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diff --git a/old/53019-h/53019-h.htm b/old/53019-h/53019-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 68964dd..0000000 --- a/old/53019-h/53019-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,18379 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of the United States, by John Clark Ridpath. - </title> -<link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} -.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} -.p6 {margin-top: 6em;} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tb {width: 45%;} -hr.chap { - width: 65%; - margin-left: 17.5%; - margin-right: 17.5%;} - - -hr.full {width: 95%;} - -hr.r5 { - width: 5%; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-left: 47.5%; - margin-right: 47.5%;} -hr.r65 {width: 65%; margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: 3em;} - -ul.index { list-style-type: none; } -li.ifrst { margin-top: 1em; } -li.indx { margin-top: .5em; } -li.isub1 {text-indent: 1em;} -li.isub2 {text-indent: 2em;} -li.isub3 {text-indent: 3em;} - -ol { - list-style-type: decimal; - margin-left: 1em; -} -li {margin-top: .5em;} - -ol.roman { - list-style-type: upper-roman; - margin-left: 1em; -} - -ul { list-style-type: none; - margin-left: 1em; -} - -table { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} - - .tdl {text-align: left;} - .tdr {text-align: right;} - .tdc {text-align: center;} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; -} /* page numbers */ - -.linenum { - position: absolute; - top: auto; - left: 4%; -} /* poetry number */ - -.blockquot { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -.sidenote { - width: 20%; - padding-bottom: .5em; - padding-top: .5em; - padding-left: .5em; - padding-right: .5em; - margin-left: 1em; - float: right; - clear: right; - margin-top: 1em; - font-size: smaller; - font-weight: bold; - color: black; - background: #eeeeee; - border: dashed 1px; -} - -.bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} - -.bl {border-left: solid 2px;} - -.bt {border-top: solid 2px;} - -.br {border-right: solid 2px;} - -.bbox {border: solid 2px;} - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.right {text-align: right;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -.u {text-decoration: underline;} - -.small {font-size: 40%;} - -.small2 {font-size: 70%;} - -.space-above {margin-top: 3em;} - -.break-before {page-break-before: always;} - -.gesperrt -{ - letter-spacing: 0.2em; - margin-right: -0.2em; -} - -em.gesperrt -{ - font-style: normal; -} - -.caption {font-weight: bold;} - -/* Images */ -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -.figleft { - float: left; - clear: left; - margin-left: 0; - margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 1em; - padding: 0; - text-align: center; -} - -.figright { - float: right; - clear: right; - margin-left: 1em; - margin-bottom: - 1em; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 0; - padding: 0; - text-align: center; -} - -img {max-width: 100%; height: auto;} - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} - -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -/* Poetry */ -.poem { - margin-left:10%; - margin-right:10%; - text-align: left; -} - -.poem br {display: none;} - -.poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} - -.break-before {page-break-before: always;} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - -p.drop-cap { - text-indent: -0.5em; -} -p.drop-cap2 { - text-indent: -0.2em; -} -p.drop-cap:first-letter, p.drop-cap2:first-letter -{ - float: left; - margin: .1em 0.1em 0em 0em; - font-size: 250%; - line-height:0.85em; - text-indent: 0em; -} -@media handheld -{ - p.drop-cap, p.drop-cap2 { - text-indent: 0em; /* restore default */ - } - p.drop-cap:first-letter, p.drop-cap2:first-letter - { - float: none; - margin: 0; - font-size: 100%; - } -} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's History of the United States, by John Clark Ridpath - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: History of the United States - -Author: John Clark Ridpath - -Release Date: September 9, 2016 [EBook #53019] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Hulse, Alan and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="transnote"> -<h2>Transcriber's Note:</h2> - -<p>The front cover is the transcibers creation, not the original. -It is in the public domain. More notes at the end of the book.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="cover"/> -</div> - - -<p class="center space-above break-before"> -<i>THE POPULAR SERIES</i></p> - -<h1>HISTORY<br /> -<br /> - <span class="small">OF THE</span><br /> -<br /> - UNITED STATES</h1> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig1.jpg" alt="Flag"/> -</div> - -<p class="center"> - -<span class="small2">NEW YORK </span><img src="images/fig2.jpg" alt=""/> -<span class="small2">CINCINNATI </span><img src="images/fig2.jpg" alt=""/> -<span class="small2">CHICAGO </span><br /> - - AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY<br /> -</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p class="center"> - 1891<br /> -</p> - - -<p class="center"> -<span class="smcap">Copyright, 1891, by American Book Company.</span><br /> -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2> - - -<p>To the American youth the history of our country is more -important than any other branch of education. A fair -degree of knowledge respecting the progress of the American -people from the discovery of the New World to the -present is almost essential to that citizenship into which our -youth are soon expected to enter. In a government of the -people, for the people and by the people, a familiar acquaintance -with the course of events, with the movements of society -in peace and war, is the great prerequisite to the exercise of -those rights and duties which the American citizen must -assume if he would hold his true place in the Nation.</p> - -<p>Fortunately, the means for studying the history of our -country are abundant and easy. American boys and girls -have little cause any longer to complain that the writers and -teachers have put beyond their reach the story of their native -land. Great pains have been taken, on the contrary, to -gather out of our annals as a people and nation the most important -and romantic parts, and to recite in pleasing style, -and with the aid of happy illustrations, the lessons of the past.</p> - -<p>The author of the present volume has tried in every particular -to put himself in the place of the student. He has -endeavored to bring to the pupils of our great Common -Schools a brief and easy narrative of all the better parts of -our country's history. It has been his aim to tell the story as -a lover of his native land should recite for others that which is -dearest and best to memory and affection. He has sought to -bring the careful results of historical research into the schoolroom -without any of the superfluous rubbish and scaffolding -of obtrusive scholarship and erudition.</p> - -<p>Another aim in the present text-book for our youth has been -to consider the events of our country's history somewhat from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> -our own point of view—not to despise the history of civilization -in the Mississippi Valley, or to seek wholly for examples -of heroism and greatness in the older States of the Union. -Perhaps no part of our country is more favorably situated for -taking such a view of our progress as a nation than is that -magnificent region, constituting as it does the most fertile and -populous portion of the continent. In the present History of -the United States the author has not hesitated to make emphatic -those paragraphs which relate to the development and -progress of this region.</p> - -<p>For the rest the author has followed the usual channel of -narration from the aboriginal times to the colonization of our -Atlantic coast by the peoples of Western Europe; from that -event by way of the Old Thirteen Colonies to Independence; -from Independence to regeneration by war; and from our -second birth to the present epoch of greatness and promise. He -cherishes the hope that his work in the hands of the boys and -girls of our public schools may pass into their memories and -hearts; that its lessons may enter into union with their lives, -and conduce in some measure to their development into men -and women worthy of their age and country.