Other Writers, but -of less Note, will have it, that by the Earth-quake above-mention’d -the Roof of the Church was thrown down, but that the Arches stood -secure, that the Emperor rebuilt the Roof, but lower than before by -twenty five Foot. I could, for my own part, bear with this Relation, if -these Historians would agree with me, that the Church was afterwards -shock’d with other Earth-quakes, and then built lower than it stood -before. For when <i>Evagrius</i> tells us that <i>Justinian</i> raised it to -such an Height, that within side of it you could scarce see the Top, -and that the Descent was so deep, that it was dangerous to look from -the Height of it downwards, it is very probable, that <i>Justinian</i> only -raised it to its former Height. <i>Cedrinus</i> relates, that <i>Basilius</i> -the Emperor gave Orders for repairing, and strengthening the great -Western Arch, which was very much shatter’d by an Earth-quake, and -likely to fall. <i>Nicephorus</i> inveighs bitterly against the Empress -<i>Anna</i>, who in the Reign of <i>Catacosmus</i>, sacrilegiously robb’d the -Church of all its Furniture and Ornaments, and exclaims heavily, that -the Tyranny, Oppression, and the different Sects and Opinions of those -Times, were the chief Occasion of the Destruction of this Church: For, -as he subjoins,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span> one Midnight when the Sky was very clear, one of the -Eastern Arches fell to the Ground, and brought that Part of the Roof, -which it supported, after it, which broke down the Pulpit, the Images -which adorn’d it, and demolished the middle Galleries. He adds farther, -that it was the Opinion of many in those Times, that if <i>Andronicus</i> -the Emperor had not built Buttresses on the East-side of the Church, -it had wholly sunk into Ruines. <i>Evagrius</i> determines the Length of -the Church in the following manner: From the Arch, where the bloodless -Sacrifice is offer’d, to the Gate opposite to it, it is an hundred -and ninety Foot long; from North to South it is a hundred and fifteen -Foot broad; and from the Pavement to the Center of the Roof, it is a -hundred and eighty Foot high. It was dangerous for me to measure its -Length from East to West, so that I was obliged to have the Dimensions -of it taken for me by a <i>Turk</i>, who made his Report, that the Church -was two hundred and thirteen Foot in Breadth, two hundred and forty in -Length, and from the Pavement to the highest Curvature of the Arches, -a hundred and forty two Foot in Height. The Fellow never measured the -Roof; If he had taken the Height of it true, he had found but a small -Difference between his own Account and that of <i>Evagrius</i>. Should the -Reader desire to be inform’d more at large of the Dimensions, and the -Architecture of this Church, as it stood in former Times, let him -consult <i>Procopius</i>, <i>Agathius</i>, <i>Paulus Florus</i>, and <i>Evagrius</i>. What -the Architecture and Dimensions of it are at present, I shall, as far -as my Observations have reach’d, describe more fully in the following -Chapter.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_IV"><span class="smcap">Chap. IV.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>A Description of the Church of St.</i> Sophia, -<i>as it now appears</i>.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE Walls and Roof of this Church are built with Brick. The Inside of -the Walls of the Church are incrusted with elegant Marble of several -Kinds. All its Materials are the most valuable Productions of Nature, -so that the Prospect of it employs the Thoughts of the Spectator with -Delight and Admiration. The Roof of it is a surprizing Piece of gilded -<i>Mosaick</i> Work, which reflects such a Lustre upon the Eye, that even -the <i>Barbarians</i> who behold it, are wonderfully taken with the Sight -of it. This Roof is supported with eight Pillars, four of the largest -and tallest of which bear up the four Arches which support the Roof. -Two of these Arches, <i>viz.</i> the Northern and Southern, bear at the -Bottom of their Curvature upon a thin Wall full of Windows, which Wall -is strengthen’d by two Ranges of Pillars standing one above another. -In the lower Range stand eight Pillars, which rise from the Pavement, -the six above them support the thin Wall. The Eastern and Western -Arches have neither a Wall nor a Pillar to support them, but are so -open, that they make the Body of the Church appear more large. For -these Arches projecting beyond the former, bear upon four other Arches, -which are supported by two small<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span> and two large Pillars: For the four -large Pillars do not only bear up the four great Arches, but every -one of them does also support two small Arches, one of which extends -itself length-ways, the other cross-ways of the Church; by which -means the Church is lengthen’d and widen’d to a great Distance; for -on the East and West Side of it there are two <i>Semi-domes</i> which are -join’d to the <i>Cupola</i> in such a Manner, that they have the same Roof -within the Church, though without it the Roofs seem to be distinct. -These <i>Semi-domes</i> are a great Ornament to the <i>Cupola</i>, which rises -very highly above them. The Breadth of the Church is widen’d beyond -the <i>Dome</i> with Arches and Pillars, and the Northern and Southern -Wall, which form the three upper and three lower Galleries, which are -incrusted with elegant Marble of different Kinds, the Roof of them -being cover’d with <i>Moresco Mosaick</i> Work, finely gilded. Every Arch -which lies across the Church bears only upon one Pillar, for one End -of their Curvatures is supported by the outward Wall of the Church, -which bears upon large Pillars, from whence there rise four Arches, -which on both Sides of the Church are supported by the Wall. Two of -these Arches bear up the Roof of the three lower Galleries, and the -other two support the Roof of the three upper Galleries, the Sides of -which bear upon Walls, and Arches, and Pillars. Hence it is, that if -we consider the Inside of the Church by itself, as enclosed by its -Pillars and Columns, we discover it to be of an oval Figure; whereas if -we view the whole Space of it without these Pillars, it is a perfect -Square. For the upper and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span> the lower Galleries, which are the Wings of -the Church, adjoin to it in such a Manner, that if we measure it from -the Pavement to the Bottom of the Curvature of the upper Galleries, -’tis of a square Figure, but as contracted within the Enclosure of -the four large and the four smaller Pillars, as far as the Curvature -of the four Arches of the <i>Dome</i>, it is entirely of an oval Form. The -Form of the Galleries is as follows: On three Sides of them they are -built in a square Manner: The fourth Side of them, which looks into -the Church, is of an oval Figure, as is the Church itself. The Roofs -of these Galleries are supported with Arches and Columns. I shall -give the Reader a Description of three of them, by which means he may -easily form a Judgment of the rest, for they are all of one Form. -Those I shall take Notice of, are the three upper Galleries on the -North Side of the Church. The first of these Galleries has two Fronts, -and looks both Eastward and Northward. The two Sides of this Gallery -rise from the Wall of the Church, and end in an Arch. In the Middle -of each Side of it there are three square Columns five Foot and nine -Inches in Circumference, which are made the Jambs of the Windows. These -Pillars support three other square Pillars, which are all made of -blue and white Marble. The Side which faces the Body of the Church is -adorn’d with six Pillars of green Marble, standing below the Arch which -supports an Eastern <i>Semi-dome</i>, whose Shafts at the Bottom of them -are seven Foot and eight Digits in Compass. The <i>Intercolumniations</i> -of these Pillars being little less than seven Foot and eleven Digits<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span> -wide, are strengthen’d with Marble <i>Closures</i> which are four Foot -high, so that those who lean upon them, have a full View of all the -upper and lower Part of the Church. That Side which parts the first -and second Gallery, reaching from the outward Wall Northward, to the -great Pillar which supports the <i>Dome</i>, is forty four Foot in Length, -part of which is adorn’d with Pillars, and an Arch which supports the -<i>Dome</i>. You pass through this into the second Gallery, the Breadth of -which is twenty four Foot, and it is made up of the Arch of a Pillar, -and a Wall which is a part of one of the Wings of the Church, and -extends itself as far as the Roof of the <i>Dome</i>. This Gallery, at both -Ends of it, is born up by Arches and Walls. In the Middle of it, it -is supported by four white Pillars speckled with blue, the Shafts of -which are seven Foot in Compass. ’Tis of a square Figure, and, as I -observ’d, bears upon Arches and Walls. These Arches, at one End of -them, rise behind two of the large Pillars which support the <i>Dome</i>; -at the other End they bear upon Pillars which rise within Side of the -Walls, and support the four large Pillars. The outer Side of this -Gallery is supported with eight square Pillars, which are six Foot in -Compass. There rises in the Middle of them a Pillar of a larger Size. -These Pillars are instead of Jambs for the Windows; and above them -there are other Pillars, which are also Jambs to other Windows. These -Windows, which below and above are sixteen in Number, do very much -enlighten this second or Middle Gallery. The Front of this Gallery, -facing the Church, is beautified with six<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span> Pillars of green Marble. The -<i>Intercolumniations</i> of them, like those of the first Gallery, have -their Marble <i>Closures</i> at Bottom. From this middle Gallery you pass -through an Arch into the third Gallery, which is much like the first -in its Length, Windows, Jambs and Pillars. The Roof of it is supported -with four Pillars, and the Side of it towards the Church with six green -Pillars. There are also four green Marble Pillars which support one -of the Western <i>Semi-domes</i> which stands between two other Pillars. -These Pillars stand two and two together, and between them are rais’d -two lesser Pillars, made after the <i>Ionic</i> Order. At the Western Door -of the Church there are instead of a <i>Vestibulum</i>, two <i>Portico’s</i>, -the lower of which lies upon a Level with the Church itself. The upper -leads to the Womens Galleries. Both of them in Length the Wideness of -the Church, and twenty eight Foot in Breadth. The <i>Portico</i> over it is -situate between the Pillars which support the Western <i>Semi-dome</i> and -the Windows. For both in the Inside and Outside of it, ’tis supported -with eight Pillars, between which, the Windows both in the upper and -lower Galleries, cast a great Light into the Church. There is nothing -parts this <i>Portico</i> and the Womens Galleries, but the Pillars which -bear up the Roof of the <i>Portico</i>; for the Pavement of the <i>Portico</i> -lies upon the same Level with the Pavement of the Galleries. The Inside -of the lower <i>Portico</i> is enclosed with Walls, which are lined with -a delectable Variety of Marble, and is cover’d at Top with curious -<i>Moresco Mosaick</i> Work, very beautifully gilded. On the East Side<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">92</a></span> -the <i>Portico</i> are Doors which open into the Church; on the West End -of it you go out at five Brass folding Doors into a <i>Portico</i> that -stands without the Church, and from thence you pass into a Court, -where there are several Springs constantly running, to which there is -a very deep Descent by many Steps. At the Ends of these <i>Portico’s</i> -there are two Places of Entrance into the Church, one on the Northern -Side of it, and another with six folding Doors on the South. These -Doors formerly were all of Brass, at present three only of them are -so, but curiously wrought. The Church has also two folding Doors on -the East Side of it. There are also some Doors in the Sides of it, -which were formerly open’d, but are now kept shut. The Inside of the -Church is very light, by reason of the Multitude of Windows about it. -The high Wall, which between the great Arches and the <i>Cupola</i> is of -a circular Figure, let in the Light at forty Windows. The Walls under -the Arches are enlighten’d with twenty six Windows, the Middle of the -Galleries with thirty two, and the Ends of them with more than twenty. -I shall take no Notice of the Lights of the two Western and the four -lower Galleries, nor those of the two <i>Semi-domes</i>, nor those of the -<i>Sanctum Sanctorum</i>, and the upper <i>Portico</i>, which I omitted to count, -by reason of the great Number of them. The largest Entrance into this -Church is on the West Side of it, where you do not ascend the Pavement -as formerly, and as the <i>Romans</i> did their <i>Pantheon</i>, nor do you -descend into it by five Steps. You go up to the Top of the Church by -four Pair of winding Stairs, not winding round<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span> in the Manner of a -Cockle-shell, as <i>Cedrinus</i> reports, but turning more upon the Square, -and work’d by the Line. These Stairs rise with a very easy Ascent, -and are cut out of large Marble Tables. Every Turning of these Stairs -is nineteen Foot and a half high, and five Foot broad. Above these -there is another Pair of winding Stairs which reach to the Top of the -Church. You must ascend these when you go to the upper Galleries, and -<i>Portico’s</i>. If the Reader will give himself the Trouble to compare -what I have said of the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, with what has been -written by <i>Procopius</i> and <i>Agathius</i> upon that Subject, he may easily -discover, that the Ruins of what was built by <i>Justinian</i> have not been -so great as the <i>Turks</i> pretend, who tell you, that the Church was -formerly much larger, and that several Parts of it have been pull’d -down by the <i>Barbarians</i>, and that there is scarce a tenth Part of it -remaining at this Day. This Story would carry a Face of Probability -in it, if they meant, that the Palaces, the Houses of the Priests and -the Noblemen, which were built about it, had been demolish’d by Fire, -and the Ravage of those People, otherwise I am convinc’d ’tis a gross -Mistake; for I saw every Part of the old Church standing, mention’d -by <i>Procopius</i>, except one <i>Portico</i>. For whereas <i>Procopius</i> writes, -that the Church had two <i>Portico’s</i> at each End of it, there is -none, remaining at present, but only that at the West End. ’Tis very -probable that the other was thrown down by an Earthquake, and that in -the Room of it, the Inhabitants erected a large Lump of Building of -square Stone, which is now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span> standing, to support the East end of the -Church. This Lump of Stone you would take to be a Piece of a craggy -Rock, though it does not seem, by reason of the Earthquakes, to be of -the same Height as it was when it was first built, yet is it as near -as high, as <i>Evagrius</i> mentions it to be. Since which, to fortify the -labouring Pillars, it is lengthen’d with four Walls. These Walls are -more than twenty Foot long and eight Foot broad, rising to the Height -of the great Pillars, and seem, to speak in the Terms of Architecture, -to be Wings to the Church, or rather Buttresses, by which the North -and South Side of it are strengthen’d and supported. Both Ends of the -Church, which project beyond the eight Pillars, extending themselves -each into a <i>Semi-dome</i>, and rising at Top into an arched Form, are -yet remaining. The same lower Galleries for the Men, and the same -upper Galleries for the Women, the whole Roof, the same Walls and -Pillars, the same Dimensions of the Church, as originally beautify’d -and adorn’d, are still in Being. There are indeed some Flaws in the -Building, occasion’d by those who opposed the setting up of Images in -the Church. In short, the whole, and every part of it, is to be seen -at present; and it is despoiled of nothing, except a little of the -Metal-work, which shews itself in great abundance through the whole -Church. The <i>Sanctum Sanctorum</i>, formerly holy and unpolluted, into -which the Priests only were suffer’d to enter, is yet standing, though -there is nothing remaining of the Jewels and precious Stones which -adorn’d it, as having been plunder’d by its sacrilegious Enemies. That -inimitable Table, given<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span> to the Church by its Founder <i>Justinian</i>, -made of the different Materials of Gold, Silver, all Kinds of Wood, -costly Stones, which either the Sea or the whole World could produce, -and which was embellish’d and enrich’d with infinite Offerings of -Emperors, Popes, Princes, and Ladies of the first Quality; among whom -was <i>Pulcheria</i>, the Daughter of <i>Arcadius</i>, and Sister of <i>Theodosius -the Less</i>, is at present despoil’d of all its fine Decorations. -<i>Sozomen</i> tells us, that this Table was a very beautiful and surprizing -Ornament to the Church, which was endow’d with very ample Donations, -the <i>Mahometan</i> Priests being now in Possession of them. They have -eleven hundred Shops and publick Houses, situate in the best Markets -of the City, which pay them a constant Revenue or Rent, without any -Deductions, for their Maintenance and Support.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_V"><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Statues discover’d on one Side of -the Church of St.</i> Sophia.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">ON the Side of the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, says <i>Suidas</i>, were -discovered more than seventy Statues of the <i>Grecian</i> Deities, the -Figures of the twelve Signs of the <i>Zodiack</i>, and no less than eighty -Statues of Christian Princes and Emperors, which, when <i>Justinian</i> -had commanded to be placed in several Parts of the City, he built -the great Church. I could give the Reader an Account of the Names of -these Deities from an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span> unknown Author, who has wrote a Treatise of -<i>Constantinople</i>, and the adjacent Countrey; but I have found him -faulty in so many of his Narrations, that I cannot depend upon his -Authority.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_VI"><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the</i> Pharo <i>on the Promontory</i> Ceras, -<i>and the</i> Mangana.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2"><i>Ammianus Marcellinus</i> writes, that there was built near the Promontory -<i>Ceras</i>, a high Watch-Tower, which was call’d <i>Pharos</i>, and was a Guide -to the Ships at a great Distance. The Situation of this <i>Pharos</i>, in -all Probability, was near the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>. For from what -Part of the City could it spread a more convenient and diffusive -Light to those who sail’d out of the <i>Bosporus</i> and the <i>Propontis</i>? -<i>Dionysius</i> calls it the <i>Bosporian Promontory</i>, and tells us, that -<i>Io</i>, the Daughter of <i>Inachus</i>, provoked by <i>Juno</i>’s Resentment -against her, passed over from thence into <i>Asia</i>. The Place call’d the -<i>Mangana</i> was their Armoury, where they kept their Ordnance. It stood -in the Imperial Precinct, or by it, near the Chops of the <i>Bosporus</i>. -The Emperor <i>Constantine</i>, Surnamed <i>Monomachus</i>, built a handsome and -large Monastery, which is also call’d <i>Mangana</i>, in Honour of the noble -<i>Martyr</i> St. <i>George</i>. <i>Alexius Comnenus</i>, when he was ill of the Gout, -was carry’d to the great Palace, which stands in the Eastern part of -the City; but when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span> his Physicians judg’d it not to be so wholsome an -Air, he was removed into the Palace of the <i>Mangana</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_VII"><span class="smcap">Chap. VII.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the</i> Bagnio’s <i>of</i> Zeuxippus <i>and its Statues</i>.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THESE <i>Bagnio’s</i> were so call’d, as <i>Cedrinus</i> relates, because they -were built in a Place, where formerly had stood the Temple of <i>Jupiter -Zeuxippus</i>. This is said of them by <i>Eusebius</i>, who writes, <i>That there -are some of Opinion, that the fine Bathing-place at</i> Constantinople -<i>took its Name from the famous Painter</i> Zeuxes, <i>whose Pieces adorn’d -it</i>. I collect that it stood near the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, not only -from the <i>Treatise</i> of the <i>ancient Description</i> of the City, which -places them both in the same <i>Ward</i>, but also from the Fire which -happen’d in the Reign of <i>Justinian</i>, and burnt down, as <i>Procopius</i> -observes, the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, and the adjacent Buildings, as -the <i>Bagnio</i> of <i>Zeuxippus</i>, and the House of Entrance before the -Palace; and <i>Zonaras</i> writes, that <i>Severus</i> the Emperor join’d it -to the <i>Hippodrom</i>, and built it on the same Spot of Ground, where -formerly had stood the Temple of <i>Jupiter</i>. <i>Leontius</i>, a more ancient -and judicious Historian, does not join it to the <i>Hippodrom</i>, but makes -it to stand near it, as appears by his Verses inscrib’d over a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">98</a></span> Door of -a House, situate between the <i>Zeuxippum</i> and the <i>Hippodrom</i>.</p> - -<p class="center noindent">An Inscription of <i>Leontius</i> upon a House call’d the -<i>Zeuxippum</i> and the <i>Hippodrom</i>.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>Between</i> Zeuxippus’ <i>cool refreshing Baths</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>And the fam’d</i> Hippodrom<i>’s swift Course I stand</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>Let the Spectator, when he baths himself</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Or sees the struggling Steed panting for Breath</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Pay a kind Visit, to enhanse his Pleasures</i>;</div> -<div class="line"><i>He’ll find a hearty Wellcome at my Table</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>Or if more manly Sports his Mind affects</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Practise the rough Diversions of the</i> Stadia.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p><i>Cedrinus</i> relates, that in this <i>Bagnio</i> there was a pleasant Variety -of Prospects of surprizing Art, both in Marble and Stone-work, in -Statues of Brass, and Figures of Persons of Antiquity, who seem’d -to want nothing but a Soul to animate and enliven them. Among these -celebrated Pieces of the most exquisite Workmanship, was the Statue of -old <i>Homer</i>, in a thoughtful Posture, just as he was, his Hands folded -in his Breast, his Beard carelessly hanging down, his Hair very thin -before, his Face wrinkled with Age, and the Cares of the World; his -Nose well proportion’d, his Eyes fix’d in their Sockets, as is usual -with blind Persons, which he was generally look’d upon to be. Over his -close Coat hung a loose Garment, and under his Feet, upon the Pedestal -of the Pillar, was a Bridle in Brass. This Place was also beautify’d -with the brazen Statues of all those renown’d Personages who had -been famous for Wisdom, Poetry, Oratory or Courage, throughout<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span> the -World, but were all destroy’d by Fire. Among these were the Statues -of <i>Deiphobus</i>, <i>Æschines</i>, <i>Demosthenes</i>, <i>Aristotle</i>, <i>Euripides</i>, -<i>Hesiod</i>, <i>Theocritus</i>, <i>Simonides</i>, <i>Anaximenes</i>, <i>Calchas</i>, -<i>Pyrrhus</i>, <i>Amymone</i>; of <i>Sappho</i>, <i>Apollo</i>, <i>Venus</i>, <i>Chrysa</i>, <i>Julius -Cæsar</i>, <i>Plato</i>, <i>Hermaphroditus</i>, <i>Herinna</i>, <i>Terpander</i>, <i>Pericles</i>, -<i>Pythagoras</i>, <i>Stesichorus</i>, <i>Democritus</i>; of <i>Hercules</i>, <i>Aurora</i>, -<i>Æneas</i>, <i>Creusa</i>, <i>Helenus</i>, <i>Andromachus</i>, <i>Menelaus</i>, <i>Helena</i>, -<i>Ulysses</i>, <i>Hecuba</i>, <i>Cassandra</i>, <i>Polyxena</i>, <i>Ajax</i>, <i>Paris</i>, and his -<i>Oenone</i>; of <i>Milo</i>, <i>Dares</i> and <i>Entellus</i>, <i>Charidemus</i>, <i>Melampus</i>, -<i>Panthous</i>, <i>Demogeron</i>, <i>Isocrates</i>, <i>Amphiaraus</i>, <i>Sarpedon</i>, -<i>Achilles</i>, <i>Mercury</i>, <i>Apuleius</i>, <i>Diana</i>, <i>Pherecydes</i>, <i>Heraclitus</i>, -<i>Cratinus</i>, <i>Menander</i>, <i>Amphitryon</i>, <i>Thucydides</i>, <i>Herodotus</i>, -<i>Pindar</i>, <i>Xenophon</i>, <i>Alcmæon</i>, <i>Pompey</i> and <i>Virgil</i>. There were also -many other Statues which have been describ’d in Verse by <i>Christodorus</i> -a Poet of <i>Thebes</i>, or, as others report, a Native of <i>Coptos</i> in -<i>Ægypt</i>, which, were it not a Work of Prolixity, I would explain to the -Reader. There stood near the <i>Bagnio</i> call’d <i>Zeuxippum</i>, a small Bath, -taken Notice of by <i>Leontius</i> in the following Lines:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>Let not thy stately Walls, O proud</i> Zeuxippum,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Resent the Meanness of this little Bath</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>In Heaven’s high Tower, near the Constellation</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Of</i> Ursa Major <i>shines the</i> Polar <i>Star</i>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>There is nothing of the <i>Zeuxippum</i> remaining at present, nor of many -other fine <i>Bagnio’s</i>, although we have many Inscriptions relating to -them; as of that famous one celebrated by <i>Agathius</i>, in which <i>Venus</i> -is said to have bathed her self; also of another<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span> call’d <i>Didymum</i>, -in which both Sexes used to wash, describ’d in Verse by <i>Paulus -Silentiarius</i>, and a third made memorable by an Inscription of the -learned <i>Leontius</i>. Besides these, there was another named <i>Cupido</i>, -describ’d by the ingenious <i>Marianus</i>; yet are all of them either -entirely ruin’d, or so defaced by the <i>Mahometans</i>, that you cannot -discover who built them, or to whom they belong’d.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_VIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. VIII.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Hospitals of</i> Sampson <i>and</i> Eubulus.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2"><i>THERE was built</i>, as <i>Procopius</i> says, <i>a Hospital for the Relief of -poor and sick People. It was founded in ancient Times by a holy Man, -whose Name was</i> Sampson. <i>But it did not escape the Flames, occasion’d -by a riotous Mob, which burnt down that and the Church of St.</i> Sophia. -<i>It was rebuilt by</i> Julian, <i>who beautify’d and enlarged it with a -Multitude of small handsome Apartments, and afterwards endow’d it with -a yearly Stipend, for the Support and Comfort of the miserable and -distressed. But the good Emperor not being content with this Oblation -he had made to God, with the Co-assistance of his Imperial Consort</i> -Theodora, <i>built over-against it two other Hospitals on the same -Ground, where formerly stood the Houses of</i> Isidorus <i>and</i> Arcadius. -Thus far <i>Procopius</i>. From whence I would observe, that the Hospital -of <i>Sampson</i> was not far from the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, and have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">101</a></span> -read in the History of an unknown Author, that it stood over-against -it. I am confirm’d in this Opinion by the Authority of <i>Zonaras</i>, who -tells us in the like Manner, that there was a Fire occasion’d by a -Faction, which burnt down the <i>great Church</i>, that of St. <i>Irene</i>, the -Hospital of <i>Eubulus</i>, the <i>Chalca</i>, the <i>Bagnio</i> of <i>Severus</i>, call’d -the <i>Zeuxippum</i>, and many other Buildings. This is farther attested -by <i>Cedrinus</i>, who speaking of the same Fire, tells us, <i>That a great -Part of the City, the Churches of St.</i> Sophia <i>and St.</i> Irene, <i>the -Hospitals of</i> Sampson <i>and</i> Eubulus, <i>with the sick People inhabiting -them, as also the</i> Augustean <i>Gate-house of the</i> Basilica, <i>the</i> -Chalca, <i>the two</i> Portico’s, <i>as far as the</i> Forum, <i>the</i> Octogon <i>and -the</i> Bagnio <i>of</i> Zeuxippus, <i>were destroy’d by Fire</i>. After I had made -the former Quotation from the printed Works of <i>Procopius</i>, I lighted -by chance upon a Manuscript of him, wherein I was inform’d, that the -Hospital of <i>Sampson</i> stood between the two Churches of St. <i>Sophia</i> -and St. <i>Irene</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_IX"><span class="smcap">Chap. IX.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Statue of</i> Eudoxia Augusta, <i>for -which St.</i> Chrysostom <i>was sent into -Banishment</i>.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">S<span class="smcap">ocrates</span> and <i>Sozomen</i>, Writers of sacred History, tells us, -that a Silver Statue of <i>Eudoxia Augusta</i> was erected upon a <i>Porphyry</i> -Pillar<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">102</a></span> on the South Side of the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, though at -some Distance from it, near the <i>Senate-House</i>. The People commonly -paid their Homage and Acclamations to this Statue. There were publick -Entertainments of Dancing, and other mimical Gestures acted before it, -according to a Custom which had long prevail’d, of paying Adoration to -the Images of Princes. St. <i>Chrysostom</i> reflecting upon this Practice, -as contrary to the Precepts of the Christian Religion, publickly -condemn’d it in a <i>Sermon</i>. <i>Eudoxia</i> believing her self to be closely -struck at in that Discourse, banish’d him. I should here take Notice -of the <i>Miliarium</i> and the <i>Basilica</i>, as being near the Church of St. -<i>Sophia</i>, but then I shall invert the Method I proposed to observe.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_X"><span class="smcap">Chap. X.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of those Parts of the City which are contain’d in the third</i> Ward.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE third <i>Ward</i> is discover’d to have been that Space of Ground upon -which stood the <i>Hippodrom</i>, the House of <i>Abraham Bassa</i>, the Gate of -<i>Leo</i>, and the Haven which the Inhabitants call the <i>Caterga Limena</i>, -where the Three-oar’d Galleys used to anchor, and so on to the Top of -the second Hill, as far as the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>. I made this -Observation, not only from the Order the <i>Wards</i> stand in, but also -from the Treatise of the <i>Description of the Wards</i>, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span> says, that -the third <i>Ward</i>, at the Entrance of it, is a Level Ground, but in the -most remote Part of it, it descends with too great a Declivity into -the Sea, and contains the Tribunal of the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>, -the <i>Circus Maximus</i>, the House of <i>Pulcheria Augusta</i>, the new Port, -and the semicircular <i>Portico</i>, made after the Figure of an old <i>Greek -Sigma</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_XI"><span class="smcap">Chap. XI.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the</i> Hippodrom, <i>its</i> Obelisk, <i>its</i> Statues, <i>and</i> Columns.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">Modern Historians, as <i>Zonaras</i> and others, write, that the <i>Hippodrom</i> -was built by <i>Severus</i> upon his Reconciliation with the <i>Byzantians</i>. -<i>Zosimus</i>, a more ancient Writer tells us, that it was built, and -curiously beautified by <i>Constantine the Great</i>, part of which he -made the Temple of <i>Castor</i> and <i>Pollux</i>, whose Images remain’d in -the <i>Portico’s</i> of the <i>Hippodrom</i> down to his Time; that is, ’till -the Reign of <i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Less</i>. In the middle of the <i>Circo</i>, -which the <i>Greeks</i> call the <i>Hippodrom</i>, there stood an <i>Obelisk</i> -made of <i>Thebaick</i> Stone; but as the <i>ancient Description of the -Wards</i> takes no Notice of it, tho’ it does of the Square <i>Thebaick -Obelisk</i> in the fifth <i>Ward</i>, I should be inclin’d to believe, that -the <i>Obelisk</i>, I am speaking of, was overturn’d by an Earth-quake, and -remov’d by <i>Theodosius</i> into the <i>Hippodrom</i>, after that Treatise was -wrote, if the Author had not taken notice of many of <i>Theodosius</i>’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">104</a></span> -Works, and omitted some Things in the <i>Wards</i>, which he afterwards -mention’d in his <i>General View of the City</i>. ’Tis very probable, that -<i>Constantinople</i> had more <i>Obelisks</i> than one. As to that taken notice -of in the fifth <i>Ward</i>, it is not now remaining. When first I arriv’d -at <i>Constantinople</i> I saw two of them, one in the <i>Circus Maximus</i>, -another in the Imperial Precinct, standing on the North-side of the -first Hill. This last was of a square Figure, and was erected near the -Houses of the <i>Grand Seignor</i>’s Glaziers. A little time after I saw -it lying prostrate without the Precinct, and found it to be thirty -five Foot in Length. Each of its Sides, if I mistake not, was six Foot -broad, and the whole was eight Yards in Compass. It was purchased by -<i>Antonius Priolus</i>, a Nobleman of <i>Venice</i>, who sent it thither, and -placed it in St. <i>Stephen</i>’s Market. The other is standing in the -<i>Hippodrom</i> to this Day. ’Tis supported by four square broad Pieces of -Brass, each a Foot and a half high, with a Base and a Pedestal of the -same Height. From the Ground there rise two Steps against the Pedestal, -the lowermost of which is a Foot high, and of the same Breadth: The -upper Step is two Foot high, and projects four Foot and four Fingers -Breadth beyond the Pedestal. The Steps are not laid within the -Pedestal, but are join’d to it withoutside, as appears by the Cement. -Upon the Steps stands the Pedestal, which is every way twelve Foot -broad, four Foot eight Digits in Height and projects beyond the Base a -Foot and a half: Somewhat above a Foot higher it is more contracted, -and does not project beyond its Base; for from the Top of the Pedestal -there’s a Fluting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">105</a></span> on the four Sides of the <i>Obelisk</i> which -is cut out of the same Stone of which the Pedestal is made, and is a -Foot and thirteen Digits high. The Corners of the Top of the Pedestal -are worn, and defac’d, but are repair’d by four Stones of <i>Thebaick -Porphyry</i> Marble, each of them a Foot and a half high; for all the -fluted Part of the Pedestal that lies between these four angular -Stones, together with the upper Part of it, support the Base, which is -seven Foot and thirteen Digits high, and projects a Foot and a half -beyond the Bottom of the Shaft of the <i>Obelisk</i>, to the Breadth of -nine Foot, and as many Digits: ’Tis carv’d on all Sides, as is also -the Pedestal, which is covered with curious Statues cut in <i>Basso -Relievo</i>. The Sculptures on the North-side of it, stand in two Ranges, -the lowermost of which contains eighteen Statues, and two Cap-stands, -which are turn’d round with Iron Crows by four Men, and wind the Ropes, -which are drawn through Pullies, round the Cap-stand, and so draw the -<i>Obelisk</i> along the Ground. In the same Range is engraved the <i>Obelisk</i> -in an upright Posture, as it now stands, with three Statues, one of -which, as the Inhabitants tell you, represents the Master, and the -other the Servant, whom he design’d to correct, if a third Person had -not interposed, because he had erected the <i>Obelisk</i> in his Absence. -In the upper Range there are also the Figures of two Cap-stands, with -the same Number of Men working them, and labouring with those below -them, to drag the <i>Obelisk</i>. The Wreaths of the Ropes in particular, -are very nicely cut. If the Reader could apprehend the manner in which -this cumbersome Pillar was erected,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">106</a></span> I believe he would judge it was -done the way, as <i>Marcellinus</i> describes. There was nothing wanting, -says he, but the Erection of the <i>Obelisk</i>, the Accomplishment of -which, without the greatest Danger, could scarcely be conceiv’d. You -might see, says he, a vast Wood of Scaffolding made of tall Beams: At -the Top of these were fix’d large, and long Ropes, after the manner of -Threads in a Weaver’s Loom; which by their Thickness and Closeness to -one another, darkned the Air. These Ropes at the Bottom were fastned -round the <i>Obelisk</i>, which being leisurely drawn into the Air, many -thousands working at the Cap-stands, was at last fix’d upon its -<i>Basis</i>. I believe there are at present Engineers at <i>Constantinople</i>, -who could do the same thing. I am induc’d to think so, by what I -observ’d of a Pillar on the Side of the fifth Hill, which was almost -equal in Magnitude to this <i>Obelisk</i>. I saw this Pillar taken off its -<i>Basis</i>, and laid upon the Ground in the following manner. Round the -Pillar, though at some Distance from it, they fix’d in the Ground near -to one another large Poles, much taller than the Pillar, at an equal -Distance from each other. At the Top of these Poles, they laid others -across them, which were fasten’d to them in the strongest manner, and -to which were fix’d the Pullies, through which the Ropes slipp’d, -which reach’d from the Bottom of the Shaft of the Pillar to the Top, -and were fasten’d to it: The Ropes were so thick, both length-ways -and cross-ways, that at some Distance the Scaffolding look’d like a -square Tower. There were many Cap-stands on all Sides fix’d in the -Ground, which were turn’d by infinite<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">107</a></span> Numbers of the strongest Youth, -till they had mov’d it from its <i>Basis</i>, and laid it prostrate with -the Earth. They afterwards laid it upon strong Carriages, the Wheels -of which were bound with thick Iron, and brought it safe to the third -Hill, and set it up as an Ornament to the <i>Mosque</i> of <i>Solyman</i> the -Emperor. But to return to the <i>Obelisk</i>; on the West-side of the -Pedestal was the following Inscription in <i>Greek</i>:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>To raise this Four-square Pillar to its Height</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>And fix it steddy on its solid Base</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Great</i> Theodosius <i>try’d, but try’d d in vain</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>In two and thirty Days, by</i> Proclus’ <i>Skill</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>The toilsome Work, with great Applause, was finish’d</i>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noindent">And on the other Side was this Inscription in <i>Latin</i>, -which was somewhat defac’d, but I could -read it, and is as follows:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>Difficilis quondam dominis parere serenis</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Jussus, & extinctis palmam portare Tyrannis</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>Omnia</i> Theodosio <i>cedunt, sobolique perenni</i>:</div> -<div class="line"><i>Ter denis sic victus, duobusque diebus</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Judice sub</i> Proclo, <i>sublime elatus ad auras</i>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noindent">On the South Side of it there are two Ranges of Statues, the lowermost -of which has engrav’d upon it four Chariots, two of which are drawn by -a Pair, and the other by four Horses, with a Driver to each of them. -In the upper Range are two <i>Equestrian</i> Statues, three Footmen, three -<i>Togati</i>, two <i>Obelisks</i>, and four square Pillars. On the North Side -of the <i>Basis</i> are engrav’d four Ranges of Figures, which contain -thirty five Statues in Gowns. On the West Side there are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span> two Ranges, -the lowest of which has nine Statues in a suppliant Posture, making -Presents to the Emperor, who stands in the upper Range, with sixteen -Statues about him. The South Side has two Ranges; upon the lowest are -cut ten Statues in Gowns, in a petitioning manner; the upper contains -twenty Statues, all in Gowns, except four in a fighting Posture, arm’d -with Bucklers. The East Side, on the lowest part of it, has three -Ranges; the lowest Range contains sixteen Statues of Men and Women, -dancing and playing upon Instruments of Musick; above which are two -Ranges more, in which appear little more than the Heads, which I look -upon to be the Spectators. The highest Range has twenty Statues, six -of which are divided from the rest by Pillars. The middle Figure -holds a Crown in his Hand. Upon the <i>Basis</i> are four square Pieces -of Brass carv’d, which being plac’d in a quadrilateral Figure, the -whole <i>Obelisk</i> bears upon them. ’Tis engrav’d from Top to Bottom with -<i>Ægyptian</i> Characters.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_XII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XII.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the</i> Colossus.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THERE is yet standing, in the Middle of the <i>Hippodrom</i>, a <i>Colossus</i> -made of square Stones, which was formerly (as an injudicious Author -writes) incrusted with Marble; but, as appears by an Inscription carv’d -upon its <i>Basis</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span> ’twas cover’d with Plates of Brass, cramp’d together -with Iron, as appears not only by the Holes made in the Shaft, but -by those which still remain in the <i>Base</i>; where the Iron Pins were -fasten’d, and strengthen’d with melted Lead. ’Tis now despoil’d of its -outward beauteous Appearance; and discovers only the Workmanship of its -Inside, as having felt the Effects of the Avarice and Rapine of the -<i>Barbarians</i>. This was also the Fate of the <i>Colossus</i> at <i>Rhodes</i>, -which was demolish’d by the <i>Hagarens</i> in the Reign of <i>Constans</i>, -Nephew of <i>Heraclius</i>, thirteen hundred Years after it was erected. -’Twas purchas’d afterwards by one <i>Emesenus</i> a <i>Jew</i>, and the Brass, -when strip’d off, was of so considerable a Weight, that it was carried -off by Nine hundred Camels. Upon the <i>Base</i> of the <i>Colossus</i> at -<i>Constantinople</i>, are inscrib’d the following Verses;</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>Fam’d</i> Constantine, Romanus’ <i>Princely Son</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>(Who wore with Honour the Imperial Crown)</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>This lofty Pile, by Time decay’d, repair’d</i>;</div> -<div class="line"><i>And join’d fresh Beauty to her Builder’s Art</i>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>This <i>Colossus</i> at the <i>Base</i> of it, has three Steps. The lowest is -two Foot high, the next a Foot and two Digits, and the uppermost of -the same Height. The <i>Basis</i> is a square Marble, seven Foot and three -Digits high, each Side of which is ten Foot and nine Inches broad. This -<i>Colossus</i> is taller than the <i>Obelisk</i>. One Day, being the <i>Festival</i> -of the Circumcision of the Prince of <i>Boldania</i>, I saw an ingenious -Fellow of a Mountebank climb to the Top of it, and come down safe. -The same Attempt was immediately made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span> by another, who made a Shift -to reach the Top of it, but the Height so dazzled and confounded him, -that, despairing of getting down without Hurt, he threw himself, with -all his Might, as far as he could from the <i>Colossus</i>, to avoid the -Danger of being dash’d to pieces upon the Foundation; so that falling -down right upon his Feet, he stuck deep in the Earth, and dy’d upon the -Spot.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_XIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XIII.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of some other Columns in the</i> Hippodrom.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">ABOUT the Middle of the <i>Hippodrom</i>, among a strait Range of small -<i>Obelisks</i>, there stand seven Pillars. One of which, made of <i>Arabian</i> -Marble, is seventeen Foot and eight Digits in Circumference. There -was erected upon the Top of it, by one <i>Abraham</i> a Basha, the Statue -of <i>Hercules</i>. It was cast in Brass, and made of the Spoils which he -had taken in <i>Hungary</i>; but upon the Death of <i>Abraham</i>, <i>Hercules</i>, -who was reported to have travell’d so many Countries, and tam’d so -many Monsters, was at last forced to submit, and be torn to pieces by -the <i>Turks</i>, the most inveterate Enemies to <i>Statuary</i>, and the whole -<i>Vitruvian</i> Art; so that they treated him in as barbarous a manner as -he was by <i>Diagoras</i>, who going into an Inn, and wanting Wood to boil -his Lentils, finding a wooden Statue of <i>Hercules</i>, well-finish’d, -cut it to pieces,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span> and threw it into the Fire, saying these Words; -<i>O Hercules, who hast pass’d with so much Courage through thy twelve -Labours, try how thou canst struggle with the thirteenth</i>.</p> - -<p>In the same Range of <i>Obelisks</i> there stands another Pillar. ’Tis made -of Brass, but not fluted, but wreath’d round with the Foldings of -three Serpents, like those we see in great Ropes. The Heads of these -Serpents are placed in a triangular Form, and rise very high upon the -Shaft of the Pillar. There are many fabulous and trifling Reports -among the Inhabitants, concerning the Erection of this Pillar, which -is occasion’d by their Ignorance of the History of their Ancestors. -<i>Zosimus</i>, among other Historians, writes, that <i>Constantine</i> the -<i>Great</i> plac’d in the <i>Hippodrom</i> the <i>Tripos</i> of <i>Apollo</i>, which was -brought from <i>Delphos</i>, and which had on it the Image of that God. -<i>Sozomen</i> tells us, that <i>Constantine</i> did not only place the <i>Delphick -Tripos</i> in the <i>Hippodrom</i>, but also that celebrated <i>Tripos</i>, which -<i>Pausanias</i> the <i>Lacedæmonian</i> General, and the Cities of <i>Greece</i>, -upon the Conclusion of the War with the <i>Medes</i>, consecrated to -<i>Apollo</i>. <i>Eusebius</i> is more clear upon this Occasion, and says, -that <i>Constantine</i>, in some part of <i>Constantinople</i>, see up the -Image of <i>Sminthius Apollo</i>, which was a Title given to him; but that -in the <i>Hippodrom</i> he placed the <i>Pythian Tripos</i>, round which was -wreathed the Figure of the Serpent <i>Python</i>; so that it seems to me -very probable, that this was the same <i>Tripos</i> which was plac’d upon -the brazen Pillar I am speaking of at <i>Constantinople</i>. <i>Herodotus</i> -writes, that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">112</a></span> golden <i>Tripos</i> which was at <i>Delphos</i>, was made -out of a tenth Part of the Spoils taken from the <i>Persians</i>, and -erected upon this Pillar; and adds farther, that when the <i>Persians</i> -were routed at the Battle of <i>Platææ</i>, there was found a golden -<i>Tripos</i>, which was restor’d to <i>Apollo</i>, and set upon a brazen -Pillar, encircled with three Serpents entwin’d, near an Altar. ’Tis a -Mistake in those who imagine, that this Pillar was formerly overlaid -with Gold, but was plunder’d of it by the <i>Turks</i>; since <i>Pausanias</i> -makes it appear, that it was stripp’d of its Gold long before the -<i>Turks</i> took <i>Constantinople</i>. <i>After the Battle of Platææ</i>, says -he, <i>the</i> Greeks <i>made a common Offering to</i> Apollo, <i>which was a -golden</i> Tripos, <i>supported by a brazen Serpent</i>. The Brass, he tells -us, remain’d whole in his Time, but the Gold was carry’d off by the -<i>Phocean</i> Generals. There are five other Pillars in the same Range. -In the Front of the <i>Hippodrom</i>, facing the <i>Propontis</i>, there was -a Range of seventeen Pillars of white Marble standing, when first I -came to <i>Constantinople</i>. They stood on the South-west Side of the -<i>Hippodrom</i>. The <i>Pedestal</i> of each of them is two Foot and ten Digits -high, and are all of them supported by arch’d Foundations, which lye -Level with the Plain of the <i>Hippodrom</i>, but rise above Ground to the -Height of fifty Foot. They are all placed upon a little Wall, which -projects two Steps, or square Plinths, the lowermost of which is a -Foot and a Digit high; the upper is a Foot and six Digits high, and -projects beyond the Pedestal eight Digits. The Pedestals of them are -every way five Feet, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">113</a></span> seven Inches broad. The lowest Projectures -of them, which are placed there for <i>Tores</i> and other <i>Modules</i>, are -six Digits and a half high, the upper Projectures of the same Height; -the <i>Plinth</i> of the <i>Cornice</i> is eleven Digits in Thickness; the lower -<i>Tore</i> seven Digits and a half; the <i>Scotia</i> four Digits; the upper -<i>Tore</i> six Digits; the Stone which supports the Shaft is five Digits -high, and the Shafts themselves three Foot five Digits in Diameter, -and twenty eight Foot in Height. These Pillars were lately taken down, -and the <i>Bases</i> of them removed by Order of <i>Solyman</i> the Emperor, -to build an Hospital. I was concern’d to see them thus demolish’d, -not so much for the Use they were intended, but that some of them -were squared out for paving a <i>Bagnio</i>, and that the <i>Capitals</i>, made -after the most exact Plans of ancient <i>Architecture</i>, were cut into -Rude and ill-shapen Models for covering a Bake-house, and that the -<i>Pedestals</i>, and all the <i>Entablature</i> were hewn out, it may be only -to build a Wall. The <i>Shafts</i> of the Pillars stood at eleven Foot -Distance. I observ’d the <i>Capitals</i> were impair’d by reason of the -great Space of Intercolumniation. The <i>Capitals</i> were finish’d after -the <i>Corinthian</i> Order, and the <i>Trabeation</i> was beautifully wrought, -but was not adorn’d with an <i>Ovolo</i>. There were Iron Rings fix’d to the -<i>Architraves</i>, upon which were hung Curtains. Beyond this was another -Range of Pillars, which were remaining some time after the Taking of -the City by the <i>Turks</i>. Before it was taken by the <i>Gauls</i> and the -<i>Venetians</i>, there were in the <i>Hippodrom</i> abundance of Figures of -Horses, both in Stone and Brass. There were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">114</a></span> four in particular of -surprizing Skill, which were gilded, equal in Beauty and Workmanship to -those which now stand before the Church of St. <i>Marcian</i> at <i>Venice</i>, -which, some say, were brought thither from <i>Constantinople</i>. I shall -omit the Statues of great Numbers of Emperors and Princes, which were -set up in the <i>Circo</i>. Among these stood the Statue of the Emperor -<i>Justinian</i>, which has been celebrated in Verse. There were also the -Statutes of some Eunuchs, who were most in the Interest and Favour -with their Masters. Among others, there was the Statue of <i>Plato</i> the -Eunuch, the Emperor’s Chamberlain, who was burnt to Death in the Reign -of <i>Basiliscus</i>. There was an Inscription, according to <i>Suidas</i>, -fix’d upon the Breast of this Statue, which ran thus; <i>Whosoever -shall remove this Statue into another Place, let him be hang’d</i>. -Yet was it taken out of the Church of <i>Procopius</i>, and carry’d into -the <i>Hippodrom</i>. I have not time to take Notice of the numberless -Statues of all the Combatants, Wrestlers, Charioteers, formerly placed -in the <i>Hippodrom</i>; of which, though there is nothing remaining at -present, yet the Memory of them is still preserved in a small Poem -of three hundred Verses, in which some Chariot-Racers are mention’d -with particular Honours, though no Notice be there taken of a Person -named <i>Thomas</i>, a Man of surprizing Agility and Speed, in that kind of -Exercise. I have seen the Fragment of a Stone at <i>Constantinople</i> with -this Inscription, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Θομᾶ Ἡνιόχου</span>. This probably is the same -Person mention’d by the Emperor <i>Theodoric</i>, in a Letter to <i>Faustus</i> -a <i>Roman Prætor</i>, in the following Words: <i>Of our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">115</a></span> Imperial Bounty -and Consideration we have given and granted to</i> Thomas, <i>the famous -Chariot-Racer, a present Stipend to be continued to him, till we have -farther experienced, and been fully satisfied of his wonderful Skill -in that Exercise; but having now received ample Testimony of his -Superiority in that Performance, and that having left his Countrey, he -hath chosen voluntarily to settle himself within our Dominions, we, out -of our Imperial Munificence, have encouraged him by a monthly Salary -to continue among us. He has, by his frequent Successes, received the -repeated Applauses, and stood high in the Favour of the People, whom he -has sometimes, though unfortunately, vindicated, and at other times has -eminently distinguish’d himself in the Race of the Chariot. Victory so -often attended him, that he was look’d upon as a Sorcerer by a Set of -People, who would have accounted it the highest Commendation to have -been thought so themselves, for the same Reasons. And ’tis no Wonder -that Men should ascribe those Excellencies to the Power of Sorcery -and Enchantment, which they cannot arrive to themselves, the Sight -of a Chariot-Race, in ancient Times, was had in the highest Honour -and Esteem, though at present ’tis little better than the Occasion -of Buffoonry, an Incentive to trifling Disputes, an Encouragement to -Roguery and Sharping, and the constant Source of Broils and Quarrels.</i> -Thus far the Emperor: From whose Words I would observe, that the -Chariot-Racer here mention’d, who had left <i>Constantinople</i>, probably -upon some Party Quarrels among the Chariot-Racers (who were therefore -call’d <i>Factions</i>) was also in Danger at <i>Rome</i>, upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">116</a></span> the like -Account. The Commonwealth both of <i>Rome</i> and <i>Constantinople</i> have -not only been often harrass’d with such Commotions, but the Emperors -themselves have often fallen into the greatest Danger of losing their -Government by them. But all the Diversions of the <i>Circo</i> are now -ceased. I was concern’d to see it despoil’d of all its Ornaments, -though the <i>Turks</i> of late have begun to build there again. I was -the more concern’d, because, by looking casually upon a Medal I had -then in my Hand, it put me in mind of <i>Belisarius</i> triumphing in the -<i>Hippodrom</i>, after his Victory over the King of the <i>Vandals</i>, as also -of the Disgrace and Poverty, notwithstanding his Bravery and Courage, -he afterwards fell into by the Jealousy of the Emperor. On one Side of -it was stamp’d the triumphant Reception of <i>Belisarius</i>, and on the -other this Image, with this Inscription, <i>Gloria Romanorum Belisarius</i>. -<i>Procopius</i> writes, That there was a Gate in the <i>Hippodrom</i> call’d -the <i>Cochlia</i>, because it had winding Stairs within it. There was also -a Passage, through which they went to their Burial-Ground. The same -Writer tells us, that in the same Place there was a <i>Portico</i> call’d -<i>Venetia</i>, from the <i>Companies</i> or <i>Factions</i> of Chariot-Racers who -used to assemble there, and who distinguish’d themselves from other -<i>Factions</i> or <i>Companies</i>, by a <i>Sky-colour’d</i> Garment, which was -called so from the <i>Venetians</i>, a People that particularly affected -that Colour. ’Tis very probable, that the <i>Prasin Faction</i> had also -a <i>Portico</i> here. These were another Company of Charioteers, and -distinguish’d themselves by a <i>green</i> Livery. The Word <i>Prasina</i> being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">117</a></span> -derived from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πράσον</span> in the <i>Greek</i>, which signifies a <i>Leek</i>. -Nor is it unlikely, that there were other Companies with Liveries of -other Colours, who were not promiscuously crowded together, but seated -in their own Apartments in the <i>Portico’s</i>, to see the Races.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_XIV"><span class="smcap">Chap. XIV.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Church of</i> Bacchus, <i>the Court of</i> Hormisda, <i>and the House of</i> -Justinian.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">IT is observable from the Situation of the Church of <i>Bacchus</i> and -<i>Sergius</i>, now standing on the Plain between the <i>Propontis</i> and the -<i>Hippodrom</i>, that the Imperial Palace, and the House <i>Justinian</i> lived -in, before he was Emperor, stood near it. <i>Procopius</i> writes, that -<i>Justinian</i> built a Church, and dedicated it to St. <i>Peter</i> and St. -<i>Paul</i>. It stood near the Imperial Court, where formerly had stood a -Palace built by <i>Hormisda</i>. This, <i>Justinian</i> made a Mansion-house -for himself, that the Beauty and Elegancy of its Building might be an -Ornament to the Palace.</p> - -<p>After he had arrived to the Imperial Dignity, he built other fine -Palaces about it, and near it built another Church in honour of two -illustrious Saints, <i>Sergius</i> and <i>Bacchus</i>. These Churches which are -both of them equally beautiful, stood on the same Compass of Ground, -nor is there any material Difference between them. They shine alike -with the most glossy Marble; both are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">118</a></span> curiously gilded, and adorn’d -with the richest Offerings, nor is there any thing wherein they do not -resemble each other, but that one is built lengthways, and the other -in a semicircular manner. They are both wonderful in their kind, and -are a great Ornament not only to the Palace, but to the whole City: -<i>Procopius</i> adds a little farther, that <i>Justinian</i> chang’d the House, -which was call’d the House of <i>Hormisda</i>, into a more magnificent -Figure, and join’d it to the Palace. I am of Opinion, that this -<i>Hormisda</i>, whom he dignifies with the Title of Prince, was the Son -of a King of <i>Persia</i>, who, as <i>Marcellinus</i> reports, when <i>Constans</i> -the Son of <i>Constantine</i> came to <i>Rome</i>, and glorying how far he would -transcend <i>Hormisda</i> in his immoderate Schemes of Building, being -unable to accomplish his Designs, he was content, he said, in an -humble manner, only to have such another Horse made as stood in the -<i>Forum</i> of <i>Trajan</i>. The Story coming afterwards to <i>Hormisda</i>’s Ear, -he reply’d in a jocular manner, <i>Let him try first, if he can build a -Stable for him</i>. <i>Cedrinus</i> explains more at large how near the House -of <i>Justinian</i> was to the Church of <i>Bacchus</i>: <i>Justinian</i>, says he, -<i>built the Church of</i> Sergius <i>and</i> Bacchus, <i>which on the Sea-side of -it, is near the Palace, and built also another Church by it, on the -same piece of Ground, on which had stood his own House: In building -these two Churches, and in founding a Monastery, which he fill’d with -Men of sound Learning, and exemplary Conversation, he laid out his -whole Estate, and all he was worth, till he arrived to the Imperial -Dignity</i>. There is nothing remaining at present of the Church of St. -<i>Peter</i> and St. <i>Paul</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">119</a></span> but the Church of <i>Sergius</i> and <i>Bacchus</i> are -yet standing. It goes still under its ancient Name, though the <i>Turks</i> -have changed it into a Mosque. ’Tis covered at top with a Brick Roof, -and bears upon eight Pilasters; between the Pilasters there are two -Ranges of Pillars of the <i>Ionick Order</i>. In the lowest Range, there are -sixteen Pillars which bear upon the Pavement: Six of these Pillars are -of Green Marble, and ten of white streak’d with Red Veins. The upper -Range consists of eighteen Pillars, eight of which are Green, ten White -Marble, and are vein’d as the other. The <i>Capitals</i> of the lower are -adorn’d with <i>Ovolo’s</i> at the Bottom of them. The upper part of them is -cover’d with a <i>Foliage</i>. The <i>Volutæ</i> of the upper Range of Pillars -project from the four Angles of the <i>Capitals</i>, but the <i>Ovolo’s</i> -project from the Sides of them, which are also cover’d with a <i>Foliage</i> -of fine Workmanship. The <i>Architraves</i> over the <i>Capitals</i> of the -lower Range are finished with the nicest Art. There is a noble Piece -of Sculpture in this Church. ’Twas done by <i>Zoophorus</i>, who has carved -round the Church some <i>Greek</i> Verses, in the largest Characters. The -Tops of the <i>Pilasters</i> are shaded with a <i>Vineal Foliage</i>, intermixed -with cluster’d Grapes, which denote, that the Church was dedicated to -<i>Bacchus</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">120</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_XV"><span class="smcap">Chap. XV.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Port of</i> Julian, <i>and</i> Sophia; <i>of the</i> Portico <i>nam’d</i> -Sigma, <i>and the Palace of</i> Sophia.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">NEAR the Church of <i>Bacchus</i>, stood the Port of <i>Julian</i>. This is plain -from the Account we have of the Fire, which happen’d in the Reign of -<i>Leo</i> the <i>Great</i>, and as <i>Evagrius</i> tells us, began on the North-side -of the City, and destroy’d all before it, from the <i>Bosporian</i> Port, -to the old Temple of <i>Apollo</i>; and that on the South-side of the City, -it made the same Havock from the Port of <i>Julian</i>, to the Houses near -the Temple of <i>Concord</i>. <i>Zonaras</i> writes, who has described the -Devastations of that Fire, that it burnt with great Fury from the -<i>Bosporium</i> to the Church of St. <i>John</i> the <i>Calybite</i>, and on the -South from the Church of St. <i>Thomas</i> to the Church of the renowned -Martyrs, <i>Sergius</i> and <i>Bacchus</i>. The Church of St. <i>Thomas</i> stood near -the Temple of <i>Concord</i>. The Account which <i>Cedrinus</i> gives of this -Fire is, that it took its Course round the City quite from the Northern -to the Southern Shore, as far as the Church of <i>Sergius</i> and <i>Bacchus</i>. -The Emperor <i>Anastasius</i> fortified the Port of <i>Julian</i>, and secured -it by a strong Wall. It was afterwards called the Port of <i>Sophia</i>, -according to <i>Cedrinus</i>, who writes, <i>That</i> Justin <i>the Nephew of</i> -Justinian, <i>built a Palace in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">121</a></span> Port of</i> Julian, <i>which he ordered -to be cleansed, and that he commanded his own, and the Statue of</i> -Sophia <i>his Consort to be erected there, and from thence gave it the -Name of the Port</i> of Sophia. The Inscription on the Statue of <i>Justin</i> -placed here is as follows:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>I</i> Theodorus, <i>Prefect of the City</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Here, on the Shore, erect this lofty Statue</i>;</div> -<div class="line"><i>It represents the Emperor</i> Justinus.</div> -<div class="line"><i>May his kind Presence guard, and ever shed</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Its peaceful Influence o’er the neighbouring Ports.</i></div> -</div></div></div> - -<p><i>Procopius</i> writes, that the Church of the Martyr <i>Thecla</i> stood near -this Port. Some modern Historians tell us, that <i>Belisarius</i> set -Sail from this Port, when he went to Battel against the <i>Vandals</i>. -But I cannot conceive what Reason they have for that Opinion, unless -it be from some Words of <i>Procopius</i>, who says, that <i>Justinian</i> -commanded the Ship, in which the General sail’d, to be brought near -the Palace, and that there <i>Epiphanius</i> Bishop of <i>Constantinople</i>, as -was customary upon such Occasions, put up a Prayer for his Success, -and that then <i>Belisarius</i> went off with his Wife <i>Antonina</i>. There -were indeed some Palaces near this Port, but there were also other -Palaces near the Bay, which was full of Havens, from whence, at a -little Distance, stood the House of <i>Belisarius</i>. <i>Suidas</i> confirms -it, that <i>Anastasius</i> fortify’d this Harbour, and made a Pier there; -and <i>Zonaras</i> attests, that <i>Justin</i> built there some Palaces, and -call’d them the Palaces of <i>Sophia</i>, from the Name of his Consort, whom -he passionately loved. Many <i>Historians</i> are of Opinion,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">122</a></span> that these -Palaces stood near the Port of <i>Sophia</i>; but I am induced to think, -both from Reason and the Authority of learned Men, that it was not so. -For <i>Zonaras</i>, among others, writes, that <i>Justin</i> built these Palaces -against the City, and <i>Agathius</i>, a much ancienter Writer, and who was -living at the Time they were built, wrote the following Inscription, -which was fix’d upon them. From whence the Reader may observe, that -they were not seated near the <i>Propontis</i>, adjoining to which was the -Port of <i>Sophia</i>, but opposite to the City, near the Shore of the -<i>Bosporus</i>, where the Continent is divided into two Parts.