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-Project Gutenberg's Smithson's Theory of Special Creation, by Noble Smithson
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-Title: Smithson's Theory of Special Creation
-
-Author: Noble Smithson
-
-Release Date: September 10, 2016 [EBook #53026]
-
-Language: English
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-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SMITHSON'S THEORY--SPECIAL CREATION ***
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-[Illustration: Noble Smithson]
-
-
-
-
-                           Smithson’s Theory
-                                 _of_
-                           Special Creation
-                                 _by_
-                            NOBLE SMITHSON
-
-                              KNOXVILLE:
-                      _Victor Publishing Company_
-                                _1911_
-
-                           _Copyright 1911_
-                           By NOBLE SMITHSON
-
-          _All rights reserved, including that of translation
-                        into foreign languages_
-
-                          PUBLISHER’S NOTICE
-                 A copy of this book will be mailed,
-               postage prepaid, upon receipt of $1.00
-                         VICTOR PUBLISHING CO.
-                       KNOXVILLE.  ::  TENNESSEE
-
-
-
-
-                         _To the Memory of my
-                           Father and Mother
-                         John Greene Smithson
-                                  and
-                          Ann Ladd Smithson_
-
-
-
-
-_To the Reader:_ If you care to write me your view of my theory as set
-forth in the following pages, I shall be pleased to hear from you.
-
-                                                        NOBLE SMITHSON.
-
-
-
-
-Preface
-
-
-A critical reader of the works of Darwin, Huxley, Spencer, Haeckel,
-Romanes, Weismann, Mivart, Cope and other writers, on organic
-evolution, will find that there is much diversity in the views of
-these writers. Darwin believes that the first one, or the first few,
-animals and plants were directly and specially made by the Creator;
-Haeckel says the primordial forms arose “by spontaneous generation from
-inorganic matter.” Referring to the origin of life, Romanes says that
-“science is not in a position to furnish so much as suggestion upon the
-subject.” Neither Huxley, Weismann, Mivart nor Cape has anything to say
-on the origin of life. No two of these writers agree as to the work of
-the “factors” of evolution. According to Darwin, Romanes and Weismann,
-natural selection did substantially the entire work of evolving all the
-species of animal and plant. But Cope, and other evolutionists of the
-Lamarckian school, hold that use, disuse, pressure, friction and motion
-did it.
-
-Weismann argues that the inheritance of “acquired characters” is
-impossible; while Spencer, Romanes and other evolutionists say that
-Weismann’s views are highly absurd and would entirely destroy the
-theory of evolution; and I think they are correct in this view. There
-are many evolutionists for and against Weismann’s theory of heredity.
-Writers on evolution differ as widely on other important questions, as
-on these.
-
-Many of the theories of the evolutionists are quite absurd. Among
-these may be mentioned the theory of “protective mimicry” and “sexual
-selection.” So their belief that the blind “factors,” working by chance
-and accident, have differentiated one part of a minute individual into
-a set of male sexual organs, and another part of the same individual
-into a set of female sexual organs, as in hermaphroditic animals and
-plants, appears to be quite preposterous. So it is impossible to
-believe these “factors” have differentiated one-half of the individuals
-of each species of mammal into males and the other half into females,
-for example into men and women. If time and space permitted me, I
-could easily point out divers other absurdities in the views of the
-evolutionists.
-
-To be consistent, every evolutionist must maintain that characters,
-acquired by the parent, are transmitted by heredity to their offspring;
-for the whole theory of evolution is based on the hypothesis of
-accumulated “adaptations and variations.” Thus, suppose a pair of
-snakes have ten vertebræ (joints) in their spinal columns; that each
-of them acquires one, making eleven; that their offspring start with
-eleven and acquire one, and so on until the ninetieth generation, which
-would have a hundred vertebræ. Such a thing might happen, according to
-the evolutionist; but I do not believe any such thing ever did happen.
-
-But no evolutionist has ever shown how or why the offspring happen
-to resemble one or both of their parents. In brief, the mechanism of
-heredity is wholly unknown. The evolutionist tells us that “heredity
-and adaptation” have evolved all the species of animal and plant.
-Having done this, he appears to think that he has explained all the
-phenomena of reproduction, heredity and life. But his solution of the
-vital equation contains an unknown quantity, namely: “heredity;” and it
-is, therefore, no solution at all.
-
-The evolutionist and materialist maintain that the blind unthinking
-atoms and cells, of which the embryo body is made, do, spontaneously
-and automatically, without the aid or guidance of any extraneous,
-psychic or creative force, group themselves into the chemical
-combinations and mechanical arrangements, which are necessary to build
-up the embryo body with all its organs and parts--its brain, eyes,
-ears, heart, lungs, etc. This is the most preposterous of all their
-propositions.
-
-I have worked out this proposition:
-
-“Intellect, memory, will-power, force and motion are necessary to group
-two or more atoms into a prescribed chemical combination; or into a
-specified mechanical arrangement.”
-
-Thus, if the reader were required to group ten silver dollars into a
-triangle with three dollars in each side and one in the center, he must
-have intellect to understand the nature and properties of a triangle;
-and to know how to construct it; and to know when it is completed; must
-have memory to bear these things in mind while doing the work; must
-have will-power to begin and continue the work until it is completed;
-must generate such force and produce such motions as are necessary to
-assemble and group the coins into the prescribed figure.
-
-Can the reader discover any flaw in this proposition?
-
-There is no trace of the coming embryo in the germ-cell (fertilized
-ovum); nor of any organ or part of it. It follows that each embryo and
-every organ and part of it must be made, anew, of fresh materials; that
-the atoms and cells of which it is composed must be selected, assembled
-and grouped into the chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements
-which are necessary to construct the embryo body and each organ and
-part of it; each organ and part of it being a new combination of its
-component atoms and cells.
-
-Intellect, memory, will-power, force and motion--supernatural, psychic
-and creative force--are necessary to make each embryo body and every
-organ and part of it. Let us suppose that a hundred million silver
-dollars were coined last year, at the mint in Philadelphia. It is clear
-that each of these coins was made, anew; that it was a new combination
-of the atoms of silver and copper contained in it; that it required the
-same work to make each of them, that it did to make every other--the
-same to make the last that it did to make the first. The same is true
-of each man and woman.
-
-The purpose of this little work is to present some of the facts, and
-make some of the arguments, which tend to prove that each human being
-is a new, direct and special creation by Almighty God!
-
-                                                        NOBLE SMITHSON.
-
-    Knoxville, Tennessee.
-        Nov. 1, 1911.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 1. Personal God
-
-
-I believe there is a personal God, the Creator and Ruler of the
-Universe. If this is not true, matter, force and the motion of matter
-constitute the Universe. There is no middle ground between these two
-propositions.
-
-The first animal that ever lived on our earth was directly and
-specially made by the Creator; or it arose by spontaneous generation
-from inorganic matter. How else could it come into existence? The
-same is true of the first plant. Which of these two theories is most
-reasonable?
-
-Every human being that ever lived was either directly and specially
-made by the Creator; or the blind unthinking atoms and cells of which
-his body was, and is, composed, spontaneously and automatically grouped
-themselves into the chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements
-necessary to build up his body. How else could a human body be made?
-Which hypothesis is most plausible?
-
-Can we believe that intellect, memory and will are merely properties
-of matter, like length, breadth, thickness and weight; or are these
-faculties the attributes of a spiritual entity?
-
-I believe that the Creator has been manifesting His knowledge, wisdom,
-power and goodness ever since the first man appeared on the earth;
-that He has been performing miracles before the eyes of men during
-all this time; that He has been speaking to mankind through these
-manifestations and miracles throughout the ages. But they have failed
-to read His messages.
-
-Most educated persons are familiar with the phenomena of life,
-reproduction and heredity. But the real question is: whether the
-Creator causes these phenomena, or whether the blind, unthinking atoms
-and cells, of which the body is composed, produce them, spontaneously
-and automatically, without the aid of any extraneous psychic or
-creative force. The fact that these phenomena are manifested, and the
-cause of them, are two wholly different things. Everybody knows that a
-stone falls to the ground, but nobody knows why.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 2. Whence and Whither
-
-
-Has man descended from worms, fishes, lizards, opossums, hedgehogs and
-apes as Haeckel says? Is he a son of an ape? No! A Son of God!
-
-Does death annihilate both soul and body; or does the soul live after
-the death of the body? Shall we see and know our children, fathers,
-mothers, brothers, sisters, husbands, wives, and friends after death?
-Shall we enjoy forever, the society of the good, the true and the
-beautiful? Shall we be free from want, pain and sorrow? Shall we be
-happy throughout eternity? This is my belief and hope!
-
-Darwin (Origin of Species, vol. 1, p. 228) says: “Have we any right
-to suppose that the Creator works by intellectual powers like those
-of man?” On the same page he refers to “the works of the Creator” as
-being superior to those of man. In the same work (vol. 2, p. 304) he
-refers to “the laws impressed on matter by the Creator.” Again (p. 306)
-he refers to life as “having been originally breathed by the Creator
-into a few forms or into one,” animal, at the beginning of life on the
-earth. In his Descent of Man (p. 95) he says: “There is no evidence
-that man was aboriginally endowed with the ennobling belief in the
-existence of the omnipotent God.” Referring to the question: “Whether
-there exists a Creator and Ruler of the Universe.” On the same page
-he says: “And this has been answered in the affirmative by some of
-the highest intellects that have ever existed.” In the same work (p.
-627) he says: “The idea of a universal and beneficent Creator does not
-seem to arise in the mind of man, until he has been elevated by long
-continued culture.” On the same page he says: “Few persons feel any
-anxiety from the impossibility of determining at what precise period,
-in the development of the individual, from the first trace of a minute
-germinal vesicle, man becomes an immortal being.” Again (pp. 627-628)
-he says: “The birth, both of the species and of the individual are
-equally parts of that grand sequence of events which our minds refuse
-to accept as the result of blind chance. The understanding revolts
-at such a conclusion.” Thus it appears that Darwin believed in the
-existence of a personal God and in the immortality of the human soul.
-But he also believed “that the production and extinction of the past
-and present inhabitants of the world” have been “due to secondary
-causes, like these determining the birth and death of the individual.”
-(Origin of Species, 2, p. 304.) In brief, Darwin maintained that the
-Creator directly and specially made one or a few primordial forms, and
-turned them loose upon the earth to shift for themselves, subject to
-the “factors of evolution.”
-
-Although Darwin appears to believe in the special creation of the first
-one, or the first few, animals and plants, and in the immortality of
-the human soul, yet his theory of evolution is highly materialistic;
-and the publication of this Origin of Species gave materialism an
-immense impetus.
-
-The Encyclopedia Britannica (9 ed., vol. 2, p. 109), referring to
-“thinkers, who hold materialistic views,” says:
-
-“According to this school, man is a machine, no doubt the most complex
-and wonderfully adapted of all known machines, but still neither more
-nor loss than an instrument whose energy is provided by force from
-without, and which, when set in action performs the various operations,
-for which its structure fits it, namely: to live, move, feel and think.”
-
-The materialist maintains that there is no substance in man, which is
-alone conscious, distinct and separable from the body; that matter
-is the only substance in existence; and that matter and its motions
-constitute the universe. (Cent. Dic. 5, p. 3658.) This work, on
-the same page quotes J. Fisk (Evolutionist, p. 277) as saying that
-“Philosophical materialism holds that matter, and the motions of
-matter, make up the sum total of existence; and that what we know as
-psychical phenomena in man and other animals, are to be interpreted, in
-an ultimate analysis as simply the peculiar aspect, which is assumed by
-certain enormously complicated motions of matter.” (Cent. Dic. 5, p.
-3658)
-
-According to this view, if one should meet a friend, the sight of him
-would set certain atoms in his eyes and brain in motion; and these
-atoms would inform the Ego that the man is his friend, Smith or Jones.
-
-So, if one be required to find the square root of 3,600, his eyes
-or ears would see or hear the problem; and the sight or hearing of
-it would set certain atoms in motion; and by this motion they would
-ascertain that 60 is the square root required. But the theory is too
-absurd for discussion, in this place.
-
-I assume that every evolutionist is logically a materialist. Referring
-to “Man and the rest of the living world,” Huxley, (Man’s Place, etc.,
-p. 151), says:
-
-“I can see no excuse for doubting that all are co-ordinated terms of
-nature’s great progression, from the formless to the formed--from the
-inorganic to the organic--from the blind force to conscious intellect
-and will.”
-
-So far as I know he does not mention the Creator nor the human soul in
-any of his works; but he strenuously maintains that man is a son of
-an ape; and believes that all the phenomena of life are the result of
-chemical and mechanical forces.
-
-Herbert Spencer does not use the word “God,” “Creator” nor “Soul” in
-the index to his Principles of Biology; but after discussing the theory
-of special creation at length, he says:
-
-“The hypothesis of special creation turns out to be worthless by its
-derivation; worthless in its incoherence; absolutely without evidence;
-worthless as not supplying an intellectual need, worthless as not
-supplying a moral want.” (Principles of Biology 1, p. 430.)
-
-This quotation is full of bosh and nonsense. For example: In the same
-book (pp. 415-416), referring to the hypothesis of special creation and
-to that of evolution, Spencer says:
-
-“Both hypotheses imply a cause. The last, certainly as much as the
-first, recognizes this cause as _inscrutable_. The point at issue is,
-how this inscrutable cause has worked, in the production of living
-forms. This point, if it is to be decided at all, is to be decided only
-by examination of evidence.”
-
-The word “inscrutable” is synonymous with “impenetrable,”
-“undiscoverable,” “incomprehensible,” “unsearchable,” “mysterious.”
-(Cent. Dic. 4, p. 3114.)
-
-Now, if the Cause which produces animals and plants is impenetrable,
-incomprehensible, etc., Spencer could not possibly know whether each
-animal and plant is directly and specially made by the Creator or not;
-nor could he say, logically, that there is no evidence of special
-creation; for he admits that the Cause is “inscrutable” to him. But
-there is abundant evidence that each animal and plant is a new direct
-and special creation, for the obvious reason that no other hypothesis
-can explain and account for the admitted facts.
-
-Haeckel, (Evolution of Man, p. 26), says the first one, or the
-first few, animals that appeared on our earth arose “by spontaneous
-generation from inorganic matter.” On the same page he says:
-
-“Life is only a physical phenomenon. All the plants and animals,
-with man at their head, are to be explained in structure and life,
-by mechanical or efficient causes, without any appeal to final
-causes, just as in the case of minerals and other inorganic bodies.
-This applies equally to the origin of the various species. We must
-not assume any original creation … to explain this, but a natural,
-continuous and necessary evolution.”
-
-Prior to the publication of Darwin’s Origin of Species in 1859, belief
-in the theory of special creation was well nigh universal among
-scientists as well as laymen. But immediately after the publication of
-that work the scientific world accepted Darwin’s theory as absolute
-truth, not only as to animals and plants, but extended the Darwinian
-principle of materialism to all other branches of science. Materialism
-permeated all literature and became a fad. It fostered “higher
-criticism,” agnosticism, infidelity and atheism. It destroyed human
-hope and enthroned despair. It shook and rent the church from the
-corner stone to the spire.
-
-According to the materialist, there is no such thing as a personal
-God, nor a human soul. He maintains that life, intellect, memory
-and will-power are mere properties of the human body as a physical
-structure; and that death works the absolute annihilation of the body
-and the Ego. In his view, there is no life, punishment nor pleasure
-after death. He, therefore, resolves to make the most of his life, and
-to get all the ease, comfort and pleasure that it affords, without
-regard to anything that may happen after death. He has no fear of any
-final judgment, nor of God. He is not restrained by any moral law, nor
-by any religious obligation. He fears nothing but publicity, public
-opinion, and the criminal statutes. Hence, lying, cheating, fraud,
-perjury, theft, robbery, murder, suicide.
-
-I admit that heredity, environment and other forces, which the
-evolutionist denominates, “the factors of organic evolution,” may
-affect, modify, or differentiate an animal or a plant, or its organs
-and parts, to a certain extent. But I deny that heredity, environment
-or any, or all, the “factors” combined, are adequate to evolve a new
-species of animal or plant; or even a new organ or part of one. On the
-contrary I maintain that heredity, environment and all other factors of
-evolution combined, are inadequate to produce a single animal or plant,
-without the aid of the Creator; and that each animal and plant is a
-new, direct and special creation by Almighty God.
-
-In this little work, I shall make an humble effort to prove that there
-is a living personal God; that He directly and specially creates
-each human being; makes its body and endows it with life and with an
-immortal soul. If the reader shall think that I have made a creditable
-effort to accomplish this purpose, I shall have done my fellow man a
-good service by pointing the way to hope and happiness.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 3. Chemical Elements Composing the Human Body
-
-
-“Of the elements known to chemists,” says Professor Martin, “only
-sixteen have been found to take part in the formation of the human
-body. These are (1) calcium, (2) carbon, (3) chlorine, (4) fluorine,
-(5) hydrogen, (6) iron, (7) lithium, (8) magnesium, (9) manganese, (10)
-nitrogen, (11) oxygen, (12) phosphorus, (13) potassium, (14) silicon,
-(15) sodium, and (16) sulphur. Copper and lead have sometimes been
-found in small quantities, but are probably accidental and occasional.”
-(Martin, Human Body, p. 7.)
-
-It is clear that neither the nature nor the properties of these
-elementary substances, are changed by the fact that such substance has
-become a part of the body. For example, iron is iron whether in or out
-of the body.
-
-It is probable that the chemical composition of the human body is
-substantially the same as that of the body of every other mammal.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 4. Atoms
-
-
-The words “atom” and “atoms” will be often used in the following pages.
-Therefore, it is deemed proper to state the nature and properties of an
-atom, so far as known. It is defined as: “An extremely minute particle
-of matter; a hypothetical particle of matter, so minute as to admit of
-no division; an ultimate indivisible particle of matter. (Cent. Dic. 1,
-p. 365.) The Encyclopedia Britannica says: “Atom is a body which cannot
-be cut in two. The Atomic theory is a theory of the constitution of
-bodies, which asserts that they are made up of atoms.” (Encyc. Brit.
-3, p. 36.) A molecule is the smallest mass of any substance, which is
-capable of existing in a separate form; that is the smallest part, into
-which the substance can be divided without destroying its chemical
-identity. A molecule of any substance is conceived of as made up of two
-or more atoms. (Cent. Dic. 5, p. 3822.)
-
-In biology a cell is defined, first, as the fundamental form-element of
-every organized body. Secondly, as a nucleated, capsulated form element
-of any structure or tissue; one of the protoplasmic bodies, which build
-up an animal fabric; a body consisting of cell-substance, cell-wall and
-cell-nucleus, as bone-cell, etc. (Cent. Dic. 1, p. 878.) The body of
-every animal and plant is made of cells; and each cell is composed of
-many atoms.
-
-For a full discussion of “The Atomic Theory,” see Encyc. Brit. 3, pp.
-36-49, (9th ed.); New Int. Encyc. 13, pp. 683-685.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 5. Cells and Cell Theory
-
-
-In Biology, the word “cell” denotes the fundamental form-element of
-every organized body. It is a bioplastic mass of protoplasm, varying
-in size and shape, generally of microscopic dimensions, capable, under
-proper conditions, of performing the functions of sensation, nutrition,
-reproduction and automatic or spontaneous motion, and constituting
-in itself an entire organism, or being capable of entering into the
-structure of one.
-
-Such a cell, as a rule, has a nucleus and is usually also provided with
-a wall or definite boundary; but neither cell-nucleus nor cell-wall
-necessarily enters into its structure. In ultimate morphological
-analysis, all organized tissue is resolvable into cells or cell
-products. See “Protoplasm,” and “Cell Theory,” infra.
-
-Specifically, the word “cell” denotes a nucleated capsulated
-form-element of any structure or tissue one of the independent
-protoplasmic bodies which build up an animal fabric. A body consisting
-of cell substances, cell-wall and cell-nucleus, as bone cells,
-cartilage-cells, muscle-cells, nerve-cells, fat-cells, cells of
-connective tissue, of mucous and serous membrane, etc., of the blood,
-lymph, etc. This is the usual character of cells in animals, and is the
-ordinary technical anatomical sense of the word.
-
-“However complicated one of the higher animals or plants may be,” says
-Huxley, “it begins its separate existence under the form of a nucleated
-cell.”--Huxley, _Anatomy Invert. An. p. 19_.
-
-See Haeckel, Ev. Man, chap. 6. “_Ovum and amœba_,” pp. 36-50; Spencer,
-_Principles, Biology, Index, “Cell,”_ 2 p. 630; Romanes, _Darwin,
-etc._, 1, pp. 104-134; _Encyc. Brit. 12_, pp. 5-10, “_Histology_;”
-_New Int. Encyc. 4_, p. 400.
-
-Professor McMurrich, of the University of Michigan, says:
-
-“It has been estimated that the number of cells entering into the
-composition of the body of an adult human being is about twenty-six
-million five hundred thousand million.” (McMurrich, _Development, Human
-Body_, p. 18.) This number is equivalent to twenty-six and a half
-trillions.
-
-The “cell theory” is the doctrine that the bodies of all animals and
-plants consist, either of a cell, or of a number of cells, and their
-products; and that all cells proceed from cells, as expressed in the
-phrase _omnis cellula e cellula_: a doctrine foreshadowed by Kasper
-Freidrich Wolff, who died in 1794, and by Karl Ernst Von Baer (born
-1792.) It was established in botany by Schleiden in 1838, and in
-zoology by Theodor Schwann about 1839.