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - - -<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> - - - -<div class="center"> -<table class="break-before" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr><td align="left"> </td><td></td><td align="right"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Preface</span></td><td></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Contents</span></td><td></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></td><td></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td align="center">PART I.</td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td align="center">PRIMITIVE AMERICA.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><span class="smcap">Chapter</span></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">I.</td><td align="left">—The Aborigines</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td align="center">PART II.</td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td align="center">VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">II.</td><td align="left">—The Norsemen in America</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">III.</td><td align="left">—Spanish Discoveries in America</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">IV.</td><td align="left">—Spanish Discoveries in America.—Continued</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">V.</td><td align="left">—The French in America</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">VI.</td><td align="left">—English Discoveries and Settlements</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">VII.</td><td align="left">—English Discoveries and Settlements.—Continued</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">VIII.</td><td align="left">—Voyages and Settlements of the Dutch</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td align="center">PART III.</td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td align="center">COLONIAL HISTORY.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">IX.</td><td align="left">—Virginia.—The First Charter</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">X.</td><td align="left">—Charter Government.—Continued</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XI.</td><td align="left">—Virginia.—The Royal Government</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XII.</td><td align="left">—Massachusetts.—Settlement and Union</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XIII.</td><td align="left">—Massachusetts.—War and Witchcraft</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XIV.</td><td align="left">—New York.—Settlement and Administration of Stuyvesant</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XV.</td><td align="left">—New York under the English</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XVI.</td><td align="left">—Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XVII.</td><td align="left">—New Jersey and Pennsylvania</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XVIII.</td><td align="left">—Maryland and North Carolina</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XIX.</td><td align="left">—South Carolina and Georgia</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XX.</td><td align="left">—French and Indian War</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td align="center">PART IV.</td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td align="center">REVOLUTION AND CONFEDERATION.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XXI.</td><td align="left">—Causes of the Revolution</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XXII.</td><td align="left">—The Beginning of the Revolution.—Events of 1775</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XXIII.</td><td align="left">—The Events of 1776</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XXIV.</td><td align="left">—Operations of 1777</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XXV.</td><td align="left">—Events of 1778 and 1779</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XXVI.</td><td align="left">—Reverses and Treason.—Events of 1780</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XXVII.</td><td align="left">—Events of 1781</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XXVIII.</td><td align="left">—Confederation and Union</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td align="center">PART V.</td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td align="center">GROWTH OF THE UNION.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XXIX.</td><td align="left">—Washington's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XXX.</td><td align="left">—Adams's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XXXI.</td><td align="left">—Jefferson's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XXXII.</td><td align="left">—Madison's Administration.—War of 1812</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XXXIII.</td><td align="left">—War of 1812.—Events of 1813</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XXXIV.</td><td align="left">—The Campaigns of 1814</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XXXV.</td><td align="left">—Monroe's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XXXVI.</td><td align="left">—Adams's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XXXVII.</td><td align="left">—Jackson's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XXXVIII.</td><td align="left">—Van Buren's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XXXIX.</td><td align="left">—Administrations of Harrison and Tyler</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XL.</td><td align="left">—Polk's Administration and the Mexican War</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XLI.</td><td align="left">—Administrations of Taylor and Fillmore</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_269">269</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XLII.</td><td align="left">—Pierce's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XLIII.</td><td align="left">—Buchanan's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td align="center">PART VI.</td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td align="center">THE CIVIL WAR.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XLIV.</td><td align="left">—Lincoln's Administration and the Civil War</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XLV.</td><td align="left">—Causes of the Civil War</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_284">284</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XLVI.</td><td align="left">—Events of 1861</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_288">288</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XLVII.</td><td align="left">—Campaigns of 1862</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_293">293</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XLVIII.</td><td align="left">—The Events of 1863</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_302">302</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">XLIX.</td><td align="left">—The Closing Conflicts.—Events of 1864 and 1865</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_310">310</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td align="center">PART VII.</td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td align="center">THE NATION REUNITED.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">L.</td><td align="left">—Johnson's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_323">323</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">LI.</td><td align="left">—Grant's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_328">328</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">LII.</td><td align="left">—Hayes's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_337">337</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">LIII.