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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b1608fc --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #53027 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53027) diff --git a/old/53027-0.txt b/old/53027-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 6fd3592..0000000 --- a/old/53027-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3892 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Treatise on Tobacco, Tea, Coffee, and -Chocolate, by Simon Pauli - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: A Treatise on Tobacco, Tea, Coffee, and Chocolate - -Author: Simon Pauli - -Translator: Dr. James - -Release Date: September 10, 2016 [EBook #53027] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TREATISE--TOBACCO, TEA, COFFEE, CHOCOLATE *** - - - - -Produced by Christopher Wright and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - [Illustration] - - A - - TREATISE - - ON - - _Tobacco_, _Tea_, _Coffee_, and _Chocolate_. - - [Illustration] - - - - - A - - TREATISE - - ON - - TOBACCO, - TEA, - COFFEE, _and_ - CHOCOLATE. - - IN WHICH - - I. The Advantages and Disadvantages attending the Use of these - Commodities, are not only impartially considered, upon the Principles - of _Medicine_ and _Chymistry_, but also ascertained by _Observation_ - and _Experience_. - - II. Full and distinct Directions laid down for knowing in what Cases, - and for what particular Constitutions, these Substances are either - beneficial, or hurtful. - - III. The _Chinese_ or _Asiatic Tea_, shewn to be the same with the - _European Chamelæagnus_, or _Myrtus Brabantica_. - -_The Whole Illustrated with_ COPPER PLATES, _exhibiting the_ Tea -_Utensils of the_ Chinese _and_ Persians. - -Written originally by SIMON PAULI; - -AND - -Now Translated by Dr. _JAMES_. - - _Ante omnia scire convenit Naturam Corporis; quia alii graciles, - alii obesi sunt, alii calidi, alii frigidiores, alii humidi, alii - sicciores, alios adstricta, alios resoluta, alvus exercet._ - - Celsus, _Lib. 1._ _Cap. 3._ - -_LONDON_: - -Printed for T. OSBORNE, in _Gray's Inn_; J. HILDYARD, at _York_; M. -BRYSON, at _Newcastle_; and J. LEAKE, at _Bath_. - -M,DCC,XLVI. - - - - -[Illustration] - -A - -TREATISE - -ON - -_TOBACCO_, &c. - - -As _Nicolaus Monardus_, in _Simpl. Med. Histor._ has given so full and -accurate an History and Description of _Tobacco_, that others have only -borrowed their Accounts of it from his Works, we shall, in the Words of -that Author, in _Cap. 14_, inform the Reader what _Tobacco_ is, where -it is produced, and to what Uses it is applied. - - "The Plant _Tobacco_, says he, was formerly used by the _Indians_, - and especially by the Inhabitants of _New Spain_, for the Cure of - Wounds. A few Years ago it was imported into _Spain_, rather for the - Decoration of Gardens, than on Account of its medicinal Virtues: But - it is now more celebrated for the latter, than used for the former. - - "This Plant is among the _Indians_ called _Picelt_; for the - _Spaniards_ first called it _Tobacco_ from a certain Island of that - Name, where great Quantities of it were produced. - - "It rises to a great Height, and is sometimes as tall as the - _Lemon-Tree_. Its Trunk is strait, and sends out many large Branches, - which bear Leaves almost resembling those of the _Lemon-Tree_, but - larger, like those of the _Burdock_, of a faint green Colour, and a - little rough and shaggy, as the Whole of the Plant is. The Tops of the - Branches bear Flowers of the Shape of a small Bell, which are white at - the Extremities, but of a purple Colour in the Middle; and when these - Flowers fall off, they are succeeded by small Heads, which resemble - those of the _Black Poppy_, and contain a very small cineritious - blackish Seed. The Root is thick, divided into many Parts, internally - of a ligneous or woody Nature, Saffron-coloured, bitter, and easily - deprived of its Bark: But I am acquainted with no medicinal or other - Quality of which it is possessed. - - "The Plant grows in most Places of the _Indies_, and especially those - of a moist and shady Nature, and in light well cultivated Soils: It - may be sown at all Seasons; but when it appears above Ground it is to - be preserved from the Cold, and may be transplanted for the Decoration - of Garden-Walls; for, like the _Citron-Tree_, it continues green - through the whole Year. - - "The Leaves are only used; though when these cannot be had, some use - the Seeds in their Stead. The Leaves are preserved by passing a Thread - through them, suspending them in a shady Place, and thus drying them, - after which they are used either whole or reduced to Powder. - - "_Tobacco_ is hot and dry, and consequently heats, resolves, cleanses, - and is a little astringent, as will appear from these following - Virtues, of which it is possessed. - - "The Leaves of _Tobacco_ heated and applied, prove an excellent Remedy - for a _Cephalæa_, and _Hemicrania_, provided these Disorders arise - from a cold Cause, or Flatulences, but the Use of them is to be often - repeated, till the Disease is removed. Some, before the Application - of them, anoint the Head with the Oil obtained from the Flowers of - the _Orange-Tree_. The same Remedy is beneficial for a Rigidity of the - Neck or _Tetanus_, and for Pains of the whole Body, arising from the - same Cause. - - "When a Tooth-ach proceeds from a cold Cause, the wiping the affected - Tooth with a Linen-Cloth, soaked in the Juice of _Tobacco_, and then - putting a Piece of the Leaf, made up in Form of a Pill, into the - Hollow, not only removes the Pain, but also prevents the spreading of - the Corruption. - - "A Decoction of Tobacco-Leaves with Water, and a _Linctus_ prepared - of the same Decoction, are beneficial in Disorders of the Breast, - inveterate Coughs, Asthma's, and other similar Disorders proceeding - from cold Humours. A small Quantity of a Syrup prepared of Sugar, and - a Decoction of the Leaves eliminates any putrid Humours lodged in the - Breast. The Smoak of Tobacco-Leaves received into the Mouth, sometimes - affords Relief to asthmatic Patients; but proper Evacuations ought - previously to be made, if the Patient's Condition can possibly admit - of it. - - "Tobacco-Leaves heated under the Ashes and applied to the Pit of - the Stomach, without shaking the Ashes off, afford Relief to Persons - afflicted with a Rumbling of the Intestines, and Flatulencies. For - the same Purposes others bruise the Leaves with their Hand, anointed - with Oil, and apply them to the Region of the Stomach. The Leaves - triturated in a little Vinegar, long used by way of Ointment, and - bound upon the Parts affected, are beneficial in Obstructions, or - schirrous Tumours of the Stomach and Spleen; but over this Preparation - warm Leaves, or a Cloth soaked in the warm Juice of the Leaves, are to - be applied frequently every Day. When the Leaves cannot be had, Snuff - may be mixed with any deobstruent Ointment, and the obstructed or - tumid Part long anointed with it. - - "The _Indian_ Women greatly extol the Use of _Tobacco_, not only for - Children, but also for adult Persons who are afflicted with Crudities - of the Stomach; for after anointing the _Abdomen_ with Lamp-Oil, - the Leaves heated under the Ashes, and applied opposite to the - Stomach, on the Breast and Back, concoct the Crudities, and render - the Body soluble, provided the Application is repeated sufficiently - often. A small Quantity of the Juice of _Tobacco_ Leaves, concocted - and depurated with Sugar, expels both flat and round Worms from - the Intestines; but for answering this End more effectually, the - triturated Leaves ought to be laid upon the Navel, and a proper - Clyster injected. - - "The Leaves heated under the Ashes, and applied as hot as the Patient - can bear, afford great Relief in nephritic and flatulent Pains, - provided the Remedy be sufficiently often repeated. _Tobacco_ is also - in many Cases an useful Ingredient in Clysters, Fomentations, and - Plaisters. - - "In Suffocations of the _Uterus_, the Leaves rendered sufficiently - hot, and applied to the Navel, and Region of the _Uterus_, afford - present Relief; and if a _Deliquium_ should succeed, which it - frequently does, the Patient will be forthwith roused from it by - blowing the Smoak of _Tobacco_ up her Nostrils. This Practice is - so common among the _Indian_ Women, that for this very Reason - they carefully preserve and greatly esteem _Tobacco_ Leaves. Some - for uterine Disorders previously apply odorous Substances to the - Navel, and then lay _Tobacco_ Leaves over them: But the most proper - Substances for this Purpose, are _Tachamahach_, Oil of liquid - _Amber_, _Peruvian_ Balsams, _Caranna_, or a Plaister of all these - together worn daily on the Navel. - - "_Arthritic_ Pains, provided the Humours are cold, or at least are - not too hot, are greatly relieved by the Application of the warm - Leaves, or of a Linen-Cloth soaked in the warm Juice of the Leaves; - for these resolve and digest the Humours; for which Reason they are - advantageously laid upon œdematous Tumours, previously washed with the - warm Juice of the Leaves. - - "It is certain from Experience, that _Chilblanes_ are cured by rubbing - them three or four Times with _Tobacco_ Leaves, and then washing the - Hands and Feet in warm Water and Salt. - - "A few Years ago _Tobacco_ has been found to resist Poison, even that - of the most virulent Kind, with which the _Cannibals_ taint their - Arrows. It was formerly customary to sprinkle _Sublimate_ into the - Wounds thus inflicted; but the _Spaniards_ found a Method of subduing - the Force of the Poison by Means of _Tobacco_. - - "A Company of _Cannibals_ made an At-tack upon a Body of _Indians_ - and _Spaniards_, some of whom were killed and others wounded with - their poisoned Darts. But as those who survived had no _Sublimate_, - they were advised by a certain _Indian_ to pour the expressed Juice - of _Tobacco_ into their Wounds, and then apply the triturated Leaves - of the same Plant to them, by which Means their Pains were forthwith - alleviated, the Symptoms checked, the Force of the Poison subdued, and - the Wounds cured. This Accident laid a Foundation for the subsequent - Use of _Tobacco_ against Poisons; and the King of _Spain_, in order - to be convinced of its Efficacy, ordered a Wound to be made in the - Throat of a Dog, and to be anointed with the Poison used by Hunters; - soon after which a large Quantity of the Juice of _Tobacco_ was poured - into the Wound, and the triturated Leaves of the Plant applied to it, - by which Means the Dog was effectually secured against the Symptoms - usually produced by Poisons. - - "_Tobacco_ Leaves laid upon pestilential and malignant Carbuncles - induce an _Eschar_, and induce a Cure; nor are they a less present - efficacious Remedy against the Bites of poisonous Animals. - - "The Leaves, when laid upon recent Wounds, immediately stop the - _Hæmorrhage_, and produce a Conglutination; but if they are large, - they ought to be previously washed with Wine, their Lips brought into - Contact, and sprinkled with the Juice of the Leaves, after which the - triturated Leaves are to be secured upon the Wound: The same Measures - are to be taken the next and subsequent Days, and a proper Regimen - observed. - - "An Instillation of the Juice, and an Application of the triturated - Leaves deterge, cure, and cicatrise old Ulcers and Gangrenes; - provided due Evacuations are made, a sufficient Quantity of Blood, if - necessary, is taken away, and a proper Regimen observed. - - "By this Means Ulcers are not only cured in Men, but also in Animals. - For through all the _Indies_, Cows, Sheep, and other Animals, are - much subject to Ulcers, which, on Account of the excessive Humidity - of the Climate, easily become putrid, and full of Worms. In these - Ulcers it was sometimes customary to sprinkle _Sublimate_, the - Inhabitants being destitute of better Remedies. But as this Medicine - is dear in that Part of the World, what was used for the Cure of - these Ulcers generally cost more than the Animal was worth. For this - Reason the Inhabitants, conscious of the Efficacy of _Tobacco_ on - Mankind, transferred its Use to the putrid, fetid, and wormy Ulcers - of Animals; and accordingly found that its Juice instilled into them, - not only killed the Worms, but also cleansed the Ulcers, and induced a - _Cicatrix_. _Tobacco_ is also good against the Gallings of Cattle, for - which Reason the _Indians_ always carry the Powder of it about with - them. - - "I knew a certain Person afflicted with Ulcers of the Nostrils, which - discharged a seemingly contagious _Sanies_. By my Advice he dropped - the Juice of _Tobacco_ into them; after the second Instillation a - large Number of Worms fell away; then a smaller Quantity and after - a few Days the Ulcers were cured, though the Parts eroded were not - restored. The rubbing Ring-worms and Scall'd Heads with _Tobacco_ - Leaves is also a beneficial Practice. - - "_Tobacco_ is the celebrated Plant used by the _Indian_ Priests before - they give their Responses; for it is customary among the _Indians_ - to consult the Priests with respect to the Event of Wars, and other - Affairs of Importance. Upon such Occasions, the Priest consulted, - burnt dry _Tobacco_ Leaves, received the Smoak of them into his Mouth - through a small Tube contrived for that Purpose, then dropt down as - it were in an Extasy, lay totally destitute of Motion, and remained - in that Condition for some Time. When the Fumes of the _Tobacco_ were - discussed, he returned to himself, told that he had communicated - the Affair to his Demon, and gave such ambiguous Responses, that, - whatever the Event should be, the superstitious Crowd might be - easily perswaded, that he had prophesied rightly. Thus the credulous - _Barbarians_ are miserably hood-wink'd by the impious and fraudulent - Stratagems of their Priests. - - "The common People among the _Indians_ also receive the Smoak of - _Tobacco_ into their Mouths and Nostrils, when they want either to be - transported with pleasant Dreams, or to predict the Events of their - Affairs from the Occurrences which happen to them during Sleep; for - as the grand Impostor, the Devil, knows the Virtues of Herbs, he has - taught them the Qualities of _Tobacco_, in order to deceive them by - means of these Dreams. - - "Various Plants, when chewed, or taken internally, are observed to - excite false and delusory Representations and Ideas of Objects. Thus - _Dioscorides_, in Cap. de _Solano Maniaco, seu Furioso_, tells us, - that a Dram of the Root of this Plant, drank in Wine, produces false, - tho' not unpleasant Representations; that double the Quantity produces - an Alienation of Mind, which lasts for three Days; and that four Times - the Quantity proves mortal. It is also reported, that if a Person, - when he is going to sleep, eats _Aniseeds_, they excite pleasant and - agreeable Dreams; whereas, the eating of _Horse-Raddish_ procures - those of a turbulent and ungrateful Kind. - - "_Garcias ab Orta_ informs us, that the Juice of a certain Plant - called _Bangue_, mixed with some other Juices, produces Alienation - of Mind, excites Dreams, and frees the Mind from all Anxiety and - Uneasiness: The like Effects are brought about by _Opium_, which is - much used by the _East-Indians_, and concerning which _Garcias_ has - treated very largely. - - "The _Indians_ also, when fatigued by carrying Burdens, or by any - other violent Exercise, smoak _Tobacco_, by which Means they become - as it were stupid, and fall asleep; but when they awake, they find - themselves refreshed, and their Strength repaired. The _Ethiopians_ - brought thither as Slaves, following the Example of the Natives, - smoak _Tobacco_ too frequently, for which their Masters chastise them - severely, and burn their _Tobacco_, in order to deprive them of an - Opportunity of using it, which, however, they continue to do secretly - and in private. - - "_Tobacco_ is also used by the _Indians_ in order to allay Hunger - and Thirst; for they calcine some Shells of River-Snails, and by - Trituration reduce them to a fine Powder, of which, and _Tobacco_ - Leaves, they take equal Parts, and chew them together till they are - reduced to a Kind of Mass, which they form into Pills, larger than - a Pea: These they dry in a Shade, and preserve for Use. When they - intend to travel through Desarts, where they expect neither Meat nor - Drink, they take a sufficient Quantity of these Pills along with - them, put one between their Under-Lip and Teeth, and constantly suck - the Liquor from it; so that when one is consumed, they supply its - Place with another, and thus they perform a three, and sometimes a - four Days Jour-ney; during which Time, they say, they neither feel - the Effects of Hunger nor Thirst: The Reason of this probably is, - that as they continually suck these Pills, they draw the pituitous - Humours from the Brain, which being swallowed, moisten the Stomach, - and allay its natural Heat, but are at last consumed by it for Want of - other Aliments. Instances of a similar Nature may be observed in many - Animals, which, during the whole _Winter_, confine themselves to their - Holes without any Food; because the natural Heat of the Stomach is - employed in digesting and consuming the Fat which they had gathered in - the _Winter_." - -These are all the Virtues and Qualities of _Tobacco_ known to -_Monardus_: But, besides this, _Zacutus_, in _Observat. Lib. 1. de -Medic. Princip. Histor._ informs us, that he had often found the Juice -of _Tobacco_ effectual for the Cure of an _Alopecia_ or Falling off -of the Hairs: Nor is this to be wondered at, since, as the Medicine -indicated ought to bear an Analogy to the indicating Symptoms, -as _Tobacco_ is hot and dry, resolvent, cleansing, and somewhat -astringent; and as all these Qualities are, according to _Galen_, -indicated in an _Alopecia_, _Zacutus_ might succeed in the Cure of it -by means of _Tobacco_. I remember two Girls, who being indisposed, had -a _Lixivium_, in which dry _Tobacco_ Leaves were macerated, prescribed -for taking the Scales off their Heads; but the one was seized with -a gentle _Vertigo_, and the other thought she perceived herself, as -it were, drunk. But I mention these Accidents for the Sake of young -Practitioners, without any Design to discourage them from applying -_Tobacco_ and its Preparations to other Parts of the Body; for the -celebrated _Hartmann_ seems to have thought the Essence of the green -Leaves of _Tobacco_, obtained by Infusion in _Malmsey_ Wine, a Specific -for the Cure of the _Palsey_; and after a Sweat has been procured, -orders the paralytic Limbs to be long rubbed with it; by which Means, -he says, he has often seen them happily restored. - -Though _Tobacco_ is a valuable Herb, yet the Abuse of it, which -we shall afterwards consider, is intolerable, and highly noxious. -Besides, _Monardus_, _Ægidius Everartus_, in 1587, at _Antwerp_, -published a beautiful Commentary upon the Virtues and Uses of -_Tobacco_: And when the same Work was reprinted at _Utrecht_ in 1644, -various Treatises concerning _Tobacco_ were added to it; such as the -_Misocapnus_, or a Treatise on the Abuse of _Tobacco_, taken from the -Works of King _James_ the Sixth of _England_; _Tobacologia Johannis -Neandri_. _Epistolæ ac Judicia clarissimorum aliquot Medicorum_; and -the _Hymnus Tabaci Raphaelis Thorii_. After these Authors appeared -_Chrysostomus Magnenus_, Professor of Medicine in the University of -_Padua_, who in 1648, published very learned Exercitations concerning -_Tobacco_. Not only from the Authors already mentioned, but also -from _Andreas Cæsalpinus_; _Dalechampius's Historia generalis -Plantarum_; _Lobelii Adversaria_, _Clusius in his Notæ ad Monardum_; -_Dodonæus_; _Tabernamontanus_; _Nardi Antonii Recchi Res Medicæ Novæ -Hispaniæ, cum Terentii Lyncei Notis_, we learn what is the native -Soil of _Tobacco_, and how the knowledge of it was introduced into -_Europe_ after the Discovery of _America_ by _Christopher Columbus_ -and _Americus Vesputius_. Some of these Authors have also described -its Virtues and Use, whilst others of them have treated very fully -concerning the Abuse of it. Following the Example of these great Men, -I shall proceed, without any Partiality, and with that Freedom which -is always peculiar to Truth. This is certainly a difficult Attempt, -considering the Opposition and Prejudice with which I have to grapple. -But before I proceed, I shall take Notice of the Error of _Libavius_, -who, according to _Magnenus_ in _Exercitat. 1. Par. 1._ asserts, -that _Tobacco_ was a Native of _Europe_, since it was found in the -almost inaccessible Places of the _Hercynian_ Forest: But adds this -Author, _Who denies that Seeds are dispersed, and carried every where -by the Winds?_ But it is by no means probable, that the Seeds of -_Tobacco_, which, comparatively speaking, are as small as the Atoms of -_Democritus_, could, by a Whirlwind, be conveyed to the _Hercynian_ -Forest in _Germany_, from _France_, _Italy_, or _Spain_, much less -from _America_. This is a Plant of a particular specific Kind, and -the Native of _America_: Neither does any Historian mention such a -Whirlwind for the Dispersion of its Seeds. It is true, Mount _Ætna_ -in _Sicily_, and Mount _Hecla_ in _Iceland_, by their sulphureous -Eruptions, throw the Ashes to a vast Distance: But it does not to me -seem probable, that the Air should ever be in such a gyratory Motion, -as to convey Seeds from one Quarter of the World to another, or from -one Country to another, though it is not to be denied but they may be -carried from a Plain to a rising Ground, or from one Garden to another -adjacent to it. - -Those Authors, who have called _Tobacco_ _Herba rixosa_, the -Strife-producing Herb, and _Herba insana_, the Plant which excites -Madness, seem not to have been very much in the wrong; for what is more -frequent than for People of all Denominations to spend the whole of -the Day smoaking _Tobacco_ in Ale-Houses and Taverns? Nay, so fond are -young and old Men of _Tobacco_, that the Father forgets the Interests -of the Son, and the Son those of the Father for its Sake. Thus some -Men use large Quantities of _Tobacco_, whilst, perhaps, their Families -are starving at Home: Whereas some Children spend upon _Tobacco_ what -their industrious Parents had, with Toil and Care, amassed for their -Use. Nay, such is the Madness of some _Europeans_, that they will, for -a Trifle, dispose of their Goods, in order to gratify themselves with -_Tobacco_. - - * * * * * - -King _James_ the Sixth of _England_ tells us, "that, among the -_Americans_, a Servant addicted to the Smoaking of _Tobacco_, can -hardly find a Purchaser; so odious is that Custom to the Authors -of it themselves." We _Europeans_, however, are so infatuated and -hood-winked, as yearly to sail to _America_, spare no Expences, and -expose ourselves not only to Storms and Tempests, but also to Sickness -and Death, for the Sake of _Tobacco_; and it is certain, that our -Men, on their Return from _America_, spread through all _Europe_ the -_Neapolitan_ Disease, which, as _Fiorovanta_ thinks, was endemial to -the _Americans_, on Account of their eating human Flesh. This, to -use the Phrase of _Agrippa, de Vanitat. Scientiarum_, Cap. 84. _is -to purchase Death at a great Price_. The _Indians_ and _Barbarians_ -have such an Aversion to the Abuse of _Tobacco_, that they severely -chastise the _Ethiopians_ and Slaves for it, and burn their _Tobacco_; -probably, because they suspect that it renders them valetudinary, and -disables them to work; in which Situation they are a Burthen upon their -Masters. According to _Viganenus_, in _Lib. de Ritibus Moribusq_; -_Turcarum_; and _Johannes Chrysostomus Magnenus_, in _Exercitat. de -Tabac. Exercit._ 6. §. 10. _Amureth_, the 4th Emperor of the _Turks_, -by an Edict, prohibited the Use of _Tobacco_, under Pain of Death, -lest, by the Abuse of it, his Subjects should become effeminate, -feeble, and barren. According to _Adamus Olearius_, in _Lib. 3. Cap. -6._ the Emperor of _Muscovy_, in 1634, by an Edict prohibited the -Importation of _Tobacco_ and _Snuff_ into his Territories, under the -Penalty of being beat with Rods, and having the Nostrils slit in Case -of Disobedience: And the same Author says, he saw some who had these -Marks of Infamy inflicted upon them. In _Lib. 5. Cap. 31._ he also -tells us, that _Schach Abas_, the _Persian_ Monarch, prohibited all -Use of _Tobacco_ in that Army, which he raised against _Tameran Chan_ -under the Penalty of the Offender's having his Nose and Lips cut off; -nay, he was so rigid, or rather cruel in his Discipline, that when a -certain _Persian_, ignorant of the Edict, came into his Camp with some -_Tobacco_ to sell, he ordered both him and his Commodities to be thrown -into one Funeral Pile and burnt. - - * * * * * - -These, and other similar Examples, might perhaps have a lucky Influence -on some _Europeans_, unless the Custom of using _Tobacco_ had become so -prevalent and universal, that _James_ the Sixth said he believed "that -a whole Wood in _England_ would hardly afford Trees enough for hanging -the Dealers in _Tobacco_." _Hoffman_, in _Lib. 2. de Medicam Officinal. -Cap. 3._ informs us, "that this Prince, in the University of _Oxford_, -disputed publickly against the Use of _Tobacco_, giving Instances of -Persons who used it, who were afflicted with incurable Disorders of -the Breast, Deliriums, Watchings, and Convulsions; and after whose -Death, the Lungs were found black and parched, just as if they had been -indurated in Smoak." The same _Hoffman_ informs us, that he was told by -some Soldiers who had resided in _Holland_, "that upon dissecting the -Heads of some Snuff-takers, who had been executed, they observed, that -the whole internal Part of what Anatomists call the _Patera_ of the -Brain, was black with Snuff." He was also told by _Patricius Noræus_, -"that in the last _Bohemian_ War, he saw all the Heads of the _English_ -Soldiers, who were killed, in the same Condition." _Nardus Antonius -Recchus_, in _Lib. 5. Rer. Medicar. Nov. Hisp._ observes, "that those -who use _Tobacco_ too frequently, become ill coloured, have a squalid, -sordid Tongue, a Palpitation of the Throat, and a preter-natural Heat -of the Liver, and fall into Cachexies and Dropsies, by which they -are at last cut off." Thus they suffer for their Folly in gratifying -themselves in so preposterous a Manner. - - * * * * * - -But without expatiating farther upon Things so obvious, let it suffice -to have warned the Reader of his Danger, by the foregoing Observations. -That Smoaking is more prejudicial and injurious than Snuffing, I think -may be justly asserted, if we consider the Instances which Anatomists -give us of the Effects produced by each, which we shall hereafter do: I -must, however, here observe, that we cannot enough admire the Zeal of -_James_ the Sixth of _England_, for the Good of his Subjects; since, -in the last Words of his _Misocapnus_, he expostulates with them in -the following pathetic and affectionate Manner: "At last, therefore, -O Citizens, if you have any Sense of Shame, or Dread of Infamy, left -in your Bosoms, lay aside the Use of _Tobacco_, a Custom attended with -Ignominy, received through Error, and established by Stupidity. By its -Means the Wrath of Heaven is excited against us, the Health of our -Bodies impaired, our Substance wasted, and the Dignity of our Nation -not only diminished at Home, but also despised Abroad; for _Tobacco_ is -a Substance loathsome to the Sight, disagreeable to the Smell, noxious -to the Brain, injurious to the Lungs, and, by its Clouds of black -Smoak, nearly resembling the horrid Steams of Hell." - -If any Champion for the Interests of _Tobacco_, deaf to my salutary -Instructions, should ask me whether I would have the Pope, the Emperor, -and all the Kings, Electors, Princes, and Dukes in _Europe_, prohibit -and discharge the Use of _Tobacco_? I answer, that such a Revolution -is really to be wished for, on Account of the Abuses of _Tobacco_ -before enumerated. But, before I proceed to give a fuller Answer, I -would have the Person who asks this Question, attentively listen to -the following sublime and truly noble Sentiments of _Seneca_, in _Lib. -de Vita Beata, Cap. 1._ "Nothing, _says he_, is more worthy in itself, -nor more becoming the Dignity of a free-born Soul, than not, like the -Cattle, implicitly to follow the Van of the Flock, going, not whither -we ought to go, but whither they go before us. But nothing involves -us in more terrible Misfortunes, than our judging of Things by Fame -and Report, esteeming those Things best, which are most universally -assented to, and approved, as we find in numberless Instances. We -neither live agreeably to the Dictates of Reason, nor in a Manner -that is uniform and consistent with itself: Hence it is, that such -Numbers of Individuals fall, as it were, upon others. In a large and -crowded Army, none falls without drawing another along with him, and -the foremost prove fatal to those who succeed them. The like happens -in every Part and Circumstance of human Life; for it is the universal -Practice to impose upon our own Reasons, and, by that Means prove the -Cause of Errors to others." It is therefore to be lamented, that we -_Europeans_ should thus brutally follow the Custom of the _Barbarians_, -without listening to Reason, in which we so far excel them, since, to -use the Expressions of _Salust_, "They are addicted to Intemperance -and Sleep, so rude and uncultivated, that they seem to lead the Life -of Brutes, rather than that of Men, since they indulge themselves in -Voluptuousness, whilst their Souls are a Burthen to them." In a word, -they live in a no less brutal Manner, than the Inhabitants of the -Main Land of _Africa_, who, according to _Hippocrates_, in _Lib. de -Morbo sacra_, "lie upon Goat-Skins, and eat Goat's Flesh, without any -Bed-Cloths, or Garments, or Shoes, except what are made of Goat-Skins." -The _Americans_ are still worse, since they feed upon human Flesh, -have nothing to cover them, and pass their Time in desart Places, and -lurking Holes. Since, therefore, the Climate, Soil, and Non-Naturals of -the _Americans_, are widely different from those of the _Europeans_, it -is highly reasonable, that we should neither admit, nor tolerate, the -continual and habitual Use of _Tobacco_ in _Europe_. - -_Cornelius Agrippa_, in _Lib. de Vanitat. Scient. Cap. 84._ seems, with -a good deal of Reason, to think, "That it would greatly contribute, not -only to the Health of Mankind, but also to the Interests of particular -States, to prohibit the Importation of foreign and exotic Drugs, which -are often counterfeited, or adulterated, by those who deal in them, -to the great Detriment of the State." No less salutary and reasonable -is that Law enacted at _Rome_ by _Nero_, which runs in the following -Tenor: "Apothecaries are hereby injoined, to use no other Medicines, -but those found in _Italy_, since these are not only better suited -and adopted to the Constitutions of _Romans_, but may also be had far -fresher, more genuine, and with less Difficulty, Expences, and Danger, -than foreign Medicines, the most of which are justly to be suspected, -as sophisticated, spurious, spoiled in the Ship, corrupted by Age, or -not collected at due Seasons, or in proper Places." Since the Diseases -described by the Antients, sometimes seize the _Europeans_, though -with new and uncommon Symptoms; and since new Diseases also appear -in _Europe_, I think it is not to be doubted, but the Meats, Fruits, -and other Delicacies, sent from _Asia_, _Africa_, and _America_, into -_Europe_, are, in some Measure, the Sources of our Calamities. - -But, without any farther Digression, I shall confine myself to the -Abuse of _Tobacco_. That _Tobacco_, when used with Prudence and -Propriety, is a salutary Medicine, I do not deny; since I myself use it -with great Advantage in the _Spring_ and _Autumn_, at which Seasons I -am afflicted with catarrhous Defluxions. Most People, when only seized -with a gentle Cough, are so cautious, as not to venture upon a small -Dose of the Syrup of Violets, or Liquorice, without consulting their -Physicians, Friends, and Nurses; but vast Numbers of the _Europeans_, -without any Advice, greatly incommode and disturb the Brain, the Seat -of their Reason, by using the highly penetrating Smoak of _Tobacco_, in -the Morning and Evening, in the Night as well as the Day, and in all -States and Constitutions of the Weather, calm and serene, as well as -cloudy and over-cast. Let us therefore lay aside this barbarous Custom, -so fatal and prejudicial to Health. - -Besides, it is probable, that the crafty _Americans_, sensible of the -vast Quantity of _Tobacco_ yearly imported into _Europe_, may, for -the Sake of Gain, impose upon us; for it is certain, that our own -Merchants, influenced by a base and sordid Principle of Avarice, have -long ago found Methods of adulterating _Tobacco_ by Means of Brine, -Lemons, Vinegar, Wine, and Euphorbium. But with respect to these -Frauds, the Reader may consult _Neander_ in his _Tabacologia_. Besides, -it is hardly credible, that the Roaps brought from _America_, under -the Name of _Tobacco_, consist intirely of good and sound _Tobacco_ -Leaves: For almost every one knows, that the Marks of the Goodness of -_Tobacco_, whether drawn from the Colour, Smell, Taste, or Weight, -vary very greatly among the _Europeans_, who, to their Disgrace be it -said, have learned to hang their _Tobacco_, when corrupted, insipid, -or light, in Houses of Office, or Vaults, in order to be rendered -more acrid and ponderous by the volatile Salts of human Urine and -Excrements, under a specious Pretence, that these Salts render it -beneficial and salutary, by cleansing the Head; which, they say, is -highly beneficial to Persons who drink much. But this is certainly an -improper and prejudicial Method of treating the Head, and evacuating -its Excrements; concerning the copious Production of which, by means -of the corrupted Temperature of the Brain in Persons who daily smoak -_Tobacco_, we shall afterwards treat. - -Having premised these Things, we now come to decide a Question lately -begun to be agitated, namely, Whether Snuffing or Smoaking is the more -innocent and safe Custom? I affirm, then, that both are generally -pernicious, and none of them to be recommended to any one without great -Caution and Deliberation: Though I remember I was formerly a Smoaker -of _Tobacco_, yet, I am of Opinion, that Snuffing is a less injurious -and hurtful Practice. Some are of Opinion, that by the constant Use of -Snuff, the Sight is rendered more clear and penetrating; but with how -great Danger this Practice is accompanied, is sufficiently confirmed by -_Adrianus Spigelius_, in _Corp. human. Fabr. Lib. 7. Cap. 2._ where he -proposes a Problem, together with its Answer, in the following Words: -"What is the Cause, why many Persons, by often repeated Sternutations, -especially when industriously excited, suddenly become blind? This -happens, either because the Ramifications of the caroted Arteries, -which are so near the Optic Nerves as to touch them, are so filled, as -to compress them; or, because a large Quantity of pituitous Humours -is conveyed from the Brain to the Optic Nerves, which are thereby -obstructed. When the Disorder arose from the former of these Causes, I -have seen the Patients cured by a _Seton_; but, when it proceeded from -the latter, I never remember to have seen it cured." _Joh. Chrysostomus -Magnenus,_ in _Exercitat. 8. de Tabaco. §. 1._ affirms, "that by -violent Sternutation, some Persons have died; since by it the Head has -been so strongly agitated, as by the Effort to burst the _Meninges_, -and relax the _Compages_ of the Brain." And this Opinion he confirms -by the Example of a certain Baker, mentioned by _Famianus Strada_, -"who, when he had twenty-four Sternutations immediately succeeding -each other, died of the twenty-fifth, by the violent Shock, of which -the Arteries of the Brain, and Membranes surrounding it, were broken." -The same Author, in _Sect. 4._ of the last-cited Chapter, affirms, -"That he saw a certain Man, who by the excessive Use of Snuff, had the -chrystaline Humours of his Eyes corrugated, so that all Objects seemed -to be in a Kind of fluctuating Motion before him." - -If it should be objected, that such Accidents are rare; I answer, -that though they are rare, yet they are not impossible; and, what has -happened to some, may also be the Fate of others. Though, therefore, -the _Falx_ of the _Dura Mater_, and the _Torcular_ of _Herophilus_, -the fatal Seat of an _Apoplexy_, are not forthwith so disordered as -to yawn by Snuffing, yet the Interests of the Five Senses are but ill -consulted, by often drawing from the Brain with Snuff, what we call -_Snot_ or _Mucus_, which is evacuated through the Nose; or rather, -according to _Galen_, and other Anatomists, through the _Os Ethmoides_, -which is the Organ of Smell, but not at all destined for eliminating -the Excretions of the Brain. Thus Persons who use Snuff to Excess, -instead of bettering, rather impair their Sight, and for their Pains -generally lose the Sense of Smelling. - -As the Person who, for his Crimes, has lost his Ears, is looked upon -with Infamy; what better Treatment does he deserve, who, either through -a Contempt of Medicine, or an obstinate Fondness to gratify his own -Inclinations, either impairs or destroys those Senses, which indulgent -Heaven has bestowed upon him for so noble Purposes! With respect -to Instances of this Misfortune, and the Reasons why it happens, -_Magnenus_ in _Tr. de Abusu Tabaci, Exercitat. 6. Sect. 15._ speaks -in the following Manner: "The Sense of Smelling, as I have been told -by many, who have either snuffed or smoaked to Excess, is abolished -by the Abuse of _Tobacco_, because the mamillary Processes are -thereby dried, so that when they are rendered drier than the Effluvia -exciting the Perception of any Smell, they cannot be duly acted upon -by such Effluvia; for Smell, according to _Aristotle_, in _Lib. 3. de -Animal._ consists in the dry Effluvia surpassing the Moisture of these -Processes; so that the common Sensory may have a Change produced in it -by proper and adequate Objects." _Magnenus_ also, in _Exercitat. 28. -Sect. 1._ tells us, "That he knew a Man, who, in one Day, snuffed four -Ounces." After which, he proceeds to enquire into the Advantages and -Injuries attending the Use of Snuff; and to consider why it excites -Sternutation in those who are not accustomed to it, but not in those -who are. This accurate Author also, among other Reasons against the -excessive Use of Snuff, advances this, that it may enter the Passages -of the _Os Ethmoides_, form itself into _Concretions_, and there lodge -for a great while. Hence, it is sufficiently obvious, that when the -Passages and Perforations of this Bone are obstructed by Snuff, the -Air can neither have Access to the Brain for its Ventilation, nor can -the Effluvia of odorous Bodies be conveyed to it; in Consequence of -which, the Sense of Smelling must necessarily be lost. Though this -should, perhaps, be looked upon as a trifling and inconsiderable Loss; -yet Snuff, by its highly narcotic, heating, drying, penetrating, and -unctuous Qualities, has such an unlucky Influence on the eighth Pair -of Nerves of _Spigellius_, or the first of _Bartholin_, which are -appropriated to Smelling, that it gradually impairs, and, in process -of Time, totally destroys that Sense; because this Pair of Nerves -is conveyed to the mamillary Processes, which are situated in the -interior Part of the Brain, near the _Os Ethmoides_, which is covered -with the _Dura Mater_. Since, therefore, a large Quantity of Snuff is -violently attracted towards the Root of the Nose; and since, according -to the Doctrine of _Hippocrates_, Nature is never one Moment idle in -a living Body, all whose Parts are pervious and transparable, it must -necessarily happen, that the Parts subservient to the Sense of Smelling -must be greatly injured by the narcotic Quality of Snuff. Having said -thus much of the Misfortunes produced by excessive Snuffing, we now -come to consider those attending the Abuse of Smoaking; in doing which, -we shall confine ourselves to Examples, which have a better Effect on -the Vulgar, than the nice and fine-spun Deductions of a Philosopher's -Reason. - -It is therefore certain that _Tobacco_ is possessed of an highly -penetrating Quality. Thus the celebrated _Heurnius_, in _Lib. 1. -Method. ad Prax._ speaks of it in the following Manner: "_Tobacco_, -when smoaked, produces very singular Effects, since it draws a -surprizing Quantity of Phlegm from the Mouth and Nostrils: The Smoak -arising from its dry Leaves laid upon live Coals, when received into -the Mouth by a Funnel, pervades the whole Brain, and is also conveyed -to the Ears, and _Uterus_. But I can affirm, that this Herb is, in a -peculiar Manner, appropriated to the Brain; easily conveys its Virtues -thither, and evacuates all its _Sordes_: For, about a Year ago, when I -was afflicted with the Tooth-ach, I made a Decoction of _Tobacco_ with -Water, adding some _Camomile_ Flowers: A Spoonful of this Decoction, -when tepid, I put in my Mouth, and spit it out some Time after; and -this I did for two Hours; by which Means my Pain was considerably -alleviated. Next Day, when I went to my Garden, and stooped to pull up -a Weed, a large Quantity of a Saffron-coloured Liquor, which smelled -like _Tobacco_, flowed from my Nose, upon which my Tooth-ach was -immediately removed. During the whole of my Life, neither Blood, nor -any other Liquor, except a ferous Phlegm, had flowed from my Nose, but -upon this Occasion I never saw any Liquor of a deeper yellow Colour." -Other similar Accounts of the penetrating Quality of _Tobacco_, I -have had from my old Master, _Henningus Arnesæus_, Physician to -_Christianus_, the fourth King of _Denmark_, who affirmed, "That not -only the Smoak of _Tobacco_, but also that of every other Substance -received by the Mouth, was penetrating on Account of its Acrimony; in -Consequence of which, it must pervade and alter the whole Substance of -the Brain, both _Meninges_, and all the Vessels, and Contents of them." -Besides, as the Smoak of _Tobacco_ is hot, proceeding immediately -from kindled _Tobacco_; and as, according to _Aristotle_, it is the -Property of Heat to collect homogeneous, and separate heterogeneous -Substances, it must necessarily happen, in the very Nature of Things, -that this Smoak should fuse and colliquate the Phlegm, the Receptacle -of which is the Brain, which, according to _Hippocrates_, is the -largest of all the Glands. I do not in the least doubt of the Truth -of _Arnesæus_'s Opinion; for I think that all the Fore-runners of -Catarrhs, such as Sternutations, Spittings, and Discharges of Saliva, -are produced by Heat, which is the necessary Cause of Catarrhs, though -not the productive Cause of the morbific Matter. Thus the celebrated -_Hoffman_, in _Lib. 3. Institut. Medic. Cap. 193._ informs us, "That -Heat alone, and, for the most part, of the external Kind, such as -that of the Sun, or that procured by Exercise, Wine, and Aromatics, -among which are _Cinnamon_ and _Saffron_, with which we so plentifully -season our Aliments, is sufficient to fuse and colliquate the Phlegm, -or acrid Serum." Thus a Pipe filled with the burned Wicks of Candles, -gathered out of Snuffers, or with a Piece of Match used in discharging -Cannons, or with a Piece of bituminous, fossile Earth, especially that -of _Holland_, will procure as copious a Spitting, as a Pipe of the -best _Virginian_ Tobacco. Soldiers also, and Sailors, produce the same -Pleasure and Effects in themselves by smoaking kindled Paper, as are -produced by smoaking _Tobacco_. Since, therefore, acrid Smoak and Heat -of every Kind, conveyed to the Brain, fuse the Phlegm, and eliminate -it by the _Os Ethmoides_ and _Sphœnoides_, the Nose and the Palate of -the Mouth, I see no Reason why _Heurnius_ should affirm, "That it has a -surprizing Faculty of drawing the Phlegm from the Mouth and Nostrils; -that it is peculiarly adapted to the Brain, easily conveys its Virtues -thither, and eliminates all its Sordes." - -As _Tobacco_ is hot, dry, unctuous, and penetrating; it must, on -account of these Qualities, soon take Flame: And, as it is possessed -of an highly narcotic Quality, it, by its narcotic Sulphur, stupifies -those who use it, corrupts the Temperature of the Brain, and destroys -its Tone; whereas, the moderate Smoaking of _Marjoram_, _Betony_, -_Rosemary_, _Amber_, and other Substances of a like Nature, would -eliminate the Phlegm more safely, and without producing any of these -ill Consequences. This narcotic Quality of _Tobacco_, is the Reason -why great Smoakers are, during the whole of their Lives, afflicted -with a continual Spitting, as I have observed in _Histor. Pompinellæ -Class. secund. Quadripartit._ Though by the frequent Use of _Tobacco_, -a large Quantity of Phlegm is eliminated from the Brain; this Plant -is not, therefore, a peculiar Specific, adapted to that Organ: -For, on the contrary, since it manifestly abounds with a narcotic -Sulphur, it is highly injurious, not only to the Nerves, but also to -the whole Substance of the Brain. Hence, as I observed before, many -Users of _Tobacco_, not only have their olfactory Nerves so injured -by its narcotic Sulphur, as to lose the Sense of Smelling, but are -also observed not to have a very exquisite Taste, the fourth and -seventh Pairs of Nerves being affected. Persons of this Kind are also -observed to be fond of Malt Liquors, and to complain of a languid -Appetite; because the sixth Pair of Nerves, which descends into the -Stomach, is stupified by the narcotic Sulphur of the _Tobacco_: It -is, therefore, absurd to maintain, that _Tobacco_ is of a cephalic -Quality, and peculiarly adapted to the Disorders of the Head, since -it is so unfriendly to the Nerves as to produce a Stupor in them. It -is more reasonable to argue thus: _Tobacco_ is hot, consists of very -subtle Parts, and is highly penetrating; therefore, being at the same -Time narcotic, it will prove the more hurtful, the more penetrating -it is; because the narcotic Quality of _Tobacco_, which is otherwise -slow, like that of _Opium_, or _Hemlock_, is, by its other Qualities, -exalted, and put in Action; or, to speak my Sentiments more freely, by -means of the Acrimony ascribed to its Salt, whether fixed or volatile, -the narcotic Sulphur is conveyed in its full Strength to the Nerves -of the Head. That this Sulphur remains pretty long intire, even in -a living Person, is sufficiently evinced, by that Saffron-coloured -Liquor, smelling like _Tobacco_, which was discharged from the Nostrils -of _Heurnius_, next Day after the Abuse of a Decoction of _Tobacco_ and -_Camomile_ Flowers. I would not have any one imagine, that as soon as -he lays by his Pipe, his Brain is no longer heated by the Smoak, which, -for two or three Days after, he smells, or expires, when he sneezes. -Thus, this narcotic, unctuous, and strong-smelled Sulphur, adhering to -the Membranes, Ventricles, Gyrations, or other latent Passages of the -Brain, and being left alone without either Smoak or Heat, gradually -and insensibly corrupts the whole Mass of the Brain, by which Means -_Tobacco_-Smoakers are obliged to spit and expectorate continually. -When the Brain is thus weakened by the copious Spitting excited by the -narcotic Sulphur, neither the _Tonsils_ nor the _Thymus_, which are -destined for imbibing the natural excrementitious Humours of the Brain, -are any longer fit for that Purpose. When such an Accident happens, the -_Tobacco_-Smoaker begins to yawn, to have a hoarse and shrill Voice, -and a stinking Breath, like those labouring under a _Lues Venerea_. - -I think I have now sufficiently proved, that as _Tobacco_ is of a -narcotic Quality, and its Fumes penetrate intimately into the Brain, -so, of course, Smoaking must be more prejudicial than Snuffing. But, -if People will still obstinately indulge themselves in the Use of this -noxious Plant, all I can do farther, is to warn them of their Danger. - -[Illustration] - - - - -A - -TREATISE - -ON - -_TEA_. - - -I Have hitherto strenuously endeavoured to preserve the Health of the -_Europeans_, by discarding and exploding the Abuse of _Tobacco_: But if -any one should ask my Sentiments of _Tea_, which some Years ago began -to be imported from _Asia_, and the _Eastern_ Countries, and which has -Qualities quite contrary to _Tobacco_, since it prevents Sleep, and -therefore is by some Authors highly commended as an excellent Cephalic, -and very grateful to the _Viscera_, subservient to Nutrition: I answer, -that no satisfactory Reply can be made, till we know the Genus and -Species of _Tea_, and to what Species of _European_ Herbs it may be -referred or compared; for _Tobacco_ is by us called the _Peruvian -Hyosciamius_, but we give no Name of any of our Plants to _Tea_: Nay, -it is not known, whether _Tea_ is what the _Greeks_ call Ποα, -an Herb, or Θαμνίσκιον, a Shrub, which Words, according to -_Ruellius_, _Morantha_, and others, are so confounded by _Dioscorides_, -_Theophrastus_, and other Botanists, as to occasion great Disputes -among the Learned. But the Authors, who have most faithfully collected -whatever has been wrote upon _Tea_, either in the _Spanish_, _French_, -_Latin_, _English_, or _Dutch_ Languages, are _Nicolaus Tulpius_, and -_Nicolaus Trigautius_, from the Works of whom I shall enquire, - -_1st_, Of what Kind and Species the Herb _Tea_ is? - -_2d_, Whether _Tea_ is only the Produce of _Asia_, and whether it is -ever found in _Europe_, or not? And, - -_3d_, Which of the _European_ Herbs may be most properly used in its -Stead. - -_Tulpius_, then, speaks in the following Manner: "In the _East Indies_ -nothing is more common than drinking the Decoction of an Herb, which -the _Chinese_ call _Thee_, and the _Japonese_, _Tchia_. As my Accounts -of this Plant were received from the best and most impartial Authors, I -shall willingly hand them down to Posterity. The Herb _Tea_, therefore, -has long acuminated Leaves crenated about the Edges. Its Roots are -fibrous, and divided into very small Shreds. It grows not only in -_China_ and _Japan_, but also in _Chiam_, only the Leaves of the -_Chinese Tea_ are of a blackish green Colour: Whereas the _Japonese -Tea_ is of a fainter Colour, and more grateful Taste. Hence it also -happens, that the _Tchia_ of the _Japonese_, is far more esteemed -than the _Thee_ of the _Chinese_; since one Pound of the former is -frequently sold at an Hundred _Libræ_; for it is in these Parts of -the World believed, that nothing is more salutary and beneficial -than this Herb, whether for protracting Life to extreme old Age, or -for preventing the Attacks of Diseases. It not only renders the Body -vigorous and active, and prevents the Stone, to which none of the -Inhabitants are for this Reason subject, but also removes Head-achs, -Stuffings of the Head, Inflammations, and Distillations of the Eyes, -a Difficulty of Breathing, Weakness of the Stomach, Gripes of the -Intestines, and Weariness. It also so effectually prevents Sleep, that -those who drink it at Night, can sit up, without feeling the least -Inclination to sleep: for it is moderately heating, and by constricting -the Mouth of the Stomach, hinders the Ascent of those Vapours which -are necessary to procure Sleep; so that, by its Means, nothing hinders -or interrupts those who intend to read or write all Night. - -"This Plant, however, seems neither to have been long known, nor -long used, among the _Chinese_, since they have no hieroglyphical -Characters, such as most of their Letters are, which express its Nature -and Qualities. These two Nations also differ widely, with respect to -the Manner of using _Tea_; since the _Japonese_ mix the _Tea_, powdered -in a Marble Mortar, with warm Water: Whereas, the _Chinese_, boil the -Plant itself with some Liquor, adding a few Grains of Salt, or Sugar. -This Decoction, they drink with their Friends and Visitors; and even -their leading Men do not think it beneath them, but rather a Piece of -Honour to prepare the _Tea_ for their Guests; for which Purpose they -have Closets in their Palaces, fitted up on purpose, in which they keep -their Pots, Tripods, Tunnels, Cups, Spoons, and other _Tea_ Utensils, -which they buy at an exorbitant Price, preserve in Silk, and only use -when their best Friends visit them. These, they esteem as much as we -do Adamants, Gems, and the most precious Stones. See _Joh. Maffæus_, -_Rer. Indicar. Lib. 6. & 12._ _Ludovic_, _Almeid. Select. Epist. Lib. -4._ _Petr. Garric. Tom. 2. Lib. 2. Cap. 17._ _Matth. Ricius, de Christ. -Expedit. apud Sinas, Lib. 1. Cap. 7._ _Alois Frois, in Relat. Japon. -Jac. Bontius, Dialog. 6._ _Med. Indorum, & Johan. Linseot, Cap. 26._" - -_Nicolaus Trigautius_, in _Tractat. de Regno Chinæ, Cap. 3._ where -he treats of the Things produced in _China_, gives us the following -Particulars, with respect to _Tea_: "I purposely, says he, omit the -Description of many Things necessary, such as Marbles of different -Colours, Carbuncles, and other Stones and Gems, not unfit for painting; -odoriferous Woods, Bitumens, and an incredible Number of other -Curiosities; but I neither can, nor ought to pass over, in Silence, two -or three Things, unknown to the _Europeans_; the first of which is, -that Shrub, of the Leaves of which is prepared that celebrated Liquor, -called _Cia_, by the _Chinese_, _Japonese_, and neighbouring Countries. -It is not possible, that the Herb from which this is prepared has -been very long used by the _Chinese_; since, in order to represent -it, they have no hieroglyphical Characters, such as all their Letters -are. Hence it may, perhaps, be suspected, that our _European_ Woods -produce this Herb. They gather the Leaves in the _Spring_, dry them -in a Shade, and keep them for preparing a Decoction, which they almost -continually use, not only at their Meals, but also when their Friends -come to visit them; for this is generally the Entertainment to which -they invite each other. It is always drank, or rather sipped warm; -nor is it ungrateful to the Palate, in consequence of its temperate -Bitterness; but it is very salutary, and frequently used for various -Disorders. _Tea_ is not with them all of one Price; since, sometimes, -a Pound is sold for a Noble, and, at other Times, for two or three, -if it is accounted good: The best of the _Japonese Tea_ is often sold -for ten or twelve, and the Method of preparing it with these, is -somewhat different from that of the _Chinese_; for the _Japonese_, -having reduced their _Tea_ to a Powder, mix two or three Spoonfuls -of it with a Cup of boiling Water, which they drink when moderately -cool: Whereas, the _Chinese_ throw some of the Leaves into a Vessel -of boiling Water, which, after it has imbibed the Force of the _Tea_, -they drink, leaving the Leaves." But, in the seventh Chapter of the -same Work, which treats of some of the Customs of the _Chinese_, the -Author speaks in the following Manner: "When any one receives a formal -Invitation to a Feast; the Day before, or several Days before, it -is to be kept, the Master sends him a Kind of Ticket, desiring his -Presence: When he is come to the House, and the usual Ceremonies past, -he is set down in the first Hall, where he drinks his _Tea_; after -which he is conducted to the Feasting-Room, which is not adorned with -Carpets, which they never use, but with Pictures, Flowers, Vessels, and -other antient Houshold Furniture." Though these Accounts may satisfy -the Vulgar, yet they will not prove satisfactory to Physicians, who -want to know, whether _Tea_ is an Herb, a Shrub, or a Species of Copse; -for the two last quoted Authors differ from each other; since _Tulpius_ -calls the _Chinese Tea_, "an Herb, with darkish, green, oblong Leaves, -acuminated and crenated about the Edges, with fibrous Roots, divided -into many small Shreds. Whereas, the Leaves of the _Japonese Tea_ -are of a fainter green Colour, and of a more grateful Taste." But -_Trigautius_ affirms, "that it is a Shrub of the Leaves, of which the -celebrated _Cia_, of the _Chinese_ and _Japonese_, is prepared by -Decoction." The former asserts, that the Herb _Tea_, grows not only -in _China_ and _Japan_, but also in _Chiam_: The latter thinks it is -to be suspected, that it is also produced in the _European_ Woods: -But, as I shall afterwards accurately discuss these Points, I shall -only here observe, from _Olearius_, that _Maffœus_, in _Tr. de Rebus -Indicis_, affirms, that the _Japonese_, from a certain Plant, express -an highly salutary Liquor, which they call _Chia_; and _Linschotanus_, -in _Tr. de Insula Japoniæ_, tells us, that the Inhabitants of _Japan_ -prepare a Drink called _Chaa_, from a certain Herb: But these Authors -neither mention the Shrub, nor the Leaves, but unanimously assert -_Tea_ to be an Herb. _Jacobus Bontius_, Physician in Ordinary to the -Town of _New Batavia_, in the Island of _Java_, in the _East Indies_, -in _Medic. Indor. Lib. 2. de Conserv. Valetud. Dialog. 