-
-Its complete form, including the ovum, as a simple cell, also, is the
-basis of the present state of the biological sciences.--_Cent. Dic. 1,
-p. 879, col. 1._
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 6. Protoplasm
-
-
-Protoplasm is an albuminoid substance, ordinarily resembling the white
-of an egg, consisting of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen in
-extremely complex and unstable molecular combination, and capable,
-under proper conditions, of manifesting certain vital phenomena, as
-spontaneous motion, sensation, assimilation, and reproduction, thus
-constituting the physical basis of life of all plants and animals;
-sarcode. It is essential to the nature of protoplasm that the substance
-consist chemically of the four elements named (with or without a trace
-of some other elements); but the molecule is so highly compounded
-that these elements may be present in somewhat different proportions
-in different cases, so that the chemical formula is not always the
-same. The name has also been somewhat loosely applied to albuminous
-substances widely different in some physical properties, as density
-or fluidity. Thus the hard material of so-called vegetable ivory and
-the soft body of an amœba are both protoplasmic. The physiological
-activities of protoplasm are manifested in its irritability, or
-ready response to external stimuli, as well as its inherent capacity
-of spontaneous movement and other indications of life; so that the
-least particle of this substance may be observed to go through the
-whole cycle of vital functions. Protoplasm builds up every vegetable
-and animal fabric, it is itself devoid of discernible histological
-structure. It is ordinarily colorless and transparent, or nearly
-so, and of glairy or viscid semi-fluid consistency, as is well seen
-in the bodies of foraminifers, amœbæ, and other of the lowest forms
-of animal life. Such protoplasm (originally named sarcode) when not
-confined by an investing membrane, has the power of extension in
-any direction in the form of temporary processes capable of being
-withdrawn again; and it has also the characteristic property of
-streaming in minute masses through closed membranes without the loss
-of the identity of such masses. An individuated mass of protoplasm,
-generally of microscopic size with or without a nucleus and a wall,
-constitutes a cell, which may be the whole body of an organism, or the
-structural unit of aggregation of a multicellular animal or plant.
-The ovum of any creature consists of protoplasm, and all the tissues
-of the most complex living organisms result from the multiplication,
-differentiation, and specialization of such protoplasmic cell-units.
-The life of the organism, as a whole, consists in the continuous waste
-and repair of the protoplasmic material of its cells. No animal,
-however, can elaborate protoplasm directly from the chemical elements
-of that substance. The manufacture of protoplasm is a function of the
-vegetable kingdom. Plants make it directly from mineral compounds
-and from the atmosphere under the influence of the sun’s light and
-heat, thus becoming the store-house of food-stuff for the animal
-kingdom.--(See Cent. Dic. 6, p. 4799.)
-
-Hence this substance, known in Vegetable Physiology as protoplasm, but
-often referred to by zoölogists as sarcode, has been appropriately
-designated by Professor Huxley “the physical Basis of Life.”--(W. B.
-Carpenter, _Micros_, _sec. 219_.)
-
-For the whole living world, then, it results that the morphological
-unit--the primary and fundamental form of life--is merely an
-individual mass of protoplasm, in which no further structure is
-discernible.--(Huxley, _Anat. Invert._, _p. 18_.)
-
-See Spencer, _Principles Biology I_, _p. 63-67_. _Encyc. Brit. 19_, _p.
-828-830_; _New Int. Encyc. 16_, _p. 471-472_. Haeckel, _Ev. Man_, pp.
-36-50; “_Ovum and Amœba_.”
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 7. Human Body is a Compound Physical Structure Built of Cells
-
-
-The human body and every organ, part and cell in it, has length,
-breadth, thickness and weight, like a brick or stone. So, every such
-body and every organ and part of it is built of material substances
-as completely as are the foundation, walls, roof and other parts of
-a brick house. The body, as a whole, and every organ and part of it,
-has every property and attribute of a physical structure; and all the
-materials of which the body is built up, except the germ-cell (or
-fertilized ovum), were dead matter before they were assimilated and
-incorporated into it. So, all the materials, of which such a body
-is built up, are selected, assembled, grouped together and put into
-position in the body in the same manner that bricks, or blocks of stone
-are gathered up and put into position in a building, but by different
-forces and other means.
-
-But there is a marked difference between the process of building a
-house, engine, or other inanimate structure, on the one hand, and the
-body of the human embryo on the other. The wood, clay, iron and other
-materials used in the construction of the former are found ready to
-hand; and they are cut, sawed, burned, molded, or hammered, by man,
-into the proper size, form and condition for use in the construction
-of the building or machine; and are carried, by him, to the place, at
-which the building or machine is to be constructed. He then places
-these materials in such positions as to build up and complete the
-building or machine.
-
-On the other hand the materials of which the body of the human embryo
-is built, are carried by the blood of the mother to their proper places
-in the body; and different portions of the same raw material, namely:
-the mother’s blood, are then differentiated and specialized into bones,
-muscles, nerves, arteries, veins, and other tissues, which go to make
-up the human body.
-
-These bones, muscles, nerves, etc., are all new creations, independent
-of those of the mother, father or any other human being that ever
-lived. Except the tiny germ-cell, which is less than one-trillionth
-part of the infant, at birth, they are built of atoms that never
-formed any part of any other human body. The human body is not only a
-compound physical structure, consisting of hundreds of bones, hundreds
-of muscles, arteries, veins, etc., and of trillions of cells; and of
-many organs, as the brain, heart, lungs, etc., but each of its tissues
-and each of its organs and parts has its own chemical composition and
-its own mechanical arrangement, peculiar to itself. For example, all
-the bones are composed of phosphate of lime, carbonate of lime and
-other elements peculiar to the bony tissue. Again, the atoms (cells) in
-each bone are mechanically arranged in a manner peculiar to that bone.
-Thus, the atoms in the bones of the skull are so arranged as to make
-them flat and curved, with an inner and outer plate; those in the other
-bones are so arranged as to make them long and cylindrical (arms and
-legs); others short (hands and feet); others flat and curved (ribs);
-others with complex forms (vertebræ), and so on. The muscular, vascular
-and nervous tissues are each composed of chemical elements peculiar to
-themselves; and their atoms are so arranged, mechanically, as to form
-the muscles, arteries, veins, nerves, etc.
-
-The human body is not only a compound physical structure, with all
-these tissues, organs, cells, etc., but life is added to all the other
-wonderful properties, which it possesses.
-
-Now, the chemical elements, which compose the bones, muscles, arteries,
-veins, nerves, etc., either assemble, automatically, and group
-themselves, chemically, and at the same time, automatically, arrange
-themselves, mechanically, in such a manner as to form the bones,
-muscles, arteries, veins, nerves, brain, heart, lungs, stomach, etc.,
-without the aid of any extraneous psychic or creative force, or this
-wonderful work is done by the Creator, Himself. Which hypothesis is
-most plausible?
-
-But this is not all. Each organ and part of the body is adjusted to,
-and correlated with, every other organ and part of it. For example,
-the heart and lungs are so arranged as to work together. What force or
-agency selected, assembled and grouped the chemical elements, which
-compose the heart, then arranged these atoms in such a manner as to
-form the heart with chambers, valves, etc.? How did it happen that the
-elements, which compose the lungs, were assembled, grouped and arranged
-so as to form them with their complex machinery. Are these things the
-work of blind unthinking cells or of the Creator?
-
-It is inconceivable that the germ-cell (fertilized ovum), the mother’s
-blood or any atom of it has intellect, memory or will-power. It would
-be absurd nonsense to suppose that the atoms, of which bones, muscles,
-nerves, etc., are composed automatically, and of their own motion,
-differentiated themselves into bones, muscles, nerves, etc., and then
-grouped themselves together, mechanically, in such manner as to form
-the bones, muscles, nerves, etc., then fitted themselves together as we
-find them in the body of the infant at birth.
-
-The properties and characteristics of the human body, as a physical
-structure, are not altered nor affected by the fact that it is composed
-of live tissues, such as bones, muscles, arteries, veins, nerves,
-etc., and of live organs as the brain, heart, lungs, liver, stomach,
-kidneys, etc., for the body and every organ and part of it has the same
-length, breadth, thickness, and weight, whether living or dead, at
-least, until disintegration sets in. In brief, the living human body
-has identically the same physical properties and characteristics that
-an inanimate body would have, if the latter were composed of the same
-chemical elements, combined in the same proportions and mechanically
-arranged in the same manner and kept at the same temperature, as that
-of the human body; and the body merely has life, intellect, memory and
-will-power added to its physical properties and characteristics.
-
-Nor do the atoms and cells, nor the organs and parts, of which the
-body is composed, except the brain, have any more intellect, memory
-and will-power than so many grains of sand, or so many bricks. For
-example: Every man knows that neither his bones, muscles, arteries,
-veins, nerves, eyes, ears, nose, arms, hands, legs, feet, heart, lungs,
-stomach, liver, nor his kidneys have any intellectual powers whatever.
-
-Every man knows that the infant, at birth, has no conscious intellect,
-memory, nor will-power. It is, therefore, absurd to suppose that the
-embryo has any power or control over its own development and growth. It
-is equally clear that the mother has no direct power nor control over
-its growth.
-
-So, every man knows that his I, ego, or self has no power, nor any
-control over any part of his body except his brain and voluntary
-muscles. For example, no man can determine his complexion; nor the
-color of his hair; nor of his eyes; nor the length of his nose, nor his
-feet; nor the size of his head. These facts prove, conclusively, that
-the Creator generates, guides and controls the forces which build up
-the embryo body.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 8. Human Body is a Complex Animal Machine
-
-
-The human soul knows, feels and wills. It resides in the brain and
-governs the body by means of the brain and nerves; the stomach digests
-the food and makes nutriment for the body; the heart pumps the blood
-to and from the several parts of it, the arteries and veins carry the
-blood from the heart and back to it; the blood carries fresh building
-materials to every part of the body, and gathers up, and carries waste
-matter back to the heart and lungs; the lungs purify and enliven the
-blood; the liver secretes bile and cleanses the blood; the muscles and
-bones move the body and every part of it; the nerves carry messages
-from the brain to every part of the body and from every other part
-to the brain; the kidneys and other organs perform their functions;
-the work of all these organs being necessary to keep the body in good
-working order. The brain, stomach, heart, arteries, veins, lungs,
-blood, muscles, bones, kidneys, etc., may each be considered as a
-complex animal machine, designed and constructed to perform its special
-functions.
-
-The body, as a whole, is an animal machine, which does much work
-peculiar to itself.
-
-The functions of all organs other than those of the brain and
-voluntary muscles are performed by them, independently of the will.
-In other words: all the organs of the body except the brain and the
-voluntary muscles appear to act automatically as an automatic machine
-does. For example, the stomach, heart, lungs, liver and kidneys appear
-to do their work as automatic machines, independently of the will;
-nor has man any direct control, nor power over the work of any of his
-organs except that of the brain and voluntary muscles. Thus, he cannot
-directly compel his stomach to digest his food; nor has he any direct
-control over the action of his heart, nor over that of his lungs; nor
-can he directly compel his liver to secrete bile. All he can do is to
-take medicine or some other substance into his stomach, and thence into
-his blood to stimulate, reduce, or modify the action of his organs; or
-change his environment.
-
-No male has any direct control nor any voluntary agency in the
-formation of spermatozoä in his genital organs; nor has any female
-any control over, nor any voluntary part in, the formation of eggs in
-her ovaries. In fact fully ninety-nine per cent of mankind are wholly
-ignorant of the existence of spermatozoä and ova (eggs), having no
-knowledge, whatever, of the mechanism by which their own offspring are
-brought into being.
-
-What are we to infer from these facts? Can we believe that the
-functions of the heart and other involuntary muscles do their work,
-automatically, without the aid of any extraneous psychic force? Can
-we believe that the mysterious spermatozoön, and ovum are produced in
-the genital organs of the male and female, without their knowledge
-and without the aid of any psychic or creative force, whatever? Is
-it possible for the atoms of which each spermatozoön is composed, to
-assemble and group themselves, automatically into it without the aid
-of a supernatural psychic and creative force? In another section of
-this work, I have argued that each spermatozoön is a new, direct and
-special creation. The same is true of each ovum. I believe that the
-same psychic and creative force which generates, guides and controls the
-forces, that build up the body of the embryo, continues to generate,
-guide and control many of the forces which affect the human body during
-its whole life. I believe that the same force determines the growth and
-waste of cells; and by this means fixes the size of each normal body.
-Why does an elephant grow larger than a mouse; an ox larger than a man;
-an eagle larger than a humming bird? How does it happen that all men,
-elephants, mice, eagles, etc., are of substantially the same size?
-
-It is clear that neither man nor an other animal, has any control over
-the growth of cells in his body, nor over his own size. The cells
-of which these bodies are built up, have no intellect, memory nor
-will-power. It would be impossible for them to know when a sufficient
-number of cells have been made to bring these bodies to their proper
-sizes. The cells have no power to control their production nor their
-waste. It follows that the Creator must govern and control the forces,
-which produce the cells in each animal body; and that he fixes within
-certain limits, the form and size of each body.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 9. Human Body is Constructed on a Definite and Specific Plan
-
-
-Every bone, joint, process, muscle, nerve, artery, vein and part has
-its own chemical composition, form, size, structure and position in the
-body. Each normal human body has the same tissues, organs and parts,
-that every other such body has; the form, structure, organs and parts
-of all normal bodies being identically the same.
-
-If the so-called factors of evolution were at work in every age and in
-every part of the earth, as maintained by the evolutionist, we would
-surely find variations and diversities in the form and structure of the
-bodies of men in different ages and countries; for we know that the
-environments of the different varieties of man differ very greatly in
-time and space. For example, the eskimos live all their lives in the
-frozen regions at the North, while the inhabitants of the tropics spend
-their lives under a blazing sun; yet there is no anatomical difference
-between the body of an Eskimo and that of a Cuban.
-
-What is the inference to be drawn from these facts? The evolutionist
-and the naturalist say that the facts imply that all men have descended
-from a common ancestor, that each individual inherits, from his
-parents, every organ and part of his body, that “like begets like.”
-They maintain that the law of heredity has produced the uniformity
-of size, form, features, organs and parts, which we discover among
-all men, all over the world. No doubt this is the belief of more than
-ninety-nine (99) per cent of mankind.
-
-But this belief is manifestly erroneous for the following reasons:
-(1) Whatever passes from the parents to the child is transmitted by
-and through the fertilized ovum; (2) this ovum is short-lived; it has
-no brain, eyes, ears, nose, touch nor taste; no intellect, memory nor
-will-power; nor inherent power to produce the embryo body; nor to endow
-such a body with life; nor to create a human soul; (3) each embryo
-body grows, anew, for itself, without regard to the development and
-growth of its parents or any other ancestor; and it is a new chemical
-combination and a new mechanical arrangement of the atoms of which
-it is composed; (4) each chemical combination of atoms in an embryo
-body is made according to a prescribed chemical formula; and each
-mechanical arrangement of atoms in such a body is made according to a
-specific plan; in other words the chemical combinations and mechanical
-arrangements of atoms, in each embryo body, are identically the same
-as those in every other such body; (5) conscious intellect, memory,
-will-power, force and motion are necessary to combine two or more atoms
-chemically, according to a prescribed formula and to group two or more
-atoms, mechanically, according to a specific plan; (6) Hence, we are
-compelled to believe that every human body is a new, direct and special
-creation by Almighty God.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 10. Human Body is Unique and Peculiar
-
-
-Each normal human body resembles every other such body, in form, size,
-and structure; in chemical elements, organs and parts. But it differs
-from every other in these particulars: (1) The atoms of which it is
-composed are exclusively its own; (2) it is a new combination of these
-atoms; (3) it grew anew, for itself, separately and apart from, and
-independent of, every other such body; (4) the forces and motions,
-which produced it, were peculiar to it, in origin, time and space.
-
-See Cent. Dic. Supplement, “A-L,” p. 582. “Heredity;” Encyc. Brit. (9
-ed.) 24, p. 818, “Variation.”
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 11. Force and Motion
-
-
-Sir Isaac Newton’s first law of motion is written in these words:
-
-“Every body continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a
-straight line, except in so far as it is compelled, by force, to change
-that state.”--(Encyc. Brit. (9 ed.) 15, p. 676, “Mechanics.”)
-
-“Energy may be defined,” says the Britannica, “as the power of doing
-work, or of overcoming resistance. A bent spring possesses energy,
-for it is capable of doing work in returning to its natural form; a
-charge of gun powder possesses energy for it is capable of doing work
-in exploding; a Leyden jar, charged with electricity possesses energy,
-for it is capable of doing work in being discharged.”--(Encyc. Brit. (9
-ed.) 8, pp. 205-206, “Energy.”)
-
-“Force is that which affects the motion of matter.”--(Encyc. Brit. (9
-ed.) 7, p. 581, “Dynamics.”)
-
-“The conclusion, which appears inevitable,” it says on another page,
-“is that whatever matter may be the other reality in the physical
-universe, energy, which is never found unassociated with matter,
-depends, in all its widely varied forms upon motion of matter.” (Encyc.
-Brit. (9 ed.) 15, p. 748, “Mechanics.”)
-
-The sense of the above quotation is this: There are two realities in
-the physical universe: (1) matter, whatever it may be; (2) energy,
-which is always associated with matter. Energy “depends, in all its
-varied forms, upon motion of matter.” For example, let us suppose that
-we have three balls, designated as A, B, C, resting on a table in a
-straight line, one inch apart. Suppose that I strike A and drive it
-against B, that B strikes and moves C. In this case my arm moves and
-generates energy or force, which moves A against B, and B against C.
-The motion of my arm is the force which moves A; the motion of A is the
-force which moves B, and the motion of B is the force which moves C.
-Thus, we have demonstrated that energy or force generates motion; and
-that motions produces force; that is, that each is convertible into the
-other.
-
-“Motion” is defined as “change of place; transition from one point or
-position in space to another; continuous variation of position.” (Cent.
-Dic. 5, p. 3872.)
-
-Every human being begins life as a fertilized ovum, which is about as
-large as one-sixth of a pin’s head. At birth, an infant weighs from
-five to nine pounds, the average weight being six and one-half pounds.
-(New International Encyc. 7, p. 775.) It is then millions of times
-larger than a fertilized ovum. In other words: millions of atoms have
-been selected, assembled, chemically combined and mechanically arranged
-and grouped in such a manner as to form the body of a living infant,
-which is a complete miniature model of the body of a man or woman.
-
-It is obvious that the materials of which the embryo body is built up,
-except the fertilized ovum, are derived from the food eaten by the
-mother; that her heart and arteries generate the forces and produce the
-motions which carry the materials to the building site of the embryo,
-just as the builder assembles the bricks, stones, sand, lime, lumber,
-nails and other materials to build a house.
-
-The embryo body is a compound physical structure built of cells,
-as a house is built of bricks. The atoms and cells, of which it is
-composed, are subject to all the laws of force and motion, to the same
-extent, and in the same manner that bricks are. Nor have they any more
-intellect, memory nor will-power than a brick has.
-
-Perhaps the first thing that an infant does, after birth, is to
-breathe. In order to do this, air must be forced into, and out of its
-lungs. To enable the heart to beat, its auricles must dilate and take
-the blood into it; and its ventricles must contract and force the blood
-out of it, and into the arteries. So that every time one breathes,
-and every time one’s heart beats, force is exerted and motion of air
-and blood is produced. Every time one takes a drink of water or a
-bite of bread he must exert sufficient force to raise it, and produce
-sufficient motion to bring it to his mouth. Every time one takes a step
-he exerts sufficient force and produces sufficient motion to move his
-body the distance that he steps. For example, suppose that A, weighing
-two hundred pounds, gets on an electric street car and rides a mile.
-It is obvious that the electric motor has exerted sufficient force and
-produced sufficient motion of A’s body to move two hundred pounds, the
-distance of a mile. Now, if A had walked along the same railway track
-the same distance, it is clear that he would have exerted the same
-force and produced the same motion of his body that the motor did.
-
-We eat, drink, speak, move, act, work, live--do everything by force and
-motion. When they cease, death comes.
-
-Everything that a man can do with a physical body is resolvable into
-force and motion. He may move a body from one place to another; he may
-group two or more bodies together; or he may take two or more bodies
-apart; or he may cut or break a body into two or more parts. But, at
-last, all of these operations are equivalent to moving one or more
-bodies from one place to another, by force and motion.
-
-A sewing machine, adding machine, watch, steam engine, and every other
-machine is constructed by force and motion. Every piece of music is
-sung or played by force and motion. Every painting is made by grouping
-two or more pigments (colors) together in a particular manner by force
-and motion.
-
-Intellect, memory and will-power are necessary to produce two or more
-forces and motions in a prescribed order and within a given time. For
-example, each note in a piece of music requires, for its production,
-a certain force and peculiar motion (vibration) of cord, pipe or
-string within a certain time. It is obvious that intellect, memory
-and will-power are necessary to sing or play any piece of music.
-Before anyone can speak any given word he must have intellect, memory
-and will-power: (1) he must know the word to be uttered, (2) he must
-remember it until it is uttered, (3) he must have the will-power
-necessary to exert the force and produce the motion of air necessary
-to utter it. Let the reader speak the words: “earth,” “air,” “fire,”
-“water,” and analyze the process.
-
-Intellect, memory and will-power are necessary to generate, guide, and
-control the forces and motions required to make a watch or any other
-compound machine or structure, within a given time. Suppose that a
-watchmaker is required to make each spring, wheel and part of a watch
-by hand, to put every part in its place and start it to running on or
-about the 280th day after he begins the work. (Haeckel Ev. Man, p.
-199.) To do this work he must have intellect, memory and will-power to
-generate, guide, and control and time the forces and motions which are
-necessary to make each part of the watch and to fit and group them
-together when completed. He must know and remember every part of it;
-remember the material of which it is made; remember its form and size;
-compare each piece with the pattern; remember the time in which he is
-to do the work. He must have the will-power to begin and continue the
-work until it is done, doing such part of it each day as to complete it
-on or about the day fixed.
-
-But the forces and motions, which build up the body of the embryo,
-work in the dark without brain or sense-organs. To put the watchmaker
-on the same basis with the Creator, we will have to suppose that the
-watchmaker is blind and has no sense of touch. Would it be possible for
-him to make a watch under these conditions?