</td><td align="left">—Administrations of Garfield and Arthur</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_344">344</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">LIV.</td><td align="left">—Cleveland's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_350">350</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">LV.</td><td align="left">—Harrison's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_361">361</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">Appendix.</td><td align="left">—Constitution of the United States</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_371">371</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">Index</td><td></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_387">387</a></td></tr> -</table> -</div> - - -<h2>MAPS AND PORTRAITS.</h2> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>COLORED MAPS.</h3> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="right">PAGE</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">The New World, with Routes of Discoveries</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">The Colonies at the time of the French and Indian War</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">The Colonies at the time of the Revolution</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">The States in America during the Civil War</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">The States in America during the Civil War</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<h3>OUTLINE MAPS.</h3> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right">PAGE</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">The First English Settlements</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Early Settlements in East Mass.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Middle Colonies</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Washington's Route to Fort LeBœuf</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Lake Champlain</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Quebec in 1759</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Vicinity of Boston</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">New York and Vicinity</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Central New Jersey</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Hudson River</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Philadelphia and Vicinity</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">The Carolinas</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Western Battlefields of the War of 1812</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Operations about Niagara</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Vicinity of Manassas Junction</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_288">288</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Vicinity of Richmond, 1862</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Vicksburg and Vicinity, 1863</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Sherman's Atlanta Campaign</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_312">312</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Operations in Virginia, 1864 and 1865</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<h3>PORTRAITS.</h3> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right">PAGE</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">George Washington</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Christopher Columbus</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Pedro Menendez</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Samuel Champlain</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Sebastian Cabot</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Sir Walter Raleigh</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Captain John Smith</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Peter Stuyvesant</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">William Penn</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">James Oglethorpe</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Patrick Henry</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Marquis de La Fayette</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Benjamin Franklin</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Paul Jones</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">General Greene</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">John Adams</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Thomas Jefferson</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">James Madison</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">James Monroe</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Henry Clay</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">John Quincy Adams</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Andrew Jackson</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Daniel Webster</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Martin Van Buren</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">William Henry Harrison</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">John Tyler</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">James K. Polk</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">John Charles Fremont</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Zachary Taylor</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_269">269</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Millard Fillmore</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_270">270</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Franklin Pierce</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">James Buchanan</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Abraham Lincoln</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">George B. McClellan</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Robert E. Lee</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Stonewall Jackson</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_307">307</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">William T. Sherman</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_311">311</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Joseph E. Johnston</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_313">313</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Philip H. Sheridan</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_317">317</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Andrew Johnson</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_323">323</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Ulysses S. Grant</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_328">328</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Horace Greeley</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_331">331</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Rutherford B. Hayes</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_337">337</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Oliver P. Morton</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_342">342</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">James A. Garfield</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_344">344</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Chester A. Arthur</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_346">346</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Grover Cleveland</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_350">350</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Thomas A. Hendricks</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_356">356</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Benjamin Harrison</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_361">361</a></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION.</h2> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">THERE are several Periods in the history of the United -States. It is important for the student to understand -these at the beginning. Without such an understanding his -notion of our country's history will be confused and his study -rendered difficult.