6._ affirms, -"that the Leaves of the small Herb, from which _Tea_ is prepared, -resemble those of the _Daisy_ or lesser _Cousound_, and have small -Incisions about their Edges." But since, in the subsequent Chapter, -he affirms, that the Inhabitants of that Country, though brutally -ignorant in every other Respect, have yet such an exact Knowledge of -Roots and Plants, that if _Pavius_, the greatest Botanist of his Age, -was to rise from the Dead, he would wonder to find that he could be -instructed by these Men; I am surprized, he should have despised their -Information, and, contrary to the Custom of their Historiographers, -given us (_Europeans_) such a lame and imperfect Description of _Tea_, -when commenting on the _Indian_ Plants. One would be ready to take it -for an Herb, when he is told, that its Leaves resemble those of the -_Daisy_, and have small Incisions about the Edges, which _Tulpius_ -also ascribes to them. It is worth our Observation, that _Tulpius_, -_Trigautius_, _Bontius_, and other Authors, unanimously agree in this, -that the Decoction of _Tea_ is of a pretty, grateful, bitter Taste. In -order, therefore, to clear up these Difficulties, I must have recourse -to the Reverend Father, _Alexander de Rhodes_, who, in his _Sommaire -des divers Voyages & Missions Apostoliques_, speaks in the following -Manner: "Among the most memorable Things in this Country, is _Tay_; the -Use of which is not only common to all the _Eastern_ Countries, but -also begins to be known in _Europe_: It is justly to be reckoned among -the most salutary Substances which I observed in this Country; and I do -not know but it is one of the principal Causes, why the Inhabitants not -only enjoy such a good State of Health, but also arrive at so extreme -an old Age. The Leaves are as big as those of the Pomegranate Tree, -and the Shrub itself resembles the Myrtle Bush. Nor does _Tea_ grow in -any Part of the World, except in two Provinces of _China_, which are -_Nanquin_ and _Chim_, the Inhabitants of which have their Harvests -for _Tea_ Leaves, as we have for our Grain in _Europe_. These Leaves -they dry in Furnaces, and preserve for Use in close stopped Vessels. -It is frequently used through all _China_, _Japan_, _Tonquin_, and -other Kingdoms; and there are such great Quantities of it, that it is -sold at a Small Price. For this Reason they use it frequently every -Day, or rather each Hour, prepared in the following Manner: They throw -the Leaves into boiling Water, which they forthwith take off the Fire; -and when the Leaves have subsided, which is generally in a Quarter of -an Hour, they drink the Water, from which they find three very happy -Effects; the first of which is to repress Vapours, and alleviate Pains -of the Head: For when I laboured under an _Hemicrania_, or any other -Disorder of the Head, by drinking this Water, I had my Pain so quickly -alleviated, as if a Person had done it by the Application of his Hand. -When, for the Sake of hearing Confessions, I was obliged to sit up -whole Nights, I used the same Remedy, and, by its Means, was not only -hindered from sleeping, but also felt no more Uneasiness next Day, than -if I had not sat up. I once made an Experiment of this for six Nights -successively, but must confess I found myself wearied and exhausted. -The second Virtue of this Water, or Decoction, is to corroborate the -Stomach, and the third to purge the Kidnies from Stones and Gravel." -_Bernardus Varenius_, in _Descript. Regni Japoniæ, Cap. 23._ speaks in -the following Manner: "Not only the _Japonese_, but also the _Chinese_, -are delighted with Draughts of almost boiling Water, in which the -Powder of _Tea_ is sprinkled. The Herb _Tea_ is not only Green itself, -but also tinges any Liquor with the same Colour. It grows only in some, -and not in all Countries, and the finer Kind of its Leaves is thought -to be very valuable. These Leaves are, by the richer Sort, kept in -large Vessels, close stopped, in order to prevent the Access of the -Air. The Leaves, before they are used, are reduced to a Powder." And a -little after he subjoins, "This Liquor is pleasant to the Taste, and -highly salutary, especially for carrying off the Uneasiness produced -by Surfeits, and for removing all pituitous Disorders: So that it -is become a proverbial Saying, with respect to the Rich, _How is it -possible they should not enjoy good Health, since they drink the best_ -Tsia?" _Olearius_, in the Work before quoted, speaks of _Tea_ in the -following Manner: "We have already observed, that at the _Maidan_ -in _Ispahan_, there are, among others, particular Species of Inns, -called _Tzai_, _Chattai_, and _Chane_, in which, as well as in other -Places, the _Persians_ drink an hot, black Water, prepared of an Herb, -brought into their Country by the _Usbeck Tartars_. This Herb has -oblong pointed Leaves, about an Inch long, and half an Inch broad, -which, when dried, are of a blackish Colour, and shrivel up into the -Form of a Worm; but they are the same with what the _Chinese_ call -_Tea_, and the _Japonese_ and _Indians_, _Chia_, and _Cha_. In each of -these Nations, this Herb is highly esteemed; the _Persians_ boil it -with Spring-Water, _Anise_ and _Fennel_: Some of them also add a small -Quantity of _Cloves_ to it. The _Persians_, _Chinese_, _Japonese_, -and _Indians_, ascribe uncommon Virtue and Efficacy to this Water, -affirming, that it produces the most salutary Effects on the Stomach, -Lungs, Liver, Mass of Blood, and all the _Viscera_, which it deterges -and corroborates. It also expels the Stone, removes the Head-ach, and -dissipates that superfluous Humidity, which produces Lassitude and -Drowsiness. By drinking this Water, a Person is rendered so lively, -brisk, and alert, as chearfully to bear the Want of Sleep for several -Nights, and without any Pain, or Fatigue, apply long to Business of -the greatest Importance. This Liquor, when drank in Moderation, not -only preserves Health, but also protracts Life to an excessive old Age. -This Herb _Tea_ is, at present, well known in _Holland_, since the -_East-Indiamen_ bring large Quantities of it to _Amsterdam_." _Johannes -Albertus von Mandelslo_, in _Itinerar. Indiæ Orientalis, Cap. 11._ -gives us the following memorable Account of _Tea_: "In our Visits, we -make use of the black Water, in which the Herb _Tea_ is boiled. This -Liquor, which is very common in the _Indies_, is greatly admired, not -only by the Natives, but also by the _English_ and _Dutch_; since it -is said to carry off Phlegm, warm the Stomach, and procure Digestion. -We drink it three Times a Day, namely, in the Morning, Afternoon, and -Evening. The _Persians_ also drink a black Water, called _Chavve_, -which, in Colour, resembles the _Tea_, though its Virtues and Efficacy -are different; since the _Chavve_ is a great Cooler, and procures -Sterility, on which Account, the lascivious _Persians_ chuse to drink -it: On the contrary, the _Tea_ moderately warms, and strengthens, the -Bowels and Stomach." - -_Gulielmus Leyl_, a Native of _Denmark_, after his Return from the -_East Indies_, at my Request, courteously wrote me the following -Particulars with respect to _Tea_: "I was informed by the _Chinese_, in -the Islands of _Java_, _Macascar_, _Celebes_, and other Places, that -the _Cha_, or _Thee_, grew in _China_ and _Cathaya_; but that the best -came from _Cathaya_, a Country belonging to the _Tartars_. The Herb -is, in the _Chinese_, _Japonese_, _Tartarian_, _Persian_, _Arabic_, -_Turkish_, and _Indostan_ Languages, called _Cha_; in the Pronunciation -of which Word, it is to be observed, that the _Ch_ is sounded as it -is in _Spain_ and _England_; but is by the _Persians_, _Arabians_, -and _Turks_, expressed by one of their own Characters. By such of -the _Chinese_ as border upon the Sea it is called _The_. In these -Countries, vast Sums of Money are laid out upon this Herb, which is -said to be possessed of very considerable Virtues; for it corroborates -the Stomach, and produces a good Digestion; nourishes the Limbs, and -dissipates and carries off by Urine, or otherwise, all peccant and -redundant Humidity. It also cures the Gout, and prevents, or expels -the Stone and Gravel. During my Residence, for many Years there, I -never had the smallest Symptoms of the Gout, with which I have been -violently afflicted since my Return into _Europe_. The _Chinese_ are -also Strangers to the Stone, and their _Tea_ not only preserves the -Body in good Health, but also removes Intoxication. It prevents Sleep, -and renders Persons alert and chearful in the Dispatch of Business. The -Water prepared of this Herb, is to be drank in a Morning fasting, with -preserved Ginger, as also after Dinner, between Meals, after Supper, or -at any Time, since the frequent Use of it is not hurtful. They boil a -Pint of Water in a Pot, then put a Spoonful of _Tea_ into it, and cover -it close up for a Quarter of an Hour, during which Time they shake it -frequently. Those to whom this Liquor is disagreeable, on account of -its bitter Taste, put Sugar-Candy into the Cup; but, its Efficacy is -greater, when drank without it. The People of Fashion in _China_ and -_Japan_, have their particular Kettles, in which they boil the Water by -itself, and then pour it upon the _Tea_ in another Vessel, which they -cover for a Quarter of an Hour, shaking it frequently." - -In order to determine that dubious and perplexing Question, Whether -the _Tea_ of the _Chinese_ is an Herb, or a small Shrub? It is -necessary I should previously enquire, whether it is only produced -in _Asia_, or whether any of it is also to be found in _Europe_; as -also which of the _European_ Plants is the most proper Succedaneum to -it? In these Disquisitions, I must, therefore, have recourse to the -Suffrages of the before-quoted Authors. But I must here advise all -Physicians to divest their Minds of Prejudice, and carefully peruse -_Hippocrates_'s Treatise _de Aere, Aquis, & Locis_, by which they -will be informed, how much _Airs_, _Waters_, and _Soils_, agree, or -disagree, and what proportionable Variations, or Alterations, these -Agreements, or Differences are capable of producing. The celebrated -_Hoffman_, in _Lib. 2. de Medicament. Officinalibus, Cap. 15._ when -speaking of the _Myrtle_, tells us, "That we are carefully to attend -to the native Soil and Climate of a Plant, by which it is rendered -either better or worse, in consequence of which, its Faculties and -Virtues will not be the same in different Countries." This Doctrine -I have everywhere inculcated in my _Quadripartitium_, but especially -in the Histories of _Betony_, _Carduus Benedictus_, _Scurvy-Grass_, -_Marsh Trefoil_, _Dragons_ and _Squills_. My Design in advancing this -is, to shew the Probability of the Production of _Tea_, not only in -the Kingdoms of the _East Indies_, such as _China_, _Japan_, _Chian_, -_Nanquin_, and _Cham_; but also, according to the Conjecture of -_Trigautius_, in the _European_ Woods and Forests: And I am the more -inclined to this Opinion, because the celebrated _Olearius_ informs -us, that the _Tartars_ of _Uzbeck_, who, according to _De Laet. in -Descript. Persiæ_, _Cap. 1._ are separated from the _Persians_, wage -War upon them, and export _Tea_ from _Cattajo_ into _Persia_: Besides, -_Gulielmus Leyl_, a Gentleman, not only of Distinction, but also of -untainted Veracity, informs me, in his Letter, that in _Java_ the -greater, _Macassar_, and _Celibes_, he was told by the Inhabitants, -that _Cha_ or _The_ grows in _China_ and _Catajo_; but that the best -is, by the _Tartars_, exported from the latter of these Places, Now, -it is sufficiently known, that _Tartary_, on account of the Elevation -of the Pole, in many Respects, agrees with the _European_ Provinces, -situated under the same Degree of Elevation; so that, it is by no means -absurd to assert that many Trees, Shrubs, and Herbs, should thrive as -well in these _Northern_ Provinces, as in _Tartary_, which, like them, -is diversified with Precipices, Forests, Mountains, Pasture-Grounds, -Vallies, and Rivers. In a word, as _Tulpius_ and _Trigautius_ think -that neither _Tea_, nor its Use, were long known to the _Chinese_, -because they had neither any antient Names for it, nor Hieroglyphics to -express its Nature; I am more and more confirmed, that _Cha_, or _The_, -grows more plentifully in _Catajo_ than in _China_ itself, especially -since _Olearius_ and _Leyl_ inform us, that _Cha_ is a _Tartarian_ -Word; and, according to the latter of these Authors, only some of the -_Chinese_, who live upon the Shore, have begun to call _Cha_, _Te_. -Since, therefore, the _Europeans_ frequent _China_, or its adjacent -Islands, much more than they do _Tartary_, and since the _Chinese_ -call the _Cha_ of the _Tartars_ _The_, it is probable, that this is -the Original of the Word _Tea_ in _Europe_, But it is to be observed, -that _Tulpius_ asserts, that, the _Tchia_ of the _Japonese_, is far -more valuable than the _Thee_ of the _Chinese_; since a Pound of the -former is sometimes sold at an Hundred _Libræ_ of Silver, which, if -I am not mistaken, amount to forty Crowns. But _Trigautius_ affirms, -that a Pound of the _Chinese_ is sold at one _Noble_, and at most for -two or three; whereas, a Pound of the best _Japonese_ is often sold -at ten or twelve. Father _Rhodius_ tells us, that _Tea_ is no where -produced, except in two Provinces of _China_, _Nanquin_ and _Chim_; -and immediately subjoins, That there was such Plenty of it, that it -sold at a very low Rate: Though these Accounts are inconsistent with -each other, yet it is none of my Business to reconcile them; since -my Design is only to shew, that the _Cha_, the _Tchia_, or _Thee_, -whether a Species of Copse, or an Herb, is indigenous to _Tartary_. -Now, as _Tulpius_ and _Trigautius_ have shewn, that _Tea_ has not been -long known to the _Chinese_; and, as _Olearius_ and _Leyl_ assert, -that it is exported from _Tartary_ into _Persia_, as well as _China_, -I am of Opinion, that it probably began to be known in _China_ when -the _Tartars_ in 1644 made an Incursion into that Country, and that -it was first transported into _Europe_ from the _East-Indies_. And -though the Authors mentioned by _Olearius_ affirm, that the _Thee_ of -the _Chinese_ was known before this Incursion; yet as the _Tartars_ -had several Times before laid _China_ waste, it is not improbable, but -the _Chinese_ were, by the _Tartars_, with whom I believe it is cheap, -first taught the Use of _Tea_, as we were by the _Chinese_: For if, -according to _Tulpius_, _Tea_ is sold at so great a Rate in _China_, -or, if a Pound of the best _Tea_ is often sold at twelve _Nobles_ in -_Japan_, I cannot see how the Merchants of _Amsterdam_ and _Hamburg_, -who may reasonably be allowed a fourth of Profit, could afford a Pound -for eight _Nobles_. Since, therefore, _Tartary_ is a very extensive -Kingdom; and since, in some Provinces of it, the _Tea_ of the _Chinese_ -grows, I think it very probable, that the same _Tea_ may be found in -the similar, heathy, copsy, and uncultivated Places of _Europe_. We -now come to enquire, whether _Tea_ is an Herb, or a Kind of Copse: -Besides the Authors, therefore, already quoted from _Olearius_, as -affirming that it is an Herb, _Bontius_, _Varenius_, _Olearius_, -_Johannes Albertus von Mandelslo_, and _Leyl_, also call it an Herb: -But _Trigautius_ and _Rhodius_ pronounce it a Kind of Copse, or small -Shrub. If, therefore, we are swayed in our Judgment by the Plurality -of Voices, we must infallibly conclude _Tea_ to be an Herb. But as, -in all Cases, one Eye-Witness is better than ten who take Things upon -Report; and as the two last-mentioned Authors travelled through the -_East-Indies_, it is more reasonable to trust to their Descriptions, -than to those of the others, who, being no professed Botanists, were, -in some measure, misled by botanical Authors, who too often confound -Words, as we have shewn in the Dissertation on _Tobacco_: However, to -reconcile these Differences, we say, that _Tea_ may be defined and -described, either as an Herb, or as a Kind of Copse, or small Shrub; -for as Geographers, in their Descriptions of _Nova Zembla_, and the -_Terra Australis incognita_, make Conjectures about some Things which -they never saw, because they were never there; so, why may not I, -though I never was in _Asia_, make an Attempt to delineate an _Asiatic_ -Plant, which is the Herb, or Shrub, _Tea_, in order to prevent that -excessive Import of it, which corrupts our Regimen, and impairs our -Health no less than the _Tobacco_ sent us from _America_? Now, though -_Asia_ furnishes the _Chinese_ with _Tea_, as a salutary Medicine, -yet she obtrudes it upon us, at the same Time we are ignorant what -it is; for which Reason I shall describe _Tea_, both as an Herb, and -as a Kind of Copse, or small Shrub. "_Tea_, therefore, as an Herb, -has oblong Leaves, acuminated, crenated about the Edges, and about -an Inch long, and half an Inch broad. In _China_ these Leaves are of -a dark green Colour, and of a bitter Taste; whereas those produced -in _Japan_, are of a fainter Green, and more grateful Taste, tinging -any Liquor with the same Colour. These Leaves, when dried, become -black, and shrivelled up, like small Worms, and the Herb has a fibrous -Root, divided into many small Shreds." If any should tell me, that -this seems to be a Description of _Betony_, I answer, so it is; and I -would rather perswade the _Europeans_ to use this Herb, possessed of -numberless known Virtues, than to persist in the Use of the unknown -_Tea_ of the _Chinese_, purchased at a great Expence, and calculated -for impoverishing Families. It is indeed certain, that, as the moderate -Use of it, without producing a preter-natural Heat, conforts and dries -the Brain, and whole nervous System, so the immoderate Use of it, -cannot fail to be equally noxious to the _Europeans_ as the Abuse of -_Wine_. _Tea_, as a Kind of Copse, or small Shrub, may be described -in the following Manner: "_Tea_ is a small Shrub, greatly resembling -the _Myrtle_-Bush, with dark green Leaves, as large as those of the -_Pomegranate_, but with small Incisions about the Edges, like those -observable in the Leaves of the _Daisy_. These Leaves are carefully -collected in the _Spring_, dried in a Shade, or in proper Furnaces, and -preserved in pretty large Vessels, close stopped, in order to prevent -the free Access of the Air." If any one should find fault with me for -describing _Tea_, both as an Herb, and as a Kind of Copse, or small -Shrub; I can vindicate myself, by desiring him to compare each of these -Descriptions with the different Accounts given by all the before-cited -Authors, whose Veracity cannot be called in Question. But, perhaps, it -may be objected, that _Bontius_ asserts, that _Tea_ is an Herb, and -describes it as such, and consequently, that I corrupt what I intended -to correct, which happened to _Epicurus_, attempting to rectify the -Doctrines of _Democritus_: I answer, that _Bontius_, through an -Affectation of laconic Brevity, darkened his Description of _Tea_, by -comparing its Leaves, which are crenated, to those of the _Daisy_, -which have small Incisions: Whereas, he might, with more Justice, have -compared them to the Leaves of any Shrub, or Copse: But the Reader -will, possibly, condemn me for _Pyrrhonism_, or _Scepticism_, and -upbraid me with treating of Things, without coming to any fixed and -final Conclusion. But, in answer to this Charge, I affirm, in the Words -of _Vossius de Sect. Philosoph. Cap._ 20. "That _Scepticism_ is not -absolutely to be condemned; since, though many Things are certain, -yet far more are uncertain; and these latter combined and interwoven -with the former, impose on the Mind by their Similitude to Truth; so -that it is necessary to use all Diligence in distinguishing Truth -from Error." _Cicero_, in _Lib. 1. de Natur. Deor._ professes himself -of the same Opinion: "I am none of those, _says he_, to whom nothing -appears true; but I affirm, that Truth and Falshood are sometimes so -intimately mixed, and bear so near a Resemblance to each other, that -there is hardly any Criterion for distinguishing them." But, leaving -all dubious Ratiocinations, we shall now declare our Sentiments in -an explicit Manner, and come to a fixed and determinate Conclusion. -For this Purpose, let us compare the Descriptions which _Dodonæus_ -gives us of the Herb _Betony_, and of the Shrub _Chamelæagnus_, with -those two I have given of the _Chinese Tea_: I am then intirely -free from Partiality, when I think that the Properties ascribed to -these two, especially to the _Chamelæagnus_, exactly agree to the -_Chinese Tea_; nor, considering how far I am advanced in Years, do -I care how much I may be ridiculed for maintaining such an Opinion, -since I have long ago formed my Mind upon those noble and exalted -Sentiments, which _Epictetus_, in _Enchirid. Cap. 29._ expresses in -the following beautiful Manner: "If thou inclinest to commence the -Study of Wisdom and Virtue, thou must forthwith prepare thyself for -future Reproach and Contempt, since many will hiss thee, upbraid -thee with becoming a Philosopher all on a sudden, and sneeringly ask -the Reason of thy supercilious Air: Do thou, in the mean time, guard -against a supercilious Behaviour, as much as thou possibly canst; -but, like a faithful Centinel, placed in a particular Post by thy -Master, rigidly maintain and adhere to those Things which, to thee, -appear best and most praise-worthy; and, for thy Comfort, remember -this, that if thou resolutely keepest thy Post, thou wilt, at last, -become the Admiration of those who before derided thee: Whereas, if -thou shamefully quittest thy Station, and succumbest to the heedless -and unthinking Herd, thou wilt be doubly derided." But, as moral -Reflections may be thought impertinent on such Occasions, we shall -return to our Subject. _Dodonæus_, therefore, in _Pemptad. 1. Lib. 2. -Cap. 20._ tells us, "that _Betony_ has oblong, broad, and green Leaves, -somewhat rough, serrated about the Edges, and resembling those of the -Oak, though somewhat smaller." Now, _Tulpius_ informs us, that the -Leaves of _Tea_ are oblong, acuminated and serrated about the Edges: -And _Olearius_ affirms, that they are about an Inch in Length, and -half an Inch in Breadth. _Tulpius_ also asserts, that in _China_, they -are of a dark green Colour; whereas, in _Japan_, they are of a fainter -Colour; so that these Descriptions quadrate very exactly with _Betony_. -The _Chamelæagnus_ is, by _Dodonæus_, in _Stirp. Histor. Pemptad. 6. -Cap. 20._ described in the following Manner: "The _Chamelæagnus_ is a -small and low Shrub, rarely rising to the Height of a Cubit: It sends -forth some Branches, which bear small, broad, and oblong Leaves, not -unlike those of the _Myrtle_, but harder, and frequently longer: All -the Parts of the Shrub, and especially its Seeds, are somewhat odorous: -It delights in wild and uncultivated Soils, which are somewhat marshy -and aqueous." The Authors before quoted, have made no Mention, either -of the Seeds, or Flowers; nor, though I have had an Opportunity of -turning over large Quantities of _Tea_, have I ever found any Part -of a Flower, Stem, Apex, Calyx, Down, Seed, Pods of Seed, Berries, -or any Thing analogous to any of these, except some few Pieces, of -a Kind of arundinacious Grass; from which we may justly infer, that -the _Chinese Tea_ delights in uncultivated, aqueous, and marshy -Soils, as well as the _European Chamelæagnus_; which, as described by -_Dodonæus_, exactly resembles the _Tea_ of the _Chinese_. The Reasons -why I have compared _Tea_ to _Betony_, are sufficiently obvious; since -my Accounts of the former, taken from _Trigautius_, _Rhodius_, and -_Bontius_, exactly agree to the latter; for _Trigautius_ affirms, -that the Leaves called _Tea_, when gathered from a certain Shrub, and -boiled in Water, afford that celebrated Liquor, so much used by the -_Chinese_, _Japonese_, and their neighbouring Nations: And _Rhodius_ -asserts, that the Leaves of _Tea_ are, in a great measure, like those -of the _Myrtle_, and, in Bulk, equal to those of the _Pomegranate_. I -have, in a particular Manner, mentioned the Crenations of the Leaves, -because no such Circumstance is specified, either by _Dodonæus_, -in his Description of the _Chamelæagnus_, or by _Trigautius_ and -_Rhodius_, in their Accounts of the Leaves of _Tea_, which, according -to _Olearius_, are about an Inch long, half an Inch broad, and, when -dried, assume a blackish Colour, all which Circumstances hold true of -the _Chamelæagnus_. _Tulpius_ informs us, that the Leaves of _Tea_ -are of a dark green Colour, oblong, acuminated, and crenated about -the Edges; and _Bontius_ describes them with small Incisions about -the Edges, like those of the _Daisy_: Besides, if the Reader compares -what _Dodonæus_ advances, with respect to the native Soil of the -_Chamelæagnus_, with the Description I have given of it, he will find -it probable that it is also produced in _Tartary_; so that we have -just Reason to conclude, that the _Cha_ of the _Tartars_, and _Thee_ -of the _Chinese_, are nothing else but the _European Chamelæagnus_. -Another Analogy is also to be observed between the Leaves of _Tea_, and -those of the _Chamelæagnus_, which is, that only the larger Leaves of -each of them are crenated. If it should be objected, that _Dodonæus_ -inclined to insinuate, that the Leaves of the _Chamelæagnus_ are -like those of the _Myrtle_; and that the Leaves of the true _Myrtle_ -are not crenated: I answer, that I am sufficiently apprised of this; -but, at the same time, would have the Objector remember, that _Caspar -Bauhine_ finds some Things wanting in the Figure of the _Chamelæagnus_, -exhibited in the _Latin_ Edition of _Dodonæus_, and for that Reason, -prefers the Figure in the _Dutch_ Edition to it. His Description is -also very defective, since he neither mentions the Crenation of the -Leaves, nor the Sporting of Nature, which are very material Points; -since the Leaves are not all crenated in the same Manner, and sometimes -not crenated at all, especially at the Points, till they have arrived -at a certain Age and Bulk. Similar Sportings of Nature are frequently -to be observed; since, in one and the same Mallow, it often happens, -that one Leaf is not like another. There is also a surprizing Variety, -both in the Form and Number of the Leaves of the _Eupatorium Canadense -Foliis Enulæ Jacobi Cornuti_ of the _Lysimachia Lutea Major_ and -_Minor_, and of the _Pseudolysimachia_. It is also sufficiently known, -that the _Peruvian_ Flower in _Europe_, varies every Day considerably -from the same Flower in _Peru_; but we are not, for this Reason, -to deny that they both belong to the same Species. Thus, though in -_Europe_, there is a Kind of Sporting of Nature in the Leaves of the -_Chamelæagnus_; yet all these Leaves, when most accurately compared -with the _Tartarian_ or _Chinese Tea_, are only found to differ -inconsiderably from them in Size, Colour, and Crenations: So that -we may conclude, that the Shrub _Chamelæagnus_ belongs to the same -Species with the _Tea_ of the _Tartars_ and _Chinese_: But, lest -my own Authority should be questioned, I shall, from that of other -Botanists, prove this surprizing Variation in our own _Chamelæagnus_. -I am indeed sorry that the _Chamelæagnus_ is not sufficiently and -fully treated of, either in the last Edition of _Tabernemontanus_, or -in the _Ebrodunense Herbarium_. But we must supply this Defect from -_Bauhine_, who, in _Pinax. 40. Lib. 11. Sect. 4._ tells us, "That the -_Rhus Myrtifolia Belgica_, or _Chamelæagnus_, has its Leaves sometimes -broad, and sometimes narrow; and I have been told by Dr. _Backmaster_, -that its Leaves are sometimes crenated like those of a Shrub; such -as the _Rosemary_ of the _Northern_ Nations, or our own _Myrtle_." -In 1622, when walking in a Copsy Field, near _Rostock_, I broke off -a small Twig of this _Chamelæagnus_ in the _Spring_, before it was -in the Flower. This I carefully preserved till it was fully dry, and -found the Leaves exactly to resemble those of the _Chinese Tea_, in -Tenderness, Size, Colour, and Crenations. But that this Affinity and -Resemblance might be still farther evinced, I have, in _Quadripartit. -Botan._ given a Cut of one of the tender Leaves of the _Chamelæagnus_, -gathered in the _Spring_, and another of a full grown Leaf, gathered -in the _Summer_; and to these I have added two Cuts of _Tea_ Leaves, -produced in _China_: But, some may object, that the _Chinese Tea_ -differs from the _Chamelæagnus_, because, according to _Rhodius_, -the Leaves of the former appear in the Beginning of the _Spring_ at -_Nanquin_ and _Chim_; and, when dried, are so far from resembling -Leaves, that they rather seem to be small Buds or Gems of Shrubs, or -Trees: Whereas, the Branches of our _Chamelæagnus_ are not cut, till -the Middle, or latter End of the _Summer_, and are negligently hung up -in the Shops, with the Leaves, Seeds, and Flowers. These Circumstances, -I confess, must produce a considerable Difference in these Leaves, -not only with respect to Colour and Smell, but also, perhaps, with -respect to Qualities and Virtues. If I should be asked, whether it -is expedient to recommend the _Chamelæagnus_ as a Succedaneum, to -the _Chinese Tea_? I answer, it is highly expedient. If it should -be said, that it affects the Head; I reply, so does _Betony_, which -procures a certain Hilarity, or Agility, to the Brain and Members, -by which Means, it greatly invigorates the Animal Faculty: For this -specific Quality of _Tea_, it is so much used by Statesmen, in order -to render them brisk and active, for the Discharge of their Offices: -For this Class of Men, as well as Physicians, are allowed Angular and -uncommon Indulgences by _Plato_, in _Lib. 3. de Republica_. "The Gods, -_says he_, can obtain no good End by lying to Mortals; but, a Lie -may be useful to sick Persons; for which Reason Lying is pardonable -in Physicians, immediately employed in their Business, but not at -all in Persons of a private Character. In Governors also, Lying is -pardonable, when it has a Tendency, either to promote the Good of their -Subjects, or frustrate the Designs of their Enemies." Some affirm, that -Ale, prepared with the _Chamelæagnus_, excites violent Head-achs, from -which they infer, that its Sulphur is injurious to the Head: But I -would have such Persons remember, that the best Things may be used to -Excess. Thus a Pain is immediately produced in the Head, by the Abuse -of the Wine of the _Rubus Idæus_, or that in which the _Pimpinella -Sanguisorba_ has been macerated. Hence, if you mix but a small Quantity -of the _Chamelæagnus_, full of its Seeds, with Ale, such Ale will -speedily intoxicate those who drink it; but if you put only a few of -the Leaves to the Ale, it will revive the Spirits as effectually as -the _Asiatic Tea_. At the _Hague_, _Sinapi_ is called _Senney_, and in -the _Netherlands_, _Mustard_; but this Change of Names does not hinder -_Sinapi_ from being an Herb of the same Species in these different -Parts. In _Europe_ we are to have a due Regard to the most commodious -Time of gathering the Leaves of the _Chamelæagnus_, which, in _Asia_, -is the _Spring_, and after they are gathered, we are carefully to keep -them in large, close-stopped Vessels. Besides, we are to consider, -that the Climates of _Asia_ and _Europe_ differ very widely; though I -have shewn, that from the same Elevation of the Pole, some _Northern_ -Countries have a Climate, not much unlike to that of the _Tartars_. -But some may say, granting that the _Chamelæagnus_, or _Myrtus Nostras -Sylvestris_, is really the _Cha_ of the _Tartars_, and the _The_ of -the _Chinese_ and _Persians_; yet it never arrives at such Perfection -in any Part of _Europe_, as in _Tartary_ or _China_: This, perhaps, I -may grant, with respect to _China_, but not with respect to _Tartary_, -for the Reasons before specified, and on account of the Climate, -which, it is to be suspected, produces _Tea_ of little or no Value; -for it is not so much as mentioned in the following Account of the -_Tartars_, and their Herbs, given by _Antonius Maginus_, in _Comment. -Nov. Geograph_. "The _Tartars_ live in a most sordid, nasty Manner; -since only a very few of them use Table-Cloths and Napkins at their -Meals: They drink Water, Milk, and Ale prepared of Millet. Very little -Wine is produced in their Country; and with that which is imported they -intoxicate themselves, which is with them considered as an honourable -and glorious Thing. They commend the Juice or Milk of Sorrel, because -it corroborates the Stomach, and proves purgative at the same Time. -They chearfully eat various Herbs, especially such as grow near the -_Tanais_, among which they greatly extol an Herb called _Baltracan_, -which greatly nourishes them, and restores their Strength. At the -Season, therefore, when this Herb bears Fruit, the _Tartars_ freely -wander through these Desarts, in which no other Kind of Food or Aliment -is to be found; for, if they can provide nothing else, this Herb, -which they frequently find, and carry home on Carts and Horses, proves -sufficient for their Sustenance." But I shall proceed to contemplate -our _Chamelæagnus_, with greater Accuracy. It is, therefore, certain, -that _Iceland_, a cold and harsh Climate, produces the best _Angelica_ -in all _Europe_; and _Norway_, which is somewhat milder, though -intolerably cold in the _Winter_, yet affords those large Quantities of -_Gentian_, and other medicinal Herbs, which the Traders in _Germany_ -and _Holland_ have annual Occasion for. It is therefore probable, that -our _Chamelæagnus_ may also be possessed of very singular medicinal -Virtues; and, that it is so, we shall afterwards fully demonstrate. If -it should be objected, that the _Chinese_ and _Tartarian Teas_ have -become famous, but not the _European Chamelæagnus_; I answer, that -the Objection has no Foundation in Reason; because the Qualities and -Temperaments of Medicines are not altered by the Time at which they -began to be in Repute: Thus the _Angelica_ of _Iceland_, and the -_Norvegian Gentian_ are celebrated in _Europe_; and tho' it is not to -be doubted, but _Tartary_, and other Countries, lying under the same -Elevation of the Pole, produce _Angelica_ and _Gentian_ equally good, -yet these Medicines are not there celebrated, because the Inhabitants -have not ventured upon the Use of them. Thus, the perfumed Gloves sent -us from _Greece_, are more esteemed than those smelling of _Amber_, -_Musk_, _Stacte_, and _Cassia_, sent us from _Italy_, and _Spain_, -only because they were famed before these latter Countries began to -use such a Practice; such, and so great, is the Tyranny of Opinion, -and the Force of Custom! It is, therefore, merely an ill-grounded -Opinion, to believe that our _Chamelæagnus_ is inferior in Virtues to -the _Chinese_ or _Tartarian Tea_; or that it is to be neglected, and -not introduced into the Shops. Nor is it reasonable to infer, that it -is not the _Chinese Tea_, because it has never been prepared in their -Manner; or that it ought not to be substituted in its stead, because -it has hitherto been little known, and only used by a few instead of -Hops. Tho' I am always willing to yield to superior and more powerful -Reasons, yet I cannot help thinking, that our _Chamelæagnus_ may be -very commodiously substituted to the _Chinese Tea_. Thus the _Scordium_ -of _Crete_ is generally thought the best of all others, for no other -Reason, but that it grows there. The _Germans_ and _Danes_, however, -ceased to import it from _Crete_ and _Venice_, after they discovered -the true _Scordium_, and found large Quantities of it produced in -_Lapland_, which also yielded great Plenty, not inferior to that of -_Asia_; so that we despise the _Asiatic_, in comparison of our own. -Thus, also, when we found from Experience, that the Qualities of our -common _Wormwood_, were not inferior to those of the _Wormwood_ brought -from _Pontus_ and _Rome_, we ceased to bring it from these Places, -and wisely used our own. _Hoffman_, in _Lib. 2. de Med. Offic._ §. 5. -tells us, "That these _European_ Mountains which are most exposed to -a free Air, produce the wild or common _Wormwood_; whereas, those of -the _Pontic_ and _Roman_ Kinds, are only to be found in Gardens." But -how opposite is our Conduct with respect to _Tea_, which, at great -Expence and Trouble, we bring from _Asia_, when large Quantities of -it are produced in _Europe_? It is certainly unaccountable, and an -unpardonable Folly, for a Man, who is rich at Home, to go Abroad and -beg: Now, we are equally foolish, for despising that Plenty we have at -Home, and purchasing, at a great Price, the _Chinese Tea_, when its -Virtues are almost destroyed, as I shall afterwards demonstrate. Some -Persons may, perhaps, reject my Sentiments, unless they found an exact -Agreement between the Decoctions of _Chinese_ and _Tartarian Tea_, -and the _Chamelæagnus_, in Colour, Taste, Smell, and other Qualities; -and I doubt not in the least, but they would find this Agreement, -provided our _Chamelæagnus_ was gathered at a proper Season, treated -in the same Manner with the _Chinese Tea_, and prepared in the Method -used by them. I would have tried Experiments of this Kind, had not -I wrote this Treatise in the _Winter_ Season; but I thought a Delay -of its Publication might be attended with bad Consequences; since -all _Europe_ has large Sums of Money annually drained from it by the -_Asiatic Tea_, I therefore obtest, not only all Physicians, but also -others, fairly to examine, whether my Sentiments and Reasonings on this -Particular are true, or only probable; for most Truths, according to -_Cicero_, have the Disadvantage to be blended with Falshood and Error. -But some Persons may say I advance many Things without establishing -any. I own it is so; for I am like the Images of _Mercury_ set up by -the Highways of the Antients, which pointed out the Road to others, -without ever entering it themselves. Perhaps practical Physicians may -blame me for making the _Chamelæagnus_ a Succedaneum for the _Chinese -Tea_; since it is sufficiently known that the former greatly affects -the Head. I own, indeed, I am subject to Error and Mistake, as well -as other Mortals: But I would have these Physicians consider, that -_Trigautius_ and _Rhodius_ affirm, that the Leaves of _Tea_ resemble -those of the _Myrtle_. Now, the Leaves of the _Chamelæagnus_, when -arrived at their full Growth in the _Summer_, are so like those of -the _Myrtle_, except that these last are crenated at the Points, that -the one cannot be distinguished from the other. They also produce an -Effect similar to those of the _Myrtle_; we must therefore compare the -_Chinese Tea_, the true _Myrtle_, and the _Chamelæagnus_, with one -another, in order, from this Comparison, to ascertain and determine -the Virtues and Faculties of the Leaves of each of them. The Virtues -and Faculties, then, of _Tea_, according to _Tulpius_, are these -following: "It renders the Body vigorous, and removes nephritic Pains, -to which none of the _Chinese_ are, for this very Reason, obnoxious. -It carries off Pains and Stuffings of the Head, Inflammations of the -Eyes, Defluxions, Difficulty of Breathing, Weakness of the Stomach, -Gripings of the Intestines, and Weariness: It also prevents Sleep, -heats moderately, and by constricting the Mouth of the Stomach, -hinders the Vapours from ascending to the Head. This Liquor, when -drank warm, _Trigautius_ thinks highly salutary in a great many -Cases." Though I do not deny these Things, yet, when the _Chinese_ -assert, that nothing is more conducive to the protracting of Life to -an extreme old Age than _Tea_, they run into an Hyperbole, no less -glaring and ostentatious than that of _Cicero_, when describing his -own Return, in _L. Calphurn. Pis._ "_Rome_ herself, _says he_, seemed -to move from her Foundation, in order to contemplate her returning -Guardian and Preserver, whom she received with such unbounded and -universal Joy, that even the Walls and Temples of the City seemed to -rejoice." This Happiness of the _Chinese_, is intirely owing to other -Causes; for their Air is clement, and their Regimen so temperate, -as, almost, to come up to that of the _Pythagoreans_; though the -_Tartars_ cannot boast either of such a Climate, or such Moderation. -But, with the _Europeans_, a fuller and more copious Diet is used, -which is therefore productive of more Diseases: Hence, the incomparable -_Bartholine_, in _Consil. Med. de Cometa._ gives the _Europeans_ a -most salutary Advice, by recommending a spare and slender Diet, and -condemning a full and copious Regimen: "Moderate eating of Flesh, -_says he_, is to be injoined; since Excess, in this Respect, is the -Origin of violent Putrefaction, and various Disorders. Thus _Diogenes -apud Porphyr. in Lib. I. de Abstinen._ used to say, that those who -eat much were generally Thieves, and Soldiers; and such as eat Flesh -were Sycophants and Tale-Bearers. Hence the _Quadragesimal_ Fast, -in _Concil. Laodicen. Canon. 50._ is ordered to be kept with Bread, -Salt, and Water, as _Christoph. Justellus_ explains the Word Ξηροφαγία -from _Epiphanius_:" Hence the eating little Flesh, but somewhat more -Broth, is conducive to the Preservation of Health: So that the slender, -spare Diet of the _Asiatics_ protracts their Lives to extreme old Age; -whereas, the full and luxurious Regimen of the _Europeans_, cuts them -off, before the natural Period of their Life is expired: So happy a -Tendency have a clement Air, and a proper Regimen, if not to protract -Life, yet, at least, to preserve Health, and prevent Diseases. Not -only _Tea_, which we have from the _East_, but also _Chocolate_, which -is imported from the _West Indies_, begins to be famous: With respect -to this latter Commodity, the Reader may consult _Antonius Colmerus -de Ledesma_, whose Work is translated from _Spanish_ into _Latin_, -by _Marcus Aurelius Severinus_. But I proceed in the History of -_Tea_, which is possessed of admirable Qualities; since, according to -_Rhodius_, "It relieves the Head, prevents Vapours, and is a Specific -against the _Hemicrania_; since, when he was afflicted with this, or -any other Disorder of the Head, he was, by drinking _Tea_, immediately -relieved. It also prevents Sleep, corroborates the Stomach, purges -the Kidnies from Stones and Gravel; and, according to _Varenius_, is -of singular Efficacy in removing the Uneasiness arising from previous -Surfeits, and all pituitous Disorders." _Olearius_ also affirms, -that it is possessed of constrictive and astringent Quality, and is -highly salutary to the Stomach, Lungs, Liver, Blood, and all the human -_Viscera_, which it deterges and corroborates; that it expels the -Stone, removes Head-achs, and dries up all superfluous and redundant -Homours, which occasion Laziness and Drowsiness. _Johannes Albertus von -Mandelslo_ informs us, that the Water impregnated with _Tea_, is not -only much admired by the _Indians_, but also highly esteemed by the -_Dutch_, who frequently use it for evacuating Phlegm, corroborating -the Stomach, heating and strengthening all the _Viscera_; and that he -was convinced, that by drinking three Times a-day, large Quantities -of _Tea_, which is of an astringent Quality, he was freed from a -violent Uneasiness and _Diarrhœa_ at _Surat_. _Gulielmus Leyl_ asserts, -that it corroborates the Stomach, and assists its concoctive Powers, -heats the Members, and removes all excrementitious Humours, which it -expels by Urine, or in some other Manner; that it removes the Gravel -and Gout, as he experienced in himself, when Governor of the Camp -of _Danisburg_, in the Island of _Cormandel_, in the _East Indies_; -that he was racked with the Gout upon his Return into _Europe_; -that _Tea_ removes Intoxication, renders Men active in transacting -Business, and prevents Sleep. Though I do not in the least doubt -of the Truth of these Assertions, yet I shall prove, that the true -_Myrtle_, is possessed of the same, and other excellent Qualities; -since it not only seems to be, but really is, a Species of _Tea_. If, -therefore, the Leaves of the _Danish_ and _German_ Myrtle, called -_Chamelæagnus_, vary much among themselves, and greatly resemble _Tea_, -may we not conclude, that the Leaves of _Tea_, the _Myrtle_, and the -_Chamelæagnus_, also agree in Virtues and Qualities. This is what I -now intend to evince. _Hippocrates_, therefore, in order to shew the -Efficacy of the _Myrtle_ in curing and removing Diseases, in _Lib. de -Superfætat, Sect. 3._ tells us, that when the Mouth of the _Uterus_ is -præternaturally constricted, it is opened by a Suffumigation, for which -Purpose, among other Things, he orders green _Myrtle_ Leaves contused. -He prescribes them green, and not dry, because the former most abound -with Sulphur and volatile Parts; whereas the latter contain little -of these; but, on account of their terrestrial, and somewhat hot -Parts, are violently drying; for which Crasis and Diversity of Parts, -as _Myrtle_ is but gently, or hardly, hot at all, _Galen_ calls it -cold. This Effect, therefore, mentioned by _Hippocrates_, evinces, -that _Myrtle_ consists of very subtle Parts, and is of a highly drying -Quality. I am surprized, that the Writers of the _Chinese_ History, -have not determined, whether _Tea_ was beneficial for both Sexes. The -same _Hippocrates_, in _Lib. 1. de Morb. Mulieb. Sect. 5. Ver. 6._ -among other Things proper for expelling a corrupted _Fœtus_, prescribes -_Myrtle-Berries_, _Sweet Flag_, and _Lentiles_, boiled in Wine, and, a -little after, he recommends _Pessary_ of the Leaves of _Myrtle_ for the -same Purpose: And in _Lib. de Natur. Muliebr. Sect. 5._ he orders the -Fruit of the _Black Myrtle_ macerated in Water, and mixed up with fine -Flower, to be exhibited as a Medicine for rendering the Body soluble, -and opening the _Uterus_. _Galen_ also, in _Lib. 7. Med. Simpl._ -informs us, "That _Myrtle_ consists of contrary and heterogeneous -Substances, that a cold and terrestrial Principle, however, -predominates in it, notwithstanding which, it has a certain subtile -Heat, in consequence of which, it is of an highly drying Nature: That -the Leaves, the Buds, the Fruit, and the Juice, have different Degrees -of Astringency; that the dried Leaves are more exsiccant than such -as are green; and that all Parts of the Plant are of an astringent -Quality, whether used internally or externally." The same Author, in -_Lib. 2. de Aliment. Facultat. Cap. 18._ affirms, that, like the Fruit -of the _Juniper_, it nourishes little, though it is possessed of a -contrary Quality: "For, _says he_, it is highly astringent; and, for -that Reason, stops Fluxes; but its Coldness does not bear a Proportion -to the Degree of its Astringency." (Circumstances which ought to be -carefully adverted to in investigating the Virtues of _Tea_, the -_Myrtle_, and the _Chamelæagnus_) "because it is not only astringent, -but also possessed of a certain Acrimony. Besides, it is peculiar to -all Aliments, possessed of a strong medicinal Quality, to lose that -Quality," (which Words I would have the Reader carefully observe) "by -boiling, roasting, or Maceration; after which they afford but little -Nourishment, and before none at all: This holds true in Onions and -Leeks." _Diascorides_, in _Lib. 1. Cap. 156_, tells us, "That the -_Myrtle_ and its Seeds are of an astringent Quality; and, that the -Juice expressed from the green Berries, produces the same Effects, is -beneficial to the Stomach, creates a Discharge of Urine, and cures the -Bites of venomous Spiders and Scorpions, if drank in Wine." He also -informs us, that there are two Kinds of _Myrtles_, in like Manner as -there are two Kinds of _Tea_, sent into _Europe_, by the _Chinese_. -_Athenæus_, in _Deipnosophist. Lib. 15._ tells us, "That such of the -_Greeks_ as were afflicted with Head-achs by drinking too much Wine at -their Feasts, stood in need of a Remedy for their Disorder, which, by a -certain Instinct of Nature, they knew to be most expeditiously removed -by Bundles of Flowers, and especially by Garlands wore on the Head; -for, according to _Andreas_, when any one was seized with an Head-ach, -his Pain was forthwith alleviated by tying it tight up:" (This may -be accounted for from _Harvey's_ late Discovery of the _Circulation -of the Blood_) "For this Reason they swathed the Heads of those who -had drank to Excess, with a Crown wove of an hederaceous Plant, which -is plentifully produced without any Culture, which is sufficiently -beautiful, and throws a grateful Shade over Forehead and Eyes. For this -Reason such Crowns seem to have been dedicated to _Bacchus_, who both -invented Wine, and was supposed to remove the Disorders produced by -it: But, in process of Time, Mankind became so voluptuous, that they -were not content to have the Effects of Drunkenness removed by this -Disorder; but also sought to gratify their Smell and Eyes. Then they -began to use a Crown of _Myrtle_, which is astringent, and dispels the -Exhalations of Wine, or a Garland of Roses, which, in some measure, -alleviates the Pain of the Head, and cools those who are overheated by -excessive Drinking: But over their Cups, they never used the Laurel, -which is heating, and of a disagreeable Smell: They also rejected -Violets, which by their Smell offend the Head, and every other Thing, -which could either create Uneasiness, or produce Obstructions." And -afterwards, he declares himself of _Philonis'_s Opinion, in the -following Words: "But I am intirely of the Sentiments of _Philonis_, -who affirmed, that a Crown of _Myrtle_ dispelled the Vapours of Wine, -and a Garland of _Roses_ refrigerated and alleviated the Pain of -the Head." _Bodæus, a Stapelen._ in _Comment. Lib. 4. Hist. Plant. -Theophr._ informs us, from _Clemens Alexandrinus_, "that the _Myrtle_ -was efficacious for exciting Laughter, which is represented as the -Concomitant of _Venus:_" And he adds, that _Myrtle_ was supposed to be -so grateful to this Goddess, that all who celebrated her Festivals, -were adorned with Crowns of it. The same Author, from _Athenæus_ -informs us, that the _Lesbians_ crowned themselves with Wreaths of -_Myrtle_ Twigs, which they called _Hypothymidæ_; because, as he tells -us, they refreshed and revived the Brain by their grateful Fragrance. -Those who desire to know more concerning the Virtues of the _Myrtle_, -may consult the _Histor. Plantar. Universal. Ebrodunens. Herbarior. -Lib. 5. Cap. 1._ where, what we have advanced, is farther confirmed, -or similar Qualities of the _Myrtle_ ascertained. But we proceed to -enquire into the Virtues and Qualities of the _Myrtus Brabantica_, or -_Chamelæagnus_. Though a great deal is not said of this Plant, which -_Bauhine_ calls the _Rhus Myrtifolia Belgica_, either by the antient -or modern Botanists; yet that it is possessed of singular Virtues, -is evinced from this, that _Pliny_, in _Lib. 24. Cap. 11._ informs -us, that the Herb called _Rhus_, which, according to _Clusius_ and -_Dodonæus_, is our _Chamelæagnus_, expels Poison, and cures scalled -Heads; a signal Proof, that whether green, or dry, it abounds with a -singular volatile Salt and Sulphur; which is also farther confirmed, -partly by its acrid, tho' not ungrateful Smell, and partly by the -Effects it produces. This is sufficiently confirmed by the Authority of -_Dodonæus_, who speaks of its Qualities and Virtues in the following -Manner: "Its Seeds, _says he_, are intensely hot and dry, almost in -the third Degree: Its Leaves are also hot and dry, though in a much -smaller Degree: Its Fruit, which is prejudicial to the Brain, when -used in preparing Ale, which is customary with many, renders the Ale -highly offensive to the Head, and soon productive of Intoxication or -Drunkenness. The whole Shrub, and its Fruit, when dried, and laid among -Clothes, preserve them from Moths and Worms." It also banishes Dormice, -as I have observed in my _Quadripartit. Botan._ Besides, a certain -Person of great Distinction in _Holstein_, and a Man of the strictest -Veracity, informs me, that the _Polanders_ use our _Chamelæagnus_ for -killing the Lice of their Hogs; for, if this Plant is strewed under -them in their Styes, the Lice which infest them will be destroyed in -a few Hours; nor will their Nits ever become alive. Besides, Serpents -are never found to have their Holes in those Forests, which produce the -_Chamelæagnus_, nor are they ever observed to come near it, much less -to creep through it, as I have been informed by Forest-Keepers of great -Veracity. It is not, therefore, to be denied, but the _Chamelæagnus_ -is an Herb of singular and excellent Virtues, since it produces these, -and a great many other uncommon Effects. _Dalechampius_, Author of -the _Herbarum Lugdunense_, in _Cap. 1._ gives us the following Account -of it: "The _Rhus Sylvestris Dodonæi_, and the _Rhus Plinii_ seems -to be another Plant, which is by some called the _Myrtus_, by others -the _Pseudomyrsine_, and the _Myrtus Brabantica_. It is a low, woody, -hard Plant, with many Branches, which bear pretty long Leaves, not -unlike those of the _Box-Tree_. Between the Branches rise many Twigs, -bearing, as it were, a great Number of Ears, which are, at first, -loaded with many small Flowers, and afterwards with a Congeries of many -angular Seeds, full of a certain pingueous Humour, of the same bitter -Taste with the Leaves, Flowers, and Fruit, but of a pleasant grateful -Smell. The Inhabitants of _Roan_ in _Normandy_, whose dark and gloomy -Forests produce great Quantities of it, call it _Piment Royale_, as it -were _Melyssophyllum Regium_. The Country People in _Summer_ gather -the Branches loaded with the Leaves and Seeds, tie them up in small -Bundles, for no other Purpose, but to give Clothes an agreeable Scent, -and hinder them from being corroded by Worms and Moths. Its highly -bitter Taste evinces that it is remarkably drying and discutient, and -that it is in a peculiar Manner adapted to kill and expel Worms, -whether exhibited internally, or applied externally: It flowers in the -Months of _May_ and _June_, and bears Fruit in _July_ and _August_." -An anonymous Author, who makes some Additions to _Dodonæus_, speaks -of it in the following Manner: "The _Gagel_ has, in _English_, the -Appellation of Gold from the Gold-coloured Flowers, or the clammy -sulphureous Matter lodged between the Seeds and their Husks. _Gagel_ -is, by some, esteemed a good Remedy, in all Cases, wherein the true -_Myrtus_ is used; but this Opinion is false: The Flowers and the clammy -sulphureous Substance lodged between the Seeds, and their Husks, are, -by some, accounted good in Consumptions and all other Disorders of the -Breast. These are also used in making Gold; others use the whole Plant -as an Antidote against Poison. Some put _Gagel_ into Beer instead of -Hops; whilst others put it into Must, affirming, that it gives the Wine -an agreeable Flavour, without injuring the Brain." These last Words -excellently describe those Virtues of the _Chamelæagnus_, in which it -agrees with the _Chinese Tea_, especially as the Author had before -informed us, that, in consequence of its abounding with a viscid, -yellowish Dew, or roscid Sulphur, it was of a drying Quality, and -that it has hitherto been despised, as an Herb possessed of no other -Virtues, than that of intoxicating, when Ale is prepared with it; and -certainly, this Effect is to be ascribed to no other Cause, than the -large Quantity of Sulphur contained in the _Chamelæagnus_: But I am -sensible, that I am entering upon chymical Principles, which I have -fully explained in another Work, when treating of malignant Fevers, -and especially the Nature, Genius, and Effects of volatile Salts and -Sulphurs. Now, as no one has hitherto contradicted any of my Opinions, -I hope this seeming Paradox, with respect to _Tea_, will meet with -the like favourable Reception; for, from the Comparison instituted -between the _Chinese Tea_, and the true _Myrtle_, it is evident, that -they agree, not only in Form, but also in Virtues and Faculties: And -as, not only _Tea_, but also the _Chamelæagnus_, is like the true -_Myrtle_, and may be used as a Succedaneum to it, we cannot doubt, but -the _Chamelæagnus_ is the genuine _Cha_ of the _Tartars_, or _Thee_ of -the _Chinese_; and as I have sufficiently demonstrated this, I hope -the _Europeans_ will not, for the future, be so foolish, as to despise -the _Tea_ produced in their own Climate, in comparison of that which -is brought from _China_: Besides, that _Tea_ is nothing else but our -_Chamelæagnus_, may be proved by the following Syllogism. - - Whatever Things agree in Form and Virtues, are of the same Species: - - The _Cha_ of the _Tartars_, the _Thee_ of the _Chinese_, and our - _Chamelæagnus_, agree in Form and Virtues: - - Therefore, they are all of the same Species and Kind. - -But Physicians may object, that I am still bewildered, and at a Loss; -since the _Chinese Tea_, and our _Chamelæagnus_, produce different -Effects: For, as all the Effects which the _Chinese_ or _Indians_ -ascribe to their _Tea_, seem to arise from the Diversity of its -Parts, some of which are moderately warm, others excessively dry, -some gross, and some subtle: Hence, both _Tea_ and the true _Myrtle_, -prevent Intoxication; nay, an Infusion of _Tea_ surprizingly keeps -those who drink it in _China_, from sleeping for some Nights. It may, -therefore, be objected to me, that the _Chamelæagnus_ is so far from -preventing or removing Drunkenness, that it forthwith intoxicates -the Person who drinks the Ale in which it has been boiled; but these -Effects are as diametrically opposite to each other, as those others -are of the _Chinese Tea_ removing an _Hemicrania_, and Head-achs, -and the _European Chamelæagnus_ exciting them: I answer, all this is -true; but, at the same time, it is to be remembered, that _Galen_ -every where demonstrates, of how great Efficacy, the Diversity of -Parts, in a compound Body, is; a memorable Example of which he has -given, in _Acorns_ arrived at perfect Maturity, in _Tr. de Composit. -Medicament. Loc. 1. Lib. 6._ I shall not affirm, that this Diversity -of Parts alone, is sufficient to account for all the Effects produced -by Tea, and the _Chamelæagnus_: But I am of Opinion, that both -considered, with respect to their whole Substance, and the Mixture -of Parts peculiar to each, act not so much by their weak Heat, as by -their excellent drying Virtues; so that they produce their respective -Effects only by their primary or secondary Qualities. But I can easily -prove, whence this Disagreement of Qualities derives its Origin. We -are, therefore, to consider, that the _Chamelæagnus_ abounds with a -Salt, and a glutinous Sulphur, of which, according to _Dodonæus_, the -Seeds and Fruit cannot be destitute: But, I deny that this Sulphur -is, in the least, offensive to the Brain and Nerves; and affirm, that -like the Wreaths of _Myrtles_, wore by the _Lesbians_, it, by its -Fragrance, comforts and revives the Brain; for, if it was otherwise, -I do not see how Ministers and Ambassadors to the Courts of _China_, -should often, by the Use of _Tea_, be enabled to attend Business for -whole Nights, without sleeping: This Account, however, must either be -confirmed, or refuted, by Experience. _Diogenes Laertius_ informs us, -that _Democritus_, when nothing else could be of any Service to him, -protracted his Life three Days longer, only by the refreshing Smell of -Bread, newly taken from an Oven. Thus, also, the moderate Use of Wine -revives, corroborates, and, by its Sulphur, dries the Nerves; which -is sufficiently known by Dancers, who frequently bath their Feet in -Wine, in order to strengthen them; and by Musicians, who take the same -Measures with their Hands: And if other Persons would frequently bathe -their Feet and Hands with Wine, impregnated either with _Rosemary_, -_Sage_, or _Betony_, it is incredible, how much it would contribute to -their Health. Besides, it may happen, that, by this Means, malignant -Disorders may be prevented. This Redundance, therefore, of a volatile -Sulphur in the _Chamelæagnus_, which palpably affects the Smell of -those who walk in Copsy Ground, disturbs the Brain, intoxicates, and -produces Head-achs. Thus, in Wine-Vaults, a Person is intoxicated by -drinking, sooner than elsewhere, because the Wine, though contained -in close Casks, sends forth sulphureous Exhalations, which escape -the Sight. It is certain, that the _Tartars_ import their _Cha_, -or _Chamelæagnus_, into _China_; but, it is not, to me, probable, -that they prepare it in the same Manner with the _Chinese_: For, if -we consider the Customs and Regimen of the _Tartars_, we find them -intolerably addicted to Drunkenness; notwithstanding which, they are -very robust and hardy: Hence, if they eat Herbs crude, and also boiled, -as they do their _Baltracan_, it is probable, they toast their _Cha_, -or dry it, and use it, whether after a _Crapula_, or not, and whether -they are afflicted with a Pain of the Head, or not; provided they are -intoxicated with it, as the Country People of _Europe_ are with the -_Chamelæagnus_ In order to correct this intoxicating Quality of the -_Chamelæagnus_, the _Chinese_ gather the Leaves in the _Spring_, and -not in the _Summer_: Now, it is sufficiently certain, from chemical -Observations, that the sulphureous Parts of Herbs are easily exhaled. -This was well enough known to _Galen_, since, in _Lib. de Aliment. -Facultat. Cap. 18._ he tells us, that the drastic Qualities of -Substances, that is, their saline, sulphureous, and volatile Parts, are -corrected, or drawn out by boiling, roasting, or Maceration. Hence, the -_Chinese_ toast, or carefully dry their _Tea_, in a Stove; after which, -they macerate it for a Quarter of an Hour in warm Water, but do not -boil it, lest, by that Means, it should be deprived of all its Virtues: -Thus, it is sufficiently known, that _Rhubarb_ is deprived of its -purgative Qualities by toasting it, and _Alexandrian Senna_ by being -boiled, and strongly expressed. If, therefore, as I before hinted, the -_Europeans_ would imitate the _Chinese_, they would only use those -Leaves of the _Chamelæagnus_, which are gathered in the _Spring_; but -not the Shrub itself, nor the Flowers, nor Seeds, boiled in Ale instead -of Hops; for the Leaves ought only to be macerated: Nor is it probable, -that the _Chamelæagnus_ would intoxicate so soon, if it was intirely -deprived of its Seeds; for this Effect is produced by the Sulphur which -abounds in other Herbs and Shrubs, as well as the _Chamelæagnus_, and -is sometimes more, and sometimes less volatile, or fixed: Thus, the -Scent of the Heart of the _Moschatella_ is intirely lost, by being -frequently smelled. The _Geranium Moschatum_ also, has this peculiar -to itself, that when it appears half withered, it emits no Smell; -but sends forth a strong one when gently rubbed between the Hands; -for if it should be bruised, the Labour would be lost. _Rue_ also -contains so volatile a Sulphur, that, when it is dry, it has almost no -Colour, whilst its Seeds are oleous and sulphureous. _Wormwood_ holds -a Kind of Medium, consisting of one highly volatile Principle, which -greatly affects the Head; for which Reason some would have it washed -in warm Water before it is used for the Preparation of the _Vinum -Absinthites_, and another of a more fixed Nature; as also a volatile -and fixed Salt: Thus, also, _Garlick, Mother of Thyme_, and especially -the _Laurel_, abound in Sulphur, as well as the _Chamelæagnus_, in -which, indeed, it is more slowly and difficultly consumed, than in -the others. When, in order to investigate the Virtues and Faculties -of the _Chamelæagnus_, I kindled some Part of it, together with the -Seeds; it did not burn suddenly, like the _Juniper_, but slowly, like -the _Beech_, with certain Noises, or Kinds of Explosions, intermixed. -The Smoak, which filled the whole Laboratory, was of an acrid Smell, -highly resembling that of the kindled Twigs of the _Beech_: Hence, we -infer, that the _Chamelæagnus_ contains a large Quantity of Sulphur and -volatile Salt. From these Reasonings and Experiments, I think it is -sufficiently obvious, that it is, upon account of the grateful and duly -corrected Sulphur of the _Chinese Chamelæagnus_, that the Brain is so -much refreshed, and that Persons who use it in _China_, can, without -any Loss, sit up whole Nights in transacting Business; a memorable -Instance of this we have in _Alexander Rhodius_, who always had -Disorders of his Head removed by drinking it: Whereas, the _European -Chamelæagnus_, especially that which is full grown, and abounds with -Seeds and Flowers, when boiled in Ale, intoxicates those who drink -such Ale, procures Sleep, and excites Head-achs. These Circumstances, -when impartially weighed, will vindicate me from Partiality, when -I despise the costly _Chinese Chamelæagnus_, and, in its stead, -substitute our own, a Shrub of uncommon and excellent Qualities against -Poison, and the Bites of Serpents: Since, according to _Pliny_, these -noxious Animals cannot endure the Smell of it. These Virtues of the -_Chamelæagnus_, we can teach the _Asiatics_, but can hardly believe -that, by Virtue of their _Tea_, Persons may sit up all Night, without -sustaining any Loss. - -Every one is convinced that two Kinds of _Tea_ are sold in the Shops, -one of a blackish Colour, and the other of a faint Green; the one -pretty much, and the other far less crenated: This Variation of the -_Chinese Tea_, I can sufficiently account for; since _Tulpius_ tells -us, that the Leaves of the _Chinese Tea_ are of a dark green Colour; -whereas those produced in _Japan_ are of a fainter Colour, and more -grateful Taste; for which Reason, one Pound of the latter is, in -the _Indies_, frequently sold for an Hundred _Libræ_ of Silver, -or, according to _Trigautius_, only for ten or twelve _Nobles_. -Notwithstanding this, the Shopkeepers of _Amsterdam_ and _Hamburg_ sell -a Pound of this Commodity for eight _Nobles_, as I have often before -observed. - -I cannot, on this Occasion, forbear recommending the Conduct of _Oluis -Wormius_, who, in his _Musæum, Lib. 2. Cap. 14._ informs us, that he -macerated a certain Quantity of both Kinds of _Tea_, in warm Water, -and found the Leaves of the one, when spread, of a dark green Colour, -crenated like _Rose-Tree_ Leaves, oblong, and about an Inch in Length. -Mr. _Harford_, the King's Apothecary, made me a Present of two large -Boxes full of _Tea_, of different Colours: In the one Box, which -contained the green, I found neither Stalks, nor Flowers, nor Seeds of -the Plant, but only the Leaves; but, in turning over the _Bohea Tea_, -contained in the other Box, I found three Stalks, so nearly resembling -those of the _Myrtle_, that, not only Mr. _Harford_ and I, but also -some others, thought that they might be justly accounted the Stalks of -the _Myrtle:_ This, in so dubious a Case, is a pretty strong Argument, -that _Bohea Tea_ is adulterated with _Myrtle_, which may, very -properly, be substituted, in its stead, or rather exactly agrees with -it. This blacker Species of _Tea_, or _Myrtle_, is far cheaper among -the _Indians_ than the green Kind. The celebrated _Olaus Wormius_, on -account of the vast Diversity in the Leaves of _Tea_, suspects that the -Leaves of some other Plant are often sold in their Stead. This also, -as I before observed, often happens with respect to _Tobacco_. That I -might not, however, be charged with Rashness, or falsly accusing the -_Asiatics_ of Fraud, I thought it incumbent upon me, attentively to -view the _Chinese Tea_; for which Purpose, I ordered Mr. _Harford_'s -two Apprentices, to pick out some of the largest, and most perfect -_Tea_ Leaves, to be macerated in warm Water, and then spread and -unfolded: Accordingly they shewed me ten, which were neither lacerated, -nor torn; and two of the most perfect of which were accurately engraved -by _Albert Halwey_, the King's Engraver. See _Histor. Cochlear. 