-
-The mother’s food is taken into her mouth, chewed and mixed with saliva
-and passes into her stomach. Here it is mixed with gastric juice
-and converted into chyme. It then passes into the small intestine
-(duodenum) where it is mixed with pancreatic secretion, bile and “the
-secretion of the glands Brunner and the Crypts of Lieberkühn” and thus
-converted into chyle. Most of the “nutritive constituents” of the chyle
-pass through the epithelium of the small intestines into the subjacent
-blood and lymphatic vessels and are carried off. Those passing into
-the blood capillaries are taken by the portal vein to the liver; while
-those entering the lacteals are carried into the left jugular vein by
-the thoracic duct. (Martin, Human Body, pp. 361-377.)
-
-This is a very brief outline of the processes, by which the food, one
-eats is converted into blood and passes into the arteries and veins.
-
-The embryo at first, has no heart, arteries, nor veins. After its body
-has developed and grown to a certain extent, the mother’s heart and
-arteries carry arterial blood to it through the “umbilical vein.” This
-blood finally reaches the heart of the embryo, and is carried by its
-heart and arteries to every part of its body, then returned through
-“two umbilical arteries” and the placenta to the veins of the mother.
-In this way, the embryo has a sort of circulation of its own. But it
-appears to have no independent circulation during the first three or
-four months of its life; and the blood which circulates through it must
-be aerated or oxygenated in the mother’s lungs.
-
-We may say, in general terms, that the mother’s heart and arteries
-exert all the force and produce all the motion which build up the
-embryo. It is true that the work of her heart and arteries is
-supplemented, after a time, by that of the heart and arteries of the
-embryo but the latter work is a small part of the whole.
-
-The water in a stream runs from its head to its mouth because the
-latter is nearer to the center of the earth than the former. In
-other words, the water in every stream is carried forward by the
-force of gravitation. The water in a stream carries silt (mud, fine
-earth, etc.) which is deposited along its course and at its mouth. As
-already stated, the mother’s blood is carried to the embryo body by
-the force of her heart and arteries. Her blood conveys to the embryo,
-the materials of which it is built up, as the water in a stream
-carries silt to its mouth. Her blood has no more intellect, memory nor
-will-power than the water in a stream.
-
-If a portion of the silt at the mouth of the Mississippi should be
-deposited at its mouth in the form of a colossal man, showing his head,
-neck, body, arms, legs, hands, feet, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, etc., it
-would be considered a great miracle. But the formation of the embryo
-body in the womb of its mother, with all its organs and parts is far
-more miraculous than the formation of the silt man of the Mississippi
-would be.
-
-The reader may reply that the atoms of which the embryo is built up
-are not merely deposited but they are absorbed by the fertilized ovum
-and its daughter-cells, and converted into new cells; that these cells
-are chemically combined and differentiated and mechanically arranged
-in such a manner as to form the embryo body, etc. True; but force
-and motion are necessary to produce new cells, to make the necessary
-chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements; and these forces and
-motions must be generated, guided and controlled by a Being possessed
-of a conscious intellect, memory, will-power and creative force.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 12. Intellect, Memory and Will-power are Necessary, When
-
-
-Conscious intellect, memory and will-power are necessary to generate,
-guide and control the force and motion employed in the construction of
-a compound physical structure, whatever its form or size may be.
-
-Each spermatozoön is composed of myriads of atoms. The atoms of each
-are chemically combined and mechanically arranged in the same manner
-that those in every other are, all spermatozoä being identical in
-chemical composition, mechanical arrangement, form and size. The same
-is true of each ovum and fertilized ovum, and of the atoms in them,
-respectively, _vice versa_. So each embryo is composed of myriads
-of cells, the cells in each having identically the same chemical
-composition and mechanical arrangement that those in every other
-embryo of the same age and sex have; all embryos of the same age and
-sex having substantially the same chemical combinations and mechanical
-arrangements of their cells, organs and parts. It follows that each
-human spermatozoön, ovum, fertilized ovum and embryo, of the same age
-and sex is constructed according to certain prescribed “plans and
-specifications.”
-
-We are, therefore, compelled to assume that the force and motion
-necessary to construct the spermatozoön, ovum, fertilized ovum and
-embryo are generated, guided and controlled by a Being with full
-knowledge of the “plans and specifications,” of the chemical elements,
-their affinities and combinations, of mechanical arrangements,
-etc. The Architect must know the “plans and specifications;” must
-be able to compare the work of construction with them, as the work
-progresses; must have memory to bear in mind and recall the plans and
-specifications; and must have will-power to begin and continue the work
-until the “structure” is completed. So He must see that each organ and
-part attains its proper form and size at the right time; that each
-organ and part is properly proportioned to and correlated with, every
-other on each day of its growth. In other words: He must see that the
-forces at work, and the motions produced in each organ and part of
-the embryo body are proportioned to and in harmony with the forces at
-work and the motions produced in every other; that the development and
-growth of each organ and part keeps pace with those of every other.
-This knowledge, power and creative force belongs only to the Creator.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 13. Spermatozoön
-
-
-A spermatozoön is a microscopic body contained in the semen, to which
-the seminal fluid owes its vitality; and which is the immediate means
-of impregnating or fertilizing the ovum of the female; a spermatic cell
-or filament; a spermatozoid. (Cent. Dic. 7, p. 5819.)
-
-The spermatozoön is composed of protoplasm and is one of the smallest
-cells in the animal body. The seminal fluid is called “sperm” or
-“the male seed.” Sperm, like saliva or blood, is not a simple fluid,
-but is a thick agglomeration of innumerable cells swimming about in
-a comparatively small quantity of fluid. It is not the fluid, but
-the independent male cells, which swim in it, that cause conception.
-They have, as a rule, “a peculiarly lively motion.” In most animals,
-the spermatozoä have a very small naked body, inclosing an elongated
-nucleus and a long thread like tail, hanging from it. It was long
-before we could recognize that these structures were simple cells. We
-now know that the spermatozoä are nothing but simple and real cells of
-the kind we call “ciliated” cells, equipped with cilia or “lashes.”
-
-The body of the spermatozoön is divided into “head,” “trunk” and
-“tail.” The head is merely the oval nucleus of the cell; the body
-or middle part is an accumulation of cell matter and the tail is
-a thread-like prolongation of the trunk or body. The form of the
-spermatozoön is not peculiar to it; cells with similar forms are found
-in various other parts of the body. Such forms as the spermatozoön are
-called caudate or tailed cells. See Haeckel, _Evolution of Man_, p.
-52-53.
-
-“The spermatozoä,” says Professor Martin, “are motile bodies about
-1/500th of an inch in length; they have a flattened, clear body or head
-and a long vibratile tail or cilium; the portion of the tail nearest
-the head is thicker than the rest, and is known as the neck. The mode
-of development of a spermatozoön shows that the head is a cell-nucleus
-and the neck and tail a modified cell-body.”--(Martin, _Human Body_,
-p. 651.)
-
-According to Haeckel, the spermatozoön is about 1/10,000th of an inch
-in diameter. See _Evolution of Man_, p. 53, fig. 22.
-
-“The striking differences,” says Haeckel, “of [between] the respective
-cells, in size and shape … are easily explained on the principle of
-division of labor. The inert motionless ovum grows in size according to
-the quantity of provision it stores up in the form of nutritive yelk
-for the development of the germ. The active swimming sperm-cell is
-reduced in size in proportion to its need to seek the ovum and bore its
-way into its yelk.”--Haeckel, _Evolution of Man_, p. 57.
-
-These statements appear to be true; but the work described by Haeckel,
-cannot be done by man nor woman; nor by their sexual organs; nor by the
-blind unthinking atoms which go to build up the spermatozoön and the
-ovum. The Creator only, can make them!
-
-“The phenomena we have described,” he says, on another page, “can
-only be understood and explained by ascribing a certain lower degree
-of psychic activity to the sexual principles. They feel each other’s
-proximity and are drawn together by a sensitive impulse (probably
-related to smell); they move towards each other and do not rest until
-they fuse together.” (Haeckel, _Evolution of Man_, p. 58.)
-
-There is no pretense that the spermatozoön has any brain, eyes, ears,
-nose, taste or touch; nor that the ovum has any such organs. Then, how
-can they have any “degree of psychic activity;” how can “they feel each
-other’s proximity;” how can “they move towards each other?” How could
-either know in what direction to go in order to reach the other?
-
-It is absurd to suppose that the spermatozoön and ovum have any
-knowledge of each other, or of anything else; and the only reasonable
-hypothesis is that the Creator generates, guides, and controls the
-forces which bring them together and fuse them into the germ-cell.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 14. Ovum
-
-
-The word ovum is defined as: “An egg in a broad biological sense;
-and the proper product of an ovary; the female germ or seed, which,
-when fertilized by the male sperm, is capable of developing into
-an individual like the parents.… An ovum consists of a quantity of
-protoplasm or cell-substance called the vitellus or yolk inclosed in
-a cell-wall or vitelline membrane, and provided with a nucleus and
-nucleolus.” (Cent. Dic. 5, p. 4212.)
-
-“The ovum (egg) is extremely small,” says Haeckel, “being a tiny round
-vesicle about 1/120th of an inch in diameter; it can be seen under
-favorable circumstances with the naked eye as a tiny particle, but is
-otherwise quite invisible. This particle is formed in the ovary inside
-a much larger globule, which takes the name of the Graäfian follicle,
-from its discoverer, Graäf, and [which] had been previously regarded as
-the true ovum.” (Evolution of Man, chap. 3, pp. 16-17.)
-
-“Man is developed,” says Darwin, “from an ovule (little egg) about the
-1/125th of an inch in diameter, which differs in no respect from the
-ovules of other animals.” (Descent of Man, chap. 1, p. 9.)
-
-“In man,” says Romanes, “as in most mammals, it (the ovum or egg-cell)
-is about 1/120th of an inch in diameter.” (Romanes, _Darwin and After
-Darwin_, 1, p. 120.)
-
-Supposing the human egg to be 1/120th of an inch in diameter and an
-ordinary pin’s head to be 1/16th of an inch in diameter, which is about
-its size, the egg would be about 1/7th of the size of a pin’s head.
-
-Haeckel says: “In the lower vertebrates the formation of ova (eggs) in
-the germ-epithelium of the ovary continues throughout life; but in the
-higher animals it is restricted to the earlier stages, or even to the
-period of embryonic development.
-
-“In man it seems to cease in the first year; in the second year we find
-no new-formed ova (eggs) or chains of ova (Pfluger’s tubes.) However,
-the number of ova (eggs) in the two ovaries is very large in the young
-girl. There are calculated to be 72,000 in the sexually mature maiden.”
-(_Evolution of Man_, chap. 29, p. 347.)
-
-“The human ovum,” says Haeckel, “whether fertilized, or not, cannot be
-distinguished from that of most other mammals. It is nearly the same
-everywhere, in form, size, and composition. When it is fully formed,
-it has a diameter of (on an average) about 1/120th of an inch. When
-the mammal ovum (egg) has been carefully isolated and held against the
-light on a glass-plate, it may be seen as a fine point even with the
-naked eye. The ova (eggs) of most of the higher animals are about the
-same size. The diameter of the ovum (egg) is almost always between
-1/250th and 1/125th of an inch. It has always the same globular shape;
-the same characteristic membrane; the same transparent germinal vesicle
-with its dark germinal spot.
-
-“Even when we use the most powerful microscope,” he continues, “with
-its highest power, we can detect no material difference between the
-ova (eggs) of man, the ape, dog, and so on. I do not mean to say that
-there are no differences between the ova (eggs) of these different
-mammals. On the contrary, we are bound to assume that there are such
-[differences] at least as regards chemical composition. Even the ova
-(eggs) of different men must differ from each other; otherwise we
-should not have a different individual from each ovum (egg). It is
-true that our crude and imperfect apparatus cannot detect these subtle
-individual differences which are probably in the molecular (atomic)
-structure.”--(_Evolution of Man_, _chap. 6_, p. 44.)
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 15. Spermatozoön and Ovum are Special Creations
-
-
-Each human spermatozoön is formed in the genital organs of a particular
-man. So each human ovum is formed in the genital organs of a particular
-woman. Each of them is a new chemical combination, and a new mechanical
-arrangement, of the atoms of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen
-(protoplasm) of which they are composed; which atoms are now, combined
-and arranged, for the first and last time, into a spermatozoön or an
-ovum. The atoms in a spermatozoön are chemically combined according to
-a prescribed formula, and mechanically arranged according to a specific
-plan; and the same is true of the atoms in an ovum. Each spermatozoön
-has the same chemical composition and the same mechanical arrangement,
-the same form and size, that every other has. So each ovum has the same
-combination and arrangement, the same form and size that every other
-has.
-
-The materials, forces and motions employed in making each spermatozoön
-are similar to those employed in forming every other; but they are
-wholly different from, and independent of, those employed in making
-any other; and the same is true of the materials, forces and motions
-employed in making each ovum.
-
-In other words, each spermatozoön is composed of its own atoms, and
-these atoms are selected, assembled, combined and arranged by forces
-and motions, peculiar to itself, independently of and wholly different
-from, the forces and motions which build up every other. The same is
-true of each ovum, the necessary changes being made.
-
-It is a well known fact that each human spermatozoön is so adapted
-to, and correlated with, each human ovum that these two cells will,
-under suitable conditions, fuse and produce a new human being. It is
-also true that no other substance, on the earth, will fuse with such
-an ovum with the same result. The same is true of each ovum _vice
-versa_. These facts prove that each spermatozoön, and each ovum, has
-a specific composition, and definite arrangement of its atoms; that
-each spermatozoön has the same composition, and, substantially the same
-form, size, and structure that every other has; and that each ovum has
-the same composition, form, size and structure that every other has.
-
-We cannot doubt that each spermatozoön and each ovum is produced anew,
-separately and apart from, and independently of every other, the
-production of each having no relation to the production nor to the
-existence of any other.
-
-Intellect, memory, will-power, force and motion are necessary to group
-two or more atoms into a prescribed chemical combination, or into a
-specified mechanical arrangement. So supernatural, psychic and creative
-force are necessary to endow the human spermatozoön and ovum, with the
-vital properties and potentialities which they are known to possess.
-
-Thus it appears that each spermatozoön and each ovum has mysterious
-and wonderful properties peculiar to itself. We cannot believe that
-they are produced by accident, nor by chance; nor that the atoms, of
-which they are composed, assemble and group themselves, automatically,
-into the form of a spermatozoön or an ovum; nor that they are evolved
-by the factors of evolution. The man in whose genital organs the
-spermatozoön is formed, has no conscious part nor voluntary agency in
-its production; nor has he any control, nor any power over it. His
-sexual organs “grind it out” as a mill grinds out meal. Nor has the
-woman, in whose ovary the ovum is formed, any part nor agency in its
-production; nor any control nor any power over it. No man, however
-wise, scientific and great he may be, can make any combination of atoms
-with the properties and potentialities of the spermatozoön; nor with
-those of the ovum.
-
-The atoms in each spermatozoön are unique and peculiar to it, they
-being similar to, but differing from, those composing any other
-spermatozoön; and the same is true of the atoms composing each ovum.
-So, each spermatozoön appears to be endowed with the power to produce
-a child with a form, features, characteristics and traits resembling
-those of its father. In like manner it appears that each ovum has the
-power to produce a child with a form, features, qualities and traits
-resembling those of its mother.
-
-But the smallest ant is a giant, in comparison with the spermatozoön or
-the ovum. Neither of them has any brain, nor eyes, ears, nose, touch,
-nor taste--no brain nor sense-organs. It is impossible to believe that
-the spermatozoön knows the color of its father’s hair and eyes; his
-complexion; the length of his nose; the size and form of his head; his
-facial expression; his characteristics and traits. Nor can we even
-imagine that the ovum has any knowledge of its mother, nor of her
-anatomy, organs, form, features or characteristics.
-
-But assuming for argument that the spermatozoön and ovum do know
-all these things, it would be absurd to suppose that they can,
-automatically, combine, arrange and differentiate their atoms, and
-the new daughter-cells, which are produced in the embryo body, in
-such manner and form as to reproduce the hair, eyes, complexion, form,
-features, characteristics and traits of the father and mother. The
-work, which the spermatozoön and ovum appear to do is, in fact, done by
-the Creator, Himself, He employing them as instruments with which to do
-the same.
-
-In view of all the facts, we are compelled to infer that the Creator
-selects the atoms, which form the spermatozoön and the ovum and that he
-generates, guides and controls the forces, which assemble, group and
-arrange them into the form of a spermatozoön and ovum.
-
-It follows that each human spermatozoön and ovum is a new, direct and
-special creation by Almighty God.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 16. Germ-Cell, Stem-Cell or Fertilized Ovum
-
-
-The fertilized ovum is variously called, “germ-cell,” “stem-cell,”
-“first segmentation sphere,” “parent-cell,” “impregnated ovum,”
-“fertilized egg cell,” and other names of like import, all these
-phrases meaning the same thing.
-
-Under the head, “Conception,” Haeckel says, among other things:
-
-“The process of fertilization by sexual conception consists, therefore,
-essentially, in the coälescence and fusing together of two different
-cells. The lively spermatozoön travels toward the ovum by its
-serpentine movements and bores its way into the female cell. The
-nuclei of both sexual cells attracted by a certain affinity approach
-each other and melt into one.”--(Haeckel, Ev. Man, p. 53.)
-
-How do they acquire this “affinity?” How do they know each other? Have
-they intellect, memory and will? Are they not driven toward each other
-by a supernatural, psychic force?
-
-Continuing he says:
-
-“The fertilized cell is quite another thing from the unfertilized cell.
-For if we must regard the spermia [spermatozoä] as real cells, no less
-than the ova, and the process of conception as the coälescence of the
-two we must consider the resultant cell as a quite new and independent
-organism. It bears in the cell and nuclear matter of the penetrating
-spermatozoön a part of the father’s body, and in the protoplasm of the
-ovum a part of the mother’s body. This is clear from the fact that the
-child inherits many features from both parents. It inherits from the
-father by means of the spermatozoön and from the mother by means of
-the ovum. The actual blending of the two cells produces a third cell,
-which is the germ of the child, or new organism conceived. One may
-also say of this sexual coälescence that _the stem cell is a simple
-hermaphrodite_, it unites both sexual substances in itself.” (Ev. Man,
-pp. 53-54.)
-
-“The individual development,” he says, “in man and the other animals,
-commences with the formation of a simple ‘stem-cell,’ of this
-character, and this then passes by repeated segmentation (or cleavage)
-into a cluster of cells, known as ‘the segmentation sphere,’ or
-‘segmentation cell.’” (Haeckel, Ev. Man, p. 54.)
-
-On another page (56) he says:
-
-“Hence the essential point in the process of sexual reproduction or
-impregnation is the formation of a new cell, the stem-cell, by the
-combination of two originally different cells, the female ovum and the
-male spermatozoön. The process is of the highest importance and merits
-our closest attention. All that happens in the later development of
-this first cell, and in the life of the organism that comes of it, is
-determined from the first by the chemical and morphological composition
-of the stem-cell, its nucleus and its body.” (Ev. Man, p. 56.)
-
-“Hertwig,” he continues, “puts his theory of conception thus:
-
-‘Conception consists in the copulation of two cell-nuclei, which comes
-from a male and a female cell.…’
-
-“As the phenomenon of heredity is inseparably connected with the
-reproductive process we may further conclude that these two copulating
-nuclei convey the characteristics which are transmitted from parents to
-offspring.” (Ev. of Man, p. 56.)
-
-“As, moreover, there is a complete coälescence (fusion) of the mutually
-attracted nuclear substances in conception, and the new nucleus formed
-(the stem nucleus) is the real starting point for the development of
-the fresh organism, the further conclusion may be drawn that the male
-nucleus conveys to the child the qualities of the father, and the
-female nucleus the features of the mother.
-
-“We must not forget, however, that the protoplastic bodies of the
-copulating cells also fuse together in the act of impregnation; the
-cell-body of the invading spermatozoön (the trunk and tail of the
-ciliated cell) is dissolved in the yelk of the female ovum. This
-coälescence is not so important as that of the [two] nuclei, but it
-must not be overlooked; and though the process is not so well known to
-us, we see clearly at least the formation of the star-like figure, (the
-radial arrangement of the particles in the plasma) in it.” (Haeckel,
-Ev. Man, p. 56.)
-
-In another place (p. 57) he says:
-
-“It has been shown that the tiny sperm-cell (spermatozoön) is not
-subordinated to but co-ordinated with, the large ovum. The nuclei
-of the two cells, as the vehicle of the hereditary features of the
-parents, are of equal physiological importance. In some cases we have
-succeeded in proving that the mass of the active nuclear substance,
-which combines in the copulation of the two sexual nuclei is originally
-the same for both.
-
-“These morphological facts are in perfect harmony with the familiar
-physiological truth that the child inherits from both parents; and that
-on the average they are equally distributed. I say ‘on the average’
-because it is well known that a child may have a greater likeness to
-the father, or to the mother; that goes without saying, as far as the
-primary sexual characters (the sexual glands) are concerned. But it
-is also possible that the determination of the latter--the weighty
-determination whether the child is to be a boy or a girl--depends on
-a slight qualitative or quantitative difference in nuclein or the
-colored nuclear matter which comes from both parents in the act of
-conception.” (Ev. Man, p. 57.)
-
-Haeckel continues, (p. 57):
-
-“Quite in harmony with this new conception of the equivalence of
-the two gonads (ovum and spermatozoön) on the equal physiological
-importance of the male and female sex-cells and their equal share in
-the process of heredity, is the important fact established by Hertwig
-that in normal impregnation only one single spermatozoön copulates
-with one ovum; the membrane which is raised on the surface of the yelk
-immediately after one sperm-cell has penetrated, prevents any others
-from entering. All the rivals of the fortunate penetrator die without.”
-(Ev. Man, pp. 57-58.)