</p> - -<p>2. First of all, there was a time when the Western continent -was under the dominion of the Red men. The savage races -possessed the soil, hunted in the forests, roamed over the prairies. -This is the Primitive Period in American history.</p> - -<p>3. After the discovery of America, the people of Europe -were for a long time engaged in exploring the New World -and in becoming familiar with its shape and character. For -more than a hundred years, curiosity was the leading passion -with the adventurers who came to our shores. Their disposition -was to go everywhere and settle nowhere. These early -times may be called the Period of Voyage and Discovery.</p> - -<p>4. Next came the time of planting colonies. The adventurers, -tired of wandering about, became anxious to found -new States in the wilderness. Kings and queens turned their -attention to the work of colonizing the New World. Thus -arose a third period—the Period of Colonial History.</p> - -<p>5. The colonies grew strong and multiplied. There were -thirteen little seashore republics. The rulers of the mother-country -began a system of oppression and tyranny. The -colonies revolted, fought side by side, and won their freedom.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> -Not satisfied with mere independence, they formed a Union -destined to become strong and great. This is the Period of -Revolution and Confederation.</p> - -<p>6. Then the United States of America entered upon its -career as a nation. Emigrants flocked to the Land of the -Free. New States were formed and added to the Union in -rapid succession. To protect itself from jealous neighbors, -the nation pushed her boundaries across the continent. This -Period may be called the Growth of the Union.</p> - -<p>7. But the nation was not truly free. Human slavery existed -in the South. This institution engendered sectional hatred -and desires for disunion which finally developed into the dark -and bloody Period of the Civil War.</p> - -<p>8. Then the reunited nation laid aside its arms and entered -upon a period of prosperity and material development which -has not yet reached its culmination and with which History -affords no parallel.</p> - -<p>9. We thus find seven periods in the history of our country:</p> - -<ol class="roman"> -<li><span class="smcap">Primitive America</span>; prior to the coming of white men.</li> -<li><span class="smcap">Voyage and Discovery</span>; A. D. 986-1607.</li> -<li><span class="smcap">The Colonies</span>; A. D. 1607-1775.</li> -<li><span class="smcap">Revolution and Confederation</span>; A. D. 1775-1789.</li> -<li><span class="smcap">The Growth of the Union</span>; A. D. 1789-1861.</li> -<li><span class="smcap">The Civil War</span>; A. D. 1861-1865.</li> -<li><span class="smcap">The Reunited Nation</span>; A. D. 1865-1891.</li> -</ol> - -<p>In this order the History of the United States will be presented -in the following pages.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig3.jpg" alt="G. Washington"/> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="HISTORY_OF_THE_UNITED_STATES" id="HISTORY_OF_THE_UNITED_STATES">HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.</a></h2> - - -<h2><a name="Part_I" id="Part_I"></a><span class="smcap">Part I.</span></h2> - -<h2>PRIMITIVE AMERICA.</h2> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig4.jpg" alt="An Ancient Mound"/> -<p class="caption center">An Ancient Mound</p> -</div> - - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Aborigines.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">BEFORE the times of the Red men, North -America was inhabited by other races, of -whom we know but little. Of these primitive -peoples the Indians preserved many traditions. Vague stories -of the wars, migrations, and cities of the nations that preceded -them were recited by the red hunters at their camp-fires, and -were repeated from generation to generation.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p> - -<p>2. Other evidences, more trustworthy than legend and story, -exist of the presence of aboriginal peoples in our country. The -traces of a rude civilization are found in almost every part of -the present United States. It is certain that the relics left -behind by the prehistoric peoples are not the work of the Indian -races, but of peoples who preceded them in the occupation -of this continent. That class of scholars called antiquarians, -or archæologists, have taken great pains to restore for us -an outline of the life and character of the nations who first dwelt -in the great countries between the Atlantic and the Pacific.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Mound-builders.</b></div> - -<p>3. These primitive peoples are known to -us by the name of <span class="smcap">Mound-builders</span>. The -building of mounds seems to have been one -of their chief forms of activity. The traveler of to-day, in -passing across our country, will ever and anon discover one of -those primitive works of a race which has left to us no other -monuments. As the ancient people of Egypt built pyramids -of stone for their memorials, so the unknown peoples of the -New World raised huge mounds of earth as the tokens of their -presence, the evidences of their work in ancient America.</p> - -<p>4. The mounds referred to are found in many parts of the -United States, but are most abundant in the Mississippi Valley. -Here also they are of greatest extent and variety. Some of -them are as much as ninety feet in height, and one has been -estimated to contain twenty million cubic feet of earth. It is -evident that they were formed before the present forest growth -of the United States sprang into existence. The mounds are -covered with trees, some of them several feet in diameter; and -the surface has the same appearance as that of the surrounding -country.</p> - -<p>5. As we have said, we know but little of the people by -whom the mounds and earthworks of primitive America were -constructed. Some of the works in question are of a military -character. One of these, called Fort Hill, near the mouth of -the Little Miami River, has a circumference of nearly four<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> -miles. It is certain that great nations, frequently at war with -each other, dwelt in our country between the Northern Lakes -and the Southern Gulf; but who those peoples were we have -no method of ascertaining. Their language has perished with -the people who spoke it. Only a few of the relics and implements -of the primitive races remain to inform us of the men by -whom they were made.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Distribution of Mounds.</b></div> - -<p>6. In many parts of the Mississippi Valley, -particularly in the States of Ohio and -Indiana, the ancient mounds may be seen -as they were at the time of the discovery of America. One -of the greatest is situated in Illinois, opposite the city of St. -Louis. It is elliptical in form, being about seven hundred -feet in length by five hundred feet in breadth. It rises to a -height of ninety feet. Another of much interest is at Grave -Creek, near Wheeling, in West Virginia. A mound at Miamisburg, -Ohio, is nearly seventy feet in height. One of the finest -of all is the conical mound at Marietta, Ohio. Some of the -mounds, as those of Wisconsin, are shaped like animals. One -of the most peculiar and interesting is the great serpent mound -in Adams County, Ohio. The work has the shape of a serpent -more than a thousand feet in length, the body being about thirty -feet broad at the surface. The mouth of the serpent is opened -wide, and an object resembling a great egg lies partly within -the jaws.</p> - -<p>7. The use of the mounds has not been ascertained. Some -have supposed that they were tombs in which the slain of great -armies were buried, but on opening them, human remains are -rarely found. Others have believed that the mounds were -true memorials, intended by their magnitude to impress the -beholder and transmit a memory. Still others have thought -the elevations were intended for watch-towers from which the -movements of the enemy might be watched and thwarted.</p> - -<p>8. What we know of the prehistoric races has been mostly -gained from an examination of their implements and utensils.