4. -Class. Quadripartit. Botantic_. These Leaves were of different Shapes -and Bulks, but so like those of the _Chamelæagnus_, that the one -could hardly be distinguished from the other. The Leaves of the green -Kind seemed to be produced by an Herb, or Shrub, of a quite different -Species from the _Chamelæagnus_, the Leaves of which, when gathered -small, and in the _Spring_, make, in my Opinion, the most genuine -_Tea_. - -But though I have before shewn, from the Authority of _Bauhine_, -that the Leaves of one and the same _Chamelæagnus_, sport and vary -considerably from each other; yet, I would not, because this may -also probably happen to the _Chinese Tea_, have any one infer, that, -in _China_, the _Tea_, which some maintain to be the _Cha_ of the -_Tartars_, is not adulterated. I am, indeed, of Opinion, that it is -adulterated, but never either affirmed, or so much as intended to -insinuate, that Nature sported and varied so in the _Chamelæagnus_, -either of the _Tartars_, or _Europeans_, as to produce Leaves of a -different Species: Nor is this Variation, and Sporting of Nature, -surprizing in the _Chamelæagnus_; since it is equally, if not more, -palpable, in Prunes of different Colours, Peaches, Apricots, sweet and -bitter Almonds, and the Leaves produced by these Trees. I have often -carefully viewed and turned over all the three Thousand Plants, with -which my Repository is enriched, in order to see whether any of them -resembled the spurious _Chinese Tea_, or that with which the genuine -is adulterated; and I found the Leaves of two Shrubs highly similar to -those of the spurious _Tea_: The one is by _Carolus Clusius_ in _Lib. -5. Rarior. Plantar. Histor. Cap. 20._ called _Pyrola quarta Fruticans_; -and _Bauhine_, in his _Pinax_, calls it the _Pyrola Frutescens Arbuti -Folio_: The other is a Shrub, called by _Clusius_, in _Lib. 1. Histor. -Plant. Cap. 53_, the _Spiræa Theophrasti_, and by _Bauhine_, _Frutex -Spicatus Foliis Salignis Serratus dictus_. - -As it was expedient to compare my Description of the _Chinese Tea_ -with those which _Dodonæus_ gives of the Herb _Betony_, and the -_Chamelæagnus_; so, in this Place, I think it proper to insert the -Descriptions which _Clusius_ has given of the _Pyrola Fruticans_, and -the _Spiræa Theophrasti_; the former of which he describes in the -following Manner: "One Genus of this Plant is sometimes of a shrubby -Nature; for new, short, and small Branches springing up every Year, -remain firm and green for some Years, and rise above the Earth, till by -their own Weight they bend downwards, hide themselves in the Ground, -and sometimes send out fibrous Roots. Two, three, or four small -carnous Leaves generally grow between the Nods: The superior Parts -of these Leaves are of a deep green Colour, and shining, whilst, in -Form and Bulk, they almost resemble those of the _Chamædaphne_, or -_Laureola_, only they are serrated about the Edges, and of an highly -drying and bitterish Taste, like the Leaves of the other Species of -_Pyrolæ_." These last Words ought carefully to be adverted to. The -same _Clusius_, in _Lib. 1._ in _Rarior Plantar. Histor._ describes -the _Spiræa_ in the following Manner: "It rises to about the Height -of two Cubits, with small Branches, or Twigs, covered with a reddish -Bark. Among these Branches arise, without any Order, numerous, long, -and narrow Leaves, resembling those of the Willow, serrated about -the Edges, with their superior Surfaces of a faint green, and their -inferior as if they were besprinkled with Verdegrease: They are of a -drying and kind of bitter Taste." The last Words of this Description -are also to be carefully adverted to, since the Leaves of _Tea_ -are not only serrated, but also of a drying and bitter Taste. As, -therefore, the _Pyrola Fruticans_ of _Clusius_, and the _Spiræa_ -of _Theophrastus_, and especially the former, are of a drying and -bitterish Taste, it is highly probable, that the _Chinese Tea_ may -be adulterated with one, or both of these; especially, since they -not only greatly resemble each other in Form, but also in Taste. A -Cut of one Leaf of the _Pyrola_, I have annexed to the Description -of _Scurvy-Grass_, in my _Quadripartitium_, No. 9. and another of a -_Tea-Leaf_, produced in _China_. As for a Cut of the _Spiræa_, the -Curious may have recourse to _Clusius_, or they may find one Leaf of -it accurately engraved in Plate 2, of this Work; where two Leaves of -_Chinese Tea_ are engraved. The larger of these is so like the _Spiræa_ -of _Theophrastus_, both in Length, Breadth, Bulk, the Course of the -Veins, and the Disposition of the Crenations, that there is hardly the -smallest Possibility of distinguishing the one from the other: But both -these Leaves are vastly unlike to that _Tea_ Leaf which, in No. 7. of -the last cited Plate, I ordered to be engraved, with the _Cochlearia -Danica_: But the other small uncrenated Leaf is like the _Chinese Tea_, -as the latter is like the _Chamelæagnus_, which, as I have already -observed, sports and varies very surprizingly in its Leaves: This -latter, I take to be genuine _Tea_; whereas, I am of Opinion, that the -former, resembling the _Spiræa_, is spurious. Since, therefore, both -_Tartary_ and _China_, abound with the _Pyrola_, and the _Spiræa_ of -_Theophrastus_, I think we have just Reason to conclude, that all the -Leaves sold among us for _Tea_, have not been gathered from one Species -of Shrub, or Herb, but are adulterated with those of the _Pyrola_, -the _Spiræa_, or some other Shrub; among which, we may justly reckon -the _Rhus_, or _Sumach_, on account of the Similarity of its Leaves, -Flowers, Taste, and Bulk; though I am sensible, that the celebrated -_Bauhine_, in his _Pinax_, has placed it among the Species of _Agnus -Castus_, and made it a Kind of intermediate Plant, between the _Vitex_ -and _Ligustrum_, calling it Frutex _Spicatus Foliis Salignis serratis_. -In consequence of this, it seems dubious to what Kind of Shrubs it -is principally to be referred: Its Flowers grow in a spicated Order, -on the Tops of the Twigs, like those of the _Agnus Castus_; so that -the _Spiræa_ very much resembles the _Vitex_: But, when the Flowers, -and crenated Leaves of the _Spiræa_, are accurately viewed, we find, -that it is more justly referred to the _Rhus_, or _Sumach_, than to -any other Species of Shrub. As neither _Theophrastus_, _Clusius_, nor -_Bodæus a Stapelen_, have mentioned its Virtues, I shall not assert -that they agree exactly with these of the _Chinese Tea_; only, it -is highly probable, that the _Chinese Tea_ is adulterated with the -_Spiræa_, either by the _Asiatic_ or _European_ Dealers. Avarice has -not only prompted People to this Piece of Fraud, but also to lodge -_Tobacco_ in Office-Houses, in order to render it more acrid. In order -to evince how like the _Chinese_, or _Japonese Tea_ is to the _Spiræa_, -I refer the Reader to _Tab. 1. Fig. 6, & 7_, the former of which is a -Leaf of _Tea_, and the latter that of the _Spiræa_. - -Happening one Day to visit _Hieronymus Molmanus_, a learned Jesuit, -to whom I communicated my Paradox about _Tea_; that Gentleman, upon -my commending _Trigautius_ and _Rhodius_, ordered me to read _Martini -Martinii novus Atlas Sinensis_, as the best and latest Account of the -_East Indies_, or rather of _China_. When I found this Work, I was -glad to meet with a Description of the _Cha_, in the Account of the -Town _Hojechu_ in _Nanquin_, in which the Author affirms, that it is -no where better and more valuable. _Martinius_ informs us, that the -_Chinese Tea_ belongs to the _Rhus_, and is highly similar to it: -But this _Rhus_, as I have already shewn from _Pliny_, _Clusius_, -_Dodonæus_, and _Dalechampius_, is the same with our _Chamelæagnus_. -Hence, it is not only obvious in itself, but confirmed by the Authority -of _Martinius_, that the _Chinese_ are guilty of Fraud and Imposture in -adulterating their _Tea_. - -The Description which _Martinius_ gives of the _Thee_, is as follows: -"The Leaves, most commonly known by the Name of _Cha_, are no where -more valuable, than in the Province of _Nanquin_; and, for the Sake of -the Curious, I shall describe them as briefly as possible. The Leaf -is exactly similar to that produced by the _Rhus Coriaria_; and I am -apt to think the former is a certain Species of the latter, though -the _Thee_ is not wild, but cultivated, is not a Tree, but a Kind of -Shrub, sending forth various small Branches: The Flowers of the one -do not much differ from those of the other, except that those of the -latter are of a more yellowish White than those of the former. The -_Tea_ flowers in the _Spring_, and the Flower emits a gently fragrant -Smell. It is succeeded by a green Berry, which soon assumes a blackish -Colour: The tender Leaves appearing in the _Spring_, are thought best. -These, when gathered, they put into an Iron Pan, over a slow Fire, -and heat them a little; then they put them in a thin fine Cloth, -and again expose them to the Fire, till they are intirely dry, and -shrunk up. When thus prepared, they generally keep them close stopped -leaden Vessels, in order to prevent Evaporation, and the free Access -of the Air. After they have been kept a long Time, they resume their -primitive Verdure, and expand themselves when put into boiling Water, -in which they produce a greenish Colour, and communicate to it a pretty -grateful Taste, especially to those who are accustomed to drink it. The -_Chinese_ greatly extol the Virtues of this warm Liquor, which they -frequently use by Day and Night, making it the common Entertainment -for Strangers and Visitors. The Price is very various, since a Pound -ascends from an Halfpenny, to two, or more, _Nobles_: To this Liquor, -it is principally said to be owing, that the _Chinese_ are never -afflicted with the Gout and Stone. When drank after Meals, it removes -Crudity and Indigestion, for it greatly assists Concoction: It affords -Relief after hard Drinking, and Surfeits of every Kind; for it is of -a drying Quality, removes superfluous Humours, expels somniferous -Vapours, and prevents Drowsiness and Oppression in those who incline to -study: It has various Names in _China_, according to the Places where -it is produced, and the different Prices of it. The best in _Nanquin_, -is generally called _Sunglocha_. For a farther Account, the Curious may -consult _Rhodius de Regno Tunking_." _Martinius_ also informs us, that -the City _Luchen_, in the Province of _Kiangnan_, is celebrated both -for the great Quantities, and the Goodness of its _Tea_. - -I could heartily wish, that all the practical Physicians in _Europe_ -would concur to giving a Sanction to this Doctrine by their Practice; -for, besides the Testimonies of _Trigautius_ and _Rhodius_, I am -certain from Experience, that the _Cha_ is the _Rhus Coriaria_, or a -certain Species of it, whose Qualities and Marks are known from what -has been already said. I do not, in the least, doubt, but the _Cha_ of -the _Tartars_, or the _Thee_ of the _Chinese_, is our _Chamelæagnus_, -or _Pliny_'s Herb _Rhus_; especially since _Clusius_, in _Auctar. -Exoticor. Libror_. expresly asserts, that from the Cuts of some -_Chinese_ Books, which _Pavius_ and _Joseph Scaliger_ received in a -Present from some _East India_ Merchants, though coarsely engraved, -he perceived that many _Chinese_ Plants are exactly similar to some -of those produced in _Europe_. This Circumstance renders it highly -probable, that _China_ which borders upon _Tartary_, produces our -_Chamelæagnus_. I am heartily sorry, however, that I have not had an -Opportunity of conversing with _Martinius_ on this Subject, since, -according to _Galen_, in _Lib. de Compos. Med. Cap. 3._ reading an -Author's Works, is not so satisfactory, as a personal Conversation with -him. However, as I have only followed Reason, and the Course of my own -Thoughts, I hope I shall have no Cause to repent my Labour; since, -according to _Cornelius Tacitus_, in _Annal. 15._ many Things are -obtained by Experiments and Efforts, which, to the lazy and sluggish -Part of Mankind, seemed highly difficult, if not impossible. Thus -the _Romans_, by Bravery and Activity, raised their originally petty -State, to a most extensive and powerful Empire. _Columbus_ discovered -_America_ by Reading and making Efforts for that Purpose. _Copernicus_, -and _Ticho Brahe_, by their extensive Acquaintance with Mathematics, -discovered and demonstrated many important Things, unknown to our -Forefathers. The illustrious _Hoffman_, in _Paralcip. Officinal_, -when giving a noble Scope to his Imagination, in the Investigation -of Mineral Waters, tells us, that the advancing probable Things, is -an Advantage to the Cause of Truth, and was always looked upon as -such by _Plato_, _Aristotle_, _Galen_, and all other Philosophers. -Notwithstanding the incomparable Learning and Industry of _Martinius_, -I cannot comprehend some Things in his Description of _Tea_; for I -cannot conceive why he asserts, that the _Rhus Coriaria_ is not wild, -but cultivated among the _Chinese_; since _Matthiolus_, _Bauhine_, and -_Hoffman_, do not, with _Galen_, make a Distinction between the _Rhus -Coriaria_, and _Culinaria_, which, by _Trigautius_ and _Rhodius_, is -called the _Cha_, or _Thee_; but if _Martinius_ had mentioned the -_Myrtle_, I should have conjectured, that he followed other Botanists, -who exclude the _Myrtus Sylvestris Dioscoridis_, in the Shops known by -the Name _Ruscus_, or _Bruscus_, from the Species of true _Myrtles_. -Thus _Marcellus Virgilius_, in _Comment. in Dioscorid. Lib. 1. Cap. -132._ makes a great Difference between them in the following Passage: -"The _Myrtus Sativa_ of _Pliny_, which I describe in this Chapter, -is not like other Plants, sown in continued Tracts of Ground; and -though it thrives better in Gardens, than in uncultivated Soils, this -is not the only Difference between it and the _Myrtus Agrestis_, -which is a Plant of an intirely different Kind, which the _Greeks_ -call _Oxymyrsene_, and the _Latins_, _Ruscus_; for, upon Comparison, -the _Myrtle_ is milder than the _Ruscus_, whose cuspidated Leaves -are pricking and sharp. It is, however, certain, that the _Ruscus_ -was, by some of the Antients, called _Myrtus Sylvestris_." I do not -remember, that any Botanist has brought such a Charge against our -_Chamelæagnus_, since it is universally enumerated among the Species -of true _Myrtle_, though of the wild Kind. The Reason why _Martinius_ -calls the _Chamelæagnus_ a cultivated Plant, as I suppose, is, because -the _Chinese_, seeing us so fond of _Tea_, have begun to cultivate -it, in order to draw the Profits arising from it, just as the -_Europeans_ do the Vine, for the Sake of the Grapes, the _Persians_ -the _Mulberry-Tree_, for the Silk; the Inhabitants of _Narbon_ and -_Provence_, the _Ilex Coceigera_, for the Sake of the _Cochineal_; or -the _Americans_ the _Tobacco_, on account of the large Quantities of -it imported into _Europe_. As _Trigautius_ thinks it not impossible -for _Tea_ to grow in some Parts of _Europe_, and as _Rhodius_ affirms, -that the _Chinese_ are as busy in the Time of gathering their _Tea_, -as the _Europeans_ are in their Harvest; so, it is probable, that some -Tracts of Land may be sown with _Tea_ in _China_; notwithstanding -which, it is more agreeable to the usual Way of speaking, to call _Tea_ -rather a wild, than cultivated Shrub. The _Chinese_ also, according -to _Rhodius_, do not gather all the Leaves produced by the Shrub, but -only such as appear first in the _Spring_, and are soft and tender, -which they also gather, one after another. Hence I infer, that the -Leaves in the _Summer_, are very unlike those in the _Spring_, which -is also observed in those of our _Chamelæagnus_, with respect to -Softness, Smoothness, and Colour; so that it is not to be wondered -at, if the _Chinese Chamelæagnus_ appears milder than our own; since -they collect, prepare, and dry theirs in a quite different Manner from -us: "For, first, they put it in an Iron Pan, and warm it gently over -a slow Fire; then, they wrap it up in a smooth, thin Cloth, and again -expose it to the Fire, till it is corrugated, and shrivelled up." -Hence it is, that our _Chamelæagnus_, when macerated in warm Water, is -of a different Colour, Taste, and Smell from the _Chinese Tea_, though -their Effects are the same, only those of the former are stronger and -more considerable than those of the latter. If, therefore, in our -Country, the _Chamelæagnus_ was gathered with the same Circumstances, -Pains, and Precautions observed by the _Chinese_, I doubt not but -it would be equal to, their _Tea_; for if the same Measures are not -taken in the Preparation of the same Herb, how is it possible, that it -should produce similar and uniform Effects, especially if the one is -gathered in the _Spring_, and the other in the End of the _Summer_: -The one artificially dried in the House, and the other dried in the -open Air by the Heat of the Sun; the one collected when it begins to -appear, and other when the Plant is full of a roscid, sulphureous Dew, -and bears Flowers, and Seeds. For this Reason, _Scherbius_ justly -observes, "That when many Things concur to the Production of the same -Effect; all these Things ought to be exactly the same." _Hoffman_, in -_Comment. Lib. 7._ represents this Doctrine in the following accurate -and beautiful Manner: "Individual Objects often appear to our Senses to -have no Difference; whereas, a very considerable one is observed in -their Effects. This Circumstance constitutes that Individuality, which -cannot be described, and which, I remember, _Scherbius_, my old Master, -used to illustrate by the following _Simile_: If a Bell-Founder should -make twenty small Bells, of the same Metal, in the same Mould, at the -same Time, and in the same Place; yet the Sound of no one of them will -be perfectly similar to that of another. What can be the Cause of this -Variation? The Artist, the Mould, the Metal, and the Fire, concur to -produce the same Effects, which, however, is not obtained. Besides, -if we were carefully to examine these Bells by the Sight, the Touch, -the Weight and other Circumstances, we can discover no Difference; -which, however, is sufficiently evinced by the Sound. Some Things, said -my Matter, can neither be described, nor expressed, and of this Kind -are these Differences. Perhaps, in this Case, there is not an equable -Thickness of the Metal, because the Fire has not equably pervaded all -its Particles. Perhaps the Surface is not every where smooth because -the fused Metal might have been in some Parts more refrigerated than -in others: and perhaps, there maybe other Variations; for, unless -all Circumstances exactly concur, the same Sound cannot be produced -in all the Bells." I have quoted this Passage from _Hoffman_, lest -any Person, observing some Differences between our _Chamelæagnus_, -and the _Chinese_, or _Tartars Tea_, should forthwith doubt,--whether -they are Shrubs of the same Species, as I have already proved them to -be. The _Chinese Tea_, therefore, and our _Chamelæagnus_, are Shrubs -of the same Species; though, for the former, we go beyond the _Cape -of Good Hope_, into _China_, cross the _Equator_ four Times in every -Voyage, and expose ourselves to uncommon Hardships and Dangers, in -order to bring Home the Leaves of an unknown Shrub, which has not the -same Virtues and Qualities for which the _Chinese Tea_ is celebrated -in _China_, and to which our _European Betony_ is preferable. Since, -therefore, the _Chamelæagnus_ is now sufficiently known, we have no -more Occasion for _Tea_ from _China_, than we have for _Arum_ from -_Asia_, _Wormwood_ from _Pontus_, or _Scordium_ from _Crete_. - -I now proceed to consider the peculiar Virtues commonly supposed -to reside in _Tea_, but which I assert are equally to be found -in _European_ Plants; for the _Chinese_ are guilty of a fulsome -Exaggeration, when they assert that it has a Tendency to prolong -Life. The Virtues, then, of the _Tea_, seem to be most accurately -described by _Rhodius_ and _Martinius_, who seem to have reduced them -to three Heads; the first of which, according to _Rhodius_, is, that -it alleviates Pains of the Head, and represses Vapours: The second, -that it corroborates the Stomach: And, the third, that it expels the -Stone and Gravel from the Kidneys. These Virtues are, by _Martinius_, -recited in the following Order: To the drinking of this warm Liquor, it -is said to be owing, that the _Chinese_ are Strangers to the Gout and -Stone. When drank after Meals, it removes Crudities and Indigestion. -When exhibited to drunken Persons, it affords them Relief, and prevents -the bad Consequences of Surfeits; for it is of a drying Nature, carries -off superfluous Humours, expels somniferous Vapours, and removes the -languid State of Students, who are oppressed by long Application. These -Virtues are, at present, to be carefully examined. I shall not here -speak of those Qualities, which are the Result of its Temperature; -since I before evinced, that the whole Substance of the _Tea_ was -grateful to the Brain; but at the same time shewed, from a singular -Observation, that _Betony_ was possessed of the same Virtues and -Qualities. - -First, then, it is asserted of _Tea_, that it removes the bad -Consequences of Surfeits, because it is of a drying Nature, and -carries off superfluous Humours: The same Effects are also produced -by _Betony_: But as for the Expulsion of somniferous Vapours, and -removing the languid State of hard Students; these Properties are more -frequently ascribed to the true _Myrtle_, than to _Betony_; which, -however, as we shall afterwards shew, is also recommended against -Intoxication. - -The second Virtue of _Tea_ macerated in warm Water, is, that it -corroborates the Stomach; which Effect is also remarkably produced by -_Betony_. - -The third Virtue it is said to be possessed of, is, that it frees -the Kidneys from Stones and Gravel; for which Reason, according to -_Martinius_, the _Chinese_ are Strangers to nephritic and arthritic -Disorders. _Betony_ remarkably produces this Effect, and, at the same -time, is a powerful Preservative against the Gout. The other Qualities -of _Tea_, enumerated by other Authors: I shall not here mention, that I -may, at more Length, compare it with _Betony_. The Reader may, however, -consult my _Quadripartitium_, and _Antonius Musa_, who, in _Libell. -de Betonica_, affirms, that _Betony_ is possessed of so excellent -medicinal Virtues, that it cures no less than forty-seven Disorders; -which none of the _Chinese_ have ever dared to assert, concerning -their _Tea_: The _Asiatic Tea_ is, therefore, far inferior to the -_European Betony_. The same Author affirms, "That _Betony_, previously -taken, prevents Intoxication." By which Words, _Musa_ insinuates, -that it guards against a Surfeit, and, consequently, frees us from -Drowsiness; so that the whole Substance of it is equally grateful and -refreshing to the Brain with _Tea_. It were to be wished, that this -Physician had directed the Method of preparing _Betony_, in order to -prevent Intoxication; by which Means the _Europeans_ would, in all -Probability, have been encouraged to greater Care and Diligence in -cultivating, drying, and separating the small from the large Leaves -of our _Chamelæagnus_, a Decoction of whose Flowers would have been -as grateful to them as that of the _Chinese Tea_ is to them. But if -any should foolishly dread the Use of the _Chamelæagnus_, which, -however, is much used, and greatly extolled in _Denmark_, and the Lower -_Saxony_; such Persons may, I think, substitute _Betony_ in its Room. -But, if a Physician should order an _European_ Cobler, or Day-Labourer, -frequently to use a Decoction of _Betony_, they would sneeringly bid -him use his insipid Water himself. But the Custom of drinking _Tea_ -only prevails, because it is a new Thing, unknown to the Forefathers -of the _Chinese_, and is imported from _Asia_ into _Europe_, whose -Inhabitants of all Ranks are so excessively fond of it, on account of -its grateful Bitter, and sub-astringent Taste: The same may be said of -the _Indian Chocolate_, and the Water impregnated with the _Chavva_ -of the _Persians_, since these three Liquors have generally no more -grateful a Taste, than a Decoction of coarse _European_ Pears, or what -the _Germans_ call a _Pear-souse_. - -But, as _Antonius Colmeri de Lodesma_ has given a distinct Account of -_Chocolate_, and the Method of preparing it, the Reader may expect that -I should say something of the Use and Method of preparing the Water of -_Chavva_; and this I shall the more willingly do, because no Physician, -or Botanist, so far as I know, has expresly, but only accidentally, -and imperfectly, given the History of the _Chavva_. But I would advise -Physicians to order the Use, not only of _Chocolate_, but also of the -_Chavva_, very sparingly; though both Liquors are highly commended -by the high and learned, as well as the low and illiterate Part of -Mankind: For _Hieronymus Benzo_, who, according to _Dalechampius, Lib. -18. Histor. General. Plant._ calls it, "A Wash rather fit for Hogs, -than a Liquor proper for human Creatures." _Benzo_, after residing -above an Year in the Province of _Nicariquan_, in _America_, had, all -the while, a mortal Aversion to this Liquor; till, falling short of -Wine, he learned to imitate the Natives, that he might not be under a -Necessity of drinking Water perpetually. This Liquor, by its somewhat -bitter Taste, refreshes and refrigerates the Body, without intoxicating -those who use it. This is the principal and dearest Commodity of those -Countries; nor do the _Indians_, who use it, esteem any thing more -highly, according to _Clusius, Lib. 2. Exot. Cap. 29._ and _Anonym. -Auctar._ in _Dodon_. I must own I should, with _Benzo_, have preferred -pure Water to this unnatural Mixture, which, as well as _Coffee_, -and _Tea_, the _Europeans_ may very well want, without any Loss of -Health: And it were to be wished, that the excessive Demands for all -these, did not excite People of sordid Tempers, to adulterate them, -with Substances of heterogeneous Parts, and such as are unfriendly to -Nature. This, as I have before mentioned, with respect to _Tobacco_, -is the Reason why, in our Age, we are seized with Disorders, the -Names of which are not so much as mentioned in the Writings of the -Antients. Hence _Bartholin_ thinks, "That Aromatics and Spices, which -are no less the Causes of Wars in _Europe_, than of Commotions in the -Body, ought to be prohibited; since the Purposes of Life and Health -will be far better answered, by cleansing the Blood now and then with -the Leaves of the _Coluthea_, Water-Cresses, or _Fumitory_. We are -also to chuse an Antidote for common Use; but not the _Theriaca_, of -which the Emperor _Antoninus_ took the Bulk of a Bean every Morning, -nor the _Mithridate_; for these are injurious by their Heat, and -consequently improper for us. But we are to use _Conserve of Roses_, -_Rob._ of _Elder_, Electuaries of _Marygolds_, the _Morus Norvegica_, -and other indigenous Plants, whose Qualities are best suited to our -Temperaments and Constitutions." But the Use of the Herb _Tea_, if it -could be brought fresh and recent from _China_ into _Europe_, would -be more tolerable than that of _Chocolate_, and _Coffee_, which is of -all others the worst: Since a Decoction of the _Chavva_ surprizingly -effeminates both the Minds and Bodies of the _Persians_; by imitating -whom, we shall never arrive at that Vigour and Hardiness, which _Julius -Cæsar_, and _Cornelius Tacitus_, so much admired in our Forefathers. - -We have before observed, that _Amurath_, the fourth Emperor of the -_Turks_, under Pain of Death, totally prohibited the Use of _Tobacco_, -lest his Subjects should become barren. But we _Europeans_ heedlesly -go on by the Abuse of _Coffee_, to emasculate ourselves like the -_Persians_, who are fond of Sterility, and, according to _Olearius_, -much more salacious than the _Europeans_; But of this Effect of -_Coffee_ we shall afterwards treat. - -As the Fruit of the _Cacao_, or _Cacarate_, which resemble -_Almonds_, are the Basis of _Chocolate_, they are found engraved in -_Tabernemontan. Lib. 3. Cap. 16_. So that I shall here give no Cuts of -them, since I have done that in _Quadripartit. Botan. Class. 3. No. 11, -12._ when, describing the Seed _Bon_, or _Ban_, which is also called -_Buna_, or _Buncho_, and _Bunea_, or the Seed from which is prepared -the _Coava_, _Caova_, _Cavve_, _Choava_, and _Cahvve_, which, by a -Corruption, is, no doubt, the _Coffee_ of the _Europeans_. - -If it should be asked, to what Class of Simples, whether that of -Herbs, or Trees, we are to refer the Plant which bears the Seed _Bon_, -from which the Water of _Chavve_ is prepared, and which is also -mentioned by _Olearius_, in _Itinerar. Persiæ, Cap. 17_. I answer, -that some, ignorant of _Botany_, may take it for an Herb, whose -Seeds resemble those of the _Turkish_ Corn, or the _Indian_ Corn, by -_Bauhine_ called _Mays_, or for our Wheat: Whereas, it is no Herb, -but a Tree, by _Olearius_, in the last quoted Passage, described in -the following Manner: "The _Persians_, in smoaking _Tobacco_, have -always the black Water of _Chavve_ present. The Fruit with which they -prepare this Liquor is sent from _Egypt_; and, in the inner Side, -resembles the _Turkish_, though on the outer Side, the _European_ -Wheat. This Fruit is of the Bigness of a _Turkey Bean_, and the Shrub -bears a white Flower. The Fruit, or Berries, they burn, or roast, -in a dry Pan; after which they grind them, and boil them in Water, -which they drink, and which has a Kind of hot, unpleasant Taste. It -is esteemed a great Cooler; for which Reason it is drank by most; but -if it is used to Excess, it extinguishes the Inclination to Venery, -and induces Sterility." The Seed _Bon_, or _Ban_, is collected from a -Tree bearing its own Name, if we may believe _Prosper Alpinus, Lib. -de Plant. Egypt. Cap. 16_. This Author, after residing some Years -in _Egypt_, saw the _Bhon-Tree_ in the Green-House of _Hali Bei_, -the _Turk_. An intire Description and Cut of this Tree is also to be -found in _Tom. 1. Lib. 4. Histor. Plantar. Univers. Cap. 5._ Since, -therefore, _Alpinus_ compares this Tree to our _Euonymus_, and says, -that the former resembles the latter: Hence _Caspar Bauhine_, in his -_Pinax_, places it among the Species of _Euonymus_, and calls it the -_Egyptian Bon, like the Euonymus, with a Fruit like Bay-Berries, from -whose Seeds the Egyptians make their Liquor, called Coava._ Though this -Fruit, with respect to Figure, Bark, and Colour, is highly similar -to Bay-Berries, yet it is far less in Bulk. In my Opinion, it most -resembles the Seeds of the admirable _Peruvian_ Tree, Decoctions of -which, are used by the _Eastern_ Nations, the _Egyptians_, _Turks_, and -_Persians_, for corroborating a cold Stomach, assisting Concoction, -and removing Obstructions of the _Viscera_. They also, with Success, -use this Decoction for many Days against old Obstructions, and cold -Tumors of the Liver and Spleen. This Decoction, according to _Alpinus_, -seems also appropriated to the _Uterus_, which it warms, and frees -from Obstructions: Thus, the _Egyptian_ and _Arabian_ Women, for the -due Evacuation of their _Menses_, use this Decoction for several Days -after they commence. Hence, according to _Olearius_, the _Persians_ are -not afraid, lest the Decoction of _Cavve_ render them cold; unless we -should also say, that _Agnus Castus_ which induces Sterility, is also -of a cold Temperature: But this Doubt will be cleared by-and-by. It -were to be wished, that the celebrated _Johannes Weslingius_, who also -travelled into _Egypt_, had had an Opportunity of seeing this Tree; -since he would have given us a more accurate Description of it, than -we have hitherto got; for, in _Commentar. in Prosper. Alpin._ he tells -us, that the Fruit of this Tree is brought from _Jamin_, or _Arabia -Felix_ into _Egypt_; and, that a Decoction of it is sold in some -Thousands of Taverns at _Memphis_. _Prosper. Alpinus_ also, in _Lib. -de Medicina Egyptor. Lib. 4. Cap. 3._ when treating of the Decoctions -used by the _Egyptians_, whether sick, or in Health, tells us, that, in -a particular Manner, they make use of the Decoction called _Choava_, -prepared with the Coats or Husk of the Seeds called _Bon_. Then he -describes the Preparation of _Bon_, by telling us, that it smells like -Corn, Rye, Barley, or Pease, when thrown upon live Coals, and burned -a little. _Alpinus_, however, endeavors to evince, that the Seeds of -_Bon_ consist of two Substances, the one thick and earthy, by which -they brace up and corroborate, and the other thin and subtile, by which -they heat, absterge, and remove Obstructions. That they are highly -drying is certain, but I cannot for this Reason comprehend why _Prosper -Alpinus_ asserts, that Cold prevails moderately in them; for they act -by their whole Substance, both by their Salt and both Kinds of Sulphur: -So that it is highly probable they produce these Effects, on account -of their ungrateful Taste and Smell. But it is said these Seeds are -corrected with Sugar. Thus _Weslingius_ informs us, "that some correct -the Bitterness of this Decoction with Sugar, and preserve the whole -Kernel of the Fruit incrustated with Sugar. Nor is this only customary -in _Egypt_, but also through all the Provinces of _Persia_. This -renders the Seeds _Bon_ not only dear, but scarce, in _Europe_." Though -_Weslingius_ thinks that these Seeds are useful to the _Europeans_, -yet I am of a different Opinion; for, in like Manner, the _Europeans_ -have resolved to sweeten, not only their _Coffee_, but also their -_Chocolate_ and _Tea_, without having any View to prevent Disorders, or -recover Health; but only to follow the Customs of the _Asiatics_, and -indulge themselves in a Liquor, whose Taste is pleasant to them. - -If it should be said, that _Tulpius_ informs us, that the _Chinese_ -dissolve a few Grains of Salt, or Sugar, in their Infusions of _Tea_, -I answer, we here enquire not what is done, but what ought to be done; -not what is palatable, but what is conducive to preserve Health, and -restore it when lost. Though I do not altogether disapprove of _Salt_ -in _Tea_, yet I absolutely condemn _Sugar_. How ill the _Europeans_, -especially those of the _Northern_ Countries, consult their Health, -by mixing their _Mustard_, and their Sauces of _Vinegar_, and -_Horse-Radish_, designed as a Preservative against the _Scurvy_, with -_Sugar_, I have already shewn, in _Class. 3. Quadripartit. Botan._ For -the same Reason, _Sugar_, mixed with an Infusion of _Tea_, infringes -and impairs its Virtues; so that, by this means, we drink, not a -medicated Water, but little more only than simple _European_ Water, -edulcorated with _Sugar_. This, no doubt, is an excellent Remedy -against Intoxication; but certainly if we read both antient and modern -Authors, we shall find, that Drunkenness may be removed by drinking -cold Water. Besides, an Intoxication, next to Madness, may be greatly -alleviated by wrapping up the _Scrotum_ in Cloths dipped in cold -Water. Hence we have but little Reason to bring _Tea_ from _China_, -_Tartary_, and _Japan_, at an extravagant Price, which might be far -better laid out, in relieving poor indigent Families at Home. But the -present _Europeans_ are vastly different from what they were before -the _Asiatic_ Effeminacy was known among us. The _Europeans_ might, -perhaps, be indulged in the perpetual Use of _Tea_, provided their -Regimen was the same with that of the _Asiatics_. Now, Regimen includes -all the five Non-Naturals, which are Air, Meat and Drink, Excretion and -Retention, Motion and Rest, Sleep and Watching, and the Passions of -the Mind. Now, all these, in _Europe_, are vastly different from what -they are in the _Indies_, as is obvious from the faithful and impartial -Accounts, given us by _Martinius_, and _Mandelslo_. This Subject is -excellently handled by _Hippocrates_, in _Tr. de Aere, Aquis, & Locis_, -who joins these three together, with great Judgment, and for very -sufficient Reasons; since each of the three has Atoms, in a manner, -peculiar to itself, which it continually sends forth, and diffuses even -to a great Distance: So that some Bodies, according to _Bartholine_, -may, by means of the Atoms they emit, propagate the Sphere of their -sympathetic Actions, to the Distance of a Thousand Miles. About the -_Equinoxes_, and _Solstices_, the sudden Changes of the State of the -_Atmosphere_, and the Variety of Vapours exhaled from the Earth, -produce surprizing Alterations in Health. And these Exhalations -rise sometimes in such large Quantities, as to be condensed, and by -their own Weight to fall down, in the Form of sulphureous Showers: -A memorable Instance of this we had in _Norway_, where, on _May 19, -1665_, a violent Tempest, accompanied with uncommon Thunder, and thick -Clouds, broke out: During this Storm, there fell from the Clouds, a -Substance, highly similar to Sulphur, which not only floated on the -Water, but also seemed to cover the Earth. When _Stobæus_ subjected -this Matter to an Examination, he found, after drying, and passing -it through a Sieve, that when it was become moderately warm, on an -heated Tile, it emitted a fetid Smoak of the same Colour with that -of the Spirit of _Nitre_, in Distillation. But this Matter could not -be fused by the strongest Fire; by which Means, however, it became -inodorous, and like small Sand, though before it resembled a fetid, -coarse Sulphur, reduced to Powder. The same Author, in his Letters -also, informs me, that, when about as much of the recent Matter, as -would lie on the Point of a Knife, was laid upon a red hot Tile, it -was spontaneously kindled, made a Kind of Noise, and emitted a reddish -fetid Smoak. Next Day _Stobæus_ endeavoured to sublime this crude -and sulphureous Matter, by itself, without any Addition, in order to -discover, whether Flowers of Sulphur could be obtained from it; but his -Labour was in vain; for though the Matter became red hot by due Degrees -of Fire, yet no Flowers appeared; only the first Steam, which, in the -Alembic, appeared reddish, in the Water, assumed a dark ferruginous -Colour: Then, by augmenting the Fire, a whitish Spirit appeared, which -gave a similar Colour to the Water. This Steam and Spirit appeared -in Distillation to be of an acrid Taste; so that _Stobæus_ justly -concluded them to contain a volatile Salt, of a particular Kind. The -same Author informs me, in his Letter, that the Rain which fell, -during the Thunder, smelled of Sulphur: And from this Observation, he -thinks, the Chemists Doctrine, concerning the Generation of Thunder, -may be confirmed. As every Substance does not act upon every other -Substance, nor sulphureous Things on those of the same Nature, he put -this Matter into Spirit of _Turpentine_, and digested it by a gentle -Fire; by which Means, it gave the Liquor a a yellowish Colour, and -a Smell, very like that of Balsam of _Sulphur_: But of these I shall -not treat at greater Length, since I am perswaded that Miracles have -ceased, and that Providence disposes of second Causes according to wise -and stated Laws. Hence it is, that about the _Vernal_ and _Autumnal -Equinoxes_, or _Solstices_, all Sorts of Diseases, and especially -those of the endemial or epidemical Kind, rage; such as the _Scurvy_, -_Measles_, and _Small-Pox_, as also the _Plague_, though often these -Disorders are confined to one City. A memorable Instance of this, we -have in the Cities of _Hambourg_ and _Amsterdam_, which, in 1663, and -1664, were afflicted with a Pestilence, which, however, did not spread -itself to _Denmark_, _Sweden_, _Britain_, _France_, and _Germany_. -But, as the _Plague_ is imported from _Africa_, it is probable, that -the Salubrity of the Atmosphere, in those Countries which escaped, -checked the sulphureous, saline, and pestilential Atoms, which first -contaminated the Air of _Amsterdam_, and then that of _Hambourg_. -But all Countries differ so widely, with respect to Air, Water, and -Situation, that none of them, even the most contiguous, are exactly -alike, and conspire in producing the same Effects. Thus, among the -_German_ Wines, the _Rhenish_ is the best; though it also differs in -Goodness, according to the particular Parts in which it is produced. -The like holds in the _French_ Wine, the worst of which is reckoned -that of _Orleans_; for which Reason, _Quercean_, in his _Diæticum, Cap. -6._ tells us, "That in the Oeconomy of the King of _France_'s House, -it is enacted, by a domestic Law, that the Steward shall give the -King no _Orleans_ Wines;" which, however, has a very grateful Taste. -The same holds, not only in Ales, but also in other Things: Thus, the -_Noremberg_ Cakes, on account of the peculiar Qualities of the Water -with which the Meal and Aromatics are made up, are far better, and more -pleasant to the Taste, than those prepared in the same Manner, in any -Part of _Europe_. This is what the Philosophers have been at so much -Pains to account for. The Air, Water, and Situation, also constitute -the Reason, why _Tea_ in _Europe_ does not produce the same Effects -it does among the _Asiatics_, especially the _Chinese_. Many Persons -of Rank and Distinction have informed me, that they could never be -sensible of the so-much-extolled Virtues of _Tea_, nor perceive that -it prevented Sleep, or rendered them more brisk, and fit for Business. -One or two Persons, however, subject to Catarrhs, have confessed to -me, that they have become far better by the long Use of _Tea_. Thus, -I have heard, that a certain Ambassador to the _Dutch_, who before -laboured under a Difficulty of Hearing, had his Disorder totally -removed, by the large Quantities of _Tea_ he drank at the _Hague_. I, -myself, have found _Tea_ to be diuretic. I own, two or three Persons -who have travelled, not only through _Europe_, but also through the -_East Indies_, have affirmed to me, that in _Japan_, the drinking -of _Tea_ infallibly removes Intoxication, and prevents Sleep; but -this Effect is not at all produced by it in _Europe_. Thus, I have -been informed, that Strangers, upon their Arrival in _Muscovy_, can -drink such large Quantities of _Brandy_, as would put an End to their -Lives in other Countries. Thus, it may happen, that the _Chinese_, or -_Japonese Tea_, with the Assistance and Concurrence of other Things, -may produce a particular Effect, which _Tea_ will not do in _Europe_. -But all these Effects are produced by _Betony_, an Herb universally -known in _Europe_: Thus, it is certain, that our _Chamelæagnus_ is the -_Tea_ of the _Chinese_, or _Japonese_. But to illustrate my Subject the -better, I shall make a few Remarks on the peculiar Genius, Regimen, and -Method of living used among the _Indians_ and _Chinese_. The _Indians_ -then are fond of moistening Aliments, which guard against the Heat -of the Sun; such as Cherries, Fruits of all Kinds, Pot-Herbs, Fishes, -Oysters, Crabs: Besides, _Michael Boym_, a learned Jesuit, in his Flora -Sinensis, mentions various Fruits which are not produced in _Europe_; -whereas Nature has furnished the _Chinese_ with others, either like -to, or exactly the same with, those of the _Europeans_. The former of -these, and the other similar Delicacies of the _East Indies_, do, in -all Probability, give rise to new Diseases in _Europe_. This Jesuit -speaks of _China_ in the following Manner: "The Kingdom of _China_ is, -as it were, a Compound of the whole Globe, or rather, a Gem, in which -more Riches are to be found than in all the rest of the World besides. -In the _Southerly_ Parts of the Country, the Heats are most intense, -and produce large Quantities of all the _Indian_ Fruits, such as Dates, -Mangas, Ananas, and others: Whereas the _Northern_ Parts produce -Figs, Chesnuts, Nuts of all Kinds, Peaches, Apricots, and Pears of -various Kinds." Thus provident Nature has furnished the _Southermost_ -Parts of _China_ with Fruits intirely unknown to the _Europeans_; -whereas, the _Northern_ Parts produce such as are known in _Europe_, -and suited to its Soil and Climate: Since, in the former, the Heats -are very intense, but not so in the latter. Thus Nature seems to have -prohibited us the Use of the former of these Fruits, by placing us -at such a Distance from them, and to have indulged us in the Use of -the latter, by placing us so near them; for the Precept, of sometimes -using Things to which we are not habituated, does not hold in this -Case: Since, being _Europeans_, we ought to use the Regimen, Aliments, -and Drinks, peculiar to _Europe_; for it is no less generally than -justly observed, that the natural Produce of any Country is best suited -to the Constitution of its Inhabitants. Thus _Tea_ seems by Nature -adapted to the Inhabitants of _China_, _Coffee_ to those of _Persia_, -_Chocolate_ to those of _America_, and _Ale_ and _Wine_ to those of the -different Parts of _Europe_. Thus the antient Inhabitants of _Saxony_ -and _Megapolis_, before they became fond of foreign Delicacies, used -to say proverbially, _Drink Wine, and reap Benefit from it; drink -Ale, and become fat; drink Water, and die._ It is also certain, that -in former Times, the Inhabitants of _Iceland_ and _Norway_, when they -used a simple Regimen, and were Strangers to foreign Luxury, enjoyed -good Health to an incredible Age; whereas, their Posterity are not only -weaker, but hardly live beyond the thirtieth, fortieth, or fiftieth -Year of their Age: So that the _Lyric_ Poet seems to have made a just -Prophecy of our own Generation, in the following Lines: - - _Damnosa quid non imminuit dies? - Ætas Parentum pejor avis; tulit. - Nos nequiores, mox daturos - Progeniem Vitiosorem._ - -_Europeans_ then must have their Constitutions impaired, and their -Strength exhausted, by living like the Inhabitants of _Asia_, _Africa_, -and _America_; especially since _Macrobius_, in _Lib. 7, Saturnal. -Cap. 4._ shews, that the most simple Aliments are the most salutary, -and easily digested. Besides, _Socrates_ ordered his Pupils to abstain -from such Meats and Drinks as created an Appetite after Hunger and -Thirst were satisfied. But, according to the _Chinese_, _Tea_ produces -an Appetite after Hunger and Thirst are satisfied; therefore the -drinking of it is to be abstained from. The same holds true with -respect to _Chocolate_, and _Coffee_. But I return to the _Chinese_, -who are accustomed to Water-drinking, and a frugal Life. Hence, their -Physicians, whom _Martinius_, in the Preface of his _Atlas Sinicus_, -seems to prefer to those of _Europe_, no doubt, enjoin them the Use -of _Tea_, in order to prevent the Generation of excrementitious -Humours; or, when generated, to carry them off by Stool, or Urine; -for, it is certain, from what has hitherto been said, that _Tea_ is -moderately heating, bitter, drying, and astringent. If it should, -for these Reasons, be said, that _Tea_ is justly to be commended for -a Weakness of the Stomach, I answer with _Celsus_, in _Lib. 1. Cap. -8._ "Our Countrymen ought not to be believed, who, when indisposed, -covet Wine, or Water, and instead of charging their own Luxury, lay -the Fault on the Stomach, which has no Share in it." This Passage is -equally applicable to _Tea_, _Coffee_, and _Chocolate_, and seems to -insinuate, that such Persons, in order to satiate their Thirst, falsly -accuse their Stomachs. If this were more carefully adverted to by the -Patrons of the _Chinese_ Delicacies, and especially those who look upon -_Tea_ as a _Panacea_, they would use it more sparingly, especially in a -bad State of Health; because _Celsus_, in _Chap. 3._ of the same Book, -tells us, "That Changes ought to be gradually and slowly made; since -that to which the Patient is not accustomed, proves, hurtful, whether -it be soft, or hard". - -But the _Chinese_ Method of using _Tea_, is not agreeable to the -Custom of the _Europeans_, and therefore hurtful to them. - -Hence the _Germans_, _Saxons_, and Inhabitants of other Nations, in the -_Baltick_ Sea, being neither accustomed to much Wine, nor to dilute it -with Water, are generally seized with malignant Fevers, when they go -into _France_, or _Italy_; because every fixed Substance fixes such -as is volatile; whereas, such as is volatile, resolves that which is -fixed. Hence the thick and fœculent Blood of the _Germans_, consisting -of saline, sulphureous, fixed, and volatile Parts, and being changed -by the Regimen of _France_, and the Heat of the Sun, is subtilized -by the _Tartar_ and _Sulphur_ of the _French_ Wine, especially in -such _Germans_ as took great Care of their Health, when in their own -Country; and in those who enjoyed good Health, their Blood is not -only subtilized, but also ferments, undergoes an Ebullition, and is -despumated. Hence arise Spots of different Colours, produced by the -Blood variously corrupted. But these I have considered more fully in my -_Digressio de Febribus Malignis_. This Doctrine is warmly inculcated by -_Hippocrates_, who, in _Lib. de Fract. Senectut. §. 