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 17. Germ-Cell Does Not Contain Any Skeleton, Model nor Performed
-Outline of the Coming Embryo
-
-
-At this point it should be noted that the stem-cell does not contain
-any skeleton, model nor other preformed outline of the coming embryo
-for the following reasons: (1) neither the ovum nor the spermatozoön
-contains any such skeleton, model nor outline; and if each of them
-contain such a thing, both would be destroyed when these primary cells
-fuse and merge into the germ-cell. (2) The germ-cell first divides into
-two, four, eight, sixteen, thirty-two, and sixty-four daughter-cells,
-and so on into the millions; and this segmentation of the stem-cell and
-daughter-cells would surely annihilate any skeleton, model or other
-outline that might exist in the germ-cell; (3) the germ-cell first
-divides into two daughter-cells and so on, to infinity, as already
-stated; and these daughter-cells form what are called “germ-layers”
-or sheets of cells from which the human body and all of its organs
-and parts are built up. (Haeckel, Ev. Man, pp. 14, 16, 59, 92; Encyc.
-Brit., (9th ed.) 3, p. 682; 8, pp. 165, 744; 24, p. 631; Cent. Dic. 3,
-p. 2500, “Germ-layer.”)
-
-This mode of growth, by the segmentation of cells and formation of
-germ-layers, is called “epigenesis” which Huxley defines as “the
-successive differentiation of a relatively homogeneous rudiment, into
-the parts and structures, which characterize the adult.” (Encyc. Brit.
-8, p. 744. Cent. Dic. 3, p. 1968, “Epigenesis.”)
-
-According to the theory of _epigenesis_, which is now held by all the
-scientific world, the human body grows anew from the germ-cell, without
-any skeleton model or any other kind of preformation.
-
-“Every living thing,” says Huxley, “is evolved from a particle of
-matter, in which no trace of the distinctive characters of the adult
-form of that living thing is discernible. This particle is termed a
-_germ_.” (Encyc. Brit. (9 ed.) 8, p. 746.)
-
-He defines a germ as “matter potentially alive, and having, within
-itself, the tendency to assume a definite living form;” and says that
-this definition “appears to meet all the requirements of modern
-science.” (Encyc. Brit. (9 ed.) 8, p. 746.)
-
-“In all cases,” he says, “the process of evolution [growth] consists
-in a succession of changes of the form, structure and functions of
-the germ [fertilized ovum], by which it passes, step by step, from an
-extreme simplicity, or relative homogeneity, of visible structure to a
-greater or less degree of complexity or heterogeneity; and the course
-of progressive differentiation is usually accompanied by growth, which
-is effected by intussusception.” (Encyc. Brit. 8, p. 746.)
-
-Huxley is surely mistaken in saying that “the process of evolution
-[development and growth] consists in a succession of changes in the
-form, structure and functions of the germ,” for the germ (fertilized
-ovum) immediately divides into two daughter-cells, these into four,
-these into eight, sixteen and so on to infinity. Thus, it appears that
-germ (germ-cell) becomes “a drop in the sea,” its identity being wholly
-lost. Huxley states this fact, in substance, in the quotation below.
-
-“The substance,” he says, “by the addition of which the germ is
-enlarged is in no case, simply absorbed ready-made form the not-living
-world, and packed between the elementary constituents of the germ.… The
-new material is, in a great measure, not only absorbed but assimilated,
-so that it become part and parcel of the molecular structure of the
-living body into which it enters. And so far from the fully developed
-organism’s being simply the germ plus the nutriment which it has
-absorbed, it is probable that the adult contains neither in form, nor
-in substance, more than an inappreciable fraction of the constituents
-of the germ; and that it is almost wholly made up of assimilated
-and metamorphosed nutriment. In the great majority of cases, at any
-rate, the full grown organism becomes what it is by the absorption of
-not-living matter, and its conversion into living matter of a specific
-type.” (Encyc. Brit. (9 ed.) 8, p. 746.)
-
-The substance of these quotations is that the germ (fertilized ovum)
-has, within itself, a tendency to assume the form of a man or woman.
-But, as above remarked, this is not true. On the contrary the “germ”
-divides into two daughter-cells, and these continue to divide until
-millions of them are produced. These daughter-cells are so distributed,
-combined, differentiated, grouped and arranged as to produce the
-embryo body with all its organs and parts. According to Huxley and
-other materialists the “germ” and its daughter-cells do all this work
-spontaneously without the aid or guidance of any extraneous psychic or
-creative force. Is this possible?
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 18. Germ-Cell Has No Inherent Power to Evolve, Spontaneously and
-Automatically, the Body and Organs of the Embryo
-
-
-The germ-cell (fertilized ovum) has no brain, no eyes, ears, nose,
-touch, nor taste--no brain nor sense-organs--no organs whatever. It
-has no knowledge of chemical elements; nor of their affinities; nor of
-their combinations. It has no knowledge of mechanical arrangement; no
-knowledge of the human body nor of its organs and parts; nor of their
-chemical constituents; nor of their mechanical arrangement. It has no
-idea of time nor space; nor of the adaption of a means to an end; nor
-of a contrivance.
-
-The germ-cell has no memory of any of these things, for it is
-impossible for any being to remember a thing that it never knew. This
-would be a contradiction of terms--an absurdity. I know that Haeckel
-and other writers speak of “unconscious memory,” “organic memory,” etc.
-But these are vagaries of the evolutionist and materialist, having no
-foundation in fact.
-
-So far as our experience goes, there is no such thing as intellect nor
-memory without and apart from a living physical body. Before there
-can be intellect or memory, there must be such body to serve as its
-dwelling place. It is absurd to suppose that the spermatozoön, the
-ovum or the fertilized ovum has intellect or memory. But even if any
-of the three has either of these faculties, it would be preposterous
-to suppose that the spermatozoön, ovum or fertilized ovum, remembers
-anything that happened before the atoms, of which it is composed, were
-grouped together as such. In other words, we cannot even imagine that
-any living being remembers anything that happened before it came into
-existence as such being. It is too clear for argument that no parent
-ever transmits to his or her child the memory of any thing that he
-or she ever saw, heard, felt or knew. Every man knows that he has no
-memory of anything that happened to either of his parents. It follows
-that the memory of each animal is limited to the period of his own
-existence, as such; and that there is no such thing as “unconscious
-memory,” or “organic memory,” in the sense in which these terms are
-used by the evolutionist.
-
-But “unconscious memory,” “organic memory,” etc., if there were any
-such thing, have no constructive force. I might have a vivid memory
-of every spring, wheel, and part of a watch and yet have no power to
-make one. So, an anatomist may know and remember every bone, muscle,
-artery, vein, nerve and part of the human body; but this knowledge and
-memory would not enable him to form the chemical combinations and make
-the mechanical arrangements necessary to construct the human body and
-impart life to it.
-
-Nor has the germ-cell any will-power to begin and continue the work
-of building up the embryo body until it is completed. We cannot even
-imagine that the germ-cell has the semblance of a will in any sense of
-the term.
-
-To construct the embryo body a sufficient number of atoms of the
-necessary chemical elements, such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
-oxygen, etc., must be selected, assembled at the proper places and
-there combined, in certain proportions, to form the required chemical
-combinations; next these combinations must be grouped and mechanically
-arranged in such a manner as to form the embryo body, with all its
-organs and parts in their proper places.
-
-Can the germ-cell, and the millions of daughter-cells arising from it,
-do this miraculous work, automatically, without the aid and guidance of
-the Creator?
-
-Let us imagine that Edison or some other scientific man should build
-a tank large enough to hold a brick house with six rooms; that he put
-into the tank a “magic brick,” composed of silica, aluminum, iron,
-lime, magnesia, manganese, soda and potash combined in the proper
-proportions, (Encyc. Brit. 4, p. 280); that he turned a stream of
-water, charged with these elements, upon the brick; that it absorbed
-these substances from the water and assimilated them into its own
-body; that it afterward split into two “daughter-bricks,” these two
-into four, these into eight, sixteen, thirty-two, sixty-four, one
-hundred and twenty-eight, and so on to infinity; that these bricks,
-automatically, assumed such positions on top of each other as to build
-up the four walls of the house, without the aid of man or any other
-psychic force; that the bricks left spaces for doors, windows, etc.;
-that they also built up the chimneys, fire places, etc.; that some of
-the bricks, spontaneously, metamorphosed themselves into marble slabs
-for window-sills, door-sills, hearth-stones, etc.; that other bricks
-were converted into oaken mantels, with mirrors, etc.; that others were
-converted into slabs of slate and assumed the proper form, size and
-positions to form a slate roof!
-
-If any such thing should ever happen it would be justly considered a
-great miracle.
-
-But the development and growth of the embryo are far more mysterious
-and wonderful than the building of a house in this manner would be; for
-the embryo is a live miniature model of a man or woman--the work of a
-supernatural creative force--Almighty God.
-
-Huxley says, in substance, that the germ-cell has “within itself the
-tendency to assume a definite living form.” He also says “that the
-great characteristic of the germ is, not so much what is, but what it
-may, under suitable conditions, become.”--(Encyc. Brit. (9 ed.) 8, p.
-746.)
-
-The common belief of mankind, in general, is that the germ-cell,
-spontaneously and automatically, develops and grows to be a man or
-woman, without the aid of any extraneous psychic or creative force.
-
-But it is clear that the germ-cell divides into two, four, eight,
-sixteen, thirty-two and sixty-four daughter-cells; and so on to
-infinity. It follows that the germ-cell is annihilated within a few
-hours after it is formed; and that its identity, as the germ-cell is
-wholly lost in the myriads of daughter-cells which arise from it,
-and go to build up the embryo body; each daughter-cell containing,
-theoretically, a portion of the germ-cell.
-
-It follows that the germ-cell has no tendency “within itself to assume
-a definite living form;” nor has it any power to become a living form,
-nor anything else.
-
-Obviously, the microscopic germ-cell, when whole, would be powerless to
-develop and grow to be a man or woman; and for a much stronger reason
-the infinitesimal fragments of it would be powerless to do these things.
-
-Apparently, the Creator uses the germ-cell to inaugurate the growth of
-daughter-cells in the embryo body, in the same manner that a grain of
-wheat is used to start the growth of a stalk of wheat.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 19. Reproduction, its Phenomena
-
-
-All the phenomena of reproduction may be grouped under the following
-heads: (1) Production of the spermatozoön, (2) production of the
-ovum, (3) their fusion into the fertilized ovum, (4) production of
-daughter-cells, (5) distribution, mechanical arrangement and grouping
-of cells, (6) differentiation of cells into the different tissues, (7)
-waste of cells.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 20. Spermatozoön, its Production
-
-
-The first step toward the reproduction of a man, woman, or any other
-mammal, (an individual of a species which suckles its young), is the
-formation of a spermatozoön in the genital organs of a male. See
-index, infra, “Spermatozoön.”
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 21. Ovum, its Production
-
-
-The production of an ovum in the genital organs of a female is the
-second step. It is immaterial which of them is produced first. The
-essential point is that they shall meet and fuse into the fertilized
-ovum.
-
-See Sec. 14, supra; Index, infra, “ovum.”
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 22. Germ-Cell, its Production
-
-
-The third step is the fusion of the spermatozoön and ovum into the
-germ-cell, stem-cell or fertilized ovum. See index, infra, “germ-cell,”
-“stem-cell,” “fertilized ovum.”
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 23. Daughter-Cells, Their Production
-
-
-The fourth step is the production of daughter-cells. The germ-cell
-(fertilized ovum) is the primordial cell, from which every other cell
-in the human body is directly or indirectly, produced by fission or
-self-division. As already stated, the germ-cell divides into two
-daughter-cells, these into four, these into eight, sixteen, and so
-on to infinity. Every cell is composed of a vast number of atoms. A
-portion of these atoms is differentiated into “the inner nucleus
-(caryoplasm)” and “the body of the cell (cytoplasm).” (Haeckel, Ev.
-Man, p. 38.) Again he says: “In a mesh of the nuclear net-work … there
-is, as a rule, a dark, very opaque, solid body, called the nucleolus.”
-(Ev. Man, p. 38.) On another page, he says: “Some cells have a
-‘nucleolinus’ in the center of the nucleolus.” (Ev. Man, p. 40, fig. 9.)
-
-We cannot believe that any microscopic cell in the human body has
-intellect, memory, will-power nor creative force. For a stronger
-reason, we cannot imagine that any of the atoms of which any cell is
-composed, has these faculties. Nor can we conceive that a portion of
-these atoms, automatically, metamorphose themselves into a nucleolus,
-others into a nucleolinus, while the remainder continue to be a simple
-cell-body.
-
-How do the cells know when the time has come to divide into two
-daughter-cells; where the dividing line should run in order to divide
-the cell-body, nucleus and nucleolus into two equal parts? For further
-discussion of cells see Index, infra, “cell.”
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 24. Animals, Their Sizes are Determined, How?
-
-
-Why does the elephant grow larger than the mouse. Both are mammals and
-are built of cells. The mouse has identically the same organs and parts
-that the elephant has. The mode of reproducing each is the same as that
-of the other. The spermatozoön, ovum and germ-cell are common to both.
-
-How does it happen that all normal adult individuals of each species of
-animal in a given region and of each sex, have substantially the same
-form and size, called: “the mode?”
-
-The reader may reply that nature fixes the size and form of every
-individual of each species. The evolutionist will say that the law of
-heredity and environment determine the sizes and forms of animals and
-plants; that the mouse is small because his ancestors were small; that
-the elephant is large because his were large.
-
-But these replies do not explain the phenomena. Each animal grows
-anew, for itself. His body is a new combination of the atoms and
-cells of which it is composed. The forces and motions employed in its
-construction are new and peculiar to it. When the cells in an embryo
-body begin to grow there is no apparent reason why they should not
-continue to grow and multiply, forever. Now, what psychic force or
-agency ascertains and determines when the work of building up the
-animal body has been completed? What force or agency equalizes the
-growth and waste of cells in a mature animal body and keeps it of the
-same form, size, and weight until the decay of old age comes on?
-
-The size of every animal depends upon the size and number of cells in
-his body; and its form is determined by the manner in which these cells
-are grouped together. For example there are more cells in the nose
-(trunk) and teeth (tusks) of the elephant, in proportion to the size of
-his body, than there are in those of the mouse in proportion to his.
-It is clear that a mouse would grow to be as large as an elephant if
-the cells in his body continued to grow and multiply for a sufficient
-period of time. Why do the cells cease to multiply when the mouse has
-attained a certain size? Why do they stop work in the elephant’s body
-when he gets his normal growth? Do the cells in the mouse and those in
-the elephant know when their work is done? How do they know it?
-
-The materialist denies the existence of a First Cause and maintains
-that every animal and plant is the result of “a natural continuous and
-necessary evolution.” (Haeckel, Evolution of Man, p. 26.) Huxley says,
-in effect, that “secondary causes” produce all the phenomena of the
-physical universe; and that man and the rest of the living world “are
-all co-ordinated terms in nature’s great progression.” (Man’s Place in
-Nature, pp. 150-151.)
-
-But it appears that the materialist maintains that the law of heredity
-is fixed and unchangeable, at all events it is proof against secondary
-causes. For example, no sort of treatment, nor any kind nor quantity of
-food will make a mouse grow to the size of an elephant nor any larger
-than his ancestors were. Food and environment are “secondary causes;”
-but they have no power to change the form nor the size of the animal
-body.
-
-Since all normal adult individuals of each species of animals, all over
-the earth, and in every age, have substantially the same form and size;
-and since each individual is built up, anew, of new cells (or atoms)
-by new forces and motions, we are compelled to assume that the same
-psychic force or agency determines the number of cells which shall go
-into each normal body, and the manner in which these cells shall be
-grouped together. In brief, the same supernatural psychic and creative
-force, always, determines the form and size of each animal, all over
-the earth.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 25. Distribution and Grouping of Cells in the Embryo Body
-
-
-As already stated, every man and woman begins life as a germ-cell or
-fertilized ovum. This cell grows and divides into two daughter-cells;
-these into four, eight, sixteen, thirty-two, and so on. At first these
-daughter-cells are so distributed and grouped as to form a solid ball
-called “the morula;” next they take the form of a hollow ball, called
-“the blastula” with a single layer or sheet of cells and a fluid in the
-center; next a group of cells with two layers, called “the gastrula;”
-then they are so distributed or grouped as to form two germ-layers
-or sheets of cells, then into three layers, then into four. At this
-point a portion of the cells is so grouped as to begin the formation
-of the spinal cord and brain; and in course of time, other cells are
-so distributed and grouped as to form the bones, muscles, nerves,
-arteries, veins, heart, lungs, stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines,
-arms, hands, legs, feet and other organs and parts of the body.
-
-The form of any animal body and each organ and part of such a body,
-depends upon the manner in which its cells are distributed and
-grouped. Thus, the form of the whale, elephant, giraffe, camel,
-lion, tiger, hippopotamus, alligator, python, horse, cow, eagle and
-humming-bird, is produced by the distribution of the cells or atoms in
-their bodies. If a man has a very large head, a long nose or big foot
-we are compelled to infer that these peculiarities are the result of
-depositing an unusual number of cells (“organic bricks”) in these parts
-of his body.
-
-Sir Isaac Newton states his first law of motion in the words following:
-
-“Everybody continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a
-straight line, except in so far as it is compelled, by force, to change
-that state.”--(Encyc. Brit. (9 ed.) 15, p. 676.)
-
-For example, if one should lay a stone on the ground it would remain
-there forever, unless moved by some sort of force. It would be absurd
-to suppose that the stone could, automatically, move itself.
-
-There is no such thing as making _any thing_ out of _nothing_. Every
-thing is made of some other thing. The body of the horse is made of
-corn, hay and other vegetable and mineral substances. So the human
-body is made of bread, meat and other food-stuffs, eaten by the mother
-before birth and by the individual, himself, after birth. The germ-cell
-is deposited in the womb of its mother. It cannot develop nor grow,
-unless it receive nourishment from her body. She eats bread, meat and
-other things, these are converted into blood, and a portion of it is
-carried, by the force of her heart and arteries, to the germ-cell; it
-absorbs and assimilates a portion of the blood; produces cells; and
-these are so distributed and grouped as to form the embryo body with
-all its organs and parts.
-
-It is obvious that the father has nothing to do with the circulation
-of the mother’s blood, which conveys nourishment to the embryo; it is
-equally clear that she has no conscious part in the circulation of her
-own blood, and that she has no power nor control over the development
-nor the growth of the embryo, except such as she may exert indirectly
-by the food which she eats.
-
-The embryo begins life as a germ-cell. Atoms of building material must
-be conveyed, by the blood of the mother, to this cell, otherwise,
-it cannot develop nor grow. As new cells are produced, they are so
-distributed and grouped as to form the several organs and parts of the
-embryo body; or it may be said that new cells are produced and added to
-older cells, at such points as to build up the embryo organs and parts.
-For example, arm-buds and leg-buds appear on the surface of the trunk,
-as slight swellings or projections; new cells are added to these buds;
-they grow, in length, by the addition of cells at the distal (outer)
-ends, until they have attained the proper length, terminating in the
-fingers and toes. So the arms and legs grow to some extent in diameter
-by the addition of new cells; but the number of cells, which go to
-extend the length of the arms and legs, greatly exceeds the number
-which go to increase the diameter.
-
-Every atom in a cell is a physical body, like a brick, and must be
-moved by extraneous force, having no power to lift and move itself,
-automatically. It may be said that the heart and arteries of the
-mother furnish the energy, which moves the atoms to the building site
-of the cells, in the first instance. But the atoms are not only moved;
-they are carried at the proper time and deposited at the right place
-to build up the organ or part which is being constructed. We cannot
-believe that the mother has any knowledge of, nor power over, the
-distribution of the atoms and cells, which go to build up the embryo
-body; nor can we even imagine that the embryo itself distributes them.
-So it would be absurd to suppose that the atoms and cells move and
-distribute themselves, automatically, in such a manner as to build up
-the embryo.
-
-How do the cells know when to begin the formation of the morula? How do
-they know when it has been completed and when to begin the construction
-of the blastula? How do they know when to take the form of the
-gastrula, and when to enter the next stage?
-
-The forces and motions required to build up the morula (a solid ball)
-are different from those required to construct the blastula (a hollow
-ball) and the gastrula (a two-layered hollow group of cells with an
-aperture at one end of it); the morula, blastula and gastrula, each,
-requiring forces and motions peculiar to itself. Now, what psychic
-force stops the forces and motions, which build up the morula, and
-sets to work the forces which construct the blastula and afterward the
-gastrula?
-
-It is obvious that these cells, (if there be enough of them), may be so
-grouped as to form a sphere, cube, cylinder, plate or any other figure;
-and that any of these may be solid, hollow or porous. The head, brain,
-heart, kidneys and some other parts of the embryo, approximate the form
-of a sphere; the trunk, arms, legs and many bones are approximately
-cylindrical; other bones take the form of a plate, for example the
-bones of the skull. The form and shape of the embryo, and of every
-organ and part of it, depends entirely upon the manner in which its
-component cells are grouped.
-
-How is it possible for these unthinking microscopic cells to know at
-what point to begin, and in what direction to grow, and in what manner
-they shall group themselves, in order to construct the skeleton, brain,
-spinal cord, heart, lungs, stomach, liver, kidneys, etc.?
-
-The only reasonable hypothesis is that the production and placing of
-cells in the embryo body are directed and controlled by a supernatural
-psychic and creative force.
-
-After the formation of a rudimentary head and trunk, two “arm-buds”
-and two “leg-buds” appear on the surface of the trunk. At first these
-“buds” are slight swellings or projections, but they soon take the form
-of a cylinder and continue to grow mainly in length and slightly in
-diameter, until the man or woman has finished his or her growth. Every
-embryo that ever existed, grew and behaved in this same manner, thus
-showing that the same supernatural psychic and creative force directed
-and controlled the growth and deposit of cells in the body of every man
-and woman that ever lived.