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig5.jpg" alt="Relics from the Mounds."/> -<p class="caption center">Relics from the Mounds.</p> -</div> -<div class="sidenote"><b>Relics from the Mounds.</b></div> - -<p>These were of either stone or copper. It appears that the more -advanced of the peoples, especially the nations living on the -borders of the Great Lakes, were able to -manufacture utensils of copper. In other -parts of the country, the weapons and implements -were made of flint and other varieties of stone, by -chipping or polishing. The range of tools and implements -was extensive, including axes, spear-heads, arrow-points, knives, -chisels, hammers, rude millstones, and many varieties of -earthen ware. Besides these, there were articles of ornamentation -and personal use, such as pipes, bracelets, ear-rings, and -beads. The common belief that the articles here referred to -were the product of Indian workmanship is held by many antiquarians -to be wholly erroneous. These antiquarians think -that the Indians knew nothing more of the origin and production -of such implements as the arrow-points, spear-heads, -and stone axes than we know ourselves.</p> - - -<p>9. In many parts of Indiana the mounds of the ancient -races are plentifully distributed. Almost every county has -some relics of this kind within its borders. But the most interesting -remains of the primitive races are those discovered in -the ancient cemeteries scattered between Lake Michigan and -the Tennessee River. In many places the aboriginal tombs -still yield the relics of this people of whom we know so little.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> -In recent years a burial ground near Bedford, Indiana, has -been opened, from which have been taken primitive skulls and -other parts of human skeletons, belonging possibly to some -unknown race long preceding the Indians in our country.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Indians, or Red Men.</b></div> - -<p>10. With the Mound-builders, history can -be but little concerned; but with the Red -men, or Indians, who succeeded them, the -white race was destined to have many relations of peace -and war. On the first arrival of Europeans on the Atlantic -coast, the country was found in possession of wild tribes -living in the woods and on the river banks, in rude villages -from which they went forth to hunt or to make war on other -tribes. Their manners and customs were fixed by usage and -law, and there was at least the beginning of civil government -among them.</p> - -<p>11. To these tribes the name <span class="smcap">Indian</span> was given from their -supposed identity with the people of India. Columbus and -his followers believed that they had reached the islands of the -far East, and that the natives were of the same race as the -inhabitants of the Indies. The mistake of the Spaniards was -soon discovered; but the name Indian has ever since remained -to designate the native tribes of the Western continent.</p> - -<p>12. The origin of the Indians is involved in obscurity. At -what date or by what route they came to the New World is -unknown. The notion that the Red men are the descendants -of the Israelites is absurd. That Europeans or Africans, at -some early period, crossed the Atlantic by sailing from island -to island, seems improbable. That the people of Kamchatka -came by way of Bering Strait into the northwestern parts of -America, has little evidence to support it. Perhaps a more -thorough knowledge of the Indian languages may yet throw -some light on the origin of the race.</p> - -<p>13. The Indians belong to the Bow-and-Arrow family of -men. To the Red man the chase was everything. Without the -chase he languished and died. To smite the deer and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> -bear was his chief delight and profit. Such a race could live -only in a country of woods and wild animals.</p> - -<p>14. The northern parts of America were inhabited by the -<span class="smcap">Esquimos</span>. The name means <i>the eaters of raw meat</i>. They -lived in snow huts or hovels. Their manner of life was that -of fishermen and hunters. They clad themselves in winter -with the skins of seals, and in summer with those of reindeer.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Indian Tribes.</b></div> - -<p>15. The greater portion of the United -States east of the Mississippi was peopled -by the family of the <span class="smcap">Algonquins</span>. They -were divided into many tribes, each having its local name and -tradition. Agriculture was but little practiced by them. They -roamed about from one hunting-ground and river to another. -When the White men came, the Algonquin nations were -already declining in numbers and influence. Only a few -thousands now remain.</p> - -<p>16. Around the shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario lived the -<span class="smcap">Huron-Iroquois</span>. At the time of their greatest power, they -embraced no fewer than nine nations. The warriors of this -confederacy presented the Indian character in its best aspect. -They were brave, patriotic, and eloquent; faithful as friends, -but terrible as enemies.</p> - -<p>17. South of the Algonquins were the <span class="smcap">Cherokees</span> and the -<span class="smcap">Mobilian Nations</span>. The former were highly civilized for a -primitive people. The principal tribes of the Mobilians were -the Yamassees and Creeks of Georgia, the Seminoles of Florida, -and the Choctaws and Chickasaws of Mississippi. These displayed -the usual disposition and habits of the Red men.</p> - -<p>18. West of the Mississippi was the family of the <span class="smcap">Dakotas</span>. -South of these, in a district nearly corresponding with the -State of Texas, lived the wild <span class="smcap">Comanches</span>. Beyond the Rocky -Mountains were the Indian nations of the Plains; the great -families of the <span class="smcap">Shoshones</span>, the <span class="smcap">Selish</span>, the <span class="smcap">Klamaths</span>, and -the <span class="smcap">Californians</span>. On the Pacific slope, farther southward, -dwelt in former times the civilized but feeble race of <span class="smcap">Aztecs</span>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig6.jpg" alt="INDIAN LIFE"/> -<p class="caption center">INDIAN LIFE</p> -</div> - -<p>19. The Red men had a great passion for war. Their wars -were undertaken for revenge rather than conquest. To forgive -an injury was considered a shame. Revenge was the -noblest of the virtues. The open battle of the field was unknown -in Indian warfare. Fighting was limited to the ambuscade -and the massacre. Quarter was rarely asked, and never -granted.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> - -<p>20. In times of peace the Indian character appeared to a -better advantage. But the Red man was always unsocial and -solitary. He sat by himself in the woods. The forest was -better than a wigwam, and a wigwam better than a village. -The Indian woman was a degraded creature—a mere drudge -and beast of burden.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Indian Characteristics.</b></div> - -<p>21. In the matter of the arts the Indian -was a barbarian. His house was a hovel, -built of poles set up in a circle, and covered -with skins and the branches of trees. Household utensils were -few and rude. Earthen pots, bags, and pouches for carrying -provisions, and stone hammers for pounding corn, were the -stock and store. His weapons of offense and defense were the -hatchet and the bow and arrow. In times of war the Red man -painted his face and body with all manner of glaring colors. -The fine arts were wanting. Indian writing consisted of half-intelligible -hieroglyphics scratched on the face of rocks or cut -in the bark of trees.</p> - -<p>22. The Indian languages bear little resemblance to those -of other races. The Red man's vocabulary was very limited. -The principal objects of nature had special names, but abstract -ideas could hardly be expressed. Indian words had a very intense -meaning. There was, for instance, no word signifying to -<i>hunt</i> or to <i>fish</i>; but one word signified "to-kill-a-deer-with-an-arrow"; -another, "to-take-fish-by-striking-the-ice." Among -some of the tribes, the meaning of words was so restricted that -the warrior would use one term and the squaw another to express -the same idea.