6._ tells us, "That -the Age and Constitution of one Person, differ widely from those of -another." But this Assertion, how true soever, is but little adverted -to by most of the _Europeans_. But I think it incumbent upon me, for -the Reasons now alledged, to warn them against the Abuse of _Tea_; -especially since we find, that this Herb does, by no means, answer the -Encomiums bestowed upon it by the _Chinese_ and _Japonese_. I own _Tea_ -is of a more drying Quality than many _European_ Herbs; but, for this -very Reason, the constant Use of it is so far from procuring Longevity, -especially in Persons of a middling Age, that it rather accelerates -old Age; which, according to _Macrobius_, in _Lib. 7. Saturn. Cap. -11._ is, "an Exhaustion and Dissipation of the vital Liquor, by -Length of Time; for old Age is dry, for Want of natural Moisture, and -sometimes moist through a Redundance of peccant Humours, produced by -Coldness of Constitution." Since then _Tea_, by Means of the Sulphur -it contains, is of a more heating and drying Nature than _Ginger_, -_Cinnamon_, _Pepper_, _Cubebs_, _Cardamomis_, or _Arabian Castus_; -hence, it necessarily follows, that it is injurious to old Persons, -and such as are of a dry Constitution, and loose Texture of the solid -Parts. On account of this dry Constitution, and natural _Marasmus_ of -old People, which no Art can prevent, they become thirsty, and more -addicted to tippling, than in their younger Years: Hence arises the -_German_ Proverb, _If a young Man knew the Pleasure of drinking in old -Age, he would be saving in his younger Years._ - -It is not, therefore, the native Heat, but that fatal Dryness which -renders the Members cold, and the Skin corrugated, which renders -old Persons fond of drinking; and for this Reason, I have, in my -_Commentaries_, universally commended a moistening Diet for them. -Hence, the Inhabitants of those Nations, who, besides _Tea_, daily -drink Wine, ought carefully to guard against all sudden Changes in -Diet and Regimen. Thus, when a certain celebrated _French_ Physician, -endeavoured to perswade a Person of eminent Rank, who was, generally, -twice or thrice a Year seized with a Catarrh, to change his Regimen, -and give over the Use of Wine, or, at least, dilute it with Water; -because, in all Probability, the Physician told him, that cold -Water powerfully corrected acrid Humours. Upon this, the Person of -Distinction asked the Physician, whether he was in good Health? To -whom the Physician replied he was: Then, says he, continue to drink -Water, or Wine and Water, till you can drink no more; but you shall -never, on account of slight Catarrhs, which are rarely offensive -to me, perswade me to accept of a _French_, or _Italian_ Regimen, -instead of a _Danish_, and _German_: Nor will I drink Water instead -of Wine, or Ale. I am at present full of Flesh and Blood, and enjoy a -good Appetite: My Forefathers, for many Years back, were of the like -Constitution, and used the same Regimen I do; but if, in the sixtieth -Year of my Age, I should begin to drink Water, I am afraid I should -rather resemble you than them; for you, who are a Water-drinker, -though you enjoy good Health, yet you are emaciated, have a cadaverous -Countenance, and seem to be rather a Skeleton than a living Person. I -wish all Persons, especially such as are old, would follow the Example -of this Gentleman, and obstinately reject _Tea_, which so dries the -Bodies of the _Chinese_, that they can hardly spit. It is also an -egregious Mistake, not only among the _Persians_, but also among -most other Nations, to think that the Seed _Bon_, or _Ban_, which -when toasted is called _Coffee_, and which I have taken Care to have -engraved in the Plate after the History of _Scurvy-Grass, No. 11, 12._ -of my _Quadripartitium_, is of so cooling a Quality, as to produce -Impotence, even in those who use it frequently; for it only dries them. -Thus _Casmin_, the Wife of Sultan _Mahmud_, after her Husband had so -weakened himself by the Use of _Coffee_, that he had been impotent -for many Years, is said, when she saw the Preparations making, for -gelding a generous _Persian_ Steed, to have told the Persons employed -in that Work, that there was no Occasion for so much Trouble, since, by -giving the Horse _Coffee_, he would become like her Husband, the King. -This Story is, with the same Circumstances, related by _Olearius_, in -his Travels through _Muscovy_ and _Persia_. _Coffee_, then produces -Sterility in the _Persians_, not because it is cold, but because -it gradually dries their Bodies, by means of a certain Sulphur, as -peculiar to itself, as those of _Opium_, _Tobacco_, or _Agnus Castus_ -are to them. As the _Agnus Castus_, or _Vitex_ is, by _Galen_, said to -be dry in the third Degree, like _Rue_, and to consist of very subtile -Parts, it is impossible it should produce Impotence by rendering the -Seed cold, which it diminishes and dissipates, not so much by the -Subtilty of its Parts, as by its peculiar Sulphur. The incomparable -_Hoffman_, both in his _Variæ Lectiones_, and in his Treatise _de -Medicamentis Officinalibus_, has treated accurately of the _Vitex_. -But, if that Author had been still alive, he would have agreed with -me in this, that what _Galen_ ascribes to the Subtilty of the Parts, -not only of all Simples, but also of such Things as act by their whole -Substance, such as _Opium_, _Tobacco_, _Agnus Castus_, _Chinese Tea_, -_European Tea_, or the _Myrtus Brabantica_, or the _Chamelæagnus -Danica_, is to be ascribed to their small sulphureous, and excessively -dry Parts. Thus the Seeds of the _Agnus Castus_ affect the Head, and -from what has been said, it is sufficiently obvious, that the Seeds of -the _Chamelæagnus_ contribute principally to intoxicate the Country -People, who prepare their Ale with it: The Seeds of the _Agnus Castus_, -according to _Hoffman_, "do not convey Flatulences to the Head, except -when they affect it by the Subtilty of their Parts (which I call their -sulphureous Quality) just as Wine, whose Taste and Smell they have, -according to _Pliny_, affects the Head, and procures Sleep." All these -Properties of Wine, as well as of our _Chamelæagnus_, proceed from -their Sulphur, which is grateful to the Nerves: But these Effects could -never be produced, only by _Galen_'s Subtilty of the Parts. But to -proceed, in the Words of _Hoffman_: "Another Proof of the Subtilty of -the Parts of _Agnus Castus_, (which I call its sulphureous Quality) -is, that its Seeds, whether crude, or toasted, discuss Flatulencies of -the Intestines, and most powerfully when toasted; since these do not -so much affect the Head as the former." Thus, it also happens, that an -Account of the artificial and careful Toasting of the _Chinese Tea_, -by which most of its sulphureous Parts are dissipated, it prevents -Sleep in the _Chinese_: Whereas, the _European Tea_, or _Chamelæagnus_, -renders the Country People, as it were, intoxicated, and disposed -to Sleep. But these different Effects are not owing to any occult -Qualities of the _Chinese_ and _European Teas_, but manifestly to the -sulphureous Parts, of which the _Chinese_ has a far smaller Quantity -than our _Chamelæagnus_. Thus, it is certain, that prepared _Vipers_ -may be safely eaten, and that _Dioscorides_ roasted _Vipers_ for -Food; so vast a Difference there is between artificial Preparations, -and natural Productions. But to proceed: _Hoffman_, with respect to -toasting the Seeds of the _Agnus Castus_, tells us, "That in toasting, -the remarkably subtile Parts are dissipated." These remarkably subtile -Parts, I call sulphureous, which the _Persians_ also dissipate, by -an artificial toasting, from the Seeds _Bon_, or _Ban_, conveyed to -them from _Egypt_. Thus, the celebrated _Hoffman_, only differs -from me in Words, but not in Sentiments. The same also holds true of -_Chocolate_. I, therefore, conclude, that all these Substances are -of a drying Quality, on account of their sulphureous Parts. I would, -therefore, advise all _Europeans_ to have a due Regard to these Things, -to preserve Youth by moistening Substances, and prevent old Age, -which is brought on before its due Time, by Means of these drying and -sulphureous Commodities; though, at the same time, I do not prohibit -the Use of moderately hot Substances. Let no one condemn me for making -Repetitions; since it is a Maxim, not only of Policy, but also of -common Humanity, _That the Safety of the People, is, of all other Laws, -the most essential and important._ If, therefore, an immense Reward -was bestowed on the Man who preserved a single _Roman_ Citizen, I may, -certainly, hope for Indulgence, when, by repeated Expostulations, I -attempt to preserve all _Europe_, by perswading its Inhabitants not -to exchange our own salutary Regimen, for that of the _Asiatics_, and -_Chinese_, by following their Custom of _Tea_-Drinking. _Martinus -Martinius_, indeed, in his Preface to his _Atlas Siniticus_, greatly -extols the _Chinese_ Regimen, in the following Manner: "Their Drinks, -says he, whether prepared with Water, Wine, or Rice, must always be -warm; they macerate their _Tea_ in particular in boiling Water, which -they drink as hot as they can bear. When I was accustomed to this -Regimen, I commended the _Chinese_, and condemned the _Europeans_, who -are so fond of drinking cold Liquors; for, in _China_, the Inhabitants, -by drinking their Liquors warm, both extinguish Thirst, and so -dissipate the redundant Humours, that they hardly ever spit; nor are -they afflicted with Crudities of the Stomach, as the _Europeans_ are: -They have also fewer, and less violent Diseases; neither are the Stone, -the Gout in the Hands and Feet, and other similar Disorders, known -among them." But these Things happened to _Martinius_, in _China_, -and not in _Europe_. Nor shall he ever perswade me, to change the -_European_, for the _Indian_ Regimen. Since, according to _Martinius_ -himself, some of the Inhabitants of that Country, on account of the -_Pythagorean_ Doctrine, of the Transmigration of Souls, religiously -abstain from Flesh, and think, - - ----_Scelus est in Viscere Viscera Condi, Congestoq; Avidum - pinguescere Corpore Corpus, Alterusq; Animantem Animantis vivero - Letho._ - -_Martinius_, therefore, makes an insufficient Enumeration of Causes; -since the good Health of the _Chinese_, is not totally owing to the -Use of _Tea_, but to various other Circumstances, which we shall not -here enumerate: Only I shall, from the _Amphiatridius_ of _Johannes -Boterius_, published in 1600, observe, "That in the various Districts -of _China_, the Clemency and Salubrity of the Air is so great, that -a Pestilence has never been remembered to rage universally in them." -For the Sake also of those who want the sixth Part of the _Theatrum -Europæum Johannis Bleau_, or the _Novus Atlas Martinii_, I shall, -from the Preface of the last-mentioned Author, take the following -Passage: "In Practice, the _Chinese_ Physicians surpass those of -_Europe_, who are more addicted to Dispute and Speculation, but less -successful and happy in the Cure of Diseases, than the former." But, -if a _Chinese_ Physician was to practice on the _Baltick_ Shore, where -endemial _Scurvys_ rage, it is hardly credible, that he would cure -them with greater Success, than a skilful _European_ Physician does; -since, according to _Hippocrates_, there are many nominal, but few -real Physicians. The same Author, in his _Prisca Medicina_, informs -us, "That most Physicians resemble bad Pilots, who, if they steer the -Vessel in a smooth and calm Sea, can prevent the Detection of their -Ignorance; but, when they are attacked by blowing Winds, and violent -Tempests, it becomes sufficiently obvious, that the Ship must be lost -through their Fault, and Want of Skill." But to drop the Defence of the -_European_ Physicians, I shall return to the _Asiatics_. _Martinius_ -then, in the Passage last quoted, tells us, "That the _Chinese_ -Physicians generally prepare their Medicines of Simples and Decoctions; -that they use Unctions, and Frictions, but not Venesections, which they -look upon as an irreparable Error. They rather chuse to reduce the -Blood to a due Temperature, by Fasting, and refrigerating Medicines; -for, say they, because Broth boils in a Pot, the Broth is not, -therefore, to be poured out, but the Fire to be removed from the Pot." -But this Comparison is certainly far from being just: And, a little -after, the Author subjoins, "In _China_ are great Numbers of Chymists, -who confidently boast of producing Gold, and preventing Death by Means -of their Medicines. The Design of these Men is like that of their -Brethren in _Europe_, to extort Money from the credulous and avaritious -Part of their Fellow Creatures." - -I now return, to consider the Air, Water, and Situation of the -_Chinese_. _Martinius_ then, in the Place before quoted, tells us, -that _China_, or the most remote Parts of _Asia_, abounds with all -Kinds of metallic Mines, such as those of Gold, Silver, Mercury, Iron, -Tin, Copper, Minium, _Lapis Lazuli_, and Vitriol; in consequence of -which, it is probable, that the _Chinese_ Waters, flowing from the -Mountains, as well as those of _Europe_, partake of the Qualities -of the various Minerals through which they glide. Thus, according -to _Georgius Agricola_, in _Lib. 10. de Natur. Fossil. Cap. 18._ at -_Goslar_, in _Saxony_, there is a Kind of Bole, or Earth, impregnated -with the Juice of _Vitriol_, as also with _Oker_. The same _Agricola_, -in _Lib. 1. De Natura eorum quæ ex Terra effluunt. Cap. 4._ informs -us, that the River _Ochra_, receives its Name from _Oker_, with which -it is tinged, of a yellow Colour, at the Place where a Rivulet coming -from Mount _Ramelus_, disembogues itself into it. Hence, it is easy to -assign a Reason, why the _Goslar_ Ale is so diuretic: The _Garlabian_ -Ale also, so much used at _Helmstadt_, is of a medicinal Nature: Hence, -according to the celebrated _Hoffman_, in _Paral. Officin. Cap. ult._ -"It both cures and produces Diseases in such as are not accustomed to -it; for it is prepared of some hot, mineral Water, as is obvious from -its peculiar Taste. On the contrary, the _Turgensian_ Ale is highly -agreeable; because the Water of which it is prepared has some mineral -Quality, which is easily lost by Carriage; which also happens to other -Waters. Hence, _Augustus_, Elector of _Leipsic_, in preparing his Ale, -instead of _Malt_, ordered only a Drag to be boiled." I would not, -however, have any one confide too much, either in hot or cold Mineral -Waters. But among Mineral Waters, I also reckon that described by -_Martinius_, in his Account of the ninth Province of _China_, called -_Kiangnar_, and the fifth Town, called _Chang-chew_, in the following -Manner: "Near _Kiangin_ is a Mount, called Mount _Chin_, celebrated -on account of a fabulous _Chinese_ Story; for they assert, that a -Woman was there born of a _Deer_. The Rivulet _Leang_, from a small -Hill, called _Hoej_, flows into a Lake, near _Vusie_: Its Origin is a -Fountain called _Hoej_, whose Waters are, by the Natives, accounted to -be the second in Goodness; and I myself am convinced from Experience, -that the _Chinese_ are in the right, with respect to these Waters; -for they are universally admired by the Grandees; and hardly any Ship -passes, without purchasing, for a Trifle, large Quantities of this -Water, previously put up in Casks; though Strangers, who stay for any -Time there, may, for nothing, drink as much as they please. It is -conveyed to the most remote Provinces, even as far as _Peking_; for -it is excellently well suited to the Preparation of _Tea_: So that -these two Commodities are generally sold together." But surely this -_Chinese_ Water is to be had in no Part of _Europe_. The same Author, -in his Description of the fifteenth Province, called _Junnam_, and its -Metropolis, tells us, "That in Mount _Xang_, situated to the _North_ of -the Town, there is a Spring of intensely cold Water, which, however, -is highly beneficial to paralitic Persons." He also tells us, that in -the same Province, there is a Spring called _Hiangkui_, which, in their -Language, signifies odoriferous Water, "Because it diffuses a fragrant -Scent, especially in the _Spring_, at which Time, the Inhabitants offer -Sacrifices to the Fountain, and drink Water, mixed with Wine, or -with a Liquor prepared of _Rice_. They also assert, that this Liquor -cures many Diseases." That these Waters are impregnated with Metallic -Particles, I have two Reasons to believe: First, Because _Martinius_ -informs us, that the Rivulet near the City _Vusie_, flows from a -Fountain on a little Hill, called _Hoej_: The second is, that the -Waters of this Lake are conveyed to the remotest Provinces, even to the -Royal City, _Peking_, where they are used by the Grandees in preparing -their _Tea_. But the best Waters, when taken from the _Spring_, cannot -be long preserved from Corruption, unless they abound with a peculiar -Salt: Since the cold Mineral Waters of the _Spaw_, lose much of their -Virtue by being conveyed only into the Provinces adjacent to _Germany_. -Thus, it is sufficiently known to all the _Europeans_, that the _May_ -Rains abound with Salt and Sulphur; in consequence of which, they keep -longer free from Corruption than other Waters. For this Reason, it is -customary among the _Papists_, to prepare their _Holy Water_ of _May_ -Rain: See my _Digressio de Febribus Malignis_. But, lest these Reasons -should be esteemed conjectural, I shall farther prove, and confirm my -Opinion from _Martinius_, who, in the Place before quoted, speaks in -the following Manner: "It is not without Reason that the City _Gnihing_ -receives that _Name_, which, in their Language, signifies the _Glory of -the Earth_; and which was bestowed upon it, because in it are made the -earthen Vessels, used in diluting, and drinking their _Tea_. The Reason -why these are preferred to the _Chinese_, though more transparent, and -diaphanous, is, because the former convey to the _Tea_, a certain Taste -and Smell, much admired by the _Chinese_; so that the Inhabitants of -that City are much employed in making them; and some of them are sold -at a Price equal, if not superior, to those of _Portugal_." Since, -therefore, these Vessels communicate to the _Tea_, both a Smell and -Taste, which are grateful to the _Chinese_; since the Cause of Taste -is a volatile Salt, and that of Smell a certain Sulphur; since this -Salt and Sulphur can hardly be separated by Chymistry; and since it -is peculiar to Salt to penetrate into the Essence of Things; it must -necessarily happen, that the Water, taken from the Lake, or River -last mentioned, and which is without any Smell, (for, if it had been -odorous, _Martinius_ would have mentioned that Circumstance, as he did -of the third Fountain) must gradually extract the Taste and Smell from -those precious Vessels, resembling _Lemnian_ or _Silesian_ Earth. But -this Water of the Rivulet _Leang_, or of the Fountain _Hoej_, would -either not at all, or with Difficulty, extract the Taste and Smell from -these earthen Vessels, unless it abounded with an highly penetrating -Salt, or, perhaps, a Vitriol; since _Martinius_ tells us, that Vitriol -Mines are found in _China_, for no Substance can communicate to -another, a Quality which it does possess itself. _Tea_ has indeed a -Taste, though not of the grateful Kind, as is obvious from what has -been said. The Taste and Smell, therefore, which the _Chinese_ perceive -in drinking _Tea_, do not proceed from the _Tea_ itself, but from the -Water, or earthen Vessels they use, or from both; from the Water, which -by its Mineral Salt, extracts from the Vessels their Salt and Sulphur; -and from the Vessels, which in return communicate these to the Water. -For this peculiar Quality of the Earth, the City is called _Gnihing_, -which, according to _Martinius_, signifies the _Glory of the Earth_. It -is, by no means, surprizing to find various fragrant Mineral Earths: -Thus, in the Dutchy of _Kalenberg_, in _Germany_, there is dug up a -certain bituminous Mineral, which is a Kind of intermediate Substance, -between Earth, Clay, and Stone; and which if it is either licked with -the Tongue, or has cold Water, and especially Rain-Water, poured upon -it, diffuses a Smell as fragrant as that of the Violet: The Truth of -this, I know from Experience. But these precious Vessels are so rare in -_Europe_, that the smallest of them are not to be purchased under an -immense Sum. When, however, I understood, that _Frederic_ the third, -King of _Norway_ and _Denmark_, had, among other _Chinese_ Curiosities, -two of these elegant and sumptuous Vessels; I obtained the Use of -them from him, and prevailed upon _Julius Reichelt_, Professor of -Mathematics at _Strasburg_, and a skilful Designer, to delineate them. -This Gentleman has, with the greatest Accuracy, not only exhibited in -the following Plates, these, and other _Chinese_ Utensils, but also -informed himself of their real Bulk, with all the Care and Pains he -possibly could: But we shall give an Account of his Performance in his -own Words: - -[Illustration: TAB. I. - -Fig. I. - -Fig. II. - -Fig. III. - -Fig. IV. - -Fig. V. - -Fig. VI. - -Fig. VII. - - _B. Cole. Sculp._ -] - -[Illustration: TAB. II. - -Fig. VIII. - -Fig. IX. - -Fig. X. - -Fig. XI. - -Fig. XII. - -Fig. XIII. - -Fig. XIV. - - _B. Cole. Sculp._ -] - - -"At the Request of the learned and judicious _Simon Pauli_, I have -delineated some of the _Chinese_ Utensils, and hope for Indulgence, -because these Vessels are neither exhibited according to the Laws of -Painting, nor Perspective; but in a Manner, used by Mechanics, since -I thought it expedient, both for the Sake of the Subject, and the -Satisfaction of the curious Reader, to have a due Regard to Capacity, -and Measure. I have exhibited the Orthography of the Vessel represented -by _Fig._ IX. the Scenography of _Fig._ III. of which the Orthography -is represented by _Fig._ IV. In _Fig._ VIII. the Scenography of the -Vessel M, and the Orthography of its Cover N, are represented; but I -have only described the Scenographies of all the rest. I have used -the _Rhinlandian_ Geometrical Foot, to the Measure of which all the -Parts of these Vessels are adjusted, in that Proportion, observable in -_Fig._ XIV. which represents a smaller Foot, divided into ten Parts. -_Fig._ XIII. exhibits a wooden Instrument, exactly of the same Size -with the Figure. In all the Figures I have represented the Length and -Breadth by Diameters and Diagonals; but the Height or Depth, by pricked -Perpendiculars. I hope the Mathematical Reader will find no Fault with -the quadrangular Passage B in _Fig._ I. for conveying the Air, in order -to ventilate the Coals; nor with _Fig._ IX. the two Feet of which, -shade other two similar to themselves." - - -_An Explanation of the Figures, representing some_ Chinese _Utensils._ - -_Fig._ I. Represents a Kind of Kettle, curiously made of _Chinese_ -Copper, furnished with a Handle, divided by a Copper Partition; and -which, though at first View, it appears to be one Vessel, is yet, -upon narrower Inspection, found to be two, with two Coverings; for -A represents a small Furnace, into which the Coals are put; and B, -the Mouth of the Furnace, covered with Cross-Bars, for the better -Ventilation of the Coals. The other Vessel has its internal Surface -lined, or covered with Tin, serves either for drying, or boiling -the _Tea_, and is furnished with a particular small Tube, the Cover -of which is exhibited by _a_; by the Benefit of which, the large -Coverings, C D, being shut up, the Vapours of the _Tea_ may be -retained, or allowed to exhale at Pleasure. - -_Fig._ II. E represents a Copper Vessel, in which the _Tea_ is either -boiled, or preserved, when dry. E represents its Tube, and F the -covering of the Tube. - -_Fig._ III. and IV. G G exhibit different Views of one and the same -Vessel, the internal Surface of which is lined with a thin gilded -Plate, of some proper Metal, and the external Surface, covered with -Lack, after the Manner of the _Chinese_. - -_Fig._ V. I I. No. 1. represents a genuine _Chinese Tea-Leaf_ -macerated, and stretched to its full Extent. No. 2. A Leaf of the -_Chamelæagnus_, or what the _French_ call _Piment Royal_, artificially -dried. - -_Fig._ VI. K represents another, and, in my Opinion, a spurious -_Chinese Tea-Leaf_, brought from _China_. - -_Fig._ VII. L exhibits a Leaf of what _Clusius_ calls the _Spiræa -Theophrasti_, found in the Green-Houses of _Copenhagen_, and so like -the spurious _Chinese Tea_, with which the genuine is adulterated, that -the one cannot be distinguished from the other. - -_Fig._ VIII. M represents a curious Polygonal _Tea-Pot_, probably made -of sealed _Lemnian_, or _Silesian_ Earth. N its Lid joined by the -golden Chain O, to its Handle P. and Q. Its Stroup curiously tipped -with Gold. - -_Fig._ IX. R represents another earthen _Tea-Pot_, with a Stroup, but -of a roundish, or oblong Form, and in the Lid of which, is fixed a -Ring of Clay S for taking it off and putting it on: Both these earthen -_Tea-Pots_ are highly fragrant; the former is of a light, and the -latter of a pale red Colour. - -_Fig._ X. T exhibits a Copper Vessel lined with Tin, capable of -containing four Ounces; and whose inferior Part about the Letter V is -covered with a Kind of Case, woven of such Wood as the _Europeans_ use -in making Sieves; but so as that the Vessel can be taken out of the -Case. But I am of Opinion, that the _Chinese_ pour their hot _Tea_, -whether infused, or boiled, into this, in order to prevent the scalding -of their Hands; and so cool the Liquor, as that it may neither burn -their Lips, nor Tongue. - -_Fig._ XI. X represents this wooden Case, or Handle, by itself. - -_Fig._ XII. Y exhibits a small wooden Ladle, with a semicircular wooden -Handle. - -_Fig._ XIII. Z represents a small, and somewhat incurvated wooden -Spatula. - -_Fig._ XIV. represents a small geometrical Foot, divided into ten equal -Parts, for ascertaining the just Proportion of the Utensils described. - -It is to be observed, that these Vessels are of a grateful fragrant -Smell, resembling those of the _Juniper_, _Cypress_, or _Aloes Tree_, -which is certainly owing to the bituminous Earth of which they -are formed. Thus we have before observed, that the _Kalenburgian_ -bituminous Earth is as fragrant as Violets; and that, according to -_Martinius_, it is on account of the Fragrance of these Vessels, that -the _Chinese_ are so fond of them, and purchase them at such immense -Prices. We have also taken Notice from _Tulpius_, and _Maffæus_, -that these Pots, Vessels, and other Pieces of _Tea_ Equipage, are, -by the _Chinese_, bought at the Rate of some Thousand _Nobles_, -wrapped up in silken Coverings, shewn only to their nearest Friends, -and as much valued by them as Adamants, Gems, and curious Medals -are by the _Europeans_. Let the _Europeans_, therefore, before they -drink _Tea_, which itself is void of Smell, provide themselves with -the fragrant Vessels of _Gnihing_, and the Waters of the Rivulet -_Vussie_, which they must bring uncorrupted from _China_; and then, -on Supposition the Air was the same, which it is not, the same Effects -might be produced in _Europe_ by _Tea_, as those which it is boasted -to produce in _China_. It is therefore far more congruous to Truth -and Reason, to suppose, that the _Chinese_ are free from the Stone, -Gout, and arthritic Pains, rather by the Goodness of their Water, -than by their _Tea_ alone, which may also contribute something to -their Happiness in these Respects. Besides, the Force and Virtue of -_Tea_, must be considerably impaired and lost, by the intense Heat -of the Sun, during so long a Voyage, in which the _Equator_ must -be twice crossed, before the Ships arrive at any _European_ Ports. -Hence we know from Experience, that those Persons most consult the -Interest of the _Europeans_, who, according to _Mercator_, in his -Description of _China_, advise, that _Rhubarb_, with the best Sort of -which, _China_ abounds, should be brought through _Persia_ by Land, -lest it should be spoiled and corrupted by so long a Voyage. What -must therefore happen to _Tea_, or the _Chinese Chamelæagnus_, which -is in _China_ frequently toasted in an Iron Pan, so as to corrugate -and conglomerate its Leaves, according to _Rhodius_ and _Martinius_? -For, if the Virtues of _Rhubarb_, which is a compact Substance, are, -by such a Voyage, exhaled, this Misfortune must much more happen to -the tender Leaves of _Tea_, which are gathered in the _Spring_, and -have a bitterish Taste, but no Smell. Hence we may infer, that these -Leaves are, after their Arrival at _Europe_, possessed of a volatile -and fixed Salt, but deprived of their Sulphur, especially the most -volatile Part of it; for, if they were intirely destitute of Sulphur, -they would not take Flame, nor could they be burned. The Author of a -Book, intitled, _Artificia Hominum Miranda Naturæ in_ Sina & Europa, -in _Chap. 35._ tells us, "that in _Chekiang_, in _China_, there are -Woods of _Mulberry-Trees_, so many Silk-Worms, and such immense -Quantities of Silk, that a Person may there purchase ten silken Suits -of Cloaths at an easier Rate, than he can have one of Cloth in any Part -of _Europe_. The _Chinese_ prune their _Mulberry-Trees_ every Year, -as the _Europeans_ do their Vines; nor do they suffer them to grow up -into tall Trees, because they have found from long Experience, that the -Leaves of the smallest Trees produce the finest Substance for Silk, and -the best Thread: For which Reason, they justly distinguish between the -first and second Weaving of the Thread: The former is produced when -the Worms are nourished by the Leaves which appear in the _Spring_, -and are soft and delicate: The latter is, when they are fed upon the -_Summer_ Leaves, which are coarse and hard; so great is the Difference -of Work produced by these Animals only by a Change of Food." If this -Account of the Nourishment of Silk-Worms is true, as we _Europeans_ -find it by Experience, so it is equally certain, that there is as great -a Difference between those Leaves of the _Chinese Tea_, or _European -Chamelæagnus_, which appear in the _Spring_, and those which are -produced in the _Summer_, as I have all along insinuated in this Work. -By this remarkable Passage of the anonymous Author, I am more and more -convinced, that the vernal Leaves of the _Chamelæagnus_, or _European -Tea_, are possessed of different Virtues from those which appear in -the _Summer_, when the Sun has entered _Leo_: And those who will not -grant this Truth, are confuted by the palpable Instance drawn from the -Nourishment of the Silk-Worms. - -By way of Digression, I shall intreat every Lover of Truth, to throw -the Leaves, (not the Shrub, Flowers, or Seeds) of the _European -Chamelæagnus_, which, when dry, have no Scent upon live Coals, and do -the same with an equal Quantity of _Chinese Tea_, tho' in different -Rooms, and by the exact Resemblance of the Smell diffused by each, -he will be convinced that the _Chamelæagnus_ is a Plant of the same -Species with _Tea_. - -I am not acquainted with all the Acts, Statutes, and Laws, of the -different Cities of _Europe_, made for suppressing and preventing -the Avarice and Exorbitance of Apothecaries; only in Upper and Lower -_Germany_, a certain Fine is, by public Authority, laid upon the -Apothecary who sells old and mouldy Herbs, or uses any Methods to make -them appear good and fresh: Nay, it is customary, in some Provinces of -_Germany_, publickly to burn such Herbs, Roots, Shrubs, or Plants as -are bad, or suspected to be more than one Year old; lest the poorer -Inhabitants should, like the Widow mentioned in _Luke_, Chap. viii. 43, -spend all their Money upon Physicians, without being healed by any: But -the Case is quite otherwise with _Tea_; for supposing it to be only -one Year old, when it is put into the Ships at _China_, it must be -double that Time, and often more, before it arrives to us. How great -then is the Stupidity of us _Europeans_, who are never disgusted at -the Avarice and Baseness of the _Asiatics_, though they should send us -_Tea_ as old as the _Trojan_ War, whilst they use it fresh and good -themselves? Besides, as the _Tea_-Leaves have no Smell, it is highly -probable, that the _Asiatics_ have infused and macerated them, and then -dried them a second Time for the Use of the _Europeans_; since, when -chewed in the Mouth, they are resolved into a Kind of gross Powder. -I am also of the Opinion of the celebrated _Wormius_, who thought it -highly probable, that _Tea_-Leaves were either mixed with others, or -had others intirely substituted in their stead. If we are at such Care -and Pains to discharge and prohibit the Sale of old _European_ Plants, -ought we not, with the same Rigour and Authority, to prohibit the -Import of _Tea_ deprived of its Smell, and long ago dried and prepared -for the Use of the _Chinese_? The Man would surely be ridiculous who -should import into _Europe_ large Quantities of _Tobacco_, already cut -small for the present Smoaking of the _Indians_, or _Americans_; or -who should commend it on account of its unctuous Sulphur, or prefer -it to large Pricks, made up hard and compact for the Sake of keeping; -for cut _Tobacco_ after it has been kept some Months and become dry, -loses all its Virtue, and is despised by a phlegmatic _European_. It -is also obvious from what has been said, that after the _Chinese_ -have toasted their _Tea_, they preserve it in close stopped Vessels, -that it may not be corrupted, or too much dried by the Access of -the Air: It is, therefore, the Duty of every _European_ to join in -engaging the Legislature to put a Stop to this epidemical Evil, and -prohibit the Abuse, not only of _Tea_, but also of _Tobacco_, since -both of these, and _Coffee_, as I have before shewn, so enervate -the _European_ Men, that they become incapable of propagating their -Species, like _Eunuchs_, some of whom are highly salacious; but it -is sufficiently known, that they are incapable of Procreation, tho' -they emit something analogous to _Semen_. For this Reason, the _Turks_ -perform Castration in a different Manner from the _Italians_, since the -former cut off _Penis_, _Testicles_, and all; and the latter only the -_Testicles_. The Curious may consult _Bartholinus Anatom. Reformat. -Lib. 1._ at the End of which, they will be informed why, and when it -happens, that Horses and Bulls procreate their respective Species after -Castration: The _Turks_, therefore, lest their Eunuchs should provide -them with a spurious Progeny, treat them in a far more inhuman Manner, -than the _Italians_ do. Since we have mentioned the _Turks_, it will -not be improper to observe, that the _Persians_, though salacious, -are, nevertheless, generally impotent: For since, on account of -_Polygamy_, which they have in common with the _Turks_, they have a -numerous Progeny to be supported; when they copulate with their Wives -and Whores, they are not so sollicitous to procure an Offspring, as, -like the infamous _Onan_, to emit a vapid and unprolific Seed, which, -on account of the _Coffee_ corrupted in their Veins, may, by a Person -acquainted with Chymical Principles, be justly compared to the Lees of -Wine, in a great Measure deprived of the volatile Salt and Sulphur of -the Wine: Or it may be compared to that of the Eunuchs of other less -brutal Nations; or that of the _Scythians_, who are by _Hippocrates_, -in _Lib. de Aere, Aquis, & Locis_, stiled _emasculated and effeminate -Mortals_. The same Author, in the Work now quoted, assigns other Causes -for the Sterility of the _Scythians_; "for, _says he_, they make so -deep Incisions in the Veins behind their Ears, that when they come to -be married, they are impotent." But _Olearius_ informs us, that without -this Practice, the salacious _Persians_ emasculate themselves only by -the Use of _Coffee_: Nor is this surprizing, since Salacity, instead -of promoting Procreation, procures Sterility. Hence a common Strumpet -rarely becomes pregnant, notwithstanding her frequent venereal -Encounters with salacious Rakes and Debauchees. Besides, there is a -vast Difference between stimulating, cold, and languid Constitutions -to Venery, which is obtained by _Rocket_, and fecundating the _Semen_, -which is obtained by some Vegetables, as Sweet Almonds, Pine Kernels, -Pistachio Nuts, and Chesnuts; as also by Animals, as Capons, Larks, -Thrushes, Kids-Flesh, Mutton, or Veal. I do not deny, but _Coffee_, -_Chocolate_, and _Tobacco_, have a Power of stimulating to Venery, -but may yet induce Sterility, because they consist of heterogeneous -Parts, or rather act by their whole Substances: But all these Things -are unfit for fecundating the _Semen_; as also all other Substances of -a drying Quality, and not cold Substances, as is commonly believed. -The Effeminacy and Impotence then produced by drinking _Coffee_, and -smoaking _Tobacco_, are sufficiently obvious. And to these two, if I -am not mistaken, good Judges will join _Tea_, because according to -_Martinius_, the _Chinese_ by the last not only extinguish Thirst, -but also dissipate their Humours to such a Degree, that they hardly -ever spit. It is also by a drying Quality, that the _Agnus Castus_, -_Rue_, _Mint_, and _Camphire_, render Men impotent. Besides, _Tea_ -is to the _Chinese_ themselves only a new Thing, whose Virtues and -Faculties they have not, as yet, sufficiently investigated; for -which Reason I justly prefer to it our own _Betony_, which has been -deservedly celebrated for so many Ages. The _Chinese_ Incapacity -of Spitting is, therefore, a manifest Proof that _Tea_ contains a -drying, though not an intensely hot Sulphur. I do not find it expresly -affirmed by Authors, that _Chocolate_, as well as _Coffee_, produces -Sterility and Impotence; since they rather assert, that it proves a -Stimulus to Venery: A Circumstance confirmed by the Accounts of some -Men of Learning and Penetration, upon their Return from _Africa_ and -_America_. But as _Benzon_ informs us, "that _Chocolate_ has a somewhat -bitterish Taste, and refrigerates, or dries the Body, without producing -the smallest Degree of Intoxication:" Hence we may reasonably infer, -that as _Chocolate_ agrees with _Coffee_ and _Tea_, in one Third of -its Qualities, so all these three exactly agree with each other, in -producing Effeminacy and Impotence: But I shall not here attempt an -Investigation of their other Qualities. I therefore hope, that for the -future, the _Europeans_ will be wise, and reject _Coffee_, _Chocolate_, -and _Tea_; since they are all either equally bad, or equally good: -Nay, I hope to see People of all Ranks and Conditions, have as great -an Aversion to them as the _Mahometans_ and _Turks_, or rather their -Emperors have to _Tobacco_, the Lovers of which, as well as thole who -are idle, prodigal, barren, impotent, or effeminate, they will not -suffer to live within their Territories. There is another Method of -producing Barrenness and Impotence, probably brought from _Asia_ into -_Europe_, which is the indiscriminate Use of Venesection, in both -Sexes, behind the Ears, for intolerable Tooth-achs. But let me tell -the Persons, who, despising the Authority of _Hippocrates_, suffer, -like the _Scythians_, the Veins behind their Ears to be opened, that -they will afterwards repent their Folly, when they find Sterility and -Impotence to be their Fate. Some practical Physicians may furnish us -with Instances of Tooth-achs, accompanied with Deliriums, and other -violent Symptoms; but none of them seem to have observed, that a -Tooth-ach, when removed by opening the Veins behind the Ears, has -proved the Cause of Sterility, as _Hippocrates_, who, according to -_Macrobius_, was never deceived himself, nor imposed upon others, -affirms, not of a single Instance or two, but of the whole Nation -of the _Scythians_. Let, therefore, the Masters and Mistresses of -Families reject the Custom of cauterising or opening the Veins behind -the Ears, unless they incline that their Children should be cursed -with Sterility, or Impotence, which are attended with a dire and -numerous Train of Woes. So that we hope the _Europeans_ will guard -against Sterility; produced in the _Indies_ by _Coffee_, _Tea_, and -_Chocolate_; and in _Scythia_ by opening, or burning the Veins behind -the Ears. - -Having already considered the Regimen of the _Chinese_, I shall proceed -to take Notice of their Manners, Customs, and Dispositions: In the -Execution of which Design I shall take my Accounts from _Martinius_, -who, when treating of Quack-Physicians, affirms, that the _Chinese_, -as well as the _Cretans_, are greatly addicted to Lying. The same -Author, in his _Atlas Chinicus_, speaks in the following Manner: -"The _Europeans_ are superior to the _Chinese_ in Fortitude, but the -_Chinese_ excel the _Europeans_ in Brightness of Genius: They are also -sagacious, cunning, intrepid, industrious, and dextrous, in managing -sudden Emergencies: Notwithstanding their great Abundance, they collect -and preserve the most worthless Things, such as Dogs Bones, Feathers, -and Hogs Bristles, which they sell. Their Penetration often discovers -itself by Fraud, Guile, and Imposition. Their Merchants are industrious -and active, and the whole of the Inhabitants spare no Pains, and think -no Labour too severe, when they have the smallest Prospect of Gain, -because they always prefer Profit to Honesty. They have sound and -robust Constitutions, being accustomed to Fatigue from their Infancy: -Some of them are of as fair Complexions as the _Europeans_." - -As I have before compared the _Chinese_ with the _European_ Regimen, -so I should here institute the Comparison between their Manners and -Dispositions, if _Barclay_ had not already executed that Design with -great Judgment and Accuracy: Only I must observe, that their Cunning -surpasses our Prudence, and that their Fraud sufficiently evinces their -Inclination to deceive us. In a word, Cunning, Avarice, and Lying, -are the distinguishing Characteristicks of the _Asiatics_, who yearly -defraud the _Europeans_ of such immense Sums of Money for _Teas_. As -_Hippocrates_ spared no Pains to remove and root out the _Athenian_ -Plague, so I have used the utmost of my Endeavours to destroy the -raging epidemical Madness of importing _Tea_ into _Europe_ from -_China_; since I have demonstrated, that the _Chinese Tea_, and the -_Chamelæagnus_, or _Myrtus Brabantica_, are Plants of the same Species. -Let such, therefore, as are unacquainted with _Botany_, cease to use -_Chinese Tea_, and in its Room substitute our _European Chamelæagnus_. -Tho' I have not Authority sufficient to force my Opinions upon others, -yet let me perswade my Countrymen to use _Betony_, which, as _Antonius -Musa_ informs us, cures no less than forty Disorders, instead of the -_Chinese Tea_, which is without Smell, corrupted by the Length of the -Voyage, and destitute of the Qualities it is possessed of in _Asia_: -Nor do I in the least doubt, but the _European Betony_ would happily -cure those Disorders, for which the _Chinese_ recommend their _Tea_. -The Physicians of _China_ are indeed to be commended for curing -Diseases by Abstinence from Meat and Drink, and the Use of simple -Decoctions, or other similar Things; because Nature delights in -Simplicity, is contented with little, and overpowered by a Farrago of -compound Medicines. - -If I should be laughed at for my Opinions, I shall comfort myself with -this Reflection, that I have always had so sacred and inviolable an -Attachment to Truth, that I have chearfully gone whithersoever she led -me; so that I may, with a few Variations, put a Close to this Work, in -the Words of _Cicero_, in _Academ. Quest. Lib. 4._ - -"If I had been induced to this Work by Ostentation, or the Love of -Dispute, I ought to be condemned, not only as a Fool, but also as -a vicious and immoral Man; for, if Obstinacy in Trifles is justly -ridiculed, it ought to be much more so in Affairs of Importance. During -the whole Course of my Life I have been impartial in my Searches after -Truth, and never attempted to impose upon the Judgment of others; for -I can swear by the immortal God, that I not only have an ardent Love -to Truth, but also that I speak the genuine Sentiments of my Mind; -for why should not I desire to discover Truth, when I rejoice to find -what bears a near Resemblance to it. As it is the peculiar Glory of -the human Nature, to perceive Truth in its genuine Colours; so, it is -a Disgrace to Reason to embrace Falshood for Truth. I do not, however, -lay claim to Infallibility, since I confess that I may err, as well as -other Men." - - -_FINIS._ - - - - -BOOKS _Printed for and Sold by_ T. OSBORNE, _in_ Gray's Inn. - - -I. A Medicinal Dictionary, in Three Volumes, including Physic, Surgery, -Anatomy, Chemistry, and Botany; in all their Branches relative to -Medicine. Together with a History of Drugs, an Account of their various -Preparations, Combinations, and Uses; and an Introductory Preface, -tracing the Progress of Physic, and explaining the Theories which have -principally prevailed in all Ages of the World: With Copper-Plates. - -By R. JAMES, M. D. - - _The Lord hath created Medicines out of the Earth, and he that is wise - will not abhor them._ Ecclesiasticus, _Chap._ xxxviii. _Ver. 4_. - -Ἰητρικὴ, τεχνέων μὲν πασέων ἐστὶν ἐπιφανεστάτη. Hippoc. - -II. A Treatise on the Gout and Rheumatism, wherein a Method is laid -down of relieving in an eminent Degree those excruciating Distempers. -By R. JAMES, M. D. Price 1_s._ 6_d._ - -III. A New Method of preventing and curing the Madness caused by the -Bite of a Mad Dog. Laid before the Royal Society, in February, 1741. By -R. JAMES, M. D. The Second Edition. - -IV. The Symptoms, Nature, Causes, and Cure of the Febricula, or Little -Fever: Commonly called, The Nervous, or Hysteric Fever; the Fever on -the Spirits, Vapours, Hypo, or Spleen. By Sir Richard Manningham, Knt. -M. D. F. R. S. and of the College of Physicians, London. - - * * * * * - -Transcriber's Notes: Italic text is denoted by _underscores_. - -æ and œ ligatures were used interchangeably in this text. Based on -context, the transcriber chose the most appropriate ligature for -each incidence. Examples: All instances of Chamelœagnus were -corrected to Chamelæagnus; instances of Spirœa were corrected to -Spiræa; instances of Dodonœus were corrected to Dodonæus. - -Both preternaturally and præternaturally are used in the text; left as -printed. - -Minor punctuation and printer errors repaired. - -Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully -as possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other -inconsistencies. - -It is noted that, despite the title, only the treatises on Tobacco and -Tea were present in this volume. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Treatise on Tobacco, Tea, Coffee, -and Chocolate, by Simon Pauli - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TREATISE--TOBACCO, TEA, COFFEE, CHOCOLATE *** - -***** This file should be named 53027-0.txt or 53027-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/0/2/53027/ - -Produced by Christopher Wright and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: A Treatise on Tobacco, Tea, Coffee, and Chocolate - -Author: Simon Pauli - -Translator: Dr. James - -Release Date: September 10, 2016 [EBook #53027] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TREATISE--TOBACCO, TEA, COFFEE, CHOCOLATE *** - - - - -Produced by Christopher Wright and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - - -<div class="transnote"> - <h3>Preliminary Transcriber's Notes:</h3> - <p class="covernote">The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> - <p class="pleasehide">Images surrounded by dashed blue lines are thumbnails for larger format images. Click a thumbnail to load the larger image.</p> -</div> - - -<div class="break-before"> - <div class="half-title"> - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i001-a.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p class="ph3">A</p> - - <p class="ph1">TREATISE</p> - - <p class="ph3">ON</p> - - <p class="ph2"><i>Tobacco</i>, <i>Tea</i>, <i>Coffee</i>, and - <i>Chocolate</i>.</p> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i001-b.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h1> - A<br /> - <span class="larger">TREATISE</span><br /> - <span class="smaller">ON</span><br /> - <span class="smcap">Tobacco</span>, - <span class="smcap">Tea</span>, - <span class="smcap">Coffee</span>, <em>and</em> - <span class="smcap">Chocolate</span>. -</h1> - -<p class="ph3 gesperrt">IN WHICH</p> - -<div class="blockquot ph4"> - - <p>I. The Advantages and Disadvantages attending - the Use of these Commodities, are not - only impartially considered, upon the Principles - of <em>Medicine</em> and <em>Chymistry</em>, but also ascertained - by <em>Observation</em> and <em>Experience</em>.</p> - - <p>II. Full and distinct Directions laid down for - knowing in what Cases, and for what particular - Constitutions, these Substances are either - beneficial, or hurtful.</p> - - <p>III. The <em>Chinese</em> or <em>Asiatic Tea</em>, shewn to be the - same with the <em>European Chamelæagnus</em>, or - <em>Myrtus Brabantica</em>.</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph3"><em>The Whole Illustrated with</em> <em class="italic">Copper Plates</em>, <em>exhibiting -the</em> Tea <em>Utensils of the</em> <em class="norm">Chinese</em> <em>and</em> <em class="norm">Persians</em>.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph3">Written originally by SIMON PAULI;</p> - -<p class="ph4 gesperrt">AND</p> - -<p class="ph2">Now Translated by Dr. <span class="gesperrt"><cite>JAMES</cite></span>.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="blockquot ph3"> - - <p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ante omnia scire convenit Naturam Corporis; quia alii graciles, - alii obesi sunt, alii calidi, alii frigidiores, alii humidi, - alii sicciores, alios adstricta, alios resoluta, alvus exercet.</i></p> - - <p class="right"> - Celsus, <cite>Lib. 1.</cite> <cite>Cap. 3.</cite><br /> - </p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph2 gesperrt"><i>LONDON</i>:</p> - -<p class="ph3">Printed for <span class="smcap">T. Osborne</span>, in <i>Gray's Inn</i>; -<span class="smcap">J. Hildyard</span>, at <i>York</i>; <span class="smcap">M. Bryson</span>, at <i>Newcastle</i>; -and <span class="smcap">J. Leake</span>, at <i>Bath</i>.</p> - -<p class="ph3">M,DCC,XLVI.</p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> - - - - -<div class="chapter"> - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i005-a.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <h2>A<br /> - - TREATISE<br /> - - <span class="smaller">ON</span><br /> - - <i>TOBACCO</i>, &c.</h2> -</div> - -<div> - <img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-a.jpg" width="100" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">As</span> <cite>Nicolaus Monardus</cite>, in <cite>Simpl. -Med. Histor.</cite> has given so full and -accurate an History and Description -of <em>Tobacco</em>, that others have -only borrowed their Accounts of it from his -Works, we shall, in the Words of that Author, -in <cite>Cap. 14</cite>, inform the Reader what -<em>Tobacco</em> is, where it is produced, and to what -Uses it is applied.</p> - -<p>"The Plant <em>Tobacco</em>, says he, was formerly -used by the <em>Indians</em>, and especially -by the Inhabitants of <em>New Spain</em>, for the -Cure of Wounds. A few Years ago it -was imported into <em>Spain</em>, rather for the -Decoration of Gardens, than on Account -of its medicinal Virtues: But it is now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> -more celebrated for the latter, than used -for the former.</p> - -<p>"This Plant is among the <em>Indians</em> called -<em>Picelt</em>; for the <em>Spaniards</em> first called it -<em>Tobacco</em> from a certain Island of that Name, -where great Quantities of it were produced.</p> - -<p>"It rises to a great Height, and is sometimes -as tall as the <em>Lemon-Tree</em>. Its Trunk -is strait, and sends out many large Branches, -which bear Leaves almost resembling -those of the <em>Lemon-Tree</em>, but larger, like -those of the <em>Burdock</em>, of a faint green Colour, -and a little rough and shaggy, as the -Whole of the Plant is. The Tops of the -Branches bear Flowers of the Shape of a -small Bell, which are white at the Extremities, -but of a purple Colour in the Middle; -and when these Flowers fall off, they -are succeeded by small Heads, which resemble -those of the <em>Black Poppy</em>, and contain -a very small cineritious blackish Seed. -The Root is thick, divided into many -Parts, internally of a ligneous or woody -Nature, Saffron-coloured, bitter, and easily -deprived of its Bark: But I am acquainted -with no medicinal or other Quality -of which it is possessed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> - -<p>"The Plant grows in most Places of the -<em>Indies</em>, and especially those of a moist and -shady Nature, and in light well cultivated -Soils: It may be sown at all Seasons; but -when it appears above Ground it is to be -preserved from the Cold, and may be -transplanted for the Decoration of Garden-Walls; -for, like the <em>Citron-Tree</em>, it continues -green through the whole Year.</p> - -<p>"The Leaves are only used; though when -these cannot be had, some use the Seeds in -their Stead. The Leaves are preserved by -passing a Thread through them, suspending -them in a shady Place, and thus drying -them, after which they are used either -whole or reduced to Powder.</p> - -<p>"<em>Tobacco</em> is hot and dry, and consequently -heats, resolves, cleanses, and is a -little astringent, as will appear from these -following Virtues, of which it is possessed.</p> - -<p>"The Leaves of <em>Tobacco</em> heated and applied, -prove an excellent Remedy for a -<em>Cephalæa</em>, and <em>Hemicrania</em>, provided these -Disorders arise from a cold Cause, or Flatulences, -but the Use of them is to be often -repeated, till the Disease is removed. Some, -before the Application of them, anoint the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> -Head with the Oil obtained from the -Flowers of the <em>Orange-Tree</em>. The same -Remedy is beneficial for a Rigidity of the -Neck or <em>Tetanus</em>, and for Pains of the -whole Body, arising from the same Cause.</p> - -<p>"When a Tooth-ach proceeds from a -cold Cause, the wiping the affected Tooth -with a Linen-Cloth, soaked in the Juice -of <em>Tobacco</em>, and then putting a Piece of -the Leaf, made up in Form of a Pill, -into the Hollow, not only removes the -Pain, but also prevents the spreading of the -Corruption.</p> - -<p>"A Decoction of Tobacco-Leaves with -Water, and a <em>Linctus</em> prepared of the same -Decoction, are beneficial in Disorders of -the Breast, inveterate Coughs, Asthma's, -and other similar Disorders proceeding -from cold Humours. A small Quantity -of a Syrup prepared of Sugar, and a Decoction -of the Leaves eliminates any putrid -Humours lodged in the Breast. The -Smoak of Tobacco-Leaves received into -the Mouth, sometimes affords Relief to -asthmatic Patients; but proper Evacuations -ought previously to be made, if the Patient's -Condition can possibly admit of it.</p> - -<p>"Tobacco-Leaves heated under the Ashes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> -and applied to the Pit of the Stomach, -without shaking the Ashes off, afford Relief -to Persons afflicted with a Rumbling -of the Intestines, and Flatulencies. For -the same Purposes others bruise the Leaves -with their Hand, anointed with Oil, and -apply them to the Region of the Stomach. -The Leaves triturated in a little Vinegar, -long used by way of Ointment, and bound -upon the Parts affected, are beneficial in -Obstructions, or schirrous Tumours of the -Stomach and Spleen; but over this Preparation -warm Leaves, or a Cloth soaked -in the warm Juice of the Leaves, are to -be applied frequently every Day. When -the Leaves cannot be had, Snuff may be -mixed with any deobstruent Ointment, -and the obstructed or tumid Part long -anointed with it.</p> - -<p>"The <em>Indian</em> Women greatly extol the -Use of <em>Tobacco</em>, not only for Children, but -also for adult Persons who are afflicted -with Crudities of the Stomach; for after -anointing the <em>Abdomen</em> with Lamp-Oil, -the Leaves heated under the Ashes, and -applied opposite to the Stomach, on the -Breast and Back, concoct the Crudities, -and render the Body soluble, provided the -Application is repeated sufficiently often. -A small Quantity of the Juice of <em>Tobacco</em><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> -Leaves, concocted and depurated with -Sugar, expels both flat and round Worms -from the Intestines; but for answering -this End more effectually, the triturated -Leaves ought to be laid upon the Navel, -and a proper Clyster injected.</p> - -<p>"The Leaves heated under the Ashes, and -applied as hot as the Patient can bear, afford -great Relief in nephritic and flatulent -Pains, provided the Remedy be sufficiently -often repeated. <em>Tobacco</em> is also -in many Cases an useful Ingredient in -Clysters, Fomentations, and Plaisters.</p> - -<p>"In Suffocations of the <em>Uterus</em>, the -Leaves rendered sufficiently hot, and applied -to the Navel, and Region of the -<em>Uterus</em>, afford present Relief; and if a -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Deliquium</i> should succeed, which it frequently -does, the Patient will be forthwith -roused from it by blowing the Smoak of -<em>Tobacco</em> up her Nostrils. This Practice is -so common among the <em>Indian</em> Women, -that for this very Reason they carefully -preserve and greatly esteem <em>Tobacco</em> Leaves. -Some for uterine Disorders previously apply -odorous Substances to the Navel, and -then lay <em>Tobacco</em> Leaves over them: But -the most proper Substances for this Purpose, -are <em>Tachamahach</em>, Oil of liquid <em>Am<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>ber</em>, -<em>Peruvian</em> Balsams, <em>Caranna</em>, or a -Plaister of all these together worn daily -on the Navel.</p> - -<p>"<em>Arthritic</em> Pains, provided the Humours -are cold, or at least are not too hot, -are greatly relieved by the Application of -the warm Leaves, or of a Linen-Cloth -soaked in the warm Juice of the Leaves; -for these resolve and digest the Humours; -for which Reason they are advantageously -laid upon œdematous Tumours, previously -washed with the warm Juice of the -Leaves.</p> - -<p>"It is certain from Experience, that <em>Chilblanes</em> -are cured by rubbing them three -or four Times with <em>Tobacco</em> Leaves, and -then washing the Hands and Feet in -warm Water and Salt.</p> - -<p>"A few Years ago <em>Tobacco</em> has been found -to resist Poison, even that of the most -virulent Kind, with which the <em>Cannibals</em> -taint their Arrows. It was formerly customary -to sprinkle <em>Sublimate</em> into the -Wounds thus inflicted; but the <em>Spaniards</em> -found a Method of subduing the Force -of the Poison by Means of <em>Tobacco</em>.</p> - -<p>"A Company of <em>Cannibals</em> made an At-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>tack -upon a Body of <em>Indians</em> and <em>Spaniards</em>, -some of whom were killed and -others wounded with their poisoned Darts. -But as those who survived had no <em>Sublimate</em>, -they were advised by a certain -<em>Indian</em> to pour the expressed Juice of <em>Tobacco</em> -into their Wounds, and then apply -the triturated Leaves of the same Plant -to them, by which Means their Pains -were forthwith alleviated, the Symptoms -checked, the Force of the Poison subdued, -and the Wounds cured. This Accident -laid a Foundation for the subsequent -Use of <em>Tobacco</em> against Poisons; and the -King of <em>Spain</em>, in order to be convinced -of its Efficacy, ordered a Wound to be -made in the Throat of a Dog, and to be -anointed with the Poison used by Hunters; -soon after which a large Quantity -of the Juice of <em>Tobacco</em> was poured into -the Wound, and the triturated Leaves of -the Plant applied to it, by which Means -the Dog was effectually secured against -the Symptoms usually produced by Poisons.</p> - -<p>"<em>Tobacco</em> Leaves laid upon pestilential -and malignant Carbuncles induce an <em>Eschar</em>, -and induce a Cure; nor are they -a less present efficacious Remedy against -the Bites of poisonous Animals.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> - -<p>"The Leaves, when laid upon recent -Wounds, immediately stop the <em>Hæmorrhage</em>, -and produce a Conglutination; but -if they are large, they ought to be previously -washed with Wine, their Lips -brought into Contact, and sprinkled with -the Juice of the Leaves, after which the -triturated Leaves are to be secured upon -the Wound: The same Measures are to -be taken the next and subsequent Days, -and a proper Regimen observed.</p> - -<p>"An Instillation of the Juice, and an Application -of the triturated Leaves deterge, -cure, and cicatrise old Ulcers and Gangrenes; -provided due Evacuations are made, -a sufficient Quantity of Blood, if necessary, -is taken away, and a proper Regimen -observed.</p> - -<p>"By this Means Ulcers are not only -cured in Men, but also in Animals. For -through all the <em>Indies</em>, Cows, Sheep, and -other Animals, are much subject to Ulcers, -which, on Account of the excessive -Humidity of the Climate, easily become -putrid, and full of Worms. In these -Ulcers it was sometimes customary to -sprinkle <em>Sublimate</em>, the Inhabitants being -destitute of better Remedies. But as this -Medicine is dear in that Part of the World,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> -what was used for the Cure of these -Ulcers generally cost more than the Animal -was worth. For this Reason the -Inhabitants, conscious of the Efficacy of -<em>Tobacco</em> on Mankind, transferred its Use -to the putrid, fetid, and wormy Ulcers -of Animals; and accordingly found that -its Juice instilled into them, not only -killed the Worms, but also cleansed the -Ulcers, and induced a <em>Cicatrix</em>. <em>Tobacco</em> -is also good against the Gallings of Cattle, -for which Reason the <em>Indians</em> always carry -the Powder of it about with them.</p> - -<p>"I knew a certain Person afflicted with -Ulcers of the Nostrils, which discharged -a seemingly contagious <em>Sanies</em>. By my -Advice he dropped the Juice of <em>Tobacco</em> -into them; after the second Instillation -a large Number of Worms fell away; -then a smaller Quantity and after a few -Days the Ulcers were cured, though the -Parts eroded were not restored. The rubbing -Ring-worms and Scall'd Heads with -<em>Tobacco</em> Leaves is also a beneficial Practice.</p> - -<p>"<em>Tobacco</em> is the celebrated Plant used by -the <em>Indian</em> Priests before they give their -Responses; for it is customary among the -<em>Indians</em> to consult the Priests with respect -to the Event of Wars, and other Affairs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> -of Importance. Upon such Occasions, the -Priest consulted, burnt dry <em>Tobacco</em> Leaves, -received the Smoak of them into his -Mouth through a small Tube contrived for -that Purpose, then dropt down as it were -in an Extasy, lay totally destitute of Motion, -and remained in that Condition for -some Time. When the Fumes of the -<em>Tobacco</em> were discussed, he returned to -himself, told that he had communicated -the Affair to his Demon, and gave such -ambiguous Responses, that, whatever the -Event should be, the superstitious Crowd -might be easily perswaded, that he had -prophesied rightly. Thus the credulous -<em>Barbarians</em> are miserably hood-wink'd -by the impious and fraudulent Stratagems -of their Priests.</p> - -<p>"The common People among the <em>Indians</em> -also receive the Smoak of <em>Tobacco</em> -into their Mouths and Nostrils, when they -want either to be transported with pleasant -Dreams, or to predict the Events of -their Affairs from the Occurrences which -happen to them during Sleep; for as the -grand Impostor, the Devil, knows the -Virtues of Herbs, he has taught them the -Qualities of <em>Tobacco</em>, in order to deceive -them by means of these Dreams.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> - -<p>"Various Plants, when chewed, or taken -internally, are observed to excite false and -delusory Representations and Ideas of Objects. -Thus <cite>Dioscorides</cite>, in Cap. de <cite>Solano -Maniaco, seu Furioso</cite>, tells us, that a -Dram of the Root of this Plant, drank in -Wine, produces false, tho' not unpleasant -Representations; that double the -Quantity produces an Alienation of -Mind, which lasts for three Days; and -that four Times the Quantity proves -mortal. It is also reported, that if a Person, -when he is going to sleep, eats <em>Aniseeds</em>, -they excite pleasant and agreeable -Dreams; whereas, the eating of <em>Horse-Raddish</em> -procures those of a turbulent and -ungrateful Kind.