-
-How could the cells possibly know at what point, on the body of the
-embryo, to group themselves together in order to build up the arms and
-legs? How could they contrive to give the arms and legs the form of
-a cylinder, the length being several times as great as the diameter?
-How could the cells possibly know that there should be only one bone
-in each arm above the elbow and two below the elbow and the wrist? How
-could they know the number of bones that should be placed between the
-wrist and fingers? How could they know that there should be a thumb and
-four fingers in each hand and the number of joints in each finger? How
-could it be possible for the blind unthinking cells to build up the
-two legs and feet, with all their bones, processes, joints, muscles,
-nerves, arteries, veins, etc., without the aid and direction of a
-supernatural psychic and creative force?
-
-We are, therefore, compelled to assume that the Creator generates,
-guides, and controls the forces which distribute and group the atoms
-and cells in the body of the embryo.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 26. Distribution and Grouping of Cells in the Embryo Body,
-Continued
-
-
-The atoms and cells of which the embryo body is built up, and those of
-which each organ and part is made, are carried to “the building site”
-and there grouped by force. This force, whatever it may be, must be
-sufficient to overcome the force of gravity and the friction, which one
-atom or cell encounters in moving on the surface of another. This force
-must be guided and controlled by a Being with a conscious intellect,
-memory and will-power in order to build up the embryo body, or one of
-its organs, and give it the proper form and size; for the right number
-of atoms or cells must be carried to “the building site” of each organ
-and part, or it will be too large or too small, and out of proportion
-to the other parts of the body; and these atoms or cells must be so
-grouped as to give the organ or part the correct form--not too long,
-too wide nor too thick; else it will not fit into its place, nor be
-in harmony with the other parts of the body. Intellect, memory and
-judgment are necessary to construct the body or any part of it with
-atoms or cells, for the builder must know the anatomy of the body; must
-know the time when each part of the work must be done; must know the
-relation of each part to every other part; must know the proper form
-and size of each part, and the present form and size; must compare each
-part with every other in order to preserve harmony and due proportion
-among all the parts, in form, size and function.
-
-The atoms of lime, phosphorus, carbon and oxygen, are assembled in
-the body of the embryo and combined in such manner as to make the
-rudimentary bones rigid and stable; others are assembled, combined
-and so grouped as to form the muscles; others to form the brain,
-spinal cord and nerves; others to form the arteries, veins, etc.;
-each of these tissues has its own chemical composition and molecular
-structure, radically different from the composition and structure of
-every other tissue. Moreover, these chemical and molecular changes
-(specializations) are made side by side at the same time, all at once,
-the muscles being attached to the bones, and the nerves, arteries and
-veins, ramifying through the muscles, bones, etc. Not only so, but
-the atoms and cells, which form the bones, muscles, nerves, arteries,
-veins, etc., are assembled, grouped and specialized at the exact
-points, at which these tissues are needed to build up the embryo body.
-
-What force or agency does this miraculous work? Surely, it is not the
-father, nor the mother. It is not done by accident nor by chance, for
-the same things happen in the development and growth of every normal
-embryo body in every age and country the world over. All this wonderful
-work is done in every embryo body by the same psychic and creative
-force, whose work is uniform, continuous and everlasting.
-
-The evolutionist says the development and growth of an embryo results
-from “heredity;” that the child develops and grows as it does because
-its father and mother and all their ancestors, for thousands of
-generations developed and grew in the same manner; and that the
-embryo develops and grows by “a natural continuous and necessary
-evolution.”--(Haeckel, Ev. Man, p. 26.)
-
-This is absurd, for the cells which build up the embryo, are new
-combinations of the atoms of which they are composed; each embryo
-develops and grows anew for itself; neither the germ-cell nor any of
-its daughter-cells has any knowledge of the father, nor of the mother;
-nor of their mode of development and growth; nor of their organs
-and parts; nor has the embryo any power nor control over its own
-development and growth, nor to imitate the development and growth of
-its parents, even if it knew how they developed and grew.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 27. Differentiation (Metamorphosis) of Simple-Cells Into
-Bone-Cells, Muscle-Cells, Nerve-Cells, Vascular-Cells, Gland-Cells, Etc.
-
-
-A cell is said to be “a simple-cell,” when it is composed of carbon,
-hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, with a possible trace of phosphorus and
-sulphur,--when it consists of plain protoplasm--and before it has been
-differentiated into a bone-cell, muscle-cell, nerve-cell or the like.
-To convert a simple-cell into one of these specialized cells certain
-atoms must be added to it, or taken from it; or certain atoms must be
-taken away and others added to it; or the chemical combination of atoms
-in it must be broken down and new ones formed. There is no change in
-the properties of the chemical elements, which compose the human body.
-For example, the nature and properties of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
-and oxygen remain the same whether they are in or out of the body, and
-the same is true of every other element.
-
-The differentiation of simple-cells into bone-cells, muscle-cells,
-nerve-cells, vascular-cells, gland-cells, etc., is effected by
-changing the chemical elements, which enter into their composition;
-or by changing the proportion of these elements to one another and
-altering their molecular structure. In fact, it appears that every
-differentiation and specialization of any animal, or of any organ or
-part of one, is accomplished by changing its chemical constituents;
-or by changing their relative proportions to one another and thereby
-modifying its molecular structure, and by changing the mechanical
-arrangement of its atoms and cells.
-
-The entire work of building up the embryo body is done by making new
-chemical combinations and new mechanical arrangements of the atoms and
-cells of which it is composed.
-
-Referring to the residue of the dry bone, which remains after calcining
-it (burning away the soft parts of it), Professor Martin says:
-
-“The residue forms a white, very brittle mass, retaining, perfectly
-the shape and structural details of the original bone. It consists
-of normal calcium (lime) phosphate or _bone-earth_ (CA₃, 2PO₄); but
-there is also present a considerable proportion of calcium [lime]
-carbonate (CaCO₃) and smaller quantities of other salts.” (Martin,
-Human Body, p. 90.)
-
-Under the head: “The Chemistry of Muscular Tissue,” he says:
-
-“Muscle contains 75 per cent of water; and among other inorganic
-constituents, phosphates and chlorides of potassium, sodium and
-magnesium.” (Human Body, p. 123.)
-
-According to this statement there is no lime in the muscles; and we
-cannot believe there is any of this substance in any tissue of the body
-except the bones; for every other tissue is soft and flexible. It is
-clear that the purpose of putting lime into the bones, is to make them
-rigid and stable in order to support the body and keep all its organs
-and parts in place.
-
-What force or agency assembles the atoms of lime, phosphorus, carbon
-and oxygen, and combines them into the phosphate of lime, and the
-carbonate of lime, to make the bones rigid and stable? Surely, it is
-not the father, nor the mother, nor the embryo itself. It would be
-preposterous to suppose that the atoms of lime, phosphorus, carbon and
-oxygen, of their own motion, and automatically, assemble and combine
-themselves, chemically, in such proportions as to form the phosphate of
-lime, and the carbonate of lime in the bones; and that these atoms of
-the phosphate and carbonate of lime group themselves, automatically,
-into such mechanical arrangements as to form the bones with all their
-processes, joints, cavities, perforations, etc., and fit them together
-in the form of the skeleton.
-
-The formation of bones in the body of a single animal, might, possibly
-happen by accident or chance. But when bones are formed in the bodies
-of all animals of the same species for thousands, or millions, of
-years and when all of them, in the bodies of each species, have the
-same chemical composition, the same structure, form and size; we
-are compelled to assume that the same cause, force or agency, which
-produces bones in each body, also produces them in every other body;
-in brief that all bones are made by the same supernatural psychic and
-creative force. The same is true of every other tissue.
-
-But the evolutionist says that “heredity” works this miracle. In other
-words, that this metamorphosis of simple-cells into bones, muscles,
-nerves, etc., happens because certain similar cells in the bodies of
-the father and mother were changed in the same manner. He overlooks
-the fact that the cells, bones, etc., in the embryo body are new and
-altogether different from those which were metamorphosed in the bodies
-of its parents and that the forces which did that work were exhausted
-in doing it. He forgets or ignores the fact that neither the germ-cell
-nor any of its daughter-cells has any intellect, memory, will-power or
-creative force; that they have no knowledge of chemistry, nor of lime,
-phosphorus, carbon, oxygen, nor of their affinities; nor of bones; nor
-of their forms, sizes and functions.
-
-The differentiation and specialization (metamorphosis) of cells and
-tissues; and their mechanical arrangement and grouping into the
-several organs and parts of the embryo body are not the work of blind
-mechanical forces; nor of chance; nor of accident; nor of unthinking
-cells; but of the Almighty Creator.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 28. Waste of Cells
-
-
-So soon as the embryo begins to grow, the waste of cells begins; and
-continues until the death of the individual, however long he may live.
-“The knowledge is wanting,” says the Britannica, “which would tell
-us, when a certain limit has been attained, the process of income and
-expenditure balance and growth ceases.”--(Encyc. Brit. 17, p. 686.)
-“During life,” says Professor Martin, “all the formed elements of the
-body are constantly being broken down and removed; either molecularly,
-(that is bit by bit, while the general size and form of the cell or
-fibre remains unaltered) or in mass, as when the hairs and the cuticle
-are shed.” (Martin, Human Body, p. 670.)
-
-See Encyc. Brit. 17, pp. 686-687; Martin, Human Body, pp. 451-476,
-670-671; New International Encyc. 9, pp. 312-315.
-
-The waste of cells affects the growth of the body, only so far as
-it tends to neutralize and offset the increase of the body by the
-multiplication of cells.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 29. Embryo Body is Built up of Inanimate Atoms Except the Germ-Cell
-
-
-The germ-cell (fertilized ovum) is the physical basis of every human
-body. Such an ovum is said to be potentially alive because it may, with
-the aid of the Creator, develop into a living individual. Excepting
-this tiny bit of flesh-like substance, which is barely visible to
-the naked eye, and which is not one trillionth part of the infant at
-birth, every part of the human embryo is built up of inanimate atoms,
-which are carried and distributed to the growing embryo by the blood
-of the mother. These dead atoms are then assimilated by the embryo and
-incorporated into its growing body.
-
-The fertilized ovum is soon split and divided into millions of pieces,
-by the division of cells, and lost in the general mass of the embryo
-body like a drop in the sea. It appears that the chief office of the
-fertilized ovum is to inaugurate the growth and multiplication of
-cells, which are, finally, differentiated and specialized into the
-several organs and parts of the embryo body.
-
-These facts serve to show the extent of the supernatural creative work
-done in the embryo body. It is a new living body, with all its organs
-and parts made of inanimate matter, except the germ-cell.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 30. Embryo Body; Each is Produced Anew
-
-
-The embryo is built of certain chemical elements, namely: carbon,
-hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, etc. See sec. 3, supra, and index, infra,
-“Chemical elements.” It derives its properties and potentialities from
-certain chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements of these
-elements, and from life. All of these combinations and arrangements are
-made after the formation of the fertilized ovum. Even if this ovum and
-its daughter-cells could build up the embryo body, automatically, yet
-it must grow anew for itself, independently of the growth of the bodies
-of its parents, or any other person; for it must have its own body, and
-not that of its father, mother, nor of any other person. It is composed
-of new materials, except the fertilized ovum, which is too small to
-be considered in comparison with the body of the embryo, as a whole.
-These new materials are derived from the blood of the mother.
-
-No embryo ever takes or uses any organ or part of the body of its
-father, or mother, except the spermatozoön and the ovum, which form the
-germ-cell and serve as a germ to start the growth of the body. Each
-embryo is a new combination and a new arrangement of the atoms and
-cells of which it is composed. It is produced by new forces and motions
-peculiar to itself, which are similar to, but different from, those
-which produce every other embryo body. It is admitted on all sides,
-that every human being begins life as a fertilized ovum. It is well
-known that this infinitesimal cell has no organs, whatever, it being
-a mere atom. In no sense can it be called an embryo body. Each person
-must have his or her own body. No one ever takes or uses the body of
-any other person, nor any organ or part of such a body, such a thing
-being unthinkable. It follows, necessarily, that each embryo body and
-every organ and part of it, is produced anew, independently of every
-other human body.
-
-Do the atoms and cells of which the embryo body is built up,
-spontaneously and automatically, form the chemical combinations and
-make the mechanical arrangements, which are necessary to build up the
-embryo body; or is it made by a supernatural psychic and creative
-force? Which hypothesis is most plausible?
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 31. Heredity has no Power to Generate a New Human Being; nor to
-Evolve One from the Germ-Cell
-
-
-Heredity is defined as: “The influence of parents upon offspring;
-transmission of qualities or characteristics, mental or physical, from
-parents to offspring.” (Cent. Dic. 4, p. 2802.)
-
-Intellect, memory, will-power, force and motion are necessary to group
-two or more atoms into a prescribed chemical combination or into a
-specified mechanical arrangement. It is a well-known fact that each
-normal human body is composed of the same chemical elements; has
-the same chemical combinations and the same mechanical arrangements
-that are found in every other such body. Therefore, we may well say
-that the atoms and cells in the body are grouped into prescribed
-chemical combinations and into specified mechanical arrangements; and
-that intellect, memory and will-power are necessary to make these
-combinations and arrangements.
-
-It is also well-known that every human being, begins life as a
-germ-cell, stem-cell, or fertilized ovum, all of these phrases meaning
-the same thing; that every such body develops and grows anew for
-itself. Each body is a new combination of the atoms and cells, of
-which it is composed. The forces and motions, which assemble and group
-these atoms and cells into the chemical combinations and mechanical
-arrangements, which build up a body, are new, unique and peculiar to
-that body.
-
-The theory of heredity is based on these facts: The father contributes
-the spermatozoön and the mother the ovum, which form the germ-cell;
-this cell and its daughter-cells develop and grow to be a man or a
-woman, who has substantially the same form, size, structure, organs
-and parts that one of its parents has, and generally has some of their
-qualities, characteristics and traits.
-
-But these facts do not prove that the child inherits anything from
-either parent; they do not prove that the parents, or either of them,
-caused the child to develop, grow and resemble them in any of these
-particulars. The existence of a fact and the cause of that fact are
-two different things. Thus, every body knows that a stone falls to the
-ground; but nobody knows why. The child resembles its father--but why?
-Do the parents cause this resemblance? Can they, or either of them,
-cause their child to have blue eyes or black; a long or short nose; a
-large or small foot?
-
-Neither Darwin, nor any other man has ever shown how it is possible for
-the bodies of the parents, or any part of either of them, to affect,
-modify or determine the form, features, size, structure, qualities,
-characteristics or traits of their children. It is admitted on all
-sides that the parents have no voluntary control over these things.
-Darwin, (Origin of Species, 1, p. 15), says: “The laws governing
-inheritance are for the most part unknown.” Haeckel is voluminous in
-describing the phenomena of reproduction, heredity, etc. But has
-nothing to say about the cause, nor the mechanism of heredity.
-
-It is undoubtedly true that the human body is a compound physical
-structure; that each organ and part of every such body has to be made,
-anew, of fresh materials, for that body; that the child does not “take
-over,” bodily, any organ nor part of either parent, but has its own new
-organs, unique and peculiar to itself; that neither the father nor the
-mother has any voluntary power to select, assemble nor group the atoms
-and cells, of which the embryo body is made; nor to generate, guide,
-nor control the forces and motions by which this work is done. All this
-being true, how is it possible for the parents, or either of them, to
-transmit any of their qualities, characteristics or traits to their
-child?
-
-The notion of mankind in general appears to be the body of the child
-is a sort of offshoot or branch of the bodies of the parents, as if
-the child had budded out on the trunk of the mother; and finally
-dropped off and become a distinct individual. But this view is wholly
-erroneous. The embryo becomes a separate and distinct entity the moment
-the germ-cell is formed; and it develops and grows, anew, for itself
-independently of the bodies of its parents, which have no more to do
-with its development and growth than the body of any other person has.
-
-If we assume that each human being is a new direct and special creation
-by Almighty God, we can readily understand the mysterious phenomena
-called “heredity.”
-
-At first, the germ-cell does not resemble either parent nor even a
-human being, it being too small, even to suggest a human body, at all.
-An infant at birth, is too rudimentary to resemble either parent more
-closely than it does any other person of the same sex.
-
-Whether the germ-cell and its daughter-cells are to develop and grow
-to be a man, resembling its father; or a woman resembling its mother,
-the same forces and motions are required to assemble and group the
-necessary atoms and cells into the proper chemical combinations and
-mechanical arrangements in order to construct its body. The fact that
-the child may resemble its father or its mother or both of them, does
-not dispense with the assembling of the atoms and cells; nor with the
-grouping of them into the necessary combination and arrangements. It
-is clear that the same or similar forces and motions are necessary to
-construct any animal body, whatever its form, size or sex may be.
-
-According to the evolutionist and materialist, the fact that the child
-resembles its parents is adequate to account for, and explain all the
-phenomena of reproduction. But the existence of this resemblance, and,
-the cause of it, are two wholly different things. The fact that the
-child resembles its parents only deepens the mystery; for it would
-require less knowledge, skill and creative force to construct a body
-with the qualities and characteristics of mankind in general, than it
-would to group the atoms and cells of the body in such a manner as
-to produce a body in the image of a particular man or woman. Thus a
-portrait painter could make a fancy sketch of an imaginary person,
-without any striking features, more easily than he could paint a
-particular man with all his peculiarities; as, for example, his bald
-head, high forehead, blue eyes, long aquiline nose, wide mouth, massive
-lower jaw and tall, slender body. The closer the resemblance, between
-the child and its parents, the greater the mystery.
-
-It being a fact that the body of the child has identically the same
-organs and parts that are formed in the body of its father, or in that
-of the mother; and that the child closely resembles one or both of
-them, we naturally inquire: “What force or agency causes the germ-cell
-and its daughter-cells to develop and grow until they become a man,
-like its father; or a woman like its mother?” We cannot even imagine
-that this sameness of organs and parts, of structure, form and size,
-and this close resemblance happens by chance or accident.
-
-Every man has conscious knowledge that he had no voluntary part in the
-production of his child, except that he placed the spermatozoön at a
-point from which it could reach the ovum. The mother knows that she
-had no voluntary part nor agency in the production of her child except
-that she permitted the father to place the spermatozoön in reach of the
-ovum. Neither of them has any voluntary power, nor any control over the
-formation of the spermatozoön nor of the ovum; nor over the development
-and growth of the child, nor over its structure, form, size nor over
-its features.
-
-The spermatozoön is a microscopic cell, 1/500th of an inch in length,
-(Martin, Human Body, p. 651), the head, which is the largest part
-of it, being, apparently about 1/10,000th of an inch in diameter,
-(Haeckel, Evolution of Man, p. 53, fig. 22.) It consists of a
-homogeneous mass of protoplasm, composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
-and oxygen; and sometimes has a trace of phosphorus and sulphur. (Cent.
-Dic. 6, p. 4799; Huxley, Anat. Invert. An., pp. 9, 14.) See index
-infra, “Spermatozoön.” Although the spermatozoön is not visible to the
-naked eye, and has certain vital properties and potentialities, yet it
-is a physical body with all the attributes of a brick or stone.
-
-If any quality, characteristic or trait of the father passes from him
-to his child, it is transmitted by, and through the spermatozoön, for
-that is the only thing that passes from the one to the other. So, if
-any quality, characteristic or trait of the mother passes from her to
-her child, it is transmitted by and through the ovum, that being the
-only thing that passes from her to it.
-
-Whatever power or influence the father’s body, or any organ or part
-of it, may have to affect or modify the body of his child or any part
-of it, must be effected by and through the spermatozoön before it
-leaves his genital organs; for it is clear that neither the father’s
-body, nor any organ nor part of it, has any power to affect, modify or
-differentiate the spermatozoön, nor any part of it, after it leaves his
-body.
-
-It is absurd to suppose that the father’s body, or any organ or part
-of it, can affect, modify or differentiate the spermatozoön, or any
-part of it, in such a manner that it shall cause the child to have
-qualities, characteristics and traits resembling those of the father.
-In fact he could not possibly know whether there is one, many, or none
-in his genital organs, at any given time, for a stronger reason no
-single organ nor any part of his body could possibly affect, modify nor
-differentiate the spermatozoön in such a manner as to cause the child,
-which arises from it to have organs and parts resembling those of the
-father. Thus, suppose the father has blue eyes. How could the father,
-or his eyes, possibly affect the spermatozoön in such a way as to
-cause the child’s eyes to be blue? How could the father, or his nose,
-modify the spermatozoön in such a manner as to cause the child’s nose
-to resemble the father’s nose. It would be absurd to suppose that the
-father’s brain and his vocal organs can affect the spermatozoön in such
-a manner as to cause the child to be a notable singer.
-
-Professor Weismann says:
-
-“It is well known that many mental and physical qualities of parents
-are transmitted to their children, such as the color of the eyes and
-hair, the shape and size of the finger nails; and not only these, but
-as everyone knows, even such minute and indefinable physical and mental
-characteristics as likeness of features, bearing, gait, handwriting, a
-mild and equable or passionate and irritable temperament.”--(Weismann
-on Heredity, 2, p. 14.)
-
-The color of the eyes depends on the coloring matter or pigment in the
-irises. How could the father’s eyes possibly affect the spermatozoön in
-such a manner as to make the child’s eyes blue? How could the father’s
-red hair differentiate the spermatozoön so as to give the child red
-hair? Can we imagine that the father’s finger nails can affect the
-spermatozoön in such a way as to make the child’s nails of the same
-“shape and size” as those of the father? How could such a thing be?
-Can we believe that a man’s brain, nerves and muscles, can so affect
-the spermatozoön that the child’s handwriting shall be like that of
-the father? How could this be? How could the father’s brain modify
-the spermatozoön in such sort that the child shall have the same
-temperament that the father has?