</p> - -<p>23. The Indians were generally serious in manners and -behavior. Sometimes, however, they gave themselves up to -merry-making and hilarity. The dance was universal—not the -social dance of civilized nations, but the solemn dance of religion -and of war. Gaming was much practiced among all the -tribes. Other amusements were common, such as running, -wrestling, shooting at a mark, and racing in canoes.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> - -<p>24. In personal appearance the Indians were strongly -marked. In stature they were below the average of Europeans. -The Esquimos are rarely five feet high. The Algonquins -are taller and lighter in build; straight and agile; lean -and swift of foot. The eyes are jet-black and sunken; hair -black and straight; skin copper-colored or brown; hands and -feet small; body lithe, but not strong; expression sinister, or -sometimes dignified and noble.</p> - -<p>25. The best hopes of the Indian race seem now to center -in the Choctaws, Cherokees, Creeks, and Chickasaws of the -Indian Territory. These nations have attained a considerable -degree of civilization. Most of the other tribes are declining -in numbers and influence. Whether the Indians have been -justly deprived of the New World will remain a subject of debate. -That they <i>have</i> been deprived of it can not be questioned. -The white races have taken possession of the vast -domain. To the prairies and forests, the hunting-grounds of -his fathers, the Red man says farewell.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig7.jpg" alt=""/> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span class="smcap">Review Questions.—Part I.</span></h2> - -<ol> -<li>What is meant by the Aborigines?</li> -<li>What evidences indicate an earlier race than the Indians?</li> -<li>What is known of the Mound-builders?</li> -<li>What are the most notable mounds?</li> -<li>Where are they located?</li> -<li>Describe the shapes of the mounds.</li> -<li>For what supposed purposes were they built?</li> -<li>What are sometimes found in the mounds?</li> -<li>Why were the native races of America called Indians?</li> -<li>What is said of the origin of these races?</li> -<li>To what family of men do the Indians belong?</li> -<li>Name the principal Indian nations in America.</li> -<li>What regions did the Algonquins inhabit?</li> -<li>Where did the Huron-Iroquois live?</li> -<li>What were the characteristics of this nation?</li> -<li>Where did the Cherokees and Mobilian nations live?</li> -<li>What were the principal tribes of the Mobilians?</li> -<li>What regions did the Dakotas inhabit?</li> -<li>Give the names of other Indian nations.</li> -<li>What regions did they inhabit?</li> -<li>What were the leading characteristics of the Indians?</li> -<li>What can you tell of the Indian languages?</li> -<li>Describe the personal appearance of the Indians.</li> -<li>What tribes of Indians are now the most civilized?</li> -<li>Give some account of the Esquimos.</li> -<li>What does the name Esquimo mean?</li> -</ol> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><span class="smcap">Part II.</span></h2> - -<h2>VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY.</h2> - -<div class="center">A. D. 986-1607.</div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Norsemen in America.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE western continent was first seen by white men in A. D. -986. A Norse navigator by the name of <span class="smcap">Herjulfson</span>, -sailing from Iceland to Greenland, was caught in a storm and -driven westward to Newfoundland or Labrador. Two or three -times the shores were seen, but no landing was attempted. The -coast was so different from the well-known cliffs of Greenland -as to make it certain that another shore, hitherto unknown, was -in sight. On reaching Greenland, Herjulfson and his companions -told wonderful stories of the new land seen in the west.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Leif, Son of Eric.</b></div> - -<p>2. Fourteen years later, the actual discovery -of America was made by <span class="smcap">Leif</span>, a son of -Eric. Resolving to know the truth about -the country which Herjulfson had seen, he sailed westward -from Greenland, and in the spring of the year 1001 reached -Labrador. Landing with his companions, he made explorations -for a considerable distance along the coast. The country was -milder and more attractive than his own, and he was in no -haste to return. Southward he went as far as Massachusetts, -where the company remained for more than a year. Rhode -Island was also visited; and it is alleged that the adventurers -found their way into New York harbor.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> - -<p>3. In the years that followed Leif's discovery, other bands -of Norsemen came to the shores of America. <span class="smcap">Thorwald</span>, -Leif's brother, made a voyage to Maine and Massachusetts -in 1002, and is said to have died at Fall River in the latter -State. Then another brother, <span class="smcap">Thorstein</span> by name, arrived -with a band of followers in 1005; and in the year 1007, <span class="smcap">Thorfinn -Karlsefne</span>, the most distinguished mariner of his day, -came with a crew of a hundred and fifty -men, and made explorations along the -coast of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, -and perhaps as far south as the capes of -Virginia.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig8.jpg" alt="Norsemen in America."/> -<p class="caption center">Norsemen in America.</p> -</div> -<div class="sidenote"><b>Vinland.</b></div> -<p>4. Other companies of Icelanders and -Norwegians visited the countries farther -north, and planted colonies in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. -Little, however, was known or imagined by these rude sailors -of the extent of the country which they had discovered. They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> -supposed that it was only a portion of Western Greenland, -which, bending to the north around an arm of the ocean, had -reappeared in the west. Their settlements -were feeble and were soon broken up. Commerce -was an impossibility in a country where there were only -a few wretched savages with no disposition to buy and nothing -at all to sell. The spirit of adventure was soon appeased, and -the restless Norsemen returned to their own country. To this -undefined line of coast, now vaguely known to them, the Norse -sailors gave the name of <span class="smcap">Vinland</span>.</p> - -<p>5. During the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries -occasional voyages were made; and as late as A. D. 1347, a -Norwegian ship visited Labrador and the northeastern parts -of the United States. In 1350 Greenland and Vinland were -depopulated by a great plague which had spread thither from -Norway. From that time forth communication with the New -World ceased, and the history of the Northmen in America -was at an end. The Norse remains, which have been found -at Newport, at Fall River, and several other places, point -clearly to the events here narrated; and the Icelandic historians -give a consistent account of these early exploits of their -countrymen. When the word <i>America</i> is mentioned in the -hearing of the schoolboys of Iceland, they will at once answer, -with enthusiasm, "Oh, yes; Leif Ericsson discovered that -country in the year 1001."</p> - -<p>6. An event is to be weighed by its consequences. From -the discovery of America by the Norsemen, <i>nothing whatever -resulted</i>. The world was neither wiser nor better. Among the -Icelanders themselves the place and the very name of Vinland -were forgotten. Europe never heard of such a country or such -a discovery. Historians have until late years been incredulous -on the subject, and the fact is as though it had never been. -The curtain which had been lifted for a moment was stretched -again from sky to sea, and the New World still lay hidden in -the shadows.