</p> - -<p>"<cite>Garcias ab Orta</cite> informs us, that the -Juice of a certain Plant called <em>Bangue</em>, -mixed with some other Juices, produces -Alienation of Mind, excites Dreams, and -frees the Mind from all Anxiety and Uneasiness: -The like Effects are brought -about by <em>Opium</em>, which is much used by -the <em>East-Indians</em>, and concerning which -<cite>Garcias</cite> has treated very largely.</p> - -<p>"The <em>Indians</em> also, when fatigued by -carrying Burdens, or by any other violent -Exercise, smoak <em>Tobacco</em>, by which Means<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> -they become as it were stupid, and fall -asleep; but when they awake, they find -themselves refreshed, and their Strength -repaired. The <em>Ethiopians</em> brought thither -as Slaves, following the Example of the -Natives, smoak <em>Tobacco</em> too frequently, for -which their Masters chastise them severely, -and burn their <em>Tobacco</em>, in order to deprive -them of an Opportunity of using it, -which, however, they continue to do secretly -and in private.</p> - -<p>"<em>Tobacco</em> is also used by the <em>Indians</em> in -order to allay Hunger and Thirst; for -they calcine some Shells of River-Snails, -and by Trituration reduce them to a fine -Powder, of which, and <em>Tobacco</em> Leaves, -they take equal Parts, and chew them -together till they are reduced to a Kind of -Mass, which they form into Pills, larger -than a Pea: These they dry in a -Shade, and preserve for Use. When they -intend to travel through Desarts, where -they expect neither Meat nor Drink, they -take a sufficient Quantity of these Pills -along with them, put one between their -Under-Lip and Teeth, and constantly -suck the Liquor from it; so that when -one is consumed, they supply its Place -with another, and thus they perform a -three, and sometimes a four Days Jour-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>ney; -during which Time, they say, they -neither feel the Effects of Hunger nor -Thirst: The Reason of this probably is, -that as they continually suck these Pills, -they draw the pituitous Humours from -the Brain, which being swallowed, moisten -the Stomach, and allay its natural -Heat, but are at last consumed by it for -Want of other Aliments. Instances of a -similar Nature may be observed in many -Animals, which, during the whole <em>Winter</em>, -confine themselves to their Holes without -any Food; because the natural Heat of -the Stomach is employed in digesting and -consuming the Fat which they had gathered -in the <em>Winter</em>."</p> - -<p>These are all the Virtues and Qualities -of <em>Tobacco</em> known to <cite>Monardus</cite>: But, besides -this, <cite>Zacutus</cite>, in <cite>Observat. Lib. 1. de -Medic. Princip. Histor.</cite> informs us, that he -had often found the Juice of <em>Tobacco</em> effectual -for the Cure of an <em>Alopecia</em> or Falling off -of the Hairs: Nor is this to be wondered at, -since, as the Medicine indicated ought to bear -an Analogy to the indicating Symptoms, as -<em>Tobacco</em> is hot and dry, resolvent, cleansing, -and somewhat astringent; and as all these -Qualities are, according to <cite>Galen</cite>, indicated -in an <em>Alopecia</em>, <em>Zacutus</em> might succeed in -the Cure of it by means of <em>Tobacco</em>. I re<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>member -two Girls, who being indisposed, -had a <em>Lixivium</em>, in which dry <em>Tobacco</em> -Leaves were macerated, prescribed for taking -the Scales off their Heads; but the one was -seized with a gentle <em>Vertigo</em>, and the other -thought she perceived herself, as it were, -drunk. But I mention these Accidents for -the Sake of young Practitioners, without any -Design to discourage them from applying -<em>Tobacco</em> and its Preparations to other Parts -of the Body; for the celebrated <cite>Hartmann</cite> -seems to have thought the Essence of the -green Leaves of <em>Tobacco</em>, obtained by Infusion -in <em>Malmsey</em> Wine, a Specific for the Cure -of the <em>Palsey</em>; and after a Sweat has been -procured, orders the paralytic Limbs to be -long rubbed with it; by which Means, he -says, he has often seen them happily restored.</p> - -<p>Though <em>Tobacco</em> is a valuable Herb, yet -the Abuse of it, which we shall afterwards -consider, is intolerable, and highly noxious. -Besides, <cite>Monardus</cite>, <cite>Ægidius Everartus</cite>, in -1587, at <em>Antwerp</em>, published a beautiful -Commentary upon the Virtues and Uses of -<em>Tobacco</em>: And when the same Work was reprinted -at <em>Utrecht</em> in 1644, various Treatises -concerning <em>Tobacco</em> were added to it; such -as the <cite>Misocapnus</cite>, or a Treatise on the Abuse -of <em>Tobacco</em>, taken from the Works of King<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> -<em>James</em> the Sixth of <em>England</em>; <cite>Tobacologia -Johannis Neandri</cite>. <cite>Epistolæ ac Judicia clarissimorum -aliquot Medicorum</cite>; and the <cite>Hymnus -Tabaci Raphaelis Thorii</cite>. After these -Authors appeared <cite>Chrysostomus Magnenus</cite>, -Professor of Medicine in the University of <em>Padua</em>, -who in 1648, published very learned Exercitations -concerning <em>Tobacco</em>. Not only from -the Authors already mentioned, but also from -<cite>Andreas Cæsalpinus</cite>; <cite>Dalechampius's Historia -generalis Plantarum</cite>; <cite>Lobelii Adversaria</cite>, -<cite>Clusius in his Notæ ad Monardum</cite>; -<cite>Dodonæus</cite>; <cite>Tabernamontanus</cite>; <cite>Nardi Antonii -Recchi Res Medicæ Novæ Hispaniæ, -cum Terentii Lyncei Notis</cite>, we learn what is -the native Soil of <em>Tobacco</em>, and how the -knowledge of it was introduced into <em>Europe</em> -after the Discovery of <em>America</em> by <em>Christopher -Columbus</em> and <em>Americus Vesputius</em>. Some -of these Authors have also described its -Virtues and Use, whilst others of them have -treated very fully concerning the Abuse of it. -Following the Example of these great Men, -I shall proceed, without any Partiality, and -with that Freedom which is always peculiar -to Truth. This is certainly a difficult Attempt, -considering the Opposition and Prejudice -with which I have to grapple. But -before I proceed, I shall take Notice of the -Error of <cite>Libavius</cite>, who, according to <cite>Magnenus</cite> -in <cite>Exercitat. 1. Par. 1.</cite> asserts, that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> -<em>Tobacco</em> was a Native of <em>Europe</em>, since it was -found in the almost inaccessible Places of -the <em>Hercynian</em> Forest: But adds this Author, -<cite>Who denies that Seeds are dispersed, and -carried every where by the Winds?</cite> But it is -by no means probable, that the Seeds of -<em>Tobacco</em>, which, comparatively speaking, are -as small as the Atoms of <em>Democritus</em>, could, -by a Whirlwind, be conveyed to the <em>Hercynian</em> -Forest in <em>Germany</em>, from <em>France</em>, <em>Italy</em>, -or <em>Spain</em>, much less from <em>America</em>. This -is a Plant of a particular specific Kind, and -the Native of <em>America</em>: Neither does any -Historian mention such a Whirlwind for the -Dispersion of its Seeds. It is true, Mount -<em>Ætna</em> in <em>Sicily</em>, and Mount <em>Hecla</em> in <em>Iceland</em>, -by their sulphureous Eruptions, throw the -Ashes to a vast Distance: But it does not -to me seem probable, that the Air should -ever be in such a gyratory Motion, as to convey -Seeds from one Quarter of the World -to another, or from one Country to another, -though it is not to be denied but they may -be carried from a Plain to a rising Ground, -or from one Garden to another adjacent to it.</p> - -<p>Those Authors, who have called <em>Tobacco</em> -<em>Herba rixosa</em>, the Strife-producing Herb, and -<em>Herba insana</em>, the Plant which excites Madness, -seem not to have been very much in -the wrong; for what is more frequent than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> -for People of all Denominations to spend -the whole of the Day smoaking <em>Tobacco</em> in -Ale-Houses and Taverns? Nay, so fond -are young and old Men of <em>Tobacco</em>, that the -Father forgets the Interests of the Son, and -the Son those of the Father for its Sake. -Thus some Men use large Quantities of -<em>Tobacco</em>, whilst, perhaps, their Families are -starving at Home: Whereas some Children -spend upon <em>Tobacco</em> what their industrious -Parents had, with Toil and Care, amassed for -their Use. Nay, such is the Madness of -some <em>Europeans</em>, that they will, for a Trifle, -dispose of their Goods, in order to gratify -themselves with <em>Tobacco</em>.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>King <cite>James</cite> the Sixth of <em>England</em> tells us, -"that, among the <em>Americans</em>, a Servant addicted -to the Smoaking of <em>Tobacco</em>, can -hardly find a Purchaser; so odious is that -Custom to the Authors of it themselves." -We <em>Europeans</em>, however, are so infatuated -and hood-winked, as yearly to sail to <em>America</em>, -spare no Expences, and expose ourselves -not only to Storms and Tempests, but also to -Sickness and Death, for the Sake of <em>Tobacco</em>; -and it is certain, that our Men, on their Return -from <em>America</em>, spread through all <em>Europe</em> -the <em>Neapolitan</em> Disease, which, as <cite>Fiorovanta</cite> -thinks, was endemial to the <em>Americans</em>, -on Account of their eating human<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> -Flesh. This, to use the Phrase of <cite>Agrippa, -de Vanitat. Scientiarum</cite>, Cap. 84. <cite>is to purchase -Death at a great Price</cite>. The <em>Indians</em> -and <em>Barbarians</em> have such an Aversion to the -Abuse of <em>Tobacco</em>, that they severely chastise -the <em>Ethiopians</em> and Slaves for it, and burn -their <em>Tobacco</em>; probably, because they suspect -that it renders them valetudinary, and disables -them to work; in which Situation they -are a Burthen upon their Masters. According -to <cite>Viganenus</cite>, in <cite>Lib. de Ritibus Moribusq</cite>; -<cite>Turcarum</cite>; and <cite>Johannes Chrysostomus -Magnenus</cite>, in <cite>Exercitat. de Tabac. Exercit.</cite> -6. §. 10. <cite>Amureth</cite>, the 4th Emperor of the -<em>Turks</em>, by an Edict, prohibited the Use of -<em>Tobacco</em>, under Pain of Death, lest, by the -Abuse of it, his Subjects should become effeminate, -feeble, and barren. According to -<cite>Adamus Olearius</cite>, in <cite>Lib. 3. Cap. 6.</cite> the Emperor -of <em>Muscovy</em>, in 1634, by an Edict prohibited -the Importation of <em>Tobacco</em> and <em>Snuff</em> -into his Territories, under the Penalty of -being beat with Rods, and having the Nostrils -slit in Case of Disobedience: And the -same Author says, he saw some who had -these Marks of Infamy inflicted upon them. -In <cite>Lib. 5. Cap. 31.</cite> he also tells us, that <cite>Schach -Abas</cite>, the <em>Persian</em> Monarch, prohibited all -Use of <em>Tobacco</em> in that Army, which he raised -against <cite>Tameran Chan</cite> under the Penalty -of the Offender's having his Nose and Lips<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> -cut off; nay, he was so rigid, or rather cruel -in his Discipline, that when a certain <em>Persian</em>, -ignorant of the Edict, came into his Camp -with some <em>Tobacco</em> to sell, he ordered both -him and his Commodities to be thrown into -one Funeral Pile and burnt.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>These, and other similar Examples, might -perhaps have a lucky Influence on some <em>Europeans</em>, -unless the Custom of using <em>Tobacco</em> -had become so prevalent and universal, that -<cite>James</cite> the Sixth said he believed "that a -whole Wood in <em>England</em> would hardly afford -Trees enough for hanging the Dealers -in <em>Tobacco</em>." <cite>Hoffman</cite>, in <cite>Lib. 2. de -Medicam Officinal. Cap. 3.</cite> informs us, "that -this Prince, in the University of <em>Oxford</em>, -disputed publickly against the Use of <em>Tobacco</em>, -giving Instances of Persons who -used it, who were afflicted with incurable -Disorders of the Breast, Deliriums, -Watchings, and Convulsions; and after -whose Death, the Lungs were found -black and parched, just as if they had been -indurated in Smoak." The same <cite>Hoffman</cite> -informs us, that he was told by some -Soldiers who had resided in <em>Holland</em>, "that -upon dissecting the Heads of some Snuff-takers, -who had been executed, they observed, -that the whole internal Part of -what Anatomists call the <em>Patera</em> of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> -Brain, was black with Snuff." He was -also told by <cite>Patricius Noræus</cite>, "that in -the last <em>Bohemian</em> War, he saw all the -Heads of the <em>English</em> Soldiers, who were -killed, in the same Condition." <cite>Nardus -Antonius Recchus</cite>, in <cite>Lib. 5. Rer. Medicar. -Nov. Hisp.</cite> observes, "that those who use -<em>Tobacco</em> too frequently, become ill coloured, -have a squalid, sordid Tongue, a -Palpitation of the Throat, and a preter-natural -Heat of the Liver, and fall into -Cachexies and Dropsies, by which they -are at last cut off." Thus they suffer for -their Folly in gratifying themselves in so preposterous -a Manner.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>But without expatiating farther upon -Things so obvious, let it suffice to have -warned the Reader of his Danger, by the -foregoing Observations. That Smoaking is -more prejudicial and injurious than Snuffing, -I think may be justly asserted, if we consider -the Instances which Anatomists give us of -the Effects produced by each, which we -shall hereafter do: I must, however, here -observe, that we cannot enough admire the -Zeal of <cite>James</cite> the Sixth of <em>England</em>, for the -Good of his Subjects; since, in the last Words -of his <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Misocapnus</i>, he expostulates with them -in the following pathetic and affectionate -Manner: "At last, therefore, O Citizens, if<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> -you have any Sense of Shame, or Dread of -Infamy, left in your Bosoms, lay aside the -Use of <em>Tobacco</em>, a Custom attended with -Ignominy, received through Error, and -established by Stupidity. By its Means -the Wrath of Heaven is excited against us, -the Health of our Bodies impaired, our -Substance wasted, and the Dignity of our -Nation not only diminished at Home, -but also despised Abroad; for <em>Tobacco</em> is -a Substance loathsome to the Sight, disagreeable -to the Smell, noxious to the Brain, -injurious to the Lungs, and, by its Clouds -of black Smoak, nearly resembling the -horrid Steams of Hell."</p> - -<p>If any Champion for the Interests of <em>Tobacco</em>, -deaf to my salutary Instructions, should -ask me whether I would have the Pope, the -Emperor, and all the Kings, Electors, Princes, -and Dukes in <em>Europe</em>, prohibit and discharge -the Use of <em>Tobacco</em>? I answer, that -such a Revolution is really to be wished -for, on Account of the Abuses of <em>Tobacco</em> -before enumerated. But, before I proceed -to give a fuller Answer, I would have the -Person who asks this Question, attentively -listen to the following sublime and truly -noble Sentiments of <cite>Seneca</cite>, in <cite>Lib. de Vita -Beata, Cap. 1.</cite> "Nothing, <em>says he</em>, is more -worthy in itself, nor more becoming the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> -Dignity of a free-born Soul, than not, like -the Cattle, implicitly to follow the Van of -the Flock, going, not whither we ought -to go, but whither they go before us. -But nothing involves us in more terrible -Misfortunes, than our judging of Things -by Fame and Report, esteeming those -Things best, which are most universally -assented to, and approved, as we find in -numberless Instances. We neither live -agreeably to the Dictates of Reason, nor -in a Manner that is uniform and consistent -with itself: Hence it is, that such -Numbers of Individuals fall, as it were, -upon others. In a large and crowded -Army, none falls without drawing another -along with him, and the foremost prove -fatal to those who succeed them. The -like happens in every Part and Circumstance -of human Life; for it is the universal -Practice to impose upon our own -Reasons, and, by that Means prove the -Cause of Errors to others." It is therefore -to be lamented, that we <em>Europeans</em> -should thus brutally follow the Custom of -the <em>Barbarians</em>, without listening to Reason, -in which we so far excel them, since, to -use the Expressions of <cite>Salust</cite>, "They are -addicted to Intemperance and Sleep, so -rude and uncultivated, that they seem to -lead the Life of Brutes, rather than that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> -of Men, since they indulge themselves in -Voluptuousness, whilst their Souls are a -Burthen to them." In a word, they live -in a no less brutal Manner, than the Inhabitants -of the Main Land of <em>Africa</em>, who, according -to <cite>Hippocrates</cite>, in <cite>Lib. de Morbo sacra</cite>, -"lie upon Goat-Skins, and eat Goat's -Flesh, without any Bed-Cloths, or Garments, -or Shoes, except what are made of -Goat-Skins." The <em>Americans</em> are still -worse, since they feed upon human Flesh, -have nothing to cover them, and pass their -Time in desart Places, and lurking Holes. -Since, therefore, the Climate, Soil, and -Non-Naturals of the <em>Americans</em>, are widely -different from those of the <em>Europeans</em>, it -is highly reasonable, that we should neither -admit, nor tolerate, the continual and habitual -Use of <em>Tobacco</em> in <em>Europe</em>.</p> - -<p><cite>Cornelius Agrippa</cite>, in <cite>Lib. de Vanitat. Scient. -Cap. 84.</cite> seems, with a good deal of -Reason, to think, "That it would greatly -contribute, not only to the Health of Mankind, -but also to the Interests of particular -States, to prohibit the Importation of foreign -and exotic Drugs, which are often -counterfeited, or adulterated, by those who -deal in them, to the great Detriment of -the State." No less salutary and reasonable -is that Law enacted at <em>Rome</em> by <cite>Nero</cite>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> -which runs in the following Tenor: "Apothecaries -are hereby injoined, to use no -other Medicines, but those found in <em>Italy</em>, -since these are not only better suited and -adopted to the Constitutions of <em>Romans</em>, -but may also be had far fresher, more genuine, -and with less Difficulty, Expences, -and Danger, than foreign Medicines, the -most of which are justly to be suspected, -as sophisticated, spurious, spoiled in the -Ship, corrupted by Age, or not collected -at due Seasons, or in proper Places." Since -the Diseases described by the Antients, sometimes -seize the <em>Europeans</em>, though with new -and uncommon Symptoms; and since new -Diseases also appear in <em>Europe</em>, I think it is -not to be doubted, but the Meats, Fruits, -and other Delicacies, sent from <em>Asia</em>, <em>Africa</em>, -and <em>America</em>, into <em>Europe</em>, are, in some Measure, -the Sources of our Calamities.</p> - -<p>But, without any farther Digression, I shall -confine myself to the Abuse of <em>Tobacco</em>. That -<em>Tobacco</em>, when used with Prudence and Propriety, -is a salutary Medicine, I do not deny; -since I myself use it with great Advantage -in the <em>Spring</em> and <em>Autumn</em>, at which -Seasons I am afflicted with catarrhous Defluxions. -Most People, when only seized -with a gentle Cough, are so cautious, as not -to venture upon a small Dose of the Syrup of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> -Violets, or Liquorice, without consulting -their Physicians, Friends, and Nurses; but -vast Numbers of the <em>Europeans</em>, without any -Advice, greatly incommode and disturb the -Brain, the Seat of their Reason, by using the -highly penetrating Smoak of <em>Tobacco</em>, in the -Morning and Evening, in the Night as well -as the Day, and in all States and Constitutions -of the Weather, calm and serene, as -well as cloudy and over-cast. Let us therefore -lay aside this barbarous Custom, so fatal -and prejudicial to Health.</p> - -<p>Besides, it is probable, that the crafty -<em>Americans</em>, sensible of the vast Quantity of -<em>Tobacco</em> yearly imported into <em>Europe</em>, may, -for the Sake of Gain, impose upon us; for it -is certain, that our own Merchants, influenced -by a base and sordid Principle of Avarice, -have long ago found Methods of adulterating -<em>Tobacco</em> by Means of Brine, Lemons, -Vinegar, Wine, and Euphorbium. But with -respect to these Frauds, the Reader may -consult <cite>Neander</cite> in his <cite>Tabacologia</cite>. Besides, -it is hardly credible, that the Roaps brought -from <em>America</em>, under the Name of <em>Tobacco</em>, -consist intirely of good and sound <em>Tobacco</em> -Leaves: For almost every one knows, that -the Marks of the Goodness of <em>Tobacco</em>, whether -drawn from the Colour, Smell, Taste, -or Weight, vary very greatly among the <em>Eu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>ropeans</em>, -who, to their Disgrace be it said, -have learned to hang their <em>Tobacco</em>, when -corrupted, insipid, or light, in Houses of Office, -or Vaults, in order to be rendered more -acrid and ponderous by the volatile Salts of -human Urine and Excrements, under a specious -Pretence, that these Salts render it -beneficial and salutary, by cleansing the -Head; which, they say, is highly beneficial -to Persons who drink much. But -this is certainly an improper and prejudicial -Method of treating the Head, and evacuating -its Excrements; concerning the copious -Production of which, by means of the corrupted -Temperature of the Brain in Persons -who daily smoak <em>Tobacco</em>, we shall afterwards -treat.</p> - -<p>Having premised these Things, we now -come to decide a Question lately begun to be -agitated, namely, Whether Snuffing or Smoaking -is the more innocent and safe Custom? -I affirm, then, that both are generally pernicious, -and none of them to be recommended -to any one without great Caution -and Deliberation: Though I remember I was -formerly a Smoaker of <em>Tobacco</em>, yet, I am of -Opinion, that Snuffing is a less injurious and -hurtful Practice. Some are of Opinion, that -by the constant Use of Snuff, the Sight is -rendered more clear and penetrating; but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> -with how great Danger this Practice is accompanied, -is sufficiently confirmed by <cite>Adrianus -Spigelius</cite>, in <cite>Corp. human. Fabr. Lib. -7. Cap. 2.</cite> where he proposes a Problem, together -with its Answer, in the following -Words: "What is the Cause, why many -Persons, by often repeated Sternutations, -especially when industriously excited, suddenly -become blind? This happens, either -because the Ramifications of the caroted -Arteries, which are so near the Optic -Nerves as to touch them, are so filled, -as to compress them; or, because a large -Quantity of pituitous Humours is conveyed -from the Brain to the Optic Nerves, -which are thereby obstructed. When the -Disorder arose from the former of these -Causes, I have seen the Patients cured by a -<em>Seton</em>; but, when it proceeded from the -latter, I never remember to have seen it -cured." <cite>Joh. Chrysostomus Magnenus,</cite> in -<cite>Exercitat. 8. de Tabaco. §. 1.</cite> affirms, "that -by violent Sternutation, some Persons have -died; since by it the Head has been so -strongly agitated, as by the Effort to burst -the <em>Meninges</em>, and relax the <em>Compages</em> of -the Brain." And this Opinion he confirms -by the Example of a certain Baker, -mentioned by <cite>Famianus Strada</cite>, "who, when -he had twenty-four Sternutations immediately -succeeding each other, died of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> -the twenty-fifth, by the violent Shock, of -which the Arteries of the Brain, and Membranes -surrounding it, were broken." The -same Author, in <cite>Sect. 4.</cite> of the last-cited -Chapter, affirms, "That he saw a certain -Man, who by the excessive Use of Snuff, -had the chrystaline Humours of his Eyes -corrugated, so that all Objects seemed to -be in a Kind of fluctuating Motion before -him."</p> - -<p>If it should be objected, that such Accidents -are rare; I answer, that though they -are rare, yet they are not impossible; and, -what has happened to some, may also be the -Fate of others. Though, therefore, the <em>Falx</em> -of the <em>Dura Mater</em>, and the <em>Torcular</em> of <em>Herophilus</em>, -the fatal Seat of an <em>Apoplexy</em>, are -not forthwith so disordered as to yawn by -Snuffing, yet the Interests of the Five Senses -are but ill consulted, by often drawing from -the Brain with Snuff, what we call <em>Snot</em> or -<em>Mucus</em>, which is evacuated through the Nose; -or rather, according to <cite>Galen</cite>, and other Anatomists, -through the <em>Os Ethmoides</em>, which is -the Organ of Smell, but not at all destined -for eliminating the Excretions of the Brain. -Thus Persons who use Snuff to Excess, instead -of bettering, rather impair their Sight, -and for their Pains generally lose the Sense -of Smelling.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></p> - -<p>As the Person who, for his Crimes, has -lost his Ears, is looked upon with Infamy; -what better Treatment does he deserve, who, -either through a Contempt of Medicine, or -an obstinate Fondness to gratify his own -Inclinations, either impairs or destroys those -Senses, which indulgent Heaven has bestowed -upon him for so noble Purposes! With -respect to Instances of this Misfortune, and -the Reasons why it happens, <cite>Magnenus</cite> in -<cite>Tr. de Abusu Tabaci, Exercitat. 6. Sect. 15.</cite> -speaks in the following Manner: "The Sense -of Smelling, as I have been told by many, -who have either snuffed or smoaked to -Excess, is abolished by the Abuse of <em>Tobacco</em>, -because the mamillary Processes are -thereby dried, so that when they are rendered -drier than the Effluvia exciting the -Perception of any Smell, they cannot be -duly acted upon by such Effluvia; for -Smell, according to <cite>Aristotle</cite>, in <cite>Lib. 3. -de Animal.</cite> consists in the dry Effluvia surpassing -the Moisture of these Processes; -so that the common Sensory may have a -Change produced in it by proper and adequate -Objects." <cite>Magnenus</cite> also, in <cite>Exercitat. -28. Sect. 1.</cite> tells us, "That he knew -a Man, who, in one Day, snuffed four -Ounces." After which, he proceeds to -enquire into the Advantages and Injuries attending -the Use of Snuff; and to consider<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> -why it excites Sternutation in those who are -not accustomed to it, but not in those who -are. This accurate Author also, among other -Reasons against the excessive Use of Snuff, -advances this, that it may enter the Passages -of the <em>Os Ethmoides</em>, form itself into <em>Concretions</em>, -and there lodge for a great while. -Hence, it is sufficiently obvious, that when -the Passages and Perforations of this Bone are -obstructed by Snuff, the Air can neither have -Access to the Brain for its Ventilation, nor -can the Effluvia of odorous Bodies be conveyed -to it; in Consequence of which, the -Sense of Smelling must necessarily be lost. -Though this should, perhaps, be looked upon -as a trifling and inconsiderable Loss; yet -Snuff, by its highly narcotic, heating, drying, -penetrating, and unctuous Qualities, has -such an unlucky Influence on the eighth -Pair of Nerves of <em>Spigellius</em>, or the first of -<em>Bartholin</em>, which are appropriated to Smelling, -that it gradually impairs, and, in process -of Time, totally destroys that Sense; because -this Pair of Nerves is conveyed to the mamillary -Processes, which are situated in the interior -Part of the Brain, near the <em>Os Ethmoides</em>, -which is covered with the <em>Dura Mater</em>. Since, -therefore, a large Quantity of Snuff is violently -attracted towards the Root of the Nose; -and since, according to the Doctrine of <cite>Hippocrates</cite>, -Nature is never one Moment idle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> -in a living Body, all whose Parts are pervious -and transparable, it must necessarily happen, -that the Parts subservient to the Sense of -Smelling must be greatly injured by the narcotic -Quality of Snuff. Having said thus -much of the Misfortunes produced by excessive -Snuffing, we now come to consider -those attending the Abuse of Smoaking; -in doing which, we shall confine ourselves -to Examples, which have a better Effect on -the Vulgar, than the nice and fine-spun -Deductions of a Philosopher's Reason.</p> - -<p>It is therefore certain that <em>Tobacco</em> is possessed -of an highly penetrating Quality. Thus -the celebrated <cite>Heurnius</cite>, in <cite>Lib. 1. Method. -ad Prax.</cite> speaks of it in the following Manner: -"<em>Tobacco</em>, when smoaked, produces -very singular Effects, since it draws a surprizing -Quantity of Phlegm from the -Mouth and Nostrils: The Smoak arising -from its dry Leaves laid upon live Coals, -when received into the Mouth by a Funnel, -pervades the whole Brain, and is -also conveyed to the Ears, and <em>Uterus</em>. -But I can affirm, that this Herb is, in a -peculiar Manner, appropriated to the Brain; -easily conveys its Virtues thither, and evacuates -all its <em>Sordes</em>: For, about a Year -ago, when I was afflicted with the Tooth-ach, -I made a Decoction of <em>Tobacco</em> with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> -Water, adding some <em>Camomile</em> Flowers: -A Spoonful of this Decoction, when tepid, -I put in my Mouth, and spit it out -some Time after; and this I did for two -Hours; by which Means my Pain was -considerably alleviated. Next Day, when -I went to my Garden, and stooped to -pull up a Weed, a large Quantity of a -Saffron-coloured Liquor, which smelled -like <em>Tobacco</em>, flowed from my Nose, upon -which my Tooth-ach was immediately -removed. During the whole of my Life, -neither Blood, nor any other Liquor, except -a ferous Phlegm, had flowed from -my Nose, but upon this Occasion I never -saw any Liquor of a deeper yellow Colour." -Other similar Accounts of the penetrating -Quality of <em>Tobacco</em>, I have had from -my old Master, <cite>Henningus Arnesæus</cite>, Physician -to <cite>Christianus</cite>, the fourth King of -<em>Denmark</em>, who affirmed, "That not only -the Smoak of <em>Tobacco</em>, but also that of -every other Substance received by the -Mouth, was penetrating on Account of its -Acrimony; in Consequence of which, it -must pervade and alter the whole Substance -of the Brain, both <em>Meninges</em>, and -all the Vessels, and Contents of them." -Besides, as the Smoak of <em>Tobacco</em> is hot, proceeding -immediately from kindled <em>Tobacco</em>; -and as, according to <cite>Aristotle</cite>, it is the Pro<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>perty -of Heat to collect homogeneous, and -separate heterogeneous Substances, it must -necessarily happen, in the very Nature of -Things, that this Smoak should fuse and -colliquate the Phlegm, the Receptacle of -which is the Brain, which, according to -<cite>Hippocrates</cite>, is the largest of all the Glands. -I do not in the least doubt of the Truth of -<cite>Arnesæus</cite>'s Opinion; for I think that all the -Fore-runners of Catarrhs, such as Sternutations, -Spittings, and Discharges of Saliva, -are produced by Heat, which is the necessary -Cause of Catarrhs, though not the productive -Cause of the morbific Matter. Thus the -celebrated <cite>Hoffman</cite>, in <cite>Lib. 3. Institut. Medic. -Cap. 193.</cite> informs us, "That Heat -alone, and, for the most part, of the external -Kind, such as that of the Sun, or that -procured by Exercise, Wine, and Aromatics, -among which are <em>Cinnamon</em> and -<em>Saffron</em>, with which we so plentifully season -our Aliments, is sufficient to fuse and -colliquate the Phlegm, or acrid Serum." -Thus a Pipe filled with the burned Wicks of -Candles, gathered out of Snuffers, or with -a Piece of Match used in discharging Cannons, -or with a Piece of bituminous, fossile -Earth, especially that of <em>Holland</em>, will procure -as copious a Spitting, as a Pipe of the -best <em>Virginian</em> Tobacco. Soldiers also, and -Sailors, produce the same Pleasure and Ef<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>fects -in themselves by smoaking kindled Paper, -as are produced by smoaking <em>Tobacco</em>. -Since, therefore, acrid Smoak and Heat of -every Kind, conveyed to the Brain, fuse the -Phlegm, and eliminate it by the <em>Os Ethmoides</em> -and <em>Sphœnoides</em>, the Nose and the Palate of -the Mouth, I see no Reason why <em>Heurnius</em> -should affirm, "That it has a surprizing -Faculty of drawing the Phlegm from the -Mouth and Nostrils; that it is peculiarly -adapted to the Brain, easily conveys its -Virtues thither, and eliminates all its -Sordes."</p> - -<p>As <em>Tobacco</em> is hot, dry, unctuous, and penetrating; -it must, on account of these Qualities, -soon take Flame: And, as it is possessed -of an highly narcotic Quality, it, by its -narcotic Sulphur, stupifies those who use it, -corrupts the Temperature of the Brain, and -destroys its Tone; whereas, the moderate -Smoaking of <em>Marjoram</em>, <em>Betony</em>, <em>Rosemary</em>, -<em>Amber</em>, and other Substances of a like Nature, -would eliminate the Phlegm more safely, -and without producing any of these ill -Consequences. This narcotic Quality of <em>Tobacco</em>, -is the Reason why great Smoakers are, -during the whole of their Lives, afflicted -with a continual Spitting, as I have observed -in <cite>Histor. Pompinellæ Class. secund. Quadripartit.</cite> -Though by the frequent Use of <em>To<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>bacco</em>, -a large Quantity of Phlegm is eliminated -from the Brain; this Plant is not, -therefore, a peculiar Specific, adapted to that -Organ: For, on the contrary, since it manifestly -abounds with a narcotic Sulphur, it is -highly injurious, not only to the Nerves, but -also to the whole Substance of the Brain. -Hence, as I observed before, many Users of -<em>Tobacco</em>, not only have their olfactory Nerves -so injured by its narcotic Sulphur, as to lose -the Sense of Smelling, but are also observed -not to have a very exquisite Taste, the fourth -and seventh Pairs of Nerves being affected. -Persons of this Kind are also observed to be -fond of Malt Liquors, and to complain of a -languid Appetite; because the sixth Pair of -Nerves, which descends into the Stomach, is -stupified by the narcotic Sulphur of the <em>Tobacco</em>: -It is, therefore, absurd to maintain, -that <em>Tobacco</em> is of a cephalic Quality, and peculiarly -adapted to the Disorders of the Head, -since it is so unfriendly to the Nerves as to -produce a Stupor in them. It is more reasonable -to argue thus: <em>Tobacco</em> is hot, consists -of very subtle Parts, and is highly penetrating; -therefore, being at the same Time -narcotic, it will prove the more hurtful, the -more penetrating it is; because the narcotic -Quality of <em>Tobacco</em>, which is otherwise slow, -like that of <em>Opium</em>, or <em>Hemlock</em>, is, by its -other Qualities, exalted, and put in Action;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> -or, to speak my Sentiments more freely, by -means of the Acrimony ascribed to its Salt, -whether fixed or volatile, the narcotic Sulphur -is conveyed in its full Strength to the Nerves -of the Head. That this Sulphur remains -pretty long intire, even in a living Person, is -sufficiently evinced, by that Saffron-coloured -Liquor, smelling like <em>Tobacco</em>, which was -discharged from the Nostrils of <em>Heurnius</em>, -next Day after the Abuse of a Decoction of -<em>Tobacco</em> and <em>Camomile</em> Flowers. I would -not have any one imagine, that as soon as he -lays by his Pipe, his Brain is no longer heated -by the Smoak, which, for two or three Days -after, he smells, or expires, when he sneezes. -Thus, this narcotic, unctuous, and strong-smelled -Sulphur, adhering to the Membranes, -Ventricles, Gyrations, or other latent -Passages of the Brain, and being left -alone without either Smoak or Heat, gradually -and insensibly corrupts the whole -Mass of the Brain, by which Means <em>Tobacco</em>-Smoakers -are obliged to spit and expectorate -continually. When the Brain is thus weakened -by the copious Spitting excited by the -narcotic Sulphur, neither the <em>Tonsils</em> nor the -<em>Thymus</em>, which are destined for imbibing the -natural excrementitious Humours of the -Brain, are any longer fit for that Purpose. -When such an Accident happens, the <em>Tobacco</em>-Smoaker -begins to yawn, to have a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> -hoarse and shrill Voice, and a stinking Breath, -like those labouring under a <em>Lues Venerea</em>.</p> - -<p>I think I have now sufficiently proved, -that as <em>Tobacco</em> is of a narcotic Quality, and -its Fumes penetrate intimately into the Brain, -so, of course, Smoaking must be more prejudicial -than Snuffing. But, if People will -still obstinately indulge themselves in the -Use of this noxious Plant, all I can do farther, -is to warn them of their Danger.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i042.jpg" width="300" alt="" /> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></p> - - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="gesperrt">A<br /> - - -TREATISE<br /> - -ON<br /> - -<em>TEA</em>.</h2> -</div> - -<p>I Have hitherto strenuously endeavoured -to preserve the Health of the <em>Europeans</em>, -by discarding and exploding the Abuse -of <em>Tobacco</em>: But if any one should ask my -Sentiments of <em>Tea</em>, which some Years ago -began to be imported from <em>Asia</em>, and the -<em>Eastern</em> Countries, and which has Qualities -quite contrary to <em>Tobacco</em>, since it prevents -Sleep, and therefore is by some Authors -highly commended as an excellent Cephalic, -and very grateful to the <em>Viscera</em>, subservient -to Nutrition: I answer, that no satisfactory -Reply can be made, till we know the Genus -and Species of <em>Tea</em>, and to what Species of -<em>European</em> Herbs it may be referred or compared; -for <em>Tobacco</em> is by us called the <em>Peruvian -Hyosciamius</em>, but we give no Name of -any of our Plants to <em>Tea</em>: Nay, it is not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> -known, whether <em>Tea</em> is what the <em>Greeks</em> call -Ποα, an Herb, or Θαμνίσκιον, a Shrub, which -Words, according to <cite>Ruellius</cite>, <cite>Morantha</cite>, and -others, are so confounded by <cite>Dioscorides</cite>, -<cite>Theophrastus</cite>, and other Botanists, as to occasion -great Disputes among the Learned. But -the Authors, who have most faithfully collected -whatever has been wrote upon <em>Tea</em>, either -in the <em>Spanish</em>, <em>French</em>, <em>Latin</em>, <em>English</em>, or -<em>Dutch</em> Languages, are <cite>Nicolaus Tulpius</cite>, and -<cite>Nicolaus Trigautius</cite>, from the Works of -whom I shall enquire,</p> - -<p><em>1st</em>, Of what Kind and Species the Herb -<em>Tea</em> is?</p> - -<p><em>2d</em>, Whether <em>Tea</em> is only the Produce of -<em>Asia</em>, and whether it is ever found in <em>Europe</em>, -or not? And,</p> - -<p><em>3d</em>, Which of the <em>European</em> Herbs may -be most properly used in its Stead.</p> - -<p><cite>Tulpius</cite>, then, speaks in the following -Manner: "In the <em>East Indies</em> nothing is -more common than drinking the Decoction -of an Herb, which the <em>Chinese</em> call -<em>Thee</em>, and the <em>Japonese</em>, <em>Tchia</em>. As my -Accounts of this Plant were received from -the best and most impartial Authors, I shall -willingly hand them down to Posterity. -The Herb <em>Tea</em>, therefore, has long acumi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>nated -Leaves crenated about the Edges. -Its Roots are fibrous, and divided into -very small Shreds. It grows not only in -<em>China</em> and <em>Japan</em>, but also in <em>Chiam</em>, only -the Leaves of the <em>Chinese Tea</em> are of a -blackish green Colour: Whereas the <em>Japonese -Tea</em> is of a fainter Colour, and more -grateful Taste. Hence it also happens, -that the <em>Tchia</em> of the <em>Japonese</em>, is far more -esteemed than the <em>Thee</em> of the <em>Chinese</em>; -since one Pound of the former is frequently -sold at an Hundred <em>Libræ</em>; for it is in -these Parts of the World believed, that -nothing is more salutary and beneficial -than this Herb, whether for protracting -Life to extreme old Age, or for preventing -the Attacks of Diseases. It not -only renders the Body vigorous and active, -and prevents the Stone, to which none of -the Inhabitants are for this Reason subject, -but also removes Head-achs, Stuffings -of the Head, Inflammations, and -Distillations of the Eyes, a Difficulty of -Breathing, Weakness of the Stomach, -Gripes of the Intestines, and Weariness. -It also so effectually prevents Sleep, that -those who drink it at Night, can sit up, -without feeling the least Inclination to sleep: -for it is moderately heating, and by constricting -the Mouth of the Stomach, hinders -the Ascent of those Vapours which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> -are necessary to procure Sleep; so that, -by its Means, nothing hinders or interrupts -those who intend to read or write all Night.</p> - -<p>"This Plant, however, seems neither to -have been long known, nor long used, -among the <em>Chinese</em>, since they have no -hieroglyphical Characters, such as most of -their Letters are, which express its Nature -and Qualities. These two Nations also differ -widely, with respect to the Manner of using -<em>Tea</em>; since the <em>Japonese</em> mix the <em>Tea</em>, -powdered in a Marble Mortar, with warm -Water: Whereas, the <em>Chinese</em>, boil the -Plant itself with some Liquor, adding a -few Grains of Salt, or Sugar. This Decoction, -they drink with their Friends and -Visitors; and even their leading Men do -not think it beneath them, but rather a -Piece of Honour to prepare the <em>Tea</em> for -their Guests; for which Purpose they -have Closets in their Palaces, fitted up on -purpose, in which they keep their Pots, -Tripods, Tunnels, Cups, Spoons, and -other <em>Tea</em> Utensils, which they buy at an -exorbitant Price, preserve in Silk, and only -use when their best Friends visit them. -These, they esteem as much as we do -Adamants, Gems, and the most precious -Stones. See <cite>Joh. Maffæus</cite>, <cite>Rer. Indicar. -Lib. 6. & 12.</cite> <cite>Ludovic</cite>, <cite>Almeid. Select.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> -Epist. Lib. 4.</cite> <cite>Petr. Garric. Tom. 2. Lib. -2. Cap. 17.</cite> <cite>Matth. Ricius, de Christ. -Expedit. apud Sinas, Lib. 1. Cap. 7.</cite> -<cite>Alois Frois, in Relat. Japon. Jac. Bontius, -Dialog. 6.</cite> <cite>Med. Indorum, & Johan. Linseot, -Cap. 26.</cite>"</p> - -<p><cite>Nicolaus Trigautius</cite>, in <cite>Tractat. de Regno -Chinæ, Cap. 3.</cite> where he treats of the Things -produced in <em>China</em>, gives us the following -Particulars, with respect to <em>Tea</em>: "I purposely, -says he, omit the Description of -many Things necessary, such as Marbles -of different Colours, Carbuncles, and other -Stones and Gems, not unfit for painting; -odoriferous Woods, Bitumens, and an incredible -Number of other Curiosities; -but I neither can, nor ought to pass over, -in Silence, two or three Things, unknown -to the <em>Europeans</em>; the first of which is, -that Shrub, of the Leaves of which is -prepared that celebrated Liquor, called -<em>Cia</em>, by the <em>Chinese</em>, <em>Japonese</em>, and neighbouring -Countries. It is not possible, that -the Herb from which this is prepared has -been very long used by the <em>Chinese</em>; since, -in order to represent it, they have no -hieroglyphical Characters, such as all their -Letters are. Hence it may, perhaps, be -suspected, that our <em>European</em> Woods produce -this Herb. They gather the Leaves<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> -in the <em>Spring</em>, dry them in a Shade, and -keep them for preparing a Decoction, -which they almost continually use, not -only at their Meals, but also when their -Friends come to visit them; for this is generally -the Entertainment to which they invite -each other. It is always drank, or rather -sipped warm; nor is it ungrateful to the -Palate, in consequence of its temperate -Bitterness; but it is very salutary, and -frequently used for various Disorders. <em>Tea</em> -is not with them all of one Price; since, -sometimes, a Pound is sold for a Noble, -and, at other Times, for two or three, if -it is accounted good: The best of the -<em>Japonese Tea</em> is often sold for ten or twelve, -and the Method of preparing it with these, -is somewhat different from that of the -<em>Chinese</em>; for the <em>Japonese</em>, having reduced -their <em>Tea</em> to a Powder, mix two or three -Spoonfuls of it with a Cup of boiling -Water, which they drink when moderately -cool: Whereas, the <em>Chinese</em> throw some -of the Leaves into a Vessel of boiling -Water, which, after it has imbibed the -Force of the <em>Tea</em>, they drink, leaving the -Leaves." But, in the seventh Chapter of -the same Work, which treats of some of -the Customs of the <em>Chinese</em>, the Author speaks -in the following Manner: "When any one -receives a formal Invitation to a Feast;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> -the Day before, or several Days before, it -is to be kept, the Master sends him a Kind -of Ticket, desiring his Presence: When -he is come to the House, and the usual -Ceremonies past, he is set down in the first -Hall, where he drinks his <em>Tea</em>; after -which he is conducted to the Feasting-Room, -which is not adorned with Carpets, -which they never use, but with Pictures, -Flowers, Vessels, and other antient -Houshold Furniture." Though these -Accounts may satisfy the Vulgar, yet they -will not prove satisfactory to Physicians, -who want to know, whether <em>Tea</em> is an Herb, -a Shrub, or a Species of Copse; for the two -last quoted Authors differ from each other; -since <cite>Tulpius</cite> calls the <em>Chinese Tea</em>, "an -Herb, with darkish, green, oblong Leaves, -acuminated and crenated about the Edges, -with fibrous Roots, divided into many -small Shreds. Whereas, the Leaves of -the <em>Japonese Tea</em> are of a fainter green Colour, -and of a more grateful Taste." But -<cite>Trigautius</cite> affirms, "that it is a Shrub of -the Leaves, of which the celebrated <em>Cia</em>, -of the <em>Chinese</em> and <em>Japonese</em>, is prepared -by Decoction." The former asserts, that -the Herb <em>Tea</em>, grows not only in <em>China</em> and -<em>Japan</em>, but also in <em>Chiam</em>: The latter thinks -it is to be suspected, that it is also produced -in the <em>European</em> Woods: But, as I shall af<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>terwards -accurately discuss these Points, I -shall only here observe, from <cite>Olearius</cite>, that -<cite>Maffœus</cite>, in <cite>Tr. de Rebus Indicis</cite>, affirms, -that the <em>Japonese</em>, from a certain Plant, express -an highly salutary Liquor, which they -call <em>Chia</em>; and <cite>Linschotanus</cite>, in <cite>Tr. de Insula -Japoniæ</cite>, tells us, that the Inhabitants -of <em>Japan</em> prepare a Drink called <em>Chaa</em>, from -a certain Herb: But these Authors neither -mention the Shrub, nor the Leaves, but -unanimously assert <em>Tea</em> to be an Herb. <cite>Jacobus -Bontius</cite>, Physician in Ordinary to the -Town of <em>New Batavia</em>, in the Island of -<em>Java</em>, in the <em>East Indies</em>, in <cite>Medic. Indor. -Lib. 2. de Conserv. Valetud. Dialog. 6.</cite> affirms, -"that the Leaves of the small Herb, -from which <em>Tea</em> is prepared, resemble those -of the <em>Daisy</em> or lesser <em>Cousound</em>, and have -small Incisions about their Edges." But -since, in the subsequent Chapter, he affirms, -that the Inhabitants of that Country, though -brutally ignorant in every other Respect, have -yet such an exact Knowledge of Roots and -Plants, that if <em>Pavius</em>, the greatest Botanist -of his Age, was to rise from the Dead, he -would wonder to find that he could be instructed -by these Men; I am surprized, he -should have despised their Information, and, -contrary to the Custom of their Historiographers, -given us (<em>Europeans</em>) such a lame and -imperfect Description of <em>Tea</em>, when com<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>menting -on the <em>Indian</em> Plants. One would -be ready to take it for an Herb, when he is -told, that its Leaves resemble those of the -<em>Daisy</em>, and have small Incisions about the -Edges, which <cite>Tulpius</cite> also ascribes to them. -It is worth our Observation, that <cite>Tulpius</cite>, -<cite>Trigautius</cite>, <cite>Bontius</cite>, and other Authors, unanimously -agree in this, that the Decoction of -<em>Tea</em> is of a pretty, grateful, bitter Taste. In -order, therefore, to clear up these Difficulties, -I must have recourse to the Reverend Father, -<cite>Alexander de Rhodes</cite>, who, in his <cite>Sommaire -des divers Voyages & Missions Apostoliques</cite>, -speaks in the following Manner: -"Among the most memorable Things in -this Country, is <em>Tay</em>; the Use of which -is not only common to all the <em>Eastern</em> -Countries, but also begins to be known -in <em>Europe</em>: It is justly to be reckoned -among the most salutary Substances which -I observed in this Country; and I do not -know but it is one of the principal Causes, -why the Inhabitants not only enjoy -such a good State of Health, but also -arrive at so extreme an old Age. The -Leaves are as big as those of the Pomegranate -Tree, and the Shrub itself resembles -the Myrtle Bush. Nor does <em>Tea</em> grow in -any Part of the World, except in two -Provinces of <em>China</em>, which are <em>Nanquin</em> -and <em>Chim</em>, the Inhabitants of which have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> -their Harvests for <em>Tea</em> Leaves, as we have -for our Grain in <em>Europe</em>. These Leaves -they dry in Furnaces, and preserve for Use -in close stopped Vessels. It is frequently -used through all <em>China</em>, <em>Japan</em>, <em>Tonquin</em>, -and other Kingdoms; and there are such -great Quantities of it, that it is sold at a -Small Price. For this Reason they use it -frequently every Day, or rather each Hour, -prepared in the following Manner: They -throw the Leaves into boiling Water, -which they forthwith take off the Fire; -and when the Leaves have subsided, which -is generally in a Quarter of an Hour, they -drink the Water, from which they find -three very happy Effects; the first of -which is to repress Vapours, and alleviate -Pains of the Head: For when I laboured -under an <em>Hemicrania</em>, or any other Disorder -of the Head, by drinking this Water, -I had my Pain so quickly alleviated, as if -a Person had done it by the Application -of his Hand. When, for the Sake of -hearing Confessions, I was obliged to sit -up whole Nights, I used the same Remedy, -and, by its Means, was not only hindered -from sleeping, but also felt no more Uneasiness -next Day, than if I had not sat -up. I once made an Experiment of this -for six Nights successively, but must confess -I found myself wearied and exhausted.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> -The second Virtue of this Water, or Decoction, -is to corroborate the Stomach, -and the third to purge the Kidnies from -Stones and Gravel." <cite>Bernardus Varenius</cite>, -in <cite>Descript. Regni Japoniæ, Cap. 23.</cite> -speaks in the following Manner: "Not -only the <em>Japonese</em>, but also the <em>Chinese</em>, -are delighted with Draughts of almost -boiling Water, in which the Powder of -<em>Tea</em> is sprinkled. The Herb <em>Tea</em> is not -only Green itself, but also tinges any -Liquor with the same Colour. It grows -only in some, and not in all Countries, -and the finer Kind of its Leaves is -thought to be very valuable. These Leaves -are, by the richer Sort, kept in large Vessels, -close stopped, in order to prevent the -Access of the Air. The Leaves, before -they are used, are reduced to a Powder." -And a little after he subjoins, "This Liquor -is pleasant to the Taste, and highly salutary, -especially for carrying off the Uneasiness -produced by Surfeits, and for removing -all pituitous Disorders: So that -it is become a proverbial Saying, with respect -to the Rich, <cite>How is it possible they -should not enjoy good Health, since they -drink the best</cite> Tsia?" <cite>Olearius</cite>, in the -Work before quoted, speaks of <em>Tea</em> in the -following Manner: "We have already observed, -that at the <cite>Maidan</cite> in <em>Ispahan</em>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> -there are, among others, particular Species -of Inns, called <em>Tzai</em>, <em>Chattai</em>, and <em>Chane</em>, -in which, as well as in other Places, the -<em>Persians</em> drink an hot, black Water, prepared -of an Herb, brought into their -Country by the <em>Usbeck Tartars</em>. This -Herb has oblong pointed Leaves, about -an Inch long, and half an Inch broad, -which, when dried, are of a blackish Colour, -and shrivel up into the Form of a -Worm; but they are the same with what -the <em>Chinese</em> call <em>Tea</em>, and the <em>Japonese</em> and -<em>Indians</em>, <em>Chia</em>, and <em>Cha</em>. In each of these -Nations, this Herb is highly esteemed; -the <em>Persians</em> boil it with Spring-Water, -<em>Anise</em> and <em>Fennel</em>: Some of them also add -a small Quantity of <em>Cloves</em> to it. The -<em>Persians</em>, <em>Chinese</em>, <em>Japonese</em>, and <em>Indians</em>, -ascribe uncommon Virtue and Efficacy to -this Water, affirming, that it produces the -most salutary Effects on the Stomach, -Lungs, Liver, Mass of Blood, and all -the <em>Viscera</em>, which it deterges and corroborates. -It also expels the Stone, removes -the Head-ach, and dissipates that superfluous -Humidity, which produces Lassitude -and Drowsiness. By drinking this -Water, a Person is rendered so lively, brisk, -and alert, as chearfully to bear the Want -of Sleep for several Nights, and without -any Pain, or Fatigue, apply long to Bu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>siness -of the greatest Importance. This -Liquor, when drank in Moderation, not -only preserves Health, but also protracts -Life to an excessive old Age. This Herb -<em>Tea</em> is, at present, well known in <em>Holland</em>, -since the <em>East-Indiamen</em> bring large Quantities -of it to <em>Amsterdam</em>." <cite>Johannes Albertus -von Mandelslo</cite>, in <cite>Itinerar. Indiæ Orientalis, -Cap. 11.</cite> gives us the following memorable -Account of <em>Tea</em>: "In our Visits, -we make use of the black Water, in which -the Herb <em>Tea</em> is boiled. This Liquor, -which is very common in the <em>Indies</em>, is -greatly admired, not only by the Natives, -but also by the <em>English</em> and <em>Dutch</em>; since -it is said to carry off Phlegm, warm the -Stomach, and procure Digestion. We -drink it three Times a Day, namely, in -the Morning, Afternoon, and Evening. -The <em>Persians</em> also drink a black Water, -called <em>Chavve</em>, which, in Colour, resembles -the <em>Tea</em>, though its Virtues and Efficacy -are different; since the <em>Chavve</em> is -a great Cooler, and procures Sterility, on -which Account, the lascivious <em>Persians</em> -chuse to drink it: On the contrary, the -<em>Tea</em> moderately warms, and strengthens, -the Bowels and Stomach."</p> - -<p><cite>Gulielmus Leyl</cite>, a Native of <em>Denmark</em>, -after his Return from the <em>East Indies</em>, at my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> -Request, courteously wrote me the following -Particulars with respect to <em>Tea</em>: "I was -informed by the <em>Chinese</em>, in the Islands -of <em>Java</em>, <em>Macascar</em>, <em>Celebes</em>, and other -Places, that the <em>Cha</em>, or <em>Thee</em>, grew in -<em>China</em> and <em>Cathaya</em>; but that the best -came from <em>Cathaya</em>, a Country belonging -to the <em>Tartars</em>. The Herb is, in the -<em>Chinese</em>, <em>Japonese</em>, <em>Tartarian</em>, <em>Persian</em>, -<em>Arabic</em>, <em>Turkish</em>, and <em>Indostan</em> Languages, -called <em>Cha</em>; in the Pronunciation of which -Word, it is to be observed, that the <em>Ch</em> is -sounded as it is in <em>Spain</em> and <em>England</em>; -but is by the <em>Persians</em>, <em>Arabians</em>, and <em>Turks</em>, -expressed by one of their own Characters. -By such of the <em>Chinese</em> as border upon the -Sea it is called <em>The</em>. In these Countries, -vast Sums of Money are laid out upon this -Herb, which is said to be possessed of very -considerable Virtues; for it corroborates -the Stomach, and produces a good Digestion; -nourishes the Limbs, and dissipates -and carries off by Urine, or otherwise, -all peccant and redundant Humidity. It -also cures the Gout, and prevents, or expels -the Stone and Gravel. During my -Residence, for many Years there, I never -had the smallest Symptoms of the Gout, -with which I have been violently afflicted -since my Return into <em>Europe</em>. The <em>Chinese</em> -are also Strangers to the Stone, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> -their <em>Tea</em> not only preserves the Body in -good Health, but also removes Intoxication. -It prevents Sleep, and renders -Persons alert and chearful in the Dispatch -of Business. The Water prepared of this -Herb, is to be drank in a Morning fasting, -with preserved Ginger, as also after -Dinner, between Meals, after Supper, or -at any Time, since the frequent Use of it -is not hurtful. They boil a Pint of Water -in a Pot, then put a Spoonful of -<em>Tea</em> into it, and cover it close up for a -Quarter of an Hour, during which Time -they shake it frequently. Those to whom -this Liquor is disagreeable, on account of -its bitter Taste, put Sugar-Candy into the -Cup; but, its Efficacy is greater, when -drank without it. The People of Fashion -in <em>China</em> and <em>Japan</em>, have their particular -Kettles, in which they boil the Water by -itself, and then pour it upon the <em>Tea</em> in -another Vessel, which they cover for a -Quarter of an Hour, shaking it frequently."</p> - -<p>In order to determine that dubious and -perplexing Question, Whether the <em>Tea</em> of the -<em>Chinese</em> is an Herb, or a small Shrub? It is -necessary I should previously enquire, whether -it is only produced in <em>Asia</em>, or whether -any of it is also to be found in <em>Europe</em>; as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> -also which of the <em>European</em> Plants is the most -proper Succedaneum to it? In these Disquisitions, -I must, therefore, have recourse to -the Suffrages of the before-quoted Authors. -But I must here advise all Physicians to divest -their Minds of Prejudice, and carefully peruse -<cite>Hippocrates</cite>'s Treatise <cite>de Aere, Aquis, & -Locis</cite>, by which they will be informed, how -much <em>Airs</em>, <em>Waters</em>, and <em>Soils</em>, agree, or disagree, -and what proportionable Variations, -or Alterations, these Agreements, or Differences -are capable of producing. The celebrated -<cite>Hoffman</cite>, in <cite>Lib. 2. de Medicament. -Officinalibus, Cap. 15.