-
-Most of the resemblances between the child and its parents result from
-education, association and environment. If a child’s parents die when
-it is six months old; and it be placed in the hands of a stranger
-and his wife; it is easy to see that many of the child’s qualities,
-characteristics and traits would be borrowed from the man and his wife
-with whom the orphan lives.
-
-The infant, at birth, is merely a living creature without any physical
-qualities, characteristics or traits peculiar to itself; nor has it
-any mental qualities, characteristics nor traits, whatever. In fact,
-it has scarcely any intellect, at all. It follows that most of the
-physical qualities and characteristics of each person are acquired; and
-that all of the mental qualities, characteristics and traits of every
-one are acquired, they being the result of education, association and
-environment. No doubt most of the resemblance between a child and its
-parents are caused by education, imitation and association.
-
-The evolutionist has invented divers theories to account for, and
-explain the phenomena of reproduction on material and mechanical
-principles, without the aid of any supernatural psychic or creative
-force. For example, Darwin invented the theory of “gemmules” and
-“pangenesis;” Spencer advanced the hypothesis of “physiological
-units” or “constitutional units,” “structural proclivity,” or
-“proclivity towards the organic form of the species;” Cope suggested
-“bathmism (go-ism)” “simple growth-force,” “grade-growth-force” and
-“excess-growth;” Weismann invented the “continuity of germ-plasm,”
-“ids,” “iddants” and “determinants.” But none of these words or phrases
-explain anything. If there is anything in nature corresponding to
-these words none of these writers ever saw them, nor did they know
-anything about them. These “gemmules,” “units,” “proclivities,” “ids,”
-“bathmisms,” etc., are purely hypothetical--mere figments of the
-imagination. Every body has rejected Darwin’s theory of “gemmules,”
-and “pangenesis;” no one but Spencer ever adopted his hypothesis of
-“physiological units” and “proclivities;” Cope was the only man that
-over used “bathmism,” etc.; Spencer, Romanes and others gave many
-reasons why Weismann’s “continuity of germ-plasm,” “ids,” “iddants”
-and “determinants” were absurd and impossible. No two of them agreed
-on anything, except the supposed fact of organic evolution. Spencer,
-somewhere says, in substance, that there is a general belief that
-organic evolution has occurred; but great diversity of opinion as to
-the manner in which it has been effected.
-
-The theory of the evolutionist is that the genital organs of a man
-generate spermatozoä, with all their properties and potentialities,
-spontaneously and automatically, without the aid of any extraneous,
-psychic or creative force, and that those of a woman produce ova in
-the same manner. He maintains that a spermatozoön and an ovum unite
-and fuse into a germ-cell (fertilized ovum) and that this cell (germ)
-then becomes, automatically, a living being; that it develops and grows
-spontaneously and automatically, to be a man or a woman, without the
-aid or guidance of any extraneous psychic or creative force, whatever.
-
-As a fact the fertilized ovum does not develop into a man or woman at
-all, but a vast number of daughter-cells are produced from it, which
-are metamorphosed and molded by the Creator into a man or woman. The
-evolutionist holds that the fertilized ovum inherits all its properties
-and potentialities from its parents. In other words, he contends that
-the germ-cell develops and grows as it does because its father and
-mother developed and grew in the same manner. Is there any apparent
-reason why the germ-cell should develop and grow at all? Why should
-it develop and grow, spontaneously and automatically, as its father
-and mother grew? The germ-cell is a new combination of the atoms of
-which it is composed; the embryo is built up of new materials; wholly
-different from those which compose the bodies of its parents; and by
-new forces and motions, altogether different from those which built
-up the bodies of its parents. How could the mode, in which the bodies
-of the father and mother developed and grew, possibly affect the
-development and growth of the child?
-
-The fact that each normal body develops and grows in the same manner
-that the bodies of its parents grew, and as every other normal body
-grows, is conclusive evidence that the development and growth of
-each human body is caused, guided and controlled by an extraneous
-supernatural psychic and creative force, which is ubiquitous, all
-over the earth. No other hypothesis can explain the uniform mode of
-development and growth, which we observe, among all the mammals in
-every age and country.
-
-The fact that the child resembles its father or mother, or both of
-them, is strong evidence that the same creative force made all three of
-them. We cannot believe that the blind, unthinking cells, which build
-up the body of the child, automatically, group themselves in such a
-manner as to make the child in the image of the father or mother.
-
-Everyone knows that each human body is built of atoms and cells, which
-are assembled and grouped into certain chemical combinations and
-mechanical arrangements by force and motion, and that there cannot
-be any such thing as force and motion without, at least two physical
-bodies, the one to transmit the force and the other to move. The word,
-“heredity,” does not denote a physical body nor a physical force. It is
-a mere name for a group of vital phenomena. How could heredity bring
-two or more atoms or cells together? Such a suggestion is too absurd
-even for the imagination.
-
-Perhaps the orthodox churchman would maintain that the Creator endowed
-Adam’s genital organs with the power to generate spermatozoä; and also
-endowed those of Eve with the power to produce ova; that He endowed
-these spermatozoä and ova with the power to produce new men and woman,
-automatically; and that He ordained that they should have the power
-to produce new spermatozoä and new ova, with the same properties and
-potentialities that were possessed by the original spermatozoä and ova,
-that were generated in the bodies of Adam and Eve and so on forever.
-
-This brings us back to the proposition that every human body is a
-compound physical structure, composed of atoms and cells, which
-are grouped into certain chemical combinations and mechanical
-arrangements; and that intellect, memory, will-power, force and motion
-are necessary to make these combinations and arrangements. To do
-this work, automatically, these atoms and cells must be endowed with
-divine intellect, memory, will-power and creative force; and this is
-equivalent to a special creation. So if it be said that each fertilized
-ovum is endowed with the power to produce a new man or woman, the
-answer is that this endowment is equivalent to a special creation.
-
-The reader may argue that the Creator endowed Adam’s spermatozoä and
-Eve’s ova with the power to develop men and women, who were endowed
-with the power to produce new spermatozoä and new ova, with the same
-properties and potentialities that were possessed by those of Adam and
-Eve and so on forever to the nth. generation.
-
-There are several insuperable objections to this theory:
-
-_First._--It is inconceivable that a man could be endowed with the
-power to produce spermatozoä before he is born; nor could a woman
-produce ova before her birth; nor is it possible to endow a fertilized
-ovum with the power to produce a man or woman before it is formed.
-When Adam’s spermatozoä and Eve’s ova were made the men and women to
-be produced from them had not come into being; and it was impossible
-for even the Creator to endow them, at that time, with the power to
-produce spermatozoä and ova. Intellect, memory, will-power, force and
-motion were necessary to group the atoms and cells of which the bodies
-of these new men and women were to be composed, into the necessary
-chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements in order to construct
-their bodies. Neither the spermatozoä, the ova nor the germ-cells
-produced from them, had intellect, memory, will-power nor the necessary
-force. Therefore it was impossible for Adam’s spermatozoä and Eve’s
-ova, or germ-cell, resulting from their fusion, to produce Adam and
-Eve’s children, automatically.
-
-_Secondly._--Neither the children of Adam and Eve nor of any other
-man or woman ever had the power to generate spermatozoä and ova,
-voluntarily. It is inconceivable that the blind unthinking genital
-organs of Adam’s children or of any other man or woman ever produced
-spermatozoä and ova spontaneously and automatically. We are compelled
-to believe that the Creator always generates, guides and controls the
-forces and motions which assemble and group the atoms into the form of
-the spermatozoä and ova; and that he directly and specially endows
-each spermatozoön and ovum with such properties and potentialities as
-it may possess.
-
-_Thirdly._--Life is not a property of matter. If it were, there would
-be no such thing as death; for matter and all its attributes and
-properties are eternal. The atoms, of which a man’s body is composed,
-are as old as the earth. But during his life, they are grouped
-together; and this group of atoms is endowed with the properties and
-potentials of a living being. The human body has identically the same
-physical properties, whether it be living or dead. Thus, it has the
-same weight, length, breadth and thickness after death that it had
-while living, until disintegration sets in. Apparently, the living
-human body is similar to a piece of iron, when charged with electricity
-or magnetism. Neither of these adds anything to the weight of the iron;
-nor do they change its structure, form, size, nor its appearance. When
-they leave the iron it remains as it was before it was charged with
-them. So it is with the human body for a time after life leaves it.
-
-Life not being a property of matter, it must be directly and specially
-conferred, by a supernatural creative force, upon the body in which it
-resides.
-
-It is agreed by all biologists that there is no such thing as
-spontaneous generation of animals, nor of plants at this time. As
-Huxley puts it: “_Omne vivum ex vivo_,” “all life comes of life.”
-(Encyc. Brit. (9 ed.) 8, p. 746.)
-
-Now, if there be no such thing as spontaneous generation of animals,
-nor of plants, why should there be spontaneous generation of life?
-Neither the spermatozoön, nor the ovum can live alone. But when united
-and fused together, under proper conditions, this combination takes on
-the manifestations of life; and these manifestations continue until
-death.
-
-Any good chemist can analyze a fertilized ovum and learn, exactly, the
-chemical elements of which it is composed, and the proportions in which
-they are combined. He could then make a new combination of carbon,
-hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen in the same proportions, in which these
-substances were combined in the fertilized ovum; and if life were a
-property of that combination of atoms, this new chemical compound,
-ought to become a living creature. But no such thing could ever happen.
-
-As already remarked, neither the spermatozoön nor the ovum can live
-alone. But when fused together, the combination becomes a living
-creature. The atoms in the combination are identically the same that
-were in the spermatozoön and ovum before the fusion occurred. Why
-should the combination live when the two component parts of it could
-not?
-
-It is clear that no man can, voluntarily nor involuntarily endow a
-spermatozoön with the power to develop, alone, into a human being;
-for every one of them dies in a day, or within a few days, after it
-matures; unless it be so fortunate as to unite and fuse with an ovum.
-It is equally clear that no woman can endow an ovum with the power to
-become a human being. Every ovum soon dies, unless it unite and fuse
-with a spermatozoön under conditions favorable to growth. Haeckel
-says: “there are calculated to be 72,000 [ova] in the sexually mature
-maiden.” (Evolution of Man, p. 347.) The number of spermatozoä,
-generated in the sexual organs of a man greatly exceeds the number
-of ova produced by a woman. It follows that countless trillions of
-spermatozoä and ova die daily, and disintegrate.
-
-Now, if no man can endow a spermatozoön with the power to develop into
-a new human being; and if no woman can endow an ovum with power to do
-so; how is it possible for either parent to endow the fertilized ovum
-with that power, when it is no part of the body of either of them?
-
-But the evolutionist maintains that the child has in fact, many of the
-qualities, characteristics and traits, both physical and mental, of its
-parents; that the parents transmit these qualities, characteristics
-and traits, to their child, by and through the spermatozoön and the
-ovum; that this is the only means by which the child could acquire
-the qualities, characteristics and traits of its parents. Hence, the
-evolutionist infers that heredity is based on the physical qualities
-and properties of the spermatozoön and ovum.
-
-But, as I have already argued (Sec. 15) the spermatozoön and the ovum
-are, themselves, new, direct and special creations, and so is the
-embryo body. While the physical qualities and characteristics of the
-spermatozoön may affect the body and mind of the child, to some extent;
-yet the child remains a new, direct and special creation.
-
-Neither Darwin, nor any other man, has ever shown how it is possible
-for the father, his body or any part of it, to impress, modify or
-affect the spermatozoön, or any part of it, in such a manner as to
-cause the child to resemble him in any particular; nor has it been
-shown how it is possible for the mother, her body or any part of it,
-to impress, modify or affect the ovum, or any part of it, in such a
-manner as to cause the child to resemble her. When we consider the
-great number of spermatozoä and ova that are produced; their small
-sizes and short lives; their location in the genital organs; and the
-lack of intellect, memory and will-power in every organ and part of
-the bodies of the parents, and the fact that the “gemmules” must reach
-the spermatozoön and the ovum through the blood, we are compelled
-to believe that it is impossible for the spermatozoön and ovum to
-transmit, unaided and alone, any quality, characteristic or trait of
-a parent to the child; and we are forced to infer that the Creator,
-directly and specially, endows the spermatozoön and ovum with power to
-convey to the child such qualities, characteristics, and traits of its
-parents as they do, in fact, carry to it.
-
-Assuming for argument that certain qualities, characteristics and
-traits of the father and mother are transmitted to the child by and
-through the spermatozoön and ovum; this fact does not militate against
-my theory of special Creation; for it seems reasonable to suppose
-that the spermatozoön and ovum are specially endowed by the Creator,
-with such powers and potentialities as they possess. Moreover, the
-evolutionist and materialist are in this attitude; they cannot show
-how it is possible for the germ-cell (composed of the spermatozoön
-and ovum) to produce, unaided and alone, a child with the qualities,
-characteristics and traits of its parents; nor can they prove that the
-germ-cell and its daughter-cells do, in fact, automatically, produce
-the child without the aid of the Creator.
-
-Assuming for argument that the spermatozoön, ovum, germ-cell and its
-daughter-cells appear to do automatically all the wonderful things that
-the evolutionist and materialist say they do, the question remains:
-do these senseless, unthinking atoms and cells, spontaneously and
-automatically build up the embryo body with all its organs and parts,
-or does the Creator, in fact, generate, guide and control the forces
-and motions, which group these cells into the embryo body? In other
-words: when the atoms and cells, which go to build up the embryo body,
-appear to act spontaneously and automatically, are they, in fact,
-moved, guided, controlled and grouped into the form of the embryo body
-by the Creator?
-
-The facts in relation to the development and growth of the embryo are
-easily described and understood. But the real question is this: “What
-force or agency causes this development and growth?”
-
-What force or agency causes the child to resemble its parents? Do the
-germ-cell and its daughter-cells spontaneously and automatically cause
-this resemblance; or does the Creator cause it?
-
-Referring to the origin of life in the individual, Professor Martin
-says:
-
-“At present we know nothing in physiology answering to the match which
-lights the furnace; those manifestations of energy we call life are
-handed down from generation to generation, as sacred fire in the
-temple of vesta from one watcher to another. Science may at some time
-teach us how to bring the chemical constituents of protoplasm into
-that combination in which they possess the faculty of starting the
-oxidations under those conditions which characterize life; then we
-shall have learnt to strike the vital match.” (Martin, Human Body, p.
-312.)
-
-I do not believe that life is handed down from generation to
-generation. On the contrary the Creator strikes “the vital match” when
-each fertilized ovum is formed; and every such human ovum is directly
-and specially endowed by the Creator, with the power to develop into a
-man or woman.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 32. Nature has no Power to Generate a New Human Being; nor to
-Evolve one from the Germ-Cell
-
-
-Nature is defined as: “The forces or processes of the material world
-conceived of as an agency intermediate between the Creator and the
-world, producing all organisms and preserving the regular order of
-things; as in the old dictum, ‘nature abhors a vacuum.’ In this sense,
-_nature_ is often personified.” (Cent. Dic. 5, p. 3943.) It follows
-that “nature” is not a substantial nor a material entity or thing,
-like a man, a tree, or a stone; but is only a name for certain real
-or imaginary “forces or processes.” The word does not indicate by
-what agency these “forces or processes” are generated, guided nor
-controlled. But we use the word to indicate or describe certain
-phenomena, which we do not understand, in the same manner that we use
-the word “gravitation.”
-
-The naturalist or materialist would say that nature generates the
-spermatozoön and ovum; that it unites and fuses them into the
-germ-cell; and that it develops this cell into a man or woman. One
-might as well say, historically, that the spermatozoön and ovum are
-generated and fused; and that a man or woman is produced from it. But
-this statement does not explain anything. It does not tell us what
-force selects, assembles and groups the atoms into the spermatozoön
-and ovum; nor what endows it with life; nor who nor what creates its
-soul; nor what force or agency causes the embryo to develop and grow to
-manhood or womanhood.
-
-To say that “nature” generates and evolves new men and women, is no
-explanation of the phenomena of reproduction. Nature has no physical
-body, no weight, length, breadth, nor thickness, no intellect, memory
-nor will-power; nor can it voluntarily generate force nor motion. It
-follows that “nature” cannot form the spermatozoön nor the ovum; cannot
-cause them to unite and fuse into a germ-cell; nor cause the necessary
-atoms and cells to assemble and group themselves into the chemical
-combinations and mechanical arrangements required to build up the
-embryo body, its organs and parts.
-
-In other words, “nature” works by and through the spermatozoön, the
-ovum and germ-cell or fertilized ovum. It has identically the same
-powers and potentialities that they have--no more nor less. It follows
-that nature cannot, automatically, generate nor evolve, a new man, nor
-a new woman.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 33. Every Human Being is a New, Direct and Special Creation by
-Almighty God; this Question to be Determined, How
-
-
-To determine this question it is necessary: _first_, to ascertain
-what work has to be done in order to create a new human being;
-_secondly_, to consider whether this work can be done, spontaneously
-and automatically, by the germ-cell or fertilized ovum and its
-daughter-cells, or whether a supernatural psychic and creative force is
-necessary to do it.
-
-Darwin ought to be accepted by the evolutionist and materialist as high
-authority on any biological question, and specially on the subject of
-special creation. I call him as my first witness. In his Origin of
-Species, last edition, 1872, (vol. 2, p. 298) he says:
-
-“I believe that [all] animals are descended from at most only four or
-five progenitors, and plants from an equal or lesser number. Analogy
-would lead one step further, namely, to the belief that all animals and
-plants are descended from some one prototype.”
-
-Again, on page 299, he says:
-
-“If we admit this, we must likewise admit that all the organic beings,
-which have ever lived on this earth may have descended from one
-primordial form.”
-
-The last ten lines in his Origin of Species (vol. 2, pp. 305-306) are
-in these words:
-
-“Thus, from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted
-object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of
-the higher animals, directly follows. There is grandeur in this view of
-life, with its several powers having been originally breathed by the
-Creator into a few forms, or into one, and that whilst this planet has
-gone cycling on, according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple
-a beginning, endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful, have been
-and are being evolved.”
-
-Thus, the reader will see that Darwin, himself believed that the first
-one, or the first few, animals and plants were directly and specially
-created by Almighty God.
-
-I base the theory that every Human being is a new, direct and special
-creation by Almighty God, on the following propositions:
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 34. Proposition 1. Animals and Plants First Appeared on the Earth
-at a Certain Time
-
-
-There was a time when there were no animals, nor plants on our planet.
-Therefore, they must have appeared at a definite period.
-
-The rocks tell us that animals and plants first appeared on the earth
-in the archæozoic or primordial geological age, which, according to
-Haeckel, began 100,300,000 years ago. (Last words on Evolution, p.
-165.) He also says that “life began to exist at a definite period,” “on
-our planet;” that “no organism can exist or discharge its functions
-without water. No water, no life!” and that the surface of the earth
-had to cool down so as to convert “the envelope of steam into water”
-before animals and plants could live. (Evolution of Man, p. 200.)
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 35. Proposition 2. First Animal and Plant were Either Specially
-Created; or Arose by Spontaneous Generation from Inorganic Matter
-
-
-Mysterious and miraculous as it may seem, animals and plants have lived
-on the earth during this eternity of time. The earth is now covered
-with countless millions of them. We know that we, ourselves, are here.
-How did they happen to be here? How did we get here? How did life
-originate on the earth?
-
-It is obvious that the first animal or plant that appeared on the earth
-was either directly and specially made, by a supernatural psychic and
-creative force, of inorganic matter; or that it arose, by spontaneous
-generation, from such matter; for it must necessarily have originated
-in the one manner or in the other. How else could it have come into
-existence?
-
-So far as I know, there are only two theories, among educated and
-scientific men, as to the origin of animals and plants. The one is that
-they were directly and specially made by the Creator; the other is that
-they arose by spontaneous generation, from inorganic matter. Which of
-these is most plausible? (Spencer, Principles of Biology, vol. 1, pp.
-415-416.)
-
-The evolutionist and materialist maintain that the course of nature is
-“uniform, continuous and everlasting;” that the earth is now behaving
-identically, as it has been ever since it came into existence; that
-animals and plants are now being evolved, as in the past, while others
-are becoming extinct, and that every animal and plant is merely a
-co-ordinated term in natures “great progression.” (Huxley, Man’s Place
-in Nature, p. 151.)
-
-According to this view, if an animal or a plant was ever spontaneously
-generated from inorganic matter, we would naturally expect to find them
-arising in the same manner today, for there is no reason to suppose
-that the nature of the “inorganic matter,” which they say produced the
-first animal or plant, has been exhausted; nor that it has changed;
-nor that the conditions have changed, nor that the forces which are
-supposed to have caused the spontaneous generation of the first animal
-and plant have ceased to exist.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 36. Proposition 3. No Spontaneous Generation of Animals; nor of
-Plants
-
-
-Professor Huxley (1825-1905) was a scientist and philosopher of the
-first magnitude. He was an intimate friend to Darwin; an evolutionist
-and materialist of the strictest sect and fully competent to speak for
-these schools of philosophy. Among other works on evolution, he wrote,
-“Man’s Place in Nature” (1863), in which he argued at great length that
-man is a descendant of an ape. Hence the following quotations from
-his works may be taken as authoritative admissions on the part of the
-evolutionist and materialist.
-
-He says:
-
-“The fact is that at the present moment there is not a shadow of
-trustworthy direct evidence that abiogenesis [spontaneous generation]
-does take place, or has taken place, within the period during which the
-existence of life on the globe is recorded.” (Huxley, Anat. Invert.
-An., pp. 40-41.)
-
-Writing in the Encyclopedia Britannica (9 ed., vol. 8, p. 746) he says,
-in substance, that the aphorism: “omne vivum ex vivo” (“all life comes
-of life”) is a “well established law of the existing course of nature.”