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Agathius Scholasticus</i> upon the Palaces of<br /> -<span class="smcap">Sophia</span>.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>Where the streight Sea divides the Continents</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>These gilded Palaces the Emperor built</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>For his dear Consort, fair</i> Sophia<i>’s Use</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>The Wonders of thy Beauty, potent</i> Rome,</div> -<div class="line">Europe, <i>and</i> Asia, <i>half th’ extended World</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>With Pleasure view, and silently admire</i>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>The Word which in the Original Inscription is wrote <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δέρκεαι</span>, -<i>Zonaras</i> writes <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δέρκεται</span>. ’Tis easy to discover from -these Verses, that the Palace of <i>Sophia</i> was not seated near the -<i>Bosporus</i>, but without the Walls of the City, waich is attested by -<i>Cedrinus</i>, and many other Historians, in their Descriptions of the -<i>hard Frost</i>, which happen’d in the Reign of <i>Leo Copronymus</i>, by which -the <i>Bosporus</i> was frozen so hard, that whosoever had a mind to pass -over from the Palace of <i>Sophia</i> to the City, or from <i>Chrysopolis</i> -to the Church of St. <i>Mamas</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">123</a></span> or repass to <i>Galata</i> on the Shore of -the <i>Bosporus</i>, might cross over the Ice without the least Danger. The -Port of <i>Sophia</i>, before it was call’d the Port of <i>Julian</i>, seems to -me to be the same, which was formerly called the <i>Neorium</i>, and which -the <i>ancient Description of the Wards</i> places in the same <i>Ward</i> with -the <i>Hippodrom</i>; but whether it be one, or either of these, it is now -fill’d up; or if it was that Port which stands West of the Church -of <i>Bacchus</i>, ’tis now almost demolish’d, and enclosed with a Wall. -There is only a small Part of it remaining, which is a standing Water, -where the Women wash their Linnen. The People tell you, that they have -seen some Three-Oar’d Gallies which have been sunk there. ’Tis call’d -at present by the Inhabitants <i>Caterga limena</i>, or the Port of the -Three-Oar’d Gallies; whether it be the same Port, which is standing on -the East of the Church of <i>Bacchus</i>, near the Gate of the City call’d -<i>Porta Leonis</i>, which Name it took either from a Lion near it, which -was carved in Stone, or from the Emperor <i>Leo</i>, who, they tell you, -had a Palace there, I shall not determine. <i>Nicephorus</i>, an Historian -of modern Date, tells us, that an Emperor of <i>Constantinople</i>, when -besieged by the People of <i>Italy</i>, summoned a Multitude of Smiths into -the <i>Morion</i>, which ran round the <i>Hippodrom</i>. I could never discover -at <i>Constantinople</i> the Place which was called the <i>Pyctacia</i>; yet I -cannot but take Notice from <i>Cedrinus</i>, and other modern Historians, -that in the Place which they called the <i>Pyctacia</i>, there was a -Pillar which supported the Statue of <i>Leo</i> the Emperor, the Consort -of <i>Verina</i>. This Statue, as some write, was erected by his Sister -<i>Euphemia</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">124</a></span> a Lady of great Wisdom and Continency, near her own -House, where <i>Leo</i> every Week, used to pay her a Visit. All Persons -who laboured under Afflictions of any Kind, laid their Petitions to -the Emperor, upon the Steps of this Pillar. The Apparitors took them -up, and when the Emperor waited upon his Sister, they presented them -to him. <i>Budæus</i> says, that the <i>Pyctacia</i>, or as he calls them, the -<i>Pystacia</i>, were Briefs; though I see no Reason why they may not also -be called Petitions. For as <i>Pyctium</i> signifies a Book, I do not see -why <i>Pyctacium</i> may not signify any smaller Writing. The <i>Greeks</i> at -present generally call their Letters <i>Pyctacia</i>. In an History written -by an unknown Author, I have read, that <i>Eudoxia</i> had set up her own -Statue, made of massy Silver, in a Place called the <i>Pyctacium</i>. If -the Author be not mistaken, I should take this to be the same Statue -which stood near the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, by which, as I have shewn -before, stood the Statue of <i>Eudoxia</i>. I have seen a small <i>Treatise</i> -of <i>Constantinople</i>, which says, that <i>Constantine</i> the <i>Great</i> built -a Church to St. <i>Euphemia</i>, near the <i>Hippodrom</i>, which was afterwards -turned into an Armory by <i>Constantine</i>, surnamed <i>Copronymus</i>, a -professed Adversary to Images in Churches, and who cast the Reliques -of St. <i>Euphemia</i> into the Sea. <i>Suidas</i> writes, that the Statue of -<i>Euphemia</i> (the Consort of the Emperor <i>Justin</i>, who was a <i>Thracian</i>) -was placed in the Church of St. <i>Euphemia</i>, which she her self had -built. Some modern Writers say, that in the Time of <i>Basilius</i> the -Emperor, there was a great Earthquake which overturned the Church of -St. <i>Polyclete</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">125</a></span> and killed all that were in it; and that from that -Time it was called <i>Sigma</i>. I am more inclined to believe, that it took -its Name from a <i>Portico</i> so called, many Ages before this Earthquake, -because it was built after the Similitude of the Letter <i>Sigma</i>, and -is placed in the <i>antient Description</i> of <i>Constantinople</i>, in the -same <i>Ward</i> with the <i>Hippodrom</i>. <i>Cedrinus</i> seems to take Notice -of this Place. <i>They dragged</i>, says he, Michael <i>the Emperor in his -Monks Habit, by the Heels, out of the Monastery of</i> Studius, <i>through -the Market, and leading him beyond the Monastery called</i> Periblepton, -<i>in a Place called</i> Sigma, <i>they put out both his Eyes</i>. The same -Author tells us, that <i>Basilius</i> the Emperor, a Native of <i>Macedon</i>, -rebuilt from the Foundations, a Church to the Honour of the <i>Blessed -Virgin</i>, which was called <i>Sigma</i>. <i>Chrysaphius Zomas</i>, an Eunuch, set -up the Statue of <i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Less</i>, in a Place called <i>Sigma</i>. -Some Writers affirm, that <i>Constantine</i> the <i>Great</i> built a Church to -St. <i>Stephen</i>, in a Place called <i>Sigma</i>. The <i>Sigma</i> therefore here -intended, must needs be another Place in the City, distinct from that -which I observed was in the third <i>Ward</i>, and ought to be written with -the Letter <i>e</i>, as <i>Segma</i>; by Reason, as I hinted just now, that the -Fall of the Church of St. <i>Polyclete</i> by an Earthquake, crushed to -Death all that were in it.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">126</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_XVI"><span class="smcap">Chap. XVI.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Fourth</i> Ward.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">IF the <i>Miliarium Aureum</i> had been now in Being, or the People of -<i>Constantinople</i> had preserved the Memory of its Situation, we might -easily discover, from the <i>antient Description of the Wards</i>, (which -tells us, that the fourth <i>Ward</i> extended it self, the Hills rising -on the Right and Left, from the <i>Miliarium Aureum</i> to a plain level -Ground) that it was in the first Valley, or on the Ridge of the Hill -that arises just above it. Nor could we have failed to make the like -Discovery from the Remains of the <i>Augustæum</i>, the <i>Basilica</i>, the -<i>Nymphæum</i>, and other fine Buildings, had they not been entirely buried -in their own Ruins. But since no Observations at present can be made -that Way, I was in Suspense, whether or no the Valley, where the fourth -<i>Ward</i> stood, was not the same Valley which I had described at the -first; because it is common to other Vales, to have Hills rising on the -right and left. And when I had sufficiently instructed my self from the -Writings and Histories of learned Men, what Monuments of Antiquity had -formerly been in the fourth <i>Ward</i>, and where they had stood, I was -soon sensible that the fourth <i>Ward</i> stood in the first Valley, and on -the Sides of it, and on the Hill near to the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, as -the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">127</a></span> Reader will perceive from the following History.</p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_XVII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XVII.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the</i> Forum <i>called the</i> Augustæum, <i>of the Pillar of</i> Theodosius, -<i>and</i> Justinian, <i>and the</i> Senate-House.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2"><i>Procopius</i> writes, that the <i>Forum</i> which was formerly called the -<i>Augustæum</i>, was surrounded with Pillars, and was situate before the -Imperial Palace. Not only the <i>Forum</i> is at present quite defaced, -but the very Name of it is lost, and the whole Ground where it stood -is built upon. The Palace is entirely in Ruines, yet I collect from -the <i>Pedestal</i> of a Pillar of <i>Justinian</i> lately standing, but now -removed by the <i>Turks</i>, which <i>Procopius</i> says was built by <i>Justinian</i> -in the <i>Augustæum</i>, and <i>Zonaras</i> in the Court before the Church of -<i>Sophia</i>, that the <i>Augustæum</i> stood where there is now a Fountain, -at the West End of the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>. <i>Suidas</i> says, that -<i>Justinian</i>, after he had built the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, cleansed -the Court, and paved it with Marble, and that it was formerly called -the <i>Forum Augustæum</i>; and adds, that he erected his own Statue there. -<i>Procopius</i> writes, <i>That there was a certain</i> Forum <i>facing the -Senate House, which was called by the Citizens the</i> Augustæum; <i>where -are seven Stones, so cemented together in a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">128</a></span> quadrangular Manner, -and are so contracted one within another the upper within the lower -Stone, that a Man may conveniently sit down upon every Projecture of -them</i>. I was more induced to give this Account from <i>Procopius</i>, of -the Pedestal, because I do not find it in his <i>printed Works</i>. Upon -the Top of it, says he, there’s erected a large Pillar, composed of -many Stones covered with Brass, which did at once both strengthen and -adorn them. The Plates of Brass did not reflect so strong a Lustre -as pure Gold, yet was it, in Value, little inferior to Silver. On -the Top of the Statue was set a large Horse in Brass, facing the -East, which indeed afforded a noble Prospect. He seemed to be in a -marching Posture, and struggling for Speed. His near Foot before was -curvated, as though he would paw the Ground; his off Foot was fixed -to the <i>Pedestal</i>, and his hind Feet were so contracted, as though he -was prepared to be gone. Upon the Horse was placed the Statue of the -Emperor. ’Twas made of Brass, large like a <i>Colossus</i>, dress’d in a -warlike Habit like <i>Achilles</i>, with Sandals on his Feet, and armed -with a Coat of Mail, and a shining Helmet. He looked Eastward, and -seemed to be marching against the <i>Persians</i>. In his left Hand he bore -a Globe, devised to signify his universal Power over the whole World. -On the Top of it was fixed a Cross, to which he attributed all his -Successes in War, and his Accession to the Imperial Dignity. His right -Hand was stretched to the East, and by pointing with his Fingers, he -seemed to forbid the barbarous Nations to approach nearer, but to stand -off at their Peril.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">129</a></span> <i>Tzetzes</i>, in his <i>Various History</i>, describes -what kind of Helmet he had upon his Head. <i>The</i> Persians, says he, -<i>generally wore a Turbant upon the Head. When the</i> Romans <i>obtained -any Victory over them, they plundered them of these Turbants, which -they placed upon their own Heads. They are</i>, says he, <i>of the same -Shape with that, with which the Statue of</i> Justinian, <i>erected upon a -large Pillar, is crowned</i>. <i>Cedrinus</i> relates, that <i>Justinian</i> held -the Globe in his Silver Hand. <i>Zonaras</i> writes, that <i>Justinian</i>, in -the seventeenth Year of his Reign, set up this Pillar, in the same -Place, where formerly had stood another Pillar of <i>Theodosius</i> the -<i>Great</i>, bearing his Statue in Silver, made at the Expence of his Son -<i>Arcadius</i>, which weighed seven Thousand four Hundred Pounds. When -<i>Justinian</i> had demolished the Statue and the Pillar, he stripped it of -a vast Quantity of Lead, of which he made Pipes for <i>Aqueducts</i>, which -brought the Water into the City. This ill Treatment of <i>Theodosius</i> -by <i>Justinian</i>, was revenged upon him by the <i>Barbarians</i>; for they -used his Pillar in the same Manner, and stripped it of the Statue, the -Horse, and the Brass wherewith it was covered, so that it was only a -bare Column for some Years. About thirty Years ago the whole <i>Shaft</i> -was taken down to the <i>Pedestal</i>, and that, about a Year since, was -demolished down to the <i>Basis</i>, from whence I observed a Spring to -spout up with Pipes, into a large Cistern. At present there stands in -the same Place a Water-House, and the Pipes are enlarged. I lately -saw the <i>Equestrian</i> Statue of <i>Justinian</i>, erected upon the Pillar -which stood here, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">130</a></span> which had been preserved a long Time in the -Imperial Precinct, carried into the melting Houses, where they cast -their Ordnance. Among the Fragments were the Leg of <i>Justinian</i>, which -exceeded my Height, and his Nose, which was above nine Inches long. -I dared not publickly measure the Horse’s Legs, as they lay upon the -Ground, but privately measured one of the Hoofs, and found it to be -nine Inches in Height. <i>Suidas</i>, and some modern Historians allure us, -that it was called the <i>Forum Augustæum</i>, because the <i>Curatores</i>, -and <i>Sebastophori</i>, on the fifteenth Day of <i>October</i>, used to dance -in the Market Place there, in Honour of <i>Augustus</i>; or because the -Statues of <i>Constantine</i>, and his Mother <i>Helena</i>, were set up in an -arched Gallery which stood here. <i>Zosimus</i>, a more antient Historian -than <i>Procopius</i>, asserts, that <i>Constantine</i> built a round Market, -with four <i>Portico</i>’s, two in a Row, above each other; and that he -roofed two of them with <i>Proconnesian</i> Marble, that you might pass from -them unto the Portico of <i>Severus</i>, and from thence beyond the Bounds -of the antient City; and adds, that this Market stood in a Place, to -which there was a Passage thro’ a Landgate adjacent. This is the same -Market which is intended by the <i>unknown Author</i> of the <i>History of -Constantinople</i>, where he tells us, that <i>Constantine</i> built a Market -in a circular Manner. The same Author tells us in another Place, that -when he was at <i>Constantinople</i>, <i>Constantine</i> had surrounded the great -<i>Forum</i> with four <i>Portico</i>’s and placed at both Ends of one of them, -which you ascend by many Steps, two Statues: At one End<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">131</a></span> was placed -the Statue of <i>Rhea</i>, the Mother of the Gods, (the same Statue, which -those who sailed with <i>Jason</i>, placed on Mount <i>Dindymus</i>) rising above -the City of <i>Cyzicus</i>. They tell you, that for her Neglect in paying -divine Worship to the Gods, the Statue was defaced; and that her Hands, -which before held the Reins of two Lyons which stood before her, were -changed into a petitioning Posture. This Statue at the same Time faced -and adorned the City. At the other End of the <i>Portico</i> he placed the -<i>Fortune</i> of the City, though <i>Suidas</i> relates, that the <i>Fortune</i> -of the City stood in a Nich of the <i>Miliarium</i>. If this Statue was -set up here by <i>Constantine</i>, I should think, that both the Markets -mentioned by <i>Zosimus</i> are one and the same. But to me they seem to be -different; because <i>Zosimus</i> tells us in one Place, that <i>Constantine</i> -built a Market with two <i>Portico’s</i> round it, and afterwards, that -he built a Market with four <i>Portico</i>’s round it; unless he reckons -in the Account, the <i>Portico’s</i> of <i>Severus</i> and <i>Constantine</i>, from -whence there was a free Entrance into other <i>Portico’s</i>. On the East -Side of the <i>Forum Augusteum</i>, <i>Procopius</i> writes, that <i>Justinian</i> -built a large Court, where the Senate used to assemble, and celebrate -an Anniversary Festival every new Year. Before the Senate-House stand -six Columns, two of which support the Western Wall, in the Middle of -it. The other four stand at a little Distance from it. These Pillars -are all of white Marble, and I look upon them to be the largest in -the World. The other six support a <i>Portico</i>, which runs round the -Top of a large Building. The upper Part of the <i>Portico</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">132</a></span> is adorned -with Marble elegantly variegated, and equal to that of the Columns, -and is furnished with an infinite Variety of curious Statues. I am -of Opinion, that <i>Justinian</i> did not build this <i>Senate-House</i>, but -that he rebuilt the old <i>Senate-House</i>, which was burnt down by the -Fire, which consumed the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, and the Baths of -<i>Zeuxippus</i>. For <i>Sozomen</i> writes, that <i>Constantine</i> the <i>Great</i> -built the Great Council-Hall, which was called the <i>Senate-House</i>, and -ordered it to be held in equal Dignity, and honoured it with the same -publick Celebration of the Feast of the <i>Calends</i>, with that of antient -<i>Rome</i>. He tells us where this great Court stood, when he writes, that -the silver Statue of <i>Eudoxia Augusta</i> was placed upon a <i>Porphyry</i> -Pillar, on the South Side of the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, beyond the -high Pulpit, which faces the <i>Senate-House</i>. <i>Socrates</i> tells us, that -it was neither erected near, nor at any considerable Distance from the -Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>; but beyond the broad Way, as <i>Suidas</i> observes, -which runs between them both. <i>In the Tribunal of the Palace</i>, says he, -<i>stood the Pillar of</i> Eudoxia, <i>the Wife of</i> Theodosius. The Treatise -<i>of the antient Description of the Wards</i> places the Senate-House, -the <i>Tribunal</i> with <i>Porphyry</i> Steps, and the <i>Basilica</i>, all in -the same <i>Ward</i>. <i>Sozomen</i> clearly points out the Situation of the -<i>Senate-House</i>, where he says, that when a Tumult arose concerning the -Expulsion of St. <i>Chrysostom</i>, the great Church was all on a sudden in -a Blaze, which burnt down the Buildings upon the Walks, and the Great -<i>Senate-House</i>, lying to the South of them. There are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">133</a></span> some Remains of -the Walls of the <i>Senate-House</i> still standing, southerly of the Church -of St. <i>Sophia</i>, beyond the Way that leads from the Imperial Gate to -the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_XVIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XVIII.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Imperial Palace, the</i> Basilica; <i>of the Palace of</i> -Constantine, <i>and the House of Entrance nam’d</i> Chalca. -</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">NOT far from the <i>Forum Augusteum</i>, as <i>Procopius</i> writes, stood a -Palace, the Statelyness and Magnificence of which the Reader may -easily guess at from the Description he gives of the <i>Vestibulum</i>, -or the House of Entrance into it. This <i>Vestibulum</i> is call’d the -<i>Chalca</i>, which is made after this Manner. There are four strait Walls -carried up to a great Height in a quadrangular Figure, from each -Angle of which there projects a Stone Building curiously finish’d, -which rises with the Wall from Top to Bottom, no ways intercepting -the beauteous Prospect before you, but seeming rather to add to the -Pleasure and Agreeableness of it. Above this Building are raised -eight Arches, supporting the Roof, which rises into a globular Height -most beautifully adorn’d. The Roof of it is not furnish’d with fine -Paintings, but shines with <i>Mosaick</i> Work of all sorts of Colours, -in the several Figures of Men, and other Kinds of Creatures. The -Historian at large<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">134</a></span> has explain’d the Designs, which are the Scenes -of War, of Battles, and the Surrender of many Towns, both in <i>Africa</i> -and <i>Italy</i>. Among other Curiosities are describ’d the Victories of -<i>Justinian</i> under his General <i>Belisarius</i>, and his triumphant Return -to the Emperor. The Courage and Chearfulness of his Army is expressed -in a lively Manner. The General is figured in an humble Posture, as -making an Offering to him of all the Kings, the Kingdoms, and other -rich Spoils he had taken from the Enemy. In the Middle of the Work -is represented the Emperor and his Empress <i>Theodora</i> in a pleasant -gay Humour, celebrating a Festival in Honour of his Victory over -the <i>Goths</i> and <i>Vandals</i>, and bringing great Numbers of Captives -before him. The whole Senate is described round them, joining in the -Celebration. They all look chearful and merry, smiling, and highly -pleased with the Honour they have to attend the Emperor on so important -an Occasion. I would here observe, that as <i>Papinius</i> in his <i>Sylvæ</i> -calls the <i>Basilica</i> of <i>Paulus</i>, the Palace of <i>Paulus</i>, so the -House, which <i>Procopius</i> calls <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Βασιλεῖον</span> went by the Name -both of the <i>Basilica</i> and the Palace. And I am confirm’d in this -Opinion from <i>Cedrinus</i>, who says, That the Fire which happen’d in -the Reign of <i>Justinian</i>, burnt down the Porch, or House of Entrance -into the <i>Basilica</i>, the <i>Basilica</i> itself, and the brazen Covering -of the Palace of <i>Constantine the Great</i>, which from that Time to -this Day, is call’d the <i>Chalca</i>, because it is cover’d with Plates -of Brass gilded. What <i>Cedrinus</i> calls the <i>Basilica</i>, <i>Procopius</i>, -in his Book <i>De Ædif. Justiniani</i>, calls <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τὰ Βασιλεῖα</span>, when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span> -speaking of the Fire above-mention’d, he tells us, That it consumed -the Gate-houses <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τῶν Βασιλείων</span>, and that in particular which -was call’d <i>Chalca</i>: The same Writer adds a little lower, that the -Emperor commanded <i>Belisarius</i> to go to the <i>Chalca</i>, and the other -Houses of Entrance seated by it. From which Words it is observable, -that <i>Procopius</i> seems to believe, that there were other Houses of -Entrance into the Palace, though in the Beginning of this Chapter he -mentions only the <i>Chalca</i>. It is my Opinion, that the House where -the Emperor dwelt was first call’d the <i>Basilica</i>; that afterwards, -when the great Houses, where the Merchants assembled for Trade and -Commerce, were call’d <i>Basilica</i>, the Emperor’s House was call’d -<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Βασιλεῖον</span>; and, at last, the Palace. If there was any -Difference between the <i>Basilica</i> and the Palace, yet the <i>Basilica</i> -was either a part of the Palace, or built near to it, as the Reader -may see in the <i>Ancient Description of the Wards</i>, which places the -<i>Augusteum</i> and the <i>Basilica</i> in the same <i>Ward</i>. As this <i>Treatise</i> -takes no Notice in this <i>Ward</i> either of a Palace or a Court, but -only of a <i>Basilica</i>, it seems to intimate, that the <i>Basilica</i> was -the Palace itself. But whether the <i>Basilica</i> was within or without -the Palace, it is certain it was near it, because they were both -destroy’d by Fire, by reason of their Vicinity to one another; and the -Rules of <i>Architecture</i> prescribe, that it be built near a Market, -which is always near the Palace; and that it be built warm, that the -Merchants may manage their Business there in Winter Time, without any -Molestation from the Severity of the Weather. <i>Julius<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">136</a></span> Pollux</i> is of -the same Opinion, who says, That the <i>Stadia</i>, the <i>Hippodrom</i>, the -<i>Senate-House</i>, the <i>Forum</i>, the Court, the Imperial <i>Portico</i>, and the -<i>Tribunal</i>, ought to stand near the Theatre. <i>Cedrinus</i> writes, that -the beautiful Structure of the <i>Chalca</i> was built by one <i>Ætherius</i> a -famous Architect, by the Command of the wife of Emperor <i>Anastasius</i>, -as appears from a <i>Greek</i> Inscription upon it, which runs thus:</p> - -<p class="center">Upon a Building in the Palace, call’d <i>Chalca</i>.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>I am the Palace of fam’d</i> Anastasius</div> -<div class="line"><i>The Scourge of Tyrants; none surpasses me</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>In Beauty, and in wonderful Contrivance</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>When the Surveyors view’d my mighty Bulk</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>My Height, my Length, and my extensive Breadth</i>;</div> -<div class="line"><i>’Twas thought beyond the Reach of human Power</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>To roof at Top my widely gaping Walls</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>But young</i> Ætherius, <i>ancient in his Art</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>This Building finish’d, and an Offering made</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>To our good Emperor</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>Not</i> Italy, <i>with all its Glory shews</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>A Structure so magnificent and great</i>;</div> -<div class="line"><i>Not the proud</i> Capitol <i>of ancient</i> Rome</div> -<div class="line"><i>With all its gilded Roofs can rival me</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>The costly Galleries of</i> Pergamus,</div> -<div class="line">Ruffinus’ <i>Walks, and stately</i> Portico’s</div> -<div class="line"><i>Crowded with Art, and marbled Images</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Submit to my superior Workmanship.</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Not the fam’d Temple, which at</i> Cyzico,</div> -<div class="line"><i>By</i> Adrian <i>built, stands on a lofty Rock</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Nor</i> Ægypt’s <i>costly</i> Pyramids, <i>nor at</i> Rhodes</div> -<div class="line"><i>The mighty</i> Colosse <i>equal me in Greatness</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>When my good Emperor, in hostile Manner</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Quell’d the</i> Isaurian <i>Faction, thus he rais’d me</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">137</a></span></div> -<div class="line"><i>In Honour of</i> Aurora, <i>and the Winds</i>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noindent">Some modern Historians will have it, that <i>Constantine the Great</i> first -built the Palace of <i>Chalca</i>. I should be inclinable to disbelieve -them, but that I am induced to think it was so, when I observ’d the -brazen Tyles gilded with Gold, resembling those of the <i>Capitol</i>, -and a <i>Forum</i> of <i>Old Rome</i>, whose Buildings <i>Constantine</i> was proud -to imitate, as near as he could. I could never learn, who it was who -remov’d the Tyles of the <i>Chalca</i>; though it is not improbable, but -that they were spoiled by the Fire. ’Tis related by <i>Procopius</i>, that -<i>Genseric</i> plunder’d half the <i>Roman</i> Capitol of the gilded Plates of -Brass that cover’d it, and that <i>Constantine</i> the <i>Third</i>, the Nephew -of <i>Heraclius</i>, carry’d off the Silver Plates which were laid over the -<i>Pantheon</i>. At a small Distance (on the South-west Side of the Church -of St. <i>Sophia</i>) from the Water-Pipes of an <i>Aqueduct</i> running from a -Conduit situate in the <i>Forum Augusteum</i>, where was erected the Pillar -of <i>Justinian</i>, are still remaining seven <i>Corinthian</i> Pillars, on the -<i>Shaft</i> of one of which is cut the Name of <i>Constantine</i>, with the -<i>Signal</i> of the Cross he saw in the Heavens, with this Inscription, -<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐν τούτῳ νίκα</span>. The <i>Basis</i> and <i>Shaft</i> of these Pillars are -buried, at the Bottom of them, under Ground, to the Depth of six Foot, -which I discover’d, when I casually fell into the Foundation of the -Walls, which were built between them. I could not see the <i>Plinth</i> of -the <i>Base</i> of any of them, because it was cover’d with Earth; yet I -perceiv’d the lowermost <i>Tore</i>, which was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">138</a></span> eight Digits in Thickness, -and seven in Height. The Stone at the Bottom of the <i>Shaft</i> was nine -Inches broad. Every Pillar is thirty Foot and six Digits high: In -short, the whole <i>Pillar</i>, <i>Capital</i> and <i>Pedestal</i>, is about forty six -Foot and a half in Height. The Bottom of the <i>Shaft</i>, which I measured -just above the Stone it bears upon, is eighteen Foot in Circumference. -The Pillars stand at the Distance of twenty Foot and ten Digits from -each other. The Inhabitants say, that these Pillars stood within the -Palace of <i>Constantine</i>; others say, that they formerly supported a -Bridge, over which you passed, as you went from the Palace to the -Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>. But there is nothing of Truth in either of -these Opinions; for ’tis plain from what I observed before, that they -stood in the <i>Forum Augusteum</i>. So that I am inclined to believe, that -they supported the Arches of the <i>Portico’s</i>, in which the Statues of -<i>Constantine the Great</i>, his Mother <i>Helena</i>, and other Statues were -placed. From what I have said, the Reader may trace the Beauty and -Grandeur of the Palaces at <i>Constantinople</i>, as well as from <i>Zosimus</i>, -who says, that <i>Constantine</i> built some Palaces at <i>Constantinople</i>, -little inferior to those of <i>Rome</i>. <i>Eusebius</i> reports, that he -illustrated and adorn’d <i>New Rome</i>, and the Imperial Palace, in other -respects, besides those I have mention’d, but that in the finest -Buildings of his Palace, and in the Middle of all his gilded Roofs, he -fix’d a Cross set with several Kinds of the richest Jewels, shining -with massy Gold; intimating thereby, that he look’d upon the Cross as -the Defence and Bulwark of his Government. St. <i>Jerome</i> tells us, <i>That -he stripp’d<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">139</a></span> almost every City of its Curiosities and Ornaments, -to adorn his New</i> Rome. <i>Eusebius</i> also mentions the Statues of the -<i>Muses</i>, which he caused to be fix’d up in his Palace. <i>Sozomen</i> -writes, that by the Command of <i>Constantine</i>, all that was valuable in -the Temples of the Ancients under his Government, and all the brazen -Statues of the nicest Workmanship were brought to <i>Constantinople</i>, to -beautify the City; which, he tells us, remain’d in the publick <i>Ways</i>, -in the <i>Hippodrom</i>, and in the Palace, down to his Time. But not only -<i>Constantine the Great</i>, but many other Emperors of <i>Constantinople</i> -ravaged the whole World for the Decoration of this City. Among these -was <i>Constantine the Third</i>, the Nephew of <i>Heraclius</i>, who plunder’d -<i>ancient Rome</i> of all its brazen and Marble Statues, ship’d off all -the costly Furniture of their Temples, and made more Havock there in -the Space of seven Days, than the <i>barbarous</i> Nations did in the Space -of two hundred and fifty Years; for so many Years was the <i>Roman</i> -Empire in its Declension before that general Pillage. <i>Iornandes</i>, no -indifferent Writer of the <i>Getick</i> History, reports, That <i>Theodorick -Prefect</i> of <i>Constantinople</i> was adopted, and made Consul by the -Emperor <i>Zeno</i>, who honour’d him with an <i>Equestrian</i> Statue, which was -erected before the Palace. <i>Tzetzes</i>, in his <i>various History</i>, tells -us, that even in his Time, the Head of <i>Apollo</i>, made by <i>Phidias</i> in -the Likeness of the Sun, remain’d in the Palace. <i>Suidas</i> relates, that -the Statue of <i>Pulcheria</i>, the Daughter of <i>Arcadius</i>, was placed in -the <i>Chalca</i>, near the Walks of <i>Ariadne</i> the first Wife of <i>Zeno</i>, -and that the Statues of <i>Zeno</i> himself<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">140</a></span> were set up in the Imperial -Gate-house of <i>Chalca</i>; as were also two other Statues on foot, erected -upon a small Pillar, with Elegies inscrib’d upon them, composed by -<i>Secundus</i> the Philosopher. I have seen in the History of no creditable -Author, tho’ well known to the People of <i>Constantinople</i>, that -<i>Justinian</i> erected on the left Side of the <i>Chalca</i>, seven Statues in -Honour of his Relations, some of Brass, and some of Marble, and that -he had also set up two Horses in the Nich before the <i>Chalca</i>, as also -some gilded Heads of Women, in the frightful Likeness of <i>Medusa</i>; I -could mention others, but that I do not much depend upon the Authority -of the History. <i>Suidas</i> says, that in the <i>Tribunal</i> of the Palace -stood the Statues of <i>Eudoxia</i>, and her Emperor <i>Theodosius</i>; of -<i>Marcian</i> and <i>Constantine</i>, till the Time of <i>Heraclius</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_XIX"><span class="smcap">Chap. XIX.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the</i> Basilica, <i>and the Imperial Walks</i>.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE <i>Basilica</i>, which, as I observed before, stood in the <i>Forum -Augusteum</i>, had four Arches, as appears from the ancient following -Inscriptions on them.</p> - -<p class="center">Upon an Arch in the <i>Basilica</i> of <i>Byzantium</i>.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>Great</i> Theodore, <i>who beautify’d the City</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>With four extensive Arches, highly merits</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>The Government of four Imperial Cities</i>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">141</a></span></p> - -<p class="center">And on another Part of the same Arch:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>You</i>, Theodorus, <i>with surprizing Art</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Once</i> Consul, <i>and thrice</i> Prefect <i>of the City</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Adorn’d this shining Fane with lofty Pillars</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Sacred to</i> Fortune, <i>Goddess of the City</i>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noindent"><i>Calliades</i>, General of the <i>Byzantian</i> Army, plac’d -the Statues of <i>Byzas</i> and <i>Phidalia</i> in the <i>Basilica</i>, -with this Inscription upon them:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">Calliades <i>erected here the Statues</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Of</i> Byzas, <i>and his lov’d</i> Phidalia.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="center">And on the Statue of <i>Phidalia</i>:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>This is the Statue of the fair</i> Phidalia</div> -<div class="line"><i>Young</i> Byzas’ <i>Wife, the Work of</i> Bupalus.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noindent"><i>Pliny</i>, among other Statuaries, mentions <i>Anthermus</i> of <i>Chios</i>, -and his Sons <i>Biopalus</i> and <i>Anthermus</i>. <i>Dionysius</i>, a Native of -<i>Byzantium</i> writes, that <i>Byzas</i>, from whom <i>Byzantium</i> took its Name, -was the Husband of <i>Phidalia</i>, from whom the Port of the <i>Bosporus</i> -took the Name of the Port of <i>Phidalia</i>, of which I have wrote more -largely in my <i>Treatise of the Bosporus</i>. <i>Suidas</i>, and some modern -Writers say, that in the <i>Basilica</i>, behind the <i>Miliarium Aureum</i>, -there was a gilded Statue in the Likeness of a Man, where was also the -<i>Exammon</i> of <i>Heraclius</i>, and the Statue of <i>Justin</i> the Emperor in -a kneeling Posture. <i>Terbelis</i> is said to have preached in the same -Place. Here was also placed by the Order of <i>Severus</i>, the Figure -of a large Elephant, upon the following Occasion:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">142</a></span> That an Elephant -being stabled near it, and the House of a Silver-Smith, who worked -in Plate, being robbed, he suspecting the Keeper of the Elephant to -be the Thief, threatned him with Death, unless he would move his -Station; and the Fellow bidding him Defiance, he slew him, and threw -him to the Elephant, at which the Beast being enraged, killed his -Keeper’s Murderer. <i>Severus</i> being acquainted with the Fact, offered -Sacrifices to the Elephant, commanded him and his Keeper to be cast -in Brass, and set up here; where also, as <i>Suidas</i> relates, was the -Statue of <i>Hercules</i>, to which the <i>Byzantians</i> paid divine Adoration, -and offered Sacrifice. Afterwards, in the <i>Consulship</i> of <i>Julian</i>, -it was moved into the <i>Hippodrom</i>; but was originally, with ten other -Statues, brought from <i>Old Rome</i>, partly by Sea, and partly by Land -Carriage. Thus it was that <i>Hercules</i>, living and dead, travelled the -greatest Part of the World. <i>Suidas</i> writes, that in the Imperial -Walks were placed the <i>Equestrian</i> Statues of <i>Trajan</i>, <i>Theodosius</i>, -<i>Valentinian</i>, <i>Gibbus</i>, and <i>Firmillianus</i> the Buffoon. There were -many other Statues of Emperors and Eunuchs set up in this Place, the -most famous of which was the Statue of <i>Eutropius</i>, who was Chamberlain -to the Emperor <i>Arcadius</i>. The Honour and Opulency of this Eunuch -appeared in numberless gilded Statues, erected to him in every Part -of the City, and the Magnificence and Superiority of the Houses he -built, almost in every Street. This so far encouraged and increased the -Number of the Eunuchs, that even the Boys affected to be so, that they -might become as rich and as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">143</a></span> honourable as <i>Eutropius</i>. The <i>Basilica</i> -was so near to the <i>Miliarium</i>, and the <i>Augusteum</i>, that the Clock -made by the Command of the Emperor <i>Justin</i>, <i>Cedrinus</i> places in -the <i>Miliarium</i>, others in the <i>Forum Augusteum</i>, and others in the -<i>Basilica</i>, as is evident from the following Inscription.</p> - -<p class="center">On the <i>Basis</i> of the Dial over the Arch in the <i>Basilica</i>.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>This Dial was erected at the Cost</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Of Prince</i> Justinus, <i>and the fair</i> Sophia.</div> -<div class="line"><i>The Scourge of execrable Tyrants he</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>She the bright Patroness of Liberty</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>Behold the</i> Gnomon <i>cast in shining Brass</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>The certain</i> Index <i>of the flying Hours</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>This was the Invention of the learned</i> Julian</div> -<div class="line"><i>An honest, upright, and impartial Lawyer</i>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_XX"><span class="smcap">Chap. XX.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Imperial Library, and</i> Portico; -<i>as also of the Imperial</i> Cistern.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE Imperial Palace, says <i>Zonaras</i>, stood near the <i>Basilica</i>, -hard by the Brasiers Shops. The <i>Basilica</i> was furnished with many -Volumes, both of human and divine Learning. It was anciently the -Mansion House of some Person of distinguished Knowledge, whom they -called the President or Master. He had under him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">144</a></span> twelve Assistants, -excellently well skilled in the Art of Reasoning, who were maintained -at the publick Charge. They had each of them several Pupils under -them, who were instructed in the Methods of Argumentation, and were -had in such high Estimation, that upon all important Affairs of State, -the Emperors summoned them to Council. In the Reign of <i>Basilicus</i>, -there happened at <i>Constantinople</i> a great Fire, which begun at, and -consumed the Brasiers Shops, with all the adjacent Buildings, burnt -down whole Streets; and among other fine Edifices, destroyed the famous -<i>Basilica</i>, which contained a Library of six hundred thousand Volumes. -Among other Curiosities of this Place, was the Gut of a Dragon, a -hundred and twenty Foot long, on which were inscribed in Golden -Characters the <i>Iliads</i> and <i>Odysses</i> of <i>Homer</i>. <i>Malchus</i>, a learned -<i>Byzantian</i>, wrote the History of <i>Constantinople</i>, which he brought -down from the Reign of <i>Constantine</i>, to the Time of <i>Anastasius</i> -the Emperor, in which he very passionately laments the burning of -the publick Library, and the Statues of the <i>Forum Augusteum</i>. -<i>Cedrinus</i> speaking of the same Library, gives the same Account of it -with <i>Zonaras</i>, almost word for word, and adds, <i>That this Library -contain’d the Histories of the Atchievements of the greatest Heroes, in -the several Ages of the World</i>. Many Years after this <i>Basilica</i> was -burn’d down, the Emperor <i>Leo Conon</i>, the Students vigorously opposing -his Heresy, order’d the Palace to be fired, and burnt them, and the -Library; which was afterwards rebuilt, and furnished with a most -curious Collection of the best Authors.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">145</a></span> The <i>Basilicæ</i> at <i>Old Rome</i>, -were the Places where they used to plead, to hold their Councils and -<i>Senates</i>, and to carry on the Business of Merchandize and Commerce: At -<i>Constantinople</i> they were used as Libraries and Schools of Learning, -as appears by what I have already observ’d, as also from the following -Inscription.</p> - -<p class="center">Upon the publick School in <i>Byzantium</i>.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>This Place was built for all th’ unletter’d Youth</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Whose</i> Genius <i>leads ’em to the</i> Roman <i>Law</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>In Pleading skill’d, and fraught with Eloquence</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>They leave these Walls, and plead their Countrey’s Cause.</i></div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noindent">Modern Writers tell us, that the Place where the Library stood was of -an Octogonal Figure, where there were arch’d <i>Portico’s</i>, and a large -Room, where the head Master used to converse with his Assistants. -<i>Cedrinus</i> affirms, that the great Church, the Hospital of <i>Sampson</i>, -the Gate-house of the <i>Basilica</i>, the <i>Augusteum</i>, the <i>Chalca</i>, the -two long <i>Portico’s</i>, as far as the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>, the -<i>Octogon</i>, and the <i>Bagnio’s</i> of <i>Zeuxippus</i>, were destroy’d by a -Fire, which happen’d in the Reign of <i>Justinian</i>. I would observe -from this Passage, that there must of Necessity be two <i>Octogons</i> -near one another. For if the <i>Octogon</i>, as <i>Cedrinus</i> reports, had -been the same with that where the Library stood, he would not have -omitted to take Notice that the Library was burnt down also in the -Reign of <i>Justinian</i>. It is my Opinion, that the Place where the -Library stood, was of a quadrangular Figure, and seems to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">146</a></span> the -same Building which <i>Procopius</i> says was encompassed with Pillars -erected in a square Manner. <i>Zonaras</i> mentions nothing of the Form of -the <i>Basilica</i>, which contain’d the Library, but only says, that it -adjoin’d to the <i>Chalcopratia</i>, or Braziers Shops. <i>Cedrinus</i> calls -the <i>Basilica</i>, <i>Cisterna</i>, which some Writers erroneously tell us, -was built by <i>Constantine the Great</i>. I am confirm’d in this Opinion -from <i>Procopius</i>, who says, that near the Imperial <i>Portico</i>, where -the Lawyers used to plead, there was a spacious Building of a great -Length and Breadth, encompassed with Pillars in a quadrangular Manner, -situate on a rocky Ground, which was built by <i>Justinian</i> to a great -Height, for preserving the Water in Summer, which was brought into it -by subterraneous Pipes, and in the Winter from the <i>Aqueducts</i>, for -the Use of the Poor. <i>Menander</i>, surnam’d the <i>Protector</i>, says of -himself, that it was once against his Inclinations to enter into the -Litigations of the Law in the Imperial <i>Portico</i>, and by the Force of -Pleading, to attempt to reconcile the Jarrings and Contentions of Men. -<i>Agathius</i> plays handsomly upon one <i>Uranius</i> a Native of <i>Syria</i>, -who set up for a Physician, although he was entirely ignorant of the -<i>Aristotelian</i> Discipline. This Fellow was blustering, noisy, an -impudent Pretender to infallible Cures, and very talkative, among other -Places, in the Imperial <i>Portico</i>; and speaking of himself, he tells -us, that he has often from Morning to Night read over many Law Books, -and Discourses of Trade and Commerce in the Imperial <i>Portico</i>’s. From -these Passages it is observable, that the Imperial <i>Portico</i>, and the -Imperial<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">147</a></span> <i>Cistern</i>, stood in the same Place. The Imperial <i>Portico</i> -is not to be seen, though the <i>Cistern</i> is still remaining. Through -the Carelesness and Contempt of every thing that is curious in the -Inhabitants, it was never discover’d, but by me, who was a Stranger -among them, after a long and diligent Search after it. The whole Ground -was built upon, which made it less suspected there was a <i>Cistern</i> -there. The People had not the least Suspicion of it, although they -daily drew their Water out of the Wells which were sunk into it. I went -by Chance into a House, where there was a Descent into it, and went -aboard a little Skiff. The Master of the House, after having lighted -some Torches, rowing me here and there across, through the Pillars, -which lay very deep in Water, I made a Discovery of it. He was very -intent upon catching his Fish, with which the <i>Cistern</i> abounds, and -spear’d some of them by the Light of the Torches. There is also a small -Light which descends from the Mouth of the Well, and reflects upon the -Water, where the Fish usually come for Air. This <i>Cistern</i> is three -hundred and thirty six Foot long, a hundred and eighty two Foot broad, -and two hundred and twenty four <i>Roman</i> Paces in Compass. The Roof, and -Arches, and Sides, are all Brick-work, and cover’d with Terrass, which -is not the least impair’d by Time. The Roof is supported with three -hundred and thirty six Marble Pillars. The Space of <i>Intercolumniation</i> -is twelve Foot. Each Pillar is above forty Foot nine Inches high. -They stand lengthways in twelve Ranges, broad-ways in twenty eight. -The <i>Capitals</i> of them are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">148</a></span> partly finish’d after the <i>Corinthian</i> -Model, and part of them not finish’d. Over the <i>Abacus</i> of every Pillar -is placed a large Stone, which seems to be another <i>Abacus</i>, and -supports four Arches. There are abundance of Wells which fall into the -<i>Cistern</i>. I have seen, when it was filling in the Winter-time, a large -Stream of Water falling from a great Pipe with a mighty Noise, till the -Pillars, up to the Middle of the <i>Capitals</i>, have been cover’d with -Water. This <i>Cistern</i> stands Westward of the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, at -the Distance of eighty <i>Roman</i> Paces from it.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_XXI"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXI.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the</i> Chalcopratia.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">IT is plain from what has been observed, that the <i>Chalcopratia</i>, -or Places where they work’d their Brass, stood near the <i>Basilica</i>. -<i>Cedrinus</i> reports, That <i>Theodosius the Less</i> built the Church of the -<i>Chalcopratia</i>, and dedicated it to the Virgin <i>Mary</i>. Others say, -that the <i>Jews</i>, who had lived there from the Time of <i>Constantine the -Great</i>, had obliged <i>Theodosius the Less</i> to retire from thence, and -built that Church; and that afterwards, when it had been shatter’d by -an Earthquake, it was rebuilt by <i>Justin Curopalatos</i>, tho’ <i>Zonaras</i> -is of another Opinion. <i>Theodosius the Great</i>, says he, <i>marching into -the Western Parts, the</i> Jews <i>took the Opportunity, and made</i> Honoratus -<i>the Prefect of the City, their Friend, and obtain’d<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">149</a></span> of him the -Freedom to build a Synagogue in the</i> Chalcopratia: <i>The People being -enraged at this, set it on fire, and burnt it down. When</i> Theodosius -<i>was made acquainted with the Fact, he lay’d a Fine upon those who were -concern’d in it, and gave them a fresh Licence to build another. St.</i> -Ambrose, <i>who was then Bishop of</i> Milan, <i>being inform’d of the Matter, -lay’d before</i> Theodosius <i>the Greatness of the Crime, in suffering the</i> -Jews <i>to build a Synagogue in the very Centre of the Queen of Cities, -upon which he remitted the Fine, and stopp’d their Proceedings</i>. -There are no Braziers Shops in this Place at present, they being -removed into another part of the City, tho’ I was inform’d by some -of the Inhabitants, that not many Years since they follow’d their -Trade near the <i>Chalcopratia</i>. The <i>unknown Author</i> of the History of -<i>Constantinople</i>, describing the Boundaries of <i>Old Byzantium</i>, tells -us, <i>That the</i> Chalcopratia <i>were not far from the</i> Miliarium. Others -say, that they were near the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>. <i>Strabo</i> speaking -of the Palace of <i>Alexandria</i>, relates, that in Conformity to this at -<i>Constantinople</i>, it had a Library, a <i>Portico</i>, a Convocation-House, -or Place of Assembly upon publick Affairs, and a large publick -Foundation for the Encouragement of Persons of Literature and Science.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">150</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_XXII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXII.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the</i> Portico’s <i>situate between the Palace, -and the</i> Forum <i>of</i> Constantine.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">BESIDES the Imperial <i>Portico</i>, which stood near the Library, there -were also other <i>Portico’s</i> at a little Distance from it, which reach’d -from the Palace to the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>. The first Fire, which -happen’d in the Reign of <i>Justinian</i>, consumed the Palace and the -Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, both the long <i>Portico</i>’s, as far as the <i>Forum -of Constantine</i>. <i>Cedrinus</i> says, that besides these, it destroy’d also -the <i>Chalca</i> and the <i>Augusteum</i>. The Fire that happen’d afterwards -in the Reign of <i>Basiliscus</i>, began at the <i>Chalcopratia</i>, burnt down -the two adjoining <i>Portico’s</i>, all the neighbouring Buildings, the -<i>Basilica</i>, in which was the Library, two <i>Portico’s</i> which stood -between the Palaces, and all the fine Ornaments of the <i>Lausus</i>. These -<i>Portico’s</i> have been often burnt, and as often rebuilt; first of -all by <i>Justinian</i>, then by others, and last by <i>Domninus</i>, which is -confirm’d by a modern Historian, who says, That when <i>Constantinople</i> -was taken by the <i>Gauls</i> and the <i>Venetians</i>, the cover’d <i>Portico</i>’s -of <i>Domninus</i> reaching on both Sides of the Way, from the <i>Miliarium</i> -to the Forum of <i>Constantine</i>, were burnt to the Ground. Some say, -That in the Time of <i>Constantine the Great</i>, <i>Eubulus</i> built four -double <i>Portico’s</i>, which were arch’d at Top, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">151</a></span> reach’d from the -Palace to the Land Wall of the City; one of which stretch’d as far -as the Church of St. <i>Anthony</i>, at the End of the City, another from -the Port of <i>Sophia</i>, to the Church named <i>Rabdon</i>; the other two -extended themselves from the <i>Chalca</i>, and the <i>Miliarium</i> to the -<i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>, the Street call’d <i>Taurus</i>, and the <i>Brazen -Bull</i>. All of them were paved with square Marble, and adorn’d with -infinite Numbers of Statues. These Relations, though they come from -unknown Authors, who, as I have sometimes observed, have not so -strictly adhered to Truth, yet seem to carry with them a good Face of -Probability, since it is evident from Historians of more Veracity, how -industrious <i>Constantine</i> was in adorning the City; and ’tis no less -evident from the <i>Treatise of the ancient Description of the Wards</i>, -that <i>Constantinople</i>, in the Reigns of <i>Arcadius</i> and <i>Honorius</i>, -had no less than fifty two publick <i>Portico’s</i>, five of which the -Author places in the fourth <i>Ward</i>, in which stood the <i>Basilica</i>, -the Imperial <i>Portico</i>, and the <i>Portico</i> of <i>Fannio</i>; besides which, -he places four large <i>Portico’s</i> in the sixth <i>Ward</i>. In the same -<i>Ward</i> he places another large <i>Portico</i>. He adds, that the seventh -<i>Ward</i> abounds with <i>Portico’s</i>, and that the eighth <i>Ward</i> had six -<i>Portico’s</i> more. In the ninth <i>Ward</i> were two large <i>Portico’s</i>. The -tenth had six, the eleventh four. From which it is credible, that the -<i>Portico’s</i> stood very thick from the <i>Chalca</i> to the Land Wall, but I -cannot say they were contiguous beyond the <i>Taurus</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">152</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_XXIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXIII.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the</i> Miliarium Aureum <i>and its Statues, -and of the</i> Fortune <i>of the City, -and her Statue</i>.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE <i>Miliarium Aureum</i> was a gilded Pillar, from whence they used -to adjust the Mensuration of their Miles, and the Distances from -the City. <i>Pliny</i> tells us, that it was set up at <i>Rome</i> in the -highest Ground of the publick <i>Forum</i>; but whether the <i>Miliarium</i> at -<i>Constantinople</i> was like that of <i>Rome</i>, the <i>Greek</i> Historians have -been so far from declaring their Opinions concerning it, that in all -their Writings they have not so much as mention’d the Name of it. Yet -it seems very probable to me, that it was like it, and was also seated -in the <i>Forum</i>, or near it. For the <i>Ancient Description of the Wards</i> -places it in the <i>Ward</i> where the <i>Forum Augusteum</i> and the <i>Basilica</i> -stood, to which it adjoin’d. They who have written the History of -the Atchievements of <i>Alexius Comnenus</i> the Emperor, tell us, that -at Break of Day, the Forces of <i>Alexius</i>, marching out of the great -Palace, under the Command of <i>Sabatius</i> their General, enter’d the -Church of St. <i>John</i> the <i>Divine</i>, and when they had got to the Top of -the Church, they express’d themselves in a provoking manner, so that a -Battle began about three in the Morning, and that many People in the -<i>Forum</i> were wounded, who fought from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">153</a></span> Roof of the <i>Miliarium</i>, and -the Top of St. <i>John</i>’s Church. The Inhabitants say, that this was the -Church where the Elephants of the <i>Grand Seignor</i> are now stabled. ’Tis -near the <i>Hippodrom</i>, and the <i>Forum Cupedinis</i>, famous for Niceties, -situate near the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, and was formerly called the -<i>Forum Augusteum</i>. But to come closer to the Point: <i>Suidas</i> says, -<i>That in the</i> Basilica, <i>behind the</i> Miliarium, <i>were placed a gilded -Statue of a Man, as also of an Elephant and his Keeper</i>; others, with -more Probability, say, that these Statues were erected behind the -<i>Basilica</i>, near the <i>Miliarium</i>. <i>Suidas</i> adds, that the Statue of -<i>Theodosius</i> was placed in the <i>Miliarium</i>, and that upon the setting -it up, he distributed large Donations of Corn among the People. Upon -the <i>Equestrian</i> Statue of <i>Theodosius</i>, not remaining at present, were -inscrib’d these Verses.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>Not the bright Sun, which gilds the Eastern Sky</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>With greater Lustre shines, than</i> Theodosius.</div> -<div class="line"><i>See how he sits aloft in radiant Arms</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>And with mild Aspect views his loving People!</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>The fiery Steed, pleas’d with the Royal Burthen</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>In warlike Posture seems to move, and live.</i></div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noindent"><i>Suidas</i> proceeds farther, and tells us, that the Statues of <i>Sophia</i>, -the Consort of <i>Justin</i> the <i>Thracian</i>, of his Daughter <i>Arabia</i>, and -his Niece <i>Helena</i>; as also the <i>Equestrian</i> Statues of <i>Arcadius</i> and -<i>Theodosius</i> his Son, were placed in the <i>Miliarium</i>, near the Statue -of <i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Great</i>. <i>Cedrinus</i> writes, that there stood two -Statues above the Nich of the <i>Miliarium</i>, one of <i>Constantine</i> the -<i>Great</i>, the other of his Mother <i>Helena</i>, with a Cross between<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">154</a></span> them: -Behind them was placed the Statue of <i>Trajan</i> on Horse-back, and that -near him was placed the Statue of <i>Ælius Hadrianus</i>. <i>Suidas</i> adds, -that the Cross which was placed between <i>Constantine</i> and <i>Helena</i>, had -this Inscription; <i>una sancta, & duo celeres Cursores</i>. From whence it -is evident, that the <i>Forum</i>, the <i>Miliarium</i>, and the <i>Basilica</i> stood -so near together, that they are not only placed by different Authors -in different Places, but sometimes by one and the same Historian. -The same Writer says, that there was also in the <i>Miliarium</i> a great -Piece of Antiquity, which was a Chariot drawn by four Fallow Horses, -supported by two square Pillars, in the Place where <i>Constantine</i> -was received by his Army with joyful Congratulations, after he had -conquered <i>Azotium</i>; but originally, because <i>Byzas</i>, the Founder of -<i>Byzantium</i>, had there been highly applauded by the People. The Chariot -of the Sun was carried into the <i>Hippodrom</i>, in which was seated a -small Statue, made by the Order of <i>Constantine</i>. This Statue was the -<i>Fortune</i> of the City, which on great Festivals, and the Day of the -Celebration of the Foundation of the City, was set up with a Cross on -her Head, in the <i>Senate-House</i>. <i>Julian</i> the Apostate demolished it -in the same Place, where <i>Arius</i> died in a miserable Manner, which -was at a small Distance from the <i>Senate-House</i>. In the same Place, -the pious Emperor <i>Theodosius</i> had ordered the Statues of <i>Arius</i>, -<i>Macedonius</i>, <i>Sabellius</i>, and <i>Eunomius</i>, which were cut in Marble, -to be placed in a sitting Posture on the Ground, to be polluted with -the Excrements, and receive the Curses of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">155</a></span> People, in Token of -their flagrant Perfidiousness. Other Historians say, that the Statue -of the <i>Fortune</i> of the City was brought from <i>Rome</i> by <i>Constantine</i> -the <i>Great</i>, and placed in a Nich in the Palace. <i>Zosimus</i> writes, that -<i>Constantine</i> placed the <i>Fortune</i> of <i>Rome</i>, on the Side of one of the -four <i>Portico’s</i> that surrounded the great <i>Forum</i>. ’Tis very probable, -that the People of <i>Constantinople</i> celebrated a Festival in Honour of -her, as was customary at <i>Old Rome</i>, both by Natives and Foreigners, -the same Day, in which the <i>Palilia</i>, (the Festivals of <i>Pales</i>) were -celebrated. <i>Socrates</i> tells us, that <i>Julian</i>, when he was publickly -sacrificing to the <i>Fortune</i> of <i>Constantinople</i>, in the <i>Basilica</i>, -where her Statue was set up; <i>Mares</i>, the Bishop of <i>Chalcedon</i>, being -led thither by the Hand, for he was blind with Age, sharply reprimanded -him, and called him an Apostate from the Christian Religion. <i>Julian</i> -in Return, called him a blind old Fellow, adding sarcastically this -Question; <i>Is your God, the Galilean, able to cure you?</i> For thus, by -Way of Contempt, he used to call our Saviour. Upon which the good old -Bishop replied, <i>I thank my God, who has taken my Sight from me, so -that I cannot behold the Man who is fallen into so great an Apostacy</i>; -upon which <i>Julian</i> was silent. <i>Zonaras</i>, and some Historians who -lived before him, have recorded, That in the Time of <i>Anastasius</i>, the -Statue of <i>Fortune</i>, made in Brass, stood with one Foot in a brazen -Ship, and was placed in some Part of the City; but that when this Ship -began to decay with Age, or some Parts of it were stolen, or shattered -by Treachery, it happened, that no Ships of Burthen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">156</a></span> came into the -Port of <i>Constantinople</i>, but that upon their Arrival near the City, -a Storm prevented their coming into Harbour; and if their Cargo was -taken aboard the Long-boats, and brought into the City, they tell you -it was soon consumed, by Reason of the Scarcity, which then prevailed. -Upon this, the <i>Curatores</i> of the City were obliged to enquire into -the Reason of it. When the Magistrates of the City, upon Information, -began to suspect the Cause, they found, upon Enquiry, the Fragments -of the Ship, which were fitted to their proper Places, when on a -sudden, Navigation was open and free, and the Sea was constantly full -of Vessels sailing into the Port. And that they might fully discover -the real Cause of this Calamity, they repeated the Experiment, by -stripping the Ship again of some Pieces of it, and the Ships coming -into Harbour, were prevented as before; so they repaired the brazen -Vessel she stood in, and took a particular Care of it. <i>Eunapius</i>, who -wrote the <i>History of the Lives of the Philosophers and wise Men</i>, -says, that in the Reign of <i>Constantine</i>, the Inhabitants attributed -this Difficulty of coming into Harbour to another Cause. <i>There was no -entring the Port at</i> Constantinople, says he, <i>unless the Wind stood -full South. When this had frequently happened, the People, oppressed -with Famine, assembled in the Theatre, enraged at</i> Constantine. <i>The -Chief of the Courtiers having conceived a Resentment against</i> Sopatrus -<i>the Philosopher, brought him before the Emperor, and impeached him -in the following Manner: This</i> Sopatrus, <i>Sir, who is so high in your -Favour, has by his excessive Wisdom chained<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">157</a></span> up the Winds, for which -you so far admire him, as to admit him too near your Imperial Person</i>. -<i>Constantine</i>, believing the Allegations, ordered him to be beheaded.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_XXIV"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXIV.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Temple of</i> Neptune, <i>of the Church -of St.</i> Mina, (<i>or</i> Menna) <i>of the</i> Stadia, -<i>and the Stairs of</i> Timasius.