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig9.jpg" alt="The New World, with Routes of Discoveries"/> -<p class="caption center">The New World, with Routes of Discoveries</p> -</div> - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Spanish Discoveries in America.</span></h3> - - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Christopher Columbus.</b></div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">IT was reserved for the people of a sunnier -clime than Iceland first to make -known to the European nations the existence -of a Western continent. Spain was the happy country -under whose patronage a new world was to be added to -the old; but the man who was destined to make the revelation -was not himself a Spaniard: he was to come from Italy, -the land of valor and the home of greatness. <span class="smcap">Christopher -Columbus</span> was the name of that man whom after ages have -rewarded with imperishable fame.</p> - -<p>2. The idea that the world is round was not original with -Columbus. The English traveler, Sir John Mandeville, had -declared in the first English book ever written (A. D. 1356) -that the world is a sphere, and that it was practicable for a -man to sail around the world and return to the place of starting. -But Columbus was the first <i>practical</i> believer in the -theory of circumnavigation.</p> - -<p>3. The great mistake with Columbus was not concerning -the <i>figure</i> of the earth, but in regard to its <i>size</i>. He believed -the world to be no more than ten thousand or twelve thousand -miles in circumference. He therefore confidently expected -that, after sailing about three thousand miles to the westward, -he should arrive at the East Indies.</p> - -<p>4. Christopher Columbus was born at Genoa, Italy, in A. D. -1435. He was carefully educated, and then devoted himself -to the sea. For twenty years he traversed the parts of the -Atlantic adjacent to Europe; he visited Iceland; then went to -Portugal, and finally to Spain. He spent ten years in trying -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>to explain to dull monarchs -the figure of the earth and the -ease with which the rich islands -of the East might be -reached by sailing westward. -He found one appreciative -listener, the noble and sympathetic -Isabella, -Queen of Castile. To the faith, insight, and decision of a -<i>woman</i> the final success of Columbus must be attributed.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig10.jpg" alt="SHIPS OF COLUMBUS"/> -<p class="caption center">SHIPS OF COLUMBUS</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Discovery of America.</b></div> - -<p>5. On the morning of the 3d day of August, -1492, Columbus, with three ships, left -the harbor of Palos. After seventy-one days -of sailing, in the early dawn of October 12, Rodrigo Triana, -a sailor on the <i>Pinta</i>, set up a shout of "<i>Land!</i>" A gun was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> -fired as the signal. The ships lay to. Just at sunrise Columbus -stepped ashore, set up the banner of Castile in the presence of -the natives, and named the island San Salvador. During the -three remaining months of this first voyage, the islands of Concepcion, -Cuba, and San Domingo were added to the list of -discoveries; and in the last-named island was erected a fort, -the first structure built by Europeans in the New World. In -January, 1493, Columbus sailed for Spain, where he arrived in -March, and was greeted with rejoicings and applause.</p> - -<p>6. In the following autumn, Columbus sailed on his second -voyage, which resulted in the discovery of the Windward group -and the islands of Jamaica and Porto Rico. It was at this -time, and in San Domingo, that the first colony was established. -Columbus's brother was appointed governor. After an absence -of nearly three years, Columbus returned to Spain. The rest -of his life was clouded with persecutions and misfortunes.</p> - -<p>7. In 1498, during a third voyage, Columbus discovered the -island of Trinidad and the mainland of South America. Thence -he sailed back to San Domingo, where he found his colony disorganized; -and here, while attempting to restore order, he was -seized by an agent of the Spanish government, put in chains, -and carried to Spain. After much disgraceful treatment, he was -sent out on a fourth and last voyage, in search of the Indies; -but the expedition accomplished little, and Columbus returned -to his ungrateful country. The good Isabella was dead, and -the great discoverer, a friendless and neglected old man, sank -into the grave.</p> - -<p>8. Columbus was even robbed of the name of the new continent. -In the year 1499, <span class="smcap">Amerigo Vespucci</span>, a Florentine -navigator, reached the eastern coast of South America. Two -years later he made a second voyage, and then gave to Europe -the first published account of the Western World. In his narrative -all reference to Columbus was omitted; and thus the -name of Vespucci, rather than that of the true discoverer, was -given to the New World.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Discovery of the Pacific.</div> - -<p>9. The discovery of America produced -great excitement in Europe. Within ten -years after the death of Columbus, the principal -islands of the West Indies were explored and colonized. -In the year 1510 the Spaniards planted on the Isthmus -of Darien their first continental colony. Three years later, -<span class="smcap">De Balboa</span>, the governor of the colony, crossed the isthmus, -and from an eminence looked down upon the Pacific. Not -satisfied with merely seeing the great water, he waded in a -short distance, and, drawing his sword, took possession of the -ocean in the name of the king of Spain.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Florida.</div> - -<p>10. Meanwhile, <span class="smcap">Ponce de Leon</span>, who had been a companion -of Columbus, fitted out an expedition of discovery. -He had grown rich as governor of Porto Rico, and had also -grown old. But there was a Fountain of Perpetual Youth -somewhere in the Bahamas—so said a tradition in Spain—and -in that fountain the old soldier would bathe and be young -again. So in the year 1512 he set sail from -Porto Rico; and on Easter Sunday came in -sight of an unknown shore. There were waving forests, green -leaves, and birds of song. In honor of the day, called <i>Pascua Florida</i>, -he named the new shore <span class="smcap">Florida</span>—the Land of Flowers.</p> - -<p>11. A landing was made near where St. Augustine was -afterwards founded. The country was claimed for the king -of Spain, and the search was continued for the Fountain of -Youth. The adventurer turned southward, discovered the -Tortugas, and then sailed back to Porto Rico, no younger -than when he started.</p> - -<p>12. The king of Spain gave Ponce the governorship of his -Land of Flowers, and sent him thither to establish a colony. -He reached his province in the year 1521, and found the -Indians hostile. Scarcely had he landed when they fell upon -him in battle; many of the Spaniards were killed, and the rest -had to fly to the ships for safety. Ponce de Leon himself was -wounded, and carried back to Cuba to die.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Spanish Discoveries in America.</span>—(<span class="smcap">Continued.</span>)</h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE year 1517 was marked by the discovery of Yucatan by -<span class="smcap">Fernandez de Cordova</span>. While exploring the northern -coast of the country, he was attacked by the natives, and -mortally wounded. During the next year the coast of Mexico -was explored for a great distance by <span class="smcap">Grijalva</span>, assisted by -Cordova's pilot. In the year 1519 <span class="smcap">Fernando Cortez</span> landed -with his fleet at Tabasco, and, in two years, conquered the -Aztec empire of Mexico.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Circumnavigation of the Globe.