-
-The theory of spontaneous generation assumes that certain inorganic
-elements, spontaneously and automatically grouped themselves together
-in such proportions and in such a manner, chemically and mechanically,
-as to produce one or a very few animals or plants; and that all
-other animals and plants have descended from this one, or these few
-primordial forms. No one pretends to say that there is any direct
-evidence that any such thing ever happened. On the contrary every
-fact within our knowledge tends to negative the theory of spontaneous
-generation. But, in order to dispense with the theory of special
-creation, the evolutionist and materialist invented the theory of
-spontaneous generation. There is not only no evidence to support the
-theory of spontaneous generation, but after many trials scientific men
-have wholly failed to produce any living substance, whatever. On this
-point Professor Huxley says:
-
-“To enable us to say that we know anything about the experimental
-origination of organization and life, the investigator ought to be able
-to take inorganic matters, such as carbonic acid, ammonia, water and
-salines, in any sort of inorganic combination, and be able to build
-them up into protein matter [nitrogenous or albuminoid bodies] and
-that protein matter ought to begin to live in an organic form. That,
-nobody has done as yet; and I suspect it will be a long while before
-anybody does it.” (Huxley, Origin of Species, p. 69.) After discussing
-the theory of spontaneous generation at length, and describing the
-experiments which are supposed to have destroyed that theory, he says:
-
-“For my part, I conceive that with the particulars of M. Pasteur’s
-experiments before us, we cannot fail to arrive at his conclusions; and
-that the doctrine of spontaneous generation has received a final _coup
-de grace_” [stroke of mercy or death blow.]
-
-After describing the experiments of a number of scientists the New
-International Encyclopedia, published in 1905, (vol. 1, p. 463) says:
-
-“The result of these experiments and conclusions is that the view
-that spontaneous generation takes place at the present day, has been
-entirely discarded.”
-
-If there was ever any such thing as spontaneous generation of animals
-and plants, from inorganic matter, why should it not continue to
-happen, down to the present time?
-
-We are therefore compelled to believe that there never was any such
-thing as spontaneous generation from inorganic matters; and we know
-that all the men of the earth, acting in concert, could not produce a
-single live worm!
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 37. Proposition 4. Creator Could Have Made a Million Animals or
-Plants as Well as One
-
-
-If it be admitted, as Darwin does, that the Creator made “one or a few”
-animals and plants, in the beginning, we may well suppose that He could
-have made a million, or a million of millions, as easily as one.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 38. Proposition 5. If the Creator Made the First Animal and the
-First Plant He Made All Others
-
-
-If it be admitted that He created the first one, or the first few,
-animals and plants, why should we doubt that He created all of them? If
-He began to create them, why should He cease to do so? His works are
-uniform, continuous and everlasting.
-
-But in his “Origin of Species” (vol. 2, p. 304-305) Darwin says:
-
-“Authors of the highest eminence seem to be fully satisfied with the
-view that each species has been independently created. To my mind it
-accords better with what we know of the laws impressed on matter by the
-Creator, that the production and extinction of the past and present
-inhabitants of the world should have been due to secondary causes, like
-those determining the birth and death of the individual.”
-
-What are “the laws impressed on matter by the Creator,” that have
-anything to do with the reproduction of animals and plants? What
-laws “impressed on matter” have any bearing on the question whether
-animals and plants have arisen from inorganic matter, by spontaneous
-generation or by special creation? Perhaps Darwin means to say that
-he supposes the Creator would naturally make one or a few primordial
-forms of animal and plant and turn them loose upon the earth to shift
-for themselves subject to “secondary causes,” namely, the factors of
-evolution. But he does not profess to have any special knowledge of the
-Divine Mind; nor does he pretend to know more of it than any other man
-does.
-
-Perhaps Lamarck (1744-1829) was the first to suggest the theory of
-spontaneous generation, in the sense in which these words are now used,
-and the evolution of species. (Encyclopedia Britannica 14, p. 232.)
-Down to his time, no one doubted the Mosaic story of the creation.
-Belief in the theory of special creation was well nigh universal down
-to the publication of Darwin’s Origin of Species, in 1859. This belief
-was shared alike by both scientists and laymen. But shortly after the
-publication of that work, belief in the theory of organic evolution
-became a fad among educated people; and that belief was supposed to
-indicate intellectual power and independence of thought.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 39. Proposition 6. Human Body is Either Specially Created or
-Spontaneously Generated, Which?
-
-
-According to the evolutionist and materialist, the reproduction of the
-human body from a fertilized ovum is, in substance and effect, the same
-thing as spontaneous generation of such a body from inorganic matter.
-The work to be done in the one case is identically the same as that to
-be done in the other. In fact the spermatozoön and the ovum are made
-of dead matter; and if we consider the making of the spermatozoön and
-the ovum as the first steps in the process of reproduction as they
-are; and also assume that the Creator takes no part in that process,
-we would then have to say that the human body arises by spontaneous
-generation from inorganic matter; for it is undoubtedly true that the
-spermatozoön and ovum are made of inorganic substances, namely: carbon,
-hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. It is equally true that the fertilized
-ovum has no more intellect, memory nor will-power than its component
-atoms of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen had; nor has it any more
-power to generate, guide and control forces and motions than they had.
-It follows that the same psychic and creative force is necessary to
-produce a new human being whether it be made from a germ of inorganic
-matter or from a fertilized ovum; the ovum being only one remove from
-inorganic matter. Moreover, the entire human body is made of dead
-matter except the infinitesimal fertilized ovum.
-
-There is no middle ground between special creation on the one side and
-spontaneous generation on the other; either the Creator generates,
-guides and controls the forces and motions which build up the embryo
-body, its organs and parts; or the atoms and cells, of which they
-are made, do, spontaneously and automatically, assemble and group
-themselves into the chemical combinations, and into the mechanical
-arrangements, which are necessary to make them.
-
-The reader may argue that “nature,” “heredity” or the germ-cell
-(fertilized ovum) does this wonderful work of building up the embryo
-body; and, therefore, that neither the Creator nor spontaneous
-generation does it. But “nature” and “heredity” do all their work by
-and through the germ-cell; so their powers are identical with those
-of the germ-cell. This germ is a tiny bit of protoplasm composed of
-carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, with a possible trace of sulphur
-and phosphorus. It has no brain, eyes, ears, nose, touch, nor taste; no
-intellect, memory, nor will-power; no knowledge of anatomy, chemical
-elements, chemical affinity, form, size, time, nor space; nor any
-constructive power nor force; has no power to generate forces nor to
-guide and control motions.
-
-Therefore, it is impossible for the germ-cell, or its daughter-cells,
-to build up, automatically, the embryo body, with all its organs and
-parts. It follows that this body must be directly and specially created
-by Almighty God.
-
-Again, every embryo body is made of cells (organic bricks) and
-these are made of dead atoms. In order to construct this body it
-is necessary to group a certain number of these atoms into certain
-chemical combinations; next these combinations must be grouped into
-certain mechanical arrangements. Thus, the skeleton is made of bones;
-they are made of cells, which in turn are made of dead atoms of lime,
-carbon, phosphorus, etc.; these cells must be grouped into phosphate
-of lime, carbonate of lime, gelatin, etc. These combinations must then
-be grouped into the two hundred and seventy-eight bones of the embryo
-skeleton, giving each bone its proper form, size, structure and place
-in the skeleton. It is clear that neither the father nor the mother
-takes any part in making these chemical combinations nor in making the
-mechanical arrangements. It is equally clear that they are not made by
-chance nor by accident; nor by the “factors” of evolution.
-
-It follows that the atoms and cells of which the embryo body is made,
-do, spontaneously and automatically group themselves into the chemical
-combinations and mechanical arrangements, which are necessary to
-construct the several organs and parts of the embryo body without the
-aid or guidance of any extraneous psychic or creative force; or that
-every organ and part of the embryo body is directly and specially made
-by the Creator.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 40. Proposition 7. Human Skeleton is a Special Creation
-
-
-Human bones are composed of ten chemical elements, namely: carbon,
-chlorin, hydrogen, lime, magnesium, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus,
-sodium and sulphur. As found in the bones, these elements are grouped
-into the five chemical combinations, following: phosphate of lime,
-carbonate of lime, carbonate of soda, chloride of soda, and gelatin.
-
-There are eight bones in the cranium, fourteen in the face and six in
-the ears, making twenty-eight in the skull, besides the thirty-two
-teeth. (Encyc. Brit. (9 ed.) vol. 1, p. 822.) In the infant there are
-thirty-three vertebræ (joints) in the spinal column, namely: seven
-cervical, in the neck; twelve dorsal, in the back; five lumbar, in the
-small of the back; five sacral, in the sacrum; and four coccygeal,
-in the coccyx. But in the adult, there are only twenty-six, the five
-sacral joints having fused into one bone, and the four in the coccyx
-having fused into another; these two and the twenty-four regular
-vertebræ (joints) making twenty-six. (Same book, p. 820.) In the chest
-there are twelve pairs of ribs, the sternum or breast bone and the
-hyoid or tongue bone, twenty-six in all. (Same book, p. 822.) Each
-arm and hand, including the scapula or shoulder blade, consists of
-thirty-two bones, making sixty-four in the two arms and hands. In each
-leg and foot, including the bones of the pelvis, there are thirty-one
-bones, making sixty-two in the pelvis, legs and feet. So that the adult
-human skeleton consists of two hundred and six bones, besides the
-thirty-two teeth. (Johnson’s Universal Cyclopedia, 7, p. 553.)
-
-The same book, (p. 533) says:
-
-“At birth their number is 278; at the age of twenty-five, 224; in
-advanced old age, 194. About 660 segments are needed in the formation
-of the 206 bones.”
-
-In another place it says:
-
-“Thus, the thigh bone or femur represents the fusion of at least five
-distinct segments, the union not being fully completed until about the
-twentieth year.” (Same book, p. 553, column 1.)
-
-There is no bone in the fertilized ovum; therefore each skeleton and
-each bone is produced anew; that is, it grows anew for itself. No two
-bones are exactly alike. In the case of pairs similar bones are on
-opposite sides of the body, thus half the ribs, one arm, hand, leg,
-and foot are on each side of the body. Each of the twenty-four regular
-joints in the spinal column is similar to every other joint except the
-atlas. But, beginning at the top and going downward, each joint is
-smaller than the one next below it.
-
-The bones of the skeleton have pores, foraminæ (holes), cavities,
-processes, joints and sutures. Some of them are long, others short,
-broad and irregular. Each is attached to one or more other bones by
-a joint or a suture. Each is adjusted to, and correlated with every
-other, in structure, form, size and function. The bones in the infant
-body grow inside of it and while in the mother’s womb. There is no
-model present by which to make it.
-
-Who determines at what points in the embryo body these two hundred and
-seventy-eight bones shall be built up? Who ordains that there shall
-be twenty-two in the skull, thirty-three in the spinal column, etc.?
-Who fixes the structure, form, and size of each bone? Who adjusts
-and correlates each bone in the skeleton to every other? Who counts
-them? Who guides and controls the forces and motions that build up the
-skeleton, in such a manner that the bones on the right side have the
-same structure, form and size as those on the left? How does it happen
-that the bones on the right side are the reverse of those on the left?
-How does it happen that each human skeleton is exactly like every
-other. Who fixes nine months as the time in which the infant skeleton
-shall mature sufficiently for birth?
-
-The father contributes the spermatozoön and the mother the ovum; these
-two cells fuse into the germ-cell (fertilized ovum), which is composed
-of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, with a possible trace of
-phosphorus and sulphur. Whatever qualities, characteristics, traits
-and potentialities pass from the parents to the child must necessarily
-be transmitted by and through the germ-cell (or fertilized ovum), for
-nothing else passes from the parents to the child. This cell is about
-the size of one-sixth of a common pin’s head; and is barely visible to
-the naked eye under the most favorable conditions. It has no intellect,
-memory nor will-power; no knowledge of anatomy, nor of the human body.
-
-It is immediately divided into two daughter-cells, these into four,
-eight, sixteen, thirty-two and so on to infinity. Thus, it appears that
-the infinitesimal fertilized ovum is soon disintegrated, divided into
-millions of pieces and distributed among the new cells which are made
-from the food of the mother.
-
-It is impossible to believe that the minute fertilized ovum when
-divided into a million pieces, selects the atoms, generates, guides
-and controls the forces and motions which build up the two hundred and
-seventy-eight bones in the infant body. It is preposterous to suppose
-that the millionth part of the germ-cell can determine the point in
-the embryo body, in which the skull bones, the ear bones, the spinal
-column, the arm-buds, leg-buds, etc., shall appear. Nor can we believe
-that this little cell or any of its daughter-cells can spontaneously
-and automatically produce any of the vital phenomena, manifested by the
-human skeleton.
-
-Every one knows that neither the father nor the mother has any
-voluntary power, nor any control over the development and growth of the
-embryo.
-
-Does the embryo develop and grow by accident or chance? Surely not; for
-each embryo develops and grows precisely as every other does, in every
-age and country, thus showing that the same ubiquitous creative force
-makes all of them.
-
-“We must not assume any original creation, nor repeated creations,”
-says Haeckel, “to explain this, but a natural, continuous and necessary
-evolution.” (Evolution of Man, p. 26.) He argues that there is no
-personal God.
-
-Writing in the Encyclopedia Britannica (vol. 8, p. 746, 9 ed.)
-Professor Huxley says:
-
-“No exception is, at this time, known to the general law, established
-upon an immense multitude of direct observations, that every living
-thing is evolved from a particle of matter, in which no trace of the
-distinctive characters of the adult form of that living thing is
-discernible. This particle is termed a _germ_.…
-
-“The definition of a germ as ‘matter potentially alive, and having,
-_within itself_, the tendency to assume a definite living form,’
-appears to meet all the requirements of modern science … And the
-qualification of ‘potential’ has the advantage of reminding us that the
-great characteristic of the germ is not so much _what it is_, but _what
-it may, under suitable conditions, become_.…
-
-“In all cases, the process of evolution consists in a succession
-of changes of the form, structure and functions of the germ by
-which it passes, step by step, from an extreme simplicity, or
-relative homogeneity, of visible structure to a greater or less
-degree of complexity or heterogeneity; and the course of progressive
-differentiation is generally accompanied by growth, which is effected
-by intussusception,” [interstitial deposit.]
-
-“… And so far from the fully developed organism’s being simply the
-germ _plus_ the nutriment, which it has absorbed, it is probable that
-the adult contains neither in form, nor in substance, more than an
-inappreciable fraction of the constituents of the germ, and that it is
-almost wholly made up of assimilated and metamorphosed nutriment.”
-
-This being true, it cannot be said that the germ (fertilized ovum) ever
-develops into a man or woman. On the contrary it is annihilated; and
-its identity is wholly lost among the daughter-cells which are made of
-the mother’s food.
-
-Herbert Spencer invented what he calls “physiological units” or
-“constitutional units,” and “structural proclivity.” But neither he
-nor any other man ever saw one of these “units,” they being wholly
-imaginary. In his Principles of Biology (vol. 1, p. 368) under
-“Genesis, heredity and variation,” he says:
-
-“So that though all parts are composed of physiological units of the
-same nature, yet everywhere, in virtue of local conditions and the
-influence of its neighbors, each unit joins in forming a particular
-structure appropriate to its place.”
-
-Could anything be more absurd?
-
-For Spencer’s view of “physiological units” and “structural proclivity”
-see Principles of Biology 1, pp. 226, 361, 362, 365, 368, 372, and vol.
-2, pp. 612-618.
-
-The effect of the above quotations is that the atoms and cells of
-which the embryo body is composed, do spontaneously and automatically
-assemble and group themselves into the chemical combinations and
-mechanical arrangements, which are necessary to build up the human
-body, without the aid of any extraneous psychic or creative force
-whatever. This is necessarily the theory of the evolutionist and
-materialist; for they deny that there was ever any such thing as
-special creation. Besides, every one knows that neither the father nor
-the mother has any power, nor any control over the development and
-growth of the embryo.
-
-It follows that the blind, unthinking, fertilized ovum and
-daughter-cells arising from it, spontaneously and automatically
-assemble themselves together in the form of the two hundred and
-seventy-eight bones of the embryo skeleton; or that the Creator
-generates, guides, and controls the forces and motions which build up
-the embryo body. Which theory is most plausible?
-
-We cannot even imagine the dead atoms of carbon, chlorine, hydrogen,
-lime, etc., which compose the bones, assemble and group themselves into
-the twenty-two bones of the skull; nor into the thirty-three joints of
-the spinal column; nor into the bones of the arms, hands, legs and feet
-with all their pores, foraminæ, cavities, processes, joints and sutures.
-
-But the evolutionist says that “heredity” produces the embryo; and
-another says “nature” does this wonderful work. I reply that whatever
-“heredity” and “nature” may do toward the production of the embryo must
-necessarily be done by and through the fertilized ovum, and I have
-already argued that this little atom is powerless to do any such thing.
-See index, infra, “Heredity.”
-
-Each bone in the skeleton, and all of them as a whole, testify that
-they were designed and made by the Creator!
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 41. Proposition 8. Each Human Eye is a New, Direct and Special
-Creation
-
-
-Two new eyes must be made, out and out, for each embryo.
-
-The eye is formed before birth. This fact makes it clear that the
-alleged factors of evolution have nothing to do with its production.
-
-It is obvious that the father takes no part in the construction of
-the child’s eyes; for he contributes the spermatozoön, only; and the
-formation of the eye begins a considerable time after the spermatozoön
-fuses with the ovum. It is equally clear that the mother has no
-voluntary agency in the production of the child’s eyes. In brief, the
-child develops and grows in the mother’s womb, as a parasite, she being
-merely its host. Moreover, the reader will readily admit that all the
-scientists on the earth, acting in concert, could not make a living eye
-for a toad.
-
-Each human eye has the same parts, the same construction, form, and
-substantially the same size that every other such eye has; and performs
-the same functions. So all human eyes occupy the same relative position
-in the face. We are, therefore, compelled to believe that human eyes
-are not produced by accident nor by chance; but they develop and grow
-by force of a universal law; or that they are made by the Creator.
-
-But the almost universal belief is that “heredity” or “nature” causes
-the child’s eyes to grow, as those of the parents grew.
-
-A cause is described as: “An antecedent, upon which an effect follows
-according to the law of nature.” (Cent. Dic. 1, p. 868.)
-
-Ordinarily, the word “cause” is understood to mean a force or agency
-which produces a given effect or result, which could not happen without
-that force or agency. Such a force or agency is termed an efficient
-cause. (Cent. Dic. 3, p. 1849.)
-
-It would be absurd to suppose that the eyes of the father and mother
-cause or produce the eyes of the child. It follows that there is no
-causative relation between the eyes of the parents and those of the
-child. The most that could be said in this direction is that the same
-force or agency which produced the eyes of the parents, namely: the
-Creator, also caused and produced those of the child.
-
-The fact that the father and mother have eyes is no reason why the
-child should have them; for the forces and motions which made the
-eyes of the parents ceased to exist long before the formation of the
-germ-cell from which the child is produced.
-
-Each human eye is a new combination of the atoms and cells of which
-it is composed. No atom, in it, was ever a part of an eye of either
-parent. The atoms and cells, of which it is made, are grouped into new
-chemical combinations; and these are mechanically arranged in such a
-manner as to construct the human eye for the first and last time. The
-forces and motions, which build up each eye are peculiar to it. The
-work done in making the eyes of the parents, has nothing to do with
-the making of the eyes of the child; for the atoms and cells which are
-employed in constructing the child’s eyes must be assembled and grouped
-into the necessary chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements as
-if the father and mother had no eyes. In other words, each eye must be
-made anew, without regard to the eyes of the father and mother or any
-other person. If a man make a million bricks, it requires the same work
-to make the last one that it did to make the first one; so if a hundred
-million silver dollars are coined at a mint it requires, identically,
-the same work to coin each of them that it did to make every other; and
-so of the eyes.
-
-While discussing “organs of extreme perfection,” and referring to the
-imaginary evolution of the human eye, in his Origin of Species (vol. 1,
-p. 228), Darwin says:
-
-“Let this process go on for millions of years, and during each year on
-millions of individuals of many kinds, and may we not believe that a
-living optical instrument might be thus formed, as superior to one of
-glass as the works of the Creator are to those of man?”
-
-In brief, Darwin’s theory is that the eyes of each individual are
-better than those of his parents; and that he transmits to his child
-all the improvements made on his eyes during his life and so on to the
-latest generation. In other words, according to Darwin, the eyes of
-today are the “accumulated improvements” of millions of years.
-
-Apparently Darwin thinks that each individual gets the benefit of all
-improvements made in the eyes of every other individual of all other
-species without regard to genetic relations, for he says, “on millions
-of individuals of many kinds,” etc. According to this view, a man would
-avail himself of any improvement that might be made in the eye of a
-fly, which is preposterous.
-
-There would be some force in Darwin’s argument if it were possible to
-transfer the father’s or the mother’s eyes, bodily, to the child. But
-such a thing is too absurd to be dreamed of.
-
-Every one knows that each eye, and every part of it, grows anew, as
-if the parents of the embryo had no eyes. Neither Darwin, nor any
-other man has ever shown how it is possible for the eyes of the father
-or mother to modify or affect the development, growth, form, size,
-color, qualities or characteristics of the child’s eyes. According
-to Darwin’s theory of “gemmules” the eyes of the father and mother
-give off gemmules which get into his or her blood and thence into the
-spermatozoön and the ovum and thence into the fertilized ovum and these
-produce eyes, in the child, like those of its parents. But everybody
-saw that these “gemmules” would have great difficulty in finding the
-spermatozoön and ovum, and in getting into them when found; and that
-after they reached the fertilized ovum, which divides into two, four,
-eight, sixteen or a million daughter-cells, these gemmules would have
-great difficulty in finding the orbit where the new eye is to grow; and
-that they were as apt to land in the back, heel or toe of the embryo as
-in the orbit.