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">I Cannot omit taking Notice of the Church of St. <i>Mina</i>, because it -shews in what Part of the City the fourth <i>Ward</i> stood, which contained -the <i>Basilica</i>, the <i>Augusteum</i>, and the Church of St. <i>Mina</i>. The -History of an unknown Author reports, that <i>Byzas</i> formerly built a -Temple to <i>Neptune</i>, near the <i>Acropolis</i>, by the Sea, where, he says, -that in his Time stood the Church of St. <i>Mina</i> the Martyr; though he -seems to contradict himself, where he says, that the Church of St. -<i>Mina</i> was formerly the Temple of <i>Jupiter</i>, and that the Roof of it, -which was arched with Marble, was supported with two large Pillars. -So that I can conclude nothing from the Uncertainty of this Writer, -but that it seems more probable to me, that the Church of St. <i>Mina</i> -stood in those Parts of the <i>Acropolis</i>, in which formerly stood the -Temple of <i>Neptune</i>, as appears from <i>Dionysius</i> an antient Writer of -<i>Byzantium</i>, who says, that a little above the <i>Promontory</i> of the -<i>Bosporus</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">158</a></span> was erected an Altar to <i>Minerva Egressoria</i>, and the -Temple of <i>Neptune</i>; and that below the Temple of <i>Neptune</i> were the -<i>Stadia</i>, and the <i>Gymnasia</i>, where they diverted themselves with -martial Sports and Exercises, as I have shewn more at large in my -Treatise of the <i>Bosporus</i>. I am confirmed in this Opinion from the -Information of some of the Inhabitants now living, who told me, that -within the Imperial Precinct, formerly called the <i>Acropolis</i>, stood -the Church of St. <i>Mina</i>. The <i>Antient Description of the Wards of the -City</i> tells us, that the Church of St. <i>Mina</i> stood in the same Ward -with the <i>Stadia</i>, and the Stairs of <i>Timasius</i>. <i>Procopius</i> writes, -<i>That at the Place called the</i> Stadium, <i>near the Sea, where they -exercised themselves in martial Sports, the Emperor</i> Justinian, <i>and -his Empress</i> Theodora, <i>built some large Inns for the Entertainment of -Strangers</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">159</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_II_Chap_XXV"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXV.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the</i> Lausus, <i>and its Statues; namely, a</i> Venus <i>of</i> Cnidos, -<i>a</i> Juno <i>of</i> Samos, <i>a</i> Minerva <i>of</i> Lindia, <i>a winged</i> Cupid, <i>a</i> -Jupiter Olympius, <i>a</i> Saturn, <i>Unicorns, Tygers, Vultures, Beasts -that are half Camels, and half Panthers; of the</i> Cistern <i>of the -Hospital called</i> Philoxenos, <i>and the</i> Chrysotriclinium.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE <i>Lausus</i> is a Place celebrated in the Writings of many Historians, -some of whom write, that it was the House of <i>Lausus</i> a Patrician, who -bore many Offices in the Reign of <i>Arcadius</i>, the Son of <i>Theodosius</i> -the <i>Great</i>, and that he adorned his House with many famous Monuments -of Antiquity. There is a Book still extant, under the Title of -<i>Lausaicus</i>, which was wrote by <i>Heraclidas</i>, Bishop of <i>Cappadocia</i>, -and inscribed to <i>Lausus</i>. In what Part of the City this Place was, -no Authors mention; but ’tis very probable that it was between the -Palace, and the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>, from the Authorities both of -<i>Zonaras</i>, and <i>Cedrinus</i>; who having described the Ruines of the Fire, -which happened in the Reign of <i>Leo</i>, both on the North, and South Side -of the City tell us, that in the Middle of the City, it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">160</a></span> burnt from -the <i>Lausus</i>, to the Street called <i>Taurus</i>. And <i>Evagrius</i>, speaking -of the same Fire, says, that it destroyed all the Buildings from the -<i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i> to the <i>Taurus</i>. The Reader may observe from -hence, that the <i>Lausus</i> was not far from the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>. -<i>Cedrinus</i> also in his Description of that Fire which happened in the -Reign of <i>Basiliscus</i>, makes it plain, that it stood Eastward, between -the Palace, and the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>. This Fire, says he, -consumed the <i>Chalcopratia</i>, the most beautiful Part of the City, the -<i>Basilica</i>, with its eminent Library, and all the surprizing Ornaments -of the <i>Lausus</i>, to the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>. There was in the -<i>Lausus</i>, continues our Historian, an infinite Number of Statues, the -most remarkable of which was, the Statue of <i>Minerva</i> of <i>Lindia</i>, -which was four Cubits long, and made of an <i>Emerald</i> Stone. ’Twas cut -by <i>Scyllis</i> and <i>Dipœnus</i>, two eminent Statuaries, and presented by -<i>Sesostris</i> King of <i>Egypt</i>, to <i>Cleobulus</i> King of <i>Lindia</i>, a Prince -of incomparable Wisdom. From hence it is probable the Place is called -<i>Laousos</i>; for <i>Minerva</i> sometimes goes under the Name of <i>Laossos</i>. -<i>Theophrastus</i> writes, that the <i>Egyptian</i> Commentators mention, that -the King of <i>Babylon</i> made a Present to their King of an <i>Emerald</i>, -which was four Cubits long, and three in Breadth. If <i>Sesostris</i>, -<i>Scyllis</i>, and <i>Dipœnus</i> were living at the same Time, <i>Pliny</i> should -rather have called it the <i>Emerald</i> of <i>Minerva</i>. But these were no -less antient, than eminent Statuaries, born in the Island of <i>Crete</i>, -when under the Government of the <i>Medes</i>, before <i>Cyrus</i> was King of -<i>Persia</i>, that is,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">161</a></span> about the fifteenth <i>Olympiad</i>. They carved the -Statues of <i>Apollo</i>, <i>Diana</i>, <i>Hercules</i>, as also of <i>Minerva</i>, which -was blasted with Lightning. <i>Pliny</i> takes Notice, that <i>Ambracia</i>, -<i>Argos</i>, and <i>Cleone</i> were full of Statues made by <i>Dipœnus</i>, tho’ -he says nothing of the Statue of <i>Minerva</i> of <i>Lindia</i>. <i>Cedrinus</i> -adds, that there was placed in the <i>Lausus</i>, the Statue of <i>Venus</i> of -<i>Cnidos</i>, which was looked upon every where as a celebrated Piece of -Sculpture. It was finished by <i>Praxiteles</i>, is made of white Marble, -and appears in a naked Posture. There is also a <i>Juno</i> of <i>Samos</i>, the -Workmanship of <i>Lysippus</i> and <i>Bupalus</i>, and a winged <i>Cupid</i>, with -his Quiver. This Statue was brought from <i>Myndus</i>. There was also a -<i>Jupiter</i> riding upon an Elephant, which was carved by <i>Phidias</i>, and -placed in his Temple by <i>Pericles</i>. There was also another Statue made -by <i>Lysippus</i>, which was bald behind, tho’ not before, which was taken -for the Statue of <i>Saturn</i>. There were also erected here many Statues -of Unicorns, Tygers, Beasts that were half Camels, and half Panthers; -others that were half Bulls, and half Harts, besides several Statues -of Vultures. The unknown Author of the History of <i>Constantinople</i> -says, That in his Time there were standing in the <i>Lausus</i> some Eagles -that were cut in Stone. I am induced to think, that there were some -Figures of Birds standing there at that Time, but believe them to be -the Vultures mentioned by <i>Cedrinus</i>. This Author tells us, that there -stood in the <i>Lausus</i> several fine Buildings, some Hospitals, a Place -for the Entertainment of Strangers, which had very good Spring-water, -and was call’d <i>Philoxenon</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">162</a></span> Some Writers affirm, that the -<i>Philoxenon</i> was a <i>Cistern</i>, built by one of that Name. I look upon it -to be the same <i>Cistern</i>, which was situate between the <i>Triclinium</i> -and the <i>Lausiacum</i>, and was filled up by the Order of <i>Heraclius</i>. -<i>Menander</i>, surnamed the Protector, tells us, That <i>Philip</i> of -<i>Macedon</i> cleansed most of the <i>Cisterns</i> of the City, which -<i>Heraclius</i> commanded to be replenished with Earth. If that Prince -gave Orders for the cleansing of that <i>Cistern</i>, among others, ’tis -the same which lies under Ground, on the North Side of <i>Abraham</i> the -<i>Basha</i>’s House, between the <i>Lausiacum</i>, and the <i>Triclinium</i>; whose -Roof is supported with four Hundred and twenty four marble Pillars, -two hundred and twelve supporting the same Number of Pillars above -them. I measured one of them, for they all seem to be of a Bigness, -and I found it to be six Foot and nine Inches in Circumference. There -is another <i>Cistern</i> on the West Side of the same House, whose Arches -are supported with thirty two <i>Corinthian</i> Pillars, standing in four -Ranges, each Range consisting of eight Pillars, whose <i>Shafts</i> are -nine Foot in Compass. As to the <i>Triclinium</i>, between which and the -<i>Lausus</i> was built the <i>Philoxenon</i>; I suppose it to be the same which -<i>Justinian</i> the <i>Third</i> built near the Palace, and called it after his -own Name, the <i>Triclinium</i> of <i>Justinian</i>. ’Tis reported by <i>Cedrinus</i>, -that this <i>Triclinium</i> was finely beautified by the Emperor <i>Tiberius</i>. -The Western Gate of this <i>Triclinium</i> is taken Notice of by <i>Leo</i> the -<i>Fifth</i>, when he foretold that the Head of the Man which should be cut -off in the <i>Hippodrom</i> for his Tyranny,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">163</a></span> should be brought before him -through the Western Gate of the <i>Triclinium</i>. Frequent Mention is made -of this <i>Chrysotriclinium</i> by Historians, who wrote just before the -taking of <i>Constantinople</i> by the <i>Turks</i>, and all the Inhabitants both -knew the Name, and the Place where it stood. But the People are since -fallen into such an Aversion to Learning, and a Disrelish of what is -ingenious and Polite, that they rather chuse to embrace a voluntary -Ignorance, and treat every Thing that is curious with Indignity and -Contempt.</p> - -<p class="center padt1"><i>The End of the Second Book.</i></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_png182.jpg" width="300" height="302" alt="page header decoration" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">164</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter chapter"> -<img src="images/i_png183_a.jpg" width="600" height="141" alt="page header decoration" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="no-break" id="BOOK_III"><span class="small">THE</span><br /> -<span class="largest">ANTIQUITIES</span><br /> -<span class="smaller">OF</span><br /> -<span class="smcap largest">Constantinople</span>.<br /> -<br /> -<span class="larger">BOOK III.</span></h2> - -<h3 class="no-break" id="Book_III_Chap_I"><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of several Places in the fifth Ward, and the second Hill; of the</i> -Neorium; <i>of the Port nam’d the</i> Bosporium; <i>of the</i> Strategium, <i>and -the</i> Forum <i>of</i> Theodosius.</span></h3> - -<div> - <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_png183_b_cap_i.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="uppercase">IT</span> was impossible for me to discover from the <i>Ancient Description -of the Wards</i>, that the fifth <i>Ward</i> stood on the North Side of the -second Hill, and in a Plain at the Bottom of it, and that it descended -jointly with the fourth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">165</a></span> Ward from the Ridge of the <i>Promontory</i> to -the Bay call’d <i>Ceras</i>, although the Author takes Notice that a great -part of it fell down in winding Descents into the Bosom of a Plain. -For this Description of it is no less agreeable to other Wards. Nor -could I find out its Situation from any Buildings remaining in it, or -from the Information of the most ancient Inhabitants. All the Light -I could get was from the Situation of the <i>Phosphorian</i> or, as some -call it, the <i>Bosphorian</i> Port, and the <i>Stairs</i> of <i>Chalcedon</i>, which -do not take that Name, because they are built in the Eastern Part of -the City facing <i>Chalcedon</i>, for they stand full North; and so it is -call’d the <i>Bosphorian</i> Port, not from the Sea of <i>Bosporus</i>, but -from a depraved Custom of the People, who pronounce it so; whereas, -according to the Authorities of <i>Stephanus</i> and <i>Eustathius</i>, they -ought to call it the <i>Phosphorian</i> Port. For these Writers assert, that -it took its Name from hence; <i>viz.</i> that when <i>Philip</i> of <i>Macedon</i> -besieged <i>Byzantium</i>, and his Soldiers were digging a Passage under -Ground into the Town, the Moon, which is call’d <i>Phosphora</i>, shone -out in its full Brightness, and discover’d the Stratagem; so that the -<i>Byzantians</i>, the Siege being raised, call’d it the <i>Phosphorium</i>. But -as they give some Reason why it may be thought the same Haven, though -under different Names, yet are they silent as to its Situation, whether -it stood on the Eastern, Northern, or Southern Side of the City; though -it is reasonable to believe, if we consider the Situation of the Stairs -of <i>Chalcedon</i>, which the <i>Ancient Description of the Wards</i> places -in the same <i>Ward</i> with the <i>Bosphorian</i> Haven, that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">166</a></span> it stood on the -South Side of the City, and not on the East Side, although it directly -faces <i>Chalcedon</i>. For the Force and Rapidity of the <i>Bosporus</i> makes -it very difficult to sail from <i>Chalcedon</i> to the Eastern and Southern -Parts of <i>Constantinople</i>; but ’tis an easy Passage to those who sail -between that and <i>Chalcedon</i>, to go in or out of Port on the North Side -of the City. It is observable farther, that the <i>Ancient Description of -the Wards</i> mentions no <i>Stairs</i> which lie over-against <i>Chalcedon</i>; or -if the Author had taken Notice of any, he had placed them in the first -or second <i>Wards</i>, opposite to <i>Chalcedon</i>, or in the third <i>Ward</i>, -which stands Southward, where the <i>Neorium</i> or the new Dock stood, as I -observ’d before. But it would be of little Significancy to enlarge on -this Matter, since I shall be very particular in naming and producing -such Authorities, as will make it evident, that the <i>Bosphorian</i> -Port, and the <i>Stairs</i> of <i>Chalcedon</i> were not only situate on the -North Side of the City, but shall mention the very Place where they -stood. The first Historian I shall quote is <i>Dionysius</i>, a Native -of the City, who places, just without the Walls of Old <i>Byzantium</i>, -the Temple of <i>Tellus</i> upon the Bay of the <i>Bosporus</i>, and a little -below it the Temple of <i>Ceres</i> and <i>Proserpina</i>, whom he does not call -<i>Proserpina</i>, but only <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κόρη</span> the <i>Virgin</i>; yet by the Situation -of the Place we may easily understand that Virgin to be <i>Hecate</i>, whose -<i>Tripos</i> <i>Cedrinus</i> mentions to have been in the <i>Strategium</i>, where, -or at least not far from it, as appears from the same Author, stood -the Temple of <i>Proserpina</i>: But <i>Evagrius</i> is more clear upon this -Occasion, who tells us, that in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">167</a></span> Reign of <i>Leo</i> there happen’d -a great Fire on the North Side of the City, where the Dock stood, -which consumed all before it, from the <i>Bosphorian</i> Haven, to the old -Temple of <i>Apollo</i>; on the South Side, from the Port of <i>Julian</i> to -the Temple of <i>Concord</i>, in the Middle of the City, from the <i>Forum</i> -of <i>Constantine</i>, to the <i>Taurus</i>; and <i>Zonaras</i> adds, that the same -Fire destroy’d all the Buildings between the North and the South Sea. -<i>Cedrinus</i> reports, that the same Fire began at the Dock, and burnt -down all before it, as far as the Church of St. <i>John</i>; from whence -I observe, that the <i>Bosphorian</i> Port and the Dock were near to one -another, although the Author of the <i>Description of the Wards</i>, places -the former in the fifth, and the latter in the sixth <i>Ward</i>. For since -both these <i>Wards</i> join’d together, and descended from the Ridge of -the <i>Promontory</i> down to the Sea, it is not possible that they should -stand at any great Distance from one another. <i>Zosimus</i>, an ancient -Historian, points out the very Place where the Dock was built in his -<i>Description</i> of Old <i>Byzantium</i>. He tells us, that ’twas situate upon -a Hill, which made part of the <i>Isthmus</i>, which was enclosed by the -<i>Propontis</i>, and the Bay call’d <i>Ceras</i>; and adds, that the Wall of -<i>Byzantium</i> stretch’d it self over a Hill, from the Western Side of -the City to the Temple of <i>Venus</i>, and the Sea facing <i>Chrysopolis</i>; -and that it descended on the North Side of the City to the <i>Neorion</i>, -or <i>New Haven</i>, which I take to stand near the Gate which the <i>Greeks</i> -call <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ὡραῖα</span>, and since by a Corruption of Language <i>Porta -Neoria</i>, or at least not far from it. There is at present between -the Seas and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">168</a></span> <i>Porta Neoria</i>, a broad Space of Land, a Market -of Merchandize and Sea Goods, which the <i>Turks</i> call <i>Siphont</i>, or -<i>Tsiphont</i>, because the <i>Jews</i> inhabit it. It adjoins to the <i>Stairs</i> -or <i>Landing-place</i> of <i>Chalcedon</i>, from whence they daily sail to -<i>Scutarieum</i>, or <i>Scutaricum</i>, anciently call’d <i>Chrysopolis</i>, a -Mart-Town, and a Port of <i>Chalcedon</i>. Near the <i>Stairs</i> of <i>Chalcedon</i> -is the <i>Ferry</i>, whence you cross the Water to <i>Galata</i>. It was formerly -called the <i>Sycæne Ferry</i>, and is placed in the <i>Description of the -Wards</i>, near the <i>Bosphorian Haven</i>, or <i>Dock</i>. But the Situation of -these Places seems to be somewhat chang’d, by reason of some Granaries -built there, (which are removed farther into the City) or for the -greater Enlargement of the Precinct of the <i>Seraglio</i>, or because they -are fallen to Decay, and filled up with Earth. For at that Time, when -<i>Philip</i> of <i>Macedon</i> undermin’d the Town, ’tis very probable that -there was no Port built in that Place, which by the <i>Byzantians</i> was -afterwards call’d the <i>Phosphorion</i>. There was no building a Haven -there, because of the Rising of the Springs, but the <i>Bosphorian</i> Haven -was built afterwards in another Place. And this is no more than what is -said of the Dock, or the <i>Neorium</i>, which they tell you was enclosed -by <i>Constans</i>, and was made a Market of Merchandize, and other naval -Affairs. This Market was afterwards kept near the Port of <i>Julian</i>. -Some Historians write, that <i>Leontius</i> the Emperor, who reign’d after -<i>Justin</i>, order’d the Dock to be cleansed. Others write, that there -was erected, at the <i>Neorium</i>, the Figure of a large Ox in Brass, -which much resembled the <i>Brazen Bull</i>. This Figure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">169</a></span> was set up in the -eleventh <i>Ward</i>, which, as some modern Writers would persuade you, -bellow’d once a Year, which portended great Mischief and Detriment to -the City. But this I look upon to be a Fable taken out of <i>Callimachus</i> -and <i>Pindar</i>, who tell you, that upon the Mountain of <i>Artabyris</i> in -<i>Rhodes</i>, there are brazen Bulls that used to bellow upon any Calamity -impending the City. There is nothing remaining of this Haven, where the -Dock was at present. I gather from the Situation of the <i>Bosphorian</i> -Port, and the Stairs of <i>Chalcedon</i>, that the fifth <i>Ward</i> stood on -the Side of the second Hill, and in a Plain below it; where were -also the <i>Bagnio’s</i> of <i>Honorius</i>, the <i>Prytaneum</i>, the <i>Bagnio’s</i> -of <i>Eudoxia</i>, the Granaries of <i>Valentinian</i> and <i>Constantius</i>, the -<i>Thebean</i> Obelisk, the <i>Bosphorian</i> Port, the Stairs of <i>Chalcedon</i>, -the Cistern of <i>Theodosius</i>, and the <i>Strategium</i>, in which was the -<i>Forum</i> of <i>Theodosius</i>. <i>Justinian</i> in his <i>Constitutions</i> takes -Notice of the <i>Bagnio</i> of <i>Achilles</i> in a Letter, thus: <i>Our Imperial -Will and Pleasure is, that the leaden Pipes, conducting the Water to -the</i> Achillean <i>Bagnio’s, contrived by your Wisdom, and purchased by -your Munificence, be under the same Regulation and Management, as has -been appointed by</i> Theodosius <i>and</i> Valentinian <i>in the like Case; and -that the said Pipes shall only supply such</i> Bagnio’s <i>and</i> Nymphæa, <i>as -your Excellency shall think fit, allowing at the same time full Power, -Licence and Authority to the Apparitors of your Excellency, to enter -without Fear or Molestation, such Houses and</i> Bagnio’s <i>in the Suburbs, -as they shall judge convenient, to enquire into all Evasions of this -Order, and to prevent the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">170</a></span> Stoppage of the Water to the Detriment -of the publick</i>. The Law by which <i>Constantine</i> the <i>Great</i> enacts, -that <i>Constantinople</i> shall be call’d <i>New Rome</i>, is inscrib’d upon a -publick Pillar, near his own <i>Equestrian</i> Statue in the <i>Strategium</i>. -I find in the <i>Ancient Description of the Wards</i>, that there were -three <i>Fora’s</i> in the City, which took their Name from <i>Theodosius</i>. -One was in the fifth <i>Ward</i>, and stood, as I just observ’d, in the -<i>Strategium</i>; another stood in the sixth Ward, and a third in the -twelfth. The two last of them were Markets for Provision, the first -was the <i>Forum Prætorianum</i>, a Court of publick Justice, where the -<i>Prætors</i> presided, and this I gather from the <i>Treatise</i> just -mention’d, and which was call’d, both by the <i>Latins</i> and <i>Greeks</i>, -<i>Prætorium</i>. I am not certain, though it seems very probable to me, -that this great <i>Prætorium</i> was beautifully finish’d at the Expence -and Care of the Emperor <i>Justin</i> and <i>Domninus</i>, as will appear from -the following Verses of <i>Paulus Silentiarius</i>. I shall subjoin them in -order to prove, that the Word <i>Prætorium</i> was used by the <i>Greeks</i>, as -were also very many other <i>Latin</i> Words.</p> - -<p class="center">Some Verses of <i>Paulus Silentiarius</i>, upon beautifying -the great <i>Prætorium</i>.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>When great</i> Justinus <i>had reform’d the World</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>This noble Structure consecrate to</i> Themis</div> -<div class="line"><i>He then repair’d with fresh Increase of Beauty</i>;</div> -<div class="line"><i>And yet some share of Praise to thee is due</i>,</div> -<div class="line">Domninus, <i>skilful Architect, whose Head</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Long labour’d nightly in the great Design</i>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">171</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_III_Chap_II"><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the sixth Ward, and the remaining -ancient Buildings of the second Hill.</i></span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">IT had been very difficult to have discover’d, either from the -Situation of the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>, or the Pillar of -<i>Constantine</i> still standing at <i>Constantinople</i>, or the <i>Description -of the Wards</i> (although it takes Notice of the Pillar of <i>Constantine</i>, -and tells us, that the sixth Ward enters upon a short Plain, and -that ’tis afterwards lengthen’d by a long Descent) whether the sixth -<i>Ward</i> had been on the North or the South Side of the City, unless the -Author had added, that it reach’d from the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i> -down to Stairs from whence you sail over the <i>Sycæne</i> Ferry. It was -originally call’d the <i>Sycæne</i> Ferry from <i>Syca</i>, but is now call’d -<i>Galata</i>, or <i>Pera</i>, as will appear more fully, when I come to speak -of it in the thirteenth <i>Ward</i>. That the fifth and sixth <i>Wards</i> -join’d together, I observ’d before from the Vicinity of the Dock, the -Stairs of <i>Chalcedon</i>, the <i>Sycæne</i> Stairs, and the <i>Bosphorian</i> Port -to each other. Having therefore discover’d the Situation of <i>Syca</i>, -I take it for granted, that the Dock stood near a Plain on the Sea -Shore, which was below the Foot of the second Hill, and that the Ferry -Place from whence you passed over to <i>Syca</i>, is the same with that -from whence you sail at present to <i>Galata</i>, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">172</a></span> that the <i>Porphyry</i> -Pillar now standing, is the same with that mention’d by the Author of -the <i>Description</i>, &c. and placed by him in the sixth <i>Ward</i>; though -he takes no Notice in his Description of the sixth <i>Ward</i>, where he -places the Senate-House, how near it stood to the <i>Forum</i> or Pillar -of <i>Constantine</i>. But I shall make it plain to the Reader from other -Historians, in what follows, that the Senate-House stood on the North -Side of the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>, and that this <i>Ward</i> stood -partly on the Ridge of the second Hill, where the <i>Porphyry</i> Pillar -is now standing, as is also the Poultry Market, which the <i>Turks</i> -call <i>Taubasor</i>, or <i>Taouck Baser</i>, the Dyers Shops, the House of -<i>Ænobarbus</i>, a <i>Turkish</i> Admiral, and the Mosque of <i>Hali-Bassa</i>. Part -of it spreads itself also over the right Side of the second Valley, and -part of it covers a Plain near the Sea, below the Valley, and the Foot -of the second Hill, which is much inhabited by the <i>Jews</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_III_Chap_III"><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the</i> Porphyry <i>Pillar, the</i> Forum <i>of</i> Constantine, <i>and the</i> -Palladium.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THOSE Historians who have treated of the Actions of <i>Constantine the -Great</i>, report, that he brought the round <i>Porphyry</i> Pillar from -<i>Rome</i>. This Pillar was bound, at the Joints, with circular Wreaths -of Laurel made of Brass, and was placed in the <i>Forum</i>, call’d the -<i>Placoton</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">173</a></span> because it was paved with smooth broad Stones, which -the <i>Greeks</i> call <i>Placæ</i>. They add farther, that there was erected -upon this Pillar a curious Statue of Brass, surprizing both for its -Workmanship and Size. ’Twas an ancient Piece of Statuary, exquisitely -finish’d, even to the Life. They tell you that ’twas originally the -Image of <i>Apollo</i> of <i>Troy</i>, that the Emperor gave it his own Name, -and commanded to be fix’d in the Head of it, some of those Nails -which fasten’d our Saviour to the Cross. Upon the Statue was cut the -following Inscription:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>To thee, O Saviour, Lord of th’ Universe,</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Who rulest the unmeasurable Globe</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>With deepest Knowledge, I this People offer</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>May they be thine, I conquer’d them for thee</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>I lay m’ Imperial Sceptre at thy Feet</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>With all th’ united Force, and Power of</i> Rome.</div> -<div class="line"><i>Let thy good Providence, with watchful Eye</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Look down, and guard the City from all Ills.</i></div> -</div></div></div> - -<p><i>Cedrinus</i> relates, that at the Bottom of the Pillar were carved the -twelve Baskets, full of the Fragments which were left, after the -Miracle of the <i>Loaves</i> and <i>Fishes</i>. This Pillar has no Winding -Stairs, but is all solid Marble, and therefore <i>Fulvius</i>, otherwise a -good <i>Antiquary</i>, is visibly in an Error, when he tells us, that it had -an ascent within it. <i>Zonaras</i> says, that the Statue of <i>Constantine</i> -was standing upon the Pillar in his Time, and that in the Spring -Time, in the Reign of <i>Alexius Comnenus</i>, among many other Buildings -which were thrown down by a violent Storm of Wind, the Statue of -<i>Constantine</i> the <i>Great</i> was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">174</a></span> blown down and demolished, and that by -the Fall of it, several People who were passing by, were dashed to -Pieces. The Author who has wrote the History of <i>Alexius Comnenus</i>, -tells us, that not only the Statue was struck down with Lightning, but -also that three of the <i>Tores</i>, or round Circles of the Pillar, were -also removed. The Pillar is still standing on the Top of the second -Hill; ’tis somewhat impair’d, not so much by Time, altho’ it is very -ancient, as by Fires and Earthquakes, and Tempests. The Statue and the -three upper Wreaths are gone, and in the Room of them there’s a plain -round Superstructure, almost of the same Thickness and Size with the -other Part of the Shaft. The Pedestal of it is made of squar’d Marble, -and is, every Way, eleven Foot nine Inches broad, and eighteen Foot -high. Upon this is placed a Cornice, but after the <i>Doric</i> Manner, -consisting of a <i>Plinth</i>, an upper and a lower <i>Tore</i>, and a <i>Scotia</i> -between them. Upon the <i>Cornice</i> stands the <i>Shaft</i> of the Pillar, -which is about eleven Yards in Circumference. It consists of eight -large Pieces of Marble; each of which is encircled at the Joints, with -a Wreath of Laurel-Work, which covers the Cement of the <i>Fissures</i>. And -if it had not been injured by Time, it would look like one entire Stone -of Marble, and has therefore been thought so by some <i>Historians</i>, who -have handed it down to Posterity, that it consisted only of one Piece -of Marble, and ridicule the Ignorance and Injudiciousness of those, -who, they tell you, have been imposed upon by the Wreaths of Brass, -which were only added for the sake of Ornament.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">175</a></span> There’s nothing of -these brazen Wreaths or <i>Tores</i> to be seen at present, the Pillar, to -prevent its falling to pieces, being bound round with Iron Hoops. At -the Top of the Pillar is carv’d the Name of the Emperor, who after -the Statue was thrown down, lay’d the uppermost Stone of it. This -Pillar bore some Resemblance to those mention’d by <i>Athenæus</i>, who -writes, that there were some tall round Pillars erected in <i>Ægypt</i>, -made after the same Manner. They were cover’d at the <i>Fissures</i> with -circular Wreaths, alternately white and black, one below another. -Their <i>Capitals</i> were also round, about which was a fine Sculpture of -Roses just opening. There were no <i>Flutings</i> in these Pillars, nor any -coarse <i>Foliage</i> (according to the <i>Grecian</i> Model) which enfolded it; -but it was adorn’d with <i>Dates</i>, and the Fruit of young <i>Lote Trees</i>, -and a Sculpture of all kind of Flowers. Below these, is an Expression -of <i>Ægyptian</i> Beans, intermix’d with Flowers, and a <i>Foliage</i> which -projects beyond the <i>Fissure</i> of the <i>Capital</i>. Thus it is that the -<i>Ægyptians</i> make and adorn their Pillars; and in building their Walls, -it is their constant Practice to lay alternately a Row of white over -a Row of black Bricks. I have seen the same Method in building their -Walls among the <i>Persians</i> and <i>Syrians</i>; the finest of which they -built with Bricks, or Stones naturally variegated, the meaner sort they -colour’d several ways with Paintings, and other Inventions of Art. The -Wreaths or <i>Tores</i> beforemention’d, which were fix’d to the Pillar of -<i>Constantine</i>, were carv’d, as some Writers tell us, to presignify -the many Years <i>Constantine</i> should live, and the many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">176</a></span> Victories he -should obtain over his Enemies. I believe the Design of the Sculptor -was only to express, that the Laurel was sacred to <i>Apollo</i>, and that -this ancient Pillar supported the Image of him made in a stupendous -Size. However that may be, it is certain that <i>Constantine</i> order’d -it to be call’d his own Statue, whether on the account of his many -Victories, or whether he was better pleased with the <i>Heathen</i> Notion -of that God than any other, so that when he demolish’d other <i>Heathen</i> -Idols, he commanded the Statue of a <i>Delphick Apollo</i>, and his <i>Tripos</i> -to be set up in the <i>Hippodrom</i>, as is observ’d by a <i>German</i> Orator, -who address’d himself in a <i>Panegyrick</i> to <i>Constantine</i>, after the -following Manner: <i>When your Imperial Majesty turn’d down to the Temple -of</i> Apollo, <i>the most stately, the most beautiful Building in the -World, you saw your favourite God offering to you his Crowns, a happy -Presage of Length of Days, and a Life extended beyond that of</i> Nestor. -<i>You saw him, you gazed on his Features, and beheld your own Likeness -in him; who, as the ancient Poets have sung, deserv’d the Empire of -the World. That auspicious Period of Time seems to be now come, since -you, like that God, are gay and youthful; like him salutary; like him a -personable and a beautiful Prince.</i></p> - -<p>If the <i>Turk</i>, whom I employ’d to climb the Pedestal, had follow’d my -Directions, (while I was obliged to appear a mere accidental Spectator) -and held his Pearch true, I had discover’d the lowest Stone of the -<i>Shaft</i>, from a Notch he had cut in it, to have been nine Foot and four -Digits high; and the <i>Tore</i>, which projected six<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">177</a></span> Digits beyond it, to -have been a Foot and a half broad, I mean the <i>Tore</i> at the Foot of the -<i>Shaft</i>, so that every Stone was ten Foot nine Inches high. The Height -therefore of all the eight Stones was about eighty six Foot and nine -Inches. The whole Pillar was lengthen’d besides with an <i>Abacus</i> placed -on the uppermost Stone, and below with a <i>Pedestal</i> and its <i>Cornice</i>, -and four Marble Steps at the Bottom. The lowermost of these Steps is a -Foot and six Digits high; the second of the same Height; the third and -fourth, each of them a Foot and a half. There is no Discovery can be -made, from what has been said, where this prodigious Column, or rather -where this <i>Colossus</i> stood. For since neither <i>Procopius</i>, nor any -other Historian of those Times, takes any Notice of the <i>Forum</i> call’d -<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πλακότον</span>, where <i>Zonaras</i>, and other modern Writers say it -was erected, I was in some Suspence, whether or no this was not the -same with the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>. For it seem’d very probable to -me, that <i>Constantine</i> had herein follow’d the Example of <i>Trajan</i>, in -setting up his Statue in the <i>Forum</i>, which went by his own Name. But -I was soon clear’d of this Difficulty, by the Authority of <i>Socrates</i>, -(the Author <i>of the Dissensions among Christians</i>,) who writes, that -they are one and the same Place; and that <i>Arius</i>, when he came near -where the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i> stood, expired with the falling of -the Guts. But this is no less evident, if it be consider’d where the -<i>Palladium</i> of <i>Minerva</i> stood; which, as <i>Zonaras</i> says, was convey’d -by the Command of <i>Constantine</i> from <i>Troy</i> to the <i>Placotum</i>, and as -<i>Procopius</i> adds, into the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">178</a></span> <i>The</i> Hirpines, -says he, <i>report, that</i> Diomedes <i>met</i> Æneas <i>coming out of</i> Troy, -<i>and that in Conformity to the Answer of the Oracle, he gave him the -Image of</i> Minerva, <i>which he, with the Assistance of</i> Ulysses, <i>had -formerly brought from</i> Troy, <i>when they went thither to consult the -Oracle, how</i> Troy <i>might be taken. They add farther, that</i> Diomedes -<i>being indisposed, and consulting the Oracle concerning his Recovery, -it was foretold by it, that he would never be well, till he had given -that Image to</i> Æneas. The <i>Romans</i> pretend that they know nothing of -this Image at present, yet they shew you an Image cut in Stone, which -to this Day stands in the Eastern Part of the Temple of <i>Fortune</i>, -before the Statue of <i>Minerva</i>. The Statue is carv’d in a War-like -Posture, brandishing, as in Battle, a Spear, dress’d in a long Garment, -not representing the Statue of <i>Minerva</i>, as she is figured by the -<i>Greeks</i>, but as described by the <i>Ægyptians</i>. The Inhabitants tell -you, that <i>Constantine</i> order’d this Statue, which was placed in -the <i>Forum</i>, call’d by his own Name, to be bury’d under Ground. The -Authorities that the <i>Placoton</i> and the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i> are -the same Place ought to be regarded, because it is impossible to come -to the Knowledge of four of the <i>Wards</i> without them; for the third -<i>Ward</i> contains the Tribunal of the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>; the -sixth reaches from the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>, to the Stairs against -<i>Sycæ</i>, where is erected the Pillar of <i>Constantine</i>. The seventh -extends itself with continual <i>Portico’s</i> from the Right Hand Side of -the Pillar of <i>Constantine</i> to the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Theodosius</i>, and the -eighth contains part of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">179</a></span> <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>. When I was ask’d -by some Gentlemen who were curious that way, how <i>Constantine</i> came by -that <i>Palladium</i>, I answer’d, that I was at an Uncertainty as to that. -For <i>Zonaras</i>’s Opinion of its being brought from <i>Troy</i> did not look -very probable, since <i>Troy</i> was destroy’d so many Ages before it; and -<i>Strabo</i> is hard put to it to trace out the Place of its Situation. The -Story of its being brought from ancient <i>Rome</i> seems very improbable, -since it was often destroy’d by Fire, and the Inhabitants were entirely -ignorant where it originally stood. Yet the <i>Latin</i> Historians tell -us, that <i>Diomedes</i> presented it to <i>Æneas</i>, that it was kept for some -time at <i>Lavinium</i>, and that it was afterwards removed to <i>Rome</i>, and -set up in the Temple of <i>Vesta</i>. The <i>Greek</i> Historians are of another -Opinion. Among these, <i>Pausanias</i>, who wrote in the Time of <i>Adrian</i>, -tells us, that it was held the most sacred of any Thing in <i>Athens</i>, -that it fell down from Heaven, that it was consecrated by the Advice -of all the Senators, and placed in the Citadel of <i>Athens</i>. There has -been some Dispute, whether it was made of Wood or Brass, and whether it -was a Figure or a Shield. Some say, that it was a sacred Shield, such -as they had at <i>Rome</i>. <i>Dion</i> and <i>Diodorus</i> think otherwise, and tell -us, that it was an Image made of Wood, three Cubits high, that it fell -from Heaven into <i>Pessinus</i>, a City of <i>Phrygia</i>, holding in her right -Hand a Spear, in her left a Spindle and a Distaff. To me it seems to -have been the Image of <i>Pallas</i>, whose Statue, whenever it was placed, -was call’d the <i>Palladium</i>. <i>Procopius</i> asserts, that the Statue which -the <i>Romans</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">180</a></span> shew in the Temple of <i>Minerva</i>, is not cut after the -<i>Grecian</i> Manner. For they carve her, as was mention’d before, in a -fighting Posture, with a Spear in her Hand, denoting by the Spear, -her Courage; by her Shield, her Wisdom, which repels all Attacks: She -is cover’d with a Helmet, to intimate, that the Height of Wisdom is -not to be seen and discover’d: She bears an Olive-Tree as affording -Matter of Light; and upon her Breast is cut a <i>Medusa</i>, to illustrate -the Quickness of Thought, and the surprizing Agility of the Mind. She -had also a Breast-Plate, on which was the Figure of a Night-Owl and -a <i>Gorgon</i>. The Night-Owl was an Emblem of the Depth of Prudence and -Conduct; for Wisdom dives into the Secrets and Darknesses of Nature. I -wish the divine <i>Palladium</i> may guard all those, who shall in future -Times attempt the same Travels as I have done, and pray that they may -be defended, as I have been, by that good Providence, and that heavenly -Wisdom, the Wisdom of the <i>Father</i>, which amidst all the Treacheries -and Insults of a barbarous People, and the almost incredible Dangers of -a long Voyage, did not only support and strengthen, but did animate, -enliven, and refresh me.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">181</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_III_Chap_IV"><span class="smcap">Chap. IV.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Senate-House; the</i> Nympheum; <i>the Statues of the</i> Forum <i>of</i> -Constantine; <i>of the</i> Philadelphium; <i>the</i> Musæum; <i>the</i> Labarum -<i>and</i> Syparum; <i>of the Death of</i> Arius; <i>of the Temples of</i> Tellus, -Ceres, Persephone; <i>of</i> Juno <i>and</i> Pluto.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE <i>Porphyry</i> Pillar, and the Senate-House, is placed by the Author -of the <i>Ancient Description of the Wards</i>, in the sixth <i>Ward</i>, and -the <i>Nympheum</i> in the fifth; but he does not tell us, how near they -stood to one another. That they stood at a very little Distance, is -evident both from <i>Zonaras</i> and <i>Cedrinus</i>, who write, that the Fire -which happen’d in the Reign of <i>Leo</i>, burnt down the Senate-House on -the North Side of the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>, which was adorn’d -with Statues of Brass and <i>Porphyry</i> Marble, in which was placed the -<i>Porta</i> of <i>Diana</i> of the <i>Ephesians</i>, a Present of <i>Trajan</i>, taken -from the <i>Scythians</i>, containing a Description of the Wars of the -Giants, a <i>Jupiter</i> arm’d with Thunder, <i>Neptune</i> with his Trident, -<i>Apollo</i> with his Darts and Quiver. In the lower Part of the <i>Porta</i> -were figured the Giants attacking the Dragons, tossing large Clods -of Earth, and looking in a fierce and a stern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">182</a></span> Manner. Hither it was -that the principal Men of the City usually convened freely to debate -of the important Affairs of the Government, whither also the Emperor -himself came in Procession, when he receiv’d the <i>Consular</i> Robes. It -was a very noble and magnificent Building. The same Authors mention -another spacious Edifice situate against it, which was consumed by -the same Fire, and was call’d the <i>Nympheum</i>, because the Marriage -Rites were perform’d in this Place, as being capacious enough to hold -the numerous Assemblies which attended those Solemnities. They add -farther, that on the West Side of the same <i>Forum</i> was placed a Statue -of <i>Minerva</i> of <i>Lyndus</i>. She had a Helmet on her Head, and a Shield in -her Hand, on which was figured <i>Medusa</i> with Snakes and Adders entwin’d -round her Neck; for in this Manner the ancient Statuaries usually -carv’d <i>Minerva</i>. On the East Side of it was placed the Statue of an -<i>Amphitrite</i>, one of the <i>Syrens</i>, having her Temples encircled with -Crabs Claws. The <i>unknown</i> Author of the History of <i>Constantinople</i> -says, that on the same Side of the <i>Forum</i> were placed the Statues of -several <i>Syrens</i>, which were call’d by some Sea-Horses; three of which, -he tells you, were remaining in his Time, at a Place in the Suburbs -call’d St. <i>Mamas</i>. On the North Side of the <i>Forum</i> was erected upon -a lofty Pillar a Figure of that Cross which <i>Constantine</i> saw in the -Heavens. This is confirm’d by the Authority of most Historians, but -principally by <i>Eusebius</i>, who although he is not express as to his -setting it up in the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>, yet as his Authority is -not to be disputed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">183</a></span> when he asserts, that he set it up in <i>Old Rome</i> -in the Heart of the City, ’tis reasonable to believe that he did so at -<i>Constantinople</i>, since the same Writer assures us, that he set up a -true Representation of the same Cross in all his finest buildings, and -in the most remarkable Places of <i>Constantinople</i>. In Memory of which, -as <i>Sozomen</i> writes, <i>Constantine</i> chang’d the most famous and most -honourable War-like Standard among the <i>Romans</i>, which was always bore -before their Princes, and to which the Soldiers were obliged by Law to -pay divine Adoration, into the Ensign of the Cross, to bring them off -from their heathenish Rites, and idolatrous Worship. <i>Prudentius</i>, upon -this Occasion, has the following Lines:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">Christ<i>’s radiant Form upon the Standard rose</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Emboss’d with sparkling Gems, and burnish’d Gold</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Which o’er the Purple Ground-work cast a Light</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>No dreadful Shields hung on the blazon’d Flag</i>;</div> -<div class="line">Christ<i>’s awful Name alone was there inscrib’d</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>While on its Top, sure Sign of Victory</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>The Cross triumphant blaz’d in costly Stones.</i></div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noindent"><i>Eusebius</i> writes, that he saw the same Expression of the <i>Christian</i> -Standard in his Time. <i>There was</i>, says he, <i>a tall Spear which was -transvers’d near the Top with a short piece of Wood, in the Figure of -a Cross at the Top of which was a Crown made of precious Stones, and -curiously wrought with Gold, in the Middle of which were embroider’d -the two initial Letters of</i> Jesus Christ, <i>with the</i> Greek <i>Letter</i> -X, <i>in the Form of a Cross. The Ensign or Standard was fix’d to the -transverse Part of the Spear.</i> From this Description of <i>Eusebius</i>, -the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">184</a></span> Difference between what was then called the <i>Labarum</i> and -<i>Syparum</i> seems to be this; that the <i>Labarum</i> signifies only a -longer Piece of Wood transversed near the Top with a short Piece, and -that the <i>Syparum</i> is the Veil, or Flag, which falls down from the -transverse Part. The Religion of the old <i>Romans</i> was purely military, -they worshipp’d their Standards, and swore by them; which Custom was -abolish’d, upon the introducing the Christian Standard.</p> - -<p>I hope the Reader will pardon me, if I here go a little out of my way, -to vindicate the Story of <i>Constantine</i>’s seeing the Cross in the -Heavens, from the Charge of Fiction and Imposture. There is scarce any -Miracle, in my Opinion, which seems to be better attested than this, -or which is capable of being confirm’d by more Eye-witnesses; for -<i>Eusebius</i>, who lived in those Times, writes, that it was not only seen -by <i>Constantine</i> himself, but also by his whole Army, and that too in -the Middle of the Day; and adds, that the Truth of the Fact was not -only believed by the <i>Christians</i>, but by those who were Enemies to the -Cross of <i>Christ</i>. So prevalent was the Report of this Miracle, that -the Inhabitants testify in the triumphal Arch, which they dedicated -to <i>Constantine</i>, that he conquer’d <i>Maxentius</i> by the immediate -Direction and Assistance of the Divinity, although but a little before -many of them were of <i>Maxentius</i>’s Party, and Enemies to the Christian -Name: So that they did not, in that triumphal Arch, made in Honour of -<i>Constantine</i>, change the Form of the Cross into that of our Saviour’s, -but order’d it to be figur’d with such Sculptures and Expressions, as -were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">185</a></span> carv’d on the Arches of <i>Trajan</i>, <i>Severus</i>, and other <i>Roman</i> -Emperors, as appears by some such Monuments of <i>Antiquity</i> as are at -present to be seen at <i>Rome</i>. I cannot conclude with so much Certainty, -that <i>Nazarius</i> was a Christian, because his Daughter <i>Euphemia</i> was -such, as I can, from his panegyrical Address to <i>Constantine</i>. <i>’Tis -the general Discourse among the</i> Gauls, says he, <i>that there was an -Angelick Host seen in the Air, and that they were sent by God; and -although Things of a celestial Nature are imperceptible by human Sight, -because a simple and incompounded Substance is not properly the Object -of our Senses; yet</i>, as he proceeds, <i>these your auxiliary Forces -of Heaven, who are cloath’d with visible Appearances, attended upon -you, as Witnesses of your great Merits, and then withdrew into their -etherial Mansions. But of what Species of the Creation were these -exalted Spirits? Of what Firmness and Vigour of Body; of what Largeness -of Limbs? Their glittering Shields blaz’d in an awful Manner, and the -Splendour of their celestial Armour was terrible: They march’d in such -formidable Array, that they seem’d to wait on you as your Guards. This -was the Language which was heard among them: We are flying to the -Assistance of</i> Constantine. <i>Beings of a heavenly Nature may be allow’d -to triumph, and there’s an Ambition which becomes them. This noble Army -of Spirits who descended from above, were sent down by Omnipotence -itself, and gloried that they fought for you.</i> But I shall add nothing -farther of our Author, and shall only observe, that some Historians -take Notice, that this large Cross was plac’d upon a gilded Column -in the <i>Philadelphium</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">186</a></span> which was the <i>Poets College</i>, and, as the -following Inscription shews, was built near the <i>Porphyry</i> Pillar.</p> - -<p>Upon the <i>Porphyry</i> Pillar in the <i>Philadelphium</i>.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">Muselius’ <i>publick Acts aloud proclaim</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>A firm Attachment to the Emperor’s Service</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>This fam’d</i> Museum, <i>sacred Seat of Learning</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>He rais’d, and plac’d his Prince’s Picture here.</i></div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="add2em">And another thus.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>This Building is an Honour to the Learn’d</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>One of the City’s brightest Ornaments</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>A Spur to laudable and virtuous Actions</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>A great Encouragement to virtuous Men.</i></div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="add2em">And again.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>The good</i> Muselius, <i>steddily believing</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>The heavenly</i> <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λόγος</span> <i>to be truly God</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>This Structure made an Off’ring to his Service.</i></div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noindent"><i>Julian</i>, the <i>Prefect</i> of the City, set up a gilded Statue of -<i>Anastasius</i> before the <i>College</i> of the Poets, on which was inscribed -a Couple of elegant Verses; yet no Mention is made in them, in what -Part of the City this College was built. When a Report was made to -<i>Manuel</i> the Emperor, that from antient Times, on the West Side of the -<i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>, there had stood in the Nich of the Wall two -female Statues made of Brass, one a <i>Roman</i>, the other an <i>Hungarian</i> -Woman; and that the Statue of the <i>Roman</i> Woman projected, by Reason of -its Craziness, beyond its Base, and the Statue of the <i>Hungarian</i> Woman -stood fixed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">187</a></span> in its Station; he sent some Workmen to erect the <i>Roman</i>, -and demolish the <i>Hungarian</i> Statue, thinking by this Means, that the -Affairs of <i>New-Rome</i> would take a new Turn of Prosperity and Success. -In the same <i>Forum</i>, among other elegant Statues of famous Men, was the -Statue of <i>Longinus</i>, who had been <i>Prefect</i> of the City, on which was -cut the following Inscription, made by <i>Arabius</i>.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">Iberia, Persis, <i>and the distant</i> Nile,</div> -<div class="line"><i>The</i> Solymæans, Indians, <i>and</i> Armenians,</div> -<div class="line"><i>With all th’ extended Regions of the West</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>The</i> Colchi, <i>bordering near to</i> Caucasus,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Which hides its tow’ring Head amongst the Clouds</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>And all the flow’ry Plains of fair</i> Arabia,</div> -<div class="line">Longinus’ <i>Expedition can attest</i>;</div> -<div class="line"><i>With what Dispatch he flew to treat of Peace</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>And with what Speed successfully return’d</i>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noindent">I shall take no Notice of the Statue of <i>Themistius</i> the Philosopher, -plac’d near the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>, whom <i>Valentinian</i> had -dignified with the Title of <i>Prefect</i> of the City, and to whom the -Emperor <i>Valens</i> had done more Honour by his Writings, than any -Statue or high Station whatsoever. <i>Socrates</i> gives us the following -Account of the Death of <i>Arius</i>, the Ring-leader of the Sect of the -<i>Arians</i>. <i>Arius</i>, says he, when he had made his Appearance before -<i>Constantine the Great</i>, at his coming out of the Palace, attended -by the Life-Guards, of which <i>Eusebius</i> was Commander, and passing -thro’ the City, gaz’d at by Crowds of People; when he came near the -<i>Porphyry</i> Pillar in the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>, and being informed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">188</a></span> -upon Enquiry, where there was a Privy, he repairs thither under a -strange Terror and Despondency of Mind, where being oppressed with an -uncommon falling of the Bowels, his strait Gut fell from him, which -was followed by a large Effusion of Blood, which brought away his -small Guts, his Liver, and his Spleen, so that he died instantly. The -same Author adds, that this Privy was standing in his Time. There is -nothing however remaining at present in the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>, -but the <i>Porphyry</i> Pillar, for the Ground of it is wholly rebuilt -upon. Near the Pillar there stands a <i>Caravansera</i>, or a Place built -for the Entertainment of Strangers; and near that, a <i>Turkish</i> Mosque, -built by <i>Hali Bassa</i>, the <i>Vestibule</i> or Porch of which is large, -made of Marble, and adorned with six shining Pillars, four of white, -and two of <i>Thebaick</i> Marble; the Shafts of which measure at the -bottom of them seven Foot and four Digits in Circumference. These, -tho’ they are very tall Columns, have each of them, according to the -<i>Turkish</i> Manner, two <i>Bases</i>; the lowermost of which was Marble, and -the other Brass. This Way of Building they learned from the <i>Greeks</i>, -who generally raised their <i>Pedestals</i> with a very high <i>Cornice</i>. -Not far from this Mosque there stands a School, or College, inhabited -by the Professors of the <i>Mahometan</i> Divinity. There’s a quadrangular -<i>Portico</i> runs round it, which is supported with eighteen Pillars, -Part of which consist of green, and Part of white Marble. A little -below that of <i>Ali-Bassa</i> stands another Mosque. ’Tis seated on the -highest Eminence of the second Valley, and has a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">189</a></span> Marble <i>Vestibule</i>, -adorned with six Columns; two of which are made of <i>Porphyry</i> Marble -variegated, two of white Marble with Sky coloured Streaks, and two of -a dark green Marble stained with White. From some Things, which, as I -remarked before, stood on the second Hill, you discover the Situation -of Part of the third <i>Ward</i>, (in which was built the Tribunal of the -<i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>) and almost all the fifth and sixth <i>Ward</i>. I -would observe also in this Place, that <i>Dionysius</i> places the Temples -of <i>Tellus</i>, <i>Ceres</i>, <i>Proserpina</i>, <i>Juno</i> and <i>Pluto</i>, partly on -the Eminencies of the second Hill, and partly on the Plain on the -Sea-Shore below it. He places the Temple of <i>Tellus</i> in particular -beyond the Bay, without the Walls of <i>Old Byzantium</i>. He tells us, -<i>That this Temple is open at Top, to shew the Freedom of the Earth in -her Productions, and that the Walls of it are built of a fine polished -Stone</i>. He adds farther, <i>That above the Temple of</i> Tellus, <i>stood -the Temples of</i> Ceres <i>and</i> Proserpina, <i>which were beautified with a -large Collection of fine Paintings, the curious Reliques of preceding -Times, and with Statues no Ways inferior to them, finished in the most -elaborate Manner. The Temples of</i> Juno <i>and</i> Pluto, he tells us, <i>were -situate where the Sea winds off from the Continent; and that nothing -was remaining of them in his Time, but the Names of them only</i>. He -continues, <i>That</i> Cyrus <i>in his Expedition against the</i> Scythians, <i>in -Return of the Preparations made against him by the</i> Byzantians, <i>burnt -down the Temple of</i> Juno; <i>and that</i> Philip <i>of</i> Macedon, <i>when he was -carrying on the Siege of</i> Byzantium, <i>and wanted some Materials for -that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">190</a></span> Purpose, demolished the Temple of</i> Pluto; <i>and that the Names -of each of these Temples still continued: For the Temple of</i> Pluto -<i>was called</i> Acra Plutonis, <i>as was the Temple of</i> Juno <i>called</i> Acra -Heræa; <i>and lastly, that in these Temples, the Youth constantly at -the Beginning and End of the Year, offered their Sacrifices</i>. It will -appear more probable, that these <i>Acræ</i> were seated on some Eminencies -of the second Hill, rather than in the Plain below it, because there is -not the least Appearance of either of them in that Place: So that when -<i>Dionysius</i> records it, that these <i>Acræ</i> of <i>Pluto</i> and <i>Juno</i>, were -situate very near the Sea-Shore, he must intend only that they were -only the <i>Points</i> of some Dock, or Haven. If this be not his Meaning, -the <i>Acræ</i> here mentioned ought to be interpreted the <i>Sea-Shores</i>; -but I have enlarged more fully on this Matter in my <i>Treatise of the</i> -Bosporus.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_III_Chap_V"><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Seventh</i> Ward.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE <i>Antient Description of the Wards</i> tells us, that the Situation -of the seventh <i>Ward</i>, in Comparison with the sixth, is more upon the -Level, altho’ at the Extremity of one of its Sides, it falls with a -greater Declivity into the Sea; and from hence I concluded, that there -could be little Difficulty in discovering where this <i>Ward</i> stood. But -this Description of it is not peculiar to it, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">191</a></span> common also to other -<i>Wards</i>. For as to what the Author adds, that this <i>Ward</i> stretches it -self with very long <i>Portico’s</i> from the <i>Right Hand</i> of the Pillar of -<i>Constantine</i>, to the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Theodosius</i>; as it does also on the -other Side of it down to the Sea-Shore, extended in the same Manner: I -could make no more Observations from this Account of it, than I could -from the Buildings which are mentioned to be contained in it, since -the very Remembrance of them is entirely lost. I therefore considered -with my self, what the Author might probably be understood to mean by -the <i>Right Hand</i> of the Pillar of <i>Constantine</i>. In this Difficulty -I had Recourse to <i>Livy</i>, who says, that <i>Romulus</i> has determined -all the <i>Wards</i>, which reach from East to West, to be the Right Hand -<i>Wards</i>, and all the <i>Wards</i> which extended from South to North to be -Left Hand <i>Wards</i>. But I could not explain the Difficulty this Way; -for by this Means I had made this <i>Ward</i> to stretch it self Southward; -whereas I shall shew plainly in another Place, that it extended it self -to the North. Nor could the <i>Geographical</i> Method give me any Light -into this Matter; for when these Gentlemen take the Altitude of the -Pole, they look full North, so that the East lies directly on their -Right Hand. <i>Varro</i>, who has defined to an Exactness the four Parts of -the Heavens, following the <i>Astrological Scheme</i>, has given me some -Insight into this Matter: He tells us, that the South lies directly -before us, and the North behind us, so that the East lies to the left -Hand, and the West to the Right. I judged by this Division of the -Heavens into four Parts, that the seventh <i>Ward</i> was situate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">192</a></span> Westward -of the Pillar of <i>Constantine</i>; and yet was in Suspence, whether the -Author <i>of the Description</i> followed the Division of <i>Romulus</i>, or -that of the <i>Astrologers</i>. I was therefore under greater Hesitation -than I was before, till after a diligent Enquiry I made a Discovery -where the Column of <i>Theodosius</i> stood, and of some Footsteps of the -Churches of <i>Anastasia</i> and <i>Hirena</i>, by which I perceived that the -seventh <i>Ward</i> descended from the Top of the <i>Promontory</i> down to the -Bay, and that this Author had described its Situation more distinctly, -had he told us, that as you go from East to West, the seventh <i>Ward</i> -extends it self on the right Hand, from the Pillar of <i>Constantine</i>, -to the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Theodosius</i>. In this <i>Ward</i> antiently were erected -several fine Buildings, which stood on the same Ground where the -most famous Place of Merchandize in the City, by the <i>Turks</i> called -<i>Bezestan</i>, or their <i>Exchange</i>, stands at present, and where the most -valuable Goods of all Kinds are kept, as they were in the Reigns of the -<i>Christian</i> Emperors, in the Building called the <i>Lampterum</i>, which -I believe formerly stood in another Place. I am prevailed upon to be -of this Opinion, when I consider the Ruines occasioned by the Fire, -which happened in the Reign of <i>Justinian</i>; and which, as <i>Cedrinus</i> -relates, destroyed, among other Edifices, the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, -the Place where they kept the <i>Records</i> of it, the <i>Octogon</i>, the Baths -of <i>Zeuxippus</i>, and the famous Structure of the <i>Lampterum</i>, so called, -by reason of the <i>Lights</i> burning there every Night. This Building was -roofed with Wood, where the most costly Commodities, such<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">193</a></span> as Silks, -Velvets, and the richest <i>Brocades</i> were reposited. In short, this -Fire consumed every Thing, which the former Fire had spar’d. I might -not improperly have called it <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λαμπτῆρες</span>, which in <i>Latin</i> -signifies <i>Lucernæ</i>, as ’tis confirmed by the Authorities of <i>Livy</i> and -<i>Pliny</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_III_Chap_VI"><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span><br /> -<br /> - -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Street called</i> Taurus, <i>the</i> Forum <i>of</i> Theodosius, <i>the -Pillar of</i> Theodosius <i>with Winding Stairs, of the</i> Tetrapylum, <i>the</i> -Pyramidical <i>Engine of the Winds, the Statues of</i> Arcadius <i>and</i> -Honorius, <i>of the Churches of</i> Hirena <i>and</i> Anastasia, <i>and the Rocks -called</i> Scyronides.