</cite> when speaking of the -<em>Myrtle</em>, tells us, "That we are carefully to -attend to the native Soil and Climate of a -Plant, by which it is rendered either better -or worse, in consequence of which, its -Faculties and Virtues will not be the same in -different Countries." This Doctrine I have -everywhere inculcated in my <em>Quadripartitium</em>, -but especially in the Histories of <em>Betony</em>, <em>Carduus -Benedictus</em>, <em>Scurvy-Grass</em>, <em>Marsh Trefoil</em>, -<em>Dragons</em> and <em>Squills</em>. My Design in advancing -this is, to shew the Probability of the Production -of <em>Tea</em>, not only in the Kingdoms -of the <em>East Indies</em>, such as <em>China</em>, <em>Japan</em>, -<em>Chian</em>, <em>Nanquin</em>, and <em>Cham</em>; but also, according -to the Conjecture of <cite>Trigautius</cite>, in -the <em>European</em> Woods and Forests: And I -am the more inclined to this Opinion, be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>cause -the celebrated <cite>Olearius</cite> informs us, that -the <em>Tartars</em> of <em>Uzbeck</em>, who, according to -<cite>De Laet. in Descript. Persiæ</cite>, <cite>Cap. 1.</cite> are -separated from the <em>Persians</em>, wage War -upon them, and export <em>Tea</em> from <em>Cattajo</em> -into <em>Persia</em>: Besides, <em>Gulielmus Leyl</em>, a Gentleman, -not only of Distinction, but also of -untainted Veracity, informs me, in his Letter, -that in <em>Java</em> the greater, <em>Macassar</em>, and -<em>Celibes</em>, he was told by the Inhabitants, that -<em>Cha</em> or <em>The</em> grows in <em>China</em> and <em>Catajo</em>; but -that the best is, by the <em>Tartars</em>, exported -from the latter of these Places, Now, it is -sufficiently known, that <em>Tartary</em>, on account -of the Elevation of the Pole, in many -Respects, agrees with the <em>European</em> Provinces, -situated under the same Degree of Elevation; -so that, it is by no means absurd to -assert that many Trees, Shrubs, and Herbs, -should thrive as well in these <em>Northern</em> Provinces, -as in <em>Tartary</em>, which, like them, is -diversified with Precipices, Forests, Mountains, -Pasture-Grounds, Vallies, and Rivers. -In a word, as <cite>Tulpius</cite> and <cite>Trigautius</cite> think -that neither <em>Tea</em>, nor its Use, were long -known to the <em>Chinese</em>, because they had neither -any antient Names for it, nor Hieroglyphics -to express its Nature; I am more and -more confirmed, that <em>Cha</em>, or <em>The</em>, grows -more plentifully in <em>Catajo</em> than in <em>China</em> -itself, especially since <cite>Olearius</cite> and <cite>Leyl</cite> in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>form -us, that <em>Cha</em> is a <em>Tartarian</em> Word; and, -according to the latter of these Authors, only -some of the <em>Chinese</em>, who live upon the Shore, -have begun to call <em>Cha</em>, <em>Te</em>. Since, therefore, -the <em>Europeans</em> frequent <em>China</em>, or its adjacent -Islands, much more than they do <em>Tartary</em>, -and since the <em>Chinese</em> call the <em>Cha</em> of the -<em>Tartars</em> <em>The</em>, it is probable, that this is the -Original of the Word <em>Tea</em> in <em>Europe</em>, But it -is to be observed, that <cite>Tulpius</cite> asserts, that, -the <em>Tchia</em> of the <em>Japonese</em>, is far more valuable -than the <em>Thee</em> of the <em>Chinese</em>; since a -Pound of the former is sometimes sold at -an Hundred <em>Libræ</em> of Silver, which, if I -am not mistaken, amount to forty Crowns. -But <cite>Trigautius</cite> affirms, that a Pound of the -<em>Chinese</em> is sold at one <em>Noble</em>, and at most for -two or three; whereas, a Pound of the best -<em>Japonese</em> is often sold at ten or twelve. Father -<cite>Rhodius</cite> tells us, that <em>Tea</em> is no where -produced, except in two Provinces of <em>China</em>, -<em>Nanquin</em> and <em>Chim</em>; and immediately subjoins, -That there was such Plenty of it, that -it sold at a very low Rate: Though these -Accounts are inconsistent with each other, -yet it is none of my Business to reconcile -them; since my Design is only to shew, that -the <em>Cha</em>, the <em>Tchia</em>, or <em>Thee</em>, whether a Species -of Copse, or an Herb, is indigenous to -<em>Tartary</em>. Now, as <cite>Tulpius</cite> and <cite>Trigautius</cite> -have shewn, that <em>Tea</em> has not been long<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> -known to the <em>Chinese</em>; and, as <cite>Olearius</cite> and -<cite>Leyl</cite> assert, that it is exported from <em>Tartary</em> -into <em>Persia</em>, as well as <em>China</em>, I am of -Opinion, that it probably began to be known -in <em>China</em> when the <em>Tartars</em> in 1644 made an -Incursion into that Country, and that it was -first transported into <em>Europe</em> from the <em>East-Indies</em>. -And though the Authors mentioned -by <cite>Olearius</cite> affirm, that the <em>Thee</em> of the <em>Chinese</em> -was known before this Incursion; yet as -the <em>Tartars</em> had several Times before laid -<em>China</em> waste, it is not improbable, but the -<em>Chinese</em> were, by the <em>Tartars</em>, with whom I -believe it is cheap, first taught the Use of <em>Tea</em>, -as we were by the <em>Chinese</em>: For if, according -to <cite>Tulpius</cite>, <em>Tea</em> is sold at so great a Rate -in <em>China</em>, or, if a Pound of the best <em>Tea</em> is -often sold at twelve <em>Nobles</em> in <em>Japan</em>, I cannot -see how the Merchants of <em>Amsterdam</em> -and <em>Hamburg</em>, who may reasonably be allowed -a fourth of Profit, could afford a Pound -for eight <em>Nobles</em>. Since, therefore, <em>Tartary</em> -is a very extensive Kingdom; and since, in -some Provinces of it, the <em>Tea</em> of the <em>Chinese</em> -grows, I think it very probable, that the same -<em>Tea</em> may be found in the similar, heathy, -copsy, and uncultivated Places of <em>Europe</em>. -We now come to enquire, whether <em>Tea</em> is an -Herb, or a Kind of Copse: Besides the Authors, -therefore, already quoted from <cite>Olearius</cite>, -as affirming that it is an Herb, <cite>Bon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>tius</cite>, -<cite>Varenius</cite>, <cite>Olearius</cite>, <cite>Johannes Albertus -von Mandelslo</cite>, and <cite>Leyl</cite>, also call it an Herb: -But <cite>Trigautius</cite> and <cite>Rhodius</cite> pronounce it a -Kind of Copse, or small Shrub. If, therefore, -we are swayed in our Judgment by the -Plurality of Voices, we must infallibly conclude -<em>Tea</em> to be an Herb. But as, in all Cases, -one Eye-Witness is better than ten who -take Things upon Report; and as the two -last-mentioned Authors travelled through the -<em>East-Indies</em>, it is more reasonable to trust to -their Descriptions, than to those of the others, -who, being no professed Botanists, were, in -some measure, misled by botanical Authors, -who too often confound Words, as we have -shewn in the Dissertation on <em>Tobacco</em>: However, -to reconcile these Differences, we say, -that <em>Tea</em> may be defined and described, either -as an Herb, or as a Kind of Copse, or small -Shrub; for as Geographers, in their Descriptions -of <em>Nova Zembla</em>, and the <em>Terra -Australis incognita</em>, make Conjectures about -some Things which they never saw, because -they were never there; so, why may not I, -though I never was in <em>Asia</em>, make an Attempt -to delineate an <em>Asiatic</em> Plant, which is -the Herb, or Shrub, <em>Tea</em>, in order to prevent -that excessive Import of it, which corrupts -our Regimen, and impairs our Health no -less than the <em>Tobacco</em> sent us from <em>America</em>? -Now, though <em>Asia</em> furnishes the <em>Chinese</em> with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> -<em>Tea</em>, as a salutary Medicine, yet she obtrudes -it upon us, at the same Time we are ignorant -what it is; for which Reason I shall describe -<em>Tea</em>, both as an Herb, and as a Kind of -Copse, or small Shrub. "<em>Tea</em>, therefore, as -an Herb, has oblong Leaves, acuminated, -crenated about the Edges, and about an -Inch long, and half an Inch broad. In -<em>China</em> these Leaves are of a dark green -Colour, and of a bitter Taste; whereas -those produced in <em>Japan</em>, are of a fainter -Green, and more grateful Taste, tinging -any Liquor with the same Colour. -These Leaves, when dried, become black, -and shrivelled up, like small Worms, and -the Herb has a fibrous Root, divided into -many small Shreds." If any should tell me, -that this seems to be a Description of <em>Betony</em>, -I answer, so it is; and I would rather -perswade the <em>Europeans</em> to use this Herb, -possessed of numberless known Virtues, than -to persist in the Use of the unknown <em>Tea</em> of -the <em>Chinese</em>, purchased at a great Expence, -and calculated for impoverishing Families. -It is indeed certain, that, as the moderate Use -of it, without producing a preter-natural Heat, -conforts and dries the Brain, and whole nervous -System, so the immoderate Use of it, -cannot fail to be equally noxious to the <em>Europeans</em> -as the Abuse of <em>Wine</em>. <em>Tea</em>, as a Kind -of Copse, or small Shrub, may be described<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> -in the following Manner: "<em>Tea</em> is a small -Shrub, greatly resembling the <em>Myrtle</em>-Bush, -with dark green Leaves, as large as -those of the <em>Pomegranate</em>, but with small -Incisions about the Edges, like those observable -in the Leaves of the <em>Daisy</em>. These -Leaves are carefully collected in the <em>Spring</em>, -dried in a Shade, or in proper Furnaces, -and preserved in pretty large Vessels, close -stopped, in order to prevent the free Access -of the Air." If any one should find -fault with me for describing <em>Tea</em>, both as -an Herb, and as a Kind of Copse, or small -Shrub; I can vindicate myself, by desiring -him to compare each of these Descriptions -with the different Accounts given by all the -before-cited Authors, whose Veracity cannot -be called in Question. But, perhaps, it may -be objected, that <cite>Bontius</cite> asserts, that <em>Tea</em> is -an Herb, and describes it as such, and consequently, -that I corrupt what I intended -to correct, which happened to <cite>Epicurus</cite>, attempting -to rectify the Doctrines of <cite>Democritus</cite>: -I answer, that <cite>Bontius</cite>, through an -Affectation of laconic Brevity, darkened his -Description of <em>Tea</em>, by comparing its Leaves, -which are crenated, to those of the <em>Daisy</em>, -which have small Incisions: Whereas, he -might, with more Justice, have compared -them to the Leaves of any Shrub, or Copse: -But the Reader will, possibly, condemn me<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> -for <em>Pyrrhonism</em>, or <em>Scepticism</em>, and upbraid -me with treating of Things, without coming -to any fixed and final Conclusion. But, -in answer to this Charge, I affirm, in the -Words of <cite>Vossius de Sect. Philosoph. Cap.</cite> 20. -"That <em>Scepticism</em> is not absolutely to be -condemned; since, though many Things -are certain, yet far more are uncertain; -and these latter combined and interwoven -with the former, impose on the Mind -by their Similitude to Truth; so that it -is necessary to use all Diligence in distinguishing -Truth from Error." <cite>Cicero</cite>, in -<cite>Lib. 1. de Natur. Deor.</cite> professes himself of -the same Opinion: "I am none of those, -<em>says he</em>, to whom nothing appears true; -but I affirm, that Truth and Falshood are -sometimes so intimately mixed, and bear -so near a Resemblance to each other, that -there is hardly any Criterion for distinguishing -them." But, leaving all dubious -Ratiocinations, we shall now declare our -Sentiments in an explicit Manner, and come -to a fixed and determinate Conclusion. For -this Purpose, let us compare the Descriptions -which <cite>Dodonæus</cite> gives us of the Herb <em>Betony</em>, -and of the Shrub <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, with -those two I have given of the <em>Chinese Tea</em>: -I am then intirely free from Partiality, when -I think that the Properties ascribed to these -two, especially to the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, exactly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> -agree to the <em>Chinese Tea</em>; nor, considering -how far I am advanced in Years, do I care -how much I may be ridiculed for maintaining -such an Opinion, since I have long ago -formed my Mind upon those noble and exalted -Sentiments, which <cite>Epictetus</cite>, in <cite>Enchirid. -Cap. 29.</cite> expresses in the following -beautiful Manner: "If thou inclinest to -commence the Study of Wisdom and Virtue, -thou must forthwith prepare thyself -for future Reproach and Contempt, since -many will hiss thee, upbraid thee with becoming -a Philosopher all on a sudden, and -sneeringly ask the Reason of thy supercilious -Air: Do thou, in the mean time, -guard against a supercilious Behaviour, as -much as thou possibly canst; but, like a -faithful Centinel, placed in a particular -Post by thy Master, rigidly maintain and -adhere to those Things which, to thee, -appear best and most praise-worthy; and, -for thy Comfort, remember this, that if -thou resolutely keepest thy Post, thou wilt, -at last, become the Admiration of those -who before derided thee: Whereas, if -thou shamefully quittest thy Station, and -succumbest to the heedless and unthinking -Herd, thou wilt be doubly derided." -But, as moral Reflections may be thought -impertinent on such Occasions, we shall return -to our Subject. <cite>Dodonæus</cite>, therefore,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> -in <cite>Pemptad. 1. Lib. 2. Cap. 20.</cite> tells us, -"that <em>Betony</em> has oblong, broad, and green -Leaves, somewhat rough, serrated about -the Edges, and resembling those of the -Oak, though somewhat smaller." Now, -<cite>Tulpius</cite> informs us, that the Leaves of <em>Tea</em> -are oblong, acuminated and serrated about -the Edges: And <cite>Olearius</cite> affirms, that they -are about an Inch in Length, and half an -Inch in Breadth. <cite>Tulpius</cite> also asserts, that in -<em>China</em>, they are of a dark green Colour; -whereas, in <em>Japan</em>, they are of a fainter Colour; -so that these Descriptions quadrate very -exactly with <em>Betony</em>. The <em>Chamelæagnus</em> is, -by <cite>Dodonæus</cite>, in <cite>Stirp. Histor. Pemptad. 6. -Cap. 20.</cite> described in the following Manner: -"The <em>Chamelæagnus</em> is a small and -low Shrub, rarely rising to the Height of a -Cubit: It sends forth some Branches, which -bear small, broad, and oblong Leaves, not -unlike those of the <em>Myrtle</em>, but harder, and -frequently longer: All the Parts of the -Shrub, and especially its Seeds, are somewhat -odorous: It delights in wild and -uncultivated Soils, which are somewhat -marshy and aqueous." The Authors before -quoted, have made no Mention, either -of the Seeds, or Flowers; nor, though I have -had an Opportunity of turning over large -Quantities of <em>Tea</em>, have I ever found any -Part of a Flower, Stem, Apex, Calyx, Down,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> -Seed, Pods of Seed, Berries, or any Thing -analogous to any of these, except some few -Pieces, of a Kind of arundinacious Grass; -from which we may justly infer, that the -<em>Chinese Tea</em> delights in uncultivated, aqueous, -and marshy Soils, as well as the <em>European -Chamelæagnus</em>; which, as described by <cite>Dodonæus</cite>, -exactly resembles the <em>Tea</em> of the <em>Chinese</em>. -The Reasons why I have compared -<em>Tea</em> to <em>Betony</em>, are sufficiently obvious; since -my Accounts of the former, taken from <cite>Trigautius</cite>, -<cite>Rhodius</cite>, and <cite>Bontius</cite>, exactly agree -to the latter; for <cite>Trigautius</cite> affirms, that the -Leaves called <em>Tea</em>, when gathered from a -certain Shrub, and boiled in Water, afford -that celebrated Liquor, so much used by the -<em>Chinese</em>, <em>Japonese</em>, and their neighbouring -Nations: And <cite>Rhodius</cite> asserts, that the Leaves -of <em>Tea</em> are, in a great measure, like those of -the <em>Myrtle</em>, and, in Bulk, equal to those of -the <em>Pomegranate</em>. I have, in a particular -Manner, mentioned the Crenations of the -Leaves, because no such Circumstance is specified, -either by <cite>Dodonæus</cite>, in his Description -of the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, or by <cite>Trigautius</cite> and -<cite>Rhodius</cite>, in their Accounts of the Leaves of -<em>Tea</em>, which, according to <cite>Olearius</cite>, are about -an Inch long, half an Inch broad, and, when -dried, assume a blackish Colour, all which -Circumstances hold true of the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>. -<cite>Tulpius</cite> informs us, that the Leaves of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> -<em>Tea</em> are of a dark green Colour, oblong, -acuminated, and crenated about the Edges; -and <cite>Bontius</cite> describes them with small Incisions -about the Edges, like those of the <em>Daisy</em>: -Besides, if the Reader compares what <cite>Dodonæus</cite> -advances, with respect to the native Soil -of the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, with the Description -I have given of it, he will find it probable that -it is also produced in <em>Tartary</em>; so that we -have just Reason to conclude, that the <em>Cha</em> -of the <em>Tartars</em>, and <em>Thee</em> of the <em>Chinese</em>, are -nothing else but the <em>European Chamelæagnus</em>. -Another Analogy is also to be observed between -the Leaves of <em>Tea</em>, and those of the -<em>Chamelæagnus</em>, which is, that only the larger -Leaves of each of them are crenated. If -it should be objected, that <cite>Dodonæus</cite> inclined -to insinuate, that the Leaves of the <em>Chamelæagnus</em> -are like those of the <em>Myrtle</em>; and -that the Leaves of the true <em>Myrtle</em> are not -crenated: I answer, that I am sufficiently -apprised of this; but, at the same time, -would have the Objector remember, that -<cite>Caspar Bauhine</cite> finds some Things wanting -in the Figure of the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, exhibited -in the <em>Latin</em> Edition of <cite>Dodonæus</cite>, and -for that Reason, prefers the Figure in the -<em>Dutch</em> Edition to it. His Description is also -very defective, since he neither mentions the -Crenation of the Leaves, nor the Sporting -of Nature, which are very material Points;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> -since the Leaves are not all crenated in the same -Manner, and sometimes not crenated at all, -especially at the Points, till they have arrived -at a certain Age and Bulk. Similar Sportings -of Nature are frequently to be observed; -since, in one and the same Mallow, it often -happens, that one Leaf is not like another. -There is also a surprizing Variety, both in -the Form and Number of the Leaves of the -<cite>Eupatorium Canadense Foliis Enulæ Jacobi -Cornuti</cite> of the <cite>Lysimachia Lutea Major</cite> and -<cite>Minor</cite>, and of the <cite>Pseudolysimachia</cite>. It is -also sufficiently known, that the <em>Peruvian</em> -Flower in <em>Europe</em>, varies every Day considerably -from the same Flower in <em>Peru</em>; but -we are not, for this Reason, to deny that -they both belong to the same Species. Thus, -though in <em>Europe</em>, there is a Kind of Sporting -of Nature in the Leaves of the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>; -yet all these Leaves, when most accurately -compared with the <em>Tartarian</em> or -<em>Chinese Tea</em>, are only found to differ inconsiderably -from them in Size, Colour, and -Crenations: So that we may conclude, that -the Shrub <em>Chamelæagnus</em> belongs to the same -Species with the <em>Tea</em> of the <em>Tartars</em> and -<em>Chinese</em>: But, lest my own Authority should -be questioned, I shall, from that of other -Botanists, prove this surprizing Variation in -our own <em>Chamelæagnus</em>. I am indeed sorry -that the <em>Chamelæagnus</em> is not sufficiently and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> -fully treated of, either in the last Edition -of <cite>Tabernemontanus</cite>, or in the <cite>Ebrodunense -Herbarium</cite>. But we must supply this Defect -from <cite>Bauhine</cite>, who, in <cite>Pinax. 40. Lib. -11. Sect. 4.</cite> tells us, "That the <em>Rhus Myrtifolia -Belgica</em>, or <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, has its -Leaves sometimes broad, and sometimes -narrow; and I have been told by Dr. -<cite>Backmaster</cite>, that its Leaves are sometimes -crenated like those of a Shrub; such as -the <em>Rosemary</em> of the <em>Northern</em> Nations, or -our own <em>Myrtle</em>." In 1622, when walking -in a Copsy Field, near <em>Rostock</em>, I broke -off a small Twig of this <em>Chamelæagnus</em> in -the <em>Spring</em>, before it was in the Flower. -This I carefully preserved till it was fully -dry, and found the Leaves exactly to resemble -those of the <em>Chinese Tea</em>, in Tenderness, -Size, Colour, and Crenations. But that this -Affinity and Resemblance might be still farther -evinced, I have, in <cite>Quadripartit. Botan.</cite> -given a Cut of one of the tender Leaves of -the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, gathered in the <em>Spring</em>, -and another of a full grown Leaf, gathered -in the <em>Summer</em>; and to these I have added -two Cuts of <em>Tea</em> Leaves, produced in <em>China</em>: -But, some may object, that the <em>Chinese Tea</em> -differs from the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, because, according -to <cite>Rhodius</cite>, the Leaves of the former -appear in the Beginning of the <em>Spring</em> at -<em>Nanquin</em> and <em>Chim</em>; and, when dried, are so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> -far from resembling Leaves, that they rather -seem to be small Buds or Gems of Shrubs, or -Trees: Whereas, the Branches of our <em>Chamelæagnus</em> -are not cut, till the Middle, or -latter End of the <em>Summer</em>, and are negligently -hung up in the Shops, with the Leaves, Seeds, -and Flowers. These Circumstances, I confess, -must produce a considerable Difference -in these Leaves, not only with respect to Colour -and Smell, but also, perhaps, with respect -to Qualities and Virtues. If I should -be asked, whether it is expedient to recommend -the <em>Chamelæagnus</em> as a Succedaneum, -to the <em>Chinese Tea</em>? I answer, it is highly -expedient. If it should be said, that it affects -the Head; I reply, so does <em>Betony</em>, which -procures a certain Hilarity, or Agility, to the -Brain and Members, by which Means, it -greatly invigorates the Animal Faculty: For -this specific Quality of <em>Tea</em>, it is so much used -by Statesmen, in order to render them brisk -and active, for the Discharge of their Offices: -For this Class of Men, as well as Physicians, -are allowed Angular and uncommon Indulgences -by <cite>Plato</cite>, in <cite>Lib. 3. de Republica</cite>. -"The Gods, <em>says he</em>, can obtain no good -End by lying to Mortals; but, a Lie may -be useful to sick Persons; for which Reason -Lying is pardonable in Physicians, immediately -employed in their Business, but -not at all in Persons of a private Cha<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>racter. -In Governors also, Lying is pardonable, -when it has a Tendency, either -to promote the Good of their Subjects, or -frustrate the Designs of their Enemies." -Some affirm, that Ale, prepared with the -<em>Chamelæagnus</em>, excites violent Head-achs, -from which they infer, that its Sulphur is -injurious to the Head: But I would have such -Persons remember, that the best Things may -be used to Excess. Thus a Pain is immediately -produced in the Head, by the Abuse -of the Wine of the <em>Rubus Idæus</em>, or that in -which the <em>Pimpinella Sanguisorba</em> has been -macerated. Hence, if you mix but a small -Quantity of the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, full of its Seeds, -with Ale, such Ale will speedily intoxicate -those who drink it; but if you put only a -few of the Leaves to the Ale, it will revive -the Spirits as effectually as the <em>Asiatic Tea</em>. -At the <em>Hague</em>, <em>Sinapi</em> is called <em>Senney</em>, and in -the <em>Netherlands</em>, <em>Mustard</em>; but this Change -of Names does not hinder <em>Sinapi</em> from being -an Herb of the same Species in these different -Parts. In <em>Europe</em> we are to have a due Regard -to the most commodious Time of -gathering the Leaves of the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, -which, in <em>Asia</em>, is the <em>Spring</em>, and after they -are gathered, we are carefully to keep them -in large, close-stopped Vessels. Besides, we -are to consider, that the Climates of <em>Asia</em> -and <em>Europe</em> differ very widely; though I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> -have shewn, that from the same Elevation of -the Pole, some <em>Northern</em> Countries have a -Climate, not much unlike to that of the -<em>Tartars</em>. But some may say, granting that -the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, or <em>Myrtus Nostras Sylvestris</em>, -is really the <em>Cha</em> of the <em>Tartars</em>, and -the <em>The</em> of the <em>Chinese</em> and <em>Persians</em>; yet it -never arrives at such Perfection in any Part -of <em>Europe</em>, as in <em>Tartary</em> or <em>China</em>: This, -perhaps, I may grant, with respect to <em>China</em>, -but not with respect to <em>Tartary</em>, for the Reasons -before specified, and on account of the -Climate, which, it is to be suspected, produces -<em>Tea</em> of little or no Value; for it is not -so much as mentioned in the following Account -of the <em>Tartars</em>, and their Herbs, given -by <cite>Antonius Maginus</cite>, in <cite>Comment. Nov. Geograph</cite>. -"The <em>Tartars</em> live in a most sordid, -nasty Manner; since only a very few of -them use Table-Cloths and Napkins at -their Meals: They drink Water, Milk, -and Ale prepared of Millet. Very little -Wine is produced in their Country; and -with that which is imported they intoxicate -themselves, which is with them considered -as an honourable and glorious Thing. -They commend the Juice or Milk of Sorrel, -because it corroborates the Stomach, -and proves purgative at the same Time. -They chearfully eat various Herbs, especially -such as grow near the <em>Tanais</em>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> -among which they greatly extol an Herb -called <em>Baltracan</em>, which greatly nourishes -them, and restores their Strength. At the -Season, therefore, when this Herb bears -Fruit, the <em>Tartars</em> freely wander through -these Desarts, in which no other Kind of -Food or Aliment is to be found; for, if -they can provide nothing else, this Herb, -which they frequently find, and carry -home on Carts and Horses, proves sufficient -for their Sustenance." But I shall -proceed to contemplate our <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, -with greater Accuracy. It is, therefore, certain, -that <em>Iceland</em>, a cold and harsh Climate, -produces the best <em>Angelica</em> in all <em>Europe</em>; and -<em>Norway</em>, which is somewhat milder, though -intolerably cold in the <em>Winter</em>, yet affords -those large Quantities of <em>Gentian</em>, and other -medicinal Herbs, which the Traders in <em>Germany</em> -and <em>Holland</em> have annual Occasion for. -It is therefore probable, that our <em>Chamelæagnus</em> -may also be possessed of very singular -medicinal Virtues; and, that it is so, we shall -afterwards fully demonstrate. If it should -be objected, that the <em>Chinese</em> and <em>Tartarian -Teas</em> have become famous, but not the <em>European -Chamelæagnus</em>; I answer, that the -Objection has no Foundation in Reason; because -the Qualities and Temperaments of -Medicines are not altered by the Time at -which they began to be in Repute: Thus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> -the <em>Angelica</em> of <em>Iceland</em>, and the <em>Norvegian -Gentian</em> are celebrated in <em>Europe</em>; and tho' -it is not to be doubted, but <em>Tartary</em>, and -other Countries, lying under the same Elevation -of the Pole, produce <em>Angelica</em> and -<em>Gentian</em> equally good, yet these Medicines -are not there celebrated, because the Inhabitants -have not ventured upon the Use of -them. Thus, the perfumed Gloves sent us -from <em>Greece</em>, are more esteemed than those -smelling of <em>Amber</em>, <em>Musk</em>, <em>Stacte</em>, and <em>Cassia</em>, -sent us from <em>Italy</em>, and <em>Spain</em>, only because -they were famed before these latter -Countries began to use such a Practice; such, -and so great, is the Tyranny of Opinion, -and the Force of Custom! It is, therefore, -merely an ill-grounded Opinion, to believe -that our <em>Chamelæagnus</em> is inferior in Virtues -to the <em>Chinese</em> or <em>Tartarian Tea</em>; or that it is -to be neglected, and not introduced into the -Shops. Nor is it reasonable to infer, that it -is not the <em>Chinese Tea</em>, because it has never -been prepared in their Manner; or that it -ought not to be substituted in its stead, because -it has hitherto been little known, and -only used by a few instead of Hops. Tho' -I am always willing to yield to superior and -more powerful Reasons, yet I cannot help -thinking, that our <em>Chamelæagnus</em> may be very -commodiously substituted to the <em>Chinese Tea</em>. -Thus the <em>Scordium</em> of <em>Crete</em> is generally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> -thought the best of all others, for no other -Reason, but that it grows there. The <em>Germans</em> -and <em>Danes</em>, however, ceased to import -it from <em>Crete</em> and <em>Venice</em>, after they discovered -the true <em>Scordium</em>, and found large -Quantities of it produced in <em>Lapland</em>, which -also yielded great Plenty, not inferior to that -of <em>Asia</em>; so that we despise the <em>Asiatic</em>, in -comparison of our own. Thus, also, when -we found from Experience, that the Qualities -of our common <em>Wormwood</em>, were not inferior -to those of the <em>Wormwood</em> brought -from <em>Pontus</em> and <em>Rome</em>, we ceased to bring it -from these Places, and wisely used our own. -<cite>Hoffman</cite>, in <cite>Lib. 2. de Med. Offic.</cite> §. 5. tells -us, "That these <em>European</em> Mountains which -are most exposed to a free Air, produce -the wild or common <em>Wormwood</em>; -whereas, those of the <em>Pontic</em> and <em>Roman</em> -Kinds, are only to be found in Gardens." -But how opposite is our Conduct with respect -to <em>Tea</em>, which, at great Expence and Trouble, -we bring from <em>Asia</em>, when large Quantities -of it are produced in <em>Europe</em>? It is certainly -unaccountable, and an unpardonable Folly, for -a Man, who is rich at Home, to go Abroad -and beg: Now, we are equally foolish, for -despising that Plenty we have at Home, and -purchasing, at a great Price, the <em>Chinese Tea</em>, -when its Virtues are almost destroyed, as I -shall afterwards demonstrate. Some Persons<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> -may, perhaps, reject my Sentiments, unless -they found an exact Agreement between the -Decoctions of <em>Chinese</em> and <em>Tartarian Tea</em>, and -the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, in Colour, Taste, Smell, -and other Qualities; and I doubt not in the -least, but they would find this Agreement, -provided our <em>Chamelæagnus</em> was gathered at -a proper Season, treated in the same Manner -with the <em>Chinese Tea</em>, and prepared in the -Method used by them. I would have tried -Experiments of this Kind, had not I wrote -this Treatise in the <em>Winter</em> Season; but I -thought a Delay of its Publication might be -attended with bad Consequences; since all -<em>Europe</em> has large Sums of Money annually -drained from it by the <em>Asiatic Tea</em>, I therefore -obtest, not only all Physicians, but also -others, fairly to examine, whether my Sentiments -and Reasonings on this Particular are -true, or only probable; for most Truths, according -to <cite>Cicero</cite>, have the Disadvantage to -be blended with Falshood and Error. But -some Persons may say I advance many -Things without establishing any. I own it -is so; for I am like the Images of <em>Mercury</em> -set up by the Highways of the Antients, -which pointed out the Road to others, without -ever entering it themselves. Perhaps -practical Physicians may blame me for making -the <em>Chamelæagnus</em> a Succedaneum for -the <em>Chinese Tea</em>; since it is sufficiently known<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> -that the former greatly affects the Head. I -own, indeed, I am subject to Error and Mistake, -as well as other Mortals: But I would -have these Physicians consider, that <cite>Trigautius</cite> -and <cite>Rhodius</cite> affirm, that the Leaves of -<em>Tea</em> resemble those of the <em>Myrtle</em>. Now, -the Leaves of the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, when arrived -at their full Growth in the <em>Summer</em>, are -so like those of the <em>Myrtle</em>, except that -these last are crenated at the Points, that the -one cannot be distinguished from the other. -They also produce an Effect similar to those -of the <em>Myrtle</em>; we must therefore compare -the <em>Chinese Tea</em>, the true <em>Myrtle</em>, and the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, -with one another, in order, from -this Comparison, to ascertain and determine -the Virtues and Faculties of the Leaves of -each of them. The Virtues and Faculties, -then, of <em>Tea</em>, according to <cite>Tulpius</cite>, are these -following: "It renders the Body vigorous, -and removes nephritic Pains, to which -none of the <em>Chinese</em> are, for this very Reason, -obnoxious. It carries off Pains and -Stuffings of the Head, Inflammations of -the Eyes, Defluxions, Difficulty of Breathing, -Weakness of the Stomach, Gripings -of the Intestines, and Weariness: It also -prevents Sleep, heats moderately, and by -constricting the Mouth of the Stomach, -hinders the Vapours from ascending to the -Head. This Liquor, when drank warm,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> -<cite>Trigautius</cite> thinks highly salutary in a great -many Cases." Though I do not deny -these Things, yet, when the <em>Chinese</em> assert, -that nothing is more conducive to the protracting -of Life to an extreme old Age than -<em>Tea</em>, they run into an Hyperbole, no less glaring -and ostentatious than that of <cite>Cicero</cite>, when describing -his own Return, in <cite>L. Calphurn. Pis.</cite> -"<em>Rome</em> herself, <em>says he</em>, seemed to move -from her Foundation, in order to contemplate -her returning Guardian and Preserver, -whom she received with such unbounded -and universal Joy, that even the -Walls and Temples of the City seemed to -rejoice." This Happiness of the <em>Chinese</em>, is -intirely owing to other Causes; for their Air is -clement, and their Regimen so temperate, as, -almost, to come up to that of the <em>Pythagoreans</em>; -though the <em>Tartars</em> cannot boast -either of such a Climate, or such Moderation. -But, with the <em>Europeans</em>, a fuller and more -copious Diet is used, which is therefore productive -of more Diseases: Hence, the incomparable -<cite>Bartholine</cite>, in <cite>Consil. Med. de -Cometa.</cite> gives the <em>Europeans</em> a most salutary -Advice, by recommending a spare and slender -Diet, and condemning a full and copious -Regimen: "Moderate eating of Flesh, <em>says -he</em>, is to be injoined; since Excess, in this -Respect, is the Origin of violent Putrefaction, -and various Disorders. Thus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> -<cite>Diogenes apud Porphyr. in Lib. I. de Abstinen.</cite> -used to say, that those who eat -much were generally Thieves, and Soldiers; -and such as eat Flesh were Sycophants and -Tale-Bearers. Hence the <cite>Quadragesimal</cite> -Fast, in <cite>Concil. Laodicen. Canon. 50.</cite> is ordered -to be kept with Bread, Salt, and -Water, as <cite>Christoph. Justellus</cite> explains -the Word Ξηροφαγία from <cite>Epiphanius</cite>:" -Hence the eating little Flesh, but somewhat -more Broth, is conducive to the Preservation -of Health: So that the slender, spare Diet of -the <em>Asiatics</em> protracts their Lives to extreme -old Age; whereas, the full and luxurious -Regimen of the <em>Europeans</em>, cuts them off, -before the natural Period of their Life is expired: -So happy a Tendency have a clement -Air, and a proper Regimen, if not to protract -Life, yet, at least, to preserve Health, -and prevent Diseases. Not only <em>Tea</em>, which -we have from the <em>East</em>, but also <em>Chocolate</em>, -which is imported from the <em>West Indies</em>, begins -to be famous: With respect to this -latter Commodity, the Reader may consult -<cite>Antonius Colmerus de Ledesma</cite>, whose Work -is translated from <em>Spanish</em> into <em>Latin</em>, by -<cite>Marcus Aurelius Severinus</cite>. But I proceed in -the History of <em>Tea</em>, which is possessed of admirable -Qualities; since, according to <cite>Rhodius</cite>, -"It relieves the Head, prevents Vapours, -and is a Specific against the <em>Hemi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>crania</em>; -since, when he was afflicted with -this, or any other Disorder of the Head, he -was, by drinking <em>Tea</em>, immediately relieved. -It also prevents Sleep, corroborates -the Stomach, purges the Kidnies from -Stones and Gravel; and, according to <cite>Varenius</cite>, -is of singular Efficacy in removing -the Uneasiness arising from previous Surfeits, -and all pituitous Disorders." <cite>Olearius</cite> -also affirms, that it is possessed of constrictive -and astringent Quality, and is highly -salutary to the Stomach, Lungs, Liver, -Blood, and all the human <em>Viscera</em>, which it -deterges and corroborates; that it expels the -Stone, removes Head-achs, and dries up all -superfluous and redundant Homours, which -occasion Laziness and Drowsiness. <cite>Johannes -Albertus von Mandelslo</cite> informs us, that -the Water impregnated with <em>Tea</em>, is not only -much admired by the <em>Indians</em>, but also -highly esteemed by the <em>Dutch</em>, who frequently -use it for evacuating Phlegm, corroborating -the Stomach, heating and strengthening -all the <em>Viscera</em>; and that he was convinced, -that by drinking three Times a-day, -large Quantities of <em>Tea</em>, which is of an astringent -Quality, he was freed from a violent -Uneasiness and <em>Diarrhœa</em> at <em>Surat</em>. <cite>Gulielmus -Leyl</cite> asserts, that it corroborates the -Stomach, and assists its concoctive Powers, -heats the Members, and removes all excre<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>mentitious -Humours, which it expels by -Urine, or in some other Manner; that it -removes the Gravel and Gout, as he experienced -in himself, when Governor of the -Camp of <em>Danisburg</em>, in the Island of <em>Cormandel</em>, -in the <em>East Indies</em>; that he was -racked with the Gout upon his Return into -<em>Europe</em>; that <em>Tea</em> removes Intoxication, renders -Men active in transacting Business, and -prevents Sleep. Though I do not in the -least doubt of the Truth of these Assertions, -yet I shall prove, that the true <em>Myrtle</em>, is -possessed of the same, and other excellent -Qualities; since it not only seems to be, but -really is, a Species of <em>Tea</em>. If, therefore, the -Leaves of the <em>Danish</em> and <em>German</em> Myrtle, -called <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, vary much among -themselves, and greatly resemble <em>Tea</em>, may -we not conclude, that the Leaves of <em>Tea</em>, -the <em>Myrtle</em>, and the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, also agree -in Virtues and Qualities. This is what I -now intend to evince. <cite>Hippocrates</cite>, therefore, -in order to shew the Efficacy of the -<em>Myrtle</em> in curing and removing Diseases, in -<cite>Lib. de Superfætat, Sect. 3.</cite> tells us, that -when the Mouth of the <em>Uterus</em> is præternaturally -constricted, it is opened by a Suffumigation, -for which Purpose, among other -Things, he orders green <em>Myrtle</em> Leaves contused. -He prescribes them green, and not -dry, because the former most abound with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> -Sulphur and volatile Parts; whereas the latter -contain little of these; but, on account -of their terrestrial, and somewhat hot Parts, -are violently drying; for which Crasis and -Diversity of Parts, as <em>Myrtle</em> is but gently, -or hardly, hot at all, <cite>Galen</cite> calls it cold. -This Effect, therefore, mentioned by <cite>Hippocrates</cite>, -evinces, that <em>Myrtle</em> consists of very -subtle Parts, and is of a highly drying Quality. -I am surprized, that the Writers of -the <em>Chinese</em> History, have not determined, -whether <em>Tea</em> was beneficial for both Sexes. -The same <cite>Hippocrates</cite>, in <cite>Lib. 1. de Morb. -Mulieb. Sect. 5. Ver. 6.</cite> among other Things -proper for expelling a corrupted <em>Fœtus</em>, prescribes -<em>Myrtle-Berries</em>, <em>Sweet Flag</em>, and <em>Lentiles</em>, -boiled in Wine, and, a little after, he recommends -<em>Pessary</em> of the Leaves of <em>Myrtle</em> for -the same Purpose: And in <cite>Lib. de Natur. Muliebr. -Sect. 5.</cite> he orders the Fruit of the <em>Black -Myrtle</em> macerated in Water, and mixed up -with fine Flower, to be exhibited as a Medicine -for rendering the Body soluble, and -opening the <em>Uterus</em>. <em>Galen</em> also, in <cite>Lib. 7. -Med. Simpl.</cite> informs us, "That <em>Myrtle</em> consists -of contrary and heterogeneous Substances, -that a cold and terrestrial Principle, -however, predominates in it, notwithstanding -which, it has a certain subtile -Heat, in consequence of which, it is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> -of an highly drying Nature: That the -Leaves, the Buds, the Fruit, and the -Juice, have different Degrees of Astringency; -that the dried Leaves are more -exsiccant than such as are green; and that -all Parts of the Plant are of an astringent -Quality, whether used internally or externally." -The same Author, in <cite>Lib. 2. de -Aliment. Facultat. Cap. 18.</cite> affirms, that, like -the Fruit of the <em>Juniper</em>, it nourishes little, -though it is possessed of a contrary Quality: -"For, <em>says he</em>, it is highly astringent; and, -for that Reason, stops Fluxes; but its -Coldness does not bear a Proportion to -the Degree of its Astringency." (Circumstances -which ought to be carefully adverted -to in investigating the Virtues of <em>Tea</em>, the -<em>Myrtle</em>, and the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>) "because -it is not only astringent, but also possessed -of a certain Acrimony. Besides, it is peculiar -to all Aliments, possessed of a strong -medicinal Quality, to lose that Quality," -(which Words I would have the Reader -carefully observe) "by boiling, roasting, or -Maceration; after which they afford but -little Nourishment, and before none at -all: This holds true in Onions and -Leeks." <cite>Diascorides</cite>, in <cite>Lib. 1. Cap. 156</cite>, -tells us, "That the <em>Myrtle</em> and its Seeds are -of an astringent Quality; and, that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> -Juice expressed from the green Berries, -produces the same Effects, is beneficial to -the Stomach, creates a Discharge of Urine, -and cures the Bites of venomous Spiders -and Scorpions, if drank in Wine." He -also informs us, that there are two Kinds of -<em>Myrtles</em>, in like Manner as there are two -Kinds of <em>Tea</em>, sent into <em>Europe</em>, by the <em>Chinese</em>. -<cite>Athenæus</cite>, in <cite>Deipnosophist. Lib. 15.</cite> -tells us, "That such of the <em>Greeks</em> as were -afflicted with Head-achs by drinking too -much Wine at their Feasts, stood in need -of a Remedy for their Disorder, which, -by a certain Instinct of Nature, they knew -to be most expeditiously removed by -Bundles of Flowers, and especially by -Garlands wore on the Head; for, according -to <cite>Andreas</cite>, when any one was seized -with an Head-ach, his Pain was forthwith -alleviated by tying it tight up:" -(This may be accounted for from <cite>Harvey's</cite> -late Discovery of the <cite>Circulation of the Blood</cite>) -"For this Reason they swathed the Heads -of those who had drank to Excess, with -a Crown wove of an hederaceous Plant, -which is plentifully produced without any -Culture, which is sufficiently beautiful, and -throws a grateful Shade over Forehead and -Eyes. For this Reason such Crowns seem -to have been dedicated to <em>Bacchus</em>, who -both invented Wine, and was supposed to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> -remove the Disorders produced by it: But, -in process of Time, Mankind became so -voluptuous, that they were not content to -have the Effects of Drunkenness removed -by this Disorder; but also sought to gratify -their Smell and Eyes. Then they -began to use a Crown of <em>Myrtle</em>, which is -astringent, and dispels the Exhalations of -Wine, or a Garland of Roses, which, in -some measure, alleviates the Pain of the -Head, and cools those who are overheated -by excessive Drinking: But over their -Cups, they never used the Laurel, which -is heating, and of a disagreeable Smell: -They also rejected Violets, which by their -Smell offend the Head, and every other -Thing, which could either create Uneasiness, -or produce Obstructions." And afterwards, -he declares himself of <cite>Philonis'</cite>s -Opinion, in the following Words: "But I -am intirely of the Sentiments of <cite>Philonis</cite>, -who affirmed, that a Crown of <em>Myrtle</em> -dispelled the Vapours of Wine, and a -Garland of <em>Roses</em> refrigerated and alleviated -the Pain of the Head." <cite>Bodæus, a Stapelen.</cite> -in <cite>Comment. Lib. 4. Hist. Plant. Theophr.</cite> -informs us, from <cite>Clemens Alexandrinus</cite>, -"that the <em>Myrtle</em> was efficacious for exciting -Laughter, which is represented as the Concomitant -of <em>Venus:</em>" And he adds, that -<em>Myrtle</em> was supposed to be so grateful to this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> -Goddess, that all who celebrated her Festivals, -were adorned with Crowns of it. The -same Author, from <cite>Athenæus</cite> informs us, that -the <em>Lesbians</em> crowned themselves with Wreaths -of <em>Myrtle</em> Twigs, which they called <em>Hypothymidæ</em>; -because, as he tells us, they refreshed -and revived the Brain by their grateful -Fragrance. Those who desire to know -more concerning the Virtues of the <em>Myrtle</em>, -may consult the <cite>Histor. Plantar. Universal. -Ebrodunens. Herbarior. Lib. 5. Cap. 1.</cite> -where, what we have advanced, is farther -confirmed, or similar Qualities of the <em>Myrtle</em> -ascertained. But we proceed to enquire into -the Virtues and Qualities of the <em>Myrtus -Brabantica</em>, or <em>Chamelæagnus</em>. Though a -great deal is not said of this Plant, which -<cite>Bauhine</cite> calls the <em>Rhus Myrtifolia Belgica</em>, -either by the antient or modern Botanists; -yet that it is possessed of singular Virtues, is -evinced from this, that <cite>Pliny</cite>, in <cite>Lib. 24. -Cap. 11.</cite> informs us, that the Herb called -<em>Rhus</em>, which, according to <cite>Clusius</cite> and <cite>Dodonæus</cite>, -is our <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, expels Poison, -and cures scalled Heads; a signal Proof, that -whether green, or dry, it abounds with a singular -volatile Salt and Sulphur; which is also -farther confirmed, partly by its acrid, tho' -not ungrateful Smell, and partly by the Effects -it produces. This is sufficiently confirmed -by the Authority of <cite>Dodonæus</cite>, who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> -speaks of its Qualities and Virtues in the following -Manner: "Its Seeds, <em>says he</em>, are intensely -hot and dry, almost in the third -Degree: Its Leaves are also hot and dry, -though in a much smaller Degree: Its -Fruit, which is prejudicial to the Brain, -when used in preparing Ale, which is -customary with many, renders the Ale -highly offensive to the Head, and soon -productive of Intoxication or Drunkenness. -The whole Shrub, and its Fruit, -when dried, and laid among Clothes, preserve -them from Moths and Worms." It -also banishes Dormice, as I have observed in -my <cite>Quadripartit. Botan.</cite> Besides, a certain -Person of great Distinction in <cite>Holstein</cite>, and a -Man of the strictest Veracity, informs me, -that the <em>Polanders</em> use our <em>Chamelæagnus</em> for -killing the Lice of their Hogs; for, if this -Plant is strewed under them in their Styes, -the Lice which infest them will be destroyed -in a few Hours; nor will their Nits ever -become alive. Besides, Serpents are never -found to have their Holes in those Forests, -which produce the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, nor are -they ever observed to come near it, much less -to creep through it, as I have been informed -by Forest-Keepers of great Veracity. It is -not, therefore, to be denied, but the <em>Chamelæagnus</em> -is an Herb of singular and excellent -Virtues, since it produces these, and a great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> -many other uncommon Effects. <cite>Dalechampius</cite>, -Author of the <cite>Herbarum Lugdunense</cite>, -in <cite>Cap. 1.</cite> gives us the following Account of -it: "The <em>Rhus Sylvestris Dodonæi</em>, and the -<em>Rhus Plinii</em> seems to be another Plant, -which is by some called the <em>Myrtus</em>, by -others the <em>Pseudomyrsine</em>, and the <em>Myrtus -Brabantica</em>. It is a low, woody, hard Plant, -with many Branches, which bear pretty -long Leaves, not unlike those of the <em>Box-Tree</em>. -Between the Branches rise many -Twigs, bearing, as it were, a great Number -of Ears, which are, at first, loaded -with many small Flowers, and afterwards -with a Congeries of many angular Seeds, -full of a certain pingueous Humour, of the -same bitter Taste with the Leaves, Flowers, -and Fruit, but of a pleasant grateful Smell. -The Inhabitants of <em>Roan</em> in <em>Normandy</em>, -whose dark and gloomy Forests produce -great Quantities of it, call it <em>Piment Royale</em>, -as it were <em>Melyssophyllum Regium</em>. The -Country People in <em>Summer</em> gather the -Branches loaded with the Leaves and -Seeds, tie them up in small Bundles, for -no other Purpose, but to give Clothes an -agreeable Scent, and hinder them from -being corroded by Worms and Moths. -Its highly bitter Taste evinces that it is -remarkably drying and discutient, and that -it is in a peculiar Manner adapted to kill<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> -and expel Worms, whether exhibited internally, -or applied externally: It flowers -in the Months of <em>May</em> and <em>June</em>, and -bears Fruit in <em>July</em> and <em>August</em>." An -anonymous Author, who makes some Additions -to <cite>Dodonæus</cite>, speaks of it in the following -Manner: "The <em>Gagel</em> has, in <em>English</em>, -the Appellation of Gold from the -Gold-coloured Flowers, or the clammy -sulphureous Matter lodged between the -Seeds and their Husks. <em>Gagel</em> is, by some, -esteemed a good Remedy, in all Cases, -wherein the true <em>Myrtus</em> is used; but this -Opinion is false: The Flowers and the -clammy sulphureous Substance lodged between -the Seeds, and their Husks, are, -by some, accounted good in Consumptions -and all other Disorders of the Breast. -These are also used in making Gold; -others use the whole Plant as an Antidote -against Poison. Some put <em>Gagel</em> into -Beer instead of Hops; whilst others put -it into Must, affirming, that it gives the -Wine an agreeable Flavour, without injuring -the Brain." These last Words excellently -describe those Virtues of the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, -in which it agrees with the <em>Chinese -Tea</em>, especially as the Author had before -informed us, that, in consequence of -its abounding with a viscid, yellowish Dew, -or roscid Sulphur, it was of a drying Qua<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>lity, -and that it has hitherto been despised, -as an Herb possessed of no other Virtues, -than that of intoxicating, when Ale is prepared -with it; and certainly, this Effect is -to be ascribed to no other Cause, than the -large Quantity of Sulphur contained in the -<em>Chamelæagnus</em>: But I am sensible, that I -am entering upon chymical Principles, -which I have fully explained in another -Work, when treating of malignant Fevers, -and especially the Nature, Genius, and Effects -of volatile Salts and Sulphurs. Now, as -no one has hitherto contradicted any of my -Opinions, I hope this seeming Paradox, with -respect to <em>Tea</em>, will meet with the like favourable -Reception; for, from the Comparison -instituted between the <em>Chinese Tea</em>, and -the true <em>Myrtle</em>, it is evident, that they -agree, not only in Form, but also in Virtues -and Faculties: And as, not only <em>Tea</em>, but -also the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, is like the true <em>Myrtle</em>, -and may be used as a Succedaneum to it, we -cannot doubt, but the <em>Chamelæagnus</em> is the -genuine <em>Cha</em> of the <em>Tartars</em>, or <em>Thee</em> of the -<em>Chinese</em>; and as I have sufficiently demonstrated -this, I hope the <em>Europeans</em> will not, -for the future, be so foolish, as to despise -the <em>Tea</em> produced in their own Climate, in -comparison of that which is brought from -<em>China</em>: Besides, that <em>Tea</em> is nothing else but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> -our <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, may be proved by the -following Syllogism.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - <p>Whatever Things agree in Form and Virtues, - are of the same Species:</p> - - <p>The <em>Cha</em> of the <em>Tartars</em>, the <em>Thee</em> of - the <em>Chinese</em>, and our <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, agree - in Form and Virtues:</p> - - <p>Therefore, they are all of the same Species - and Kind.</p> -</div> - -<p>But Physicians may object, that I am still bewildered, -and at a Loss; since the <em>Chinese Tea</em>, -and our <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, produce different Effects: -For, as all the Effects which the <em>Chinese</em> -or <em>Indians</em> ascribe to their <em>Tea</em>, seem to arise -from the Diversity of its Parts, some of which -are moderately warm, others excessively dry, -some gross, and some subtle: Hence, both -<em>Tea</em> and the true <em>Myrtle</em>, prevent Intoxication; -nay, an Infusion of <em>Tea</em> surprizingly keeps -those who drink it in <em>China</em>, from sleeping -for some Nights. It may, therefore, be objected -to me, that the <em>Chamelæagnus</em> is so far -from preventing or removing Drunkenness, -that it forthwith intoxicates the Person who -drinks the Ale in which it has been boiled; -but these Effects are as diametrically opposite -to each other, as those others are of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> -<em>Chinese Tea</em> removing an <em>Hemicrania</em>, and -Head-achs, and the <em>European Chamelæagnus</em> -exciting them: I answer, all this is true; -but, at the same time, it is to be remembered, -that <em>Galen</em> every where demonstrates, -of how great Efficacy, the Diversity -of Parts, in a compound Body, is; a memorable -Example of which he has given, in -<em>Acorns</em> arrived at perfect Maturity, in <cite>Tr. de -Composit. Medicament. Loc. 1. Lib. 6.</cite> I shall -not affirm, that this Diversity of Parts alone, -is sufficient to account for all the Effects -produced by Tea, and the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>: -But I am of Opinion, that both considered, -with respect to their whole Substance, and -the Mixture of Parts peculiar to each, act not -so much by their weak Heat, as by their -excellent drying Virtues; so that they produce -their respective Effects only by their -primary or secondary Qualities. But I can -easily prove, whence this Disagreement of -Qualities derives its Origin. We are, therefore, -to consider, that the <em>Chamelæagnus</em> -abounds with a Salt, and a glutinous Sulphur, -of which, according to <cite>Dodonæus</cite>, the Seeds -and Fruit cannot be destitute: But, I deny -that this Sulphur is, in the least, offensive to -the Brain and Nerves; and affirm, that like -the Wreaths of <em>Myrtles</em>, wore by the <em>Lesbians</em>, -it, by its Fragrance, comforts and -revives the Brain; for, if it was otherwise,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> -I do not see how Ministers and Ambassadors -to the Courts of <em>China</em>, should often, by -the Use of <em>Tea</em>, be enabled to attend Business -for whole Nights, without sleeping: This -Account, however, must either be confirmed, -or refuted, by Experience. <cite>Diogenes Laertius</cite> -informs us, that <em>Democritus</em>, when nothing -else could be of any Service to him, -protracted his Life three Days longer, only -by the refreshing Smell of Bread, newly -taken from an Oven. Thus, also, the moderate -Use of Wine revives, corroborates, -and, by its Sulphur, dries the Nerves; which -is sufficiently known by Dancers, who frequently -bath their Feet in Wine, in order to -strengthen them; and by Musicians, who -take the same Measures with their Hands: -And if other Persons would frequently bathe -their Feet and Hands with Wine, impregnated -either with <em>Rosemary</em>, <em>Sage</em>, or <em>Betony</em>, -it is incredible, how much it would contribute -to their Health. Besides, it may happen, -that, by this Means, malignant Disorders may -be prevented. This Redundance, therefore, -of a volatile Sulphur in the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, -which palpably affects the Smell of those -who walk in Copsy Ground, disturbs the -Brain, intoxicates, and produces Head-achs. -Thus, in Wine-Vaults, a Person is intoxicated -by drinking, sooner than elsewhere, -because the Wine, though contained in close<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> -Casks, sends forth sulphureous Exhalations, -which escape the Sight. It is certain, that -the <em>Tartars</em> import their <em>Cha</em>, or <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, -into <em>China</em>; but, it is not, to me, -probable, that they prepare it in the same -Manner with the <em>Chinese</em>: For, if we consider -the Customs and Regimen of the <em>Tartars</em>, -we find them intolerably addicted to -Drunkenness; notwithstanding which, they -are very robust and hardy: Hence, if they -eat Herbs crude, and also boiled, as they do -their <em>Baltracan</em>, it is probable, they toast -their <em>Cha</em>, or dry it, and use it, whether after -a <em>Crapula</em>, or not, and whether they are afflicted -with a Pain of the Head, or not; provided -they are intoxicated with it, as the -Country People of <em>Europe</em> are with the <em>Chamelæagnus</em> -In order to correct this intoxicating -Quality of the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, the <em>Chinese</em> -gather the Leaves in the <em>Spring</em>, and -not in the <em>Summer</em>: Now, it is sufficiently -certain, from chemical Observations, that the -sulphureous Parts of Herbs are easily exhaled. -This was well enough known to <em>Galen</em>, since, -in <cite>Lib. de Aliment. Facultat. Cap. 18.