-
-Besides, if there were any such thing as Darwin’s gemmules there would
-have to be at least one for each coat, muscle, artery, vein, nerve
-and part of the eye; and it would be impossible for them to arrange
-themselves in the proper order in the embryo eye. Moreover, there
-might be too many or too few gemmules; some of them might get lost and
-leave the embryo eye without one or more of its coats or parts; then
-the gemmules from the father’s ayes might clash with those from the
-mother’s.
-
-No other man has ever suggested any more plausible theory, than
-Darwin’s “gemmules,” of the manner in which the organs and parts of
-the parents’ bodies may be supposed to modify and affect those of the
-child. But this theory was rejected by every one, but Darwin, as absurd
-and impossible.
-
-Every human being begins life as fertilized ovum, in which there is no
-eye. No part of the eyes of the father is transferred, bodily, to those
-of the child; nor is any part of the eyes of the mother. Every part of
-each eye must be made anew; each part must have the proper structure,
-form, and size; must be adjusted to and correlated with every other;
-finally, the several parts must be arranged in the proper order in the
-eye. In other words, two entirely new eyes must be made for each child.
-
-Either the blind unthinking atoms and cells, of which the several parts
-of the eye, namely: the several coats, the aqueous humor, the lens,
-the vitreous body, the optic nerve, the muscles, arteries, veins,
-nerves, etc., are built up, do, spontaneously and automatically, and
-without the aid of any extraneous, supernatural, psychic and creative
-force, assemble and group themselves into the chemical combinations and
-mechanical arrangements necessary to construct the embryo eye; or the
-Creator, directly and specially, makes it. Which hypothesis is most
-plausible?
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 42. Proposition 9. Each Human Ear is a New, Direct and Special
-Creation
-
-
-Two new ears must be made, out and out, for each embryo.
-
-The ear is a complex acoustic apparatus; is more complex, and has more
-parts, than the eye; and every part of it is well fitted to perform the
-function assigned to it. What was said in the two preceding sections,
-of skeleton and eye, as tending to establish the theory of special
-creation, applies equally to the construction of the ear.
-
-Intellect, memory, will-power, force and motion are required to
-form the chemical combinations and make the mechanical arrangements
-necessary to construct the ear; and every part of it testifies that it
-was contrived and made by the Creator!
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 43. Proposition 10. Each Human Brain is a New, Direct and Special
-Creation
-
-
-An entirely new brain must be made for each embryo. What has been said
-of the several parts of the skeleton and of the eye, (section 40 and
-41, supra), applies equally to the size, form, structure, position and
-number of the several parts of the brain.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 44. Proposition 11. The Sexual Organs of Each Individual are New,
-Direct and Special Creations
-
-
-Every human being begins life as a fertilized ovum, in which there are
-no sexual organs whatever. It follows that a new set of such organs
-must be made, out and out, for each individual embryo.
-
-Who or what determines whether the child shall be a male or female?
-For several weeks after the formation of the fertilized ovum there is
-nothing to indicate whether the child is to be a boy or girl. If it
-is finally decided that it shall be a male, a full set of male sexual
-organs is made for him. On the other hand, if it is to be a female,
-a set of female organs is made for her. But the production of male
-organs for the one, or female organs for the other is not the only
-thing to be done; for every organ and part of the body is modified,
-adjusted to and correlated with, the sexual characters whether male or
-female. The reader will readily recall all the distinctive differences
-between a man and woman, including the secondary sexual characters. In
-other words, if it is determined that the child shall be a male, every
-non-sexual organ and part of his body must be so differentiated and
-modified as to make a man of him, in both mind and body. On the other
-hand, if the child is to be a female, all of her non-sexual organs and
-parts must be so differentiated and modified as to make a woman of her,
-with all of the qualities, characteristics and traits that belong to
-woman.
-
-Intellect, memory, will-power, force and motion--creative force--are
-necessary to convert a sexless embryo body into a male or female
-child. This cannot be done by accident nor by blind chance; nor by the
-alleged “factors” of evolution; for this work is done before the birth
-of the child and before the “factors” have had an opportunity to do
-their “work;” besides, we cannot believe that the blind “factors” can
-metamorphose a sexless embryo into a male or female child.
-
-Neither the father nor the mother has any power to determine the sex of
-their child; nor has the fertilized ovum any such power; for it has no
-intellect, memory nor will-power, nor any knowledge of sexual organs
-nor of anything else. Moreover, before the sex of the child has been
-determined this ovum has been annihilated by division among a million
-of daughter-cells, which are made of animal and vegetable food eaten
-by the mother, which was never a part of any other human body.
-
-Can we believe that the blind, unthinking atoms and cells of which
-the embryo body is built up, do, spontaneously, automatically and
-without the aid of any extraneous psychic force, group themselves into
-the chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements, necessary to
-construct the sexual organs of a male or female child? How can these
-atoms and cells elect whether it shall be a boy or a girl? If they do
-so elect, how can they differentiate and modify all the non-sexual
-organs and parts of the body so as to correlate them with the sexual
-organs?
-
-The evolutionist and materialist will say that “heredity” or “nature”
-determines the sex of the embryo. I reply that the force and power of
-“heredity” and of “nature” are identical with those the fertilized
-ovum because they can act, only, by and through it; and it has no
-intellect, memory nor will-power to determine the sex of the child;
-nor to construct the male nor the female sexual organs after electing
-between them, even if such a thing were possible; nor any power to
-correlate the non-sexual organs and parts, with the male or female
-sexual organs so as to produce a man or a woman. In fact the germ-cell
-has no knowledge of sexual organs, nor of their form, size, structure
-nor functions. It follows that neither “heredity,” nor “nature” has
-any power to determine the sex of the child, nor to correlate its
-non-sexual organs with its sexual ones.
-
-We are, therefore, compelled to believe that the sex of every human
-being is determined by the Creator; and that all sexual organs are
-directly and specially made by him.
-
-For like reasons, we are compelled to believe that the heart, lungs,
-stomach, liver, kidneys, muscles, arteries, veins, nerves, and other
-organs and parts of the body are directly and specially made by the
-Creator.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 45. Proposition 12. Form, Size, Structure and Position of the
-Several Organs and Parts of the Body and Their Number are Conclusive
-Evidence that Each Human Body is a New, Direct and Special Creation
-
-
-For example, the form, size, structure and position of the several
-bones in each skeleton, and the number of them, are proof that they are
-all made by the Creator.
-
-So, the form, size, structure, and position of the several parts of the
-brain, eye, ear, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, etc.; and their number
-cannot be explained on any hypothesis, other than that of special
-creation. The same is true of the muscles, arteries, veins, etc.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 46. Proposition 13. Universal Sameness of all Human Bodies, is
-Conclusive Evidence that Each of Them was Directly and Specially Made
-by the Creator
-
-
-Every human body that ever lived in any age or country was composed
-of identically the same chemical elements that were or are found in
-every other such body, in whatever age or country such other body may
-have lived. So, each normal body, in whatever age or country it may
-have lived, had the same chemical combinations; the same mechanical
-arrangements; the same structure, the same organs and parts, and
-substantially the same form and size, that every other such body, of
-the same sex, had, whenever, and wherever such other body may have
-lived.
-
-How could this universal sameness of chemical elements, chemical
-combinations, mechanical arrangements, etc., in all human bodies have
-happened? Could it have happened by accident or chance; or by force
-of the blind factors of evolution; or did the blind, unthinking atoms
-and cells, of which each human body was built up, spontaneously, and
-automatically, group themselves into identically the same chemical
-combinations, and mechanical arrangements that the atoms and cells in
-every other human body had grouped themselves; thus making chemical
-elements, chemical combinations, the mechanical arrangements, the
-organs and parts in each human body, identically the same as those in
-every other such body, whenever and wherever it may have lived? Such
-a thing is impossible; specially when we consider that each body grew
-anew, for itself.
-
-But the evolutionist may say that this universal sameness in all human
-bodies is caused by “heredity.”
-
-I reply that each human body begins life as a fertilized ovum; that it
-develops and grows anew for itself, independently of the development
-and growth of any other body; it is a new combination of the atoms and
-cells--“organic bricks”--of which it is composed; it was made by new
-forces and motions of new materials, peculiar to itself. In order to
-build each body the atoms and cells, of which it was composed, must
-have been selected, assembled at the building site and there grouped
-into the necessary chemical combinations and mechanical arrangement.
-Intellect, memory, will-power, force and motion were necessary to do
-this work, in each instance.
-
-Heredity is only a name for certain vital phenomena. It it not a
-material entity; it has no weight, length, breadth nor thickness; no
-constructive force; no intellect, memory nor will-power; nor any power
-to generate force nor motion. Nor has it any power to assemble the
-atoms and cells; nor to group and arrange them in such a manner as to
-form the body, its organs and parts. Nor can “heredity” “breathe the
-breath of life” into the fertilized ovum nor create a soul for the
-embryo body.
-
-“Heredity” does all its work by and through the fertilized ovum. It
-has identically the same properties and potentialities that this ovum
-has, no more nor less. Surely this ovum has no knowledge of the bodies
-of its parents, nor of their organs and parts; nor can it have any
-memory of a thing that it never knew; nor has it any inherent power to
-reproduce the bodies of its parents or either of them.
-
-It is impossible to explain and account for this universal sameness of
-all human bodies without assuming that each of them was made by one and
-the same hand, namely: Almighty God. We cannot doubt that He directly
-and specially created every human being that ever lived on our planet.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 47. Proposition 14. Creator’s Supervision of the Development and
-Growth of the Embryo is Necessary to Produce the Human Body
-
-
-The watchmaker makes one piece of a watch at a time; but every organ
-and part of the embryo body grows all the time. Thus the body and all
-its internal organs and parts; and both arms, hands, legs and feet are
-growing continuously until it is grown. If the growth of each organ and
-part of the body were not so regulated as to keep pace with every other
-organ and part, there would be no proper proportion among them. One arm
-and hand would be larger and longer than the other; one leg larger and
-longer than the other; the five segments in the femur would not meet
-and unite to form the complete bone. (Johnson’s Cyclopedia 7, p. 553.)
-
-If there were no extraneous supervising architect to adjust and
-correlate each organ and part to every other, there would be no
-harmony of form, size, nor structure in the edifice. Surely, the atoms
-and cells in the right leg would have no knowledge of the form, size,
-nor structure of the left; and no organ, nor any part of the body,
-would have any power to adjust itself, automatically, to any other.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 48. Proposition 15. Each Human Body is Specially Endowed with Life
-
-
-Neither the spermatozoön nor the ovum is a living creature, for neither
-of them has the power to take and assimilate food; nor to develop and
-grow, alone. But when they unite and fuse, this combination begins
-to live, it absorbs and assimilates food or nourishment, develops,
-divides and produces an infinite number of daughter-cells. The atoms
-in the fertilized ovum are identically the same that were in the
-spermatozoön and ovum before the fusion occurred. Perhaps these atoms
-form new chemical combinations. But we cannot believe that any possible
-combination of atoms could automatically take on the energies and
-phenomena of life. Any good chemist can make the same combination of
-atoms that is found in the fertilized ovum; but his combination would
-not absorb and assimilate food, it would not live, develop nor grow.
-
-Life is not a property of matter but something wholly different from
-it. Matter may exist without life; but apparently, life cannot exist
-without matter. It is evident that the atoms of which the human body
-is composed did not manifest the phenomena nor the energies of life
-until they were grouped into that body; on the other hand the body
-does not manifest vital energies after its death. Life begins at a
-particular moment and ceases at another specific instant.
-
-If a piece of iron be charged with electricity, it will manifest
-electrical energy so long as it remains charged. But when the
-electricity passes from it, the iron ceases to exhibit such phenomena.
-So, when the human body is charged or endowed with life, it continues
-to manifest vital phenomena until life passes out of it.
-
-Life is bestowed on the several species of animal under divers
-conditions. Thus, it is bestowed on the fertilized human ovum in the
-genital organs of the mother, for the reason that this is the best, if
-not the only, place for it to develop and grow. It is bestowed on the
-eggs of fishes in the water; and upon the eggs of birds, after they
-have passed out of the bodies of the mother bird. Let us consider the
-hen’s egg for a moment. When laid it contains a fertilized ovum and
-“the white and the yellow” of the egg. It is a complete and finished
-egg. But it has no life. Unless it be placed under a sitting hen or in
-an incubator, it will decay and disintegrate.
-
-The hen or incubator merely keeps it warm during the period of
-incubation. By the end of the twenty-first day, the contents of the
-egg-shell have been converted into a live bird, with a skeleton,
-muscles, arteries, veins, nerves, brain, eyes, ears, heart, lungs,
-liver, wings, legs, feet, etc. There is no skeleton, model, nor any
-other performed outline of the coming chick, in the egg; for the
-contents of the egg-shell are a homogeneous mass of protoplasm. There
-is no reason to suppose that the warmth of the hen’s body, nor that
-the heat of the incubator, is, alone, adequate to impart life to the
-egg. Each part of the egg is necessarily kept at the same temperature
-as that of every other part. For this reason we cannot believe that
-mere heat differentiates one part of the white and yellow into bones,
-another part into muscles, arteries, veins, nerves, etc.
-
-In his Principles of Biology, (vol. 1, p. 116), Spencer says:
-
-“There is experimental proof that seeds may, under conditions
-unfavorable to germination, retain for ten, twenty, and some even
-thirty years, the power to germinate when due moisture and warmth are
-supplied.”
-
-Now if these seeds are alive, what becomes of the life in them during
-these long periods of quiescence? There are untold millions of grains
-of wheat and of corn. None of these grains will germinate until they
-are supplied with “moisture and warmth.” Can we believe that heat and
-moisture alone have any creative forces? If so, all the sands of the
-sea shore ought to be living creatures.
-
-Let us consider the acorn. When mature, it falls to the ground. If
-it be supplied with a proper degree of heat and moisture, it will
-germinate in a short time. But it will never germinate, so long as it
-is kept in a cool, dry place. Suppose an acorn is deprived of heat
-and moisture for five years; that it is then supplied with them and
-immediately germinates. When did the life of the acorn begin? Did
-it begin when the acorn ripened and dropped to the ground or when it
-germinated? If it was alive when it first matured, and germinated five
-years afterward, what became of its life between its maturity and its
-germination? Is it not reasonable to suppose that the Creator endowed
-it with life when it germinated?
-
-Can we believe that the heat of the mother’s body is, alone, adequate
-to generate life in the fertilized ovum? Can we believe that the
-heat of the sun, and the moisture of the earth are, of themselves,
-sufficient to generate life in a grain of wheat, a grain of corn or an
-acorn?
-
-It follows that the fertilized human ovum must be directly and
-specially endowed by the Creator with the power to absorb and
-assimilate food, to develop, grow and live! The Creator in every
-instance strikes the vital match!
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 49. Proposition 16. Every Human Soul is a New, Direct and Special
-Creation
-
-
-The soul is defined as: “A substantial entity, believed to be that, in
-each person, which lives, feels, thinks and wills.” (Cent. Dic. 7, p.
-5781.)
-
-I hope and believe that every human being has an immortal soul; and
-if this be true it must be his or her own, for we cannot imagine that
-the same soul ever occupied more than one body; unless we believe in
-the transmigration, metempsychosis or reincarnation of souls; and this
-belief is too absurd for serious consideration. The child does not take
-his father’s soul nor his mother’s, nor is there any reason to suppose
-that either parent transmits to the child, any part of his or her soul;
-nor that either of them transmits any germ of a new soul for it. No man
-can even imagine a division of himself--his ego or self--into two or
-more parts. It follows that each human body has its own soul; which is
-separate from and independent of every other soul.
-
-We cannot believe that the spermatozoön nor the ovum has any soul prior
-to their fusion into the fertilized ovum. We are therefore compelled
-to infer that the soul comes into existence at the moment this fusion
-occurs, or shortly afterward. We cannot even imagine that the soul is
-created by the father, nor by the mother, nor by the body in which it
-resides; nor by accident nor chance.
-
-It follows that a new soul must be directly and specially created for
-each embryo body, if it ever gets one.
-
-It may be that life is an attribute or property of the soul. If this be
-true, the creation of the soul would include the creation of life.
-
-If one believes that he has a soul, separate and apart from his body,
-as most of us do, he is compelled to assume, that it was directly and
-specially created by Almighty God.
-
-If we believe that the soul is a special creation, we may well assume
-that the body is also a special creation.
-
-
-
-
-Sec. 50. Objection to this Theory of Special Creation
-
-
-I admit that there are serious objections to my theory of special
-creation. But like objections may be brought against any other theory.
-For example, many serious objections have been brought against Darwin’s
-theory of organic evolution. Yet a majority of all the scientists
-believe it is true.
-
-In his “Man’s Place in Nature” (p. 149), Huxley says:
-
-“Our acceptance of the Darwinian hypothesis must be provisional so
-long as one link in the chain of evidence is wanting: and so long as
-all animals and plants certainly produced by selective breeding from
-a common stock are fertile, and their progeny are fertile with one
-another, that link will be wanting.”
-
-This link is still missing and probably will be forever.
-
-Although there are serious objections to my theory, yet there is none
-so serious as there are to the alternative theory that dead atoms
-and blind, unthinking cells do spontaneously and automatically group
-themselves into the chemical combinations and mechanical arrangements,
-which are necessary to produce the human body; and that this body
-becomes, spontaneously and automatically, a live human being with
-intellect, memory and will.
-
-
-
-
-Index
-
-Figures refer to pages.
-
-
-  =Animals=, their sizes determined how, 66
-    first appeared at a certain time, 106
-    first were specially created or arose by spontaneous generation, 107
-    none produced by spontaneous generation, 109
-
-  =Atoms=, defined and discussed, 20
-
-
-  =Body.= See Human body; Embryo body.
-
-  =Brain=, is a special creation, 129
-
-
-  =Cell=, defined and discussed, 21
-    their distribution and grouping, 69
-    their differentiation or metamorphosis, 77
-    their waste, discussed, 80
-    See Germ-cell; Daughter-cell.
-
-  =Chemical elements=, Composing the body, 19
-
-  =Creator=, could have made a million animals or plants as easily as
-        one, 111
-    if He made the first animal and the first plant he made all others,
-        112
-    His supervision is necessary to produce the embryo body, 135
-    bestows life on each individual, 136
-
-
-  =Daughter-cells=, their production, etc., 65
-
-  =Differentiation of Cells= (metamorphosis), 77
-
-  =Distribution and grouping= of cells, 69
-
-
-  =Ear= is a special creation, 128
-
-  =Elephant= grows larger than a mouse, why?, 66
-
-  =Embryo body=, distribution and grouping of cells in, 69
-    differentiation (metamorphosis) of cells in, 77
-    is built of inanimate matter, 81
-    each is produced anew, 82
-
-  =Eye= is a special creation, 123
-
-
-  =Fertilized ovum=. See Germ-cell.
-
-  =Force and motion=, defined and discussed, 35
-
-
-  =Generation, spontaneous=. See spontaneous generation.
-
-  =Germ-cell= defined and discussed, 53
-    does not contain any skeleton or model of the coming embryo, 57
-    has no power to evolve the embryo automatically, 61
-
-  =God.= See Personal God, 11
-
-  =Grouping of cells=, in embryo body, 69
-
-
-  =Heredity=, has no power to generate a new human being, 85
-    has no power to evolve one from the germ-cell, 85
-    and environment are inadequate, etc., 18
-
-  =Human being=, each is a special creation, 105
-
-  =Human body=, chemical elements in it, 19
-    is a compound physical structure, 25
-    is built of cells, “organic bricks”, 25
-    is a complex animal machine, 30
-    is constructed on a definite plan, 33
-    each is unique and peculiar, 35
-    is either specially created or spontaneously generated, 113
-    is specially endowed with life, 136
-
-
-  =Intellect, etc.=, are necessary when, 9, 43, 51
-
-
-  =Life= is specially bestowed on each individual, 136
-
-
-  =Memory, etc.=, are necessary, when, 9, 43, 51
-
-  =Metamorphosis of cells=, discussed, 77
-
-  =Model of embryo=, none in germ-cell, 57
-
-  =Motion and force.= See Force and Motion, 35
-
-  =Mouse= is smaller than the elephant, why?, 66
-
-  =Materialist=, his theory of the universe, 14-15
-
-
-  =Nature=, has no power to generate a new human being, 103
-    has no power to evolve one from the germ-cell, 103
-
-  =Newton’s first law= of motion, stated, 35
-
-
-  =Objections= to this theory of special creation, 141
-
-  =Organs, Sexual.= See Sexual Organs, 129
-
-  =Organs=, their form, size, structure, position and number are proof
-        that the human body is a special creation 132
-
-  =Ovum=, defined and discussed, 47
-    is a special creation 49
-    its production, 65
-    fertilized, see Germ-cell, 53
-
-
-  =Personal God=, belief in His existence, 11
-
-  =Plant=, first was specially created or arose by spontaneous generation,
-        which?, 107
-    none produced by spontaneous generation, 109
-
-  =Protoplasm=, defined and discussed, 23
-
-
-  =Question=, the real stated, 12, 102
-
-
-  =Real question= stated, 12, 102
-
-  =Reproduction=, its phenomena stated, 64
-
-
-  =Sameness of human bodies= is evidence, etc., 133
-
-  =Sexual Organs= are special creations, 129
-
-  =Sizes of animals= are determined, how?, 66
-
-  =Skeleton= is a special creation, 116
-    of embryo none in the germ-cell, 57
-
-  =Soul= is a special creation, 139
-
-  =Spermatozoön=, defined and discussed, 44
-    is a special creation, 49
-    its production, 64
-
-  =Spontaneous generation=, none of animals and plants, 109
-
-  =Stem-cell.= See Germ-cell, 53
-
-  =Supervision= by the creator is necessary to produce the embryo
-        body, 135
-
-
-  =Universal sameness= of human bodies, proof of their special creation,
-        133
-
-
-  =Waste of cells=, discussed, 80
-
-  =Whence and whither=, 12
-
-  =Will power.= See Intellect, etc., 9, 43, 51
-
-
-
-
-
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-Noble Smithson
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