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">WHEN I was quite out of Heart as to Discovery of the seventh <i>Ward</i>, -and the <i>Taurus</i>, without which no Discovery could be made of the -eighth <i>Ward</i>, I made the best Enquiry I could after some other -Buildings, which might lead me into the Knowledge of them. And after -I had searched for the Situation of the Pillar of <i>Theodosius</i> for a -considerable Time, I was informed by some antient Persons, that it -stood on the Top of the <i>Promontory</i>, where the Plain of the third Hill -extends it self, which is near the New <i>Bagnio</i> built by <i>Bajazet</i> -the Emperor,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">194</a></span> who had demolished that Pillar above forty Years before -I came to <i>Byzantium</i>, that he might build his <i>Bagnio</i> with more -Convenience. Beyond that Bath, Northward, there is a broad Way, where -there are three Booksellers Shops, and an antient Cistern; more towards -the South is the <i>Seraglio</i>. This broad Way widens Eastward into a -large <i>Area</i>, at the farther End of which is the Sepulchre of <i>Bajazet</i> -the Emperor, with a Mosque, and a <i>Caravansera</i>. <i>Cedrinus</i> relates, -that this Pillar of <i>Theodosius</i> is, in all Parts, like that which was -erected by <i>Arcadius</i>, and is still standing in the <i>Xerolophum</i>, which -I shall have Occasion to describe hereafter. <i>Zonaras</i> writes, that -the Pillar in the <i>Taurus</i>, erected at the Expence of <i>Theodosius</i>, -whereon were expressed the Trophies he took, and his well-fought -Battles with the <i>Scythians</i>, and barbarous Nations, with his own -Statue at the Top of it, was thrown down by an Earthquake, the same -Year that <i>Old Rome</i> was taken. <i>Anastasius</i> the Emperor ordered many -curious Pieces of Brass Workmanship to be demolished, and new cast into -his own Statue. Among these was a famous Statue of <i>Constantine the -Great</i>, which, with other Statues, made a large <i>Equestrian</i> Statue, -which was gilded, dignified with his own Name and Title, and placed on -the same Pillar, where before had stood the Statue of <i>Theodosius</i>. -I would observe here by the By, that the Street called the <i>Taurus</i> -was the same Place, where the Pillar of <i>Theodosius</i> stood; and from -hence I would observe farther, that the seventh <i>Ward</i> stood on the -Top and Sides of the third Hill. And although the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">195</a></span> seventh <i>Ward</i> does -not contain the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Theodosius</i>, yet it is not improbable -that it was but at a small Distance from it, not only if we consider -how exactly <i>Constantinople</i> emulated <i>Old Rome</i>; but also, if any -Dependence may be had on the Authority of <i>Evagrius</i>, who asserts, -that the Fire which happened in the Reign of <i>Leo</i>, burnt down all -the Edifices from the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>, to the <i>Forum</i> of -<i>Taurus</i>. <i>An antient Native of</i> Constantinople <i>informed me, that in -his Time the</i> Forum <i>of</i> Taurus, <i>and the Pillar of</i> Theodosius <i>stood -in the same Place, and that it was like the</i> Hippodrom, <i>full of wild -and uncultivated Trees. And because it was only a Shelter for Thieves -and Robbers, the Emperor</i> Mahomet, <i>who took the City, voluntarily -bestowed the Ground on those who would build upon it</i>. That the <i>Forum -Pistorium</i>, or Bread-market, stood on Part of the Ground of the <i>Forum</i> -of <i>Theodosius</i>, or at least was very near to it, I conjecture from -<i>Zonaras</i>, who says, that as the Emperor <i>Nicephorus Phocas</i> was -coming out of his Palace, situate at the <i>Golden Fountain</i>, and near -the <i>Porta Aurea</i>, the People pursued him grievously with Railery -and Invective from the <i>Forum Pistorium</i>, as far as the Pillar of -<i>Constantine</i>. The <i>unknown Author</i> of the History of <i>Constantinople</i> -is of the same Opinion, as to the Situation of the <i>Taurus</i>, and the -Pillar, and tells us, <i>That the Pillar stood in a paved Court, near -the</i> Forum Pistorium; and adds, <i>that in the same Place there was -a square Building, with four Gates, and four</i> Portico’s <i>round it, -which he calls the</i> Tetrapylum, <i>which before was called</i> Quatrivium. -<i>Cedrinus</i> places the <i>Tetrapylum</i> not far<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">196</a></span> from the <i>Forum</i> of -<i>Taurus</i>, when he tells us, that the Fire in <i>Leo</i>’s Time, destroyed -two large Churches, adorned with all Kinds of curious Stones; one -not far from the <i>Tetrapylum</i>, the other adjoining to the <i>Forum</i> of -<i>Taurus</i>. The same Author, speaking of another Fire, which happened in -the same Emperor’s Reign, writes, that it consumed all the Buildings -from the <i>Tetrapylum</i>, covered with Plates of Brass, to the Church. -The Author of the <i>Description of the Wards</i> writes, that there was -in <i>Constantinople</i> one gilded <i>Tetrapylum</i>, but does not mention in -what <i>Ward</i> it stood. <i>Johannes</i> the <i>Rhetorician</i> (as he is cited by -<i>Evagrius</i>) tells us, that in the Reign of <i>Zeno</i> the Emperor, one -<i>Mamianus</i>, an eminent Senator, built at <i>Constantinople</i> some handsome -<i>Portico’s</i>, and that between two of them he built a <i>Tetrapylum</i>, as -a Boundary to both, which he splendidly adorned with Brass and Marble -Pillars; and adds, that in his Time the <i>Portico’s</i> bore the Name of -some Emperor, and that large Stones of <i>Proconnesian</i> Marble, the -Reliques of their antient Beauty and Magnificence, lay on the Ground, -but that there was not the least Sign of the <i>Tetrapylum</i> remaining. -The <i>unknown</i> Author abovementioned says, that in this <i>Tetrapylum</i>, -over the Pillars, there was a Chamber, where the Empress, and the -Relations of the Emperor deceased, received the News of his Death; and -having their Faces veiled, bewailed his Departure till six o’ Clock in -the Evening, when meeting the Corpse passing by, they attended it to -the Church of the <i>Apostles</i>, where they usually buried their Emperors. -The <i>Tetrapylum</i> seems to me to have formerly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">197</a></span> been the Temple of -<i>Janus Quadrifrons</i>, and stood near the <i>Capitol</i>. It had, like that -of <i>Old Rome</i>, four Doors, denoting the four Seasons of the Year. For -<i>Janus</i> takes his Name <i>ab eundo</i>, and therefore all <i>Passages</i> are -said to be sacred to him, and the Doors of all Temples are called -<i>Januæ</i>. Some Authors tell us, that in the <i>Forum Pistorium</i> there -was a quadrilateral <i>Pyramid</i>. <i>Cedrinus</i> defines this <i>Tetrasceles</i> -to be a quadrilateral Engine, invented to shew in what Point of the -Compass the Wind stood, and adds, that <i>Theodosius the Great</i> erected -a Machine in the Form of a <i>Pyramid</i>, adorned with several Figures of -Animals, of Plants, of Fruits, of gilded Bunches of Pomegranates, and -naked <i>Cupids</i>, in <i>Basso Relievo</i>. Some of these <i>Cupids</i> were cut in -a gay smiling Humour, some of the Uppermost were wantoning, and playing -their little Tricks with those who were below them, while others were -dancing. There was carved upon it a Set of young Fellows playing upon -brazen Pipes. On the Top of the <i>Pyramid</i> was a Vane, or Weathercock, -which shewed in what Corner the Wind sat. The Statues of <i>Arcadius</i> and -<i>Honorius</i> were placed near the Statue of <i>Theodosius</i> their Father; -that of <i>Arcadius</i> in an Eastern, and that of <i>Honorius</i> in a Western -Nich. <i>Socrates</i>, who has wrote the <i>History of the Christians</i>, tells -us, that <i>Valens</i> the Emperor built out of the Ruines of <i>Chalcedon</i>, -a large <i>Aqueduct</i>, which he brought into the City, and which supplied -a very capacious Cistern, built by <i>Clearchus</i>, who was <i>Prefect</i> of -<i>Constantinople</i>, and which, in his Time, was called the <i>Cistern</i>, or, -as the original Word in <i>Socrates</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">198</a></span> seems more properly to signifie, -the <i>Lake</i> of <i>Theodosius</i>. <i>Zonaras</i> and <i>Cedrinus</i> call this Lake a -<i>Nympheum</i>, and add to the Authority of <i>Socrates</i>, that the <i>Prefect</i> -of the City celebrated there a great Festival, and very splendidly -entertained all the People. I would remark from these Citations, -that the Place which <i>Socrates</i> calls the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Theodosius</i>, -is called by <i>Zonaras</i> and <i>Cedrinus</i>, the <i>Taurus</i>, and that they -are both the same <i>Forum</i>, and that the <i>Nympheum</i> here mentioned is -different from the <i>Nympheum</i> which is situate near the <i>Forum</i> of -<i>Constantine</i>, over against the Senate-House, and where they usually -solemnized their Weddings, as has been observed before. The Author of -the <i>Antient Description, &c.</i> writes, that the <i>Carosian Bagnio’s</i> -were so called from <i>Carosia</i>, the Daughter of the Emperor <i>Valens</i>; -but he does not tell us in what Part of the third Hill they stood, -nor could I discover when I was at <i>Constantinople</i>, whether they are -entirely in Ruines, and others built in the Room of them, (as there -are very large ones at present on the Top and the Sides of the third -Hill, which the <i>Turks</i> have built) or not. The same Author places the -Churches of St. <i>Hirena</i> and <i>Anastasia</i> in the seventh <i>Ward</i>, but -does not mention in what Part of it. Nor is it possible to find out -their Situation, but from the Historical Accounts we have received of -it, which say, that when the City was taken by the <i>Franks</i> and the -<i>Venetians</i>, a Fire began at the Synagogue of the <i>Saracens</i>, in that -Part of the City which declines towards the Sea Northward, very near to -the Church of St. <i>Hirena</i>. That this Church stood<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">199</a></span> within the Precinct -of the <i>Seraglio</i>, I was first informed by some antient People of the -City; I afterwards took Notice of a lofty Tower which stood without -the Precinct of the <i>Seraglio</i>, which was situate on the East Side -of the third Hill. It was a square Building, and is still called by -the Vulgar <i>Hirene</i>; but whether it was the Church of St. <i>Hirene</i>, -or the Empress <i>Hirena</i>, I cannot tell. I find among the Monuments of -antient Learning, that there were three Churches at <i>Constantinople</i> -dedicated to St. <i>Hirena</i>. The first was called the Old Church of St. -<i>Hirena</i>, which, as <i>Socrates</i> writes, was built by <i>Constantine the -Great</i>, and stood near the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>. The second, I am now -speaking of, stood on the third Hill; and the third, as <i>Procopius</i> -says, was built by <i>Justinian</i>, at the Mouth of the Bay called <i>Ceras</i>, -or <i>Cornu</i>, and was called the Church of St. <i>Hirena</i> the Martyr. Some -Authors write, that the Church of <i>Anastasia</i> was built in that Place, -where the new <i>Bezestan</i>, or new <i>Basilica</i> now stands: Others that -it was situate near the Cistern, supported with Abundance of Marble -Pillars, and stands between the <i>Basilica’s</i> of the <i>Forum</i>, and the -Tomb, and <i>Caravansera</i> of <i>Bajazet</i> the Emperor. <i>Sozomen</i> writes, -that when St. <i>Gregory</i> went from <i>Nazianzum</i> to <i>Constantinople</i>, he -preached in a small Church built by his Auditors, which was afterwards -very much enlarged by succeeding Emperors, and was also beautified and -adorned in the most expensive Manner, and was called the Church of -St. <i>Anastasia</i>. Whether it was so called, because St. <i>Gregory</i> by -his Sermons preached in this Church had revived the <i>Constitutions</i> -and <i>Decrees</i> of the Council of <i>Nice</i>;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">200</a></span> or whether, as he adds, it -went by that Name, because a Woman big with Child, falling from the -upper Gallery, and dying upon the Spot, was restored to Life again -by the joint Prayers of the Congregation then present, I shall not -determine. However ’tis plain from this Passage of <i>Sozomen</i>, that -those Historians are grievously in the wrong, who say, that this Church -was built in Memory of St. <i>Anastasia</i>, a <i>Roman</i> Saint. In my Treatise -of the <i>Thracian Bosporus</i>, I have shewn, that on the North Side of -the third Hill there rise some Rocks from the lowermost Eminencies of -it, which were call’d <i>Scironides</i>, by those who first transplanted a -Colony from <i>Megara</i> and <i>Corinth</i>, to <i>Byzantium</i>. These Rocks were so -call’d, because of the Resemblance they bear to the <i>Scironides</i>, which -grow between <i>Corinth</i> and <i>Megara</i>. I shall take the Freedom here just -to mention what’s worth observing on the third Hill. On the Top of it -stands the Tomb of <i>Bajazet</i> the Emperor, near a <i>Caravansera</i>, and a -large Mosque which was built by him, after the Likeness of the Church -of St. <i>Sophia</i>, which is roof’d with Brick-work, and cover’d with -Lead. It has a large Porch or <i>Vestibule</i>, pav’d with white Marble, and -is surrounded with four <i>Portico’s</i>, which are supported with Columns -of the choicest Marble. In the Middle of it is a fine Fountain, which -falls into a large Bason, which emits the falling Water through several -little Cocks. The Mosque and <i>Vestibule</i> is surrounded on three Sides -with a large <i>Area</i>, which is enclosed partly with Walls, and partly -with a <i>Caravansera</i>; and on the fourth Side ’tis encompass’d with a -Garden<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">201</a></span> adjoining, in the Middle of which is the Tomb of <i>Bajazet</i>, in -a small Edifice built in a cylindrick Form. On the Top of the third -Hill stands the <i>Seraglio</i>, where the Emperor’s Concubines constantly -reside; ’tis enclos’d with a high Wall, which, at my first Arrival -at <i>Constantinople</i>, was more than two Miles in Compass. The present -Emperor <i>Solyman</i> has taken up a Place in the Middle of this Precinct, -where he is laying a Foundation for a <i>Caravansera</i>, and his future -Sepulchre, which are now building with the most elegant Marble, brought -from several Parts of the <i>Turkish</i> Dominions, so that you may see -infinite Kinds of it lying about the Building, not lately dug out of -the Quarry, but such as for many Ages has been used in the Palaces -of several Princes and Emperors, not only at <i>Byzantium</i>, but in -<i>Greece</i>, and all <i>Ægypt</i>. In the seventh <i>Ward</i> I saw three ancient -Cisterns, not taken Notice of in the <i>Description of the Wards</i>; one -in the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Taurus</i>, another between the Tomb of <i>Bajazet</i> and -the <i>Bezestan</i>, both of which are supported with Marble Pillars. The -third was built on a Clift of the third Hill, which faced the North, -of which there are yet remaining six <i>Corinthian</i> Pillars, very large -and tall, made of <i>Arabian</i> Marble, and curiously wrought. Below the -<i>Base</i> of the <i>Pedestal</i> was lay’d an Earthen Pipe which convey’d Water -into a Cistern made of Brick, whose Roof also, which is Brick-work, is -supported with twenty square Brick Pillars. A little above the Cistern -there was formerly a Court belonging to a <i>Christian Church</i>, which the -<i>Turks</i> demolish’d, to repair and beautify their own<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">202</a></span> Houses. On that -Side of the Hill which extends itself Westward, there stands a Mosque, -whose <i>Vestibule</i> is supported with twelve Pillars, six of which are -of <i>Arabian</i> Marble. Above this Mosque there stands another, which is -also supported with Pillars, and was formerly a Church dedicated to -St. <i>Theodorus</i>. This however is not the same Church which <i>Procopius</i> -says <i>Justinian</i> built in a Place call’d <i>Rhessium</i>. There is another -Christian Church, now a Mosque, standing between the <i>Seraglio</i>, and -the Tomb which the Emperor <i>Solyman</i> built for his Son <i>Mahomet</i>, which -is incrusted with several Kinds of Marble, curiously variegated.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_III_Chap_VII"><span class="smcap">Chap. VII.</span><br /> -<br /> - -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the eighth</i> Ward, <i>and the Hind-part of the third Hill</i>.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">I Cannot find by the <i>Ancient Description of the Wards</i>, that the -eighth <i>Ward</i> was situate on the South Side of the third Hill, though -it says, that the eighth <i>Ward</i>, on the Side of the <i>Taurus</i>, is not -bounded by the Sea, and may be look’d upon to be rather a narrow -than a broad Piece of Ground, though this Defect is sufficiently -amended by its great Length. For by this Description of it, I am left -altogether in Suspence, whether it lye North or South. But I discover -the Situation of the eighth <i>Ward</i> from hence, that the Author <i>of -the Description</i> tells us, that it contained<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">203</a></span> part of the <i>Forum</i> of -<i>Constantine</i>, and a <i>Portico</i> on the left Side of it, as far as the -<i>Taurus</i>, and that the seventh <i>Ward</i> stretch’d itself from the right -Hand of the Pillar of <i>Constantine</i>, to the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Theodosius</i>. I -observe from these Authorities, that part of the <i>Promontory</i>, which -reaches from Sea to Sea, situate between the <i>Porphyry</i> Pillar and -the <i>Taurus</i>, was divided into the North and South Side, and that -the <i>Portico’s</i> on the right and left extending themselves from the -Pillar of <i>Constantine</i> to the <i>Taurus</i>, parted the seventh and eighth -<i>Ward</i>, the former of which contain’d the right Hand <i>Portico’s</i>, and -the latter, the left. There’s nothing to be seen of these <i>Portico’s</i> -at present, but only the broad Way which runs from the Church of St. -<i>Sophia</i> to the Land-Wall. This <i>Ward</i> contains also the <i>Capitol</i>, -and the <i>Basilica</i> of <i>Theodosius</i> both of which, ’tis very probable, -stood near the Pillar and <i>Forum</i> of <i>Theodosius</i>. It is no less -evident from <i>Zonaras</i> and <i>Cedrinus</i>, that the Fire in <i>Leo</i>’s Time -consumed the Senate-House, built for the Dispatch of publick Business -by the great Council of the Empire, and for the Conveniency of the -Emperor, when <i>Consul</i>, to preside over them. This Senate-House, as -the same Authors add, had twelve Pillars curiously variegated, made of -<i>Trojan</i> Marble, which were twenty five Foot high, the Roof of it being -supported with four Arches. This House, according to these Writers, -was about two hundred and forty Foot long, and a hundred and fifty -Foot broad. I am inclin’d to believe, from what I have mention’d upon -this Occasion, that it was either the <i>Capitol</i>, or the <i>Basilica</i> of -<i>Theodosius</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">204</a></span> For it is plain from modern <i>Historians</i>, that these -two Structures, by whomsoever they were rebuilt after the Fire, lost -their Names, and they tell us, that in the <i>Taurus</i> there was a Palace, -and a Place for the Entertainment of Strangers. And these Authorities -are strengthen’d by some ancient People of <i>Constantinople</i>, who -attest, that in their Remembrance, near the <i>Mint-House</i>, where they -now coin their Money, there stood a spacious Palace, inhabited, as -some say, by <i>Mahomet</i> who took the City, before he built the great -enclosed Palace which stands upon the first Hill, and that some of the -<i>Sultans</i> have since beautified their Palaces out of the Ruins of the -former. The Place of Entertainment, or rather the Church, which stood -to the South-west of the <i>Taurus</i>, I saw entirely demolish’d, and the -Pillars of it carried off, to build a <i>Caravansera</i>, which the Emperor -<i>Solyman</i> erected in Memory of his Son, whom he dearly lov’d. I leave -it to the <i>Greek</i> Priests to make the Enquiry, whether this was not the -same with the Church of St. <i>Paul</i>, which stood in the seventh <i>Ward</i>, -though I could never yet meet with one of them, who could give me -Insight into this Matter.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">205</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_III_Chap_VIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. VIII.</span><br /> -<br /> - -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the ninth Ward; of the Temple of</i> Concord; <i>of the Granaries of</i> -Alexandria <i>and</i> Theodosius; <i>of the Baths of</i> Anastasia, <i>of the -House of</i> Craterus; <i>of the</i> Modius, <i>and the Temple of the</i> Sun -<i>and</i> Moon.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THAT the ninth <i>Ward</i> was situate behind the third Hill, partly on -the Clifts which lye under the Ridge of it, and partly on those which -lye at the Bottom of it, and partly on the Shore of the <i>Propontis</i>, -extending itself as far as the Gardens call’d <i>Blanchæ</i>; I am -convinced, among other Authorities, principally by the Author <i>of the -Description</i>, &c. who says, that the ninth <i>Ward</i> is all a Declivity, -and bounded by the Sea, as also from the Account he gives of the eighth -<i>Ward</i>, which as it is not terminated on the Side of the <i>Taurus</i>, -by any Part of the Sea, I have Reason to believe, took up the Plain -on the Top of the third Hill, but not the Descents below it, and -that the ninth <i>Ward</i> lies partly under the eighth, on that Side of -it, which extends from the <i>Taurus</i> Southward towards the Sea of the -<i>Propontis</i>, and was partly situate also on the two Declivities; one of -which descends from the <i>Taurus</i> to South, South-west, the other from -the Houses of the <i>Janizaries</i> to the South. You may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">206</a></span> also discover -by the Situation of the Temple of <i>Concord</i>, where the ninth <i>Ward</i> -stood, which though it be not expressly declared by the Author <i>of the -Description</i>; yet Reason, and the Authority of other Writers, will -lead us into that Discovery. For <i>Evagrius</i>, describing the Fire which -happen’d in <i>Leo</i>’s Time, says, that it raged in a frightful Manner -on the North Side of the City, from the <i>Bosphorian</i> Haven to the old -Temple of <i>Apollo</i>; on the South, from the Port of <i>Julian</i>, to the -Houses seated at a small Distance from the Temple of <i>Concord</i>; and -in the Middle Part of the City, from the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i> to -the <i>Taurus</i>; and farther, that it extended itself in Length to the -Distance of five Furlongs. From hence it is discoverable, that the -Fire destroy’d all that Part of the ninth <i>Ward</i>, through which you -may draw a strait Line from the <i>Taurus</i> to the <i>Propontis</i>. And this -would evidently appear to any one, who would walk the five Furlongs -from the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i> to the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Taurus</i>, and -there fix a Mark, and should afterwards walk Westward from the Port of -<i>Julian</i>, through the Plain on the Sea Shore, to the Distance of five -Furlongs more, and should there fix another Mark, and should compare -that Mark with another fix’d at the <i>Taurus</i>, he would vary very little -as to the Situation of the Temple of <i>Concord</i>. But that, and the -Church of St. <i>Thomas</i> the <i>Apostle</i> are now entirely in Ruins. If we -consider the Rules generally observed in Architecture, ’tis reasonable -to believe, that the Granaries of <i>Theodosius</i> stood near the Port of -<i>Theodosius</i>, which was situate in the Gardens now call’d <i>Blanchæ</i>. -There was no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">207</a></span> Port either in the eighth or ninth <i>Ward</i>, but in that -Part of the twelfth <i>Ward</i> which adjoins to the ninth, is the Port of -<i>Theodosius</i>, of which I shall speak more largely hereafter. Above the -<i>Blanchæ</i> to the North, there stands a Temple upon an Eminence, call’d -<i>Myreleos</i>; in the Inside of which was a Cistern, the Roof of which is -supported with about sixty Marble Pillars. In the Place of this Cistern -there was formerly a Granary, which <i>Suidas</i>, though very improperly, -calls <i>Horeium</i>. The Statue of <i>Maimus</i>, says he, who march’d his Army -against the <i>Scythians</i>, stood in the <i>Horeium</i>, (which was before -the House of <i>Craterus</i>, now of <i>Myreleus</i>) near the <i>Modius</i>, and -the Brazen Hands. This <i>Modius</i>, or Bushel, was a settled Measure, -or Standard, according to which they bought and sold their Corn. The -Emperor <i>Valentinian</i> made a Law, that twelve Bushels should be sold -at such a Sum; a certain Sea-faring Man, acting in Violation of this -Law, forfeited his right Hand. This, they tell you, was the Reason why -<i>Valentinian</i> order’d two brazen Hands to be set up in a Nich of some -Place in the <i>Amastrianum</i>, and the brazen Bushel to be placed between -them. Others say, that <i>Valentinian</i> commanded, that this Bushel should -not be sold by the Strike, but in full Measure; and that a certain -Offender lost both his Hands, for not observing this Order. <i>Cedrinus</i> -writes, that some Places here were call’d the <i>Amastrianum</i>, from a -sorry abandon’d Fellow, a Native of <i>Amastrum</i>, who laying under the -deepest Scandal for cursing the <i>Paphlagonians</i>, and to escape the -Punishment of Homicide, fled for Shelter to <i>Constantinople</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">208</a></span> The -same Author writes, that in the same Place there was a very large -Temple of the <i>Sun</i> and <i>Moon</i>, where were carved, at the Charge of -<i>Phidalia</i>, the <i>Sun</i> riding in a white Chariot, and the <i>Moon</i> as his -Spouse sitting by him. Below these Figures, near the Ground, was cut a -powerful Prince, prescribing the Rules of Obedience to his People. Near -his Throne was carv’d a <i>Jupiter</i>, in a recumbent Posture, which was -the Work of <i>Phidias</i>. If the House before mention’d was the House of -the learned <i>Craterus</i> a Sophist, there was erected his <i>Suggestum</i>, or -Desk, which has been celebrated in Verse by <i>Julian</i> the <i>Ægyptian</i>. -Besides the Curiosities, the ninth <i>Ward</i> also contain’d the famous -Baths of <i>Anastasia</i>, which took their Name, as <i>Marcellinus</i> says, -from <i>Anastasia</i> the Sister of <i>Constantine</i>. <i>Sozomen</i> writes, that -<i>Marcian</i> the <i>Grammarian</i> was Tutor to the two Daughters of the -Emperor <i>Valens</i>, <i>Anastasia</i> and <i>Carosia</i>; and that the Baths which -went by their Names, were standing in <i>Constantinople</i> in his Time.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">209</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_III_Chap_IX"><span class="smcap">Chap. IX.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the third Valley, and the tenth</i> Ward; <i>of the House of</i> -Placidia, <i>and her Palace; of the</i> Aqueduct <i>of</i> Valentinian, <i>the</i> -Bagnio’s <i>of</i> Constantine, <i>and the</i> Nympheum.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THAT the tenth <i>Ward</i> extended itself towards the North, and that it -was situate in the third Valley, and on the East Side of it; as also on -the Top of the <i>Promontory</i>, rising above the third Valley, is evident -from the Author of the <i>Description of the Wards</i>, who writes, that -the tenth <i>Ward</i> is divided from the ninth by a broad Way; that it -lies much more upon the Level; that ’tis in no part of it uneven, but -near the Sea Shore; that ’tis of a proportionable Length and Breadth; -and that it contains the Church of St. <i>Achatius</i>, the <i>Bagnio’s</i> of -<i>Constantine</i>, the House of <i>Placidia Augusta</i>, and many other fine -Buildings. But I could not find, after the utmost Search and Enquiry, -the Situation of any of them; so that I was obliged to have Recourse -to the Authority of Historians who had wrote of these Matters; and in -consulting them, I could not but take Notice of a Mistake in the Author -<i>of the Description</i>, &c. who says, that this <i>Ward</i> contain’d the -<i>Bagnio’s</i> of <i>Constantine</i>, whereas I cannot find, that <i>Constantine</i> -ever had any <i>Bagnio’s</i> at <i>Constantinople</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">210</a></span> but that <i>Constantius</i> -had. For <i>Sozomen</i>, speaking of those Persons, who, favouring St. -<i>Chrysostom</i> and his Doctrine, were expelled the City, says, <i>That -perceiving the People to be furiously enraged against them, they did -not assemble the next Day in the great Church, but celebrated the Holy -Communion in a</i> Bagnio, <i>which was called the</i> Bagnio <i>of</i> Constantius. -Suidas <i>reports, that</i> Elladius Alexandrinus <i>wrote a Description of -the</i> Bagnio’s <i>of</i> Constantius, <i>in the Time of</i> Theodosius <i>the</i> -Less. Socrates <i>relates, that</i> Valens <i>the Emperor commanded the Walls -of</i> Chalcedon <i>to be taken down, and the Stones to be carried to</i> -Constantinople <i>to build a</i> Bagnio, <i>which was to be called the</i> Bagnio -<i>of</i> Constantius; and adds, <i>That in one of these Stones was cut a -Prophecy, which had been hid for many Ages, but was then explained</i>, -viz. <i>That when the City abounded with Water, a Wall would be of some -Service to a</i> Bagnio, <i>and that numberless Nations of the</i> Barbarians, -<i>should invade the Territories of the</i> Romans, <i>make great Devastations -there, but at last should be overcome</i>. The Prophecy, as described by -<i>Socrates</i>, is as follows:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>When tender Virgins shall in Circles dance</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Around the publick Cistern, and with Flowers</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Dress the capacious Vessel, when the Streets</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Shall be with fragrant Sweets, and Garlands crown’d</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>When rising Waters shall o’reflow its Top</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>And a Stone-Bason made to catch them in</i>;</div> -<div class="line"><i>A mighty Host, in shining Armour clad</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>A wild and warlike Race, shall come from far</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>And pass the rapid</i> Danube’s <i>silver Streams</i>:</div> -<div class="line">Scythia, <i>and</i> Mæsia’s <i>Lands unmeasurable</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">211</a></span></div> -<div class="line"><i>Shall be despoiled by their All-conquering Sword</i>:</div> -<div class="line"><i>All</i> Thrace <i>shall fear, the fatal Period’s come</i>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noindent"><i>Zonaras</i> and <i>Cedrinus</i> write this Prophecy the same Way, but differ -in the <i>Greek</i> from <i>Socrates</i>, and put for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δροσερὴν</span>, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἱερὴν</span>, for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λουτροῖο</span>, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λουτροῖσι</span>, for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄγρια μαρμαίροντα</span>, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄγρα μαργαίνοντα</span>, for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καλιρόοιο</span>, -κιμμερίοιο. This Prophecy is thus interpreted by <i>Socrates</i>, -who tells us, that it was fully accomplished, when <i>Valens</i> built an -<i>Aqueduct</i>, which supplied the City with Plenty of Water, when the -<i>Barbarous</i> Nations invaded the Territories of <i>New Rome</i>. However, -it is capable of being interpreted in another Manner. For after -<i>Valens</i> had brought the <i>Aqueduct</i> into <i>Constantinople</i>, <i>Clearchus</i>, -the <i>Prefect</i> of the City, built a large Cistern in the <i>Forum</i> of -<i>Theodosius</i>, into which the <i>Aqueduct</i> emptied it self, and the People -were there entertained at a jovial Feast, and that therefore it was -called the <i>plentiful Cistern</i>, which they tell you, was foretold -by the Prophecy in the Lines abovementioned. But some Part of this -Prophecy was not fulfilled till some Time after, when the Wall of -<i>Chalcedon</i> was pulling down by the Order of <i>Valens</i>. At this Time -the People of <i>Nicomedia</i>, of <i>Nice</i>, and <i>Bithynia</i>, petitioned the -Emperor against it, who being highly displeased with them for it, could -hardly be prevailed upon to comply with their Petition; and therefore -to disengage himself from an Oath he had made to demolish the Wall, -he ordered other Stones to be placed in their Room, as fast as the -old ones were taken down. So that you<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">212</a></span> may see at present, what a -mean Superstructure is railed upon the Remains of the old Wall, which -consisted of Stones of the largest, and most wonderful Size. <i>Zonaras</i> -and <i>Cedrinus</i> record it also, that <i>Valens</i> to express his Resentment -against the People of <i>Chalcedon</i>, for giving Protection to his Enemy -<i>Procopius</i>, commanded the Walls of their City to be demolished, and -an <i>Aqueduct</i> to be made of their Stones, which the former Historian -sometimes calls the <i>Aqueduct</i> of <i>Valens</i>, and the latter sometimes -the <i>Aqueduct</i> of <i>Valentinian</i>; and adds, among other Passages of -the History before mentioned, that according to the Prophecy, the -<i>Barbarous</i> Nations made their Incursions into <i>Thrace</i>, but were -afterwards defeated. The <i>Aqueduct</i> of <i>Valentinian</i>, which is highly -arched, passing thro’ the tenth Ward, reaches from the Sides of the -fourth, to the Side of the third Hill. I should be much surprized, that -the Author <i>of the Description of the Wards</i>, who has taken Notice of -the Granaries of <i>Valentinian</i>, has not mentioned it; but that I am -sensible he has omitted many other Monuments of <i>Antiquity</i>, which were -in Being in his Time. In the Reign of <i>Constantine</i>, the Son of <i>Leo</i> -the Emperor (who was a declared Enemy to Images in Churches) and in the -Year of our Lord 759, there was so great a Drought at <i>Constantinople</i>, -that the Dew ceas’d to fall from Heaven, and all the Cisterns, -<i>Bagnio’s</i>, and Fountains of the City were dry’d up; which the Emperor -observing, he began to repair the <i>Aqueduct</i> of <i>Valentinian</i>, which -continued in good Order, till the Reign of <i>Heraclius</i>, when it was -demolished by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">213</a></span> the <i>Avares</i>. Upon this he sent for Workmen from many -Places to rebuild it; from <i>Asia</i> and <i>Pontus</i> he had a Thousand -Builders, and two hundred White-washers; from <i>Greece</i> five hundred -Brick-makers, and from <i>Thrace</i> a Thousand Day-labourers, over whom -there presided a Nobleman, and some of the principal Men of the City, -as Surveyors of the Works. When the <i>Aqueduct</i> was finished, the City -was again supplied with Water, which was conveyed into the Town through -a Passage lying between the ninth and the tenth Ward. There are many -subterraneous <i>Aqueducts</i> which run through six of the Hills, but the -<i>Aqueduct</i> of <i>Valentinian</i> has its Course above Ground, which the -Historians, who have wrote of the <i>Actions</i> of <i>Andronicus</i> tell you, -passed through the Great <i>Forum</i>, that the Water of it was clear and -pleasant, that it was repaired and enlarged by <i>Andronicus</i> himself, -and that he encreased its Current by the River <i>Hydrales</i>. At the -Spring-head, from whence this <i>Aqueduct</i> arose, he built a Tower and a -Palace, where he used to divert himself in the Summer. He also brought -the Water from the same River into the <i>Blachernæ</i>, which is a Part of -the <i>Suburbs</i>. The Tower was ruined by <i>Isacius</i> his Successor, in pure -Resentment to his Memory. We are told by <i>Procopius</i>, that <i>Justinian</i> -repaired the Church of <i>Achatius</i>, when injured by Time; that he placed -white Marble Pillars round it, and that he paved and incrusted the -Sides of it with the same kind of Marble, so that the whole Building -was beautifully white. There were two <i>Portico’s</i> adjoyning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">214</a></span> to the -Church, one which opening to the <i>Forum</i>, is encompassed with Pillars. -This Passage is not inserted in the printed Edition of <i>Procopius</i>, -which induced me the more to take Notice of it here. <i>Cedrinus</i> -writes, that the Church of St. <i>Achatius</i> stood in a Place called the -<i>Heptascalum</i>; others say, that it stood in the <i>Scala</i>; but no body -at present knows where that Place was. However, if any one hereafter -should have the Curiosity to enquire where this Church stood, I -would advise him to take along with him the following Direction. Let -him enquire where the great House stands, which Historians call the -<i>Carya</i>, because there stands in the <i>Area</i> of it a Nut Tree, upon -which, they tell you, that <i>Achatius</i> was put to Death, and upon -that Occasion, that a Church was built in Memory of him, which some -think, was situate in the <i>Neorium</i>, because they have seen it in some -Authors, that the Image of St. <i>Achatius</i>, made with Glass Stones, and -inlay’d with Gold, was placed in the Church of the <i>Neorium</i>. But the -Person of whom this is spoke was another <i>Achatius</i>, who, not only, as -many Historians, but as <i>Suidas</i> the Grammarian tells us, was Bishop of -<i>Constantinople</i> in the Time of <i>Leo Marcellus</i>, but a Man of so proud -and haughty a Spirit, that he commanded many of his Pictures to be -placed in Churches, while he was yet alive, from whence he was called -<i>Doxomanes</i>. The House of <i>Placidia</i>, I have observed before, stood in -the first <i>Ward</i>, so that it may be questioned, whether it ought to -be read <i>Domus Placidiæ</i>, or <i>Placillæ</i>, or <i>Placidæ</i>; for <i>Agathius</i> -takes Notice of the Palaces of <i>Placidæ</i> or <i>Placidi</i>, in the following -Inscription.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">215</a></span></p> - -<p class="hangingindent1">The learned <i>Agathius</i> upon a Picture in the Palace -of <i>Placidia</i>, set up by the Gentlemen of -the LONG ROBE, or new <i>Chancery</i>.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>The learned Sages of the Law have plac’d</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>At their Expence, great</i> Thomas’ <i>Picture here</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Near that which represents his Royal Mistress</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>This mighty Honour he’s entitl’d to</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>In that he serv’d his Prince with Faithfulness</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>And was the constant Guardian of his Throne</i>:</div> -<div class="line"><i>His Prudence fill’d the Royal Treasury</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>And rais’d th’ Imperial Family, yet higher</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>To celebrate his Worth, for Times to come</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>His Picture shines amongst our Emperors.</i></div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noindent">Beyond the Rocks called <i>Scironides</i>, <i>Dionysius</i> mentions a long Shore -in a Plain of the third Valley, and the fourth Hill, which is looked -upon as a remarkable Place for Fishing; for ’tis a very deep and a very -still Water, which was antiently call’d <i>Cycla</i>, because the <i>Greeks</i> -had formerly hemm’d in there the <i>Barbarians</i>. There is also in the -same Place, an Altar dedicated to <i>Minerva Dissipatoria</i>, which was -erected in Memory of that Action. Beyond <i>Cycla</i> is a Creek called -<i>Melias</i>, another famous Place for Fishing, which is enclosed with -several Rocks, and a Ridge of the <i>Promontory</i> hanging over the Sea. -There is no Creek in this Valley at present. Time has filled it up, as -we learn from <i>Strabo</i>, who writes, that this Creek was called <i>Ceras</i>, -because it had many Inlets into the Shore in the Form of a Deer’s Horn, -but there’s scarce any Appearance of them at present. <i>Zosimus</i>, who -wrote his History in the Reign of <i>Arcadius</i> and <i>Honorius</i>, tells us, -that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">216</a></span> <i>Constantinople</i> was then so crowded with Inhabitants, that the -Emperors did not only enlarge the Walls beyond those of <i>Constantine</i>, -but that they built upon Timber Foundations over the Sea. This Method -of Building, ’tis probable, very much contributed in Time to incumber -and stop up these Inlets of the Creek. At the End of the Creek called -<i>Melias</i>, is a Place which goes by the Name of Κῆπος, -because ’tis very good Garden Ground. Beyond the Garden is a Place -named <i>Aspasius</i>; but of this I have spoken in my <i>Treatise</i> of the -<i>Bosporus</i>.</p> - -<p class="center padt1"><i>The End of the Third Book.</i></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_png235.jpg" width="300" height="231" alt="page decoration" /> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">217</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter chapter"> -<img src="images/i_png236_a.jpg" width="600" height="182" alt="page header decoration" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="no-break" id="BOOK_IV"><span class="small">THE</span><br /> -<span class="largest">ANTIQUITIES</span><br /> -<span class="smaller">OF</span><br /> -<span class="smcap largest">Constantinople</span>.<br /> -<br /> -<span class="larger">BOOK IV.</span></h2> - -<h3 class="no-break" id="Book_IV_Chap_I"><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Eleventh Ward, and of the Fourth -and Fifth Hills.</i></span></h3> - -<div> - <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_png236_b_cap_i.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap">I <span class="uppercase">h</span>ad been at a Loss to discover the eleventh <i>Ward</i>, (which, tho’ the -<i>ancient Description</i> of the <i>Wards</i> mentions to have been wider in -Compass than the Tenth, and in no Part of it bounded by the Sea; as -also that it partly consisted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">218</a></span> of a Level, and partly of a rising -Ground) unless the Author had subjoin’d, that it contain’d also -the Church of the <i>Apostles</i>, And tho’ at present there’s nothing -remaining of that Church, yet I was inform’d by some ancient People of -<i>Constantinople</i>, who told me, that they remembred it stood upon the -Back of the fourth Hill; which fell upon a Hill of the third Valley, -near the <i>Sadlers Shops</i>, and the Sepulchre of <i>Mahomet</i> the Emperor. -I observe from hence, that the eleventh <i>Ward</i> was Part on the Top of -the same Hill, and Part on the North Side of it. I shall shew by what -follows, that this <i>Ward</i> reach’d to the <i>Land-Wall</i> of the City, which -divided the Eleventh, from the fourteenth <i>Ward</i>, and which was also -itself divided from the City by an intermediate Space of Land. I shall -convince the Reader presently, that this <i>Ward</i> was situate on the -sixth Hill, without the Walls of the City, and was afterwards wall’d -round by <i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Less</i>. The Walls built by <i>Constantine</i> -are said to have reach’d as far as the Churches of St. <i>Anthony</i>, and -St. <i>Mary</i>, who was call’d <i>Rabdos</i>, and from thence to have risen to -a <i>Land-Wall</i> call’d <i>Exacionion</i>, which took its Name from hence, -<i>viz.</i> That without the <i>Land-Wall</i> there stood a Pillar, on which was -erected the Statue of <i>Constantine</i> the <i>Great</i>. Some modern Writers -will have it, that he built a Church which he dedicated to the <i>Holy -Trinity</i> in a Place call’d the <i>Exacionion</i>, now call’d the Church of -the <i>Apostles</i>; for, if I am not mistaken, the Walls of <i>Constantine</i> -were built upon the Borders of the fourth and fifth Hill, near the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">219</a></span> -<i>Exacionion</i>, <i>Cedrinus</i> writes, that the Walls of the City, the -beautiful Churches, the fine Houses seated in the <i>Exacionion</i> were -thrown down by a dreadful Earthquake. They tell us in other Places, -tho’ not consistently with themselves, that there were <i>Portico’s</i> -which reach’d from the <i>Miliarium</i> to the Street call’d <i>Taurus</i>, and -to the Gates of St. <i>John</i> the <i>Baptist’s</i> Church near the <i>Hippodrom</i>, -which are more than a thousand <i>Roman</i> Paces distant from the Church of -the <i>Apostles</i>, and as far from the Walls of the City which were built -by <i>Constantine</i>, as may be gather’d from the following Passage of -<i>Sozomen</i>. <i>Theodosius</i>, says this Author, <i>leading his Army against</i> -Eugenius, <i>went a Mile out of the City to the Church of St.</i> John, -<i>which he had built in the</i> Hepdomum. This <i>Hepdomum</i> was a Part of -the Suburbs of the City, but is now enclos’d within the Walls, as -will appear when I come to speak of it. If the Pillar from whence the -<i>Exacionion</i> took its Name, was the same with that high Pillar which -stood on the Top of the fifth Hill, and was seen not long since at a -great Distance from the City, above all the Houses, we might easily -discover, that the Walls built by <i>Constantine</i> did not reach beyond -this Pillar, which stood about half a Mile’s distance from the <i>Church</i> -of the <i>Apostles</i>. I saw this Pillar took to Pieces, and remov’d for -building a Mosque, by Order of <i>Solyman</i> the Emperor. The <i>Base</i>, -the <i>Pedestal</i> and the Foundation of it were of white Marble. The -Foundation-Stone alone was so high, that I could not climb it without -a Ladder. The <i>Pedestal</i> was four Foot and nine Digits high, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">220</a></span> -<i>Plinth</i> one Foot, and six Digits. The <i>Greeks</i> and the <i>Turks</i>, each -in their Dialect, call’d it the <i>Pillar</i> of the <i>Virgin</i>, which I -take to be that celebrated by our modern Writers, which they say was -erected upon a Hill, and supported the Statue of <i>Venus</i>, carv’d in -Stone. When the <i>Ancient Description of the Wards</i> tells us, that the -eleventh <i>Ward</i> is no Ways bounded by the Sea, it must be so understood -as to mean, that the Plain situated between the Bay of <i>Ceras</i>, and -the Foot of the fourth Hill, was not within the Walls, since the same -<i>Treatise</i> mentions, that the City was six thousand one hundred and -fifty Foot broad; that is, a Mile and two hundred and thirty Paces; for -the Latitude of the <i>Isthmus</i>, which stretches itself over the fourth -and seventh Hill, thro’ which the old Wall extended itself, exceeds the -Breadth abovemention’d. But <i>Zosimus</i>, an ancient Historian, says, that -<i>Constantine</i> the <i>Great</i> so wholly surrounded the City with a Wall, -that it cut off the <i>Isthmus</i> from Sea to Sea. So that upon the whole, -there is a Necessity to place the Plain, situate between the Bay, and -the Bottom of the fourth Hill, in the tenth <i>Ward</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">221</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_IV_Chap_II"><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Church of the Apostles, the Sepulchre of</i> Constantine <i>the -Great, the Cistern of</i> Arcadius <i>and</i> Modestus, <i>of the Palace of</i> -Placilla, <i>and the</i> Brazen Bull.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">’TIS attested by <i>Eusebius</i>, That <i>Constantine</i> the <i>Great</i> built the -Church of the <i>Apostles</i> to a great Heighth, that he incrusted it with -all Sorts of variegated Marble, which cast a beautiful Lustre from Top -to Bottom; that he adorn’d it with small gilded Roofs, and cover’d -it with Plates of Brass deeply gilt, which cast a blazing Reflexion -to a great Distance. The upper Part of this venerable Structure, was -curiously wrought all round it with Brass and Gold, and was enlightned -with Abundance of Lattices and Windows. Round the Church there was -a fine Court lying open to the Air. The <i>Portico’s</i> which enclos’d -it, stood in a Quadrangular Manner. Near the <i>Portico’s</i> stood the -Palace, the <i>Bagnio’s</i>, the Cloysters, and many other Houses and -Buildings belonging to the Ecclesiasticks, and other Ministers of the -Church. These bountiful Benefactions has the pious Emperor handed -down to Posterity in Memory of the <i>Apostles</i> of the blessed Saviour -of Mankind, to whom also he consecrated twelve Purses of Gold. The -Coffin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">222</a></span> in which he intended to be buried after he was dead, was -plac’d by his Order in the Body of the Church, and guarded with the -twelve <i>Apostles</i> in Effigy. ’Tis added by <i>Socrates</i>, that the Body -of <i>Constantine</i> lying in a golden Coffin, was brought into the City -by his intimate Friends, and buried in the Church of the <i>Apostles</i>. -I am inclin’d to believe, that <i>Zonaras</i> never read <i>Eusebius</i>, when -he tells us, that ’twas buried in the Cloyster of the Church of -the <i>Apostles</i>, which, he says, was built by <i>Constantius</i> for the -Interrment of his Father. Near the broad Way which stretches itself -along the Top of the <i>Promontory</i>, from the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, -to the Gate of <i>Adrianople</i>, (hard by the Place where stood the -Church of the <i>Apostles</i>,) there is shewn to this Day, a Coffin made -of <i>Porphyry</i> Marble, empty; and without a Cover, ten Foot long, and -five Foot and a half broad, which the <i>Greeks</i> and <i>Turks</i> say, was -the Coffin of <i>Constantine</i> the <i>Great</i>; but I cannot vouch for the -Truth of it: Yet the Authorities of <i>Socrates</i> and <i>Eusebius</i> seem -to be somewhat doubtful, who tell us, that he was buried in a golden -Coffin, unless perhaps the golden Coffin was inclos’d in that of the -<i>Porphyry</i> Marble. <i>Zonaras</i> is of Opinion, that <i>Theodora</i>, the Wife -of <i>Justinian</i>, built the Church of the <i>Apostles</i>; and adds, that -there was anciently in the same Place a <i>Church</i> of the <i>Apostles</i>, -but much Inferior in Beauty and Magnificence to that which stands at -present, on the same Ground. <i>Procopius</i> says, that there had been -for some Ages, a Church at <i>Constantinople</i> which was much impair’d -by Time, and likely to fall,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">223</a></span> which <i>Justinian</i> order’d to be taken -down, rebuilt, and enlarg’d, and made in the Figure of a Cross, the -Body of the Church pointing East, and West, and the Part crossing it, -North, and South. This Church is well wall’d, and adorn’d within with -Ranges of Pillars standing one above another: <i>Evagrius</i> therefore -seems to be mistaken, in attributing the Building of this Church to -<i>Justinian</i>, when it is evident it was built by <i>Constantine</i> the -<i>Great</i>; and <i>Procopius</i> too grosly flatters <i>Justinian</i> in ascribing -to him the Building of many fine Structures, whereas, in reality, he -only repair’d them when they were old, or rebuilt them when fall’n too -much to decay, or destroy’d by Fire. There’s nothing remaining of this -Church at present, no, not even of its Foundation. You see only the -Ruines of an old <i>Cistern</i>, which supply’d the Church, and the Clergy -with Water. There are now standing upon the same Spot of Ground about -two hundred <i>Sadlers Shops</i>, and <i>Work-houses</i>, where they make and -sell not only all kinds of Horse-Geer, but also Leathern Bucketts, -Quivers, and Trunks. A little above this <i>Cistern</i>, stands a Mosque, -with a <i>Caravansera</i> adjoining to it, situate on a Plain, which was -built with square Stone, after the Form of the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, -out of the Ruins and Sacrilege of the Church of the <i>Apostles</i>, and -other Christian Churches by <i>Mahomet</i>, who took the City. The Roof is -of a Semicircular Figure, made of Brick-Work, and cover’d with Lead, -as are all the publick Buildings of the <i>Turks</i>. ’Tis beautify’d with -a very elegant square Porch as broad as the Church itself, pav’d with -the finest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">224</a></span> Marble, and adorn’d with square <i>Portico’s</i>. The Arches of -them, which bear up the Roof, are supported with very large Pillars of -Marble, curiously variegated. In the Middle of it is a Fountain with -nine Pipes, whose Waters fall into a great Bason. Round the Mosque is -a spacious Court, Part of which is enclos’d with Walls, and Part with -long kind of Houses, some of which are inhabited by their Priests, and -School-Masters. In the Eastern Part of this Court there’s a Garden, -in the Middle of which stands the Sepulchre of <i>Mahomet</i>, built in a -Cylindric Form of the whitest Marble. ’Tis covered with Lead, lighted -with Windows, and has a Door of Entrance into it. In the Middle of -this Structure is the Coffin of <i>Mahomet</i>, cover’d with Velvet, placed -on the Ground on a rich Carpet. The Ground is wholly covered with the -most costly Carpets, where the Priests continually sit, and guard -the Body Night and Day. A little without the Court are several large -<i>Caravansera’s</i>, built also with square Stone, which have Court-yards -in the Middle of them, and <i>Portico’s</i> surrounded with Marble Pillars. -These <i>Caravansera’s</i> have large Gardens adjoyning to them. In short, -this Mosque, with the adjacent Buildings round the Court, with the -<i>Caravansera’s</i> and Gardens, take up a Space of Ground six Furlongs -in Compass. <i>Mahomet</i>, the same Emperor, built in this Place, where -had formerly been the Old <i>Cistern</i> of <i>Arcadius</i>, or <i>Modestus</i>, the -largest <i>Bagnio’s</i> in all the City. These Baths were of two Kinds, -some for Men, and some for Women. They adjoin to each other, but have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">225</a></span> -different Entries without any Passage out of one into the other. I -shall only describe the Mens Baths; because the Womens are like them. -The first Place you enter is the Room where they undress. From hence -you pass into the hot, and from thence into the cold Bath. They all -stand in one Range, and are only separated by Walls from each other. -The Room where they undress is a square Structure, built of square -Stone up to the Roof, which is arch’d and built with Brick; the Inside -of which, measuring two hundred and fifty eight Foot in compass, is -surrounded with an Ascent of Stone, above six Foot broad, and three -Foot high. The Wall of this Room, from the Pavement to the Bottom of -the arch’d Roof is thirty seven Foot high. In the Middle of the Floor, -which is pav’d with Marble, there’s a large Marble Bason, which is -thirty seven Foot in compass, and three Foot deep, which is always -supply’d from a Fountain of Spring Water. There are two Doors out of -the stripping Room into the hot Bath. This Apartment is a hundred Foot -in compass in the Inside of it, and is supported with four Arches, -which bear up a <i>Dome</i> at the Top. It contains eight <i>Cells</i> or bathing -Rooms; one of which, not above half so large as the rest, has some -Privies behind it, which are cleans’d by an Efflux of all the Waters -which are turn’d out of the Bath. Six of these <i>Cells</i> have, each of -them, a bathing Cistern, and are built in such a Manner, that two of -these Arches hang each of them over one bathing Room; from whence you -may pass, on the Right and on the Left, into another. The <i>Cells</i> under -the other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">226</a></span> two Arches are so form’d, that that Arch which is nearest -the Doors which lead out of the stripping Room into the hot Bath, hangs -over a very large bathing Room. ’Tis pav’d with Marble, and the <i>Turks</i> -wash their Linen in this Place. A plain Wall arch’d at top parts the -hot from the cold Bath. In the Middle of the hot Bath there is a Bason -with a Fountain playing. There is but one Door which leads out of the -hot into the cold Bath. This Apartment has eight Arches which support -its <i>Dome</i>, and contains eight bathing Places, which project beyond the -Sphere of its <i>Dome</i>, and encircle the whole <i>Bagnio</i>, which is about -ninety Foot in compass. The whole Pavement of it is lay’d with Marble, -and in the Middle of it is built an Ascent in the Form of an <i>Octagon</i>, -which is fifty seven Foot, and nine Inches in Circumference, and two -Foot and four Digits high. Round the <i>Octagon</i> there runs a Channel of -Water, which is of the same Depth with the Height of the <i>Octagon</i>. -The four inward bathing Rooms are situate in four Angles, and are each -of them every Way eleven Foot and three Digits broad, and these are -call’d the <i>Hot-Houses</i> or <i>Sweating-Bagnio’s</i>. The Dimension of the -two Bathing Rooms, which are situate without the two Arches, is the -same. The other six Bathing Rooms are of a Semicircular Figure, and -stand under six Arches within the Circle of the <i>Dome</i> of the hot Bath. -At the Bottom of the Pillars which support the Arches, they are eleven -Foot in length, and five Foot nine Inches in breadth. Every one of -these Bathing Rooms has a Marble <i>Cistern</i> wherein they bath; and in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">227</a></span> -one of them above the rest, there is erected a stately Marble Throne. -There are no Lights in the Walls either of the hot or cold Baths, tho’ -the <i>Domes</i> of them are wholly illuminated with Glass-Windows. The -<i>Stoke-Hole</i>, which is two Foot and a half in compass, and of the same -height, is built without the Baths. They keep a constant Fire in it, -which heats a Brazen Vessel, whence it emits its warm Steams thro’ -Pipes laid in a strait, and an oblique Manner, by that means heating -the Bottom of the <i>Cisterns</i> in which they bath. There is a Rivulet -in a Field of the Suburbs, about six Foot in breadth, which runs near -the <i>Stoke-Hole</i>. There are Pipes laid in this Brook, which convey the -Water thro’ the Walls of these Baths into all Parts of them. One of -these Pipes which passes thro’ a heated Earthen Vessel, upon turning -a Cock, supplies the <i>Cisterns</i> with hot Water; the other Pipe which -rises higher, upon the turning of an other Cock, tempers the hot Water -according to the Pleasure of the Person who baths in it. But I shall -treat of the Use of Bathing, and the Way of building <i>Bagnio’s</i> among -the <i>Turks</i> in another Place. I return now to the eleventh <i>Ward</i>, -which <i>Procopius</i> takes Notice of, when he tells us, that <i>Theodora</i> -the Consort of <i>Justinian</i> address’d herself to him in the following -Manner: <i>We have, may it please your Imperial Majesty, other Palaces -still remaining, which are call’d the Palaces of</i> Helena, <i>as we have -also those of</i> Placilla, <i>the Wife of</i> Theodosius <i>the Great. For as</i> -Justinus <i>honour’d his Empress with several noble Palaces, which, -after her own Name, were call’d the Palaces of</i> Sophia,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">228</a></span> <i>so it is -highly probable that</i> Theodosius <i>did</i> Placilla <i>the same Honour in -building a Palace for her, which was call’d the Palace of</i> Placilla. -<i>I am induc’d to believe this, because he passionately lov’d her, and -by Reason of that strong Resentment he bore to the People of</i> Antioch, -<i>whom he subjected to the Dominion of the</i> Laodenses, <i>for demolishing -the Statues of</i> Placilla, <i>plac’d in his own</i> Forum, <i>because he lay’d -an additional Tribute upon them</i>. This Palace may not improperly be -call’d also the Palace of <i>Flacilla</i>, of whom <i>Claudian</i> speaks in the -following Lines:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>’Tis</i> Spain <i>alone, subject to potent</i> Rome,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Which pays her Tribute in her Emperours</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>Provision, Taxes, and Confederate Bands</i></div> -<div class="line">Rome <i>by her Arms in ev’ry Nation raises</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Which bows its Head to her superiour Greatness</i>.</div> -<div class="line">Spain <i>only furnishes a Race of Princes</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Wise, Bold, and Warlike, form’d for Empire</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>And fit to rule the Mistress of the World</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>Nor pleas’d alone to send her valiant Sons</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Unless a second Offering she made</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Of princely Mothers, noble Empresses</i>,</div> -<div class="line">Flacilla, Maria, <i>pious, humble, good</i>;</div> -<div class="line"><i>And fair</i> Serena, <i>full of blooming Charms</i>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noindent">The <i>Brazen Bull</i> was plac’d in the eleventh <i>Ward</i>. In what Part of -that <i>Ward</i> it was plac’d might easily be conjectur’d from a large -<i>Cistern</i>, which, the modern Historians write, was built near it by -<i>Nicetas</i> an Eunuch, in the Reign of the Emperor <i>Theophilus</i>, if that -<i>Cistern</i> was now in being. If the <i>Bull</i> itself was remaining, or the -<i>Forum</i> where it stood, I had heard something<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">229</a></span> of it. <i>Tzetzes</i> in his -History writes, that the <i>Forum Bovis</i> was so call’d from the <i>Brazen -Bull</i>. This <i>Bull</i> is more particularly describ’d by <i>Zonaras</i>, who -says, <i>that the Body of the unhappy Tyrant</i> Phocas <i>was burnt at a -Place call’d</i> Bos, <i>where there was a Stove, or Fire-Place set up in -the Form of a Bull, which was brought from</i> Troy. <i>Cedrinus</i> relates, -that <i>Antypas</i> the <i>Martyr</i> was burnt to Death in this <i>Bull</i>. It is a -plain Instance of the Cruelty and Tyranny of some of the Emperors of -<i>Constantinople</i>, that they us’d to punish Malefactors with a Death -so tormenting. The like Example of Barbarity we have in <i>Perillus</i>, -or rather <i>Perilaus</i>, a Brazier of <i>Attica</i>, who made a <i>Brazen Bull</i> -for the Execution of <i>Phalaris</i>, but first suffer’d in it himself. -This Piece of Workmanship, says <i>Pliny</i>, was preserv’d a long Time, -that those, who saw it, might curse the Hand that made it. I am more -inclin’d to believe, that this <i>Bull</i> was brought from <i>Sicily</i>, or -<i>Italy</i>. I enquir’d after it, but could hear nothing of it, altho’ the -Inhabitants are not ignorant, that there was formerly such a <i>Bull</i> at -<i>Constantinople</i>, and are us’d to boast of a Prophecy, which has been -handed down to them from their Ancestors, concerning such a <i>Bull</i>, -and lastly, altho’ they believe their own Interpretation of it to be -more agreeable to Truth than that of <i>Tzetzes</i>, who explain’d it above -three hundred and seventy Years ago in the following Manner. There was -a mighty Talk of a Prophecy at <i>Constantinople</i> some Time ago, which -run in these Words: Βοῦς βοήσει τε, καὶ Ταῦρος δὲ θρηνήσει, -<i>Bos mugiet, Taurus lugebit</i>. The People conjectur’d from hence,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">230</a></span> says -he, that great Calamities should befall the City, that they should be -perplex’d with amazing Fears, that an innumerable Army of <i>Germans</i>, -and other Nations, should come against the Town; and that they should -be all terrify’d and affrighted with strange Dreams, by Reason of the -Plundering and Destruction of their City. Upon which, the Wife of -the <i>Grand Hetæriarch</i> being in great Consternation, and her Fears -and Fancies being encreas’d by some fabulous Verses made upon the -Occasion, she imagin’d she dream’d of all that had been the Town-Talk -for some Time before. She dream’d that <i>Constantinople</i> was wall’d -round with Brick, that near the <i>Forum Bovis</i>, or the Place call’d -<i>Bos</i>, she saw infinite Numbers of arm’d Forces drawn up in Battle -array, and that hard by the Street call’d <i>Taurus</i>, she saw a Man in -a melancholly Posture expressing his Grief in a mournful Tone, and -beating his Breast. The credulous Woman believing the Destruction of -the City was at hand, told her Dream to <i>Tzetzes</i>, who thus interpreted -it: <i>The Brick Walls</i>, says he, <i>which you saw denote great Plenty of -Provision to</i> Constantinople. <i>You are sensible, Gentlemen</i>, says he, -(speaking to those who stood by him) <i>how wonderfully that Part of -the Prophecy was accomplish’d at that Time. As to that Clause of it, -which mentions that abundance of armed Forces shall stand round the</i> -Bull, <i>and that a Man in a disconsolate and forlorn Condition shall -sit down by the</i> Bull, <i>which is principally intended by the Prophecy, -tho’ not yet fulfill’d; this may prove beneficial, and advantageous -to every Citizen of us. Therefore hear, O</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">231</a></span> Constantinople, <i>and tell -it to others, that this is the Interpretation of</i> Tzetzes. <i>The same -Word, which among us</i> Greeks <i>signifies a Bull, signifies also a Cow, -and sometimes a Heifer, and by the Word</i> Taurus <i>or</i> Bull, <i>the</i> Latins -<i>call the</i> Italian <i>Bull. Our Cow therefore, which is the famous -City of</i> Constantine, <i>and which was built by the</i> Roman <i>Bulls of</i> -Italy, <i>full of Arms, abounding with Forces, and Plenty of Provision, -shall sound an Alarm against our Enemies; and the</i> Italian <i>Bull, -which is the Army of the</i> Latins, <i>shall look Pale with Fear, and -mourn</i>. <i>Tzetzes</i>, without Question, was a very learned Man, and this -Interpretation of the Prophecy was cunning enough; besides that it was -a fine Compliment to the Empress, and at the same Time the Historian -pleas’d his own Humour in it, in interpreting the Prophecy according -to his own Wishes. See how ingenious is the Weakness of Man to impose -upon himself! But at that Time there was another Interpretation of this -Prophecy, which, in the Event, was much more agreeable to Truth, tho’ -<i>Tzetzes</i> took a great deal of Pains to confute, and expose it; and it -was the general Opinion of the People of <i>Constantinople</i>, that the -Army of the <i>Latins</i> would besiege their City, as it happen’d a little -Time after, ravaging, burning, destroying every where; throwing some of -the Ring-leaders of an arbitrary Party from the Top of <i>Theodosius</i>’s -Pillar into the Street call’d <i>Taurus</i>, and burning others to Death -in the <i>Brazen Bull</i>. The same Author is no less mistaken in the -Interpretation of another Prophecy, which is as follows: <i>Wo be to -thee, O</i> Constantinople, <i>seated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">232</a></span> on seven Hills, thou shalt not -continue a thousand Years</i>. His Explanation of it is this: <i>Altho’ it -be not thy Fate, O</i> Constantinople, <i>to endure a thousand Years, but -to be totally demolish’d, yet this ought to be no Occasion of Grief to -thee, but the Cause of Joy; for thou shalt rise again from thy Ruines -more beautiful, and more enlarg’d. For thou shalt be destroyed, ev’n -to the Advantage of those who shall destroy thee.