</cite> he -tells us, that the drastic Qualities of Substances, -that is, their saline, sulphureous, and volatile -Parts, are corrected, or drawn out by -boiling, roasting, or Maceration. Hence, -the <em>Chinese</em> toast, or carefully dry their <em>Tea</em>, -in a Stove; after which, they macerate it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> -for a Quarter of an Hour in warm Water, -but do not boil it, lest, by that Means, it -should be deprived of all its Virtues: Thus, -it is sufficiently known, that <em>Rhubarb</em> is deprived -of its purgative Qualities by toasting -it, and <em>Alexandrian Senna</em> by being boiled, -and strongly expressed. If, therefore, as I before -hinted, the <em>Europeans</em> would imitate -the <em>Chinese</em>, they would only use those Leaves -of the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, which are gathered in -the <em>Spring</em>; but not the Shrub itself, nor the -Flowers, nor Seeds, boiled in Ale instead of -Hops; for the Leaves ought only to be macerated: -Nor is it probable, that the <em>Chamelæagnus</em> -would intoxicate so soon, if it was intirely -deprived of its Seeds; for this Effect is -produced by the Sulphur which abounds in -other Herbs and Shrubs, as well as the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, -and is sometimes more, and -sometimes less volatile, or fixed: Thus, the -Scent of the Heart of the <em>Moschatella</em> is intirely -lost, by being frequently smelled. The -<em>Geranium Moschatum</em> also, has this peculiar -to itself, that when it appears half withered, -it emits no Smell; but sends forth a strong -one when gently rubbed between the Hands; -for if it should be bruised, the Labour would -be lost. <em>Rue</em> also contains so volatile a Sulphur, -that, when it is dry, it has almost no -Colour, whilst its Seeds are oleous and sulphureous. -<em>Wormwood</em> holds a Kind of Medium,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> -consisting of one highly volatile Principle, -which greatly affects the Head; for which -Reason some would have it washed in warm -Water before it is used for the Preparation -of the <em>Vinum Absinthites</em>, and another of a -more fixed Nature; as also a volatile and -fixed Salt: Thus, also, <em>Garlick, Mother of -Thyme</em>, and especially the <em>Laurel</em>, abound -in Sulphur, as well as the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, in -which, indeed, it is more slowly and difficultly -consumed, than in the others. When, -in order to investigate the Virtues and Faculties -of the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, I kindled some -Part of it, together with the Seeds; it did -not burn suddenly, like the <em>Juniper</em>, but -slowly, like the <em>Beech</em>, with certain Noises, -or Kinds of Explosions, intermixed. The -Smoak, which filled the whole Laboratory, -was of an acrid Smell, highly resembling -that of the kindled Twigs of the <em>Beech</em>: -Hence, we infer, that the <em>Chamelæagnus</em> -contains a large Quantity of Sulphur and -volatile Salt. From these Reasonings and -Experiments, I think it is sufficiently obvious, -that it is, upon account of the grateful -and duly corrected Sulphur of the <em>Chinese -Chamelæagnus</em>, that the Brain is so much -refreshed, and that Persons who use it in -<em>China</em>, can, without any Loss, sit up whole -Nights in transacting Business; a memorable -Instance of this we have in <cite>Alexander Rhodius</cite>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> -who always had Disorders of his Head removed -by drinking it: Whereas, the <em>European -Chamelæagnus</em>, especially that which -is full grown, and abounds with Seeds and -Flowers, when boiled in Ale, intoxicates -those who drink such Ale, procures Sleep, and -excites Head-achs. These Circumstances, -when impartially weighed, will vindicate -me from Partiality, when I despise the costly -<em>Chinese Chamelæagnus</em>, and, in its stead, substitute -our own, a Shrub of uncommon and -excellent Qualities against Poison, and the -Bites of Serpents: Since, according to <cite>Pliny</cite>, -these noxious Animals cannot endure the -Smell of it. These Virtues of the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, -we can teach the <em>Asiatics</em>, but can -hardly believe that, by Virtue of their <em>Tea</em>, -Persons may sit up all Night, without sustaining -any Loss.</p> - -<p>Every one is convinced that two Kinds -of <em>Tea</em> are sold in the Shops, one of a blackish -Colour, and the other of a faint Green; -the one pretty much, and the other far less -crenated: This Variation of the <em>Chinese Tea</em>, -I can sufficiently account for; since <cite>Tulpius</cite> -tells us, that the Leaves of the <em>Chinese Tea</em> -are of a dark green Colour; whereas those -produced in <em>Japan</em> are of a fainter Colour, -and more grateful Taste; for which Reason, -one Pound of the latter is, in the <em>Indies</em>, fre<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>quently -sold for an Hundred <em>Libræ</em> of Silver, -or, according to <cite>Trigautius</cite>, only for ten or -twelve <em>Nobles</em>. Notwithstanding this, the -Shopkeepers of <em>Amsterdam</em> and <em>Hamburg</em> sell -a Pound of this Commodity for eight <em>Nobles</em>, -as I have often before observed.</p> - -<p>I cannot, on this Occasion, forbear recommending -the Conduct of <cite>Oluis Wormius</cite>, -who, in his <cite>Musæum, Lib. 2. Cap. 14.</cite> informs -us, that he macerated a certain Quantity -of both Kinds of <em>Tea</em>, in warm Water, -and found the Leaves of the one, when spread, -of a dark green Colour, crenated like <em>Rose-Tree</em> -Leaves, oblong, and about an Inch in -Length. Mr. <em>Harford</em>, the King's Apothecary, -made me a Present of two large Boxes full -of <em>Tea</em>, of different Colours: In the one -Box, which contained the green, I found -neither Stalks, nor Flowers, nor Seeds of the -Plant, but only the Leaves; but, in turning -over the <em>Bohea Tea</em>, contained in the -other Box, I found three Stalks, so nearly -resembling those of the <em>Myrtle</em>, that, not -only Mr. <cite>Harford</cite> and I, but also some others, -thought that they might be justly accounted -the Stalks of the <em>Myrtle:</em> This, in so dubious -a Case, is a pretty strong Argument, -that <em>Bohea Tea</em> is adulterated with <em>Myrtle</em>, -which may, very properly, be substituted, in -its stead, or rather exactly agrees with it.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> -This blacker Species of <em>Tea</em>, or <em>Myrtle</em>, is -far cheaper among the <em>Indians</em> than the -green Kind. The celebrated <cite>Olaus Wormius</cite>, -on account of the vast Diversity in the Leaves -of <em>Tea</em>, suspects that the Leaves of some -other Plant are often sold in their Stead. -This also, as I before observed, often happens -with respect to <em>Tobacco</em>. That I might -not, however, be charged with Rashness, or -falsly accusing the <em>Asiatics</em> of Fraud, I thought -it incumbent upon me, attentively to view -the <em>Chinese Tea</em>; for which Purpose, I ordered -Mr. <cite>Harford</cite>'s two Apprentices, to -pick out some of the largest, and most perfect -<em>Tea</em> Leaves, to be macerated in warm Water, -and then spread and unfolded: Accordingly -they shewed me ten, which were neither -lacerated, nor torn; and two of the most -perfect of which were accurately engraved -by <cite>Albert Halwey</cite>, the King's Engraver. See -<cite>Histor. Cochlear. 4. Class. Quadripartit. Botantic</cite>. -These Leaves were of different Shapes -and Bulks, but so like those of the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, -that the one could hardly be distinguished -from the other. The Leaves of -the green Kind seemed to be produced by an -Herb, or Shrub, of a quite different Species -from the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, the Leaves of which, -when gathered small, and in the <em>Spring</em>, -make, in my Opinion, the most genuine -<em>Tea</em>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span></p> - -<p>But though I have before shewn, from the -Authority of <cite>Bauhine</cite>, that the Leaves of -one and the same <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, sport and -vary considerably from each other; yet, I -would not, because this may also probably -happen to the <em>Chinese Tea</em>, have any one -infer, that, in <em>China</em>, the <em>Tea</em>, which some -maintain to be the <em>Cha</em> of the <em>Tartars</em>, is -not adulterated. I am, indeed, of Opinion, -that it is adulterated, but never either affirmed, -or so much as intended to insinuate, that Nature -sported and varied so in the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, -either of the <em>Tartars</em>, or <em>Europeans</em>, -as to produce Leaves of a different Species: -Nor is this Variation, and Sporting of Nature, -surprizing in the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>; since -it is equally, if not more, palpable, in Prunes -of different Colours, Peaches, Apricots, -sweet and bitter Almonds, and the Leaves -produced by these Trees. I have often carefully -viewed and turned over all the three -Thousand Plants, with which my Repository -is enriched, in order to see whether any of -them resembled the spurious <em>Chinese Tea</em>, or -that with which the genuine is adulterated; -and I found the Leaves of two Shrubs highly -similar to those of the spurious <em>Tea</em>: The -one is by <cite>Carolus Clusius</cite> in <cite>Lib. 5. Rarior. -Plantar. Histor. Cap. 20.</cite> called <em>Pyrola quarta -Fruticans</em>; and <cite>Bauhine</cite>, in his <cite>Pinax</cite>, calls -it the <em>Pyrola Frutescens Arbuti Folio</em>: The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> -other is a Shrub, called by <cite>Clusius</cite>, in <cite>Lib. -1. Histor. Plant. Cap. 53</cite>, the <em>Spiræa Theophrasti</em>, -and by <cite>Bauhine</cite>, <em>Frutex Spicatus -Foliis Salignis Serratus dictus</em>.</p> - -<p>As it was expedient to compare my Description -of the <em>Chinese Tea</em> with those which -<cite>Dodonæus</cite> gives of the Herb <em>Betony</em>, and the -<em>Chamelæagnus</em>; so, in this Place, I think it -proper to insert the Descriptions which <cite>Clusius</cite> -has given of the <em>Pyrola Fruticans</em>, and -the <em>Spiræa Theophrasti</em>; the former of which -he describes in the following Manner: "One -Genus of this Plant is sometimes of a -shrubby Nature; for new, short, and small -Branches springing up every Year, remain -firm and green for some Years, and rise -above the Earth, till by their own Weight -they bend downwards, hide themselves in -the Ground, and sometimes send out fibrous -Roots. Two, three, or four small carnous -Leaves generally grow between the -Nods: The superior Parts of these Leaves -are of a deep green Colour, and shining, -whilst, in Form and Bulk, they almost -resemble those of the <em>Chamædaphne</em>, or -<em>Laureola</em>, only they are serrated about the -Edges, and of an highly drying and bitterish -Taste, like the Leaves of the other -Species of <em>Pyrolæ</em>." These last Words -ought carefully to be adverted to. The same<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> -<cite>Clusius</cite>, in <cite>Lib. 1.</cite> in <cite>Rarior Plantar. Histor.</cite> -describes the <em>Spiræa</em> in the following -Manner: "It rises to about the Height of -two Cubits, with small Branches, or -Twigs, covered with a reddish Bark. Among -these Branches arise, without any -Order, numerous, long, and narrow -Leaves, resembling those of the Willow, -serrated about the Edges, with their superior -Surfaces of a faint green, and their -inferior as if they were besprinkled with -Verdegrease: They are of a drying and -kind of bitter Taste." The last Words -of this Description are also to be carefully -adverted to, since the Leaves of <em>Tea</em> are not -only serrated, but also of a drying and bitter -Taste. As, therefore, the <em>Pyrola Fruticans</em> -of <cite>Clusius</cite>, and the <em>Spiræa</em> of <cite>Theophrastus</cite>, -and especially the former, are of a drying and -bitterish Taste, it is highly probable, that -the <em>Chinese Tea</em> may be adulterated with one, -or both of these; especially, since they not -only greatly resemble each other in Form, -but also in Taste. A Cut of one Leaf of the -<em>Pyrola</em>, I have annexed to the Description -of <em>Scurvy-Grass</em>, in my <cite>Quadripartitium</cite>, -No. 9. and another of a <em>Tea-Leaf</em>, produced -in <em>China</em>. As for a Cut of the <em>Spiræa</em>, the -Curious may have recourse to <cite>Clusius</cite>, or -they may find one Leaf of it accurately engraved -in Plate 2, of this Work; where<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> -two Leaves of <em>Chinese Tea</em> are engraved. -The larger of these is so like the <em>Spiræa</em> -of <cite>Theophrastus</cite>, both in Length, Breadth, -Bulk, the Course of the Veins, and the Disposition -of the Crenations, that there is hardly -the smallest Possibility of distinguishing -the one from the other: But both these -Leaves are vastly unlike to that <em>Tea</em> Leaf -which, in No. 7. of the last cited Plate, I -ordered to be engraved, with the <em>Cochlearia -Danica</em>: But the other small uncrenated -Leaf is like the <em>Chinese Tea</em>, as the latter is like -the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, which, as I have already -observed, sports and varies very surprizingly -in its Leaves: This latter, I take to be genuine -<em>Tea</em>; whereas, I am of Opinion, that -the former, resembling the <em>Spiræa</em>, is spurious. -Since, therefore, both <em>Tartary</em> and -<em>China</em>, abound with the <em>Pyrola</em>, and the -<em>Spiræa</em> of <cite>Theophrastus</cite>, I think we have just -Reason to conclude, that all the Leaves -sold among us for <em>Tea</em>, have not been gathered -from one Species of Shrub, or Herb, but -are adulterated with those of the <em>Pyrola</em>, the -<em>Spiræa</em>, or some other Shrub; among which, -we may justly reckon the <em>Rhus</em>, or <em>Sumach</em>, -on account of the Similarity of its Leaves, -Flowers, Taste, and Bulk; though I am -sensible, that the celebrated <cite>Bauhine</cite>, in his -<cite>Pinax</cite>, has placed it among the Species of -<em>Agnus Castus</em>, and made it a Kind of inter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>mediate -Plant, between the <em>Vitex</em> and <em>Ligustrum</em>, -calling it Frutex <em>Spicatus Foliis Salignis -serratis</em>. In consequence of this, it -seems dubious to what Kind of Shrubs it is -principally to be referred: Its Flowers grow -in a spicated Order, on the Tops of the -Twigs, like those of the <em>Agnus Castus</em>; so -that the <em>Spiræa</em> very much resembles the -<em>Vitex</em>: But, when the Flowers, and crenated -Leaves of the <em>Spiræa</em>, are accurately viewed, -we find, that it is more justly referred to the -<em>Rhus</em>, or <em>Sumach</em>, than to any other Species -of Shrub. As neither <cite>Theophrastus</cite>, <cite>Clusius</cite>, -nor <cite>Bodæus a Stapelen</cite>, have mentioned its -Virtues, I shall not assert that they agree exactly -with these of the <em>Chinese Tea</em>; only, -it is highly probable, that the <em>Chinese Tea</em> is -adulterated with the <em>Spiræa</em>, either by the -<em>Asiatic</em> or <em>European</em> Dealers. Avarice has -not only prompted People to this Piece of -Fraud, but also to lodge <em>Tobacco</em> in Office-Houses, -in order to render it more acrid. -In order to evince how like the <em>Chinese</em>, or -<em>Japonese Tea</em> is to the <em>Spiræa</em>, I refer the -Reader to <cite>Tab. 1. Fig. 6, & 7</cite>, the former -of which is a Leaf of <em>Tea</em>, and the latter -that of the <em>Spiræa</em>.</p> - -<p>Happening one Day to visit <cite>Hieronymus -Molmanus</cite>, a learned Jesuit, to whom I communicated -my Paradox about <em>Tea</em>; that Gen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>tleman, -upon my commending <cite>Trigautius</cite> -and <cite>Rhodius</cite>, ordered me to read <cite>Martini -Martinii novus Atlas Sinensis</cite>, as the best and -latest Account of the <em>East Indies</em>, or rather -of <em>China</em>. When I found this Work, I was -glad to meet with a Description of the <em>Cha</em>, -in the Account of the Town <em>Hojechu</em> in <em>Nanquin</em>, -in which the Author affirms, that it is -no where better and more valuable. <cite>Martinius</cite> -informs us, that the <em>Chinese Tea</em> belongs -to the <em>Rhus</em>, and is highly similar to it: -But this <em>Rhus</em>, as I have already shewn from -<cite>Pliny</cite>, <cite>Clusius</cite>, <cite>Dodonæus</cite>, and <cite>Dalechampius</cite>, -is the same with our <em>Chamelæagnus</em>. Hence, -it is not only obvious in itself, but confirmed -by the Authority of <cite>Martinius</cite>, that -the <em>Chinese</em> are guilty of Fraud and Imposture -in adulterating their <em>Tea</em>.</p> - -<p>The Description which <cite>Martinius</cite> gives -of the <em>Thee</em>, is as follows: "The Leaves, -most commonly known by the Name of -<em>Cha</em>, are no where more valuable, than in -the Province of <em>Nanquin</em>; and, for the -Sake of the Curious, I shall describe them -as briefly as possible. The Leaf is exactly -similar to that produced by the <em>Rhus Coriaria</em>; -and I am apt to think the former -is a certain Species of the latter, though -the <em>Thee</em> is not wild, but cultivated, is not -a Tree, but a Kind of Shrub, sending forth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> -various small Branches: The Flowers of -the one do not much differ from those -of the other, except that those of the -latter are of a more yellowish White than -those of the former. The <em>Tea</em> flowers in -the <em>Spring</em>, and the Flower emits a gently -fragrant Smell. It is succeeded by a green -Berry, which soon assumes a blackish Colour: -The tender Leaves appearing in -the <em>Spring</em>, are thought best. These, -when gathered, they put into an Iron -Pan, over a slow Fire, and heat them a -little; then they put them in a thin fine -Cloth, and again expose them to the Fire, -till they are intirely dry, and shrunk up. -When thus prepared, they generally keep -them close stopped leaden Vessels, in order -to prevent Evaporation, and the free Access -of the Air. After they have been kept a long -Time, they resume their primitive Verdure, -and expand themselves when put into boiling -Water, in which they produce a greenish -Colour, and communicate to it a pretty -grateful Taste, especially to those who are -accustomed to drink it. The <em>Chinese</em> -greatly extol the Virtues of this warm Liquor, -which they frequently use by Day -and Night, making it the common Entertainment -for Strangers and Visitors. -The Price is very various, since a Pound -ascends from an Halfpenny, to two, or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> -more, <em>Nobles</em>: To this Liquor, it is -principally said to be owing, that the -<em>Chinese</em> are never afflicted with the Gout -and Stone. When drank after Meals, it -removes Crudity and Indigestion, for it -greatly assists Concoction: It affords Relief -after hard Drinking, and Surfeits of -every Kind; for it is of a drying Quality, -removes superfluous Humours, expels somniferous -Vapours, and prevents Drowsiness -and Oppression in those who incline -to study: It has various Names in <em>China</em>, -according to the Places where it is produced, -and the different Prices of it. The -best in <em>Nanquin</em>, is generally called <em>Sunglocha</em>. -For a farther Account, the Curious -may consult <cite>Rhodius de Regno Tunking</cite>." -<cite>Martinius</cite> also informs us, that -the City <em>Luchen</em>, in the Province of <em>Kiangnan</em>, -is celebrated both for the great Quantities, -and the Goodness of its <em>Tea</em>.</p> - -<p>I could heartily wish, that all the practical -Physicians in <em>Europe</em> would concur to -giving a Sanction to this Doctrine by their -Practice; for, besides the Testimonies of -<cite>Trigautius</cite> and <cite>Rhodius</cite>, I am certain from -Experience, that the <em>Cha</em> is the <em>Rhus Coriaria</em>, -or a certain Species of it, whose Qualities -and Marks are known from what has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> -been already said. I do not, in the least, -doubt, but the <em>Cha</em> of the <em>Tartars</em>, or the -<em>Thee</em> of the <em>Chinese</em>, is our <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, -or <cite>Pliny</cite>'s Herb <em>Rhus</em>; especially since <cite>Clusius</cite>, -in <cite>Auctar. Exoticor. Libror</cite>. expresly -asserts, that from the Cuts of some <em>Chinese</em> -Books, which <cite>Pavius</cite> and <cite>Joseph Scaliger</cite> -received in a Present from some <em>East India</em> -Merchants, though coarsely engraved, he -perceived that many <em>Chinese</em> Plants are exactly -similar to some of those produced in -<em>Europe</em>. This Circumstance renders it highly -probable, that <em>China</em> which borders upon -<em>Tartary</em>, produces our <em>Chamelæagnus</em>. I am -heartily sorry, however, that I have not had -an Opportunity of conversing with <cite>Martinius</cite> -on this Subject, since, according to -<cite>Galen</cite>, in <cite>Lib. de Compos. Med. Cap. 3.</cite> reading -an Author's Works, is not so satisfactory, -as a personal Conversation with him. -However, as I have only followed Reason, -and the Course of my own Thoughts, I -hope I shall have no Cause to repent my -Labour; since, according to <cite>Cornelius Tacitus</cite>, -in <cite>Annal. 15.</cite> many Things are obtained -by Experiments and Efforts, which, to the -lazy and sluggish Part of Mankind, seemed -highly difficult, if not impossible. Thus the -<em>Romans</em>, by Bravery and Activity, raised their -originally petty State, to a most extensive<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> -and powerful Empire. <em>Columbus</em> discovered -<em>America</em> by Reading and making Efforts -for that Purpose. <em>Copernicus</em>, and <em>Ticho -Brahe</em>, by their extensive Acquaintance with -Mathematics, discovered and demonstrated -many important Things, unknown to our -Forefathers. The illustrious <cite>Hoffman</cite>, in -<cite>Paralcip. Officinal</cite>, when giving a noble -Scope to his Imagination, in the Investigation -of Mineral Waters, tells us, that the -advancing probable Things, is an Advantage -to the Cause of Truth, and was always -looked upon as such by <cite>Plato</cite>, <cite>Aristotle</cite>, <cite>Galen</cite>, -and all other Philosophers. Notwithstanding -the incomparable Learning and -Industry of <cite>Martinius</cite>, I cannot comprehend -some Things in his Description of -<em>Tea</em>; for I cannot conceive why he asserts, -that the <em>Rhus Coriaria</em> is not wild, but cultivated -among the <em>Chinese</em>; since <cite>Matthiolus</cite>, -<cite>Bauhine</cite>, and <cite>Hoffman</cite>, do not, with <cite>Galen</cite>, -make a Distinction between the <em>Rhus Coriaria</em>, -and <em>Culinaria</em>, which, by <cite>Trigautius</cite> -and <cite>Rhodius</cite>, is called the <em>Cha</em>, or <em>Thee</em>; -but if <cite>Martinius</cite> had mentioned the <em>Myrtle</em>, -I should have conjectured, that he followed -other Botanists, who exclude the <cite>Myrtus Sylvestris -Dioscoridis</cite>, in the Shops known by -the Name <em>Ruscus</em>, or <em>Bruscus</em>, from the -Species of true <em>Myrtles</em>. Thus <cite>Marcellus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> -Virgilius</cite>, in <cite>Comment. in Dioscorid. Lib. 1. -Cap. 132.</cite> makes a great Difference between -them in the following Passage: "The -<em>Myrtus Sativa</em> of <cite>Pliny</cite>, which I describe -in this Chapter, is not like other Plants, -sown in continued Tracts of Ground; -and though it thrives better in Gardens, -than in uncultivated Soils, this is not the -only Difference between it and the <em>Myrtus -Agrestis</em>, which is a Plant of an intirely -different Kind, which the <em>Greeks</em> -call <em>Oxymyrsene</em>, and the <em>Latins</em>, <em>Ruscus</em>; -for, upon Comparison, the <em>Myrtle</em> is -milder than the <em>Ruscus</em>, whose cuspidated -Leaves are pricking and sharp. It is, -however, certain, that the <em>Ruscus</em> was, -by some of the Antients, called <em>Myrtus -Sylvestris</em>." I do not remember, that any -Botanist has brought such a Charge against -our <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, since it is universally enumerated -among the Species of true <em>Myrtle</em>, -though of the wild Kind. The Reason -why <cite>Martinius</cite> calls the <em>Chamelæagnus</em> a -cultivated Plant, as I suppose, is, because -the <em>Chinese</em>, seeing us so fond of <em>Tea</em>, have -begun to cultivate it, in order to draw the -Profits arising from it, just as the <em>Europeans</em> -do the Vine, for the Sake of the Grapes, -the <em>Persians</em> the <em>Mulberry-Tree</em>, for the Silk; -the Inhabitants of <em>Narbon</em> and <em>Provence</em>, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> -<em>Ilex Coceigera</em>, for the Sake of the <em>Cochineal</em>; -or the <em>Americans</em> the <em>Tobacco</em>, on account of -the large Quantities of it imported into <em>Europe</em>. -As <cite>Trigautius</cite> thinks it not impossible -for <em>Tea</em> to grow in some Parts of <em>Europe</em>, -and as <cite>Rhodius</cite> affirms, that the <em>Chinese</em> are -as busy in the Time of gathering their <em>Tea</em>, -as the <em>Europeans</em> are in their Harvest; so, -it is probable, that some Tracts of Land -may be sown with <em>Tea</em> in <em>China</em>; notwithstanding -which, it is more agreeable -to the usual Way of speaking, to call <em>Tea</em> -rather a wild, than cultivated Shrub. The -<em>Chinese</em> also, according to <cite>Rhodius</cite>, do not -gather all the Leaves produced by the Shrub, -but only such as appear first in the <em>Spring</em>, -and are soft and tender, which they also -gather, one after another. Hence I infer, -that the Leaves in the <em>Summer</em>, are very unlike -those in the <em>Spring</em>, which is also observed -in those of our <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, with -respect to Softness, Smoothness, and Colour; -so that it is not to be wondered at, if the -<em>Chinese Chamelæagnus</em> appears milder than -our own; since they collect, prepare, and -dry theirs in a quite different Manner from -us: "For, first, they put it in an Iron -Pan, and warm it gently over a slow Fire; -then, they wrap it up in a smooth, thin -Cloth, and again expose it to the Fire, till<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> -it is corrugated, and shrivelled up." Hence -it is, that our <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, when macerated -in warm Water, is of a different Colour, -Taste, and Smell from the <em>Chinese Tea</em>, -though their Effects are the same, only those -of the former are stronger and more considerable -than those of the latter. If, therefore, -in our Country, the <em>Chamelæagnus</em> was -gathered with the same Circumstances, Pains, -and Precautions observed by the <em>Chinese</em>, I -doubt not but it would be equal to, their -<em>Tea</em>; for if the same Measures are not taken -in the Preparation of the same Herb, -how is it possible, that it should produce similar -and uniform Effects, especially if the one -is gathered in the <em>Spring</em>, and the other in -the End of the <em>Summer</em>: The one artificially -dried in the House, and the other dried in -the open Air by the Heat of the Sun; the -one collected when it begins to appear, and -other when the Plant is full of a roscid, sulphureous -Dew, and bears Flowers, and Seeds. For -this Reason, <cite>Scherbius</cite> justly observes, "That -when many Things concur to the Production -of the same Effect; all these -Things ought to be exactly the same." -<cite>Hoffman</cite>, in <cite>Comment. Lib. 7.</cite> represents this -Doctrine in the following accurate and beautiful -Manner: "Individual Objects often -appear to our Senses to have no Difference;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> -whereas, a very considerable one is observed -in their Effects. This Circumstance -constitutes that Individuality, which -cannot be described, and which, I remember, -<cite>Scherbius</cite>, my old Master, used to illustrate -by the following <em>Simile</em>: If a Bell-Founder -should make twenty small Bells, -of the same Metal, in the same Mould, -at the same Time, and in the same Place; -yet the Sound of no one of them will -be perfectly similar to that of another. -What can be the Cause of this Variation? -The Artist, the Mould, the Metal, and -the Fire, concur to produce the same -Effects, which, however, is not obtained. -Besides, if we were carefully to examine -these Bells by the Sight, the Touch, the -Weight and other Circumstances, we can -discover no Difference; which, however, -is sufficiently evinced by the Sound. Some -Things, said my Matter, can neither -be described, nor expressed, and of this -Kind are these Differences. Perhaps, in -this Case, there is not an equable Thickness -of the Metal, because the Fire has -not equably pervaded all its Particles. Perhaps -the Surface is not every where smooth -because the fused Metal might have been in -some Parts more refrigerated than in others: -and perhaps, there maybe other Variations;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> -for, unless all Circumstances exactly concur, -the same Sound cannot be produced -in all the Bells." I have quoted this -Passage from <cite>Hoffman</cite>, lest any Person, observing -some Differences between our <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, -and the <em>Chinese</em>, or <em>Tartars Tea</em>, -should forthwith doubt,—whether they are -Shrubs of the same Species, as I have already -proved them to be. The <em>Chinese Tea</em>, therefore, -and our <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, are Shrubs of -the same Species; though, for the former, -we go beyond the <em>Cape of Good Hope</em>, into -<em>China</em>, cross the <em>Equator</em> four Times in every -Voyage, and expose ourselves to uncommon -Hardships and Dangers, in order to bring -Home the Leaves of an unknown Shrub, -which has not the same Virtues and Qualities -for which the <em>Chinese Tea</em> is celebrated -in <em>China</em>, and to which our <em>European Betony</em> -is preferable. Since, therefore, the <em>Chamelæagnus</em> -is now sufficiently known, we -have no more Occasion for <em>Tea</em> from <em>China</em>, -than we have for <em>Arum</em> from <em>Asia</em>, <em>Wormwood</em> -from <em>Pontus</em>, or <em>Scordium</em> from <em>Crete</em>.</p> - -<p>I now proceed to consider the peculiar -Virtues commonly supposed to reside in <em>Tea</em>, -but which I assert are equally to be found -in <em>European</em> Plants; for the <em>Chinese</em> are -guilty of a fulsome Exaggeration, when they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> -assert that it has a Tendency to prolong -Life. The Virtues, then, of the <em>Tea</em>, seem -to be most accurately described by <cite>Rhodius</cite> -and <cite>Martinius</cite>, who seem to have reduced -them to three Heads; the first of which, -according to <cite>Rhodius</cite>, is, that it alleviates -Pains of the Head, and represses Vapours: -The second, that it corroborates the Stomach: -And, the third, that it expels the -Stone and Gravel from the Kidneys. These -Virtues are, by <cite>Martinius</cite>, recited in the -following Order: To the drinking of this -warm Liquor, it is said to be owing, that -the <em>Chinese</em> are Strangers to the Gout and -Stone. When drank after Meals, it removes -Crudities and Indigestion. When exhibited -to drunken Persons, it affords them Relief, -and prevents the bad Consequences of Surfeits; -for it is of a drying Nature, carries off -superfluous Humours, expels somniferous -Vapours, and removes the languid State of -Students, who are oppressed by long Application. -These Virtues are, at present, to be -carefully examined. I shall not here speak -of those Qualities, which are the Result of -its Temperature; since I before evinced, that -the whole Substance of the <em>Tea</em> was grateful -to the Brain; but at the same time -shewed, from a singular Observation, that -<em>Betony</em> was possessed of the same Virtues and -Qualities.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span></p> - -<p>First, then, it is asserted of <em>Tea</em>, that it -removes the bad Consequences of Surfeits, -because it is of a drying Nature, and carries -off superfluous Humours: The same Effects -are also produced by <em>Betony</em>: But as for the -Expulsion of somniferous Vapours, and removing -the languid State of hard Students; -these Properties are more frequently ascribed -to the true <em>Myrtle</em>, than to <em>Betony</em>; which, -however, as we shall afterwards shew, is -also recommended against Intoxication.</p> - -<p>The second Virtue of <em>Tea</em> macerated in -warm Water, is, that it corroborates the -Stomach; which Effect is also remarkably -produced by <em>Betony</em>.</p> - -<p>The third Virtue it is said to be possessed -of, is, that it frees the Kidneys from Stones -and Gravel; for which Reason, according -to <cite>Martinius</cite>, the <em>Chinese</em> are Strangers to -nephritic and arthritic Disorders. <em>Betony</em> -remarkably produces this Effect, and, at the -same time, is a powerful Preservative against -the Gout. The other Qualities of <em>Tea</em>, enumerated -by other Authors: I shall not here -mention, that I may, at more Length, compare -it with <em>Betony</em>. The Reader may, -however, consult my <cite>Quadripartitium</cite>, and -<cite>Antonius Musa</cite>, who, in <cite>Libell. de Betonica</cite>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> -affirms, that <em>Betony</em> is possessed of so excellent -medicinal Virtues, that it cures no -less than forty-seven Disorders; which none -of the <em>Chinese</em> have ever dared to assert, -concerning their <em>Tea</em>: The <em>Asiatic Tea</em> is, -therefore, far inferior to the <em>European Betony</em>. -The same Author affirms, "That -<em>Betony</em>, previously taken, prevents Intoxication." -By which Words, <cite>Musa</cite> insinuates, -that it guards against a Surfeit, and, -consequently, frees us from Drowsiness; so -that the whole Substance of it is equally -grateful and refreshing to the Brain with -<em>Tea</em>. It were to be wished, that this Physician -had directed the Method of preparing -<em>Betony</em>, in order to prevent Intoxication; -by which Means the <em>Europeans</em> would, in -all Probability, have been encouraged to -greater Care and Diligence in cultivating, -drying, and separating the small from the -large Leaves of our <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, a Decoction -of whose Flowers would have been -as grateful to them as that of the <em>Chinese Tea</em> -is to them. But if any should foolishly -dread the Use of the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, which, -however, is much used, and greatly extolled -in <em>Denmark</em>, and the Lower <em>Saxony</em>; such -Persons may, I think, substitute <em>Betony</em> in -its Room. But, if a Physician should order -an <em>European</em> Cobler, or Day-Labourer, fre<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>quently -to use a Decoction of <em>Betony</em>, they -would sneeringly bid him use his insipid -Water himself. But the Custom of drinking -<em>Tea</em> only prevails, because it is a new -Thing, unknown to the Forefathers of the -<em>Chinese</em>, and is imported from <em>Asia</em> into -<em>Europe</em>, whose Inhabitants of all Ranks are -so excessively fond of it, on account of its -grateful Bitter, and sub-astringent Taste: -The same may be said of the <em>Indian Chocolate</em>, -and the Water impregnated with -the <em>Chavva</em> of the <em>Persians</em>, since these three -Liquors have generally no more grateful a -Taste, than a Decoction of coarse <em>European</em> -Pears, or what the <em>Germans</em> call a <em>Pear-souse</em>.</p> - -<p>But, as <cite>Antonius Colmeri de Lodesma</cite> has -given a distinct Account of <em>Chocolate</em>, and -the Method of preparing it, the Reader -may expect that I should say something of -the Use and Method of preparing the Water -of <em>Chavva</em>; and this I shall the more -willingly do, because no Physician, or Botanist, -so far as I know, has expresly, but -only accidentally, and imperfectly, given -the History of the <em>Chavva</em>. But I would -advise Physicians to order the Use, not only -of <em>Chocolate</em>, but also of the <em>Chavva</em>, very -sparingly; though both Liquors are highly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> -commended by the high and learned, as -well as the low and illiterate Part of Mankind: -For <cite>Hieronymus Benzo</cite>, who, according -to <cite>Dalechampius, Lib. 18. Histor. General. -Plant.</cite> calls it, "A Wash rather fit -for Hogs, than a Liquor proper for human -Creatures." <cite>Benzo</cite>, after residing -above an Year in the Province of <em>Nicariquan</em>, -in <em>America</em>, had, all the while, a mortal -Aversion to this Liquor; till, falling short -of Wine, he learned to imitate the Natives, -that he might not be under a Necessity of -drinking Water perpetually. This Liquor, -by its somewhat bitter Taste, refreshes and -refrigerates the Body, without intoxicating -those who use it. This is the principal and -dearest Commodity of those Countries; nor -do the <em>Indians</em>, who use it, esteem any thing -more highly, according to <cite>Clusius, Lib. 2. -Exot. Cap. 29.</cite> and <cite>Anonym. Auctar.</cite> in <cite>Dodon</cite>. -I must own I should, with <em>Benzo</em>, -have preferred pure Water to this unnatural -Mixture, which, as well as <em>Coffee</em>, and <em>Tea</em>, -the <em>Europeans</em> may very well want, without -any Loss of Health: And it were to be -wished, that the excessive Demands for all -these, did not excite People of sordid Tempers, -to adulterate them, with Substances of -heterogeneous Parts, and such as are unfriendly -to Nature. This, as I have before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> -mentioned, with respect to <em>Tobacco</em>, is the -Reason why, in our Age, we are seized with -Disorders, the Names of which are not so -much as mentioned in the Writings of the -Antients. Hence <cite>Bartholin</cite> thinks, "That -Aromatics and Spices, which are no less -the Causes of Wars in <em>Europe</em>, than of -Commotions in the Body, ought to be -prohibited; since the Purposes of Life and -Health will be far better answered, by -cleansing the Blood now and then with -the Leaves of the <em>Coluthea</em>, Water-Cresses, -or <em>Fumitory</em>. We are also to chuse -an Antidote for common Use; but not -the <em>Theriaca</em>, of which the Emperor <cite>Antoninus</cite> -took the Bulk of a Bean every -Morning, nor the <em>Mithridate</em>; for these -are injurious by their Heat, and consequently -improper for us. But we are to -use <em>Conserve of Roses</em>, <em>Rob.</em> of <em>Elder</em>, -Electuaries of <em>Marygolds</em>, the <em>Morus Norvegica</em>, -and other indigenous Plants, whose -Qualities are best suited to our Temperaments -and Constitutions." But the Use of -the Herb <em>Tea</em>, if it could be brought fresh -and recent from <em>China</em> into <em>Europe</em>, would -be more tolerable than that of <em>Chocolate</em>, -and <em>Coffee</em>, which is of all others the worst: -Since a Decoction of the <em>Chavva</em> surprizingly -effeminates both the Minds and Bodies of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> -the <em>Persians</em>; by imitating whom, we shall -never arrive at that Vigour and Hardiness, -which <cite>Julius Cæsar</cite>, and <cite>Cornelius Tacitus</cite>, -so much admired in our Forefathers.</p> - -<p>We have before observed, that <cite>Amurath</cite>, -the fourth Emperor of the <em>Turks</em>, under Pain -of Death, totally prohibited the Use of <em>Tobacco</em>, -lest his Subjects should become barren. -But we <em>Europeans</em> heedlesly go on by the Abuse -of <em>Coffee</em>, to emasculate ourselves like the -<em>Persians</em>, who are fond of Sterility, and, according -to <cite>Olearius</cite>, much more salacious -than the <em>Europeans</em>; But of this Effect of -<em>Coffee</em> we shall afterwards treat.</p> - -<p>As the Fruit of the <em>Cacao</em>, or <em>Cacarate</em>, -which resemble <em>Almonds</em>, are the Basis of -<em>Chocolate</em>, they are found engraved in <cite>Tabernemontan. -Lib. 3. Cap. 16</cite>. So that I shall -here give no Cuts of them, since I have done -that in <cite>Quadripartit. Botan. Class. 3. No. 11, -12.</cite> when, describing the Seed <em>Bon</em>, or <em>Ban</em>, -which is also called <em>Buna</em>, or <em>Buncho</em>, and -<em>Bunea</em>, or the Seed from which is prepared -the <em>Coava</em>, <em>Caova</em>, <em>Cavve</em>, <em>Choava</em>, and -<em>Cahvve</em>, which, by a Corruption, is, no -doubt, the <em>Coffee</em> of the <em>Europeans</em>.</p> - -<p>If it should be asked, to what Class of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> -Simples, whether that of Herbs, or Trees, -we are to refer the Plant which bears the -Seed <em>Bon</em>, from which the Water of <em>Chavve</em> -is prepared, and which is also mentioned -by <cite>Olearius</cite>, in <cite>Itinerar. Persiæ, Cap. 17</cite>. -I answer, that some, ignorant of <em>Botany</em>, -may take it for an Herb, whose Seeds resemble -those of the <em>Turkish</em> Corn, or the -<em>Indian</em> Corn, by <cite>Bauhine</cite> called <em>Mays</em>, or -for our Wheat: Whereas, it is no Herb, -but a Tree, by <cite>Olearius</cite>, in the last quoted -Passage, described in the following Manner: -"The <em>Persians</em>, in smoaking <em>Tobacco</em>, -have always the black Water of <em>Chavve</em> -present. The Fruit with which they -prepare this Liquor is sent from <em>Egypt</em>; -and, in the inner Side, resembles the -<em>Turkish</em>, though on the outer Side, the -<em>European</em> Wheat. This Fruit is of the -Bigness of a <em>Turkey Bean</em>, and the Shrub -bears a white Flower. The Fruit, or -Berries, they burn, or roast, in a dry Pan; -after which they grind them, and boil them -in Water, which they drink, and which has -a Kind of hot, unpleasant Taste. It is -esteemed a great Cooler; for which Reason -it is drank by most; but if it is used -to Excess, it extinguishes the Inclination -to Venery, and induces Sterility." The -Seed <em>Bon</em>, or <em>Ban</em>, is collected from a Tree -bearing its own Name, if we may believe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> -<cite>Prosper Alpinus, Lib. de Plant. Egypt. Cap. -16</cite>. This Author, after residing some Years -in <em>Egypt</em>, saw the <em>Bhon-Tree</em> in the Green-House -of <em>Hali Bei</em>, the <em>Turk</em>. An intire -Description and Cut of this Tree is also to -be found in <cite>Tom. 1. Lib. 4. Histor. Plantar. -Univers. Cap. 5.</cite> Since, therefore, <cite>Alpinus</cite> -compares this Tree to our <em>Euonymus</em>, and says, -that the former resembles the latter: Hence -<cite>Caspar Bauhine</cite>, in his <cite>Pinax</cite>, places it among -the Species of <em>Euonymus</em>, and calls it the -<cite>Egyptian Bon, like the Euonymus, with a -Fruit like Bay-Berries, from whose Seeds -the Egyptians make their Liquor, called Coava.</cite> -Though this Fruit, with respect to Figure, -Bark, and Colour, is highly similar to -Bay-Berries, yet it is far less in Bulk. In -my Opinion, it most resembles the Seeds of -the admirable <em>Peruvian</em> Tree, Decoctions of -which, are used by the <em>Eastern</em> Nations, the -<em>Egyptians</em>, <em>Turks</em>, and <em>Persians</em>, for corroborating -a cold Stomach, assisting Concoction, -and removing Obstructions of the <em>Viscera</em>. -They also, with Success, use this Decoction -for many Days against old Obstructions, and -cold Tumors of the Liver and Spleen. This -Decoction, according to <cite>Alpinus</cite>, seems also -appropriated to the <em>Uterus</em>, which it warms, -and frees from Obstructions: Thus, the -<em>Egyptian</em> and <em>Arabian</em> Women, for the due<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> -Evacuation of their <em>Menses</em>, use this Decoction -for several Days after they commence. -Hence, according to <cite>Olearius</cite>, the <em>Persians</em> -are not afraid, lest the Decoction of <em>Cavve</em> -render them cold; unless we should also -say, that <em>Agnus Castus</em> which induces Sterility, -is also of a cold Temperature: But -this Doubt will be cleared by-and-by. It -were to be wished, that the celebrated <cite>Johannes -Weslingius</cite>, who also travelled into -<em>Egypt</em>, had had an Opportunity of seeing -this Tree; since he would have given us a -more accurate Description of it, than we -have hitherto got; for, in <cite>Commentar. in -Prosper. Alpin.</cite> he tells us, that the Fruit of -this Tree is brought from <em>Jamin</em>, or <em>Arabia -Felix</em> into <em>Egypt</em>; and, that a Decoction of -it is sold in some Thousands of Taverns at -<em>Memphis</em>. <cite>Prosper. Alpinus</cite> also, in <cite>Lib. de -Medicina Egyptor. Lib. 4. Cap. 3.</cite> when -treating of the Decoctions used by the <em>Egyptians</em>, -whether sick, or in Health, tells us, -that, in a particular Manner, they make use -of the Decoction called <em>Choava</em>, prepared with -the Coats or Husk of the Seeds called <em>Bon</em>. -Then he describes the Preparation of <em>Bon</em>, by -telling us, that it smells like Corn, Rye, Barley, -or Pease, when thrown upon live Coals, -and burned a little. <cite>Alpinus</cite>, however, endeavors -to evince, that the Seeds of <em>Bon</em><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> -consist of two Substances, the one thick and -earthy, by which they brace up and corroborate, -and the other thin and subtile, by -which they heat, absterge, and remove Obstructions. -That they are highly drying is -certain, but I cannot for this Reason comprehend -why <cite>Prosper Alpinus</cite> asserts, that -Cold prevails moderately in them; for they -act by their whole Substance, both by their -Salt and both Kinds of Sulphur: So that it -is highly probable they produce these Effects, -on account of their ungrateful Taste and -Smell. But it is said these Seeds are corrected -with Sugar. Thus <cite>Weslingius</cite> informs us, -"that some correct the Bitterness of this -Decoction with Sugar, and preserve the -whole Kernel of the Fruit incrustated with -Sugar. Nor is this only customary in -<em>Egypt</em>, but also through all the Provinces -of <em>Persia</em>. This renders the Seeds <em>Bon</em> -not only dear, but scarce, in <em>Europe</em>." -Though <cite>Weslingius</cite> thinks that these Seeds -are useful to the <em>Europeans</em>, yet I am of -a different Opinion; for, in like Manner, the -<em>Europeans</em> have resolved to sweeten, not -only their <em>Coffee</em>, but also their <em>Chocolate</em> -and <em>Tea</em>, without having any View to prevent -Disorders, or recover Health; but only -to follow the Customs of the <em>Asiatics</em>, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> -indulge themselves in a Liquor, whose Taste -is pleasant to them.</p> - -<p>If it should be said, that <cite>Tulpius</cite> informs -us, that the <em>Chinese</em> dissolve a few Grains of -Salt, or Sugar, in their Infusions of <em>Tea</em>, I -answer, we here enquire not what is done, but -what ought to be done; not what is palatable, -but what is conducive to preserve -Health, and restore it when lost. Though -I do not altogether disapprove of <em>Salt</em> in <em>Tea</em>, -yet I absolutely condemn <em>Sugar</em>. How ill -the <em>Europeans</em>, especially those of the <em>Northern</em> -Countries, consult their Health, by mixing -their <em>Mustard</em>, and their Sauces of <em>Vinegar</em>, -and <em>Horse-Radish</em>, designed as a -Preservative against the <em>Scurvy</em>, with <em>Sugar</em>, -I have already shewn, in <cite>Class. 3. Quadripartit. -Botan.</cite> For the same Reason, <em>Sugar</em>, -mixed with an Infusion of <em>Tea</em>, infringes and -impairs its Virtues; so that, by this means, -we drink, not a medicated Water, but little -more only than simple <em>European</em> Water, -edulcorated with <em>Sugar</em>. This, no doubt, -is an excellent Remedy against Intoxication; -but certainly if we read both antient and -modern Authors, we shall find, that Drunkenness -may be removed by drinking cold -Water. Besides, an Intoxication, next to -Madness, may be greatly alleviated by wrapping -up the <em>Scrotum</em> in Cloths dipped in cold<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> -Water. Hence we have but little Reason to -bring <em>Tea</em> from <em>China</em>, <em>Tartary</em>, and <em>Japan</em>, at an -extravagant Price, which might be far better -laid out, in relieving poor indigent Families at -Home. But the present <em>Europeans</em> are vastly -different from what they were before the -<em>Asiatic</em> Effeminacy was known among us. -The <em>Europeans</em> might, perhaps, be indulged -in the perpetual Use of <em>Tea</em>, provided their Regimen -was the same with that of the <em>Asiatics</em>. -Now, Regimen includes all the five Non-Naturals, -which are Air, Meat and Drink, -Excretion and Retention, Motion and Rest, -Sleep and Watching, and the Passions of -the Mind. Now, all these, in <em>Europe</em>, are -vastly different from what they are in the -<em>Indies</em>, as is obvious from the faithful and -impartial Accounts, given us by <cite>Martinius</cite>, -and <cite>Mandelslo</cite>. This Subject is excellently -handled by <cite>Hippocrates</cite>, in <cite>Tr. de Aere, -Aquis, & Locis</cite>, who joins these three together, -with great Judgment, and for very -sufficient Reasons; since each of the three -has Atoms, in a manner, peculiar to itself, -which it continually sends forth, and diffuses -even to a great Distance: So that some -Bodies, according to <cite>Bartholine</cite>, may, by -means of the Atoms they emit, propagate -the Sphere of their sympathetic Actions, to -the Distance of a Thousand Miles. About<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> -the <em>Equinoxes</em>, and <em>Solstices</em>, the sudden -Changes of the State of the <em>Atmosphere</em>, -and the Variety of Vapours exhaled from -the Earth, produce surprizing Alterations in -Health. And these Exhalations rise sometimes -in such large Quantities, as to be condensed, -and by their own Weight to fall -down, in the Form of sulphureous Showers: -A memorable Instance of this we had in -<em>Norway</em>, where, on <em>May 19, 1665</em>, a violent -Tempest, accompanied with uncommon -Thunder, and thick Clouds, broke out: -During this Storm, there fell from the -Clouds, a Substance, highly similar to Sulphur, -which not only floated on the Water, -but also seemed to cover the Earth. -When <cite>Stobæus</cite> subjected this Matter to an Examination, -he found, after drying, and passing -it through a Sieve, that when it was become -moderately warm, on an heated Tile, it -emitted a fetid Smoak of the same Colour -with that of the Spirit of <em>Nitre</em>, in Distillation. -But this Matter could not be fused -by the strongest Fire; by which Means, -however, it became inodorous, and like -small Sand, though before it resembled a -fetid, coarse Sulphur, reduced to Powder. -The same Author, in his Letters also, informs -me, that, when about as much of the recent -Matter, as would lie on the Point of a Knife,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span> -was laid upon a red hot Tile, it was spontaneously -kindled, made a Kind of Noise, -and emitted a reddish fetid Smoak. Next -Day <cite>Stobæus</cite> endeavoured to sublime this -crude and sulphureous Matter, by itself, without -any Addition, in order to discover, -whether Flowers of Sulphur could be obtained -from it; but his Labour was in vain; for -though the Matter became red hot by due -Degrees of Fire, yet no Flowers appeared; -only the first Steam, which, in the -Alembic, appeared reddish, in the Water, -assumed a dark ferruginous Colour: Then, -by augmenting the Fire, a whitish Spirit appeared, -which gave a similar Colour to the -Water. This Steam and Spirit appeared in -Distillation to be of an acrid Taste; so that -<cite>Stobæus</cite> justly concluded them to contain a volatile -Salt, of a particular Kind. The same Author -informs me, in his Letter, that the Rain -which fell, during the Thunder, smelled of -Sulphur: And from this Observation, he -thinks, the Chemists Doctrine, concerning -the Generation of Thunder, may be -confirmed. As every Substance does not -act upon every other Substance, nor sulphureous -Things on those of the same -Nature, he put this Matter into Spirit of -<em>Turpentine</em>, and digested it by a gentle -Fire; by which Means, it gave the Liquor a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> -a yellowish Colour, and a Smell, very like -that of Balsam of <em>Sulphur</em>: But of these I -shall not treat at greater Length, since I -am perswaded that Miracles have ceased, and -that Providence disposes of second Causes according -to wise and stated Laws. Hence it is, -that about the <em>Vernal</em> and <em>Autumnal Equinoxes</em>, -or <em>Solstices</em>, all Sorts of Diseases, and especially -those of the endemial or epidemical Kind, -rage; such as the <em>Scurvy</em>, <em>Measles</em>, and <em>Small-Pox</em>, -as also the <em>Plague</em>, though often these Disorders -are confined to one City. A memorable -Instance of this, we have in the Cities -of <em>Hambourg</em> and <em>Amsterdam</em>, which, in 1663, -and 1664, were afflicted with a Pestilence, -which, however, did not spread itself to -<em>Denmark</em>, <em>Sweden</em>, <em>Britain</em>, <em>France</em>, and -<em>Germany</em>. But, as the <em>Plague</em> is imported -from <em>Africa</em>, it is probable, that the Salubrity -of the Atmosphere, in those Countries which -escaped, checked the sulphureous, saline, and -pestilential Atoms, which first contaminated -the Air of <em>Amsterdam</em>, and then that of -<em>Hambourg</em>. But all Countries differ so widely, -with respect to Air, Water, and Situation, -that none of them, even the most -contiguous, are exactly alike, and conspire -in producing the same Effects. Thus, -among the <em>German</em> Wines, the <em>Rhenish</em> is -the best; though it also differs in Good<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span>ness, -according to the particular Parts in -which it is produced. The like holds in -the <em>French</em> Wine, the worst of which is -reckoned that of <em>Orleans</em>; for which Reason, -<cite>Quercean</cite>, in his <cite>Diæticum, Cap. 6.</cite> -tells us, "That in the Oeconomy of the -King of <em>France</em>'s House, it is enacted, -by a domestic Law, that the Steward -shall give the King no <em>Orleans</em> Wines;" -which, however, has a very grateful Taste. -The same holds, not only in Ales, but also -in other Things: Thus, the <em>Noremberg</em> -Cakes, on account of the peculiar Qualities -of the Water with which the Meal and -Aromatics are made up, are far better, and -more pleasant to the Taste, than those prepared -in the same Manner, in any Part of -<em>Europe</em>. This is what the Philosophers have -been at so much Pains to account for. The -Air, Water, and Situation, also constitute -the Reason, why <em>Tea</em> in <em>Europe</em> does not -produce the same Effects it does among the -<em>Asiatics</em>, especially the <em>Chinese</em>. Many Persons -of Rank and Distinction have informed -me, that they could never be sensible of the -so-much-extolled Virtues of <em>Tea</em>, nor perceive -that it prevented Sleep, or rendered -them more brisk, and fit for Business. One -or two Persons, however, subject to Catarrhs, -have confessed to me, that they have become<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> -far better by the long Use of <em>Tea</em>. Thus, -I have heard, that a certain Ambassador -to the <em>Dutch</em>, who before laboured under -a Difficulty of Hearing, had his Disorder -totally removed, by the large Quantities of -<em>Tea</em> he drank at the <em>Hague</em>. I, myself, have -found <em>Tea</em> to be diuretic. I own, two or -three Persons who have travelled, not only -through <em>Europe</em>, but also through the <em>East -Indies</em>, have affirmed to me, that in <em>Japan</em>, -the drinking of <em>Tea</em> infallibly removes Intoxication, -and prevents Sleep; but this Effect -is not at all produced by it in <em>Europe</em>. -Thus, I have been informed, that Strangers, -upon their Arrival in <em>Muscovy</em>, can drink -such large Quantities of <em>Brandy</em>, as would -put an End to their Lives in other Countries. -Thus, it may happen, that the <em>Chinese</em>, -or <em>Japonese Tea</em>, with the Assistance -and Concurrence of other Things, may produce -a particular Effect, which <em>Tea</em> will not -do in <em>Europe</em>. But all these Effects are produced -by <em>Betony</em>, an Herb universally known -in <em>Europe</em>: Thus, it is certain, that our <em>Chamelæagnus</em> -is the <em>Tea</em> of the <em>Chinese</em>, or <em>Japonese</em>. -But to illustrate my Subject the better, -I shall make a few Remarks on the peculiar -Genius, Regimen, and Method of living -used among the <em>Indians</em> and <em>Chinese</em>. The -<em>Indians</em> then are fond of moistening Aliments,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> -which guard against the Heat of the Sun; -such as Cherries, Fruits of all Kinds, Pot-Herbs, -Fishes, Oysters, Crabs: Besides, <cite>Michael -Boym</cite>, a learned Jesuit, in his Flora -Sinensis, mentions various Fruits which are -not produced in <em>Europe</em>; whereas Nature -has furnished the <em>Chinese</em> with others, either -like to, or exactly the same with, those of the -<em>Europeans</em>. The former of these, and the other -similar Delicacies of the <em>East Indies</em>, do, in -all Probability, give rise to new Diseases in -<em>Europe</em>. This Jesuit speaks of <em>China</em> in the -following Manner: "The Kingdom of -<em>China</em> is, as it were, a Compound of the -whole Globe, or rather, a Gem, in which -more Riches are to be found than in all -the rest of the World besides. In the -<em>Southerly</em> Parts of the Country, the Heats -are most intense, and produce large Quantities -of all the <em>Indian</em> Fruits, such as -Dates, Mangas, Ananas, and others: -Whereas the <em>Northern</em> Parts produce Figs, -Chesnuts, Nuts of all Kinds, Peaches, -Apricots, and Pears of various Kinds." -Thus provident Nature has furnished the -<em>Southermost</em> Parts of <em>China</em> with Fruits intirely -unknown to the <em>Europeans</em>; whereas, -the <em>Northern</em> Parts produce such as are -known in <em>Europe</em>, and suited to its Soil and -Climate: Since, in the former, the Heats<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> -are very intense, but not so in the latter. -Thus Nature seems to have prohibited us the -Use of the former of these Fruits, by placing -us at such a Distance from them, and to have -indulged us in the Use of the latter, by placing -us so near them; for the Precept, of -sometimes using Things to which we are -not habituated, does not hold in this Case: -Since, being <em>Europeans</em>, we ought to use the -Regimen, Aliments, and Drinks, peculiar to -<em>Europe</em>; for it is no less generally than justly -observed, that the natural Produce of any -Country is best suited to the Constitution of -its Inhabitants. Thus <em>Tea</em> seems by Nature -adapted to the Inhabitants of <em>China</em>, <em>Coffee</em> -to those of <em>Persia</em>, <em>Chocolate</em> to those of -<em>America</em>, and <em>Ale</em> and <em>Wine</em> to those of the -different Parts of <em>Europe</em>. Thus the antient -Inhabitants of <em>Saxony</em> and <em>Megapolis</em>, before -they became fond of foreign Delicacies, used -to say proverbially, <cite>Drink Wine, and reap -Benefit from it; drink Ale, and become fat; -drink Water, and die.