</i> This Interpretation -is a downright Flattery of the principal Leaders of the several -<i>Factions</i> (or Companies of Charioteers) when they were struggling -for the Government. But take this Interpretation which Way you will, -it seems to be a very wild one. For whether the City was demolish’d -by its own Inhabitants, or any foreign Power, it could neither Way be -any reasonable Cause of Joy to them. This Prediction of the Oracle -was seconded by another Prediction of the <i>Astronomers</i> to the same -Purpose. Some Historians have attested, as ’tis confirm’d by <i>Suidas</i>, -that <i>Constantine</i> the <i>Great</i>, after he had finish’d the City, sent -for one <i>Valens</i> an <i>Astronomer</i> of great Skill, and commanded him to -enquire what Star had the <i>Ascendant</i> at the Birth of the City, and by -that means inform him of the Duration of it. <i>Valens</i> predicted that -the City would continue six hundred and ninety Years; but that Time is -past and gone. Therefore, says <i>Zonaras</i>, I must conclude, that this -Prophecy of <i>Valens</i> was erroneous, and that there’s little Dependance -to be had upon the Rules of <i>Astronomy</i>, or otherwise that <i>Valens</i> -only meant the Time of her Prosperity, when the Laws of Polity were -strictly obey’d, when the publick<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">233</a></span> Peace was preserv’d, when their -<i>Senate</i> was in high Estimation among the People, when the Empire -flourish’d and was under a regular Administration, and there was no -such Thing as Tyranny, and Arbitrary Power among them. But to finish -the Oracular Predictions concerning this City, I come now to <i>Zosimus</i>, -a very ancient Historian, if compar’d with <i>Tzetzes</i>, and <i>Zonaras</i>. -This Author writes, that <i>Constantinople</i> was arriv’d to such a State -of Grandeur, and Magnificence, that no City in the World was to be -compar’d with it, in point of Greatness, or Prosperity. <i>And yet</i>, as -he proceeds, <i>when after a long Search I could find no divine Oracle, -or Prophecy presignifying any Increase of Happiness to</i> Constantinople, -<i>I at last accidentally, having read many Historians, and other Authors -for that Purpose, met with an Oracular Prediction of a Sibyl, nam’d</i> -Erythræa Phaelles, <i>or</i> Phaenno <i>of</i> Epirus. <i>This Woman, they tell -you, being inspir’d, utter’d Oracles, to which</i> Nicomedes, <i>the Son of</i> -Prussias, <i>conforming himself, especially in such Predictions as might -be some Advantage to himself, enter’d into a War with his Father</i>. The -Oracle runs thus:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>Attend, great King of</i> Thrace, <i>and learn thy Doom</i>;</div> -<div class="line"><i>Thy stately City soon thou must depart</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>And thy defenceless Sheep shall follow thee</i>;</div> -<div class="line"><i>The Savage Lion’s irresistless Power</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Shall plunder thee, and ravage all thy Stores</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>Thou from thy princely Grandeur soon shalt fall</i>;</div> -<div class="line"><i>The Dogs which now in State stand round thy Throne</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Shall rouze the sleepy Wolf, bold to assert</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">234</a></span></div> -<div class="line"><i>His Liberty, nor drag thy servile Chain</i>.</div> -<div class="line">Bithynia’s <i>Realm shall then become a Prey</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>To fierce devouring Wolves, and</i> Jove’s <i>Decree</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Transfer thy Empire hence to fair</i> Byzantium.</div> -<div class="line"><i>Happy, thrice happy Monarch would’st thou be</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Could’st thou repel with Force the rav’nous Wolf</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Thus timely warn’d by me: For I am forc’d</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>To speak, and tell the Will of Heav’n to Man</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>Wide Desolation now attends thee</i>, Thrace;</div> -<div class="line"><i>A heavy Vengeance waits; long hast thou try’d</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>And daringly provok’d the Neighbouring States</i>;</div> -<div class="line"><i>And now a Cloud of Woe hangs o’re thy Head</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Which daily swelling to a larger Size</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Shall burst in Blood, and ruine all about thee</i>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noindent">This Oracle or Prophecy, says <i>Zosimus</i>, truly fore-tells, tho’ in -an Ænigmatical Manner, all the Calamities which would befall the -<i>Bythinians</i>, by Reason of an excessive Tribute which had been demanded -of them, and presignifies also their speedy Subjection to the Empire of -<i>Constantinople</i>. And tho’ this did not happen till a long Time after, -yet let no Man from thence infer, that the Time of the Accomplishment -of the Prediction was expired before it came to pass. For all Time is -but for a Moment with God, who is eternal. <i>This Interpretation of the -Oracle</i>, says the Historian, <i>I observed to be true, by comparing the -Event of Things with the Words of the Prophecy</i>; and adds, <i>that if -any other Interpretation seems more agreeable, any one is at his own -Liberty to follow it</i>. And to confirm the more this Explication of it, -he tells us, how <i>Constantine</i> the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">235</a></span> <i>Great</i> and his Sons, oppress’d not -only <i>Bithynia</i>, but the whole World with severe Exactions, so that -whole Cities, unable to pay the Levies, remained desolate. The learned -<i>Tzetzes</i> before-mentioned, explains this Oracle in another Manner, -and says, that it was delivered by <i>Phaenno</i>. <i>This Sybil</i>, says he, -<i>was long ago famous for her Oracles, and foretold same Things many -Ages since, which were accomplished but a little before the Times we -live in; as the Conquest of</i> Persia <i>over the Empire, the Slavery and -Subjection of the Emperor to them, his Dethronement by his People and -Nobles, the Wars of the</i> Scythians <i>with the Eastern Empire, by whom -she seems to mean the</i> Turks. Thus far <i>Zosimus</i>. This Oracle, tho’ it -be very antient, yet, amidst the present Ruins of <i>Constantinople</i>, it -never appeared so manifest as now.</p> - -<p>But to proceed in my Narration of other Monuments of Antiquity; On -the Brow of the fourth Hill, which lies Eastward, you see a Church -built to the Honour of Almighty God, which has been much celebrated -in the Writings of modern Historians. The Walls of it within side -are incrusted with several Kinds of Marble: It has two Porches or -<i>Vestibules</i>, many lesser <i>Cupola’s</i> covered with Lead, the largest of -which is supported with four Pillars of red Marble variegated, each of -which Pillars measures seven Foot in Circumference. There’s another -<i>Cupola</i> which bears upon four Arches, which are supported with four -Pillars of <i>Thebaic</i> Marble. On the South Side of the fourth Hill there -is erected a Pillar, which nearly resembles that, which was lately, -as I observed, standing in the <i>Exacionion</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">236</a></span> but is now removed into -the Precinct of the <i>Seraglio</i>. Round the <i>Basis</i> of it there runs a -Wreath of Laurel-work, and the Standard of the Cross, curiously cut in -<i>Basso Relievo</i>. At the Foot of the fifth Hill is a double Wall, which -encloses a Street now called <i>Phanarium</i>, because as the Inhabitants -tell you, when the City was formerly besieged, it was built in the -Space of one Night by Candle-light. I am induced from the Authority -of <i>Dionysius</i> to believe, that <i>Mellacopsas</i> stood near this Street; -the Reason why it was so called I have shewn in my <i>Treatise of the -Bosporus</i>. On the Top of the fifth Hill stands the Palace of <i>Selimus</i> -the <i>Grand Signor</i>, with a <i>Caravansera</i>, and his Tomb. Near it is a -very large <i>Cistern</i>, in a pleasant Meadow, which is despoiled of its -Roof and Pillars.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_IV_Chap_III"><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span><br /> -<br /> - -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Sixth Hill, and the Fourteenth</i> -Ward.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE Author <i>of the Description of the Wards</i> relates, that the -fourteenth <i>Ward</i>, though it is looked upon as a Part of the City, -yet because it is divided from the other <i>Wards</i> by an intermediate -Space of Land, and enclosed with its own Walls, makes the Figure of a -small City by it self; and adds, among other Particularities, that the -Entrance of it, at the Gate, is somewhat upon the Level; but the right -Side of it, rising into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">237</a></span> an Ascent, almost to the Middle of the broad -Way, falls into a deep Ascent, and contains a Church, the Palace, <i>&c.</i> -It is very probable, one would think, or at least it looks to be so, -that any one who had never seen <i>Constantinople</i>, could learn from this -Description in what Part of the City stood the fourteenth <i>Ward</i>. But -since, nothing of the antient Buildings are remaining there at present, -no not so much as the Bridge, or the very Channel of the River; there -is some Room for Enquiry, where was the Place of its Situation. For -I am entirely ignorant of the Gate whence its Entrance begins, which -is somewhat upon the Level. It is possible that I might also discover -the Situation of it, if I knew where the right Side of the <i>Ward</i> was, -which rose into an Ascent. ’Tis plain that this <i>Ward</i> did not stand -on the fifth Hill from hence, that the Author tells us, that it was -divided from other <i>Wards</i> by some intermediate Space. Had this <i>Ward</i> -been divided from other <i>Wards</i> by a small Tract of Land only, it had -been very injudicious in the Inhabitants to have enclosed it with a -Wall by it self, when it stood so near the Walls of the City. I would -observe farther, that ’tis inconceivable that there could be any Bridge -on the fifth, sixth, or seventh Hills of the City, or without the Walls -of the City; nor is there any Valley running between the fifth or the -third Hill, where there’s any Bridge, or any Water, unless it can be -imagined that it had any small Creek, which is now filled up, with -a Bridge over it. If it could be supposed that there formerly stood -any Bridge beyond the sixth Hill, in the Street called<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">238</a></span> <i>Avasarius</i>, -we could conclude it to be no other than what was built over the Bay -of <i>Ceras</i>, near which are still seen the Piles of a Bridge. And in -all Probability the sixth Hill was wholly inhabited, by Reason of the -Nearness and Goodness of its Roads from <i>Thrace</i>. This is the more -probable, if it be considered, that the Suburbs called the <i>Hepdomum</i>, -were seated on the sixth Hill, which excited <i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Less</i>, -by Reason of its Nearness to <i>Constantinople</i> to enlarge the Walls of -the City.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_IV_Chap_IV"><span class="smcap">Chap. IV.</span><br /> -<br /> - -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the</i> Hepdomum, <i>a Part of the Suburbs; -of the</i> Triclinium <i>of</i> Magnaura; -<i>of the</i> Cyclobion; <i>of the Statue -of</i> Mauritius, <i>and his Armory; and of -the Place called the</i> Cynegium.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE Suburbs, call’d the <i>Hepdomum</i>, stood upon the third Hill, which -is now enclosed within the Walls of the City. This is plain from the -Situation of the Church of St. <i>John Baptist</i>, whom, even at this -Time, the <i>Greeks</i> call the Πρόδρομος, or <i>Fore-runner</i> of -our Saviour. This Church is seated on the Eastern Side of the City. -’Tis almost entirely demolished by the <i>Mahometans</i>, and nothing of it -remains but a few Marble Pillars, expecting the last Effort of their -Sacrilege. This was a costly and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">239</a></span> magnificent Building, as appears, -among other Tokens, from the <i>Cistern</i> of <i>Bonus</i>, which was built by -a Nobleman of that Name, and seated a little above it. It was three -hundred Paces long; its Roof and Columns are entirely ruined, and its -Situation at present is turned into a Garden. <i>Sozomen</i> says, that -<i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Great</i> brought over the Head of St. <i>John Baptist</i>, -from a Village call’d <i>Coslaus</i>, near <i>Pantichium</i>, in <i>Chalcedon</i>, -and placed it before <i>Constantinople</i> in the <i>Hepdomum</i>, and there -built a large and handsome Church to the Honour of God. The same -Author attests, that <i>Theodosius</i>, when he marched his Army against -<i>Eugenius</i>, as soon as he came out of the City, offered his Prayers -to God, in St. <i>John Baptist</i>’s Church, which he had built in the -<i>Hepdomum</i>. <i>Procopius</i> pays too great a Compliment to <i>Justinian</i>, -when he reports him to have built this Church in the forementioned -Suburbs. <i>Zonaras</i> tells us, that in the Reign of <i>Constantine</i> -surnamed <i>Pogonatus</i>, the <i>Hagarens</i> besieged the City with a numerous -Fleet, which extended itself from the <i>Promontory</i> situated in the -<i>Hepdomum</i> Westward, as far as the <i>Cyclobion</i>. Other <i>Historians</i> -mention the same Thing; namely, that they had their Station from the -said <i>Promontory</i>, or the <i>Triclinium</i> of <i>Magnaura</i>, as far Easterly -as the Palace call’d <i>Cyclobion</i>. From which Passage I would observe -by the By, that <i>Magnaura</i> was a Place in the <i>Hepdomum</i>. <i>Cedrinus</i> -asserts, that <i>Philip</i> of <i>Macedon</i>, built there a round Solar, and -placed in the Court of it his own Statue, and built an Armory there. -Others write, that <i>Mauritius</i> the Emperor built the <i>Triclinium</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">240</a></span> of -<i>Magnaura</i>, and that he erected his Statue, and built the Armory there. -Over the <i>Triclinium</i> are inscribed these Verses;</p> - -<p class="center">Upon the <i>Triclinium</i> of <i>Magnaura</i>.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">Heraclius <i>and his Son</i> Constantine,</div> -<div class="line"><i>With Conquest crown’d, and loaden with Success</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Under th’ auspicious Influence of the</i> Cross,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Built, with surprizing Speed, this beauteous Structure.</i></div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noindent">The <i>Cistern</i> of <i>Magnaura</i>, which stood near the Palace, was -demolished by <i>Heraclius</i>; and, as <i>Cedrinus</i> relates, was afterwards -cleansed, and rebuilt by Order of <i>Philip</i>, King of <i>Macedon</i>. Some -attest, if not consistently with Truth, yet more appositely, that -the Emperor <i>Anastasius</i>, when he was expiring at that Place, by a -terrible Storm of Wind, Lightning and Thunder, cried out with a loud -Voice; <i>Magnâ perimus aurâ</i>. <i>Pulcheria</i> the Sister of <i>Theodosius</i> -the <i>Less</i>, being removed from the Administration of the Government, -retired into the <i>Hepdomum</i>, and lived privately. <i>Zonaras</i> relates, -that <i>Nicephorus</i> the Emperor, surnamed <i>Phocas</i>, as he came near -to the City, was received by the <i>Prasine</i> Faction, with great -Acclamations, and that he was crowned Emperor in the <i>Hepdomum</i> by -the <i>Patriarch</i> of <i>Constantinople</i>. The Reason why those Suburbs are -called the <i>Hepdomum</i>, is taken from the Number <i>Seven</i>, which was -formerly the Number of them. They retained their antient Names, even -after they were inclosed within the City. <i>Procopius</i> has it, that -<i>Justinian</i>, in that <i>Ward</i>, which ought to be called<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">241</a></span> the Second, -built a Church to St. <i>Anne</i>. An unknown Writer of the Empire of -<i>Constantinople</i> gives a Reason why it may be called the Second. <i>In -the Place</i>, says he, <i>called the</i> Second, <i>there stood the Statue -of</i> Justinian Rhinometus. Bardus Cæsar Michael, <i>the Grandfather -of</i> Theophilus, <i>demolished and broke it to Pieces</i>. This Place is -called the Second, because when <i>Justinian</i> was banished by <i>Leo</i> the -<i>Patrician</i> to <i>Cherso</i>, after he had continued there ten Years, he -applied himself to <i>Terbelus</i>, King of the <i>Bulgarians</i>, whose Daughter -<i>Theodora</i> he married. The King gave him an Army, which he marched -against <i>Constantinople</i> to recover his Empire. But the Inhabitants -denying him Entrance, he privately stole into the City through the -Passage of an <i>Aqueduct</i> to a Place where was still remaining the -Foundation of a Pillar he had set up, and which his Adversary had -destroyed. Having recovered his Dominions a second Time, he erected -there a second Pillar, and built in the same Place a Church, which -was dedicated to St. <i>Anne</i>. But, as I observed a little before, -<i>Procopius</i> relates, that <i>Justinian</i> built this Church in the second -<i>Ward</i>, where, I am of Opinion, before the Reign of <i>Theodosius</i> -the <i>Less</i>, who built the Walls of the City, stood the Suburbs of -the seventh Hill, that is, according to <i>Cedrinus</i> and others, in -the twelfth <i>Ward</i>. There were, say these Writers, most dreadful -Earthquakes, which overturned the Wall of the City in the <i>Exacionion</i>, -and levell’d many beautiful Houses and magnificent Churches in the -<i>Porta Aurea</i> of the City; and add that in the second <i>Ward</i>, the Shock -was felt as far as St. <i>Anne</i>’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">242</a></span> Church. I mentioned this Observation -to many of mine Acquaintance, lest any one should imagine that the -δεύτερον χώριον was one of the fourteen <i>Wards</i> mentioned in -the <i>Treatise</i>, entitled, an <i>Antient Description of</i> Constantinople. -I am surprized that <i>Procopius</i>, who was so exact in describing so -many Buildings of the City, never mentions them, since they are taken -Notice of by <i>Justinian</i> in his <i>Constitutions</i>. There’s a Church -situate on the seventh Hill, between the Palace of <i>Constantine</i>, and -the <i>Adrianopolitan Gate</i>, which though for many Ages it stood within -the Walls, yet on three Sides of it, it formerly stood without the -Walls of the City, as it was customary to build the <i>Greek</i> Churches. -There’s a <i>Portico</i> runs round it. The Walls of it within are incrusted -with square Pieces of several Kinds of Marble, the <i>Fissures</i> of which -are covered from Top to Bottom with <i>Modules</i> of <i>Astragals</i>, some of -which are adorned with Berries, and others are work’d round without -them. Above these <i>Incrustations</i> rise three <i>Fasciæ</i>, and three -Ornaments resembling an <i>Astragal</i>, two of which are round, and the -uppermost of them is of a square Figure. Higher yet are three <i>Fasciæ</i>, -above these are the <i>Dentils</i>, and over the <i>Dentils</i>, a <i>Corinthian -Foliage</i>. It will evidently appear from what I shall mention hereafter, -that the Suburbs called the <i>Hepdomum</i>, were in the fourteenth <i>Ward</i> -of the City, where also stood a Palace. There remains at present, -out of many antient Palaces, not so much as the Name of one of them, -except that seated on the seventh Hill, which is called the Palace of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">243</a></span> -<i>Constantine</i>, besides a few Pillars, and a <i>Cistern</i> in which the -Grand <i>Signor</i>’s Elephants are stabled. In the Plain upon the Shore, -situate at the Foot of the sixth Hill Eastward, is the <i>Palatine</i> Gate -called <i>Cynegion</i>. Without the Gate is a fine Growth of Plane-Trees. -Near the Gate, within the Wall, were formerly three large Arches, now -fill’d up, through which the Inhabitants used to sail their Three-oar’d -Galleys, into a Creek built within the City for the Conveniency of the -neighbouring Palace. This Creek is now entirely ruin’d, and turn’d into -a Garden. The <i>Cynegion</i>, according to modern Writers, is a Place of -some Note, so that even <i>Suidas</i> himself thought it not impertinent -to insert in his <i>Lexicon</i> the following Story. <i>Criminals</i>, says he, -<i>condemned to dye were thrown into the</i> Cynegion, <i>which was adorned -with some Statues</i>. Theodorus, <i>the Town-Clerk, going thither with</i> -Imerius <i>Keeper of the Records, saw a short, but a very thick Statue. -Look upon the Man, says</i> Imerius, <i>meaning himself, who built the</i> -Cynegion. <i>I returned in Answer, that</i> Maximinus <i>built it, and that</i> -Aristides <i>measured out the Ground; when immediately one of its Pillars -fell, which crushed</i> Imerius <i>to Pieces, so that he died on the Spot. -Being terrified at the Sight, I hastened to the Church, where I told -what had happened. I attested the Fact with an Oath to those who -questioned the Relation. Some of the Emperor’s Domesticks and Servants, -when their Attendance was over, walked with me to the Place. Being -surprized at the Death of</i> Imerius, <i>and the Fall of the Pillar, a -certain Philosopher named</i> Johannes, <i>told ’em, that he had discovered -from a small Animal, that a Man<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">244</a></span> of some Note should dye</i>. Philip -<i>of</i> Macedon <i>believing him, ordered the little Creature to be bury’d -in the Place, where this Accident happened</i>. <i>Justinus</i> the <i>Third</i> -commanded <i>Tiberius</i> and <i>Leontius</i>, after they had reign’d three -Years, to have their Chains taken off, ty’d Body to Body, dragged thro’ -the <i>Forum</i> and the <i>Theatre</i> by Horses; and after he had trampled upon -the Necks of them, he ordered them to be slain in the <i>Cynegion</i>, in -the Sight of the People. I look upon this <i>Theatre</i> to be that which -was called <i>Theatrum Venatorium</i>. For as there was such a <i>Theatre</i> -at <i>Rome</i>, so there was at <i>Constantinople</i>. For <i>Procopius</i> reports, -that the <i>Theatres</i>, <i>Hippodroms</i>, and the <i>Cynegia</i>, were greatly -neglected, and fell to Ruine, thro’ the Avarice of <i>Justinian</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_IV_Chap_V"><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span><br /> -<br /> - -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the</i> Blachernæ, <i>the</i> Triclinium <i>of the</i> -Blachernæ, <i>the</i> Palace, <i>the</i> Aqueduct -<i>and many other Places of Antiquity</i>.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE Author of the Book entitled, <i>The antient Description of the</i> Wards -attests, that there stood in the fourteenth <i>Ward</i>, a Church, but does -not name it; nor does he take Notice of the <i>Blachernæ</i>, although it -was called so before the taking of <i>Constantinople</i> by <i>Severus</i>, as I -shall immediately make appear. The <i>Blachernæ</i> stood without the Walls, -not only in the Time when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">245</a></span> that Book was wrote, but even in the Reign -of <i>Justinian</i>, who, as <i>Procopius</i> writes, built a Church, which he -dedicated to the <i>Virgin Mary</i>, before the Walls of the City, in a -Place called the <i>Blachernæ</i>. <i>The Spectator</i>, says he, <i>when he enters -this Church, will admire its large and bulky Building, yet secure -from the Danger of falling by the Strength of its Foundation. You may -behold in it</i>, adds he, <i>a stately Magnificence, without any Mixture of -Gaiety, and too much Embellishment</i>. ’Tis my Opinion, that <i>Justinian</i> -only repaired this Church: For <i>Zonaras</i> reports, that <i>Pulcheria</i>, the -Wife of <i>Marcian</i>, built a Church in the <i>Blachernæ</i>, and dedicated -it to the <i>Virgin Mary</i>. <i>Pomponius Lætus</i> tells us, that this Church -was built by <i>Theodosius</i>. <i>Cedrinus</i> writes, that <i>Justin</i> the Nephew -of <i>Justinian</i>, added two Arches to the Church in the <i>Blachernæ</i>. So -that ’tis plain from what <i>Procopius</i> has wrote upon this Occasion, -that the <i>Blachernæ</i> stood without the Walls of the City, as it is no -less evident from the Testimony of <i>Agathius</i>. <i>When the barbarous -Nations</i>, says he, <i>approached</i> Constantinople, <i>by the Permission -of</i> Justinian, <i>all the Churches situate without the Walls, from the</i> -Blachernæ <i>to the Black-Sea, were stripp’d of their Armaments, which -were kept within the City</i>. There is at present to be seen, near the -Gate called <i>Xylon</i>, and the Western Angle of the City, between the -Foot of the sixth Hill, and the turning of a Mosque, situate within -the City, (which the People say was dedicated to the <i>Virgin Mary</i>) a -Spring now running, which the <i>Greeks</i> tell us was consecrated to her. -The Place, where the Spring is, is call’d the <i>Blachernæ</i>. Upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">246</a></span> my -first coming to <i>Constantinople</i>, some Remains of it were to be seen, -but now there nothing appears even of its Ruines. From the Bottom of -the sixth Hill, which rises above the Church in the <i>Blachernæ</i>, there -shoots an <i>Aqueduct</i> with two Pipes; one of which is stopp’d with a -Cock, and the other flows in a constant Stream. I took Notice before, -that <i>Andronicus</i> the Emperor brought this <i>Aqueduct</i> from the River -<i>Hydrales</i>, into the <i>Ward</i> of the <i>Blachernæ</i>, where there was no -River Water till his Time. The Emperor <i>Anastasius</i> built the great -<i>Triclinium</i> in the <i>Blachernæ</i>, which went under his Name, even in the -Time of <i>Suidas</i>. <i>Zonaras</i>, and others assure us, that the Emperor -<i>Tiberius</i> built the publick Bath in the <i>Blachernæ</i>. ’Tis certain -from some modern Histories, that there was in the Time of <i>Zonaras</i>, -even down to the Reign of <i>Manuel</i> the Emperor, an Imperial Palace in -that Place. The Reason why ’tis called the <i>Blachernæ</i>, is mentioned -by <i>Dionysius</i> a <i>Byzantian</i>, in his <i>Navigation of the Bosporus</i>, -from whom I shall just touch upon some Places described by him, which -reach from the Foot of the fifth Hill, to the furthermost Angle of the -City, and the sixth Hill. <i>Beyond Mellacopsas</i>, says he, (this, I took -Notice of before, was at the Foot of the fifth Hill) <i>there are two -Places which afford good Sport in Fishing, all the Year. One upon the -Shallows under the Promontories, the other under the deep hollow Shores -which are never ruffled by the Wind. The first of these is called</i> -Indigenas, <i>from some great Man who was a Native there; the other</i> -Pyracius, <i>from</i> Pyræus, <i>a Port of</i> Athens;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">247</a></span> <i>or as some believe, from -some antient Inhabitant. There’s a Place between them called</i> Cittos, -<i>from the great Plenty of Ivy it produces.</i> There is also a steep Place -called <i>Camara</i>, which adjoins that of <i>Pyracius</i>. ’Tis much exposed to -the Wind, and therefore often feels the Roughness of the Sea. Thence, -up higher, stands <i>Thalassa</i>, which is the Boundary of the <i>Ceratine -Bay</i>, where the Rivers begin to flow into it. ’Tis thus called, either -by Reason of their Nearness to the Sea, whose Salt Waters they mingle -with their Freshness, or because it stands steddy, and more out of -the Wind; or rather, because the constant Influx of the Rivers into -it, brings down daily a muddy Substance into the Sea, which very much -thickens it; though it serves for Nourishment to the Multitudes of Fish -with which it abounds. The first Place that stands upon this calm Sea -is called <i>Polyrrhetius</i>, from a Man named <i>Polyrrhetus</i>: The next is -<i>Vateiascopia</i>, so called from the deep Sea that is about it; a third -is the <i>Blachernæ</i>, which is a barbarous Word; and the last Place is -the Marshes.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">248</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_IV_Chap_VI"><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Bridge near the Church of St.</i> Mamas; -<i>of his</i> Hippodrom; <i>of the Brazen -Lyon, and the Sepulchre of the -Emperor</i> Mauritius.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">NOT only some Historians, but also <i>Suidas</i> the Grammarian, have -handed it down to us, that near the Church of St. <i>Mamas</i>, there stood -a Bridge, which had twelve Arches; for there was a great Floud of -Waters at that Place. There was also set up at the same Place a brazen -Dragon; because ’twas reported that a Serpent had some Time liv’d -there, which had deflour’d many Virgins. This Story was occasion’d by -the Name of a Man, who was call’d <i>Basiliscus</i>, one of <i>Numerianus -Cæsar</i>’s Life-Guard, who liv’d there, and built a Church, which <i>Zeno</i> -afterwards pull’d down. <i>Constantine</i>, call’d <i>Iconomachus</i>, because -he was a profess’d Enemy to Images, order’d one <i>Andreas</i> a Statuary, -a Man of some Note in the <i>Blachernæ</i>, to be whipt to Death in the -<i>Hippodrom</i> of St. <i>Mamas</i>. <i>Zonaras</i> tells us, that <i>Mauritius</i> the -Emperor was buried in the Church of St. <i>Mamas</i>, which was built -by <i>Pharasmenes</i>, an Eunuch, and Gentleman of the Bed-chamber to -<i>Justinian</i>. <i>Cedrinus</i> writes, that the Church of St. <i>Mamas</i> stood -near the Gate call’d <i>Xylocercon</i>. Others report, That <i>Crunna</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">249</a></span> King -of the <i>Bulgarians</i>, surrounded <i>Constantinople</i> with an Army from -the <i>Blachernæ</i> to the <i>Porta Aurea</i>, and distrusting the Strength of -his Forces to take the Town, he hasten’d to this Church, set Fire to -a Palace that was near it, and that upon his Retreat, he carry’d off -a Brazen Lyon plac’d in the <i>Hippodrom</i>, a Bear, a Dragon, and some -curious Pieces of Marble. <i>Sozomen</i> speaking of those Persons who were -banish’d on St. <i>Chrysostom</i>’s Account, says, that when they were got -without the Walls they met in a Place situate before the City, which -<i>Constantine</i> order’d to be cleans’d, to be pal’d round, and made it -into a <i>Hippodrom</i>. This, I take it, was the Place which was afterwards -call’d the <i>Hippodrom</i> of St. <i>Mamas</i>. <i>Zonaras</i> adds upon this -Occasion, that <i>Leo</i> the Emperor, scar’d by a Fire, which then rag’d -in the City, flew to the Church of St. <i>Mamas</i>, and continu’d there -for some Time. <i>Cedrinus</i> mentions, that the Emperor diverted himself -with Horse-racing, near the Church of St. <i>Mamas</i> the Martyr, situate -in the <i>Stenon</i>. ’Tis plain from the Authorities abovemention’d, -that this Church was seated in the <i>Blachernæ</i>, and that there was a -Bridge there, as is farther confirm’d by <i>Johannes Tzetzes</i> in his -<i>Variâ Historiâ</i>, where he says, that the Sea extending itself from -the Streights of <i>Abydus</i>, to the Bridge of the <i>Blachernæ</i>, is call’d -the <i>Hellespont</i>. ’Tis also evident, that this Bridge stood, where -the Stone Piles of the old Bridge (when the Water is low, as ’tis in -Summer) are seen at present, and stand between the Suburbs call’d the -<i>Blachernæ</i>, and the Suburbs, which the <i>Turks</i> call the <i>Aibasarium</i>. -This, I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">250</a></span> am confident, is the same Bridge which the ancient Treatise -<i>of the Wards of the City</i>, calls the Wooden Bridge, and places it in -the fourteenth <i>Ward</i>, in which, as I observ’d, was the Suburbs call’d -the <i>Hepdomum</i>. I desire the Reader to remark one Thing from <i>Suidas</i>, -that St. <i>Mamas</i> Bridge had either twelve Stone Arches, or else, that -he was writing of another Church of St. <i>Mamas</i>, situate in another -Place.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_IV_Chap_VII"><span class="smcap">Chap. VII.</span><br /> -<br /> - -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the seventh Hill, the twelfth Ward, -and of the Pillar of</i> Arcadius.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">I Take it for granted, from the Situation of the Pillar of <i>Arcadius</i>, -now standing on the seventh Hill, call’d the <i>Xerolophon</i>, (which -is divided from the other six Hills by a broad Valley,) that That -is the twelfth <i>Ward</i>, which lies a great Way upon the Level, from -the Entrance of the City at the <i>Porta Aurea</i>, and is lengthen’d, on -the Left Side of it, by a gentle Descent, and bounded by the Sea. It -contain’d the <i>Porta Aurea</i>, the <i>Trojan Portico’s</i>, the <i>Forum</i>, and -Haven of <i>Theodosius</i>, and a Pillar with winding Steps in the Inside, -built in the <i>Xerolophon</i> by <i>Arcadius</i>. The Hill still preserves -the same Name. Upon this Pillar the Emperor plac’d his Statue, which -was thrown down, in the Reign of <i>Leo Conon</i> by an Earthquake, which -shook the whole City, overturn’d<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">251</a></span> many Churches and Houses, and buried -Multitudes of People under it. <i>Cedrinus</i> assures us, that this -Pillar was in all respects like that of <i>Theodosius</i> erected in the -<i>Taurus</i>. It has a <i>Base</i>, a <i>Pedestal</i>, and a <i>Capital</i>. The <i>Shaft</i> -of the Pillar, with its <i>Pedestal</i> and <i>Capital</i>, consists of twenty -one Stones. Above the <i>Capital</i> are two Stones. The <i>Pedestal</i> alone -is built with five Stones, so closely cemented together, that if the -Pillar had never felt the Shocks of an Earth-quake, or the Decays of -Time, it had appear’d to have been one entire Stone. These Stones are -plac’d one above another, and are hollow in the Inside. Each of them -is the whole Compass of the Pillar, out of which are cut the Steps and -Windows which beautify and enlighten it. I took upon me to measure the -Compass of the <i>Shaft</i> from the Stone which covers it at Top, down to -the lowest Step of the <i>Pedestal</i>. This Stone therefore, thro’ which -there is cut a Door, by which you ascend above the <i>Abacus</i> of the -<i>Capital</i>, is about thirteen Foot nine Inches high, and is itself the -Roof and Arch of the whole Pillar. The Door is six Foot two Digits -high, and three Foot nine Inches broad. The second Stone is six Foot -high, in which is cut the uppermost Step above the <i>Abacus</i> of the -<i>Capital</i>. The third is five Foot and four Digits high, and contains -the <i>Abacus</i> and the whole <i>Capital</i>. The fifth is five Foot in -height, wanting two Digits. The Sixth is four Foot nine Inches high. -The Seventh five Foot and two Digits. The Eighth four Foot and four -Digits. The Ninth is six Foot high. The Tenth five Foot. The Eleventh -four Foot<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">252</a></span> and fourteen Digits. The Twelfth four Foot nine Inches. -The Thirteenth five Foot. The Fourteenth five Foot two Digits. The -fifteenth five Foot and a half. The Sixteenth the same. The Seventeenth -five Foot and ten Digits. The eighteenth six Foot and a half. The -Nineteenth five Foot and four Digits. The Twentieth six Foot and a -half. The Twenty first, where the <i>Shaft</i> of the Pillar begins, six -Foot and four Digits high. The <i>Pedestal</i> consists of six Stones. The -uppermost of which is four Foot nine Inches high. The Second is the -same height. The Third four Foot. The Fourth four Foot six Inches. The -Fifth the same. The Sixth and last is four Foot high. It has in all -fifty six Windows, and two hundred thirty three Steps of two kinds. -For some rise in square, others in circular Windings, after the Manner -of some Shell-Fish. You ascend the <i>Pedestal</i> by five square Winding -Steps. Every Winding has at the Top of it a small Floor, which leads -you from one Winding to another. The first and second Windings have -six Steps each; the third eight; the fourth and fifth, nine each; the -lowest of them all, which lies level with the Threshold of the Door, is -ten Digits high, twelve Inches broad, and two Foot nine Inches long. -The other square Windings are like this, and the Floor at the Top of -each of them is two Foot nine Inches square. Upon the fifth Winding -stands the <i>Shaft</i> of the Pillar, the first Steps of which are ten -Digits high; near the Wall they are a Foot broad, in the Middle a Foot -and nine Inches, and in Length they are two Foot nine Inches. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">253</a></span> -Steps above them, are all of them, nine Digits high. The Inside of the -<i>Shaft</i> of the Pillar measures twenty eight Foot in Circumference. The -Wall which encloses the Steps, in the lowest Part of it, is two Foot -and three Digits, in the highest, ’tis one Foot nine Inches thick. If -I should be thought too curious, in taking the Dimensions of every -Stone, this Character with more Justice belongs to that Man, (and yet -<i>Thucydides</i> highly commends him for it) who by counting the Rows of -Bricks of which they were built, took the height of the Enemies Walls. -I was under some Apprehensions from the Savageness of the Inhabitants, -lest they should catch me dropping my Line, had I measur’d it without, -so that I lay under a Necessity of taking the Dimensions within; and by -joining the height of one Stone to the height of another, I discover’d -its Altitude. There are two Steps consisting of many Stones, which -first shew themselves from the Surface of the Earth. Above them is the -third Step, which is cut out of a Stone three Foot and four Digits -high, and thirty three Foot and a half in Circumference. Upon the Stone -which makes the third Step, stands the <i>Pedestal</i>. The first of the -five Stones of which it consists, from the Threshold of the Door, is -five Foot and a half high. Its Ornaments are a plain <i>Plinth</i> three -Foot five Digits high, a small <i>Tore</i> five Digits high, an <i>Apophyge</i> -with a <i>Reglet</i> nine Inches, another <i>Reglet</i> above it two Digits, -and a <i>Cornice</i> engrav’d, which is nine Inches high. The <i>Frieze</i>, on -three Sides, is curiously engrav’d with Trophies; the Northern Side of -it, where<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">254</a></span> the Door is, is not engrav’d at all. The <i>Cornice</i> of the -Pedestal bends downwards. At the bottom of it is a <i>Reglet</i>, above that -an <i>Astragal</i>, adorn’d with Berries; then an <i>Ovolo</i>, and above that -an <i>Astragal</i> wreath’d like a Rope. Higher yet is a <i>Folial</i> Bandage. -There projects beyond the <i>Pedestal</i> a kind of <i>Abacus</i>; on each side -of which there are two <i>Fasces</i> of Laurel-work, the largest of which -is incurvated even to the bottom of the <i>Abacus</i>. On the Sides of this -<i>Abacus</i> there is a Sculpture of seven naked Boys, holding each of them -in his Hand a Laureated <i>Fascis</i>. At every Angle of this <i>Abacus</i> there -stands an Eagle, and above it is the <i>Plinth</i> of the Pillar, adorn’d -with a <i>Foliage</i>, which projects very little. Above the <i>Plinth</i> is -a <i>Tore</i>, adorn’d with Laurel-work, which is filletted with a spiral -Bandage. Above the <i>Tore</i> there rises an <i>Apophyge</i>, upon which Stands -the Shaft of the Pillar, which is carv’d with the Scenes of War, and -of Battles. The Sculpture is much like that which adorns the Pillar of -<i>Trajan</i> in Old <i>Rome</i>. The <i>Trachelium</i>, or Top of the <i>Shaft</i>, is -fluted perpendicularly. The lower part of its <i>Capital</i> is adorn’d with -<i>Apophyges</i>, an <i>Ovolo</i>, and an <i>Abacus</i>, which projects beyond the -<i>Shaft</i> two Foot and fourteen Digits. The <i>Abacus</i>, on all sides of it, -is seventeen Foot, and nine Inches round. Above the <i>Abacus</i> there is a -Door, above which the Pillar rises in the Form of a <i>Cone</i>, where there -is another Door above ten Foot high. We may look upon this Pillar to be -of the <i>Tuscan</i> Order, because both the <i>Base</i>, and the <i>Capital</i> of -it, are finished after the <i>Tuscan</i> manner.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">255</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_IV_Chap_VIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. VIII.</span><br /> -<br /> - -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Statues, and the antient</i> Tripos -<i>of</i> Apollo, <i>standing in the</i> Xerolophon.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2"><i>SUIDAS</i> writes, that the <i>Xerolophon</i> was formerly call’d <i>Thema</i>, -because it was a kind of Repository, and contained in it fifteen -winding Apartments, the Statue of <i>Diana</i>, and <i>Severus</i>, who built -it; besides a <i>Thermation</i>, a <i>Tripos</i> from whence many Oracles were -deliver’d. In this Place, the Founder of it us’d to offer Sacrifices; -and among others he sacrificed a Virgin. <i>Priscian</i>, whom I find -mention’d by <i>Benedictus Ægius</i>, indefatigably curious in his Search of -Antiquity, observes, That the <i>Azoles</i> sometimes inserted in a Word the -Letter Ϝ, as I have taken Notice of in some Inscriptions of a -very antient <i>Tripos</i> of <i>Apollo</i>, still remaining in the <i>Xerolophon</i>; -the Words of which are written after this Manner; Δημοφάϝων, -Λαϝονάϝων. He tells us, that ’tis customary in another Place, -meaning among the <i>Æolians</i>, to place an <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ϝ</span> between two -Vowels of the same Word; as in <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὄϝις</span>, <i>ovis</i>, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Δάϝος</span>, -<i>Davus</i>, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὦϝον</span>, <i>ovum</i>. I have seen, says he, the same in some -old Inscriptions, in very antient Characters, on some <i>Tripos’s</i>, -especially on the <i>Tripos</i> of <i>Apollo</i>, which is at <i>Constantinople</i>; -as <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Δημοφόϝων</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Δημοφόων</span>, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Λαϝοκόϝων</span> for -<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Λαοκόων</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">256</a></span> Others add, that there were the like Insertions -in the <i>Xerolophon</i>, a little above the <i>Basis</i> of the Pillars of -<i>Marcian</i>, <i>Valentinian</i>, and <i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Less</i>. <i>Zonaras</i> tells -us, that <i>Simeon</i>, a Prince of the <i>Bulgarians</i>, a Man of a cruel and -turbulent Spirit, march’d an Army against the <i>Chrobatians</i>; when he -was conquer’d, and lost his Army, partly by the Badness of the Roads, -some Body inform’d the Emperor that the Statue plac’d above the Arch -in the <i>Xerolophon</i>, looking Westward, was carv’d for the Statue of -<i>Simeon</i> of <i>Bulgaria</i>, and that if any one cut off the Head of the -Statue, <i>Simeon</i> should immediately die. The Emperor commands the Head -of the Statue to be chopt off, and soon received the News that <i>Simeon</i> -was dead of a violent Pain of the Stomach. For he watch’d to a Minute -the Time of his Death. As to the Port of <i>Theodosius</i>, that was in the -same Place where the Gardens, which are now call’d the <i>Blancha</i>, stand -at present. These Gardens are enclos’d with a Wall, and are seated in -a Plain, adjoyning to the Shore of the <i>Propontis</i>, at the Foot of the -sixth Hill. The Mouth of the Port stood Eastward, from whence the Pier -extended it self Westward, in a direct Line, where at present stand -the Walls of the City. The Pier was twelve Foot in Thickness; and, as -I found by walking it, ’twas six Hundred of my Paces in length. ’Tis -now entirely ruin’d. The Gardens, which are very spacious, abound with -Sallets and Potherbs, but have very few Fruit-Trees. These Gardens -are water’d with Pools, which they have within them, and which are -the Remains of the old Port. I discover’d by the Pier, and Situation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">257</a></span> -of the Place, that ’twas above a Mile in compass. In the Mouth of the -Port, not altogether unfit for Ships at present, without the City -Wall, you still see a Fortress in its Ruins, surrounded by the Sea. -The unknown Writer of <i>the Empire</i> of <i>Constantinople</i> asserts, That -it was first called <i>Thema</i>, afterwards the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Theodosius</i>; -tho’ it seems to me rather to be the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Arcadius</i>, by Reason -the Pillar of <i>Arcadius</i> joyns to it. For the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Theodosius</i>, -in all Probability, stood near the Port of <i>Theodosius</i>. This is no -more than what is conformable to the Rules of Architecture, which -prescribe, that a Market should be built near a Port. I am of Opinion, -that it was formerly call’d the Port of <i>Eleutherius</i>, if we may credit -those Writers who affirm, That <i>Constantine</i> the <i>Great</i> built a Wall -from the Ridge of the first Hill to the Port of <i>Sophia</i>, and the Port -of <i>Eleutherius</i>, built by <i>Constantine</i> the <i>Great</i>, to prevent the -Inundations of the Sea. ’Tis called the Port of <i>Eleutherius</i>, because, -when ’twas built, he was Surveyor of the Works. It was for this Reason, -that there was a Marble Statue erected to him in that Port, bearing -on his Shoulders a Basket of Marble, and holding in his Hand a Marble -Spade. They add further, that <i>Irena</i>, and her Son <i>Constantine</i>, built -him a noble Seat; and that from that Seat, as far as the <i>Amastrianum</i>, -reach’d the <i>Hippodrom</i>, which was built by <i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Great</i>, -and was demolish’d by <i>Irena</i>. <i>Zonaras</i> writes, that <i>Irena</i>, after -she was remov’d from the Government by <i>Constantine</i> her Son, liv’d in -a House which she built in the Port of <i>Eleutherius</i>. The <i>Portico’s</i>, -which the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">258</a></span> <i>ancient Description of the Wards of the City</i> names with -the Epithet <i>Troadeæ</i>, others mention with that of <i>Troadesiæ</i>, and -tell us, that <i>Constantine</i> the <i>Great</i> built the Walls of the City -as far as the <i>Portico’s</i> call’d <i>Porticus Troadesiæ</i> (that is, the -<i>Trojan Portico’s</i>) and the <i>Porta Aurea</i>, which stood in the twelfth -<i>Ward</i>. I am of Opinion, that they were call’d the <i>Trojan Portico’s</i>, -because they contain’d some Things of the like Kind with that which -was called the <i>Porticus Varia</i>. ’Tis reported, says he, that in -the <i>Portico</i>, formerly call’d <i>Plesiactia</i>, and now <i>Pæcilla</i>, or -<i>Porticus Varia</i>, a celebrated Painter drew the Face of <i>Laodice</i>, on -the Picture of <i>Elpinica</i>. I had not known it by the Name it goes at -present, had it not been for a Spring near it which they call <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Χρυσοπηγὴ</span>, as deriving its Name from the <i>Porta Aurea</i>. This Spring, -to this Day, constantly flows, and is drank with great Devotion by the -<i>Greeks</i>, who hold all Springs, near their Churches, to be sacred. -There’s nothing of the Church remaining at present, tho’ <i>Procopius</i> -takes Notice of it. <i>Justinian</i>, says he, <i>built two Churches to the</i> -Virgin Mary, <i>before the Walls of the City one in the</i> Blachernæ, -<i>the other in a Place call’d</i> <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πηγὴ</span>, <i>where there is a large -Wood of Cypresses, a verdant Meadow, and a delightful Garden, which -produces a great Store of fine Fruit, and where there is also a gentle -Spring, which affords very good drinking Water. One of the Churches -stood near the Sea-shore, the other near the</i> Porta Aurea. <i>Both of -them</i>, he adds, <i>were near the end of the City Walls, and were upon -Occasion impregnable Fortresses to it</i>. From<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">259</a></span> hence I would remark, -that in the Time of <i>Justinian</i>, the Angle of the City, which they call -the Angle of the seven Towers, was not within the City; but that the -Land-wall from the <i>Porta Aurea</i>, straitned the Angle of the City into -a more narrow Compass, as appears from the Situation of the Monastery -of <i>Studius</i>, which stood upon a piece of Ground, which was formerly -look’d upon to be in the Suburbs, but now stands further within the -Walls, than the Angle of the seven Towers. He proceeds, and tells us, -that <i>Justinian</i>, at a vast Expence, upon the Entrance of the <i>Porta -Aurea</i> on the right Hand, rebuilt the Temple of <i>Ja</i>, (which Time -had wholly defac’d) for the Service of the True <span class="smcap">God</span>. The -Observation I would make from hence is, that the <i>Porta Aurea</i> stood -near the seventh Hill, call’d the <i>Xerolophon</i>, which is also confirm’d -by <i>Zonaras</i>, who writes, That in the Time of <i>Leo</i>, many Churches -and Houses, the Statue of <i>Arcadius</i>, plac’d upon a Pillar in the -<i>Xerolophon</i>, and the Statue of <i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Great</i>, placed upon -the <i>Porta Aurea</i>, as also the City Walls, reaching to the Continent on -the Field side, were overthrown by an Earthquake. <i>Cedrinus</i> asserts, -that the Statue of <i>Victory</i>, near the <i>Porta Aurea</i>, was overturn’d -by the same Earthquake. Other Historians mention, that by the same -Earthquake, which happen’d the Vᵗʰ of the <i>Calends</i> of <i>November</i>, -many sacred Buildings, and many others of common Use, with Multitudes -of People, were destroy’d; and that the Statue of <i>Constantine</i> the -<i>Great</i>, which stood upon the Gate of <i>Attalus</i>, with the Gate it self, -was demolish’d<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">260</a></span> by it. It is therefore a great Mistake in those, who -take the <i>Porta Aurea</i> to be the same Gate which is now call’d <i>Oria</i>, -and is seated in the Northern Part of the City, which, as I observ’d -before, was called the Port of <i>Neorius</i>, since ’tis plain from what -I have mentioned, that the <i>Porta Aurea</i> was in the Western Part of -the City. This is also evident from the <i>antient Description</i> of the -<i>Wards</i> of <i>Constantinople</i>, which tells us, that the Length of the -City, from the <i>Porta Aurea</i> to the Sea-shore, in a direct Line, is -fourteen Thousand and seventy five Feet. <i>Cedrinus</i> takes Notice, that -the Elephants stabled in the <i>Porta Aurea</i>, were much of that Kind, -with which <i>Theodosius</i> made his publick Entry into the City. ’Tis -said that <i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Less</i> who built the Walls of the City -as far as the <i>Blachernæ</i>, brought the Statues of those Elephants, -which are plac’d upon the <i>Porta Aurea</i>, from the Temple of <i>Mars</i> at -<i>Athens</i>. <i>Cedrinus</i> asserts, that <i>Philip</i> King of <i>Macedon</i> built -the great Church of <i>Mocius</i> the Martyr, and a Church to St. <i>Anne</i> in -a Place call’d <i>Secundus</i>. <i>Procopius</i> says, that both these Churches -were built by <i>Justinian</i>. I have seen some Remains of the Church of -<i>Mocius</i>, near a large <i>Cistern</i>, built by <i>Justinian</i>, on the Top of -the seventh Hill. All its Pillars are standing, and it goes still under -the Name of <i>Mocius</i>. Some Historians, and <i>Suidas</i> the <i>Grammarian</i> -say, that this <i>Cistern</i> was built by <i>Anastasius Dicorus</i>. It may be -worth Enquiry, whether the <i>Moneta</i>, which the <i>antient Description -of the Wards</i> places in this Ward, was the Temple of <i>Juno Moneta</i>, -or the Treasury. For<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">261</a></span> the <i>Grand Seignor</i>, to this Day, makes use of -the Castle with seven Towers for a Treasury. <i>Suidas</i> writes, that the -Statue of <i>Juno</i> was supported by a Brazen Arch, made somewhat in Form -of a Pair of Barbers Scissars, but takes no Notice where it stood; so -that I desire the Reader would lay no great Stress upon what I have -said of the <i>Moneta</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_IV_Chap_IX"><span class="smcap">Chap. IX.</span><br /> -<br /> - -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Columns now remaining on the -Seventh Hill.</i></span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE Church standing here is called <i>Studios</i>, because it was built by -one <i>Studius</i> an eminent Citizen of <i>Constantinople</i>. It was he, says -<i>Suidas</i>, who built this Church with a handsome Monastery. <i>Justinian</i>, -in his <i>Constitutions</i>, takes Notice of him, when he says, That there -were two Biers plac’d in the sacred Treasury; one to the Memory of -the Famous <i>Studius</i>, and the other to the Memory of the Magnificent -<i>Stephanus</i>. The Monastery built by <i>Studius</i> was call’d <i>Studium</i>, -which is entirely demolish’d. The Church remains, tho’ converted -into a Mosque. In its Porch are four Pillars with a <i>Trabeation</i> -curiously finish’d. In the Inside of the Mosque, there are on each -side seven green Pillars, streak’d with black Veins, and look as if -they were inlay’d with Pieces of Stone of another kind. Each of them -measures in Circumference<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">262</a></span> six Foot and six Digits. Their <i>Capitals</i>, -and <i>Architraves</i>, are finish’d after the <i>Corinthian</i> Manner, as -are those which stand in the <i>Vestibule</i>. In the upper Part of it -stands another Order of six Pillars. In the Courts of the Mosque is a -<i>Cistern</i>; the Roof of it, which is Brick-work, is supported by twenty -three lofty <i>Corinthian</i> Pillars. The Monastery of <i>Studius</i> is now -within the Walls of the City, tho’ it formerly stood without it, near -the way you go from the Pillar of <i>Arcadius</i> to the Gate of the seven -Towers. The Passage of this Gate is at present fill’d up; the Jambs -of it are two <i>Corinthian</i> Pillars of spotted Marble, streak’d with -green Veins, which sustain eight smaller Pillars, which support three -Arches above. On the left Side of the Gate are six Marble Tables, all -of which are enclos’d, some with round, some with square Pilasters, -upon which are carv’d many fine Statues. They are all of them Naked, -of exquisite Workmanship, in a fighting Posture, with Clubs in their -Hands, the tallest of which have engrav’d over them winged <i>Cupids</i>. -On the right Side of the Gate are six more Tables, enclos’d as the -former. Upon the lowest of these there lies a young Man, with his -Face upwards, and his Legs folded, holding a musical Instrument in -his Hand. There hangs over him a little Figure, in the Likeness of a -<i>Cupid</i>, and above the <i>Cupid</i> there rises a Woman. Upon the highest -Table there’s carved a naked Statue, with a Club in his Hand; his -right Arm is cover’d with a Lyon’s Skin, and with his left Hand he is -leading Dogs. Above him is the Statue of a Lyoness with full Dugs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">263</a></span> -Upon another Table are carv’d two Husbandmen carrying Baskets full of -Grapes; and upon another is the Statue of a flying Horse. The Bridle is -held by a Woman, behind whom stand two Women more: At the Top of the -Table there’s another Woman in a recumbent Posture, and opposite to -her a young Man lying on the Ground. I took particular Notice of these -Figures, by Reason of the Antiquity, and the admirable Sculpture of -them. I saw also upon the seventh Hill, among others, four Mosques of -curious Workmanship. Their <i>Vestibules</i> and Pillars were all of Marble. -Three of them stood on the Eastern Side of the Hill, two of whose -<i>Vestibules</i> were adorn’d with six lofty and large Pillars; two of -which were of <i>Thebean</i> Marble, and the other four of different kinds -of Marble, vein’d with a dark green. The other stands near the Pillar -of <i>Arcadius</i>, lately built by the Consort of <i>Solyman</i> the <i>Grand -Seignor</i>, (with a handsome <i>Caravansera</i>, and a College, where the -<i>Turkish</i> and <i>Arabian</i> Learning is profess’d) in which I counted more -than sixty Pillars of different kinds. On the Top of the Hill there are -two other Mosques, one of which has <i>Bagnio’s</i>, and Colleges joyning to -it. The <i>Vestibule</i> of it is beautify’d with six Pillars of <i>Thebean</i> -Marble, which measure each six Foot in Circumference. Their <i>Bases</i> and -<i>Capitals</i> are finish’d after the <i>Turkish</i> Manner. The <i>Shafts</i> of -the Pillars are very ancient, especially of those two which face the -Door of the Mosque, whose <i>Hypotrachelions</i> at Top are more slender -than the <i>Shafts</i>, tho’ in the lower Parts of them, they are equal to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">264</a></span> -them, as a Man’s Neck is less in Circumference near the Head, than the -Shoulders. ’Tis adorn’d with one <i>Annulet</i>, which rises in the manner -of a Ring. Above it there’s another <i>Annulet</i>, which is broad and flat. -I saw no <i>Hypotrachelion</i>, all the Time I was at <i>Constantinople</i>, -which came so near the Model of <i>Vitruvius</i>, as this; who delivers it -as his Judgment, that the <i>Hypotrachelion</i> ought to be contracted in -the upper Part of it, as you may see in his third Book <i>de Ionicis</i>. -There’s another Mosque on the same Hill, the <i>Vestibule</i> of which is -beautify’d with six very lofty Pillars; in the College Court there are -fourteen, and as many in a <i>Portico</i> adjoyning to it.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_IV_Chap_X"><span class="smcap">Chap. X.</span><br /> -<br /> - -<span class="inblk"><i>Of the Thirteenth</i> Ward <i>of the City, call’d -the</i> Sycene Ward, <i>of the Town of</i> -Galata, <i>sometimes nam’d</i> Pera.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE <i>Antient Description of the Wards of the City</i> takes Notice, that -<i>Galata</i> was formerly a Part of the City. The Thirteenth <i>Ward</i> of <i>New -Rome</i>, says the Author, is the <i>Sycene Ward</i>, which is divided from it -by a narrow Bay, and preserves an Intercourse with it, by Boats and -Shipping. It is seated on the Side of a Hill, except a broad Tract -of Land at the Foot of it, which lies upon the Level. <i>Stephanus</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">265</a></span> -says, that the Town of <i>Sycæ</i> was situated against <i>New Rome</i>, and -that it was call’d in his Time <i>Sycæ Justinianæ</i>, but does not give -the Reason why it was call’d so. Probably it was, because <i>Justinian</i> -either repair’d or rebuilt it; for which Reasons principally Cities -frequently change their Names. I wonder that <i>Procopius</i> never took -Notice of this Place, since he has given us an exact Description of all -the Edifices of the Bay, call’d the <i>Chrysoceras</i>, which were either -built or repair’d by him; unless perhaps the Mistake be in <i>Procopius</i>, -by inserting the Word <i>Jucundianæ</i> instead of <i>Justinianæ</i>, when he -tells us, that <i>Justinian</i> rebuilt the Palaces of the Suburbs in the -<i>Chalcopratia</i>, as also in the Place call’d <i>Sycæ Jucundianæ</i>. If -the Fault be not in <i>Procopius</i>, ’tis an Errour of <i>Stephanus</i>, who -writes <i>Justinianæ</i> for <i>Jucundianæ</i>. But ’tis plain, that <i>Stephanus</i> -wrote long before the Time of <i>Justinian</i>; so that if there be any -Blunder, ’tis none of <i>Stephanus</i>, but <i>Hermolaus</i>, a Grammarian of -<i>Constantinople</i>, who abridg’d the Commentaries of <i>Stephanus</i>, and -dedicated them to <i>Justinian</i>. If I might give my Opinion, I should -rather call it <i>Sycæ Justinianæ</i>, than <i>Jucundianæ</i>, because it -appears to me it should be so, not only by comparing some Books of -<i>Procopius</i> and <i>Justinian</i> which have been publish’d, but also by the -Authorities of several MSS. <i>Justinian</i> asserts in his <i>Constitutions</i>, -<i>That ’tis agreeable to Equity, if a Corpse be carried to the Grave -to a great Distance, that the Deacons attending it, should have some -Acknowledgment</i>. He subjoyns a little after, <i>That he is of the same -Opinion, if the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">266</a></span> Corpse be bury’d within the new Walls of the City -or this Side of the</i> Sycæ Justinianæ. This is but a small Procession, -and it requires not much Time or Pains to walk thither; <i>but</i>, says -he, <i>if the Body be carried beyond the Walls of this flourishing City, -or beyond any other Stairs, than those which lead to</i> Sycæ——There’s -no Occasion to add what follows. I would only have the Reader observe, -that the Word <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πέρασμα</span> which the <i>Latins</i> interpret <i>Terminus</i>, -or a Boundary, signifies properly <i>Trajectus</i>, a Ferry, or the <i>Stairs</i> -from whence you sail from one Place to another. ’Tis evident, from what -I have quoted, that the Town call’d <i>Sycæ</i> is on the other side of -the Bay facing <i>Constantinople</i>, altho’ <i>Stephanus</i> has not declar’d -against what Part of the City it lies. I observe notwithstanding from -the <i>Treatise</i> above mention’d, that the sixth <i>Ward</i> reach’d from -the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i> to the Ferry against <i>Sycæ</i>, which is -now call’d the Ferry of <i>Pera</i>, or <i>Galata</i>. As I would pay a just -Regard to the Authorities of some more modern Historians, I hall -produce several Testimonies from them. They assert, that <i>Absimarus</i>, -the Commander in Chief of the Forces which besieg’d <i>Constantinople</i>, -harbour’d in the Port of <i>Sycæ</i> against the City. <i>Evagrius</i> writes, -that the Heads of <i>Longinus</i>, and <i>Theodorus</i>, stuck upon Poles, -were sent to <i>Constantinople</i> by <i>Johannes</i> a <i>Scythian</i>, and by the -Emperor’s Command were fix’d upon the Shore of <i>Sycæ</i>, opposite to -<i>Constantinople</i>; a pleasant Spectacle to the Inhabitants of the City! -He adds further, That <i>Vitalianus</i> made an Incursion as far as <i>Sycæ</i>, -and that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">267</a></span> when he came to an Anchor there, the Emperor <i>Anastasius</i> -sent <i>Marinus</i> an <i>Assyrian</i> Admiral to fight him. Both Fleets prepare -for the Engagement; the one facing <i>Constantinople</i>, the other <i>Sycæ</i>. -For some Time they kept their Stations; after some small Skirmishes, -and Attacks on both Sides, the Fight began near the Places call’d the -<i>Vitharia</i>. <i>Vitalianus</i> having lost most of his Men, was forced to -bear off, so that there was not the least Appearance of an Enemy in all -the <i>Bosporus</i>. Nor am I induc’d to change my Opinion by the Authority -of <i>Strabo</i>, who seems to place <i>Sycæ</i> at some Distance from the Bay. -<i>The</i> Bosporus, says he, <i>straitning it self from the Promontory into -the Measure of five</i> Stadia, <i>or Furlongs, widens at the Harbour plac’d -below</i> Sycæ <i>into thirty Furlongs, and from</i> Sycæ <i>to the</i> Chrysoceras -<i>it contracts it self again into five Furlongs</i>. Nor would this Opinion -any ways contradict what I have said before, if my Author had meant by -the <i>Ceras</i> of the <i>Byzantians</i>, what <i>Pliny</i> ’tis plain did, <i>viz.</i> -the <i>Bosporian Promontory</i> where <i>Byzantium</i> stood. But <i>Strabo</i> -immediately subjoins, that the <i>Ceras</i> was a Bay which was sixty -Furlongs in length; and therefore it appears to me, that the Mistake -lies either in <i>Cod. Strabon.</i> or in the Historian himself, as is fully -evident from the Authority of <i>Dionysius</i>, a very ancient Writer of the -History of <i>Constantinople</i>, which was his Native Place. This Author -has recorded it, that <i>Sycodes</i>, or <i>Sycæ</i>, is the same Place near the -Bay call’d <i>Ceras</i>, where <i>Galata</i> stands at present, as I have more -evidently shewn in my <i>Treatise of the Bosporus</i>. The People of <i>Pera</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">268</a></span> -therefore are grosly in the wrong, when they tell us, that <i>Pera</i> was -first built by the <i>Genoese</i>; when it is plain that <i>Pera</i> was built -long before they were suppos’d either to have purchas’d the Town, -or to have receiv’d it as a Reward of their Sea-Services, from some -Emperor of <i>Constantinople</i>; since <i>Justinian</i> places <i>Sycæ</i> within -the Walls of the City, and <i>Agathius</i> assures us, it was enclosed with -Walls, when he writes, that the People of <i>Constantinople</i> were in -such a Consternation upon the Approach of the Enemy, that the Forces -of <i>Justinian</i> were obliged to climb the Walls of <i>Sycæ</i>, to make a -more vigorous Defence. <i>Sycæ</i>, by <i>Stephanus</i>, is call’d a City, as it -is also by some modern Writers; but more antient Authors, who liv’d -before <i>Galata</i> was taken by the <i>Genoese</i>, call it the Cittadel of -<i>Galata</i>. They tell us farther, that a Fleet of the <i>Saracens</i> was -station’d from the <i>Magnaura</i> to the <i>Cyclobion</i>; and that after it had -continu’d two Days in that Station, Part of it was driven by a Storm to -the Cittadel of <i>Galata</i>, as far as the <i>Clydion</i>, where the Emperor -of <i>Constantinople</i> destroy’d it, from <i>Acropolis</i>, with liquid Fire. -<i>Zonaras</i> writes, that when <i>Michael</i> the Emperor was besieged both by -Sea and Land, he was so terribly distrest, that he was forc’d to lay a -Boom across the Sea from <i>Acropolis</i>, to a small Town on the opposite -Shore. There is at this Day a Gate at <i>Galata</i>, which is call’d the -<i>Boom-Gate</i>. ’Tis however beyond Dispute, that <i>Galata</i> was more than -once enlarg’d by the <i>Genoese</i>: This appears from the Walls, which at -several Times they have built about it, being fortified on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">269</a></span> East by -Double, and on the West by Treble Walls, denoting the gradual Increase -of the Town. You may see at present the antient <i>Sycæ</i>, enclos’d in the -middle of <i>Galata</i>, situate against the sixth <i>Ward</i>, and the <i>Sycene</i> -Ferry, all built on the Side of a Hill, just as ’tis represented in -the <i>Antient Description</i> of the <i>Wards</i>, except one broad Piece of -Ground, which lies upon a Level on the Shore at the Foot of the Hill. -This Tract of Land was at least a hundred <i>Roman</i> Paces broad. For at -present, between the Hill and the Bay, there is a Plain to be seen of -an equal, if not of a larger Breadth; because, in such a Length of -Time, it is widen’d, as may be observ’d daily, by the Abundance of -Filth and Nastiness, which is cast about it. To make it subside at the -Bottom, the Inhabitants have fix’d wooden Troughs upon Piles, which -they drive into the Earth by an Engine, much like a Rammer. By this -Means the Plain upon the Shore is enlarg’d, and made more commodious -for Havens. But that the Reader may understand more perfectly where -the <i>Sycene Ward</i> stood formerly, I will describe the Situation of -<i>Galata</i>, as it stands at present.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">270</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="Book_IV_Chap_XI"><span class="smcap">Chap. XI.</span><br /> -<br /> - -<span class="inblk"><i>A Description of</i> Galata; <i>of the Temples -of</i> Amphiaraus, Diana, <i>and</i> Venus; -<i>of the Theatre of</i> Sycæ, <i>and the</i> Forum -<i>of</i> Honorius.</span></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE <i>Sycene Ward</i>, which is commonly called <i>Galata</i>, or <i>Pera</i>, -ought more properly to be called the <i>Peræan Ward</i>. Thus it is that -<i>Josephus</i> calls <i>Judæa</i>, because it lay on the <i>other Side</i> of the -River <i>Jordan</i>: And thus it is, that <i>Strabo</i> calls that Part of the -Countrey which lies on the <i>other Side</i> of <i>Euphrates</i>. The Reason -alledg’d by the Inhabitants, why ’tis call’d <i>Galata</i>, is, as they -tell you, (being impos’d upon by the Allusion of the Name) that <i>Milk</i> -was formerly sold there: And I make no Question of it, did they but -know, that <i>Galata</i> was formerly call’d <i>Sycæ</i>, they would derive its -Name from the Word <i>Fig</i>; and pretend to justify their Mistake from -the Authority of <i>Dionysius</i> their Countryman, who says, that it was -originally call’d <i>Sycæ</i>, from the Fairness and Abundance of that -Fruit which grew there. But their Conjectures had been grounded upon a -better Foundation, if they had deriv’d the Name of <i>Galata</i> from the -<i>Galatæ</i>, back’d by the Authority of <i>Johannes Tzetzes</i> (a Citizen of -<i>Constantinople</i>, and a very industrious Grammarian) in his <i>Var.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">271</a></span> -Hist.</i> written above four hundred Years ago. This Author tells us, -that <i>Brenus</i> a <i>Gaul</i>, and Commander in Chief of the <i>Gauls</i>, whom -the <i>Greeks</i> call <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Γαλάται</span>, <i>pass’d over the Sea</i> from thence -to a Place of <i>Byzantium</i>, and that this Place for this Reason was -call’d <i>Pera</i>, which was after their Arrival call’d <i>Galata</i>. This -Place is seated partly on a Hill, and partly on a Plain at the Foot of -it. This Hill is enclosed on the East and West by two Valleys, each -of which is about a Mile in length. The Ridge of the Hill shoots from -North to South, and is in no Part of it less than two hundred Paces -broad, and of equal Length with the Valleys that enclose it, and joins -to the Plain upon the Continent. The South Side of this Hill, and the -Plain below it, is bounded by the Bay of <i>Ceras</i>, which makes it almost -a <i>Peninsula</i> of a semicircular Figure, in the Form of a drawn Bow, -with this Difference only, that the Western Point of it is larger by -half; and not quite so long as the Eastern. <i>Galata</i>, as ’tis enclos’d -with a Wall, is four Thousand and four Hundred Paces in Compass. It -varies, in many Places, as to its Breadth. In the middle of the Town -’tis six hundred Paces broad. The Bay and the Walls stand at twenty -Paces Distance. The Plain that runs between the Bay and the Hill, is a -hundred and eighty, and the Hill it self four hundred Paces broad. The -Eastern Side of <i>Galata</i>, at the first Entrance of it, is four hundred -Paces in breadth; after which it contracts it self into the Breadth -of two hundred and sixty Paces only. The Western Side of it, which -stands without Old <i>Galata</i>, rises upon a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">272</a></span> moderate Ascent, which winds -Southward, and adjoyns to a small Descent, which terminates Westward -near the Walls of Old <i>Galata</i>. The Town therefore of <i>Galata</i> stands -upon a Treble Descent; one of which winds from North to South, another -falls Easterly, and another at West. The Declivity which crosses the -Breadth of it, stretches from North to South; and is so steep, that in -many Places you are forced to climb it by Steps; so that you ascend -the first Floor of the Houses, which stands upon a Level, by Ladders. -The Eastern and Western Side of <i>Galata</i> have a double Declivity; one -from North to South, the other to East and West; so that not only those -Parts of it which lie in a strait Line, but those Ways also which are -winding, or lie Cross-ways, have their Descents; but the Eastern Side -of the Town is more upon the Declivity than the Western Side of it. To -be short, <i>Galata</i> is of such a Steepness, that if all the Houses were -of an equal Height, the upper Rooms would have a full View of the Sea, -and of all the Ships sailing up and down in it. And not only <i>Galata</i>, -but almost the whole City of <i>Constantinople</i> would have the same -Privilege, if that Law, which was first made by <i>Zeno</i>, and afterwards -ratify’d by <i>Justinian</i>, was in full Force. This Law expressly forbids -any Man to hinder or obstruct an open and entire View of the Sea, or -indeed a Side Prospect of it, and enjoyns the Inhabitants to build at -least at a hundred Paces Distance from it. The Level Part of the Town, -which runs between the Bottom of the Hill and Bay, is, in no Place of -it, less than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">273</a></span> two hundred Paces broad. Towards the Ends of it ’tis -much broader; and, in some Places, it widens to the Length of five -hundred Paces. The Town is thrice as long as it is broad. It extends -it self in Breadth from North to South, in Length from East to West. -The Western Side of it is broader than the Eastern, and almost of an -equal Breadth with the middle of the City. For in a Length of five -hundred Paces, ’tis no less than five hundred Paces broad. The Eastern -Side of <i>Galata</i> is more narrow, where it is no more than two hundred -and sixty Paces broad. The Shore round the Town is full of Havens. -Between the Walls and the Bay is a Piece of Ground, where are Abundance -of <i>Taverns</i>, <i>Shops</i>, <i>Victualing-houses</i>, besides several <i>Wharfs</i>, -where they unlade their Shipping. It has six Gates, at three of which -there are <i>Stairs</i>, from whence you sail over to <i>Constantinople</i>. -<i>Galata</i> is so situate to the North of <i>Constantinople</i>, that it faces -the first, second, and third Hills, and the first and second Valley of -that City; having in Front the Bay of <i>Ceras</i>, and <i>Constantinople</i>, -and behind it some Buildings of the Suburbs. For many of these -Buildings stand partly on the Top of the Hill, and partly on the Sides -of it. The Town, it self does not rise to the Ridge of the Hill. Where -<i>Galata</i> rises highest, there is yet standing a very lofty Tower, where -there is an Ascent of about three hundred Paces, full of Buildings, -and beyond that is the Ridge of the Hill upon a Level, about two -hundred Paces broad, and two thousand Paces long. Thro’ the middle of -it runs a broad Way full of Houses, Gardens, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">274</a></span> Vineyards. This is -the most pleasant Part of the Town; from hence, and from the Sides of -the Hill, you have a full View of the Bay of <i>Ceras</i>, the <i>Bosporus</i>, -the <i>Propontis</i>, the seven Hills of <i>Constantinople</i>, the Countrey of -<i>Bithynia</i>, and the Mountain <i>Olympus</i>, always cover’d with Snow. And -besides these, there are many other additional Buildings, which adorn -the Hills, and Vales adjoining to this Town. It has the same Number of -Hills and Vales as <i>Constantinople</i> it self; so that the Inhabitants, -whenever they please, can make the Town one third larger than it is -at present; and if the Grandeur of the <i>Byzantian Empire</i> continues a -hundred Years longer, <i>Galata</i>, it is not improbable, may seem to rival -<i>Constantinople</i> it self. They who write that <i>Byzas</i>, the Founder of -<i>Byzantium</i>, built the Temple of <i>Amphiaraus</i> in <i>Sycæ</i>, are somewhat -in the wrong, tho’ not grosly mistaken. For <i>Dionysius</i> a <i>Byzantian</i> -tells us, that behind <i>Sycæ</i> stood the Temple of <i>Amphiaraus</i>, which -was built by those who transplanted a Colony to <i>Constantinople</i>, under -the Command of <i>Byzas</i>. Both the <i>Grecians</i>, and the <i>Megarians</i>, -honour’d <i>Amphiaraus</i> as a God. But altho’ the Temple of <i>Amphiaraus</i> -did not stand in the Place which <i>Dionysius</i> calls <i>Sycæ</i>; yet the -Word <i>Sycæ</i> signified a larger Tract of Ground, after it was made a -City; so that the Temples of <i>Amphiaraus</i>, of <i>Diana Lucifera</i>, and of -<i>Venus Placida</i>, all stood within the Limits of it, as I have fully -made it appear in my <i>Treatise</i> of the <i>Bosporus</i>. But there are no -Remains of these Buildings at present, nor of those Edifices, which, -the <i>Antient<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">275</a></span> Description of the City</i> tells you, were in the <i>Sycene -Ward</i>. The oldest Man now living cannot so much as tell where those -Temples antiently stood, nor ever read or heard, whether there was -ever such a Place as the <i>Sycene Ward</i>. Thus far only we can guess -from the Rules and Usuage of <i>Architecture</i>, that the <i>Theatre</i>, and -<i>Forum</i> of <i>Honorius</i>, stood at the Bottom of the Hill upon a Plain, -where <i>Theatres</i> are generally built, as I frequently observ’d in -my Travels thro’ <i>Greece</i>. There was standing a <i>Forum</i>, in a Level -Ground, (near to the Haven, where is now built a <i>Caravansera</i>, in -the Ruines of a Church dedicated to St. <i>Michael</i>) when first I came -to <i>Constantinople</i>. This <i>Forum</i> was well supply’d with Water by an -ancient subterraneous <i>Aqueduct</i>. In short, there is nothing to be seen -at present of old <i>Sycæ</i>. Those antient Pillars we see in some Mosques -at <i>Galata</i>, are said to have been imported by the <i>Genoese</i>: Some of -them are of very antient Workmanship, and well finish’d. The <i>Cistern</i> -of St. <i>Benedict</i>, now despoil’d of its Roof, and three hundred -Pillars, which supported it, (now turn’d into a <i>Cistern</i> for watering -the Priest’s Gardens) shews it to be a very antique and expensive Work.</p> - -<p>From what has been wrote upon this Subject, the Reader may learn how -renown’d <i>Constantinople</i> has been for its Monuments of Antiquity. It -would take up another Volume, to enlarge upon the Publick Buildings -of the <i>Mahometans</i> at present, and to explain for what Uses they -were intended. I shall just touch upon a few Things, which are the -most remarkable. The City, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">276</a></span> it now stands, contains more than -three hundred Mosques, the most magnificent of which were built by -their Emperors and <i>Basha’s</i>, and are all cover’d at Top with Lead -and Marble, adorn’d with Marble Columns, the Plunder and Sacrilege of -Christian Churches, as these were before beautify’d with the Spoils -of the Heathen Temples. It has above a hundred publick and private -<i>Bagnio’s</i>, fifty of which are very spatious, and of two Lengths, much -like those I have describ’d, built by their Emperour <i>Mahomet</i>. Their -<i>Caravansera’s</i>, and publick Inns, are much above a Hundred; the most -famous of which, in the Middle of their Court-yard, are furnish’d -with Fountains of Water, brought from the Fields adjoyning to the -City. Their Emperors have peculiarly distinguish’d themselves in this -Respect. Thus does <i>Eusebius</i> enlarge in the Praise of <i>Constantine</i>: -In the middle of their <i>Fora</i>, says he, you may see their Fountains -adorn’d with the Emblems of a good <i>Pastor</i>, well known to those who -understand the Sacred Writings; namely, the History of <i>Daniel</i> and the -<i>Lyons</i> figur’d in Brass, and shining with Plates of Gold. <i>Valens</i>, -and <i>Andronicus</i>, at a vast Expence made Rivers, at a remote Distance, -tributary to the Town; partly by directing their Courses under Arches, -at this Time appearing above Ground, and partly by Channels dug -under it. Several other Emperors, with no less Cost, made themselves -Fish-ponds, and subterraneous Lakes, by after Ages call’d <i>Cisterns</i>, -in every Ward of the City, and that principally to supply them with -Water in Case of a Siege. But the Enemies of <i>Constantinople</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">277</a></span> lie at -present at such a Distance from them, that they have either entirely -ruin’d their <i>Cisterns</i>, or converted them to another Use. I shall take -no Notice of the stately Houses of their Noblemen and <i>Basha’s</i>, nor -of the Grand <i>Signor</i>’s Palace, which spreading it self all over old -<i>Byzantium</i>, is constantly supply’d with Rivers, which flow in upon -it, from distant Parts of the Neighbouring Countrey. I pass by their -Lakes and Conduits, seated in every Part of the City, which serve them -not only with Water to drink, but likewise carry off the Filth of it -into the Sea, and wash away those Impurities of the Town, which clog -and encumber the Air, and for which great Cities are generally look’d -upon as unwholsome. I shall not mention at present, that almost all -the Buildings of <i>Constantinople</i> are low, and made out of the Ruines, -which the Fire and Earthquakes had spar’d; that many of them are not -two Story high, rebuilt with rough Stones, or with burnt, and sometimes -unburnt Bricks. I omit also the Houses of <i>Galata</i>, built by the -<i>Genoese</i>. The <i>Greeks</i> who profess Christianity, have lost their six -hundred Churches, and have not one left, of any Note, except the Church -belonging to the Monastery, where their <i>Patriarch</i> dwells. The rest -are either entirely ruin’d, or prostituted to the <i>Mahometan</i> Worship. -The <i>Francks</i> have about Ten, the <i>Armenians</i> only Seven. The <i>Jews</i> -have upwards of Thirty Synagogues, which are scarce sufficient to hold -the numerous Congregations of that populous Nation. The Reader will -view in a better Light the antient <i>Monuments</i> of <i>Constantinople</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">278</a></span> -when he shall peruse the <i>Antient Description of the Wards of the -City</i>, finished before the Time of <i>Justinian</i>, and annex’d at the End -of this Book. When this <i>Treatise</i> was first wrote, <i>Constantinople</i> -was so fully peopled, that those who inhabited the <i>Fora</i>, and the -broad Ways were very straitly pent up; nay, their Buildings were so -closely joyn’d to one another, that the Sky, at the Tops of them, -was scarce discernible. And as to the Buildings in the Suburbs, they -were very thickly crowded together, as far as <i>Selymbria</i>, and the -<i>Black Sea</i>; and indeed some Part even of the neighbouring Sea, was -cover’d with Houses supported by Props under them. For these, and -many other <i>Monuments</i>, was <i>Constantinople</i> antiently renown’d; none -of which are remaining at present, except the <i>Porphyry</i> Pillar of -<i>Constantine</i>, the Pillar of <i>Arcadius</i>, the Church of St. <i>Sophia</i>, -the <i>Hippodrom</i> now in Ruines, and a few <i>Cisterns</i>. No Historian has -recorded the <i>Antiquities</i> of Old <i>Byzantium</i>, before it was destroy’d -by <i>Severus</i>; altho’ it is reasonable to believe, there were very -many of them, especially if it be consider’d, that it long flourish’d -in those Times of <i>Heroism</i>, when Art and Ingenuity were in high -Estimation, and when <i>Rhodes</i>, no ways preferable to <i>Byzantium</i>, was -beautify’d with no less than three thousand <i>Monuments</i>. ’Tis easy -to form a Judgment, from the Strength and Proportion of its outside -Walls, what beauteous Scenes of Cost, and Workmanship were contain’d -within. This we know however for a Certainty, that <i>Darius</i>, <i>Philip</i> -of <i>Macedon</i>, and <i>Severus</i>, demolish’d many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">279</a></span> of their <i>Antiquities</i>, -and when they had ravag’d the whole City, that the <i>Byzantians</i> made -a noble Stand against the Forces of <i>Severus</i>, with Statues, and -other Materials, which were Part of the Ruines of the City. I have -already in Part accounted for the Ruines of these <i>Curiosities</i>; I -shall at present briefly mention some other Causes which contributed -thereto; the Principal of which was the Division of their Emperors -amongst themselves; frequent Fires, sometimes accidentally, sometimes -designedly occasion’d, not only by their Enemies from abroad, but by -their own Factions, and civil Dissensions among themselves; some of -which burnt with a constant Flame three or four Days together. These -Fires were so raging and terrible, that they did not only consume what -was purely combustible, but they wasted the Marble Statues and Images, -and Buildings made of the most tough and solid Materials whatsoever; -nay, so fierce were they, that they devour’d their own Ruines, and -laid the most mountainous Heaps of Rubbish even with the Ground. Nor -were the antient <i>Monuments</i> of Old <i>Byzantium</i> demolish’d only by -their Enemies, but even by those Emperors who had the greatest Regard -and Affection for the City; the Chief of whom was <i>Constantine</i> the -<i>Great</i>, who, as <i>Eusebius</i> reports, spoil’d the Temples of the Heathen -Gods, laid waste their fine Porches, entirely unroofed them, and took -away their Statues of Brass, of Gold and Silver, in which they glory’d -for many Ages. And to add to the Infamy, that he expos’d them by way -of Mockery and Ridicule, in all the most publick Places of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">280</a></span> City. -To disgrace them the more, he tells us, that he fill’d it with his -own Statues of Brass, exquisitely finish’d; and then concludes, that -he was so far incensed against the <i>Heathen Monuments</i>, that he made -a Law for the utter Abolishment of them, and the entire Destruction -of their Temples. How far <i>Eusebius</i> himself, and other <i>Christian</i> -Authors were provoked against them, is plainly discernible in their -Writings; namely, that they inveigh’d with the same Severity against -the Images of their Gods, as they do at present against our Statues. -The Emperors <i>Basilius</i> and <i>Gregorius</i>, were bitterly enrag’d not only -against the Images themselves, but against those who wrote too freely -in Justification of them. I shall not mention many other Emperors, -Successors of <i>Constantine</i>, who were so much exasperated even with -the Images of the <i>Christians</i>, that they not only destroy’d them, but -proceeded with such Rigour against those who devis’d, or painted, or -engrav’d them, that they were entitled the <i>Iconomachi</i>, or Champions -that fought against them. I shall say nothing of the Earthquakes, -mention’d in History, which happen’d in the Reigns of <i>Zeno</i>, -<i>Justinian</i>, <i>Leo Conon</i>, <i>Alexius Comnenus</i>, whereby not only the most -considerable Buildings of <i>Constantinople</i>, but almost the whole City -with its Walls were demolish’d, so that they could scarce discover -its antient Foundation, had it not been for the <i>Bosporus</i>, and -<i>Propontis</i>, the eternal Boundaries of <i>Constantinople</i>, which enclose -it. I pass by the large <i>Wards</i> of the City, which through the Poverty -of the Inhabitants, after frequent Fires,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">281</a></span> and the Ravage of War, lay -a long Time in Ruins, but were at last rebuilt; tho’ the Streets are -promiscuously huddled up without Regularity, or Order. These were the -Causes, as <i>Livy</i> relates of Old <i>Rome</i>, after it was burnt down, that -not only the antient common Shores, but the <i>Aquæducts</i> and <i>Cisterns</i>, -formerly running in the open Streets, now have their Courses under -private Houses, and the City looks rather like one solid Lump of -Building, than divided into Streets and Lanes. I shall not mention how -the large Palaces of their Emperors, seated in the middle of the City, -nor the Seats of the Nobility enclosing great Tracts of Land, nor how -the old Foundations still appearing above Ground, nor the Remains of -Buildings, discover’d by the nicest Discernment under it, are almost -entirely defac’d. Had I not seen, the Time I liv’d at <i>Constantinople</i>, -so many ruinated Churches and Palaces, and their Foundations, since -fill’d with <i>Mahometan</i> Buildings, so that I could hardly discover -their former Situation, I had not so easily conjectured, what -Destruction the <i>Turks</i> had made, since they took the City. And tho’ -they are always contriving to beautify it with publick Buildings, yet -at present it looks more obscurely in the Day, than it did formerly in -the Night; when, as <i>Marcellinus</i> tells us, the Brightness of their -Lights, resembling a Meridian Sun-shine, reflected a Lustre from their -Houses. The Clearness of the Day now only serves to shew the Meanness -and Poverty of their Buildings; so that was <i>Constantine</i> himself -alive, who rebuilt and beautify’d it, or others who enlarg’d it, they -could<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">282</a></span> not discover the Situation of their antient Structures. The -Difficulties I labour’d under in the Search of Antiquity here were very -great. I was a Stranger in the Countrey, had very little Assistance -from any Inscriptions, none from Coins, none from the People of the -Place. They, as having a natural Aversion to any thing that’s valuable -in Antiquity, did rather prevent me in my Enquiries, so that I scarce -dar’d to take the Dimensions of any Thing, being menac’d, and curs’d -if I did, by the <i>Greeks</i> themselves. A Foreigner has no way to allay -the Heat and Fury of these People, but by a large Dose of Wine. If -you don’t often invite them, and tell them <i>you’ll be as drunk</i> as -a <i>Greek</i>, they’ll use you in a very coarse manner. Their whole -Conversation is frothy and insipid, as retaining no Custom of the old -<i>Byzantians</i>, but a Habit of fuddling. It is not the least, among these -Inconveniencies, that I could not have Recourse to so many Authors in -describing <i>Constantinople</i>, as a Writer may have in describing Old -<i>Rome</i>. They are so fond of Change and Novelty, that any Thing may be -called <i>Antique</i> among them, which is beyond the Memory of them, or -was transacted in the first Stages of Humane Life. And not only the -magnificent Structures of antient Times have been demolish’d by them, -but the very Names of them are quite lost, and a more than <i>Scythian</i> -Barbarity prevails among them. The <i>Turks</i> are so tenacious of their -own Language, that they give a new Name to all Places, which are -forc’d to submit to their Power, tho’ it be never so impertinent and -improper. They have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">283</a></span> such an Abhorrence of <i>Greek</i> and <i>Latin</i>, that -they look upon both these Tongues to be Sorcery and Witchcraft. All the -Assistance I had was my own Observation, the Memory, and Recollection -of others, and some Insight into antient History. By these Assistances -principally I discovered the Situation of the fourteen <i>Wards</i> of the -City. The Inhabitants are daily demolishing, effacing, and utterly -destroying the small Remains of Antiquity; so that whosoever shall -engage himself in the same Enquiries after me, though they may far -exceed me in Industry and Application, yet they will not be able to -make any farther Discoveries of the <i>Monuments</i> of the fourteen Wards. -But it is not my Intention to prefer my self above other Writers; if I -can any way be assistant to future Times, my End is answered. I hope I -need make no Apology for recording in History such <i>Monuments</i> as are -falling into Ruines; and if my Stay at <i>Constantinople</i> was somewhat -longer than I intended, I hope it will not be any Imputation upon me, -as it was occasioned by the Death of my Royal Master. It was by his -Command that I travelled into <i>Greece</i>, not with any Design of staying -long at <i>Constantinople</i>, but to make a Collection of the antient -<i>Greek</i> MSS. Not with any Intention of describing only that City; but -as a farther Improvement of Human Knowledge, that I might delineate -the Situation of several other Places and Cities. Upon the Death of my -King, (not having Remittances sufficient) I was forc’d, with a small -Competency, to travel thro’ <i>Asia</i>, and <i>Greece</i>, to this Purpose; and -I can assure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">284</a></span> the Reader, that I did not undertake this Voyage upon -any Prospect of sensual Pleasure, any View of worldly Interest, or any -Affectation of popular Applause; no, I could have liv’d in Ease, more -to my own Advantage; and in a much better State of Health, as to all -Appearance, in my own Countrey. Not all the Dangers and Inconveniencies -of a long and a laborious Voyage could ever move me to a speedy Return. -How I came to engage my self in such unfortunate Travels I know not. -I was very apprehensive of the Troubles and Dangers, which I must -necessarily undergo, and which indeed have befallen me, before I -ventur’d upon such an Undertaking; yet I would willingly persuade my -self, that my Resolutions herein were Good, and my Design Honourable; -being confirm’d in the Opinion of the <i>Platonists</i>, That <i>we ought to -be indefatigable in the Search of Truth</i>; and, <i>That ’tis beneath a Man -to give over, when his Enquiries are Useful, and Becoming</i>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_png303.jpg" width="200" height="186" alt="page decoration" /> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_png304"> -<img src="images/i_png304.jpg" width="600" height="349" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><i>The</i> Thracian Bosporus <i>with</i> Constantinople <i>divided into Wards</i>.</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_png306"> -<img src="images/i_png306.jpg" width="476" height="600" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="larger smcap">Constantinopolis</span></p> - -<p class="caption noindent"><i>The</i> <span class="smcap">Delineation</span> <i>of</i> <span class="smcap">Constantinople</span> <i>as it<br /> -stood in the Year 1422 before it fell under<br /> -the Dominion of the Turks</i><br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>From Du Fresne Lib. 1. p. 1.</i></span></p></div> - -<div class="blockquote"><ul class="list"> -<li class="isub1">1. <i>Ecclesia Apostolorum.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">2. <i>Ecclesia Sanctæ Sophiæ.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">3. <i>S. Joh. de Studio.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">4. <i>Portus Palatii.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">5. <i>Hodegetria.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">6. <i>S. Demetrius.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">7. <i>Porta Iudæa.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">8. <i>Porta Piscaria.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">9. <i>Contoscalium.</i></li></ul></div> - -<p class="right"><i>J. Tinney Sculp.</i></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_png308"> -<img src="images/i_png308.jpg" width="420" height="600" alt="" /> -<p class="caption larger"><i>The Ichnography or Groundplot of the -Church of</i> Sancta Sophia <i>from Du Fresne</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="blockquote"><ul class="list"> -<li class="isub1">1 <i>The outward Porch.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">2 <i>The inward Porch.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">3 <i>The 2 Doors of the outward Porch.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">4 <i>The 5 Doors of the inward Porch.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">5 <i>The 8 principal Pillars.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">6 <i>The Centre.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">7 <i>The Holy Doors.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">8 <i>The Holy Table.</i></li></ul></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_png310"> -<img src="images/i_png310.jpg" width="600" height="335" alt="" /> -<p class="caption larger"><i>The whole view of the Church of</i> Sancta Sophia <i>from Du Fresne Lib. 3. Pag. 5</i>.</p> - -<p class="right"><i>J. Tinney Sculp.</i></p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_png312"> -<img src="images/i_png312.jpg" width="600" height="376" alt="" /> -<p class="caption larger"><i>The outside Prospect of the Church of</i> Sancta Sophia <i>from Du Fresne Lib. 3. Pag. 1</i>.</p> - -<p class="right"><i>J. Tinney Sculp.</i></p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_png314"> -<img src="images/i_png314.jpg" width="600" height="455" alt="" /> -<p class="caption larger"><i>The inside Prospect of the Church of</i> Sancta Sophia <i>from Du Fresne Lib. 3. Pag. 1</i>.</p> - -<p class="right"><i>J. Tinney Sculp.</i></p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_png316"> -<img src="images/i_png316.jpg" width="454" height="600" alt="" /> -<p class="caption larger"><i>The Plan of the Church of the -Apostles. Lib. 4. Cap. 2.</i></p></div> - -<div class="blockquote"><ul class="list"> -<li class="isub1"><i>aa. Propilæum or Church porch.</i></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>b. The Nave, or body of the Church.</i></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>cccc. The circuit of the Chancel.</i></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>d. The holy Table.</i></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>e. The holy Chair.</i></li></ul></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_png318"> -<img src="images/i_png318.jpg" width="600" height="382" alt="" /> -<p class="caption larger"><i>The</i> Hippodrom <i>with the</i> Thebean Obelisk <i>and</i> Engines <i>by which it was erected</i>.</p> - -<p class="caption"><i>From Sʳ. G. Wheler.</i></p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_png320"> -<img src="images/i_png320.jpg" width="600" height="358" alt="" /> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="my90" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" summary="hippodrom"> -<tr> -<td class="tdc"><i>The Serpentine Pillar.</i><br /> -<i>Lib. 2. Cap. 13.</i></td> -<td class="tdc"><i>The Porphyry Pillar.</i><br /> -<i>Lib. 3. Cap. 3.</i></td> -<td class="tdc"><i>The Pillar of the Empʳ.</i> Marcian.<br /> -<i>Lib. 4. Cap. 8</i>.</td> -</tr></table></div> - -<p class="caption"><i>From Sʳ. G. Wheler.</i></p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_png322"> -<img src="images/i_png322.jpg" width="304" height="600" alt="" /> -<p class="caption larger"><span class="smcap">The Historical Pillar</span></p> - -<p class="caption"><i>from Du Fresne Lib. 1 Pag. 79.</i></p> - -<p class="right"><i>J. Tinney Sculp.</i></p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter" id="i_png324"> -<img src="images/i_png324.jpg" width="600" height="363" alt="" /> -<p class="caption larger"><i>The SERRAGLIO POINT of</i> -CONSTANTINOPLE.</p></div> - -<div class="blockquote"><ul class="list"> -<li class="isub1">A <i>The Entrance into yᵉ. Serraglio from yᵉ. City.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">B <i>Lodging for the Guards.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">C <i>The great Hall for publick Audience.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">D <i>The Grand Signors Lodgings.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">E <i>The Womens Lodgings.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">F <i>Pleasure Houses.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">G <i>The Grand Signors Barge-houses.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">H <i>Part of Constantinople called Balat.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">I <i>The Entrance into the Serraglio from Sea.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">K <i>Sancta Sophia now yᵉ. Grand Signors Mosque.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">L <i>Part of Asia Shoar.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">M <i>The Bosporus wᶜʰ. divides Europe from Asia.</i></li></ul></div> - -<p class="center"><i>From B. Randolph.</i></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">285</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter chapter"> -<img src="images/i_png326_a.jpg" width="600" height="182" alt="page header decoration" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="no-break" id="Appendix"><span class="largest"><i>APPENDIX.</i></span></h2> - -<div> - <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_png326_b_cap_t.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="uppercase"><i>The</i></span> <i>following Piece was communicated to me by a Gentleman of the -University of</i> Oxford, <i>who had copy’d it from the latter End of -the Second Book of</i> Nicetas Choniat, Concerning the Destruction of -Constantinople. <i>I had no sooner perus’d it, but I found it so curious -in it self, and so well suited to the Subject of my Author, that I -perceiv’d the Obligations I was under for that Favour; and judg’d it -worthy of a Translation. I would only farther advertise the Reader, -that the following Passage is not to be met with in any of the Printed -Copies of</i> Choniat, <i>but is a Transcript from him in that Part of his -Book, where he writes, concerning the Statues of</i> Constantinople, -<i>which the</i> Romans, <i>when they took that City, caused to be melted -down, and coyn’d. The Passage may be found in a</i> MS. Cod. Bodl. fol. -447. <i>l.</i> 25. <i>and runs thus</i>:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">286</a></span></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The <i>Roman</i> Conquerours, who were of an with avaritious Temper, even -to a Proverb, practis’d a new Method of Rapine and Plunder, entirely -unknown to those who had taken the City before them. For breaking open -by Night the Royal Sepulchres in the great Grove of the <i>Heroum</i>, they -sacrilegiously rifled the Corps of those Blessed Disciples of <i>Jesus -Christ</i>, and carry’d off whatsoever was valuable in Gold, Rings, and -Jewels, which they could find in these Repositories of the Dead. But -coming to the Body of the Emperor <i>Justinian</i>, and finding his Coffin -untouch’d, tho’ it was publickly known for some Years that it was -nobly enrich’d, aw’d with in Fear and Admiration, they forbore to -disturb the Imperial Ashes. And as they express’d no Reverence and -Regard to the Dead, so were they equally Savage and Inhuman in their -Treatment of the Living; even to those who were their own Countreymen. -They spar’d neither the House of <span class="smcap">God</span>, nor his Ministers, but -stripped the great Church (<i>Sancta Sophia</i>) of all its fine Ornaments -and Hangings, made of the richest Brocades, of inestimable Value: But -still continuing unsatiable in their Avarice, they no sooner cast their -Eyes upon the brazen Statues, than they order’d them to be melted down. -The fine <i>Statue of Juno in Brass</i>, which stood in the <i>Forum</i> of -<i>Constantine</i>, they chopt in Pieces, and threw it into the Forge. The -Head of this Statue was so large, that four Yoke of Oxen could scarce -drag it into the Palace. Upon the <i>Base</i> of it was cut, in <i>Basso -Relievo</i>, the Figure of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">287</a></span> <i>Paris</i>, <i>Venus</i> standing by him, presenting -her with the Apple of Discord. The noble <i>Quadrilateral Pillar</i>, -supported with several Ranges of Pillars, and which by its Height -overlook’d the whole City, and was both the Wonder and the Delight of -the curious Spectator, shared the same Fate. This lofty Column was -adorn’d with rural Representations of all kinds of singing Birds, Folds -of Cattle, milking Pails, of Sheep bleating, and of Lambs frisking and -playing, <i>&c.</i> There was also engrav’d upon it a View of the Sea and -Sea-Gods; some of whom were catching Fish with their Hands; others -ordering their Nets, then diving to the Bottom; whilst some in a wanton -Manner, were throwing Balls at one another. This Pillar supported a -<i>Pyramid</i> at the Top of it, upon which was plac’d the <i>Statue of a -Woman</i>, which turn’d about with the Wind, and was therefore called -<i>Anemodes</i>. This excellent Piece was also melted down for Coinage, as -was also an <i>Equestrian</i> Statue, fixed upon a Quadrilateral <i>Pedestal</i> -in the <i>Taurus</i>. This was a bold Figure, of an heroic Countenance, -and surprizing Stature. It was reported by some, that he was one -of the Spies, who was sent by <i>Joshua</i> the Son of <i>Nun</i>. With one -Hand he pointed Eastward, with the other to the West, and the Coast -of <i>Gabeon</i>. But this Statue was generally believed to represent -<i>Bellerophon</i>, (born and brought up at <i>Peloponnesus</i>) sitting upon -<i>Pegasus</i>; for the Horse was without a Bridle, as <i>Pegasus</i> is mostly -figur’d, scouring the Plain, despising a Rider, flying and driving -about in a headstrong manner. There<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">288</a></span> is an old Report, which at this -Day is in every Body’s Mouth, that there was stampt in the Breast-Plate -of this Horse, with great Skill, the Figure of a Man, which appear’d -outwardly; this Image was either one of the <i>Venetici</i>, the -<i>Epizophurii</i>, or the <i>Bulgari</i>, who were not, at that Time, conquer’d -by the <i>Romans</i>. This Horse and his Rider were also melted down. In the -Accoutrements of this Horse was likewise found a small brazen Image, -wrapp’d up as it were in Wool, which the <i>Romans</i> look’d upon to be -of little or no Value, and therefore threw that also into the Fire. -Neither did the Resentment of the barbarous and unpolite Soldiers stop -here, but they expressed the utmost Fury against the finest Statues, -and most curious Pieces of Workmanship in the <i>Hippocum</i>, cutting -the largest of them, which cost immense Sums, into small Coins of -little Value. The great Statue of <i>Hesperian Hercules</i>, fix’d upon a -magnificent <i>Pedestal</i>, clothed in a Lyon’s Skin, which seem’d to live, -and affright the Spectators with his tremendous Voice, felt the Marks -of military Power. He was not here arm’d with his Quiver, his Bow, or -his Club, but stretching out his right Leg and Arm, he kneeled upon -his left Knee, and leaning upon his left Elbow, with his Hand open, he -supported his Head in a thoughtful Manner, and seem’d to lament his -Misfortunes; uneasy above all at those which <i>Eurystheus</i> out of mere -Envy had impos’d upon him. This Figure was broad-chested, the Shoulders -were large, his Hair long, curl’d, and reaching<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">289</a></span> to his Waste; his Arms -were brawny, and as long as those of the Original made by <i>Lysimachus</i>, -which was the first and last Master-piece of his Skill. In short, of -such a stupendous Size was this Statue, that his Wrist was as thick as -a Man’s Body, and the Length of his Leg equal in height to that of any -ordinary Person. This noble Statue, I say, did not escape the Rage of -these mighty Pretenders to native Virtue and Honour: Beside this, they -also carry’d away the <i>Image of the Loaded Ass</i> and his <i>Driver</i>. These -Figures were set up originally by <i>Augustus Cæsar</i> at <i>Actium</i>, of -whom the Fable goes, that when he went out privately in the Night Time -to take a View of <i>Anthony</i>’s Army, he met a Man driving an Ass; and -asking him “<i>Who he was</i>, and <i>whither he was going</i>? He answered, <i>my -Name is</i> Nichon, <i>and my Ass’s</i> Nichander, <i>and I am going to Cæsar’s -Army</i>”. The <i>Statues</i> also of the <i>Hyæna</i>, and the <i>Wolf</i> which suckled -<i>Romulus</i> and <i>Remus</i>, underwent the same Fate, and were coyn’d into -little brazen <i>Staters</i>. The <i>several Statues</i> also of a <i>Man</i> fighting -with a <i>Lyon</i>, of the Horse <i>Neilôus</i>, cover’d with Scales behind, of -an <i>Elephant</i> with a moving <i>Proboscis</i>, of the <i>Sphinx’s</i>, beautiful -as Women, and terrible as Beasts; which can occasionally walk, or fly -in the Air, to fight with Birds of Prey. There was also the <i>Statue</i> -of a <i>wild Horse</i>, pricking up his Ears, snorting, curvetting, and -prancing; this, and <i>old Scylla</i> were served in the same injurious -Manner. She was figur’d like a Woman to the Waste, with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">290</a></span> a grim -frightful Look, just as she appear’d, when she sent her Dogs to destroy -<i>Ulysses</i>. There was also plac’d in the <i>Hippocum</i> a <i>brazen Eagle</i>, -which was the Invention of <i>Apollonius Tyanæus</i>, and a celebrated -<i>Monument</i> of his Sorcery. This Impostor, when he was once requested -by the <i>Byzantians</i>, to heal them of the Bitings of Serpents, which -was then a common Malady among them, immediately using some diabolical -Charms, and heathenish Ceremonies, he plac’d this Eagle upon a Pillar; -it was a pleasant Sight enough, and deserv’d the Curiosity of being -more narrowly inspected; for it made an agreeable Harmony, and less -dangerous than that of the <i>Syrens</i>. Its Wings were stretch’d out, as -ready for Flight, and it was trampling upon a <i>Serpent</i>, wreathing it -self about him. The Serpent seem’d to make the utmost Effort to bite -the Eagle, but its Venom had no Power to hurt him. The Eagle seem’d -to gripe him so hard in his Talons, that he was forced to hang down -his Head quietly, and seem’d either to be unwilling, or unable to spit -his Venom at him. The <i>Eagle</i>, on the other Hand, look’d brisk and -sprightly, and having obtain’d the Victory, seem’d to be in Haste, to -bear him through the Air in Triumph, denoting by the Sprightliness -of his Look, and the Feebleness of the Serpent, that the Serpents, -that tormented the <i>Byzantians</i>, would hurt them no more, but suffer -themselves even to be handled and strok’d by them. But these were not -the only Curiosities observable in this <i>Aquiline</i> Statue. It was also -very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">291</a></span> remarkable, that the <i>twelve Hours</i> were engraven under its -Wings, under each Wing six, which shew’d the Hour of the Day, by the -Rays of the Sun darting thro’ a Hole in each Wing, artificially made -for that Purpose. But what shall I now say of the fine Proportions -of <i>Helen</i>, who engag’d all <i>Greece</i> in her Quarrel, and for whose -Sake <i>Troy</i> itself was laid in Ruines? No Wonder that when living -she could charm the most stubborn, and soften the most impenetrable -Heart, when in breathing Brass she captivated all that saw her. Her -Habit sat loose upon her, which discover’d too great an Inclination -for Gallantry. Her Hair, which seem’d to wave in the Wind, was long -and delicate, braided with Gold and Jewels. Her Robe was girt about -her, falling down to the Knee. Her Lips seem’d like the opening Roses, -you would fancy they mov’d, and such an agreeable Smile brightned her -Countenance, as entertain’d the Eye of the Spectator with Pleasure. It -is impossible for me to describe the Sweetness and Chearfulness of her -Looks, the Arches of her Eyes, and the perfect Symmetry of the whole -Statue. Take it therefore as it is given us by Poets and Historians. -<i>Helen</i> the Daughter of <i>Tyndarus</i> was the Perfection of Beauty, the -Child of Love, the Pride, and the Care of <i>Venus</i>; the Master-piece of -Nature, the great Prize of the <i>Grecians</i> and <i>Trojans</i>. Where is now -your <i>Nepenthe</i>, the secret Charm to guard you from all Evils? Where -are your irresistible <i>Philtrums</i>? Why did you not use them against -these barbarous Invaders,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">292</a></span> with the same Success as you did formerly? -But I suppose it was determined by the Fates, that you should fall -by the Force of Fire, who have rais’d such Flames in the Breasts of -those who came to behold you; or perhaps these our new Conquerours, -who pretend to be descended from the <i>Trojans</i>, threw your Statue into -the Fire, to revenge the burning of that City, of which you was only -the innocent Cause. But I can neither think nor speak with Patience of -these avaritious Monsters, who have demolish’d the most valuable, the -most curious, the most costly Statues in the whole World; Fellows, who -would have sold their Wives for Money; who behav’d themselves rather -like Birds of Prey, than a regular well-disciplin’d Army; only with -this Difference, that they spent their Prey as loosely, as they got -it ingloriously, and would willingly venture their Lives to support -their Extravagance. Hear these Verses of <i>Homer</i>, who is well known -to the <i>Greeks</i> and the <i>Barbarians</i>; to the Learned, and Unlearned, -concerning <i>Helen</i>.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">—<i>No Wonder such Celestial Charms</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>For ten long Years should hold the World in Arms.</i></div> -<div class="line"><span class="add10em">Pope.</span></div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>Pardon this Digression:—There was also plac’d upon a Pillar a more -<i>modern Statue</i> of a <i>Woman</i>, which was very curious and agreeable. Her -Hair hung down behind, combed close down from the Forehead backwards, -not breaded up, but bending to the Hand of the Spectator. Upon the -right Hand of this Statue stood the <i>Equestrian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">293</a></span> Statue</i> of a <i>Man</i>. -The Horse stood upon one Leg, the other bore a Cup with a mix’d Potion. -The Rider was of a large Size, his Body compleatly arm’d, his Legs -and his Feet were cover’d with Greaves, his Air was manly, rough, and -warlike. The Horse was mettlesome, and high courag’d, pricking up -his Ears, as tho’ he heard the Trumpet. His Neck was high, his Look -fierce, his Eyes sparkling, as eager for the Battle; he rear’d up -his Fore-feet, and pranced like a War-Horse. Near this Statue, hard -by the Eastern Goal, call’d <i>Rusius</i>, were a Range of <i>Statues</i> of -<i>Charioteers</i>, dextrous in driving the Chariot, and turning the Goal. -They were very busy in managing their Bridles, and smacking their -Whips, and directing their Horses, with their Eyes fix’d steddily upon -the Goal. In short, there seem’d to be describ’d in these <i>Figures</i> -all the Tumult and Fury of a Chariot Race, with the most vigorous -Struggle for Victory and Success. This Description of these Statues -may seem imperfect; for it never was my Intention to describe them -all. But what gave me the most agreeable Pleasure, and seem’d to me -the most admirable Piece of Workmanship, was a large <i>Pedestal</i>, upon -which was plac’d <i>an Animal cast in Brass</i>, as large as an Ox, having -a short Tail, and a moderate Dewlap, something like the <i>Ægyptian</i> -Cattle. It had no Hoofs; but held in its Teeth, ready to strangle it, -another <i>Animal</i>, cloth’d all over with Scales, almost impenetrable. It -seem’d to be a <i>Basilisk</i>, and had a Mouth somewhat like a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">294</a></span> Serpent’s. -It was taken by many to be an Ox of the <i>Nile</i>, and by some to be a -<i>Crocodile</i>. But I forbear to give the several Conjectures upon it. -These Figures however seem’d to represent an odd Sort of Fight, each -of them furiously striving for Victory. The Creature which seem’d to -be the <i>Basilisk</i> was in Colour like a Frog, and was all over bloated -from Head to Foot. He was casting out his Venom upon his Antagonist, -with an Intent to destroy him. This <i>Animal</i> was carv’d as bearing upon -one Knee, and in a languishing Condition. This Observation gave the -Spectators occasion to believe it fallen dead backward, if the <i>Base</i> -where he stood had not supported him. There was also the <i>Figure</i> of -another <i>Animal</i>, in whose Jaws was represented a Smaller Creature, -whose Mouth was open as almost choak’d by the Teeth which held him, -struggling to get loose, but to no Purpose. His Tail, which was very -Short, seem’d to tremble; his Shoulders, his fore Feet, and the hinder -Part of his Body, were hid in the Mouth of his Enemy, and mash’d by -his Jaws. These <i>Animals</i> also mutually kill’d each other. Thus we -may observe, that these Poisonous Creatures, so destructive to Man, -are no less noxious to each other. And this, many Times, is the Case -of Nations, and Kingdoms, as was exemplify’d in the <i>Romans</i>, when -they made War upon us; killing, and destroying one another, through -the Power of <i>Christ</i>, who rejoyceth not in Blood, and disperseth the -Nations that delight in War; who maketh the Just to walk upon the -Adder,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">295</a></span> and the Basilisk, and treadeth the Lyon and Dragon under his -Feet.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>In the Beginning of this</i> MS <i>upon a large Folio Page, are inscrib’d -the following Words, in the Benefactor’s own Hand</i>. “<i>Sir</i> John -Roe, <i>Bart. Ambassador from His Majesty of</i> Great Brittain <i>to the</i> -Grand Seignior, <i>as a perpetual Testimony of his Gratitude to the -University</i>, (Oxon) <i>gave this Book, which he met with in his Travels, -to the Publick Library</i>, 1628.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_png336.jpg" width="300" height="306" alt="page decoration" /> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter chapter"> -<img src="images/i_png337_a.jpg" width="600" height="83" alt="page header decoration" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="no-break" id="AN_EXPLANATORY_INDEX">AN<br /><span class="smcap largest">Explanatory Index</span>.</h2> - -<p class="center padt1">A.</p> - -<ul class="index"> - -<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Abacus</span> from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄβαξ</span>, which signifies a square Trencher. -It is the four square Table, that makes the Capital on the Top of a -Column, <i>p.</i> <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Acropolis</span>, is that Point of Land where Old <i>Byzantium</i> -stood, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ægyptians</span>, how they adorn their Pillars, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Alphabets</span>, <i>Assyrian</i> and <i>Greek</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Annulets</span>, are little square Parts turn’d round in the -<i>Corinthian</i> Capitals, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Antiquity</span>, a famous Piece of it, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Apophyge</span>, it comes from the <i>Greek</i> Word <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀποφυγὴ</span>, -and signifies that Part of a Column, where it seems to <i>fly</i> out of its -<i>Base</i>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Aqueduct</span> of <i>Valens</i>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Valentinian</i>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Other <i>Aqueducts</i>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Architrave</span>, this Word is a Compound of two Languages, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀρχὴ</span> and <i>Trabs</i>, and denotes the first Member of the <i>Entablature</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Arius</span>, his miserable Death, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Armation</span>, a Place of Arms, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Astragal</span>, is deriv’d from the <i>Greek</i> Word <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἀστράγαλος</span>, and signifies the little Joynts in the Neck. It is a Member of Architecture joyn’d to <i>Bases</i>, <i>Cornices</i>, and <i>Architraves</i>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Avasarius</span>, a Street in <i>Constantinople</i>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li></ul> - - -<p class="center padt1">B.</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Bagnio’s</span>, of <i>Achilles</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Arcadius</i>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Anastasia</i>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Bajazet</i>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Carosia</i>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Constantius</i>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Honorius</i>, and <i>Eudocia</i>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Zeuxippus</i>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Base.</span> This signifies the Foot of a Pillar, which supports it; as also that Part, upon which the Shaft of the Pillar bears, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Basilica</span>, is derived from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Βασιλεὺς</span>, a King, and was -a large Building, made at first for Kings and Princes; afterwards they were turn’d into Courts of Justice, and sometimes into Churches. <i>In Constantinople</i> it contain’d the Imperial Library, consisting of six hundred Thousand Volumes; was also a Seat of Learning, and a Place of Traffick, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Bezestan</span>, in the <i>Ottoman</i> Language, is their Grand Exchange, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Blachernæ</span>, a Part of the Suburbs, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Brazen-Bull</span>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Byzantium</span>, founded by <i>Byzas</i>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> -<li class="isub1">The <i>Megarians</i> its first Inhabitants, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Rebuilt by the <i>Lacedæmonians</i>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Afterwards call’d <i>Antonina</i>, ibid.</li> -<li class="isub1">After that <i>New Rome</i>, <i>Constantinople</i>, and <i>Anthusa</i>, or <i>Florentia</i> by <i>Constantine</i>, ibid.</li> -<li class="isub1">Its Revolutions, <i>ibid.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">Its Walls, Towers, Gates, Ports, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Taken by the <i>Romans</i>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Its Antient Situation and Extent, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> -<li class="isub1">The greatest City in all <i>Thrace</i>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Rebuilt by <i>Constantine</i>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Its seven Towers, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Its Old Castle where built, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li></ul> - -<p class="center padt1">C.</p> - -<ul class="index"> - -<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Capital</span>, the Top of a Pillar, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Capitol</span>; This was a large Temple, where they celebrated their Festivals and Triumphs, and to which they repair’d upon publick Occasions, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Capochee’s</span>, the drudging Porters among the <i>Turks</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Chalca</span>, a Description of it, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Chalcopratia</span>, the Places where they worked their Brass, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Caravansera</span>, a Place built like an Inn for the Reception of Strangers and Travellers, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ceras</span>, or <span class="smcap">Cheras</span>, a Bay which divides <i>Galata</i> from the City, and is so called, because it winds round like a <i>Horn</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Chrysostom</span> St., banish’d, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Church</span> of St. <i>Anthony</i>, <i>Blessed Virgin</i>, St. <i>John Baptist</i>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Anastasia</i> and <i>Hirena</i>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of St. <i>Agathonicus</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of the <i>Apostles</i>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of the <i>Blachernæ</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Bacchus</i>, and <i>Sergius</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of St. <i>Euphemia</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of St. <i>Irene</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of St. <i>Marcian</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of St. <i>Mina</i>, of <i>Mocius</i> and St. <i>Anne</i>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of St. <i>Peter</i> and St. <i>Paul</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of St. <i>Paul</i>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of St. <i>Polyclete</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Procopius</i>, of the Martyr <i>Theca</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of St. <i>Theodore</i>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> -<li class="isub1">And of St. <i>Thomas</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Church</span>, without the Walls -of the City. This Church was called <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Χριστὸς χώρας</span>, that is, a Church sacred to <i>Christ</i>, in a Monastery call’d <i>Chora</i>; because when first built it stood in the Suburbs, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> -<li class="isub1">See <i>Cantacuzenus</i>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Church</span> of St. <i>Sophia</i>, situate in the Imperial Precinct, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> -<li class="isub1">By whom built, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> -<li class="isub1">By what Architects, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Its Length, Breadth, and Height, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Incrusted with elegant Marble of all Kinds, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Its Roof, Pillars, and Arches, <i>ibid.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">The whole Architecture of it describ’d from <i>Page</i> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, to <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Circus Maximus</span>, a Place of a large oblong Figure, built for the Exercise of Martial Sports, with Seats for the Spectators, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Cistern</span>, of <i>Bonus</i>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Mocisia</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Imperial Cistern, whose Roof is supported with 336 Marble Pillars, discovered by the Author, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> -<li class="isub1">More Cisterns, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Cistern of <i>Theodosius</i>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Arcadius</i> and <i>Modestus</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Justinian</i>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of St. <i>Benedict</i>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Cochlia</span>, This was a Gate of the City, and so call’d, as I conceive, because it had winding Stairs within it, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Colossus</span>, Its Description and Size, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Columna Virginea</span>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Constantine.</span> An Account of his fine Buildings, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> -<li class="isub1">A Prince of Remarkable Clemency and Goodness, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> -<li class="isub1">His Military Standard, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> -<li class="isub1">The Story of his seeing the Cross in the Heavens vindicated, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> -<li class="isub1">His Coffin, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Constantinople</span>, its delightful Situation, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Its Strength, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Its Commodities, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Conveniencies of its Port, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Is the Key of the <i>Mediterranean</i> and <i>Black Sea</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Its choice Wines, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Its Timber, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Its Fish, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Temperature of its Climate, <i>ibid.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">The Disposition of its Inhabitants, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> -<li class="isub1">The Fortress of all <i>Europe</i>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Its Magnificence and vast Extent, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Its Figure, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Its Compass and Length, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Its Breadth, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Strength, and Stateliness of its Walls, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> -<li class="isub1">By whom built and repair’d, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Its several Gates, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> -<li class="isub1">The long Walls of it by whom built, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Divided into <a href="#Page_14">14</a> Wards, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Cornice</span>; this signifies the third, and highest Part of the <i>Entablature</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Cyclobion</span>; this was a round Castle in the City, and some time a Palace, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Cyclobion</span>; this was a round Castle in the City, and some time a Palace, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Cynegion</span>; this was the same Kind of Building with the <i>Theatrum Venatorium</i> in antient <i>Rome</i>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li></ul> - -<p class="center padt1">D.</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Delphic Tripos</span>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Dentils</span>, is a Member of the <i>Ionic Cornice</i>, Square, and cut out at proper Distances, which gives it the Form of a Set of Teeth, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Diceraton</span>; a Tax laid upon the People for Repairing the Walls of the City, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Digit</span>; this is a Measure somewhat short of an Inch, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Divan</span>, it signifies the <i>Forum Judiciale</i> of the <i>Turks</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li></ul> - - -<p class="center padt1">E.