</cite> It is also certain, that -in former Times, the Inhabitants of <em>Iceland</em> -and <em>Norway</em>, when they used a simple Regimen, -and were Strangers to foreign Luxury, -enjoyed good Health to an incredible -Age; whereas, their Posterity are not only -weaker, but hardly live beyond the thirtieth, -fortieth, or fiftieth Year of their Age: So<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span> -that the <em>Lyric</em> Poet seems to have made a -just Prophecy of our own Generation, in the -following Lines:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Damnosa quid non imminuit dies?</div> - <div class="verse">Ætas Parentum pejor avis; tulit.</div> - <div class="verse">Nos nequiores, mox daturos</div> - <div class="verse">Progeniem Vitiosorem.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p><em>Europeans</em> then must have their Constitutions -impaired, and their Strength exhausted, -by living like the Inhabitants of -<em>Asia</em>, <em>Africa</em>, and <em>America</em>; especially since -<cite>Macrobius</cite>, in <cite>Lib. 7, Saturnal. Cap. 4.</cite> -shews, that the most simple Aliments are -the most salutary, and easily digested. Besides, -<cite>Socrates</cite> ordered his Pupils to abstain -from such Meats and Drinks as created an -Appetite after Hunger and Thirst were satisfied. -But, according to the <em>Chinese</em>, <em>Tea</em> -produces an Appetite after Hunger and Thirst -are satisfied; therefore the drinking of it is -to be abstained from. The same holds true -with respect to <em>Chocolate</em>, and <em>Coffee</em>. But -I return to the <em>Chinese</em>, who are accustomed -to Water-drinking, and a frugal Life. Hence, -their Physicians, whom <cite>Martinius</cite>, in the -Preface of his <cite>Atlas Sinicus</cite>, seems to prefer -to those of <em>Europe</em>, no doubt, enjoin -them the Use of <em>Tea</em>, in order to prevent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> -the Generation of excrementitious Humours; -or, when generated, to carry them off by -Stool, or Urine; for, it is certain, from what -has hitherto been said, that <em>Tea</em> is moderately -heating, bitter, drying, and astringent. -If it should, for these Reasons, be said, that -<em>Tea</em> is justly to be commended for a Weakness -of the Stomach, I answer with <cite>Celsus</cite>, -in <cite>Lib. 1. Cap. 8.</cite> "Our Countrymen ought -not to be believed, who, when indisposed, -covet Wine, or Water, and instead -of charging their own Luxury, lay -the Fault on the Stomach, which has no -Share in it." This Passage is equally -applicable to <em>Tea</em>, <em>Coffee</em>, and <em>Chocolate</em>, and -seems to insinuate, that such Persons, in order -to satiate their Thirst, falsly accuse their -Stomachs. If this were more carefully adverted -to by the Patrons of the <em>Chinese</em> Delicacies, -and especially those who look upon -<em>Tea</em> as a <em>Panacea</em>, they would use it more -sparingly, especially in a bad State of Health; -because <cite>Celsus</cite>, in <cite>Chap. 3.</cite> of the same Book, -tells us, "That Changes ought to be gradually -and slowly made; since that to -which the Patient is not accustomed, -proves, hurtful, whether it be soft, or -hard".</p> - -<p>But the <em>Chinese</em> Method of using <em>Tea</em>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span> -is not agreeable to the Custom of the <em>Europeans</em>, -and therefore hurtful to them.</p> - -<p>Hence the <em>Germans</em>, <em>Saxons</em>, and Inhabitants -of other Nations, in the <em>Baltick</em> Sea, -being neither accustomed to much Wine, nor -to dilute it with Water, are generally seized -with malignant Fevers, when they go into -<em>France</em>, or <em>Italy</em>; because every fixed Substance -fixes such as is volatile; whereas, -such as is volatile, resolves that which is -fixed. Hence the thick and fœculent Blood -of the <em>Germans</em>, consisting of saline, sulphureous, -fixed, and volatile Parts, and being -changed by the Regimen of <em>France</em>, and -the Heat of the Sun, is subtilized by the -<em>Tartar</em> and <em>Sulphur</em> of the <em>French</em> Wine, especially -in such <em>Germans</em> as took great Care -of their Health, when in their own Country; -and in those who enjoyed good Health, -their Blood is not only subtilized, but also -ferments, undergoes an Ebullition, and is -despumated. Hence arise Spots of different -Colours, produced by the Blood variously -corrupted. But these I have considered more -fully in my <cite>Digressio de Febribus Malignis</cite>. -This Doctrine is warmly inculcated by -<cite>Hippocrates</cite>, who, in <cite>Lib. de Fract. Senectut. -§. 6.</cite> tells us, "That the Age and Constitution -of one Person, differ widely from those<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> -of another." But this Assertion, how -true soever, is but little adverted to by most -of the <em>Europeans</em>. But I think it incumbent -upon me, for the Reasons now alledged, -to warn them against the Abuse of -<em>Tea</em>; especially since we find, that this Herb -does, by no means, answer the Encomiums -bestowed upon it by the <em>Chinese</em> and <em>Japonese</em>. -I own <em>Tea</em> is of a more drying Quality -than many <em>European</em> Herbs; but, for -this very Reason, the constant Use of it is -so far from procuring Longevity, especially -in Persons of a middling Age, that it rather -accelerates old Age; which, according to -<cite>Macrobius</cite>, in <cite>Lib. 7. Saturn. Cap. 11.</cite> is, -"an Exhaustion and Dissipation of the -vital Liquor, by Length of Time; for -old Age is dry, for Want of natural Moisture, -and sometimes moist through a -Redundance of peccant Humours, produced -by Coldness of Constitution." -Since then <em>Tea</em>, by Means of the Sulphur -it contains, is of a more heating and drying -Nature than <em>Ginger</em>, <em>Cinnamon</em>, <em>Pepper</em>, <em>Cubebs</em>, -<em>Cardamomis</em>, or <em>Arabian Castus</em>; hence, -it necessarily follows, that it is injurious to -old Persons, and such as are of a dry Constitution, -and loose Texture of the solid -Parts. On account of this dry Constitution, -and natural <em>Marasmus</em> of old People,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span> -which no Art can prevent, they become -thirsty, and more addicted to tippling, than -in their younger Years: Hence arises the -<em>German</em> Proverb, <cite>If a young Man knew the -Pleasure of drinking in old Age, he would be -saving in his younger Years.</cite></p> - -<p>It is not, therefore, the native Heat, but -that fatal Dryness which renders the Members -cold, and the Skin corrugated, which -renders old Persons fond of drinking; and for -this Reason, I have, in my <cite>Commentaries</cite>, -universally commended a moistening Diet -for them. Hence, the Inhabitants of those -Nations, who, besides <em>Tea</em>, daily drink Wine, -ought carefully to guard against all sudden -Changes in Diet and Regimen. Thus, -when a certain celebrated <em>French</em> Physician, -endeavoured to perswade a Person of eminent -Rank, who was, generally, twice or thrice a -Year seized with a Catarrh, to change his -Regimen, and give over the Use of Wine, or, -at least, dilute it with Water; because, in -all Probability, the Physician told him, that -cold Water powerfully corrected acrid Humours. -Upon this, the Person of Distinction -asked the Physician, whether he was -in good Health? To whom the Physician -replied he was: Then, says he, continue<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> -to drink Water, or Wine and Water, till -you can drink no more; but you shall never, -on account of slight Catarrhs, which -are rarely offensive to me, perswade me to -accept of a <em>French</em>, or <em>Italian</em> Regimen, instead -of a <em>Danish</em>, and <em>German</em>: Nor will -I drink Water instead of Wine, or Ale. I -am at present full of Flesh and Blood, and -enjoy a good Appetite: My Forefathers, for -many Years back, were of the like Constitution, -and used the same Regimen I do; -but if, in the sixtieth Year of my Age, I -should begin to drink Water, I am afraid -I should rather resemble you than them; -for you, who are a Water-drinker, though -you enjoy good Health, yet you are emaciated, -have a cadaverous Countenance, and -seem to be rather a Skeleton than a living -Person. I wish all Persons, especially such -as are old, would follow the Example of -this Gentleman, and obstinately reject <em>Tea</em>, -which so dries the Bodies of the <em>Chinese</em>, -that they can hardly spit. It is also an -egregious Mistake, not only among the <em>Persians</em>, -but also among most other Nations, -to think that the Seed <em>Bon</em>, or <em>Ban</em>, which -when toasted is called <em>Coffee</em>, and which I -have taken Care to have engraved in the -Plate after the History of <cite>Scurvy-Grass, -No. 11, 12.</cite> of my <cite>Quadripartitium</cite>, is of so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> -cooling a Quality, as to produce Impotence, -even in those who use it frequently; for it -only dries them. Thus <em>Casmin</em>, the Wife -of Sultan <em>Mahmud</em>, after her Husband had -so weakened himself by the Use of <em>Coffee</em>, -that he had been impotent for many Years, -is said, when she saw the Preparations making, -for gelding a generous <em>Persian</em> Steed, -to have told the Persons employed in that -Work, that there was no Occasion for so -much Trouble, since, by giving the Horse -<em>Coffee</em>, he would become like her Husband, -the King. This Story is, with the same Circumstances, -related by <cite>Olearius</cite>, in his Travels -through <em>Muscovy</em> and <em>Persia</em>. <em>Coffee</em>, -then produces Sterility in the <em>Persians</em>, not -because it is cold, but because it gradually -dries their Bodies, by means of a certain -Sulphur, as peculiar to itself, as those of -<em>Opium</em>, <em>Tobacco</em>, or <em>Agnus Castus</em> are to them. -As the <em>Agnus Castus</em>, or <em>Vitex</em> is, by <cite>Galen</cite>, -said to be dry in the third Degree, like <em>Rue</em>, -and to consist of very subtile Parts, it is -impossible it should produce Impotence by -rendering the Seed cold, which it diminishes -and dissipates, not so much by the Subtilty -of its Parts, as by its peculiar Sulphur. -The incomparable <cite>Hoffman</cite>, both in his -<cite>Variæ Lectiones</cite>, and in his Treatise <cite>de -Medicamentis Officinalibus</cite>, has treated accu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span>rately -of the <em>Vitex</em>. But, if that Author had -been still alive, he would have agreed with -me in this, that what <cite>Galen</cite> ascribes to the -Subtilty of the Parts, not only of all Simples, -but also of such Things as act by their -whole Substance, such as <em>Opium</em>, <em>Tobacco</em>, -<em>Agnus Castus</em>, <em>Chinese Tea</em>, <em>European Tea</em>, or -the <em>Myrtus Brabantica</em>, or the <em>Chamelæagnus -Danica</em>, is to be ascribed to their small -sulphureous, and excessively dry Parts. Thus -the Seeds of the <em>Agnus Castus</em> affect the Head, -and from what has been said, it is sufficiently -obvious, that the Seeds of the <em>Chamelæagnus</em> -contribute principally to intoxicate the Country -People, who prepare their Ale with it: -The Seeds of the <em>Agnus Castus</em>, according to -<cite>Hoffman</cite>, "do not convey Flatulences to -the Head, except when they affect it by -the Subtilty of their Parts (which I call -their sulphureous Quality) just as Wine, -whose Taste and Smell they have, according -to <cite>Pliny</cite>, affects the Head, and procures -Sleep." All these Properties of -Wine, as well as of our <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, proceed -from their Sulphur, which is grateful -to the Nerves: But these Effects could never -be produced, only by <cite>Galen</cite>'s Subtilty of -the Parts. But to proceed, in the Words -of <cite>Hoffman</cite>: "Another Proof of the Subtilty -of the Parts of <em>Agnus Castus</em>, (which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> -I call its sulphureous Quality) is, that -its Seeds, whether crude, or toasted, -discuss Flatulencies of the Intestines, and -most powerfully when toasted; since these -do not so much affect the Head as the -former." Thus, it also happens, that an -Account of the artificial and careful Toasting -of the <em>Chinese Tea</em>, by which most of -its sulphureous Parts are dissipated, it prevents -Sleep in the <em>Chinese</em>: Whereas, the -<em>European Tea</em>, or <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, renders the -Country People, as it were, intoxicated, and -disposed to Sleep. But these different Effects -are not owing to any occult Qualities -of the <em>Chinese</em> and <em>European Teas</em>, but manifestly -to the sulphureous Parts, of which -the <em>Chinese</em> has a far smaller Quantity than -our <em>Chamelæagnus</em>. Thus, it is certain, that -prepared <em>Vipers</em> may be safely eaten, and -that <cite>Dioscorides</cite> roasted <em>Vipers</em> for Food; -so vast a Difference there is between artificial -Preparations, and natural Productions. -But to proceed: <cite>Hoffman</cite>, with respect to -toasting the Seeds of the <em>Agnus Castus</em>, tells -us, "That in toasting, the remarkably subtile -Parts are dissipated." These remarkably -subtile Parts, I call sulphureous, which -the <em>Persians</em> also dissipate, by an artificial -toasting, from the Seeds <em>Bon</em>, or <em>Ban</em>, conveyed -to them from <em>Egypt</em>. Thus, the ce<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>lebrated -<cite>Hoffman</cite>, only differs from me in -Words, but not in Sentiments. The same -also holds true of <em>Chocolate</em>. I, therefore, -conclude, that all these Substances are of a -drying Quality, on account of their sulphureous -Parts. I would, therefore, advise all -<em>Europeans</em> to have a due Regard to these -Things, to preserve Youth by moistening -Substances, and prevent old Age, which is -brought on before its due Time, by Means -of these drying and sulphureous Commodities; -though, at the same time, I do not -prohibit the Use of moderately hot Substances. -Let no one condemn me for making -Repetitions; since it is a Maxim, not -only of Policy, but also of common -Humanity, <cite>That the Safety of the People, -is, of all other Laws, the most essential and -important.</cite> If, therefore, an immense Reward -was bestowed on the Man who preserved -a single <em>Roman</em> Citizen, I may, certainly, -hope for Indulgence, when, by repeated -Expostulations, I attempt to preserve -all <em>Europe</em>, by perswading its Inhabitants not to -exchange our own salutary Regimen, for that -of the <em>Asiatics</em>, and <em>Chinese</em>, by following their -Custom of <em>Tea</em>-Drinking. <cite>Martinus Martinius</cite>, -indeed, in his Preface to his <cite>Atlas -Siniticus</cite>, greatly extols the <em>Chinese</em> Regimen, -in the following Manner: "Their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> -Drinks, says he, whether prepared with -Water, Wine, or Rice, must always be -warm; they macerate their <em>Tea</em> in particular -in boiling Water, which they drink -as hot as they can bear. When I was -accustomed to this Regimen, I commended -the <em>Chinese</em>, and condemned the -<em>Europeans</em>, who are so fond of drinking -cold Liquors; for, in <em>China</em>, the Inhabitants, -by drinking their Liquors warm, -both extinguish Thirst, and so dissipate -the redundant Humours, that they hardly -ever spit; nor are they afflicted with Crudities -of the Stomach, as the <em>Europeans</em> -are: They have also fewer, and less violent -Diseases; neither are the Stone, the -Gout in the Hands and Feet, and other -similar Disorders, known among them." -But these Things happened to <cite>Martinius</cite>, -in <em>China</em>, and not in <em>Europe</em>. Nor shall -he ever perswade me, to change the <em>European</em>, -for the <em>Indian</em> Regimen. Since, according -to <cite>Martinius</cite> himself, some of the -Inhabitants of that Country, on account of -the <cite>Pythagorean</cite> Doctrine, of the Transmigration -of Souls, religiously abstain from -Flesh, and think,</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>----<cite>Scelus est in Viscere Viscera Condi, -Congestoq; Avidum pinguescere Corpore -Corpus,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> -Alterusq; Animantem Animantis vivero -Letho.</cite></p></div> - -<p><cite>Martinius</cite>, therefore, makes an insufficient -Enumeration of Causes; since the -good Health of the <em>Chinese</em>, is not totally -owing to the Use of <em>Tea</em>, but to various -other Circumstances, which we shall not -here enumerate: Only I shall, from the -<cite>Amphiatridius</cite> of <cite>Johannes Boterius</cite>, published -in 1600, observe, "That in the -various Districts of <em>China</em>, the Clemency -and Salubrity of the Air is so great, that -a Pestilence has never been remembered -to rage universally in them." For the -Sake also of those who want the sixth Part -of the <cite>Theatrum Europæum Johannis Bleau</cite>, -or the <cite>Novus Atlas Martinii</cite>, I shall, from -the Preface of the last-mentioned Author, -take the following Passage: "In Practice, -the <em>Chinese</em> Physicians surpass those of -<em>Europe</em>, who are more addicted to Dispute -and Speculation, but less successful -and happy in the Cure of Diseases, than -the former." But, if a <em>Chinese</em> Physician -was to practice on the <em>Baltick</em> Shore, where -endemial <em>Scurvys</em> rage, it is hardly credible, -that he would cure them with greater Success, -than a skilful <em>European</em> Physician does;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span> -since, according to <cite>Hippocrates</cite>, there are -many nominal, but few real Physicians. -The same Author, in his <cite>Prisca Medicina</cite>, -informs us, "That most Physicians resemble -bad Pilots, who, if they steer the -Vessel in a smooth and calm Sea, can -prevent the Detection of their Ignorance; -but, when they are attacked by blowing -Winds, and violent Tempests, it becomes -sufficiently obvious, that the Ship must -be lost through their Fault, and Want of -Skill." But to drop the Defence of the -<em>European</em> Physicians, I shall return to the -<em>Asiatics</em>. <cite>Martinius</cite> then, in the Passage -last quoted, tells us, "That the <em>Chinese</em> -Physicians generally prepare their Medicines -of Simples and Decoctions; that -they use Unctions, and Frictions, but not -Venesections, which they look upon as an -irreparable Error. They rather chuse to -reduce the Blood to a due Temperature, -by Fasting, and refrigerating Medicines; -for, say they, because Broth boils in a -Pot, the Broth is not, therefore, to be -poured out, but the Fire to be removed -from the Pot." But this Comparison is -certainly far from being just: And, a little -after, the Author subjoins, "In <em>China</em> are great -Numbers of Chymists, who confidently -boast of producing Gold, and prevent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>ing -Death by Means of their Medicines. -The Design of these Men is like that -of their Brethren in <em>Europe</em>, to extort -Money from the credulous and avaritious -Part of their Fellow Creatures."</p> - -<p>I now return, to consider the Air, Water, -and Situation of the <em>Chinese</em>. <cite>Martinius</cite> -then, in the Place before quoted, tells -us, that <em>China</em>, or the most remote Parts of -<em>Asia</em>, abounds with all Kinds of metallic -Mines, such as those of Gold, Silver, Mercury, -Iron, Tin, Copper, Minium, <em>Lapis -Lazuli</em>, and Vitriol; in consequence of -which, it is probable, that the <em>Chinese</em> Waters, -flowing from the Mountains, as well as -those of <em>Europe</em>, partake of the Qualities of -the various Minerals through which they -glide. Thus, according to <cite>Georgius Agricola</cite>, -in <cite>Lib. 10. de Natur. Fossil. Cap. 18.</cite> -at <em>Goslar</em>, in <em>Saxony</em>, there is a Kind of -Bole, or Earth, impregnated with the Juice -of <em>Vitriol</em>, as also with <em>Oker</em>. The same -<cite>Agricola</cite>, in <cite>Lib. 1. De Natura eorum quæ -ex Terra effluunt. Cap. 4.</cite> informs us, that -the River <em>Ochra</em>, receives its Name from -<em>Oker</em>, with which it is tinged, of a yellow -Colour, at the Place where a Rivulet coming -from Mount <em>Ramelus</em>, disembogues itself -into it. Hence, it is easy to assign a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> -Reason, why the <em>Goslar</em> Ale is so diuretic: -The <em>Garlabian</em> Ale also, so much used at -<em>Helmstadt</em>, is of a medicinal Nature: Hence, -according to the celebrated <cite>Hoffman</cite>, in <cite>Paral. -Officin. Cap. ult.</cite> "It both cures and -produces Diseases in such as are not accustomed -to it; for it is prepared of some -hot, mineral Water, as is obvious from -its peculiar Taste. On the contrary, the -<em>Turgensian</em> Ale is highly agreeable; because -the Water of which it is prepared -has some mineral Quality, which is easily -lost by Carriage; which also happens to -other Waters. Hence, <cite>Augustus</cite>, Elector of -<em>Leipsic</em>, in preparing his Ale, instead of -<em>Malt</em>, ordered only a Drag to be boiled." -I would not, however, have any one confide -too much, either in hot or cold Mineral -Waters. But among Mineral Waters, I also -reckon that described by <cite>Martinius</cite>, in his -Account of the ninth Province of <em>China</em>, -called <em>Kiangnar</em>, and the fifth Town, called -<em>Chang-chew</em>, in the following Manner: -"Near <em>Kiangin</em> is a Mount, called Mount -<em>Chin</em>, celebrated on account of a fabulous -<em>Chinese</em> Story; for they assert, that a Woman -was there born of a <em>Deer</em>. The -Rivulet <em>Leang</em>, from a small Hill, called -<em>Hoej</em>, flows into a Lake, near <em>Vusie</em>: -Its Origin is a Fountain called<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> -<em>Hoej</em>, whose Waters are, by the Natives, -accounted to be the second in Goodness; -and I myself am convinced from -Experience, that the <em>Chinese</em> are in the -right, with respect to these Waters; for -they are universally admired by the Grandees; -and hardly any Ship passes, without -purchasing, for a Trifle, large Quantities -of this Water, previously put up in -Casks; though Strangers, who stay for -any Time there, may, for nothing, drink -as much as they please. It is conveyed -to the most remote Provinces, even as far -as <em>Peking</em>; for it is excellently well suited -to the Preparation of <em>Tea</em>: So that these -two Commodities are generally sold together." -But surely this <em>Chinese</em> Water is -to be had in no Part of <em>Europe</em>. The same -Author, in his Description of the fifteenth -Province, called <em>Junnam</em>, and its Metropolis, -tells us, "That in Mount <em>Xang</em>, situated -to the <em>North</em> of the Town, there -is a Spring of intensely cold Water, which, -however, is highly beneficial to paralitic -Persons." He also tells us, that in the -same Province, there is a Spring called <em>Hiangkui</em>, -which, in their Language, signifies -odoriferous Water, "Because it diffuses a -fragrant Scent, especially in the <em>Spring</em>, at -which Time, the Inhabitants offer Sacri<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span>fices -to the Fountain, and drink Water, -mixed with Wine, or with a Liquor prepared -of <em>Rice</em>. They also assert, that this -Liquor cures many Diseases." That these -Waters are impregnated with Metallic Particles, -I have two Reasons to believe: First, -Because <cite>Martinius</cite> informs us, that the Rivulet -near the City <em>Vusie</em>, flows from a Fountain -on a little Hill, called <em>Hoej</em>: The second -is, that the Waters of this Lake are -conveyed to the remotest Provinces, even -to the Royal City, <em>Peking</em>, where they are -used by the Grandees in preparing their -<em>Tea</em>. But the best Waters, when taken -from the <em>Spring</em>, cannot be long preserved -from Corruption, unless they abound with -a peculiar Salt: Since the cold Mineral Waters -of the <em>Spaw</em>, lose much of their Virtue -by being conveyed only into the Provinces -adjacent to <em>Germany</em>. Thus, it is sufficiently -known to all the <em>Europeans</em>, that the <em>May</em> -Rains abound with Salt and Sulphur; in -consequence of which, they keep longer -free from Corruption than other Waters. -For this Reason, it is customary among the -<em>Papists</em>, to prepare their <em>Holy Water</em> of <em>May</em> -Rain: See my <cite>Digressio de Febribus Malignis</cite>. -But, lest these Reasons should be -esteemed conjectural, I shall farther prove, -and confirm my Opinion from <cite>Martinius</cite>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> -who, in the Place before quoted, speaks in -the following Manner: "It is not without -Reason that the City <em>Gnihing</em> receives -that <em>Name</em>, which, in their Language, -signifies the <em>Glory of the Earth</em>; -and which was bestowed upon it, because -in it are made the earthen Vessels, -used in diluting, and drinking their <em>Tea</em>. -The Reason why these are preferred to -the <em>Chinese</em>, though more transparent, -and diaphanous, is, because the former -convey to the <em>Tea</em>, a certain Taste and -Smell, much admired by the <em>Chinese</em>; -so that the Inhabitants of that City are -much employed in making them; and -some of them are sold at a Price equal, -if not superior, to those of <em>Portugal</em>." -Since, therefore, these Vessels communicate -to the <em>Tea</em>, both a Smell and Taste, which -are grateful to the <em>Chinese</em>; since the Cause -of Taste is a volatile Salt, and that of -Smell a certain Sulphur; since this Salt -and Sulphur can hardly be separated by Chymistry; -and since it is peculiar to Salt to -penetrate into the Essence of Things; it -must necessarily happen, that the Water, -taken from the Lake, or River last mentioned, -and which is without any Smell, -(for, if it had been odorous, <cite>Martinius</cite> -would have mentioned that Circumstance,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> -as he did of the third Fountain) must gradually -extract the Taste and Smell from -those precious Vessels, resembling <em>Lemnian</em> -or <em>Silesian</em> Earth. But this Water of the -Rivulet <em>Leang</em>, or of the Fountain <em>Hoej</em>, -would either not at all, or with Difficulty, -extract the Taste and Smell from these -earthen Vessels, unless it abounded with an -highly penetrating Salt, or, perhaps, a Vitriol; -since <cite>Martinius</cite> tells us, that Vitriol Mines -are found in <em>China</em>, for no Substance can -communicate to another, a Quality which -it does possess itself. <em>Tea</em> has indeed a Taste, -though not of the grateful Kind, as is obvious -from what has been said. The Taste -and Smell, therefore, which the <em>Chinese</em> perceive -in drinking <em>Tea</em>, do not proceed from -the <em>Tea</em> itself, but from the Water, or earthen -Vessels they use, or from both; from the -Water, which by its Mineral Salt, extracts -from the Vessels their Salt and Sulphur; -and from the Vessels, which in return communicate -these to the Water. For this peculiar -Quality of the Earth, the City is called -<em>Gnihing</em>, which, according to <cite>Martinius</cite>, -signifies the <em>Glory of the Earth</em>. It is, by -no means, surprizing to find various fragrant -Mineral Earths: Thus, in the Dutchy of -<em>Kalenberg</em>, in <em>Germany</em>, there is dug up a -certain bituminous Mineral, which is a Kind<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span> -of intermediate Substance, between Earth, -Clay, and Stone; and which if it is either -licked with the Tongue, or has cold Water, -and especially Rain-Water, poured upon -it, diffuses a Smell as fragrant as that of -the Violet: The Truth of this, I know -from Experience. But these precious Vessels -are so rare in <em>Europe</em>, that the smallest -of them are not to be purchased under an -immense Sum. When, however, I understood, -that <em>Frederic</em> the third, King of <em>Norway</em> -and <em>Denmark</em>, had, among other <em>Chinese</em> -Curiosities, two of these elegant and -sumptuous Vessels; I obtained the Use of -them from him, and prevailed upon <cite>Julius -Reichelt</cite>, Professor of Mathematics at -<em>Strasburg</em>, and a skilful Designer, to delineate -them. This Gentleman has, with the -greatest Accuracy, not only exhibited in the -following Plates, these, and other <em>Chinese</em> -Utensils, but also informed himself of their -real Bulk, with all the Care and Pains he -possibly could: But we shall give an Account -of his Performance in his own Words:</p> - - -<div class="figcenter" style="width:400px;"> - <a href="images/i157-large.jpg" name ="i157-thumb.jpg"> - <img class="figlink" src="images/i157-thumb.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">TAB. I.<br /> - - Fig. I.<br /> - - Fig. II.<br /> - - Fig. III.<br /> - - Fig. IV.<br /> - - Fig. V.<br /> - - Fig. VI.<br /> - - Fig. VII.</p> - - <p class="right"><em>B. Cole. Sculp.</em></p> - </div> -</div> - - -<div class="figcenter" style="width:400px;"> - <a href="images/i159-large.jpg" name ="i159-thumb.jpg"> - <img class="figlink" src="images/i159-thumb.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption"><p class="center">TAB. II.<br /> - - Fig. VIII.<br /> - - Fig. IX.<br /> - - Fig. X.<br /> - - Fig. XI.<br /> - - Fig. XII.<br /> - - Fig. XIII.<br /> - - Fig. XIV.</p> - - <p class="right"><em>B. Cole. Sculp.</em></p> - </div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span></p> - - -<p>"At the Request of the learned and judicious -<cite>Simon Pauli</cite>, I have delineated -some of the <em>Chinese</em> Utensils, and hope for -Indulgence, because these Vessels are neither -exhibited according to the Laws of -Painting, nor Perspective; but in a Manner, -used by Mechanics, since I thought -it expedient, both for the Sake of the -Subject, and the Satisfaction of the curious -Reader, to have a due Regard to -Capacity, and Measure. I have exhibited -the Orthography of the Vessel represented -by <i>Fig.</i> IX. the Scenography -of <i>Fig.</i> III. of which the Orthography is -represented by <i>Fig.</i> IV. In <i>Fig.</i> VIII. the -Scenography of the Vessel M, and the -Orthography of its Cover N, are represented; -but I have only described the -Scenographies of all the rest. I have -used the <em>Rhinlandian</em> Geometrical Foot, -to the Measure of which all the Parts of -these Vessels are adjusted, in that Proportion, -observable in <i>Fig.</i> XIV. which represents -a smaller Foot, divided into ten -Parts. <i>Fig.</i> XIII. exhibits a wooden Instrument, -exactly of the same Size with -the Figure. In all the Figures I have represented -the Length and Breadth by Diameters -and Diagonals; but the Height -or Depth, by pricked Perpendiculars. I -hope the Mathematical Reader will find -no Fault with the quadrangular Passage -B in <i>Fig.</i> <span class="smcap">I.</span> for conveying the Air, in -order to ventilate the Coals; nor with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> -<i>Fig.</i> IX. the two Feet of which, shade -other two similar to themselves."</p> - - -<p><em>An Explanation of the Figures, representing -some</em> Chinese <em>Utensils.</em></p> - -<p><i>Fig.</i> I. Represents a Kind of Kettle, curiously -made of <em>Chinese</em> Copper, furnished -with a Handle, divided by a Copper Partition; -and which, though at first View, it -appears to be one Vessel, is yet, upon narrower -Inspection, found to be two, with -two Coverings; for A represents a small Furnace, -into which the Coals are put; and B, -the Mouth of the Furnace, covered with -Cross-Bars, for the better Ventilation of the -Coals. The other Vessel has its internal -Surface lined, or covered with Tin, serves -either for drying, or boiling the <em>Tea</em>, and -is furnished with a particular small Tube, -the Cover of which is exhibited by <em>a</em>; by -the Benefit of which, the large Coverings, -C D, being shut up, the Vapours of the -<em>Tea</em> may be retained, or allowed to exhale -at Pleasure.</p> - -<p><i>Fig.</i> II. E represents a Copper Vessel, -in which the <em>Tea</em> is either boiled, or preserved, -when dry. E represents its Tube, -and F the covering of the Tube.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>Fig.</i> III. and IV. G G exhibit different -Views of one and the same Vessel, the internal -Surface of which is lined with a thin -gilded Plate, of some proper Metal, and -the external Surface, covered with Lack, -after the Manner of the <em>Chinese</em>.</p> - -<p><i>Fig.</i> V. I I. No. 1. represents a genuine -<em>Chinese Tea-Leaf</em> macerated, and stretched -to its full Extent. No. 2. A Leaf of the -<em>Chamelæagnus</em>, or what the <em>French</em> call <em>Piment -Royal</em>, artificially dried.</p> - -<p><i>Fig.</i> VI. K represents another, and, in my -Opinion, a spurious <em>Chinese Tea-Leaf</em>, brought -from <em>China</em>.</p> - -<p><i>Fig.</i> VII. L exhibits a Leaf of what -<cite>Clusius</cite> calls the <em>Spiræa Theophrasti</em>, found -in the Green-Houses of <em>Copenhagen</em>, and so -like the spurious <em>Chinese Tea</em>, with which -the genuine is adulterated, that the one cannot -be distinguished from the other.</p> - -<p><i>Fig.</i> VIII. M represents a curious Polygonal -<em>Tea-Pot</em>, probably made of sealed -<em>Lemnian</em>, or <em>Silesian</em> Earth. N its Lid -joined by the golden Chain O, to its Handle -P. and Q. Its Stroup curiously tipped -with Gold.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>Fig.</i> IX. R represents another earthen -<em>Tea-Pot</em>, with a Stroup, but of a roundish, -or oblong Form, and in the Lid of which, -is fixed a Ring of Clay S for taking it off -and putting it on: Both these earthen <em>Tea-Pots</em> -are highly fragrant; the former is of a -light, and the latter of a pale red Colour.</p> - -<p><i>Fig.</i> X. T exhibits a Copper Vessel -lined with Tin, capable of containing four -Ounces; and whose inferior Part about the -Letter V is covered with a Kind of Case, -woven of such Wood as the <em>Europeans</em> use -in making Sieves; but so as that the Vessel -can be taken out of the Case. But I -am of Opinion, that the <em>Chinese</em> pour their -hot <em>Tea</em>, whether infused, or boiled, into -this, in order to prevent the scalding of their -Hands; and so cool the Liquor, as that it -may neither burn their Lips, nor Tongue.</p> - -<p><i>Fig.</i> XI. X represents this wooden Case, -or Handle, by itself.</p> - -<p><i>Fig.</i> XII. Y exhibits a small wooden -Ladle, with a semicircular wooden Handle.</p> - -<p><i>Fig.</i> XIII. Z represents a small, and -somewhat incurvated wooden Spatula.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>Fig.</i> XIV. represents a small geometrical -Foot, divided into ten equal Parts, for ascertaining -the just Proportion of the Utensils -described.</p> - -<p>It is to be observed, that these Vessels -are of a grateful fragrant Smell, resembling -those of the <em>Juniper</em>, <em>Cypress</em>, or <em>Aloes Tree</em>, -which is certainly owing to the bituminous -Earth of which they are formed. -Thus we have before observed, that the -<em>Kalenburgian</em> bituminous Earth is as fragrant -as Violets; and that, according to <cite>Martinius</cite>, -it is on account of the Fragrance of -these Vessels, that the <em>Chinese</em> are so fond -of them, and purchase them at such immense -Prices. We have also taken Notice -from <cite>Tulpius</cite>, and <cite>Maffæus</cite>, that these -Pots, Vessels, and other Pieces of <em>Tea</em> Equipage, -are, by the <em>Chinese</em>, bought at the -Rate of some Thousand <em>Nobles</em>, wrapped up -in silken Coverings, shewn only to their -nearest Friends, and as much valued by -them as Adamants, Gems, and curious Medals -are by the <em>Europeans</em>. Let the <em>Europeans</em>, -therefore, before they drink <em>Tea</em>, -which itself is void of Smell, provide themselves -with the fragrant Vessels of <em>Gnihing</em>, -and the Waters of the Rivulet <em>Vussie</em>, which -they must bring uncorrupted from <em>China</em>;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span> -and then, on Supposition the Air was the -same, which it is not, the same Effects -might be produced in <em>Europe</em> by <em>Tea</em>, as -those which it is boasted to produce in <em>China</em>. -It is therefore far more congruous to Truth -and Reason, to suppose, that the <em>Chinese</em> are -free from the Stone, Gout, and arthritic Pains, -rather by the Goodness of their Water, than -by their <em>Tea</em> alone, which may also contribute -something to their Happiness in these -Respects. Besides, the Force and Virtue of -<em>Tea</em>, must be considerably impaired and lost, -by the intense Heat of the Sun, during so -long a Voyage, in which the <em>Equator</em> must -be twice crossed, before the Ships arrive at -any <em>European</em> Ports. Hence we know from -Experience, that those Persons most consult -the Interest of the <em>Europeans</em>, who, according -to <em>Mercator</em>, in his Description of <em>China</em>, -advise, that <em>Rhubarb</em>, with the best Sort of -which, <em>China</em> abounds, should be brought -through <em>Persia</em> by Land, lest it should be -spoiled and corrupted by so long a Voyage. -What must therefore happen to <em>Tea</em>, -or the <em>Chinese Chamelæagnus</em>, which is in -<em>China</em> frequently toasted in an Iron Pan, -so as to corrugate and conglomerate its -Leaves, according to <cite>Rhodius</cite> and <cite>Martinius</cite>? -For, if the Virtues of <em>Rhubarb</em>, which -is a compact Substance, are, by such a Voy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span>age, -exhaled, this Misfortune must much -more happen to the tender Leaves of <em>Tea</em>, -which are gathered in the <em>Spring</em>, and have -a bitterish Taste, but no Smell. Hence we -may infer, that these Leaves are, after their -Arrival at <em>Europe</em>, possessed of a volatile and -fixed Salt, but deprived of their Sulphur, especially -the most volatile Part of it; for, if -they were intirely destitute of Sulphur, they -would not take Flame, nor could they be -burned. The Author of a Book, intitled, -<cite>Artificia Hominum Miranda Naturæ in</cite> Sina -& Europa, in <cite>Chap. 35.</cite> tells us, "that in -<em>Chekiang</em>, in <em>China</em>, there are Woods of -<em>Mulberry-Trees</em>, so many Silk-Worms, and -such immense Quantities of Silk, that a -Person may there purchase ten silken Suits -of Cloaths at an easier Rate, than he can -have one of Cloth in any Part of <em>Europe</em>. -The <em>Chinese</em> prune their <em>Mulberry-Trees</em> -every Year, as the <em>Europeans</em> do their -Vines; nor do they suffer them to grow -up into tall Trees, because they have found -from long Experience, that the Leaves of -the smallest Trees produce the finest Substance -for Silk, and the best Thread: For -which Reason, they justly distinguish between -the first and second Weaving of -the Thread: The former is produced -when the Worms are nourished by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> -Leaves which appear in the <em>Spring</em>, and -are soft and delicate: The latter is, when -they are fed upon the <em>Summer</em> Leaves, -which are coarse and hard; so great is -the Difference of Work produced by these -Animals only by a Change of Food." -If this Account of the Nourishment of Silk-Worms -is true, as we <em>Europeans</em> find it by -Experience, so it is equally certain, that there -is as great a Difference between those Leaves -of the <em>Chinese Tea</em>, or <em>European Chamelæagnus</em>, -which appear in the <em>Spring</em>, and those -which are produced in the <em>Summer</em>, as I -have all along insinuated in this Work. By -this remarkable Passage of the anonymous -Author, I am more and more convinced, -that the vernal Leaves of the <em>Chamelæagnus</em>, -or <em>European Tea</em>, are possessed of different -Virtues from those which appear in the <em>Summer</em>, -when the Sun has entered <em>Leo</em>: And -those who will not grant this Truth, are -confuted by the palpable Instance drawn -from the Nourishment of the Silk-Worms.</p> - -<p>By way of Digression, I shall intreat every -Lover of Truth, to throw the Leaves, (not -the Shrub, Flowers, or Seeds) of the <em>European -Chamelæagnus</em>, which, when dry, have -no Scent upon live Coals, and do the same -with an equal Quantity of <em>Chinese Tea</em>, tho'<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span> -in different Rooms, and by the exact Resemblance -of the Smell diffused by each, he -will be convinced that the <em>Chamelæagnus</em> is -a Plant of the same Species with <em>Tea</em>.</p> - -<p>I am not acquainted with all the Acts, -Statutes, and Laws, of the different Cities of -<em>Europe</em>, made for suppressing and preventing -the Avarice and Exorbitance of Apothecaries; -only in Upper and Lower <em>Germany</em>, -a certain Fine is, by public Authority, -laid upon the Apothecary who sells -old and mouldy Herbs, or uses any Methods -to make them appear good and fresh: Nay, -it is customary, in some Provinces of <em>Germany</em>, -publickly to burn such Herbs, Roots, -Shrubs, or Plants as are bad, or suspected -to be more than one Year old; lest the -poorer Inhabitants should, like the Widow -mentioned in <cite>Luke</cite>, Chap. viii. 43, spend -all their Money upon Physicians, without -being healed by any: But the Case is quite -otherwise with <em>Tea</em>; for supposing it to be -only one Year old, when it is put into the -Ships at <em>China</em>, it must be double that -Time, and often more, before it arrives to -us. How great then is the Stupidity of -us <em>Europeans</em>, who are never disgusted at -the Avarice and Baseness of the <em>Asiatics</em>, -though they should send us <em>Tea</em> as old as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> -the <em>Trojan</em> War, whilst they use it fresh and -good themselves? Besides, as the <em>Tea</em>-Leaves -have no Smell, it is highly probable, that -the <em>Asiatics</em> have infused and macerated them, -and then dried them a second Time for -the Use of the <em>Europeans</em>; since, when -chewed in the Mouth, they are resolved -into a Kind of gross Powder. I am also -of the Opinion of the celebrated <cite>Wormius</cite>, -who thought it highly probable, that <em>Tea</em>-Leaves -were either mixed with others, or -had others intirely substituted in their stead. -If we are at such Care and Pains to discharge -and prohibit the Sale of old <em>European</em> -Plants, ought we not, with the same -Rigour and Authority, to prohibit the Import -of <em>Tea</em> deprived of its Smell, and long -ago dried and prepared for the Use of the -<em>Chinese</em>? The Man would surely be ridiculous -who should import into <em>Europe</em> large -Quantities of <em>Tobacco</em>, already cut small for -the present Smoaking of the <em>Indians</em>, or -<em>Americans</em>; or who should commend it -on account of its unctuous Sulphur, or prefer -it to large Pricks, made up hard and compact -for the Sake of keeping; for cut <em>Tobacco</em> -after it has been kept some Months and become -dry, loses all its Virtue, and is despised -by a phlegmatic <em>European</em>. It is -also obvious from what has been said, that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> -after the <em>Chinese</em> have toasted their <em>Tea</em>, they -preserve it in close stopped Vessels, that it -may not be corrupted, or too much dried -by the Access of the Air: It is, therefore, -the Duty of every <em>European</em> to join in engaging -the Legislature to put a Stop to this -epidemical Evil, and prohibit the Abuse, not -only of <em>Tea</em>, but also of <em>Tobacco</em>, since both -of these, and <em>Coffee</em>, as I have before shewn, -so enervate the <em>European</em> Men, that they -become incapable of propagating their Species, -like <em>Eunuchs</em>, some of whom are highly -salacious; but it is sufficiently known, that -they are incapable of Procreation, tho' they -emit something analogous to <em>Semen</em>. For -this Reason, the <em>Turks</em> perform Castration in -a different Manner from the <em>Italians</em>, since -the former cut off <em>Penis</em>, <em>Testicles</em>, and all; -and the latter only the <em>Testicles</em>. The Curious -may consult <cite>Bartholinus Anatom. Reformat. -Lib. 1.</cite> at the End of which, they -will be informed why, and when it happens, -that Horses and Bulls procreate their respective -Species after Castration: The <em>Turks</em>, therefore, -lest their Eunuchs should provide -them with a spurious Progeny, treat them -in a far more inhuman Manner, than the -<em>Italians</em> do. Since we have mentioned the -<em>Turks</em>, it will not be improper to observe, -that the <em>Persians</em>, though salacious, are, ne<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span>vertheless, -generally impotent: For since, -on account of <em>Polygamy</em>, which they have -in common with the <em>Turks</em>, they have a -numerous Progeny to be supported; when -they copulate with their Wives and Whores, -they are not so sollicitous to procure an -Offspring, as, like the infamous <em>Onan</em>, to -emit a vapid and unprolific Seed, which, on -account of the <em>Coffee</em> corrupted in their -Veins, may, by a Person acquainted with -Chymical Principles, be justly compared to -the Lees of Wine, in a great Measure deprived -of the volatile Salt and Sulphur of -the Wine: Or it may be compared to -that of the Eunuchs of other less brutal -Nations; or that of the <em>Scythians</em>, who are -by <cite>Hippocrates</cite>, in <cite>Lib. de Aere, Aquis, -& Locis</cite>, stiled <cite>emasculated and effeminate -Mortals</cite>. The same Author, in the Work -now quoted, assigns other Causes for the -Sterility of the <em>Scythians</em>; "for, <em>says he</em>, they -make so deep Incisions in the Veins behind -their Ears, that when they come -to be married, they are impotent." But -<cite>Olearius</cite> informs us, that without this Practice, -the salacious <em>Persians</em> emasculate themselves -only by the Use of <em>Coffee</em>: Nor is this -surprizing, since Salacity, instead of promoting -Procreation, procures Sterility. Hence -a common Strumpet rarely becomes preg<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span>nant, -notwithstanding her frequent venereal -Encounters with salacious Rakes and Debauchees. -Besides, there is a vast Difference -between stimulating, cold, and languid Constitutions -to Venery, which is obtained by -<em>Rocket</em>, and fecundating the <em>Semen</em>, which -is obtained by some Vegetables, as Sweet Almonds, -Pine Kernels, Pistachio Nuts, and -Chesnuts; as also by Animals, as Capons, -Larks, Thrushes, Kids-Flesh, Mutton, or -Veal. I do not deny, but <em>Coffee</em>, <em>Chocolate</em>, -and <em>Tobacco</em>, have a Power of stimulating -to Venery, but may yet induce Sterility, -because they consist of heterogeneous -Parts, or rather act by their whole Substances: -But all these Things are unfit for -fecundating the <em>Semen</em>; as also all other Substances -of a drying Quality, and not cold -Substances, as is commonly believed. The -Effeminacy and Impotence then produced -by drinking <em>Coffee</em>, and smoaking <em>Tobacco</em>, -are sufficiently obvious. And to these two, -if I am not mistaken, good Judges will join -<em>Tea</em>, because according to <cite>Martinius</cite>, the <em>Chinese</em> -by the last not only extinguish Thirst, but -also dissipate their Humours to such a Degree, -that they hardly ever spit. It is also -by a drying Quality, that the <em>Agnus Castus</em>, -<em>Rue</em>, <em>Mint</em>, and <em>Camphire</em>, render Men impotent. -Besides, <em>Tea</em> is to the <em>Chinese</em> them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span>selves -only a new Thing, whose Virtues and -Faculties they have not, as yet, sufficiently -investigated; for which Reason I justly prefer -to it our own <em>Betony</em>, which has been -deservedly celebrated for so many Ages. -The <em>Chinese</em> Incapacity of Spitting is, therefore, -a manifest Proof that <em>Tea</em> contains -a drying, though not an intensely hot Sulphur. -I do not find it expresly affirmed -by Authors, that <em>Chocolate</em>, as well as <em>Coffee</em>, -produces Sterility and Impotence; since -they rather assert, that it proves a Stimulus -to Venery: A Circumstance confirmed -by the Accounts of some Men of Learning -and Penetration, upon their Return -from <em>Africa</em> and <em>America</em>. But as <cite>Benzon</cite> -informs us, "that <em>Chocolate</em> has a somewhat -bitterish Taste, and refrigerates, or dries the -Body, without producing the smallest Degree -of Intoxication:" Hence we may -reasonably infer, that as <em>Chocolate</em> agrees with -<em>Coffee</em> and <em>Tea</em>, in one Third of its Qualities, -so all these three exactly agree with each -other, in producing Effeminacy and Impotence: -But I shall not here attempt an Investigation -of their other Qualities. I therefore -hope, that for the future, the <em>Europeans</em> -will be wise, and reject <em>Coffee</em>, <em>Chocolate</em>, -and <em>Tea</em>; since they are all either -equally bad, or equally good: Nay, I hope<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> -to see People of all Ranks and Conditions, -have as great an Aversion to them as the -<em>Mahometans</em> and <em>Turks</em>, or rather their Emperors -have to <em>Tobacco</em>, the Lovers of which, -as well as thole who are idle, prodigal, -barren, impotent, or effeminate, they will -not suffer to live within their Territories. -There is another Method of producing -Barrenness and Impotence, probably brought -from <em>Asia</em> into <em>Europe</em>, which is the indiscriminate -Use of Venesection, in both Sexes, -behind the Ears, for intolerable Tooth-achs. -But let me tell the Persons, who, despising -the Authority of <cite>Hippocrates</cite>, suffer, like -the <em>Scythians</em>, the Veins behind their Ears -to be opened, that they will afterwards -repent their Folly, when they find Sterility -and Impotence to be their Fate. Some -practical Physicians may furnish us with -Instances of Tooth-achs, accompanied with -Deliriums, and other violent Symptoms; -but none of them seem to have observed, -that a Tooth-ach, when removed by opening -the Veins behind the Ears, has proved -the Cause of Sterility, as <cite>Hippocrates</cite>, who, -according to <cite>Macrobius</cite>, was never deceived -himself, nor imposed upon others, affirms, -not of a single Instance or two, but of the -whole Nation of the <em>Scythians</em>. Let, therefore, -the Masters and Mistresses of Fami<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span>lies -reject the Custom of cauterising or opening -the Veins behind the Ears, unless they -incline that their Children should be cursed -with Sterility, or Impotence, which are -attended with a dire and numerous Train -of Woes. So that we hope the <em>Europeans</em> -will guard against Sterility; produced in -the <em>Indies</em> by <em>Coffee</em>, <em>Tea</em>, and <em>Chocolate</em>; -and in <em>Scythia</em> by opening, or burning the -Veins behind the Ears.</p> - -<p>Having already considered the Regimen -of the <em>Chinese</em>, I shall proceed to take Notice -of their Manners, Customs, and Dispositions: -In the Execution of which Design -I shall take my Accounts from <cite>Martinius</cite>, -who, when treating of Quack-Physicians, -affirms, that the <em>Chinese</em>, as well as the <em>Cretans</em>, -are greatly addicted to Lying. The -same Author, in his <cite>Atlas Chinicus</cite>, speaks -in the following Manner: "The <em>Europeans</em> -are superior to the <em>Chinese</em> in Fortitude, -but the <em>Chinese</em> excel the <em>Europeans</em> -in Brightness of Genius: They are also -sagacious, cunning, intrepid, industrious, -and dextrous, in managing sudden Emergencies: -Notwithstanding their great Abundance, -they collect and preserve the -most worthless Things, such as Dogs -Bones, Feathers, and Hogs Bristles, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span> -they sell. Their Penetration often discovers -itself by Fraud, Guile, and Imposition. -Their Merchants are industrious -and active, and the whole of the -Inhabitants spare no Pains, and think no -Labour too severe, when they have the -smallest Prospect of Gain, because they -always prefer Profit to Honesty. They -have sound and robust Constitutions, being -accustomed to Fatigue from their -Infancy: Some of them are of as fair -Complexions as the <em>Europeans</em>."</p> - -<p>As I have before compared the <em>Chinese</em> -with the <em>European</em> Regimen, so I should -here institute the Comparison between their -Manners and Dispositions, if <cite>Barclay</cite> had -not already executed that Design with great -Judgment and Accuracy: Only I must observe, -that their Cunning surpasses our Prudence, -and that their Fraud sufficiently -evinces their Inclination to deceive us. In -a word, Cunning, Avarice, and Lying, are -the distinguishing Characteristicks of the -<em>Asiatics</em>, who yearly defraud the <em>Europeans</em> -of such immense Sums of Money for <em>Teas</em>. -As <cite>Hippocrates</cite> spared no Pains to remove and -root out the <em>Athenian</em> Plague, so I have used -the utmost of my Endeavours to destroy the -raging epidemical Madness of importing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> -<em>Tea</em> into <em>Europe</em> from <em>China</em>; since I have -demonstrated, that the <em>Chinese Tea</em>, and the -<em>Chamelæagnus</em>, or <em>Myrtus Brabantica</em>, are -Plants of the same Species. Let such, therefore, -as are unacquainted with <em>Botany</em>, cease -to use <em>Chinese Tea</em>, and in its Room substitute -our <em>European Chamelæagnus</em>. Tho' -I have not Authority sufficient to force my -Opinions upon others, yet let me perswade -my Countrymen to use <em>Betony</em>, which, as -<cite>Antonius Musa</cite> informs us, cures no less than -forty Disorders, instead of the <em>Chinese Tea</em>, -which is without Smell, corrupted by the -Length of the Voyage, and destitute of the -Qualities it is possessed of in <em>Asia</em>: Nor do -I in the least doubt, but the <em>European Betony</em> -would happily cure those Disorders, for -which the <em>Chinese</em> recommend their <em>Tea</em>. -The Physicians of <em>China</em> are indeed to be -commended for curing Diseases by Abstinence -from Meat and Drink, and the Use -of simple Decoctions, or other similar Things; -because Nature delights in Simplicity, is -contented with little, and overpowered by -a Farrago of compound Medicines.</p> - -<p>If I should be laughed at for my Opinions, -I shall comfort myself with this Reflection, -that I have always had so sacred -and inviolable an Attachment to Truth, -that I have chearfully gone whithersoever<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span> -she led me; so that I may, with a few -Variations, put a Close to this Work, in -the Words of <cite>Cicero</cite>, in <cite>Academ. Quest. -Lib. 4.</cite></p> - -<p>"If I had been induced to this Work -by Ostentation, or the Love of Dispute, -I ought to be condemned, not only as -a Fool, but also as a vicious and immoral -Man; for, if Obstinacy in Trifles -is justly ridiculed, it ought to be much -more so in Affairs of Importance. During -the whole Course of my Life I have -been impartial in my Searches after Truth, -and never attempted to impose upon the -Judgment of others; for I can swear by -the immortal God, that I not only have -an ardent Love to Truth, but also that -I speak the genuine Sentiments of my -Mind; for why should not I desire to -discover Truth, when I rejoice to find -what bears a near Resemblance to it. -As it is the peculiar Glory of the human -Nature, to perceive Truth in its -genuine Colours; so, it is a Disgrace to -Reason to embrace Falshood for Truth. -I do not, however, lay claim to Infallibility, -since I confess that I may err, as well -as other Men."</p> - - -<p class="ph2 gesperrt"><em>FINIS.</em></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>BOOKS <i>Printed for and Sold by</i> <span class="smcap">T. -Osborne</span>, <i>in</i> Gray's Inn.</h2> -</div> - - -<p class="blockquot">I. A Medicinal Dictionary, in Three Volumes, -including Physic, Surgery, Anatomy, Chemistry, -and Botany; in all their Branches -relative to Medicine. Together with a History of -Drugs, an Account of their various Preparations, -Combinations, and Uses; and an Introductory Preface, -tracing the Progress of Physic, and explaining -the Theories which have principally prevailed in all -Ages of the World: With Copper-Plates.</p> - -<p class="ph3 gesperrt">By R. JAMES, M. D.</p> - -<p class="blockquot center"><cite>The Lord hath created Medicines out of the Earth, and -he that is wise will not abhor them.</cite> Ecclesiasticus, -<cite>Chap.</cite> xxxviii. <cite>Ver. 4</cite>.</p> - -<p class="blockquot center">Ἰητρικὴ, τεχνέων μὲν πασέων ἐστὶν ἐπιφανεστάτη. Hippoc.</p> - -<p class="blockquot">II. A Treatise on the Gout and Rheumatism, -wherein a Method is laid down of relieving in an eminent -Degree those excruciating Distempers. By -R. JAMES, M. D. Price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<p class="blockquot">III. A New Method of preventing and curing the -Madness caused by the Bite of a Mad Dog. Laid before -the Royal Society, in February, 1741. By -R. JAMES, M. D. The Second Edition.</p> - -<p class="blockquot">IV. The Symptoms, Nature, Causes, and Cure of -the Febricula, or Little Fever: Commonly called, -The Nervous, or Hysteric Fever; the Fever on the -Spirits, Vapours, Hypo, or Spleen. By Sir Richard -Manningham, Knt. M. D. F. R. S. and of the College -of Physicians, London.</p> - - -<div class='transnote'><h3>Transcriber's Notes:</h3> - <ol> - <li>æ and œ ligatures were used interchangeably in this text. Based on context, the transcriber chose the most appropriate ligature for each incidence.</li> - - <li>Examples: All instances of Chamelœagnus were corrected to Chamelæagnus; instances of Spirœa were corrected to Spiræa; instances of - Dodonœus were corrected to Dodonæus</li> - - <li>Both preternaturally and præternaturally are used in the text; left as printed. </li> - - <li>Minor punctuation and printer errors repaired.</li> - - <li>Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully - as possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other - inconsistencies.</li> - - <li>It is noted that, despite the title, only the treatises on Tobacco and Tea were present in this volume.</li> - </ol> -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Treatise on Tobacco, Tea, Coffee, -and Chocolate, by Simon Pauli - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TREATISE--TOBACCO, TEA, COFFEE, CHOCOLATE *** - -***** This file should be named 53027-h.htm or 53027-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/0/2/53027/ - -Produced by Christopher Wright and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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