</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Emerald</span>, of a large Size, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap"><a name="ENTABLATURE" id="ENTABLATURE">Entablature</a></span>; this Word denotes the three Members of Architecture, <i>viz.</i> the <i>Architrave</i>, <i>Frieze</i>, and <i>Cornice</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Exacionion</span>; this was a Place, thro’ which there ran the Land-Wall of the City, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Exammon</span> <i>of</i> <span class="smcap">Heraclius</span>, or <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἐξάμον</span>. This is a Word which is <i>Greeciz’d</i> from the Latin <i>Examen</i>, and signifies a Standard Measure appointed by that Emperour, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li></ul> - -<p class="center padt1">F.</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Factions.</span> These were Company of Chariot-racers. There were four Companies of them at Old <i>Rome</i>. At <i>Constantinople</i>, (as far as I have observ’d, or at least not mention’d by <i>Gyllius</i>) but only One, which was called the <i>Prasine Faction</i>, because they wore a <i>Green</i> Livery. The Word <i>Prasine</i> is deriv’d from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πράσον</span>, a <i>Leek</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Fasciae.</span> These are three <i>Bands</i> in Architecture, of which the <i>Architrave</i> is compos’d, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Frieze.</span> The round Part of the <i>Entablature</i>, which is between the <i>Architrave</i>, and the <i>Cornice</i>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Forum of <i>Arcadius</i>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Augustus</i>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Constantine</i>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Cupedinis</i>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Honorius</i>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Forum Pistorium</i>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Forum Prætorianum</i>, or the Court of Publick Justice, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Forum</i> in the <i>Taurus</i>, and the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Theodosius</i>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li></ul> - -<p class="center padt1">G.</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Galata</span>, now called <i>Sycæ</i> and <i>Pera</i>, its Situation, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Galata</span>, now called <i>Sycæ</i> and <i>Pera</i>, its Situation, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Gates</span>, of <i>Constantinople</i>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Grand-Hetaeriarch</span>, Commander of the prime Auxiliary Band; for there were two such Bands under the <i>Greek</i> Emperors, the One called the <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἡ μεγάλη</span>, the other <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἡ μικρὰ ἑταιρεία</span> i. e. the Greater and Lesser Band of Auxiliaries. The Commander of the former was <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὁ μεγάλης ἑταιρείας Ἄρχων</span>, or sometimes in one Word <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Μεγαλεταιρειάρχης</span>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> -<li class="isub1">See <i>Codinus</i>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Gymnasia</span>, Places where they exercis’d themselves in Martial Sports, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li></ul> - -<p class="center padt1">H.</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Hippocum</span>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>. This I take to be the same with the <i>Hyppodrom</i>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hippodrom</span>, the Place where they perform’d their Races of all Kinds, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Homer</span>, his <i>Iliads</i> and <i>Odysses</i> inscrib’d, in Golden Characters, on the Gut of a Dragon, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hospital</span> of <i>Sampson</i>, and <i>Eubulus</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hypotrachelion</span>, this is the most slender Part, or <i>Neck</i> of the Pillar, which touches the <i>Capital</i>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li></ul> - -<p class="center padt1">I.</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Intercolumniation</span>, the Distance of one Pillar from another, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li></ul> - -<p class="center padt1">L.</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Labarum</span>, this Word signifies a longer piece of Wood, transvers’d near the Top with a short Piece, upon which hangs the military Flag, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Lampterum</span>, a place in <i>Constantinople</i> so called, because it was Nightly Illuminated, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li></ul> - -<p class="center padt1">M.</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Magnaura</span>, a place in the Suburbs, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Mahomet</span>, took the City, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Mangana</span>, a Place of Arms; also a Monastery of that Name, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Medal</span>, of <i>Belisarius</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Miliarium Aureum</span>, this was a gilded Pillar, from whence they us’d to adjust the Distances of Places from the City, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Modius</span>, this generally signifies a Bushel according to English Measure; but I am sensible, I had translated it more properly, had I made it to signify no more than a Peck wanting half a Pint; which is the <i>Grecian Modius</i>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Modules</span>, these are certain Measures invented to regulate the whole Building, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Monastery</span>, of <i>Studius</i>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Monastery</span>, of <i>Studius</i>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Morion</span>, a place so call’d, which ran round the <i>Hippodrom</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Mosaic Work</span>, A curious Piece of it, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li></ul> - -<p class="center padt1">O.</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Obelisk</span>, built of <i>Thebaic</i> Marble, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Two more <i>Obelisks</i>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ovolo</span>, or Egg, is that Member of Architecture, which is first plac’d on the Top of <i>Ionic Capitals</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li></ul> - -<p class="center padt1">P.</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Paces</span>, by this, the Author means the Ordinary Steps a Man takes in Walking, which cannot be exactly reduced to the <i>Roman Pace</i>, because they vary according to the different Ascents and Descents of the Ground he walks, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Palace</span> of <i>Constantine</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> -<li class="isub1">of the Grand <i>Seignor</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> -<li class="isub1">of <i>Justinus</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Other Palaces built by him, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Palace of <i>Maximinus</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Palaces of <i>Sophia</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Palladium</span> of <i>Minerva</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Describ’d, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> -<li class="isub1">How Figur’d, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Pedestal</span>; this is that Member of Architecture, that supports a Column, having a Base and Cornice different, according to the Difference of the several Orders of Building, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Phanarium</span>, a Street in <i>Constantinople</i>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Pharo</span>, a Watch-Tower; set up as a Guide to Ships at a Distance, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Philoxenon</span>; this Word, by its Derivation from the <i>Greek</i>, signifies a publick Place of Entertainment for Travellers, and Strangers. The <i>Turks</i> at present call these Places <i>Caravansera’s</i>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Pillar</span> of <i>Arcadius</i>; this is the same Pillar, which is called the Historical Pillar; and which is Represented among the Cuts which I have added to this Book: It is therefore called the Historical Pillar; because it Represents the Actions and Triumphs of that Emperor. It is a plain Marble Column, 147 Foot in Height; work’d in <i>Basso Relievo</i>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li> -<li class="isub1">See <i>Tournefort</i>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Pillar</span> of <span class="smcap">Marcian</span>; this Pillar is only mention’d by my Author; but since his Time has been discover’d in a private Garden at <i>Constantinople</i>, by Sir <i>G. Wheler</i>. The Pillar is made of <i>Granate</i>, and is thought to have been the Urn, where that Emperor’s Heart was buried, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> -<li class="isub1">See the same Author.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Pillars</span>; Of <i>Constantine</i>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Corinthian</i>, very large, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Pillars in the <i>Hippodrom</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Justinian</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Porphyry</i> Pillar, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> -<li class="isub1">See also the Cuts.</li> -<li class="isub1">Pillars in the <i>Senate-House</i>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Sophia</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Theodosius</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Valentinian</i>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Plinth</span>; in Architecture it is taken for that square Member, which makes the Foundation of the Base of the Pillar, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Portico’s</span>; these were Buildings of curious work, added to publick Structures whether Sacred or Civil.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Portico</span>, Of the Church of the Apostles, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Imperial <i>Portico</i>, where sealed, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Other <i>Portico’s</i>, full of Statues, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Portico</i>, called <i>Sigma</i>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Prytaneum</span>; this was a stately Building, where those who had deserv’d well of the Government, were handsomely maintain’d at the publick Charge. There was such a Structure at <i>Athens</i>, for the same purpose, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Pyramidical</span> Engine; its Use and Contrivance, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li></ul> - -<p class="center padt1">S.</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Scotia</span>; this is a Member of Architecture hollow’d, or fluted as a Demi-Channel. It is particularly us’d in the <i>Bases</i>, where it is plac’d between the <i>Tore</i>, and the <i>Astragals</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Senate-House</span>; built by <i>Constantine</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> -<li class="isub1">How adorn’d, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Seraglio</span>, or the Imperial Palace; a Description of it, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Where situate, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Its Extent, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Shaft</span> of a Pillar is the Body of it, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Stadia</span>; these were Places, in the Form of <i>Circo’s</i>, for running of Men and Horses, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Statues</span>; Of <i>Apollo</i>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Arcadia</i>, and <i>Verina</i>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Arcadius</i> and <i>Honorius</i>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Ariadne</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Arius</i> and others, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Byzas</i> and <i>Phidalia</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Constantine</i> the <i>Great</i>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> -<li class="isub1">A Silver Statue of <i>Eudoxia Augusta</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Two <i>Female Statues</i>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of the <i>Fortune</i> of the City, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> -<li class="isub1">A gilded <i>Statue</i>, and that of <i>Justinian</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Helena</i> and others, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Hercules</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Statues</i> in the <i>Hippodrom</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Statue</i> of old <i>Homer</i> very fine, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Justinian</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Statues</i> in the <i>Lausus</i>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Leo</i> the Emperour, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Longinus</i>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of the <i>Muses</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of Princes, Poets, Historians, and Orators, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Pulcheria</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Rhea</i>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Theodora</i>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Theodosius</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Trajan</i>, <i>Theodosius</i>, <i>Valentinian</i>, <i>Gibbus</i>, <i>Firmillianus</i>, and <i>Eutropius</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Zeno</i>, <i>Statues</i> in the <i>Bagnio’s</i> of <i>Zeuxippus</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Statues</span> (mention’d in the <i>Appendix</i>) demolish’d by the <i>Romans</i>. <i>Anemodes</i>, a <i>Woman</i> plac’d on a <i>Pyramid</i>, and turning with the Wind, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Animals</i>; two large ones represented in Brass, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Animals</i>; two less, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> -<li class="isub1">An <i>Ass</i> and his <i>Driver</i>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Charioteers</i>; a Range of them, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> -<li class="isub1">An <i>Eagle</i> in Brass, entwin’d by a <i>Serpent</i>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> -<li class="isub1">An <i>Elephant</i>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> -<li class="isub1">An <i>Equestrian Statue</i> of a Man, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> -<li class="isub1">An <i>Equestrian Statue</i> in the <i>Taurus</i>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> -<li class="isub1">A <i>Helen</i> very fine, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> -<li class="isub1">An <i>Hesperian Hercules</i>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> -<li class="isub1">A <i>Horse</i> wild, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> -<li class="isub1">A <i>Hyæna</i>, and a <i>Wolf</i>, <i>ibid.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">A <i>Juno</i> in Brass, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> -<li class="isub1">A <i>Man</i> fighting with a <i>Lyon</i>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Neilôus</i>, a <i>Horse</i>, <i>ib.</i></li> -<li class="isub1">Old <i>Scylla</i>, ibid.</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Sphinx’s</i>, ibid.</li> -<li class="isub1">a <i>Woman</i>, a more modern <i>Statue</i>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Strategium</span>, a kind of a Parade, or Place where the Generals usually pitched their Tents, and exercis’d their Men, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Syparum</span>; the Flag of a Military Standard, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li></ul> - -<p class="center padt1">T.</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Taurus</span>; a Street in <i>Constantinople</i>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Temples</span>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Amphiaraus</i>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Apollo</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Bacchus</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Ceres</i>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Concord</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Diana Lucifera</i>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Ja</i>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Juno</i>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Jupiter</i>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Neptune</i>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Pluto</i>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Proserpina</i>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of the Sun and Moon, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Tellus</i>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Venus Placida</i>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Tetrapylum</span>; a Description of it, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Thebaic Obelisk</span>, where fix’d, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Its Length, with a Description of it, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Manner of Raising it, (See the Cuts) <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Thermation</span>; a Place of Bathing, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Tomb</span> of <i>Bajazet</i>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> -<li class="isub1">describ’d, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Tomb</i> of <i>Constantine</i>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Mahomet</i>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Mahomet</i>, <i>Solyman</i>’s Son, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Mauritius</i>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Of <i>Selymus</i>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Tore</span>; this is the third Member of Architecture in the <i>Base</i> of the Column, which turns round it like a Ring, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Trabeation</span>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> -<li class="isub1">See <a href="#ENTABLATURE"><i>Entablature</i></a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Triclinium</span>; this was a place of Publick Entertainment, -and was many Times a very sumptuous Building most beautifully adorn’d, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> -<li class="isub1">The great <i>Triclinium</i> built by <i>Anastasius</i>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> -<li class="isub1">The <i>Triclinium</i> of <i>Magnaura</i>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Tripos</span> of <i>Apollo</i>; this <i>Tripos</i> was set upon a brazen Pillar made of three Serpents entwin’d, which was about fifteen Foot high, according to <i>Tournefort</i>. <a href="#i_png320">See the Cut</a> of the <i>Serpentine</i> Pillar, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Turks</span>; their Way of building Pillars, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li></ul> - -<p class="center padt1">V.</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Vestibule</span>, or <span class="smcap">Vestibulum</span>; a House of Entrance into a Church, or any great Building, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Volutæ.</span> The Word signifies <i>wreath’d</i>, and is that Part of the <i>Capitals</i>, of the <i>Ionic</i>, <i>Corinthian</i>, and <i>Composite</i> Orders, which is suppos’d to represent the Bark of Trees twisted, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li></ul> - -<p class="center padt1">W.</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Walls</span> of <i>Constantinople</i>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Walks</span> Imperial, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li></ul> - -<p class="center padt1">X.</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Xerolophon</span>; this Word signifies a <i>dry Unction</i>, and the Place was call’d so, because whoever was anointed there never us’d to bath, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li></ul> - -<p class="center larger"><i>FINIS.</i></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_png345.jpg" width="300" height="254" alt="page decoration" /> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 class="chapter" id="A_DESCRIPTION_OF_THE_CITY_OF_CONSTANTINOPLE"> -<span class="small">A</span><br /> -<span class="largest">DESCRIPTION</span><br /> -<span class="smaller">Of the CITY of</span><br /> -<span class="largest smcap">Constantinople</span>,<br /> -<span class="smaller">As it stood in the <span class="smcap">Reigns</span> of</span><br /> -<span class="smcap large">Arcadius</span> <span class="large">and</span> <span class="smcap large">Honorius</span>.<br /></h2> - -<p class="center padt1"><span class="small">Published from the</span><br /> -<span class="large"><i>Notitia Utriusque Imperii</i></span>.<br /> -<span class="small">WITH</span><br /> -<span class="smcap large">Pancirolus</span>’<i>s</i> NOTES.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">——<i>Vestigia retrò</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Observata sequor.</i>——<span class="smcap add4em">Vir. Æn. II.</span></div> -</div></div></div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_png346.jpg" width="200" height="186" alt="page decoration" /> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center large"><i>LONDON</i>:<br /> -Printed in the Year <span class="smcap">Mdccxxix</span>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter chapter"> -<img src="images/i_png348_a.jpg" width="600" height="218" alt="page header decoration" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="no-break" id="A_DESCRIPTION_OF_THE_WARDS_OF_CONSTANTINOPLE"> -A<br /> -<br /> -<span class="largest">DESCRIPTION</span><br /> -<br /> -Of the WARDS of<br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap larger">Constantinople</span>.</h2> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="no-break" id="THE_FIRST_REGION_OR_WARD">The first <i>Region</i>, or <i>Ward</i>.</h3> - -<div> - <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_png348_b_cap_t.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><i>THE first</i> Ward <i>contains in it, the House of</i> Placidia Augusta; -<i>the House of the most illustrious</i> Marina; <i>the</i> Bagnio’s <i>of</i> -Arcadius; <i>twenty nine Streets; an Hundred and eighteen large Houses; -two</i> Portico’s <i>of a great Length; fifteen private</i> Bagnio’s; <i>four -publick, and fifteen private Mills; and four</i> Gradus. <i>It was governed -by one</i> Curator, <i>who had under his Charge, the whole</i> Ward. <i>There -was also one</i> Vernaculus, <i>who was Messenger of the</i> Ward,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_A4" id="Page_A4">4</a></span> <i>was also -Assistant to him, and entirely at his Command. It had also twenty five</i> -Collegiati, <i>chosen out of the several Bodies of Tradesmen, whose -Office it was to direct and assist in Cases of Fire. There were also -five</i> Vico-Magistri, <i>whose Business it was to watch the City by Night</i>.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Thus far my Author. I shall here add a Remark made by <i>Gyllius</i>, it -not being foreign to our Purpose, <i>viz.</i> That those whom <i>P. Victor</i> -and <i>S. Rufus</i>, believed to have been called the <i>Denunciatores</i> in -antient <i>Rome</i>, here in new <i>Rome</i>, he calls <i>Vernaculi</i>. Neither of -them mention the <i>Collegiati</i>, tho’ all Historians take Notice of the -<i>Vico-Magistri</i>, who with more Propriety of the <i>Latin</i> Tongue, should -rather have been called <i>Vicorum Magistri</i>, as appears, he tells us, by -an Inscription yet remaining in the Capitol of <i>Old Rome</i>, which is as -follows.</p> - -<p class="center noindent large"> -IMP. CAESARI DIVI.<br /> -TRAIANI PARTHICI FIL.<br /> -DIVI NERVAE NEPOTI.<br /> -TRAIANO HADRIANO.<br /> -AVG. PONTIF. MAXIMO.<br /> -TRIBVNIC. POTESTAT. XX.<br /> -IMP. II. CON. III. P.<br /> -MAGISTRI VICORVM XIIII.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_A5" id="Page_A5">5</a></span></p> - -<h4>NOTES.</h4> - -<p><i>The first Ward.</i>] ’Tis evident from <i>Pliny</i>, and also from <i>Tacitus</i>, -in that Part of his History, where he mentions the Burning of the City -by <i>Nero</i>, that antient <i>Rome</i> was divided into fourteen <i>Regions</i>, or -<i>Wards</i>. <i>Sex. Rufus</i>, and <i>P. Victor</i>, who had pass’d the <i>Consular</i> -Dignity, have given us some short Descriptions of them. As to the -<i>Wards</i> of <i>New Rome</i>, they are here described as I found them placed -before the <i>Notitia Utriusque Imperii</i>. <i>Constantinople</i>, which -was a kind of Representation of <i>Old Rome</i>, was likewise after her -Example, as <i>Justinian</i> observes in his 43ᵈ <i>Novel</i>, divided into -fourteen <i>Wards</i>; and he calls them <i>Regions</i> or <i>Wards</i>. There were -many Monuments of Antiquity carried thither from <i>Old Rome</i>, and -many new ones made there, which I could by no Means pass by, as the -Accounts of them may be necessary to the Knowledge of both Places. And -therefore to explain and illustrate them the more, I have subjoined -some <i>Annotations</i> of my own; and have also taken Notice, as they -fell in my Way, of some Observations made in my <i>Comments</i> on the -<i>Notitia</i>, <i>&c.</i> The Author of the <i>Description</i> observes this Method. -The Churches, and other Matters which are most Material, he treats of -in the first Place, then he mentions what is less Important, in the -same Order, in every <i>Ward</i>; as the Streets, Houses, <i>Bagnio’s</i>, Mills, -the <i>Gradus</i>, then the <i>Curator</i>, <i>Vernaculus</i>, the <i>Collegiati</i>, and -last of all, the <i>Vico-Magistri</i>. In the thirteenth <i>Ward</i>, through<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_A6" id="Page_A6">6</a></span> -a Mistake, the Streets are omitted, which Error I have taken Care to -correct, as I have also another in the fourteenth <i>Ward</i>, where he has -left out the <i>Curator</i>, the <i>Vernaculus</i>, the <i>Collegiati</i>, and the -<i>Vico-Magistri</i>. He mentions only fourteen Churches, in seven <i>Wards</i>; -whereas at <i>Rome</i>, there was not a Street without some Temple or other, -and some had two. I shall make my <i>Annotations</i> upon every Monument of -Antiquity, in the same <i>Ward</i>, and in the same Place, that I find it.</p> - -<p><i>The House of</i> Placidia Augusta.] This Lady was the Daughter of -<i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Great</i>, and Sister of <i>Arcadius</i> and <i>Honorius</i>. When -<i>New Rome</i> was taken by <i>Alaric</i>, King of the <i>Goths</i> and <i>Vandals</i>, -he carried her away into Captivity, who afterward married his Kinsman -and Successor <i>Athaulfus</i>. Upon his Death, she was restored to her -Countrey, and being married again to <i>Constantius</i>, she had by him -two Sons, <i>Valentinian</i> and <i>Honoriades</i>; as <i>Eutropius</i>, <i>Zonaras</i>, -<i>Cedrinus</i>, and other Historians tell us.</p> - -<p><i>The House of the most illustrious</i> Marina.] <i>Marina</i> was the Daughter -of <i>Arcadius</i>, who being honoured with the Title of the <i>Most -Illustrious</i>, as <i>Cedrinus</i> writes, continued a Virgin. The Title of -the <i>Most Illustrious</i>, is discovered by an antient Inscription to -have been first given to <i>Valerianus</i> the Younger, about the Year of -our Lord 260. Afterwards it was given to <i>Severinus</i>, and <i>Maximinus -Cæsar</i>, and at Length it was ascribed to Ladies of the highest -Birth. This sometimes entitled them to a Share in the Government; -for whosoever was dignified with this Character, was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A7" id="Page_Page_A7">7</a></span> allowed to -wear a Purple Habit, laced round with Gold, and took Place of the -<i>Præfecti</i>, (the Mayors or Chief Magistrates of the City) as <i>Zosimus</i> -observes, who will have it, that this Honour was first instituted by -<i>Constantine</i>; tho’ ’tis very evident, that this Dignity was conferred -long before his Time.</p> - -<p><i>The Bagnio’s of</i> Arcadius.] They were so called, because they were -built by him, as <i>Procopius</i> writes in his 1st <i>Orat.</i> concerning the -Buildings of <i>Justinian</i>. As you sail, says he, out of the <i>Propontis</i>, -to the Eastern Coast, you see a Publick <i>Bagnio</i>, call’d the <i>Arcadian -Bagnio</i>, which is a great Ornament to the City. In this Place -<i>Justinian</i> built a Court, which lies before the City, so near to the -Sea, that they who walk upon the Shore, may hold a Discourse with any -of the Ships Crew, as they sail by them. The Account I shall give of -the Curiosities of this Court, is as follows. The Court it self is a -very beautiful Building, and is fann’d with gentle Breezes. ’Tis paved -with delicate Marble, and adorned with stately Pillars, which afford -a delectable Prospect, even to a Brightness, which seems to rival a -Meridian Sun-shine. There are also many other Curiosities which adorn -this Court, some of which are Pieces of most elegant Workmanship, both -in Brass and Stone. Thus far <i>Procopius</i>. The <i>Bagnio’s</i> here mentioned -are probably the same with those which are called the <i>Xerolophus</i>, -which <i>Cedrinus</i> tells us were built by <i>Arcadius</i>. The <i>Xerolophus</i>, -says he, was built by <i>Arcadius</i>, the Pillars of which are all like -that Pillar, which <i>Theodosius</i> erected in the <i>Taurus</i>. <i>Socrates</i> in -his <i>Seventh</i> Book, <i>Chap.</i> 1. attests, that this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A8" id="Page_Page_A8">8</a></span> Building stood in -the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Arcadius</i>. For speaking of one <i>Sabbatius</i> a Heretick, -he says, that the People rais’d a Tax to oppose <i>Sesonnicus</i> their -Bishop, in a Place of the City which is called <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ξηρόλοφος</span>, -in the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Arcadius</i>. Thus <i>Socrates</i>. This was certainly -a Building which consisted of several Apartments, which induces me -to believe it was the <i>Bagnio’s</i> here mentioned. For <i>Nicephorus -Gregoras</i>, in his <i>Seventh Book</i>, <i>Chap.</i> 1. writes, That <i>Athanasius</i>, -Patriarch of <i>Constantinople</i>, resided some Time in the Apartments -of the <i>Xerolophus</i>. The Word <i>Xerolophus</i>, says <i>Suidas</i>, signifies -a <i>Dry Unction</i>, and the Place was called so, because, when any Body -was anointed there, they never used to bath, and adds; That this -Place was formerly famous for Oracles, and that answers were given to -Enquiries there made, from a <i>Tripos</i>. There were also in the same -Place sixteen private Apartments, with Winding-Stairs. I have seen it -in an antient <i>Greek</i> Author, that there were here twelve Buildings -with Winding-Stairs, as also the Columns of <i>Diana</i>, <i>Severus</i>, -<i>Marcianus</i>, and the Statues of <i>Valentinian</i>, and <i>Theodosius</i> the -<i>Less</i>. <i>Justinian</i> also quotes an Inscription there, taken out of -the <i>Fifth Book</i> of <i>Xenophon</i>’s <i>Anabasis</i>. <i>Zonaras</i> also writes, -that when <i>Leo Isaurus</i> was Emperor of <i>Constantinople</i>, the Statue of -<i>Arcadius</i>, placed upon a Pillar in the <i>Xerolophus</i>, was thrown down -by an Earthquake. The <i>Bagnio’s</i> here mentioned were called Publick, or -Imperial <i>Bagnio’s</i>; whereas those which were built by private Persons -were called <i>Thermæ</i>, or <i>Baths</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A9" id="Page_Page_A9">9</a></span></p> - -<p><i>A Hundred and eighteen Houses.</i>] I take the Word <i>Houses</i> in this -Place, to signifie the Dwelling Houses of some of the principal Men -of the City, as the Great Mens Houses at <i>Rome</i> were distinguished by -standing by themselves, and having no other Houses adjoining to them.</p> - -<p><i>Two</i> Portico’s <i>of a great Length</i>.] These <i>Portico’s</i>, as at present, -were not joined to Houses, so as to seem a Part of them, but were -built separate from them, contrived for the Pleasure of Walking, and -refreshing the Mind. Hence it is, that <i>Strabo</i>, <i>Lib.</i> V. <i>de Geogra.</i> -where he is describing the Parts of <i>Rome</i>, calls the <i>Portico</i> of -<i>Livia</i> the <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">περίπατον</span>, or Walk. <i>Pliny</i> is of the same Opinion -in his <i>Fourth Book</i>, <i>Chap.</i> 1. <i>Strabo</i> tells us in another Place, -that the <i>Cumani</i> of <i>Æolis</i> borrowed Money to build a <i>Portico</i>, and -that when they failed, as to the Time of Payment, the Person, who gave -them Credit, laid them under a Prohibition not to walk in it, but only -when it rained; and when the Cryer called aloud to them to enter the -<i>Portico</i>, it passed into a Proverb, <i>That the Cumani</i> dared not to -enter their <i>Portico</i> without the Leave of the Cryer. These are the -same Kind of <i>Portico’s</i> which <i>Ulpian</i> means, where he mentions the -<i>Portico’s</i>, which had no Houses adjoining to them. <i>Tacitus</i>, <i>Lib.</i> -XV. speaking of the Burning of <i>Rome</i> by <i>Nero</i>, takes Notice of these -Ambulatory <i>Portico’s</i>, when he tells us, that the <i>Portico’s</i> which -were dedicated to Pleasure, were most of them destroyed by Fire. There -was a <i>Portico</i> of this Sort at <i>Athens</i>, Part of which, as <i>Pliny</i> -records, <i>Lib.</i> XXXV. <i>Cap.</i> 3. was painted by <i>Myco</i>, who was paid -for it; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A10" id="Page_Page_A10">10</a></span> the other Part was finished <i>gratis</i> by <i>Polygnotus</i>, an -eminent Painter. It was for this Reason, that ’twas call’d <i>Porticus -varia</i>, or <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ποικίλη</span>. This is the same <i>Portico</i> in which <i>Zeno</i> -taught, and for which he was called the Father of the <i>Stoicks</i>. -<i>Suidas</i> says, that it was customary to adorn such <i>Portico’s</i> -with Silver and Marble Statues, as appears by a Will mentioned by -<i>Marcellus</i>, which runs thus, <i>My Will and Pleasure is, that my Heir, -at his own Expence, build in my native Countrey a Publick</i> Portico, -<i>in which, I desire my Silver and Marble Statues may be reposited</i>. -I believe my Author understands in this Clause of the Will, the same -Kind of <i>Portico’s</i> with those I now comment upon, which were of so -considerable a Length, that they reached from the Imperial Palace, to -the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>. For <i>Procopius</i> writes, in his <i>First -Orat. de Ædif. Justin.</i> That in the Reign of <i>Justinian</i>, the Church -of St. <i>Sophia</i>, and both the long <i>Portico’s</i>, stretching themselves -as far as the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>, were burnt down. The same Fact -is testified by <i>Cedrinus</i>, who says, that both these <i>Portico’s</i> were -consumed by Fire, in the Reign of <i>Basiliscus</i>, altho’ after these -Casualities, they were always rebuilt. I would observe, that every -<i>Ward</i> at <i>Constantinople</i> had in it some <i>Portico’s</i>, though some -<i>Wards</i> at Rome had none.</p> - -<p><i>Four Gradus.</i>] The Word, which is here called <i>Gradus</i>, signifies a -Tribunal, which was ascended by Marble Steps, to receive the Bread -which was to be distributed among the common People, and which, was -therefore called, <i>Panis Gradilis</i>. <i>Valentinian</i> tells us, that the -carrying the <i>Panis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A11" id="Page_Page_A11">11</a></span> Gradilis</i> from one Tribunal to another, is -strictly forbidden. He also commands in <i>Cod. Theod.</i> that every one -receive the <i>Panis Gradilis</i> from the Tribunal. From which Passages -it is plain, that this <i>Gradus</i> was a famous Tribunal, from whence -they used to distribute Bread. For <i>Constantine</i>, as <i>Metaphrastes</i> -writes, bestowed every Day upon the Poor, eighty Thousand Loaves. -<i>Socrates</i>, <i>Lib.</i> II. <i>Cap.</i> 13. says expressly, that he gave Daily -eighty Thousand Bushels of Corn to the Poor; besides, as <i>Suidas</i> adds, -Wine, and Flesh, and Oil. These were therefore <i>Gradus</i>, or Tribunals, -erected in this <i>Ward</i> for that Purpose.</p> - -<p><i>It was governed by one</i> Curator, <i>who had under his Charge the whole</i> -Ward.] The <i>Curators</i> (who seem something like our Aldermen) were first -instituted by <i>Augustus</i>, and by <i>Suetonius</i>, <i>Cap.</i> XXX. are called -<i>Magistratus</i>. He divided, says he, meaning <i>Augustus</i>, the City into -Streets and <i>Wards</i>, and commanded that the <i>Wards</i> should be governed -by a Magistrate, chosen by Lot yearly, and that the Streets should be -governed by a Master elected out of the common People. Afterwards, in -the Room of these, <i>Alexander Augustus</i> appointed fourteen <i>Curators</i>. -<i>Lampridius</i> tells us, that <i>Rome</i> chose fourteen <i>Curators</i>, out of -the most eminent Citizens, and obliged them to assist the <i>Prefect</i> of -the City, so that all, or most of them attended, when any Thing was -transacted for the good of the Publick. It was a principal Part of -their Business to decide Causes, and to take Care of Orphans, and the -Poor.</p> - -<p><i>There was also one</i> Vernaculus <i>who was Messenger of the</i> Ward, <i>he -assisted the</i> Curator, <i>and was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A12" id="Page_Page_A12">12</a></span> entirely at his Command</i>.] The -Business of this Officer was to be subservient to the <i>Curator</i>, and -give Notice to, and summon the Citizens to meet in all Matters, which -more immediately related to the <i>Ward</i>. Their Office was the same, -mentioned by <i>S. Rufus</i>, and <i>P. Victor</i>, who give them at <i>Old Rome</i>, -the Name of <i>Denunciatores</i>. Two of which were appointed to assist in -every <i>Ward</i>.</p> - -<p><i>It had also twenty five</i> Collegiati, <i>chosen out of the several Bodies -of Tradesmen, whose Business it was, to direct and assist in Cases of -Fire</i>.] At <i>Rome</i> the <i>Præfectus Vigilum</i> commanded in Chief the seven -Companies of Freemen appointed for a constant Watch to the City. This -Office was instituted by <i>Augustus</i>, who placed a single Company over -two <i>Wards</i>, as is observed by <i>Suetonius</i>, and <i>Dion.</i> <i>Lib.</i> LV. -and by <i>Paullus</i>, <i>Lib. de Offi. præ. Vigil.</i> These Men were chosen -out of the several Bodies of the Tradesmen, whose Business was the -same with those at <i>Rome</i>; and were called <i>Collegiati.</i> The Number -of them was always stated, and unalterable so that when one of them -died, the <i>Prefect</i> of the City filled up the Vacancy with one of his -own Body. <i>Honorius</i> and <i>Theodosius</i>, in their <i>Letters Mandatory</i> -to <i>Æstius Prefect</i> of the City, will and command, <i>That the Number -of five hundred sixty three be the standing Number of them, and that -no Person presume by any Authority whatsoever, to alter that Number; -so that it shall be lawful to you only, in the Presence of the Body -Corporate, when any Person is deceased, or otherways removed, to elect, -and nominate one to succeed him out of the same Body Corporate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A13" id="Page_Page_A13">13</a></span> of -which he was a Member</i>: These <i>Collegiati</i> are chosen out of thirty -five Corporations of Tradesmen, which are particularly specified in -a Letter sent by <i>Constantine</i> to <i>Maximus</i>, and are discharged upon -their Election from all other Offices whatsoever. In this first <i>Ward</i>, -there were only twenty five of them, in others more or less, who made -up the Number a Hundred and sixty, or a Hundred and sixty three. To -complete the Number of which, as appears from the first Book of <i>Zeno -de Collegiat.</i> Thirty seven or forty, are wanting in the last <i>Ward</i>. -The Word <i>Collegiati</i>, in other Places, sometimes signifies the -<i>Deacons</i> who buried the Dead; and sometimes it is taken for <i>Freemen</i>, -as in <i>Lib.</i> XLI. <i>Co. Theod. de Op. Pub.</i></p> - -<p><i>There were also five</i> Vico-Magistri, <i>whose Business it was to watch -the City by Night</i>.] These were originally instituted by <i>Augustus</i>. -<i>Suetonius</i>, in the Life of <i>Augustus</i>, <i>Chap.</i> XXX. writes, that the -City was divided into Streets and <i>Wards</i>, and adds, that <i>Augustus</i> -commanded, that the Magistrates of the <i>Wards</i> should be annually -chosen by Lot. The Streets were governed by the <i>Vico-Magistri</i>, who -were elected out of the Commons, in the Neighbourhood of the Streets, -over which they presided; so that as those who governed the <i>Wards</i> -were called <i>Curatores</i>, so they who governed the Streets were called -<i>Vico-Magistri</i>. ’Tis very probable, that these Magistrates had some -Soldiers under their Command to prevent Robberies, and other Outrages -committed in the Night, as <i>Old Rome</i> had its <i>Vigils</i>, or Watchmen, -who were all Soldiers. There were two, three,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A14" id="Page_Page_A14">14</a></span> or four <i>Vico-Magistri</i> -appointed over every Street at <i>Rome</i>: At <i>Constantinople</i> every <i>Ward</i> -had but five, so that the whole Number of them is Seventy; although -my Author in his <i>Summary View of the City</i>, which follows hereafter, -reckons no more than sixty five.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="THE_SECOND_WARD">The Second <i>Ward</i>.</h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE <i>second</i> Ward, <i>after an easy, and almost imperceptible Ascent -above its Level from the lesser Theatre, falls with a deep Precipice -down to the Sea. This</i> Ward <i>contains in it, the Great Church of St.</i> -Sophia; <i>the Old Church; the Senate-House; a Tribunal with</i> Porphyry -<i>Steps; the</i> Bagnio’s <i>of</i> Zeuxippus; <i>a Theatre; an Amphitheatre; -thirty four Streets; ninety eight large Houses; four great</i> Portico’s; -<i>thirteen private Baths; four private Mills, and four</i> Gradus. <i>It has -also one</i> Curator, <i>one</i> Vernaculus, <i>thirty five</i> Collegiati, <i>and -five</i> Vico-Magistri.</p> - -<h4>NOTES.</h4> - -<p><i>The great Church of St.</i> Sophia.] This Church, some say, was built by -<i>Constantine</i>, others by <i>Constantius</i>. It was afterwards burnt down, -and rebuilt by <i>Justinian</i>, and was then look’d upon as the finest and -most beautiful Church in the whole World. <i>Periander</i>, and others, -whose Works are still extant, have described at large the Delicacy -and Magnificence of this wonderful Piece of Architecture.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A15" id="Page_Page_A15">15</a></span> <i>Evagrius</i> -writes, that this Church measured in Length a Hundred and ninety Foot, -in Breadth a Hundred and fifteen; and that from the Pavement to the Top -of the <i>Cupola</i>, it was an Hundred and eighty Foot high.</p> - -<p><i>The Old Church.</i>] I suppose the Author here means one of those -Churches which were built by <i>Constantine</i>, some of which are mentioned -by <i>Procopius</i>, in <i>Lib. de Ædif. Justinian.</i></p> - -<p><i>The Senate-House.</i>] In this Place they held their Senate, which, as -<i>Sozomen</i> affirms, was built by <i>Constantine</i> the <i>Great</i>, where he -commanded the same yearly Solemnity to be celebrated on the <i>Calends</i> -of <i>Jan.</i> as was done at <i>Rome</i>. It was burnt down, upon a Sedition -occasioned by an Attempt to banish St. <i>Chrysostom</i> out of the City, -and was rebuilt, as <i>Procopius</i> tells us, with greater Splendor.</p> - -<p><i>A Tribunal with</i> Porphyry <i>Steps</i>.] This Tribunal was made of -<i>Porphyry</i> Marble, which Word in <i>Latin</i>, signifies <i>Purple</i>, because -<i>Porphyry</i> Marble is of a <i>Purple</i> Colour.</p> - -<p><i>The</i> Bagnio’s <i>of</i> Zeuxippus.] These <i>Bagnio’s</i> were famous for a -<i>Portico</i>, which run round the Houses and Shops adjoining to them. -There was a yearly Revenue assigned for lighting the Lamps of this -<i>Bagnio</i>, and repairing them. <i>Theodosius</i> in <i>Lib. de Op. Pub.</i> -writes thus; <i>Because there are many Houses and Shops adjoining the</i> -Portico’s <i>of</i> Zeuxippus, <i>we will and command, that the yearly -Income of the said Houses and Shops, without any Pretence or Excuse -to the contrary, be paid into our Imperial</i> Bagnio, <i>for purchasing -Lights, and for the Repairs of the said</i> Bagnio’s.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A16" id="Page_Page_A16">16</a></span> This Passage is -part of a Letter which he wrote to <i>Severinus</i>, <i>Prefect</i> of the -City, (not <i>Prætor</i>) as it stands in the <i>Codex Theodos. de Op. Pub.</i> -These <i>Bagnio’s</i> formerly stood near the Imperial Palace, and were -afterwards called the <i>Bagnio’s</i> of the <i>Numeri</i>, as <i>Nicephorus</i> -writes, <i>Lib.</i> IX. <i>Cap.</i> 9. <i>Sozomen</i> and <i>Socrates</i> take Notice of -the same <i>Bagnio’s</i>. I believe they were first built by <i>Zeuxippus</i>, -who persecuted the <i>Christians</i> at <i>Byzantium</i>, much about the -Time of <i>Nero</i>; and who among other of his Severities, forced St. -<i>Andrew</i> to fly to <i>Argyropolis</i>. If I mistake not, he was at that -Time Lieutenant of <i>Macedonia</i> and <i>Thrace</i>. These <i>Bagnio’s</i> were -enlarged and beautified by <i>Severus</i> the Emperor, for which Reason -they were afterwards called the <i>Bagnio’s</i> of <i>Severus</i>. After this -they were called <i>Balnea Numerorum</i>, because great Numbers of Soldiers -use to bath there. <i>Zosimus</i>, in his second Book writes, that these -<i>Bagnio’s</i> formerly stood in a <i>Peninsula</i>. In antient Times, says -he, <i>Constantinople</i> had a Port at the End of the <i>Bagnio’s</i>, which -were built by <i>Severus</i> the Emperor, when he was reconciled to the -<i>Byzantians</i>, for opening the Gates of the City to <i>Niger</i>, his Enemy. -<i>Suidas</i> says, that a Poet named <i>Christodorus</i>, celebrated the -Statues and Images of <i>Zeuxippus</i> in Verse, among which he is very -particular in the Praises of the Statue of <i>Hesiod</i>. <i>Procopius</i>, in -his First Book, <i>de Ædif. Justinian.</i> tells us, that these <i>Bagnio’s</i> -were rebuilt by <i>Justinian</i>, but were called the <i>Zeuxippum</i>, because -in this Place they used to run their <i>Horses in Pairs</i>, as the Word -<i>Zeuxippus</i> signifies in the <i>Greek</i>. St. <i>Gregory Nazianzen</i> takes -Notice<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A17" id="Page_Page_A17">17</a></span> of them in his Oration to the <i>Arians</i>, and in another which -he made <i>concerning himself</i>. I am not, says he, taking a Journey to a -new <i>Jerusalem</i>, that is to the <i>Zeuxippum</i>; for that Place was laid -in Ashes in the Reign of <i>Justinian</i>. The <i>Bagnio’s</i> of <i>Severus</i>, as -<i>Cedrinus</i> relates, which were call’d the <i>Zeuxippum</i>, were consumed -by Fire. In this Place was a very delightful Variety of Prospects. All -the ingenious Contrivances of Art were here expressed in Marble and -Stone, and the most elaborate Workmanship of Antiquity. In short, the -Designs here were so matchless and inimitable, that they seemed to want -nothing but a Soul to animate, and inform them. Among other surprizing -Pieces of antient Skill, was the Statue of old <i>Homer</i>. The Figure was -finished very naturally, and in his Looks might be observed a great -Thoughtfulness, with a Mixture of much Uneasiness and Trouble. This -Place was also beautified with brazen Pillars, which had been here set -up in Honour of those great Personages, who had been renowned for their -Learning or Virtue, through the whole World.</p> - -<p><i>An Amphitheatre.</i>] This stands near the Sea Shore. You must pass by -it, as you go to the Imperial Palace, and the Port of <i>Julian</i>, between -which Places there were formerly Lime Kilns, which were commanded to be -filled up by <i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Less</i>, as the Reader may see in <i>Lib. -ult. Cod. Theod.</i> <i>We will and command</i>, says he, <i>that all Lime-kilns, -standing on any Ground, between the Sea Shore, the Amphitheatre, and -the Port of St.</i> Julian, <i>be entirely demolished, for the Benefit and -Health of our most great and magnificent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A18" id="Page_Page_A18">18</a></span> City</i>, and <i>by Reason of the -Nearness they stand to our Imperial Palace; and we do hereby prohibit -all Persons whatsoever for the future, to burn any Lime in those -Places</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="THE_THIRD_WARD">The Third <i>Ward</i>.</h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE <i>third</i> Ward, <i>at the Entrance of it, is a Level Ground, and -stands, in Part, where the</i> Circus <i>is built; but descends, at the -End of it, with a very great Declivity down to the Sea, and contains, -the same</i> Circus Maximus; <i>the House of</i> Pulcheria Augusta; <i>the new -Port; a</i> Portico <i>of a Semi-circular Figure, made after the Likeness -of the</i> Greek <i>Letter</i> Sigma, <i>which was formerly wrote thus</i>, C; <i>the -Tribunal of the</i> Forum <i>of</i> Constantine; <i>seven Streets; ninety four -great Houses; five large</i> Portico’s; <i>eleven private</i> Bagnio’s; <i>and -nine private Mills. It had one</i> Curator, <i>one</i> Vernaculus, <i>twenty one</i> -Collegiati, <i>and five</i> Vico-Magistri.</p> - - -<h4>NOTES.</h4> - -<p><i>The House of</i> Pulcheria Augusta.] This Lady was the Sister of -<i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Less</i>, who continued for some Time unmarried. When -her Brother was dead, she married <i>Martian</i>, and made him Emperor. -<i>Zonaras</i>, <i>Cedrinus</i>, <i>Zosimus</i>, <i>Nicephorus</i>, and other Historians -have mentioned many Things of her. She had also another House in the -eleventh <i>Ward</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A19" id="Page_Page_A19">19</a></span></p> - -<p><i>The New Port.</i>] This probably is the same Port that was built by -<i>Julian</i> the Apostate. There was another Port in the sixth <i>Ward</i> -called <i>Portus Neorius</i>, because there was a Dock there for building -Ships.</p> - -<p><i>A</i> Portico <i>of a Semi-circular Figure</i>.] The <i>Greek</i> Letter <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Σ</span>, as ’tis now wrote, was formerly wrote C. <i>Zonaras</i> and -<i>Cedrinus</i> often take Notice of this <i>Portico</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="THE_FOURTH_WARD">The Fourth <i>Ward</i>.</h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE <i>fourth</i> Ward <i>extends itself in a long Vale, the Hills rising -on the Right and Left from the</i> Miliarium Aureum <i>through a Vale, -to a plain level Ground. It contains, the</i> Miliarium Aureum; <i>the</i> -Augusteum; <i>a</i> Basilica; <i>a</i> Nympheum; <i>the</i> Portico <i>of</i> Phanio; <i>a -Marble Galley, the Monument of a naval Victory; the Church of St.</i> -Menna; <i>a</i> Stadium; <i>The Stairs of</i> Timasius; <i>thirty two Streets; -three hundred and seventy five great Houses; four large</i> Portico’s; -<i>seven private Baths; five private Mills; and seven</i> Gradus. <i>It -is presided by one</i> Curator, <i>assisted by one</i> Vernaculus, <i>forty</i> -Collegiati, <i>and five</i> Vico-Magistri.</p> - -<h4>NOTES.</h4> - -<p><i>The</i> Miliarium Aureum.] <i>Cedrinus</i>, speaking of the <i>Miliarium -Aureum</i>, writes thus: Under the Roof of the <i>Miliarium Aureum</i> were -placed the Statues of <i>Constantine</i> the <i>Great</i>, and his Mother,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A20" id="Page_Page_A20">20</a></span> with -a Cross between them. Behind him stands <i>Trajan</i>, and near his Mother -is the Statue of <i>Ælius Hadrianus</i> on Horseback. There is a Clock -here, which was set up by <i>Justinian</i>. There was also a <i>Miliarium -Aureum</i> at <i>Rome</i>, erected in the <i>Forum</i> by <i>Augustus</i>, from whence -they used to adjust the Distances of Places, and the Mensuration -of Miles, all the Roads of <i>Italy</i> meeting at the Foot of it, as -’tis observed by <i>Plutarch</i>, <i>Dion</i>, <i>P. Victor</i>, and others. Yet -<i>Æmilius Macer</i> is of another Opinion. A Mile, says he, is not to be -computed from the <i>Miliarium</i>, but from the Houses, upon the Skirts -of the City, to the Place to which you measure. As then there was a -<i>Miliarium Aureum</i> at <i>Rome</i>, so there was at <i>Constantinople</i>, which -imitated <i>Old Rome</i> as near as it could; tho’ at <i>Rome</i> it was built -in the Figure of a Pillar, at <i>Constantinople</i> it was another kind of -Building, as is evident from what is above-mentioned by <i>Cedrinus</i>; -and is also attested by <i>Suidas</i>, who writes, that under the Roof of -the <i>Miliarium</i>, stood the Cross, the Figures of <i>Constantine</i> and -<i>Helena</i>, the Image of <i>Fortune</i>, and many other Statues. He calls it -not the <i>Miliarium</i>, but the <i>Milium</i>.</p> - -<p><i>The</i> Augusteum.] This was a large Pillar of Brass, erected by -<i>Justinian</i>, as <i>Cedrinus</i> relates, who tells us, that in the fifteenth -Year of the Reign of <i>Justinian</i>, was finished the great brazen -Pillar, which is called the <i>Augusteum</i>. Upon it was placed the Statue -of <i>Justinian</i> on Horseback, holding in his Right Hand an Apple, in -Imitation of a Globe, to signify that the whole World was subject to -his Government. He sat with his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A21" id="Page_Page_A21">21</a></span> Right Hand stretched out, pointing to -the <i>Persians</i> to stand off, and not to approach his Dominions. All the -Coverings of the Passage of Entrance into the Imperial Palace, were -made of gilded Brass. This is still called the Brazen Passage, as the -Pillar is call’d the <i>Augusteum</i>. <i>Procopius</i> speaks largely of it in -his Oration <i>de Ædif. Justin.</i> where he writes, that not the Pillar, -but the Place where the Pillar stood, was called the <i>Augusteum</i>, as -it was also the <i>Macellum</i>. The principal Pillar, says he, is to be -admired for its Size, yet is it no regular and uniform Structure, but -made of Stones of a vast Compass. The Pedestal and Top of it is covered -with the most refined Brass, which by cramping its Stones together, -does at the same Time both strengthen and adorn it. The Brass, as to -its Lustre, is not much inferior to pure Gold, and at least of equal -Worth and Beauty with the finest Silver. At the Top of this Pillar was -placed a very large Horse cast in Brass, facing the East, wonderful -in his Kind, in a walking Posture, with his Head bending downwards, -lifting up his near Fore-Foot, as though he would paw the Ground. -His Off-Foot is fixed to the Pedestal, on which he stands; and his -Hind-Feet are so closely contracted, as if he was rising upon his -Speed. Upon him sits the Statue of the Emperor in Brass, whom they call -<i>Achilles</i>, because he is somewhat like him. He has no Boots, but his -Feet are bound round with a kind of Sandals. He is armed with a radiant -Breast-plate and Head-piece, and looks, you would fancy, as if he were -marching, in a war-like Posture, against the <i>Persians</i>. In his left<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A22" id="Page_Page_A22">22</a></span> -Hand he bears a Globe, by which ’tis signified, that the Earth and the -Sea is subject to his Power. He is not equipped either with Sword nor -Spear. There’s a Cross fixed upon the Globe, intimating, that under its -auspicious Influence, he arrived to the Imperial Dignity; and that all -Success in War is to be attributed to the Omnipotency of the Saviour -of Mankind. His Right Hand, which is open, is stretched Eastward, and -seems to forbid the barbarous Nations to approach his Territories. -Below this Place, stands the <i>Forum</i> called <i>Augustum</i>. This <i>Forum</i> -stands before the Imperial Palace; ’tis surrounded with Pillars, and -the Inhabitants call it <i>Augustum</i>. Eastward from hence stands the -<i>Curia</i>, or <i>Prætorium</i>, which was built by <i>Justinian</i>, where the -old <i>Romans</i>, in the Beginning of the new Year used, as <i>Suidas</i> -observes, to perform a solemn Festival. <i>Phavorinus</i> relates, that the -Flesh-Market was the same with the <i>Augusteum</i>. It was so called, says -<i>Suidas</i>, because the <i>Curatores</i>, and <i>Senastophori</i> of the <i>Wards</i>, -used every Year, on the <i>Ides</i> of <i>October</i>, to dance in Honour of -<i>Augustus</i>, or because the Statues of <i>Constantine</i>, and <i>Helena</i> his -Mother, were erected there.</p> - -<p><i>A</i> Basilica.] This was one of the most magnificent <i>Basilica’s</i> in -the World, which <i>Cedrinus</i> takes Notice of, when he tells us, that a -Fire began at the Middle of the <i>Chalcopratia</i>, which consumed both -the <i>Portico’s</i> before mentioned, all the neighbouring Buildings, and -the <i>Basilica</i>, which contained a Collection of a Hundred and twenty -Thousand Books. There was a Curiosity very particular in this Library, -which was the Gut of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A23" id="Page_Page_A23">23</a></span> a Dragon, on which were inscribed in Golden -Characters, the <i>Iliads</i> and <i>Odysses</i> of <i>Homer</i>, with the <i>History</i> -of the Atchievements of other <i>Heroes</i>. The Roof of this <i>Basilica</i> was -supported with many Ranges of Pillars, as we see at present in some -Churches, which are many of them built after the same Manner with the -<i>Basilica’s</i>. One of these <i>Basilica’s</i> is described by <i>Virgil</i>, in -his seventh <i>Æneid</i>.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>A stately Palace in the City’s Height</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Sublime upon a hundred Pillars stood</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>With gloomy Groves, religiously obscure</i>,</div> -<div class="line">Laurentian Picus’ <i>Palace; where the Kings</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>The first Inauguration of their Sway</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>The Sceptres, and the regal</i> Fasces <i>took</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><span class="smcap add10em">Trapp’s</span> Virg.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noindent">In these <i>Basilica’s</i> they used to plead, and admit to Audience publick -Ambassadors; and, indeed, most of the publick Affairs were transacted -here. This I am speaking of was finely gilded, and made of a delicate -Marble. <i>Theodosius</i>, in his Letters Mandatory to <i>Cyrus</i>, <i>Prefect</i> -of the City, means this <i>Basilica</i>, in the following Words: <i>We will -and command, that the</i> Basilica <i>gilt with Gold, and shining with -Marble, be no Ways shaded or darkened with Statues, or Pictures placed -before it</i>. I believe <i>Zonaras</i> understands the same Building in his -<i>Leo Magnus</i>, where he says, that the Building called the <i>Domus -Maxima</i>, in which the Senate, and some of the principal Citizens met -to deliberate upon publick Affairs, was burnt down; nay, that the -Emperor himself came thither in solemn Pomp, when he entered upon his -Consular<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A24" id="Page_Page_A24">24</a></span> Dignity. It was a Work of surprising Beauty and Splendor. -<i>Justinian</i> tells us in his 81st <i>Novel</i>, that the inferior Judges used -to sit there in small Apartments. <i>Suidas</i> writes, that this <i>Basilica</i> -stood behind the <i>Miliarium</i>, and that there was placed in it, amidst -several others, a golden Statue. Among other Curiosities here, there -is an Elephant, cast at the Expence of <i>Severus</i>, on the Account of a -certain Banker, who killed his Keeper, and gave his Body to be devoured -by a wild Beast; which the Elephant seeing, in a Rage slew the Banker. -<i>Severus</i>, to preserve the Memory of the Fact, ordered the Elephant and -his Keeper to be cast in Brass, and both the Figures, in the Consulship -of <i>Julian</i>, were carried to <i>Constantinople</i>, and placed in the -<i>Basilica</i>.</p> - -<p><i>A</i> Nympheum.] This, as <i>Zonaras</i> and <i>Cedrinus</i> tell us, was a -spacious Building, in which they used to celebrate Marriage, when they -had not Houses large enough for that Purpose. <i>Suidas</i> mentions, that -in the <i>Forum</i> of this <i>Ward</i>, there was a Spring continually running, -which filled the <i>Bagnio</i> of the <i>Nympheum</i>. <i>Theodosius</i>, in another -Letter to <i>Cyrus</i> above-mentioned, writes thus. <i>I command you, by -Virtue of your prefectorial Authority, to appoint, as you shall judge -convenient, what Share of Water be allotted to our Imperial</i> Bagnio’s, -<i>and what Quantity may be sufficient for the</i> Bagnio’s <i>of the</i> -Nympheum.</p> - -<p><i>The</i> Portico <i>of</i> Phanio.] <i>Suidas</i> tells us, that <i>Phanio</i> is a -Place where they carried the Filth of the City. This, probably, is -the same <i>Portico</i>, which the Emperor <i>Zeno</i> tells us, reached from -the <i>Miliarium</i>, as far as the <i>Capitol</i>, and is supported<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A25" id="Page_Page_A25">25</a></span> with four -Ranges of Pillars, between which he allows, in his <i>Cod. de Priv. -Ædif.</i> a Privilege to build little Shops.</p> - -<p><i>A Marble Galley.</i>] This was set up in Memory of a Victory, which -<i>Zosimus</i>, in his fifth Book tells us, <i>Trajutus</i>, Admiral of -<i>Arcadius</i>’s Fleet, obtain’d over <i>Gaina</i>, near <i>Chersonesus</i>.</p> - -<p><i>The Church of St.</i> Menna.] This Person was an <i>Egyptian Soldier</i>, who -suffer’d Martyrdom under <i>Dioclesian</i>, in <i>Phrygia</i>: This Church was -built by <i>Constantine</i>, who, as <i>Eusebius</i> reports in <i>his Life, Book</i> -III. <i>Chap.</i> 4. built also other Churches in honour of the <i>Martyrs</i>.</p> - -<p><i>A</i> Stadium.] This was a square <i>Area</i>, design’d, as <i>Suidas</i> -observes, for Martial Exercises. The <i>Grecians</i> generally made them -two hundred Foot long, and sometimes more. This <i>Area</i> was surrounded -with a <i>Portico</i>, and Pillars. The <i>Grecians</i> used them sometimes in -Merriment, and Dancing, and sometimes in more manly Diversions, as -Wrestling, fighting at Gauntlets, <i>&c.</i> The <i>Portico</i>, on the South -Side of it, was double Wall’d, to secure it from the Violence of the -Northern Storms. In the <i>Stadium</i>, stood an <i>Ephebeum</i>, with Seats all -round it, where they held publick Disputations in Philosophy, and where -Youth was train’d up in Literature, and Science. In ancient Times, when -Books were scarce, they used to improve themselves by Dispute, and -Argumentation. On each Side of the <i>Ephebeum</i>, there were <i>Bagnio’s</i>, -in which the Combatants anointed themselves, before they enter’d the -Lifts. The <i>Stadium</i> fac’d the Sea, as <i>Procopius</i> observes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A26" id="Page_Page_A26">26</a></span> in his -Book <i>de Ædif Justin.</i> In a Place, says he, near the Sea, at present -call’d the <i>Stadium</i>, (a Place formerly appropriated to Games, and -Martial Exercises) <i>Justinian</i>, and his Consort <i>Theodora</i>, built some -large Hospitals.</p> - -<p><i>The Stairs of</i> Timasius.] These were three Steps, at the Foot of a -Hill, leading down to the Sea, which were built by <i>Timasius</i>. ’Tis -very probable, that they were made of Marble, and were something -remarkable, because my Author takes Notice of them. There was Custom -paid at these Stairs, for the Repairs of the City <i>Aqueduct</i>; as -appears from the <i>Cod. Theod. Aquæduc.</i> <i>We will</i>, says he, <i>that all -the Customs, which are, or may be collected at the Stairs of this our -City of</i> Constantinople, <i>be expended in the Repairs of the common -Aque-duct</i>. I am of Opinion, that this Custom was payable by such Ships -as unladed their Freight there. <i>Justinian</i> in his 159ᵗʰ <i>Novel</i> takes -notice of a Clause in the Codicil of the Will of <i>Hierius</i>, where he -bequeaths to his Kinsman <i>Hierius</i> the Suburbs <i>Coparium</i>, with all -the Stairs thereunto belonging. <i>Cedrinus</i> writes, That in the Reign -of <i>Copronymus</i> the Emperor, the Sea was froze by the Severity of the -Weather, and that upon a sudden Thaw, a large Cake of Ice bore against, -and demolish’d the Stairs of the Imperial Palace at <i>Constantinople</i>. -<i>Timasius</i>, who built these Stairs, was General of the Infantry to -<i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Great</i>, and was train’d up in the Art of War from the -Time of <i>Valens</i> the Emperor. At last being falsely, and injuriously -accused by <i>Eutropius</i>, the Chamberlain of <i>Arcadius</i>, he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A27" id="Page_Page_A27">27</a></span> was banish’d -into <i>Oasis</i>. <i>Zosimus</i>, speaking of him in his <i>fifth Book</i>, says, -that he was the Father of <i>Syagrius</i>, who was entitled <i>Pater Patriæ</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="THE_FIFTH_WARD">The Fifth <i>Ward</i>.</h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE <i>fifth</i> Ward, <i>a great Part of it is full of Windings, and -Turnings, and is lengthen’d by an adjoining Plain. There are many -useful Buildings in this</i> Ward, <i>which contains the</i> Bagnio’s <i>of</i> -Honorius; <i>the Cistern of</i> Theodosius; <i>the</i> Prytaneum; <i>the</i> Bagnio’s -<i>of</i> Eudocia; <i>the</i> Strategium, <i>in which stands the</i> Forum <i>of</i> -Theodosius, <i>and the</i> Thebean Obelisk; <i>the Store-houses for Oil; a</i> -Nympheum; <i>the Granaries of</i> Troas; <i>the Granaries of</i> Valens, <i>and</i> -Constantius: <i>It contains also the</i> Prosphorian <i>Port; the</i> Stairs -<i>of</i> Chalcedon; <i>twenty three Streets; a hundred and eighty four -great Houses; seven large</i> Portico’s; <i>eleven private Baths; seven -publick, and two private Mills; nine</i> Gradus, <i>and two Flesh-Markets: -It had one</i> Curator, <i>one</i> Vernaculus, <i>forty</i> Collegiati, <i>and five</i> -Vice-Magistri.</p> - -<h4>NOTES.</h4> - -<p><i>The Cistern of</i> Theodosius.] This Cistern was a subterraneous Cavern, -arched at top, which was supply’d, not with Spring, but with Rain Water -only. <i>Petrus Gyllius</i> in his <i>Antiquities</i> of <i>Constantinople</i>, tells -us, that when he resided at that City, he discover’d a subterraneous -Cistern there; which he shewed to the Proprietors of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A28" id="Page_Page_A28">28</a></span> Land where it -was, who, before, were intirely ignorant of it. It was, says he, 336 -Foot in length, 182 Foot broad, and 224 in compass. The Roof of it was -supported with Marble Pillars, placed at twelve Foot distance from each -other. Every Pillar was near nine Foot high. They stand, lengthways, -in twelve Ranges; broad-ways, in twenty eight. In Winter-time, when -the <i>Aque-duct</i> pours itself with more Violence into it, it fills up -to the Middle of the Capitals of the Columns. It has sometimes Fish in -it, which the Master, who overlooks it, skiffing about in a small Boat, -kills with a Spear.</p> - -<p><i>A</i> Prytaneum.] There was at <i>Athens</i> a Tower call’d the <i>Prytaneum</i>, -where their Senators, and wise Men met upon publick Affairs, and where -Persons, who deserv’d well of the Commonwealth, were maintain’d at the -Publick Charge, as ’tis observ’d by <i>Cicero</i>, <i>Lib. primo de Orat.</i> In -Conformity to <i>Athens</i>, there was also at <i>Constantinople</i> a spacious -Building, near the Imperial Cistern, where a Person, eminent in Wisdom -and Learning, instructed twelve young Men in such Arts and Sciences, -as might qualify them to be serviceable to the Publick. <i>Cedrinus</i> in -his History of <i>Leo Isaurus</i>, writes, that, near the Royal Cistern, -there was a venerable Pyle of Building, over which there presided -a Master, who had under him, according to ancient Custom, twelve -Scholars, of sober Life, and a good Share of Learning. These, when -they had run through the whole Compass of human Literature, apply’d -themselves very diligently to the Study of Divinity, and were had in -so high Estimation, that the Emperors<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A29" id="Page_Page_A29">29</a></span> themselves look’d upon it as an -Injury to their Character, to transact any thing of Importance, without -their Advice. This Institution was afterwards suppress’d by <i>Leo</i>. -<i>Zonaras</i> is more express, and large upon this Occasion; there was, -says he, a House in the <i>Basilica</i>, near the <i>Forum Ærarium</i>, large -enough for a Palace, in which were reported many ancient <i>Manuscripts</i> -of Human, and Divine Learning, and where a sufficient Maintenance was -allow’d for a Person of distinguish’d Knowledge whom they call’d the -<i>Oecumenical Doctor</i>. He had under him twelve <i>Fellows</i>, who lived at -the publick Cost, and instructed such as desired to be their Pupils. -The Emperors also, concludes he, consulted them in the most arduous -Affairs of State. But <i>Leo</i> the Emperor, when he could not prevail -with them to declare themselves the same profess’d Enemies to Images, -in Church-worship, with himself, destroy’d them, and their Library, -in the Night by Fire. As therefore it was customary in other Nations -to maintain at the common Charge Persons who might prove useful to -the Publick, so was it here; and therefore, I conceive, that as the -<i>Prytaneum</i> at <i>Constantinople</i> took its Name from that of <i>Athens</i>, so -was it originally instituted for Purposes, much of the same Nature.</p> - -<p><i>The</i> Bagnio’s <i>of</i> Eudocia.] These <i>Bagnio’s</i> were so call’d, because -they were built by <i>Eudocia</i> the Wife of <i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Less</i>. -Before she was converted to the Christian Faith, she was called -<i>Athenais</i>. <i>Zonaras</i>, <i>Nicephorus</i>, and others have wrote much -concerning her. She had some Houses in the tenth <i>Ward</i>; where I shall -speak more of her.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A30" id="Page_Page_A30">30</a></span></p> - -<p><i>The</i> Strategium.] This, I look upon, to be the Place, where the -General’s Troops liv’d, and pitch’d their Tents. Here was the <i>Forum</i> -of <i>Theodosius</i>, and the <i>Thebean Obelisk</i> which was brought from -<i>Thebes</i> in <i>Ægypt</i> to <i>Constantinople</i>, and there squat’d.</p> - -<p><i>The Granaries of</i> Troas.] These Granaries contain’d the Corn, and -other Commodities which were brought from <i>Troas</i>; as those Granaries -were call’d the Granaries of <i>Alexandria</i>, in which the Corn was laid -up, that was brought from <i>Alexandria</i>. <i>Troas</i> is a Countrey of -<i>Phrygia</i>, situate near the <i>Hellespont</i>, not far from <i>Constantinople</i>.</p> - -<p><i>The Granary of</i> Valens.] This was built by <i>Valens</i>. It is probably -the same Granary, in which was placed the Statue of <i>Manaim</i>, who -march’d his Army against the <i>Scythians</i>. There was kept here a brazen -Bushel, which was the common Standard, by which Corn was bought, and -sold. <i>Valens</i> commanded that twelve Bushels of Wheat should be sold at -the Price of an <i>Aureus</i>, (in <i>English</i> Coin 17<i>s.</i> 1<i>d.</i> <i>ob. qua.</i>) -and commanded a Sailor’s Hand to be cut off, who had eluded the Force -of that Law by Tricks, and Evasions, and in Memory of the Fact, order’d -a Brazen Hand to be hung up in the Granary.</p> - -<p>They had also at <i>Constantinople</i> Store-houses where they reposited -their Gold, and Silver, and Jewels. For <i>Paulus</i> a Lawyer informs us, -that ’twas customary to lay up in Store-houses the most valuable Part -of their Estates. <i>Lampridius</i> also mentions some Store-houses built -by <i>Alexander</i>, where private Persons, who had no Conveniency in their -own Houses, used to lay up their Gold, their Silver,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A31" id="Page_Page_A31">31</a></span> their Jewels, and -their Corn, and that the Masters of the Store-houses were obliged to -keep them safe at their Peril.</p> - -<p><i>The</i> Prosphorian <i>Port</i>.] Here they used to unlade all kinds of -Provisions; for the Word <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">προσφορὸν</span> in the <i>Greek</i> signifies -any thing that is brought to Market.</p> - -<p><i>The Stairs of</i> Chalcedon.] These were a convenient Descent by Steps, -where they went on Board, when they sail’d for <i>Chalcedon</i>, which lay -over against <i>Constantinople</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Two Flesh-Markets.</i>] All kind of Provisions were sold here.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="THE_SIXTH_WARD">The Sixth <i>Ward</i>.</h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE <i>sixth</i> Ward, <i>upon the Entrance of it, is a short Piece of level -Ground, all the rest is upon the Descent; for it extends itself -from the</i> Forum <i>of</i> Constantine <i>to the Stairs, where you ferry over -to</i> Sycæna. <i>It contains the</i> Porphyry <i>Pillar of</i> Constantine; <i>the -Senate-house in the same Place; the</i> Neorian <i>Port; the Stairs of</i> -Sycæna; <i>twenty two Streets; four hundred and eighty four great Houses; -one large</i> Portico; <i>nine private Baths; one publick, and seventeen -private Mills; it has also one</i> Curator, <i>one</i> Vernaculus; <i>forty nine</i> -Collegiati, <i>and five</i> Vico-Magistri.</p> - -<h4>NOTES.</h4> - -<p><i>The</i> Porphyry <i>Pillar of</i> Constantine.] This Pillar stood in the -<i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A32" id="Page_Page_A32">32</a></span> was pav’d with square Stones. -<i>Zonaras</i>, speaking of <i>Nicephorus Phocas</i> the Emperor, has this -Passage: The People curse <i>Nicephorus</i> even to the pav’d <i>Forum</i>, in -which is erected the round <i>Porphyry</i> Pillar. <i>Cedrinus</i> in his History -tells us, that <i>Constantine</i> in the twenty fourth Year of his Reign, -built a <i>Forum</i> with two <i>Rostrums</i>, or Pleading Desks made in the -form of Pulpits, and that he plac’d in the <i>Forum</i>, a Pillar which -he brought from <i>Rome</i>. It was one solid Piece of <i>Porphyry</i> Marble, -and was bound with three <i>Fasciæ</i>, or Wreaths of Brass round it, with -Inscriptions upon them. On the Top of it he erected his own Statue, -with this Inscription, <i>CONSTANTINUS</i>. It blazed like the Sun, was -made by the famous <i>Phidias</i>, and was brought from <i>Athens</i>. Upon the -Pedestal of the Pillar were carved in <i>Basso Relievo</i>, the seven and -twelve Baskets of Fragments, which were taken up in the Miracles of the -<i>Loaves</i> and <i>Fishes</i>, and beneath were inscribed the following Verses.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>To thee, O Saviour, Lord of th’ Universe</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Who rulest the unmeasurable Globe</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>With deepest Knowledge, I this People offer</i>;</div> -<div class="line"><i>May they be thine; I conquer’d them for thee</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>I lay m’ Imperial Sceptre at thy Feet</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>With all the mighty Force and Pow’r of</i> Rome.</div> -<div class="line"><i>Let thy good Providence with watchful Eye</i></div> -<div class="line"><i>Look down, and guard the City from all Ills.</i></div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noindent"><i>Zonaras</i> mentions the same Thing, tho’ in different Words. He placed, -says he, meaning <i>Constantine</i>, the round <i>Porphyry</i> Pillar which he -brought from <i>Rome</i>, in the <i>Forum</i>, paved with square Stones. For -this Reason it was called by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A33" id="Page_Page_A33">33</a></span> the <i>Greeks</i> <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πλακότον</span>. At the -Top of the Pillar he placed his own Statue in Brass, which for its -Largeness, and the Exquisiteness of its Work, was scarce to be matched -in the whole World, as being finished to the Life, by an antient and -eminent Statuary. It was thought that it was originally designed for -<i>Apollo</i>, and brought from <i>Troy</i>; but <i>Constantine</i> gave it his own -Name, making some Alteration by fattening some of those Nails in the -Head of it, with which the <i>Jews</i> crucified the <i>Lord of Life</i>. This -Statue continued standing upon the Pillar till very lately, when in -the Reign of <i>Alexius Comnenus</i>, it was thrown down by an Earthquake, -and crushed some People to Death. <i>Nicephorus</i> in the Fourth Book, -<i>Chap.</i> 8. of his <i>Eccles. Hist.</i> gives a better Description of it. He -built, says he, a large <i>Porphyry</i> Pillar, upon which he placed his own -Statue, holding in his right Hand a Globe, with a Cross fixed upon it. -By this Symbol he intimated, that by Virtue of that invincible Trophy -the Cross, the whole Earth and Sea was subject to his Power. <i>Gyllius</i> -writes, that this Pillar was made of eight Stones, and that at the -Joints of it, it was covered round with Wreathed Laurels made of Brass, -so that you could not perceive where it was cemented; but that upon -the Removal of the Brass-work, you might easily discern that it was a -jointed Structure, and that the Number of the Stones might be plainly -seen. This Pillar is eighty six Foot high, besides the <i>Basis</i>, the -Steps, and the Pedestal.</p> - -<p><i>The Senate-House, in the same Place.</i>] This Building stood on the -North Side of the <i>Forum</i> of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A34" id="Page_Page_A34">34</a></span> <i>Constantine</i>. The Senators and principal -Men of the City used to assemble here upon publick Affairs, and -the Emperor took upon him in this Place the Consular Habit. It was -curiously beautified with Brass, and <i>Porphyry</i> Marble. <i>Zonaras</i>, and -<i>Cedrinus</i> tell us, that in the Reign of <i>Leo</i> the <i>Great</i>, it was -destroyed by Fire.</p> - -<p><i>The</i> Neorian <i>Port</i>.] This was the Haven, or Dock, where they built -their shipping, from whence the Gate, which hands near it, is called -by some Writers, the Gate of the <i>Neorium</i>; but by <i>Zonaras</i>, and -<i>Cedrinus</i>, as will appear in my Notes upon the twelfth <i>Ward</i>, it was -called <i>Porta Aurea</i>, the gilded or beautiful Gate. Some have given it -the Name of the Imperial Gate, because it joins to the Palace.</p> - -<p><i>The Stairs</i> of Sycæna.] These are the Stairs upon the Shore, from -whence you go off to a neighbouring Island called <i>Sycæna</i> but which at -present is called <i>Pera</i>. In the Creek here, there are many Thousand -small Boats, more in Number than at <i>Venice</i>. They are generally called -Ferry-boats, because they <i>carry</i> their Fare to and fro’ across the -River.</p> - -<p><i>One large</i> Portico.] This <i>Portico</i> reached as far as the <i>Forum</i> of -<i>Constantine</i>, and was burnt down in a tumultuous Manner, in the Reign -of <i>Justinian</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A35" id="Page_Page_A35">35</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="THE_SEVENTH_WARD">The Seventh <i>Ward</i>.</h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE <i>seventh</i> Ward, <i>if compared with the former, lies more upon the -Level, although at the Extremity on one Side of it, it falls with a -greater Declivity into the Sea. It stretches its self with very long</i> -Portico’s, <i>from the right Hand of the Pillar of</i> Constantine, <i>to the</i> -Forum <i>of</i> Theodosius; <i>as it does also on another Side of it as far -as the Sea, by</i> Portico’s <i>extended in the same Manner. It contains -in it three Churches, that of St.</i> Irene; <i>St.</i> Anastasia, <i>and St.</i> -Paul; <i>the Pillar of</i> Theodosius, <i>which you ascend on the Inside by -Winding Stairs; two large Equestrian Statues; Part of the</i> Forum <i>of</i> -Theodosius; <i>the</i> Bagnio’s <i>of</i> Corosia; <i>eighty five Streets; seven -hundred and eleven great Houses; six large</i> Portico’s; <i>eleven private -Baths; twelve private Mills; and sixteen</i> Gradus. <i>It is governed by -one</i> Curator, <i>has one</i> Vernaculus, <i>eighty</i> Collegiati, <i>and five</i> -Vico-Magistri.</p> - -<h4>NOTES.</h4> - -<p><i>The Church of St.</i> Irene.] This Church stood in a Street of this -<i>Ward</i>, which was called <i>Taurus</i>. It was called the Church of St. -<i>Irene</i>, <i>i. e.</i> of Peace; and which, as <i>Socrates</i> and <i>Cedrinus</i> -inform us, was built by <i>Constantine</i> the <i>Great</i>, and burnt down in -the Reign of <i>Justinian</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A36" id="Page_Page_A36">36</a></span></p> - -<p><i>The Church of St.</i> Anastasia.] The Reliques of St. <i>Anastasia</i>, in -the first Year of <i>Leo</i> the <i>Great</i>, were brought from <i>Syrmium</i> to -<i>Constantinople</i>, and reposited in this Church which was built by the -Catholicks, because St. <i>Gregory Nazianzen</i> had there revived the -Doctrine of the <i>Holy Trinity</i>, or as <i>Sozomen</i> reports, because a -Woman big with Child falling from a Gallery over the Church-porch died -upon the Spot, and revived by the Prevalency of the Prayers of the -Congregation.</p> - -<p>But it seems to me more agreeable to Truth, that there were at -<i>Constantinople</i> two Churches which went under this Name: One was the -Church of the <i>Novatians</i>, which was pull’d down by the <i>Arians</i>, and -which was afterwards rebuilt by them, as <i>Sozomen</i> observes, <i>Lib.</i> IV. -<i>Cap.</i> 19, and was therefore call’d the Church of St. <i>Anastasia</i>. The -other was so call’d, from the Revival of the Doctrine of the Trinity, -just mentioned. The Church here meant was anciently the House of -<i>Nicobulus</i>, where St. <i>Gregory Nazianzen</i> was hospitably entertained -by him, as appears in his Oration to the Hundred and fifty Bishops. -This House was afterwards made a Church, and became a most magnificent -<i>Basilica</i>. But <i>Sozomen</i> tells us, <i>Lib.</i> V. <i>Cap.</i> 5. That the Church -was so called for the Reason above-mentioned. <i>Martian</i>, one of the -Principal, and most wealthy Citizens, built there a large and beautiful -Church. The Reliques of <i>Anastasia</i>, were reposited there, because the -Church bore her Name.</p> - -<p><i>The Pillar of</i> Theodosius, <i>which is ascended on the Inside by Winding -Stairs</i>.] <i>Zonaras</i>, in his Life of <i>Justinian</i>, writes concerning this -Pillar as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A37" id="Page_Page_A37">37</a></span> follows: In the seventeenth Year of his Reign, says he, the -great Pillar placed before the Porch of the great Church was finished, -upon which he placed his own Statue on Horseback. In the same Place had -stood formerly the Pillar of <i>Theodosius</i>, supporting a silver Statue, -made at the Cost of his Son <i>Arcadius</i>. This Statue was seven Thousand -four hundred Pound in Weight. <i>Justinian</i> took down the Statue, and -demolished the Pillar, and laid them both up; so that the Statue, -with the Stones of the Pillar, is to be seen at this Day. As the -Treatise, I am, upon was wrote when this Pillar was standing, it must -of Consequence be wrote before the Time of <i>Justinian</i>. <i>Cedrinus</i>, in -his Life of <i>Zeno</i>, speaks of this Pillar in another Manner, or else -he is speaking of another Pillar. In the Street called <i>Taurus</i>, says -he, <i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Great</i> erected a Pillar, on which was carved -the History of his Battles with the <i>Scythians</i>, and the Trophies of -his Success. This Pillar, continues he, has Winding-Stairs within it. -At the Top of it, in a Place where two Ways meet, sat <i>Theodosius</i> on -Horseback, with his right Hand stretched towards the City, and pointing -downwards to the Trophies carved upon it. This Pillar, with the Statue, -was thrown down by an Earthquake in the fourth Year of the Reign of -<i>Zeno</i> the Emperor. The same Historian, speaking of <i>Anastasius</i>, -says, that he ordered to be melted down many of the Statues, and other -Curiosities set up by <i>Constantine</i> the <i>Great</i>, out of which his own -Statue was made, which he placed upon the Pillar in the <i>Taurus</i>. For -before the Statue of <i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Great</i> was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A38" id="Page_Page_A38">38</a></span> placed there, the -Pillar of <i>Anastasius</i> was thrown down, and dashed to Pieces by an -Earthquake.</p> - -<p><i>Two large Equestrian Statues.</i>] One of these was the Statue of -<i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Great</i>. The other is unknown.</p> - -<p><i>The</i> Bagnio’s <i>of</i> Corosia.] These Bagnio’s took their Name from -<i>Corosia</i>, the Daughter of <i>Valens</i> the Emperor, as <i>Sozomen</i> observes -in the Ninth Chapter of his Sixth Book. <i>Martian</i>, says he, a Man of -consummate Learning, and great Austerity of Life, who had formerly -been one of the Emperor’s Life-Guard, but at that Time a Priest, was -a <i>Novatian</i>, and Tutor to <i>Anastasius</i> and <i>Corosia</i>, the Son and -Daughter of <i>Valens</i>, in the Rudiments of Grammar. He adds, that there -were some <i>Bagnio’s</i> at <i>Constantinople</i> that were named from them.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="THE_EIGHTH_WARD">The Eighth <i>Ward</i>.</h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE <i>eighth</i> Ward, <i>on the Side of the</i> Taurus, <i>is not bounded by -the Sea, and may be looked upon to be rather a narrow, than a broad -Piece of Ground; yet is this Defect sufficiently amended by its great -Length. It contains part of the</i> Forum <i>of</i> Constantine, <i>a</i> Portico -<i>on the left Side of it, reaching as far as the</i> Taurus; <i>the</i> Basilica -<i>of</i> Theodosius; <i>the</i> Capitol; <i>twenty two Streets; a hundred and -eight spacious Houses; five large</i> Portico’s; <i>fifteen private Baths; -five private Mills; five</i> Gradus, <i>and two Flesh Markets. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A39" id="Page_Page_A39">39</a></span> has -one</i> Curator, <i>one</i> Vernaculus, <i>seventeen</i> Collegiati, <i>and five</i> -Vico-Magistri.</p> - -<h4>NOTES.</h4> - -<p>This <i>Ward</i> is wholly encompassed by the Land, and contains part of -the <i>Taurus</i>, which was a Street of <i>Constantinople</i>. <i>Zonaras</i> in his -Life of <i>Nicephorus Botoniates</i>, takes Notice of it, and tells us, that -it contained Part of the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Constantine</i>, a <i>Portico</i> on the -left Side of it, reaching as far as the <i>Taurus</i>, the <i>Basilica</i> of -<i>Theodosius</i>, and the <i>Capitol</i>: In such magnificent Buildings, more -especially, did <i>Constantinople</i> much resemble <i>Old Rome</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="THE_NINTH_WARD">The Ninth <i>Ward</i>.</h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE <i>ninth</i> Ward <i>is all a Declivity, and bounded by the Sea. It -contains the two Churches of</i> Cænopolis, <i>and</i> Omonæa; <i>the Granaries -of</i> Alexandria; <i>the House of the most illustrious</i> Arcadia; <i>the</i> -Bagnio’s <i>of</i> Anastasia; <i>the Granaries of</i> Theodosius; <i>sixteen -Streets; a hundred and sixteen great Houses; two large</i> Portico’s; -<i>fifteen private Baths; fifteen private, and four publick Mills. ’Tis -governed by one</i> Curator, <i>one</i> Vernaculus, <i>thirty eight</i> Collegiati, -<i>and five</i> Vico-Magistri.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A40" id="Page_Page_A40">40</a></span></p> - -<h4>NOTES.</h4> - -<p><i>The two Churches of</i> Cænopolis, <i>and</i> Omonæa.] I am of Opinion, that -the first of these Churches took its Name from some Place in the City. -Perhaps it was call’d so from a Spring without the <i>Porta Aurea</i>, -which had made the Ground foul, and oozy. <i>Leo</i>, before he came to -the Government, as the Story goes, anointed the Eyes of a blind Man -with the Dirt of that Place, and he recover’d his Sight. When he -arriv’d afterwards to the Imperial Dignity, he dedicated a Church -to the <i>Virgin Mary</i>, who foretold his Accession to the Government. -<i>Nicephorus</i>, in <i>Lib.</i> XV. <i>Cap.</i> 25. <i>Hist. Ecclesiast.</i> (and -<i>Procopius</i> confirms it) says, that in the Suburbs, which was called -<i>Fons</i>, or the Spring, <i>Justinian</i> repair’d the Church of the <i>Blessed -Virgin</i>. The other Church is call’d <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ὁμόνοια</span>, or the Church of -Concord; because, probably in the Times of Heathenism, the Temple of -<i>Concord</i> stood there; as there were no less than three such Temples at -<i>Rome</i>. One of which was dedicated to her by <i>M. Furius Camillus</i>, upon -a Suppression of a Military Tumult; the second by <i>M. Manlius Prætor</i>, -upon quelling such another Tumult in <i>Gaul</i>; and the third in the -<i>Forum Romanum</i>, near the <i>Græcostasis</i>, by <i>L. Opimius</i> the <i>Consul</i>, -upon the Defeat of <i>Gracchus</i> and his Party, in Opposition to the -strongest Resentments of the People; so that the Inscription over this -Temple was <i>Opus Vecordiæ</i>, and not <i>Concordiæ</i>. There was also another -Temple dedicated to <i>Concord</i>, which was either built, or repair’d by -<i>Livia<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A41" id="Page_Page_A41">41</a></span> Augusta</i>, as is observed by St. <i>Austin.</i> <i>Lib.</i> III. <i>Cap.</i> -2. <i>de Civit. Dei.</i> One of these Temples was repaired by <i>Constantine</i> -for Christian Worship, as is evident from an antient Inscription in the -<i>Lateran</i>.</p> - -<p><i>The Granaries</i> of Alexandria.] There were yearly carried from -<i>Alexandria</i> to <i>Constantinople</i>, eight Millions of <i>Medimni</i> of Wheat, -(each <i>Medimnus</i> of <i>Attick</i> Measure consisted of six Bushels) for -which the Masters of the Ships by an Edict of <i>Justinian</i>, received -the Sum of ninety Thousand <i>Aurei</i>. There was antiently rais’d by -Order of the Senate, and the principal Inhabitants, the Sum of six -hundred and eleven Pounds in Gold, which was lodged in the Hands of the -<i>Prefect</i> of the City, for purchasing Provision; to which the Emperor -added another Import, for purchasing Corn from <i>Alexandria</i>, <i>Lib.</i> -III. <i>Cod. Theod. de Frumen. Urb. Constan.</i> This Corn, when brought to -<i>Constantinople</i>, was laid up in Granaries, which were therefore called -the Granaries of <i>Alexandria</i>.</p> - -<p><i>The House of the most illustrious</i> Arcadia.] This Lady, as <i>Cedrinus</i> -relates, was the Daughter of <i>Arcadius</i>. She had another House in the -tenth <i>Ward</i>. <i>Arcadius</i> had by the Empress <i>Eudocia</i>, three Daughters, -<i>Pulcheria</i>, <i>Marina</i>, and <i>Arcadia</i>, who all lived in a State of -Celibacy.</p> - -<p><i>The</i> Bagnio’s <i>of</i> Anastasia.] These <i>Bagnio’s</i> were so call’d from -<i>Anastasia</i>, the Daughter of <i>Valens</i>, as others were from her Sister -<i>Carosia</i> abovementioned. <i>Marcellinus</i>, in his <i>Seventeenth Book</i> -observes, that these <i>Bagnio’s</i> took their Name from <i>Anastasia</i>. -<i>Paulas Diaconus</i> tells us in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A42" id="Page_Page_A42">42</a></span> his <i>Thirteenth Book</i>, that there’s a -very large House in <i>Constantinople</i> called <i>Carya</i>, which signifies -a Nut: For, says he, there stands in the Porch of this House a -Nut-tree, on which, as the Report goes, St. <i>Achatius</i> suffered -Martyrdom. Upon this Account, there is also an Oratory built in the -same Place. <i>Procopius</i> also mentions a Man, who went to the <i>Bagnio’s</i> -of <i>Anastasia</i>, which took their Name, says he, from the Sister of -<i>Constantine</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="THE_TENTH_WARD">The Tenth <i>Ward</i>.</h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE <i>tenth</i> Ward, <i>on the other Side of the City, is divided from the -ninth by a broad Way, yet is it much more upon the Level; nor is it, in -any Part of it uneven, but near the Sea Shore. ’Tis of a proportionable -Length and Breadth, and contains in it; the Church of St.</i> Achatius; -<i>the</i> Bagnio’s <i>of Constantine; the House of</i> Augusta Placidia; <i>the -House of</i> Augusta Eudocia; <i>the House of the most illustrious</i> Arcadia; -<i>a large</i> Nympheum; <i>twenty Streets; six hundred and thirty six great -Houses; six large</i> Portico’s; <i>twenty two private Baths; two publick, -and sixteen private Mills; and twelve</i> Gradus. <i>It has one</i> Curator, -<i>one</i> Vernaculus, <i>ninety</i> Collegiati, <i>and five</i> Vico-Magistri.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A43" id="Page_Page_A43">43</a></span></p> - -<h4>NOTES.</h4> - -<p><i>The Church of St.</i> Achatius.] This good Man suffered Death at -<i>Constantinople</i>, as I just observed, upon a Nut-tree, which -<i>Nicephorus</i> says, remained in the Middle of the Church, sacred to his -Memory in the Reign of <i>Arcadius</i>, though he was martyr’d in the Time -of <i>Dioclesian</i> an hundred Years before. For, speaking of <i>Procopius</i> -the Tyrant, The Church, says he, which was demolished with Age, was -rebuilt, and beautified by <i>Justinian</i>. And <i>Procopius</i> the Historian -tells us in <i>Lib. de Ædif Just.</i> That <i>Justinian</i> rebuilt it from the -Ground, and that it cast such a Lustre, that it struck the Spectators -with Admiration, its Marble being very glossy, and white as Snow. -He adds farther, that this Church was called the <i>Martyrdom</i> of St. -<i>Achatius</i>, because he was buried there, which happened on the sixth of -<i>May</i>.</p> - -<p><i>The</i> Bagnio’s <i>of</i> Constantine.] <i>Gyllius</i> says they were the -<i>Bagnio’s</i> of <i>Constantius</i>, and which, indeed, are often mentioned -by <i>Sozomen</i>, <i>Socrates</i>, and <i>Suidas</i>; but ’tis more probable that -these <i>Bagnio’s</i> were built by <i>Constantine</i>, who was indefatigable in -beautifying the City with many Decorations.</p> - -<p><i>The House of</i> Placidia Augusta.] This Lady was the Daughter of -<i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Less</i>, who afterwards resided in <i>Italy</i>, with her -Brother <i>Honorius</i>.</p> - -<p><i>The House of</i> Augusta Eudocia.] She was the most learned Woman of -her Age, and wrote the Life of <i>Christ</i> in <i>Greek Hexameters</i>, after -the Manner of <i>Homer</i>. At last being suspected by her Husband of -Adultery, and divorc’d, she went to <i>Jerusalem</i>, but upon the Death of -<i>Theodosius</i>, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A44" id="Page_Page_A44">44</a></span> <i>Zonaras</i> and <i>Nicephorus</i> write, returned again to -<i>Constantinople</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="THE_ELEVENTH_WARD">The Eleventh <i>Ward</i>.</h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE <i>eleventh</i> Ward, <i>much wider in Compass than the former, is, -in no part of it, bounded by the Sea. The whole of it, level and -rising Ground, contains, the Church of the</i> Apostles; <i>the Palace of</i> -Flacilla; <i>the House of</i> Augusta Pulcheria; <i>the Brazen Bull; the -Cistern of</i> Arcadius; <i>the Cistern of</i> Modestus; <i>five hundred and -three great Houses; four large</i> Portico’s; <i>fourteen private Baths; -one publick, and three private Mills; and seven</i> Gradus. <i>It has one</i> -Curator; <i>one</i> Vernaculus; <i>thirty seven</i> Collegiati, <i>and five</i> -Vico-Magistri.</p> - -<h4>NOTES.</h4> - -<p><i>The Church of the</i> Apostles.] <i>Cedrinus</i> and <i>Eusebius</i> write, that -this Church was rebuilt by <i>Constantine</i>. <i>Eusebius</i>, <i>Lib.</i> IV. -<i>Cap.</i> 58. <i>de Vita Const.</i> says, that to perpetuate the Memory of -the <i>Apostles</i>, he began to build a Church, in the City called after -his own Name. When he had built the Church to a very great Height, he -beautify’d it with Stones of all Kinds, and inlay’d it with Variety of -the most delicate Marble, from the Pavement to the Top of the Church; -and having closed the Roof with Arches of the best Workmanship, he -gilded it over. The Top of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A45" id="Page_Page_A45">45</a></span> Church, on the Outside of it, was -cover’d with Brass, to secure it from the Violence of the Weather, -part of which was also gilded; so that the amazing Splendour of it, -reflected the Rays of the Sun to a very great Distance. The inward -part of the Church he cover’d with Net-work, which was artificially -made of Brass and Gold. Thus beautifully was the Church adorn’d by the -great Care and Application of the Emperor. Before it stood a spacious -Court, with an open Gallery round it. The Church and the Gallery were -wholly surrounded with <i>Portico’s</i>. The Palace, the <i>Bagnio’s</i>, the -Walks, and many Houses built for the Accommodation of those who look’d -after them, had all of them the Conveniency of some <i>Portico</i>. In -this Church was laid the Body of <i>Constantine</i>, in a golden Chest, -the twelve <i>Apostles</i> standing round his Tomb. This is attested by -<i>Socrates</i>. This Church was afterwards rebeautified by <i>Justinian</i>. For -<i>Procopius</i>, <i>Lib. de Ædif. Just.</i> speaks of it thus: There was, says -he, an ancient Church at <i>Constantinople</i>, just sinking with Age. This -Church, for the Reverence he bore to it, was repair’d by <i>Justinian</i>, -where the Masons and Workmen found three wooden Chests or Coffins, -which proved by their Inscriptions, that the Bodies of St. <i>Luke</i>, St. -<i>Andrew</i> and <i>Timothy</i>, were interr’d there, and which were viewed by -<i>Justinian</i>, and the <i>Christians</i> of those Times, with the greatest -Admiration.</p> - -<p><i>The Palace of</i> Flacilla.] If we read it <i>Falcilla</i>, it is meant of -another Daughter of <i>Arcadius</i>; if <i>Placilla</i>, she was the Wife of -<i>Theodosius the Great</i>, whom <i>Paulus Diaconus</i> calls <i>Flacilla</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A46" id="Page_Page_A46">46</a></span></p> - -<p><i>The Brazen Bull.</i>] This Bull, <i>Cedrinus</i> writes, was brought from -<i>Troy</i>. There was, says he, a Stove in which St. <i>Antipas</i> the Martyr -was burnt to Death. Some are of Opinion, that this Stove was the -<i>Brazen Bull</i> here mention’d, which was invented by <i>Perillus</i>, who -was forced to undergo the same Torment by <i>Phalaris</i>, a cruel Tyrant -of <i>Agrigentum</i>. <i>Zonaras</i> relates, that <i>Phocas</i> the Tyrant was burnt -in a Bull, <i>i. e.</i> in a brazen Stove made in the Shape of a Bull, -brought from <i>Pergamus</i>, which Place gave its Name to a Place near -<i>Constantinople</i>.</p> - -<p><i>The Cistern of</i> Modestus.] <i>Modestus</i> was first chief Governour of -the East, and was afterwards, <i>Præfectus Prætorio</i>, or General of -the Life-Guard to <i>Valens</i>. As he was an <i>Arian</i>, he persecuted the -Catholicks. Afterwards he was recovered from a dangerous Illness by the -Prayers of St. <i>Basil</i>, as ’tis recorded by <i>Gregory Nazianzen</i> in his -Funeral Oration upon him. I take this to be the same Person who built -the Cistern here mention’d.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="THE_TWELFTH_WARD">The Twelfth <i>Ward</i>.</h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE <i>twelfth</i> Ward, <i>from the Entrance of the City at the</i> Porta Aurea, -<i>is a long way upon the Level. ’Tis extended on the left Side of it -by a gentle Descent, and is bounded by the Sea. This</i> Ward <i>is better -guarded, and more handsomly beautified than any other, the Walls rising -higher here than in any other part of the City. It contains<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A47" id="Page_Page_A47">47</a></span> the</i> Porta -Aurea; <i>the</i> Portico’s <i>of</i> Troas; <i>the</i> Forum <i>of</i> Theodosius; <i>A -Column with winding Stairs in its Inside; the Mint, or Treasury; the -Port of</i> Theodosius; <i>eleven Streets; three hundred and sixty three -great Houses; three large</i> Portico’s; <i>five private Baths; five private -Mills, and nine</i> Gradus. <i>It has one</i> Curator, <i>one</i> Vernaculus, -<i>thirty four</i> Collegiati, <i>and five</i> Vico-Magistri.</p> - -<h4>NOTES.</h4> - -<p><i>The</i> Porta Aurea.] The <i>Greeks</i> call it <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὡραία</span> both on -the account of its own Beautifulness, and that of the neighbouring -Buildings; so that it is a palpable Mistake in those who call it <i>Porta -Neoria</i> from the Dock, which is near to it. I take this to be the same -Gate which <i>Zonaras</i> mentions in his Life of <i>Leo</i> the Philosopher. -He calls it the Western Gate of the Golden <i>Triclinium</i>, from whence -it is call’d the <i>Porta Aurea</i>, as is observ’d by <i>Nicetas</i> in his -Life of <i>Alexius Ducas, Marzulfus</i>, and in the <i>History</i> of their -Atchievements, after they had taken the City; as also by <i>Nicephorus -Gregoras</i>, in his <i>Treatise</i> entituled, <i>The Entry of</i> Michael -Palæologus <i>into the City</i>. In this Gate it is reported, the Elephants -were stabled, which were much like those with which <i>Theodosius</i> -made his publick Entry into <i>Constantinople</i>, as ’tis mention’d by -<i>Cedrinus</i>. Some Historians tell us, that they were transported to -<i>Constantinople</i> from the Temple of <i>Mars Atheniensis</i>. This Gate stood -Easterly, facing the Sea, and as <i>Nicephorus</i> observes, overlook’d the -Imperial Citadel through the City to a great Distance, and that from -thence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A48" id="Page_Page_A48">48</a></span> you might look very far backwards into the Inland Countries. -This Gate, in a direct Line, was distant from the Sea-shore fourteen -thousand and seventy five Feet, so that the City was about three Miles -in Length.</p> - -<p><i>The</i> Portico’s <i>of</i> Troas.] I believe these <i>Portico’s</i> took their -Name either from the People of <i>Troas</i>, who, while they continued -there, built them; or from some Part of the City so call’d, or because -some Goods and Merchandize were imported thither from <i>Troas</i>, as I -observed before of the Granaries of <i>Troas</i>.</p> - -<p><i>A Column with winding Stairs on its Inside.</i>] Upon this Pillar was -erected the Statue of <i>Theodosius</i>, which, as <i>Zonaras</i> writes, was -near the <i>Porta Aurea</i>, and fell down in the Reign of <i>Leo Isaurus</i>. -<i>Gyllius</i> is of Opinion, that this was the Statue of <i>Arcadius</i>, that -the Shaft of it, with the Pedestal and Capital, consisted of twenty one -Stones; and adds, that the Battels of <i>Theodosius</i> were carv’d upon it.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="THE_THIRTEENTH_WARD">The Thirteenth <i>Ward</i>.</h3> - -<p class="dropcap2">THE <i>thirteenth</i> Ward <i>is call’d the</i> Sycæne Ward, <i>which is divided -from the City by a narrow Bay of the Sea, and maintains an Intercourse -with it by Boats, and small Vessels. It stands wholly upon the Side -of it, except a broad Tract of Land, which lies Level, at the Foot of -it, near the Sea-shore. It contains one Church, the</i> Bagnio’s <i>and</i> -Forum <i>of</i> Honorius; <i>A Theatre; A Dock for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A49" id="Page_Page_A49">49</a></span> Ship-building; four -hundred and thirty one great Houses; one large</i> Portico; <i>five private</i> -Bagnio’s; <i>one publick, and four private Mills; with eight</i> Gradus. -<i>It has one</i> Curator, <i>one</i> Vernaculus, <i>thirty four</i> Collegiati, <i>and -five</i> Vico-Magistri.</p> - -<h4>NOTES.</h4> - -<p><i>The</i> Sycene Ward.] This <i>Ward</i> is a <i>Peninsula</i> divided from -<i>Constantinople</i> by a small Bay of the City. ’Tis at present call’d -<i>Galata</i>, or <i>Pera</i>. <i>Stephanus</i> (<i>de Urbibus</i>) tells us, that <i>Sycæ</i> -is a small City over against New <i>Rome</i>, which in his Time was called -<i>Justiniana</i>. But <i>Justinian</i> himself, <i>Novel.</i> 59. <i>Cap.</i> 5. places it -so far within the new Walls of the City, that, as he says, it ought to -be looked upon as a Part of it. It was named by the <i>Greeks</i> <i>Sycæna</i>, -from the great Produce it bears of the best <i>Figs</i>, as is observed by -<i>Cedrinus</i> and <i>Dionysius</i> a <i>Byzantian</i>. ’Tis not inhabited at present -by the <i>Franks</i>, for so the <i>Greeks</i> call the <i>Latines</i>. <i>Gyllius</i> is -of Opinion that it was called <i>Galata</i>, because <i>Brennus</i>, Captain -General of the <i>Gauls</i>, whom the <i>Greeks</i> call <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Γαλάται</span> -marched thither with his Army. It was also called <i>Pera</i>, that is, -the <i>Ferry</i>, or <i>Peræa</i>, and stood on the other Side of the Water; as -<i>Josephus</i> relates, that <i>Judæa</i> was on the other Side of <i>Jordan</i>; -and as <i>Strabo</i> mentions a Place, which he says was on the other Side -of <i>Euphrates</i>. <i>Anastasius</i> in his <i>Constitutions</i> calls it <i>Sycæ</i>, -or the <i>Ferry</i> of <i>Sycæ</i>, where he commands the Dead to be bury’d -without Fee, or Reward. ’Tis divided by a Hill<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A50" id="Page_Page_A50">50</a></span> that runs from North to -South, and is bounded on each Side by two Vales, of a Mile in Length. -Its Walls are four Thousand four Hundred Paces in Compass. Near to -it, <i>Justinian</i> in his 159ᵗʰ <i>Nov.</i> seems to fix the Suburbs called -<i>Coparium</i>: And <i>Socrates</i> in his 30ᵗʰ <i>Chap.</i> of his <i>Eccles. Hist.</i> -tells us, that there’s a Place just against the City, which is called -<i>Sycæ</i>. The Church of the <i>Novatians</i> was translated hither in the -Reign of <i>Constantine</i>.</p> - -<p><i>It maintained an Intercourse with</i> Constantinople, <i>by Boats and -small Vessels</i>.] There were in the Bay here many Thousands of small -Boats, far exceeding the Number of those which are at <i>Venice</i> to carry -Passengers from one Shore to the other, so that this <i>Peninsula</i> might -reasonably be looked upon as a Part of the City. ’Tis almost surrounded -with Mountains, at the Foot of which, towards the Sea, it lies all upon -a Level to the opposite Shore. It contained a Church, the <i>Forum</i>, -and Theatre of <i>Honorius</i>, and many other Ornaments and Curiosities -in common with other <i>Wards</i>. There stood here a magnificent Church -dedicated to St. <i>Irene</i>, which was built by <i>Pertinax</i>, who had pass’d -the Consular Dignity, and was then <i>Patriarch</i> of <i>Constantinople</i>: -And <i>Constantine</i>, when he had beautified the <i>Ward</i> with many stately -Buildings, enclosed it with a Wall, as ’tis recorded by <i>Cardinal -Baronius</i> in his <i>Annals</i> of the Year 314.</p> - -<p><i>The Dock.</i>] There was also a Place in this <i>Ward</i> where they built -their Ships.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A51" id="Page_Page_A51">51</a></span></p> - -<p>The Author has taken no Notice of two Streets which belonged to this -<i>Ward</i>, and which would complete the Number of three hundred and twenty -two Streets, mentioned in the Conclusion of his <i>Treatise</i>; but without -the Addition of them, we can reckon them three hundred and twenty and -no more.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="THE_FOURTEENTH_WARD">The Fourteenth <i>Ward</i>.</h3> - -<p class="dropcap2"><i>Although this</i> Ward <i>is look’d upon to be a fourteenth Part of -the City, yet because it is divided from the other</i> Wards <i>by an -intermediate Space of Land, and enclosed within its own Walls, it -makes the Figure of a small City by it self. The Entrance of it at the -Gate is somewhat upon the Level; but the right Side of it, rising into -an Ascent, almost to the Middle of the broad Way, falls into a deep -Descent, and ends afterwards near the Sea in a Plain. It contains a -Church; the Palace; a</i> Nympheum; <i>some Baths; a Theatre; a</i> Lusorium; -<i>a Wooden Bridge; eleven Streets; a hundred and sixty seven great -Houses; two large</i> Portico’s; <i>five private Baths; one publick, and one -private Mill; with five</i> Gradus.</p> - -<h4>NOTES.</h4> - -<p><i>The fourteenth</i> Ward, <i>which is enclosed within its own Walls, makes -the Figure of a kind of small<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A52" id="Page_Page_A52">52</a></span> City by it self</i>.] It was antiently -looked upon to be a small City, because one of the Emperors had built -there an Imperial Citadel. ’Tis very mountainous about it, and it -descends towards the Sea, into the Bosom of a Plain. The Name of the -Church in this <i>Ward</i> is not known at present.</p> - -<p><i>A Palace.</i>] This is the Place of Imperial Residence, which was -antiently called <i>Palatium</i>, because <i>Augustus</i> dwelt in Mount -<i>Palatine</i> at <i>Rome</i>. The Dwelling-House of <i>Romulus</i> was also called -by the same Name. Wherefore, says <i>Dion</i>, speaking of <i>Augustus</i>, let -the Emperor be where he pleases, yet the Place where he constantly -dwells, is always called his Palace.</p> - -<p><i>A</i> Lusorium.] This probably was the same Place with the <i>Ludus -Venatorius</i>, in which the Combatants exercised themselves before -they engaged with wild Beasts; yet is it more probable, that it was -so called from the <i>Naves Lusoriæ</i>, which were built there, of which -<i>Marcellinus</i> takes Notice in his <i>sixth Book</i>, as also the <i>Code</i> of -<i>Theodosius de Lusoriis Danubii</i>.</p> - -<p><i>A Wooden Bridge.</i>] <i>Suidas</i> writes, that near the Church of St. -<i>Mamas</i>, there was a Bridge which consisted of twelve Arches, for there -was a great Flood of Waters there. I believe this was after chang’d -into a Stone Bridge.</p> - -<p><i>Five</i> Gradus, <i>or Stairs</i>.] At the End of this <i>Ward</i>, after the five -<i>Gradus</i>, I would correct the Omission of my Author, by comparing this -with the other <i>Wards</i>, and adding one <i>Curator</i>, one <i>Vernaculus</i>, -thirty seven <i>Collegiati</i>, and five <i>Vico-Magistri</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A53" id="Page_Page_A53">53</a></span></p> - -<p>The Author, in his following summary View of the City, mentions five -hundred and sixty <i>Collegiati</i>, but to complete the Number of them, -there are wanting seven. <i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Less</i> has added three in -<i>Lib. de Commer. & Mercat.</i> and makes the Number of them to be five -hundred and sixty three.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="A_SUMMARY_VIEW"><i>A Summary View of the whole City.</i></h3> - -<p class="dropcap2"><i>Having taken a particular View of the City, as divided into</i> Wards, -<i>I shall now</i>, continues my Author, <i>give the Reader a more large and -general Description of it, to shew that its Beauty and Magnificence is -not only to be ascribed to Art and good Workmanship, but that Nature -herself by the Mediation of the Elements, has happily contributed -to its Security and Defence. The divine Providence has with so much -Wisdom consulted the Preservation of its Inhabitants, even to future -Ages, that a long Tract of Land, in the Nature of a</i> Promontory, -<i>full of Windings and Harbours in its Sides, facing the Chaps of the</i> -Black-Sea, <i>narrow in Breadth, is strongly fortified by the Sea. The</i> -Isthmus, <i>the only Part of the City not bounded by the Sea, is at the -same Time strengthened with a double Wall with numerous Towers on its -Ramparts. The City thus enclosed and defended, contains in the Whole -the following Buildings. Five Palaces; fourteen Churches; five divine -Houses of the</i> Augustæ; <i>three of the most illustrious Ladies</i>;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A54" id="Page_Page_A54">54</a></span> -<i>eight</i> Bagnio’s; <i>two</i> Basilica’s; <i>four</i> Fora’s; <i>two Senate-Houses; -five Granaries, or Store-Houses; two Theatres; two</i> Lusoria; <i>four -Havens; one</i> Circo; <i>four Cisterns; four</i> Nymphea; <i>three hundred -and twenty two Streets; four Thousand three hundred and eight large -Houses; fifty two</i> Portico’s; <i>a hundred and fifty three private Baths; -twenty publick, and a hundred and twenty private Mills; a hundred and -seventeen</i> Gradus; <i>five Flesh Markets; one</i> Porphyry <i>Pillar; two -Pillars with winding Stairs; one</i> Colossus; <i>one Golden</i> Tetrapylum; -<i>the</i> Forum <i>of</i> Augustus; <i>the Capitol; the Mint, or Treasury; and -three</i> Gradus <i>by the Sea-Shore. It was under the Care and Government -of fourteen</i> Curators, <i>fourteen</i> Vernaculi, <i>five hundred and sixty</i> -Collegiati, <i>and sixty five</i> Vico-Magistri. <i>The Length of the City -from the</i> Porta Aurea <i>in a direct Line to the Sea-Shore, is fourteen -Thousand and seventy five Feet; the Breadth of it, six Thousand one -Hundred and fifty</i>. Thus concludes the Author of the Description, I -shall now go on with my</p> - -<h4>NOTES.</h4> - -<p><i>It has five Palaces.</i>] Old <i>Rome</i>, instead of these, has one Thousand -one hundred and eighty Houses.</p> - -<p><i>Fourteen Churches.</i>] <i>Rome</i> had four Hundred and twenty four Temples.</p> - -<p><i>Five divine Houses of the</i> Augustæ, <i>and of those who bore the Title -of the Most Illustrious three</i>.] The Houses of those Ladies, who bore -the Title<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A55" id="Page_Page_A55">55</a></span> of <i>Augustæ</i> were called Divine. They had also other Marks -of Imperiality and Honour conferr’d upon them. By the Mistake of the -Writer these Houses were reckoned six, though they were no more in -Number than five only, <i>viz.</i> two of <i>Placidia</i>, two of <i>Pulcheria</i>, -and one of <i>Eudocia</i>, the Wife of <i>Theodosius</i>. As to the Houses -belonging to the Ladies, entitled the <i>Most Illustrious</i>, one of them -belonged to <i>Marina</i>, and the other two to <i>Arcadia</i>, and bore the same -Title with themselves.</p> - -<p><i>Eight</i> Bagnio’s.] <i>Victor</i> writes, that at <i>Rome</i> there were eleven.</p> - -<p><i>Two</i> Basilica’s.] There were ten of them at <i>Rome</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Four</i> Fora’s.] At <i>Rome</i> there were eleven; <i>Victor</i> says nineteen.</p> - -<p><i>Two Senate-Houses.</i>] At <i>Rome</i>, as <i>Victor</i> says, there were three; -one stood between the <i>Capitol</i>, and the <i>Forum Romanum</i>, where was the -Temple of <i>Concord</i>; another by the <i>Porta Capena</i>, and a third in the -Temple of <i>Bellona</i>, which stood in the <i>Circo</i> of <i>Flaminius</i>, where -the Foreign Ambassadors resided, because they would not allow them -Admittance into the City.</p> - -<p><i>Five Granaries.</i>] At <i>Rome</i> there were two hundred and ninety two.</p> - -<p><i>Two Theatres.</i>] At <i>Rome</i> there were three.</p> - -<p><i>Two</i> Lusoria.] At <i>Rome</i>, according to <i>Victor</i>, there were sixteen.</p> - -<p><i>Four Havens.</i>] At <i>Rome</i> there was but one.</p> - -<p><i>One</i> Circo.] At <i>Rome</i> there were two.</p> - -<p><i>Four Cisterns.</i>] At <i>Rome</i> there were none.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A56" id="Page_Page_A56">56</a></span></p> - -<p><i>Four</i> Nymphea.] At <i>Rome</i> there were fifteen.</p> - -<p><i>Three hundred and twenty two Streets.</i>] At <i>Rome</i> four Hundred and -twenty four.</p> - -<p><i>Four Thousand three hundred and eighteen large Houses.</i>] At <i>Rome</i> -there were forty six Thousand six hundred and two <i>Insulæ</i>, and one -Thousand seven hundred and eighty large Houses. The Houses here -mentioned were large roof’d Buildings, tyl’d at Top four Ways; the -<i>Insulæ</i> were roof’d Buildings, tyl’d only before and behind.</p> - -<p><i>Forty two</i> Portico’s.] At <i>Rome</i> there were six only.</p> - -<p><i>A hundred and fifty three private Baths.</i>] At <i>Rome</i> there were eight -hundred and fifty six.</p> - -<p><i>Twenty publick, and a hundred and twenty private Mills.</i>] At <i>Rome</i> -two hundred and fifty four.</p> - -<p><i>A hundred and seventeen</i> Gradus.] At <i>Rome</i> none.</p> - -<p><i>Five Flesh-Markets.</i>] At <i>Rome</i> two only.</p> - -<p><i>Five hundred and sixty</i> Collegiati.] It is apparent that thirty seven -of them are omitted in the last <i>Ward</i>. There was no such Office at -<i>Rome</i>, yet there were, instead of them, Watchmen divided into seven -Companies, whose Business, according to <i>Dion</i> and <i>Suetonius</i>, was -much the same with that of the <i>Collegiati</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Sixty five</i> Vico-magistri.] It should be read seventy; for five -of them are omitted in the last <i>Ward</i>. At <i>Rome</i> the Number of -<i>Collegiati</i> was six hundred and seventy two.</p> - -<p><i>A Porphyry Pillar.</i>] There was no such Pillar, as <i>Cedrinus</i> says, -at <i>Rome</i>, tho’ this was brought from thence. <i>Gyllius</i> writes, that -this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A57" id="Page_Page_A57">57</a></span> Pillar was made of square marble Stones, and that it stood in the -<i>Hippodrom</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Two Pillars with Winding-Stairs in the Inside of them.</i>] There was the -same Number at <i>Rome</i>.</p> - -<p><i>One</i> Colossus.] At <i>Rome</i> there were two. ’Tis omitted in the -<i>Description of the Wards</i>, as many other Things of Note are.</p> - -<p><i>The Golden</i> Tetrapylum.] <i>Gyllius</i> quotes an unknown Author who will -have this <i>Tetrapylum</i> to have been a Quadrangle with <i>Portico’s</i> -round it, having Four Gates, and was formerly call’d <i>Quadrivium</i>. The -<i>Latines</i> call it a <i>Stadium</i>. But there’s no such Place to be found -in the <i>Wards</i> of the City, unless it be the <i>Stadium</i> in the Fourth -<i>Ward</i>, which is omitted in the <i>Summary View</i> of the City. <i>Cedrinus</i>, -in his Life of <i>Leo Magnus</i>, mentions this <i>Tetrapylum</i>. <i>Evagrius</i> -in the <i>twenty eighth Chapter</i> of his <i>third Book</i> tells us, that -it was built by the Senator <i>Mammianus</i>, in the Reign of <i>Zeno</i>. He -built, says he, two stately <i>Portico’s</i> of exquisite Workmanship, and -beautify’d them with a neat glossy Marble. As to the <i>Tetrapylum</i> built -by <i>Mammianus</i>, there are not, as <i>Gyllius</i> tells us, the least Remains -of it. <i>Victor</i> writes, that there was a <i>Pentapylum</i> in the tenth -<i>Ward</i> of <i>Rome</i>.</p> - -<p><i>The</i> Augusteum.] This was the <i>Forum</i> of <i>Augustus</i>.</p> - -<p><i>The Capitol.</i>] At <i>Rome</i>, as <i>Victor</i> writes, there were two; the old -and the new <i>Capitol</i>.</p> - -<p><i>The Mint, or Treasury.</i>] There was no such Place at <i>Rome</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A58" id="Page_Page_A58">58</a></span></p> - -<p><i>Three</i> Gradus <i>by the Sea-Shore</i>.] There were no such <i>Stairs</i> at -<i>Rome</i>, yet they had their <i>Lakes</i>, their <i>Naval Fights</i>, &c.</p> - -<p>The City is reported to have had twenty three Gates. <i>Laonicus -Chalcondylus</i>, in his History of the <i>Ottomans</i>, tells us, that -<i>Constantinople</i> contains in compass a hundred and eleven Furlongs, -which is more than thirteen <i>Italian</i> Miles. ’Tis generally thought -to be eighteen Miles in Circumference. Besides the foremention’d -Curiosities, <i>Constantinople</i> has been famous for the <i>Aqueduct</i> -of <i>Hadrian</i>, which furnish’d the Palace, the <i>Nymphea</i>, and the -<i>Bagnio’s</i> with a Sufficiency of Waters, as <i>Theodosius</i> mentions in a -Letter to <i>Cyrus</i>, <i>Prefect</i> of the City. The <i>Bagnio’s</i> of <i>Achilles</i> -are also mention’d by him, where he says, that these <i>Bagnio’s</i> were -supply’d with Water convey’d into them from the said <i>Aqueduct</i> by -leaden Pipes. <i>Cedrinus</i> says, that these <i>Bagnio’s</i> were built -near the <i>Strategium</i>, and took their Name from an Altar, which was -dedicated to <i>Ajax</i> and <i>Achilles:</i> And <i>Cassiodorus</i> relates, that the -Fire, which happen’d in the Reign of <i>Constantine</i> the <i>Great</i>, burnt -down the City, as far as the <i>Bagnio’s</i> of <i>Achilles</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A59" id="Page_Page_A59">59</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="ACCOUNT_OF_THE_SUBURBS"><i>Some Account of the</i> Suburbs <i>as they -are mention’d in the</i> Codes <i>and</i> Law-Books.</h3> - -<p class="dropcap2"><i>Procopius</i> tells us, in his first Book <i>de Ædif. Justin.</i> that -the <i>Hepdomum</i> was one Part of the Suburbs of <i>Constantinople</i>. -<i>Justinian</i>, says he, built another Church dedicate to St. <i>Theodora</i> -in a Place call’d the <i>Hepdomum</i>, which in the <i>Greek</i> signifies the -<i>Seventh</i>. <i>Zonaras</i>, in the Life of <i>Phocas</i>, mentions the same -Thing, as does also <i>Cedrinus</i> in the Life of <i>Arcadius</i> and <i>Justin</i>, -with many others. In this Place were many Laws enacted; and <i>Zonaras</i> -writes, that <i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Great</i> built a Church there, in Honour -of St. <i>John Baptist</i>. <i>Gyllius</i> says, that ’tis at present enclos’d -within the Walls of the City, that it stands upon the sixth Hill, and -that ’tis call’d <i>Hepdomum</i>, or <i>Seventh</i>, as denoting the Number of -the Suburbs of the City.</p> - -<p><i>The</i> Blachernæ.] This is another Part of the Suburbs, mention’d -by <i>Justinian</i> in his 151ˢᵗ <i>Nov.</i> where he says, that <i>Hierius</i> -bequeath’d by Will to his Son <i>Anthemius</i> the Suburbs in the -<i>Blachernæ</i>. <i>Zonaras</i> writes, that <i>Pulcheria</i>, the Sister of -<i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Less</i>, built a Church to the <i>Blessed Virgin</i> in this -Place, which, as <i>Procopius</i> tells us, was repair’d by <i>Justinian</i>. -<i>Cedrinus</i> observes, that the Emperor <i>Justin</i>, Nephew<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A60" id="Page_Page_A60">60</a></span> of <i>Justinian</i>, -enlarg’d it with two Arches. <i>Suidas</i> reports, that <i>Anastasius</i> the -Emperor built there a large <i>Triclinium</i> and <i>Tiberius</i> a <i>Bagnio</i>, as -<i>Zonaras</i> writes. It took its Name of the <i>Blachernæ</i>, as <i>Gyllius</i> -believes, upon the Authority of <i>Dionysius</i> a <i>Byzantian</i> Writer, from -some Person, who was formerly a kind of a petty King there. It was -situate near the Sea, in the Place, as <i>Nicephorus</i> observes in his -15ᵗʰ <i>Book</i> <i>Chap.</i> 25ᵗʰ <i>of his Eccl. Hist.</i> where <i>Leo</i> the <i>Great</i> -built a Church to the Virgin <i>Mary</i>.</p> - -<p>The <i>Monastery</i> of <i>Studius</i> was another Part of the Suburbs of -<i>Constantinople</i>, in which, as <i>Justinian</i> observes, in his 6ᵗʰ <i>Chap.</i> -<i>Novel</i> 59ᵗʰ. was kept a large Bier, for the Burial of the Dead. The -following Account is given of <i>Studius</i> by <i>Nicephorus</i>, in his 15ᵗʰ -<i>Book</i>, <i>Chap.</i> 25ᵗʰ <i>of his Eccles. Hist.</i> An eminent Citizen of -<i>Rome</i>, says he, nam’d <i>Studius</i>, came from thence to <i>Constantinople</i>, -where he built a Church to the Memory of St. <i>John Baptist</i>, and -that divine Service might be celebrated there with more Decency and -Solemnity, he took some Monks out of the Monastery of the <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἀκοίμητοι</span>, who were so call’d, because some of them were always -<i>waking</i> to attend divine Worship. The heavenly-minded <i>Marcellinus</i> -built them a Monastery, in which they continually sang Hymns to God, -their Society being divided into three Tribes for that Purpose. Thus -far <i>Nicephorus</i>. Upon this Occasion <i>Studius</i> was made <i>Consul</i>, as -appears by an Inscription over the Gate of his own Monastery, which -runs thus:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A61" id="Page_Page_A61">61</a></span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line"><i>This Pyle was rais’d by</i> Studius’ <i>bounteous Hand</i>:</div> -<div class="line"><i>Great Actions greatest Honours should command</i>.</div> -<div class="line"><i>In just Acknowledgment, the grateful Town</i>,</div> -<div class="line"><i>Repay’d the Founder with a</i> Consul’s <i>Gown</i>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noindent">This happen’d in the Reign of <i>Leo</i> the Emperor.</p> - -<p>The <i>Coparia</i>, as is plain from the 159ᵗʰ <i>Nov. of Justinian</i>, was -another Part of the Suburbs, and was bequeath’d, as appears by the -Codicil of <i>Hierius</i>’s Will to his Niece.</p> - -<p>There was also another Part of the Suburbs in the <i>Promontory</i> of -the Creek of <i>Sosthenium</i>, which was formerly in the Possession of -<i>Ardaburus</i>, General of the Army to <i>Theodosius</i> the <i>Less</i>. The Right -of it afterwards came to <i>Hierius</i>, who was <i>Præfectus Prætorio</i>, or -General of the Life-Guard to the Emperor <i>Zeno</i>. <i>Nicephorus</i> in the -50ᵗʰ <i>Chap. of his</i> 7ᵗʰ <i>Book of Eccl. Hist.</i> gives this Reason why it -was call’d <i>Sosthenium</i>, ’Tis recorded, says he, that the <i>Argonauts</i> -of <i>Greece</i>, when they arriv’d here, began to plunder the Countrey, -but were defeated by <i>Amycus</i>, who was then Governor of the Place, -and being dispers’d, they wander’d about till they came to a woody -unhospitable Place, where they took shelter in a large Thicket of -Trees; that in this Calamity <i>Virtue</i> came down to them from Heaven in -a human Shape, having Wings like an Eagle, and by her Oracle foretold, -that if they would venture another Battle, they should conquer -<i>Amycus</i>. Directed by this Advice, they engag’d them again, obtain’d -an entire Victory over them,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A62" id="Page_Page_A62">62</a></span> slew him, and all his Forces; and that -to express their Gratitude to the <i>Vision</i>, they built a Temple, and -erected a Statue to her, in the Shape she appear’d to them, which gave -the Place the Name of <i>Sosthenium</i>, because they <i>secur’d</i> themselves -by the second Battle.</p> - -<p>Bytharium, <i>or</i> Philotheum.] This was also another Part of the -<i>Suburbs</i>, and is mention’d as such in 159ᵗʰ <i>Nov. of Justinian</i>.</p> - -<p>The <i>Porta Veneta</i> is mentioned by <i>Procopius</i> in his <i>History of the</i> -Persian <i>War</i>; who, speaking of some military Officer, tells us, that -when he came to the <i>Porta Veneta</i>, which stands on the Right Hand of -the Palace, he halted and determin’d to march to <i>Hypalium</i>. This Gate -seems to take its Name from the <i>Suburbs</i> call’d <i>in Venetis</i>, probably -because the <i>Venetian Faction</i>, a Company of Chariot-Racers dress’d in -<i>Sky-colour’d</i> Cloths, dwelt there.</p> - -<p><i>Procopius</i> also takes Notice of the <i>Pontichium</i> by the Ferry, and -also of the <i>Rusiniana</i>, as two other Parts of the <i>Suburbs</i>. These -Places he mentions in his 1ˢᵗ <i>Book of the</i> Persian <i>War</i>; as does also -<i>Sozomen</i> in the 21ˢᵗ <i>Chap.</i> <i>Book</i> the 8ᵗʰ.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h3 class="chapter" id="PRESENT_BUILDINGS"><i>Of the present Buildings of</i> Constantinople.</h3> - -<p class="dropcap2"><i>Gyllius</i> assures us, that the whole City, at present, is under a -visible Decay, as to its Buildings; that the Houses are low and mean,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_Page_A63" id="Page_Page_A63">63</a></span> -and that there’s little or nothing to be seen of its ancient Beauty -and Magnificence, except in a few of their <i>Basha’s</i> Houses, their -<i>Mosques</i>, their <i>Bagnio’s</i>, and their <i>Caravansera’s</i>, which are all -very noble Buildings, and are as follows.</p> - -<p>There are at least three hundred <i>Mosques</i> built with Marble, cover’d -with Lead, and shining with glossy marble Pillars.</p> - -<p>There are above a hundred publick <i>Bagnio’s</i>, both for Men and Women, -which are very spacious.</p> - -<p>There are also about the same Number of <i>Caravansera’s</i>; the most -eminent of which are adorn’d with Fountains, which are constantly -supply’d with Water from the Fields adjoining the <i>Suburbs</i>, and which -also supply the whole City.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_png408.jpg" width="400" height="387" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">BYZANTIΩN<span class="add4em">BYZANTIΩN</span><br /> -B Y</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p> </p> - -<div class="transnote"><p>Transcriber’s Note:</p> -<p>The original spelling, hyphenation, punctuation has been retained -except for apparent typographical errors.</p> - -<p>The chapter headings and page numbers have been added to the CONTENTS, by the -transcriber, for the following:</p> - -<p class="center noindent">A DESCRIPTION<br /> -Of the CITY of CONSTANTINOPLE,<br /> -As it stood in the REIGNS of<br /> -ARCADIUS and HONORIUS.</p> - -<p>In the Preface of the Translator the author’s birthplace is given as “Abi”. This has been corrected to read “Albi” (in -South-West France).</p> - -<div class="transnote covernote"> - <p>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ANTIQUITIES OF CONSTANTINOPLE***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 53083-h.htm or 53083-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/3/0/8/53083">http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/0/8/53083</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed.</p> - -<p>Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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