</div> - -<p>2. Among the daring enterprises at the -beginning of the sixteenth century was that -of <span class="smcap">Ferdinand Magellan</span>. A Portuguese -by birth, this bold man determined to discover a southwest -passage to Asia. He appealed to the king of Portugal for -ships and men; but the monarch gave no encouragement. -Magellan then went to Spain, and laid his plans before -Charles V., who ordered a fleet of five ships to be fitted out -at the public expense.</p> - -<p>3. The voyage was begun from Seville in August of 1519. -Magellan soon reached the shores of South America, and passed -the winter on the coast of Brazil. Renewing his voyage southward, -he came to that strait which still bears his name, and -passing through, found himself in the open and boundless ocean -which he called the <span class="smcap">Pacific</span>.</p> - -<p>4. Magellan held on his course for nearly four months, suffering -much for water and provisions. In March of 1520 he -came to the islands called the Ladrones. Afterwards he reached -the Philippine group, where he was killed in battle with the -natives. But a new captain was chosen, and the voyage was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> -continued to the Moluccas. Only a single ship remained; but -in this vessel the crews embarked, and, returning by way of the -Cape of Good Hope, arrived in Spain in September, 1522. The -first circumnavigation of the globe had been accomplished.</p> - -<p>5. The next important voyage to America was in the year -1520. <span class="smcap">De Ayllon</span>, a judge in St. Domingo, and six other -wealthy men, determined to stock their plantations with slaves, -by kidnapping natives from the Bahamas. Two vessels reached -the coast of South Carolina. The name of Chicora was given -to the country, and the River Combahee was called the Jordan. -The natives made presents to the strangers and treated them -with great cordiality. They flocked on board the ships; and -when the decks were crowded De Ayllon weighed anchor and -sailed away. A few days afterwards a storm wrecked one of -the ships; while most of the poor wretches who were in the -other ship died of suffocation.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Expedition of De Narvaez.</div> - -<p>6. In 1526 Charles V. appointed <span class="smcap">De -Narvaez</span> governor of Florida. His territory -extended from Cape Sable three fifths -of the way around the Gulf of Mexico. De Narvaez arrived -at Tampa Bay with two hundred and sixty soldiers and -forty horsemen. The natives treated them with suspicion, -and holding up their gold trinkets, pointed to the north. -The Spaniards, whose imaginations were fired with the sight -of the precious metal, struck into the forests, expecting to -find cities and empires, and found instead swamps and savages. -They finally came to Appalachee, a squalid village of -forty cabins.</p> - -<p>7. Oppressed with fatigue and hunger, they wandered on, -until they reached the harbor of St. Mark's. Here they constructed -some brigantines, and put to sea in hope of reaching -Mexico. After shipwrecks and almost endless wanderings, -four men only of all the company, under the leadership of the -heroic De Vaca, reached the village of San Miguel, on the -Pacific coast, and were conducted to the city of Mexico.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">De Soto's Expedition.</div> - -<p>8. In the year 1537 <span class="smcap">Ferdinand de Soto</span> -was appointed governor of Cuba and Florida, -with the privilege of exploring and -conquering the latter country. He selected six hundred -of the most gallant and daring young Spaniards, and great -preparations were made for the conquest. Arms and stores -were provided; shackles were wrought for the slaves; tools -for the forge and workshop were supplied; twelve priests were -chosen to conduct religious ceremonies; and a herd of swine -was driven on board to fatten on the maize and mast of the -country.</p> - -<p>9. The fleet first touched at Havana, where De Soto left -his wife to govern Cuba during his absence. After a voyage -of two weeks, the ships cast anchor in Tampa Bay. Some of -the Cubans who had joined the expedition were terrified and -sailed back to the security of home; but De Soto and his -cavaliers began their march into the interior. In October of -1539 they arrived at the country of the Appalachians, where -they spent the winter. For four months they remained in this -locality, sending out exploring parties in various directions. -One of these companies reached Pensacola, and made arrangements -that supplies should be sent out from Cuba to that -place in the following summer.</p> - -<p>10. In the early spring the Spaniards continued their march -to the north and east. An Indian guide told them of a populous -empire in that direction; a woman was empress, and the -land was full of gold. De Soto and the freebooters pressed on -through the swamps and woods, and in April, 1540, came upon -the Ogeechee River. Here the Indian guide went mad, and -lost the whole company in the forest. By the 1st of May they -reached South Carolina, near where De Ayllon had lost his -ships.</p> - -<p>11. From this place the wanderers passed across Northern -Georgia from the Chattahoochee to the Coosa; thence down -that river to Lower Alabama. Here they came upon the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> -Indian town of Mauville, or Mobile, -where a battle was fought -with the natives. The town was set on fire, and two thousand -five hundred of the Indians were killed or burned to death. -Eighteen of De Soto's men were killed and a hundred and fifty -wounded. The Spaniards also lost most of their horses and -baggage.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig11.jpg" alt="De Soto Reaches the Mississippi."/> -<p class="caption center">De Soto Reaches the Mississippi.</p> -</div> - -<p>12. De Soto and his men next turned to the north, and by -the middle of December reached the country of the Chickasaws. -They crossed the Yazoo, and found an Indian village, -which promised them shelter for the winter. Here, in February, -1541, they were attacked by the Indians, who set the town -on fire, but Spanish weapons and discipline -again saved De Soto and his men.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Discovery of the Mississippi.</div> - -<p>13. The Spaniards next set out to journey -farther westward, and the guides brought them to the Mississippi. -The point where the Father of Waters was first seen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> -by White men was a little north of the thirty-fourth parallel of -latitude; the day of the discovery can not certainly be known. -The Indians came down the river in a fleet of canoes, and -offered to carry the Spaniards over; but a crossing was not -effected until the latter part of May.</p> - -<p>14. De Soto's men now found themselves in the land of the -Dakotas. The natives at one place were going to worship the -Spaniards, but De Soto would not permit such idolatry. They -continued their march to the St. Francis River; thence westward -for about two hundred miles; thence southward to the -tributaries of the Washita River. On the banks of this stream -they passed the winter of 1541-42.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Death of De Soto.</div> - -<p>15. De Soto now turned toward the sea, -and came upon the Mississippi in the neighborhood -of Natchez. His spirit was completely -broken. A fever seized upon his emaciated frame, and -death shortly ensued. The priests chanted a requiem, and in -the middle of the night his companions put his body into a -rustic coffin and sunk it in the Mississippi.</p> - -<p>16. Before his death, De Soto had named Moscoso as his -successor. Under his leadership, the half-starved adventurers -next crossed the country to the upper waters of the Red River, -and then ranged the hunting-grounds of the Pawnees and the -Comanches. In December of 1542 they came again to the -Mississippi, where they built seven boats, and on the 2d of -July, 1543, set sail for the sea. The distance was almost five -hundred miles, and seventeen days were required to make the -descent. On reaching the Gulf of Mexico, they steered to the -southwest, and finally reached the settlement at the mouth of -the River of Palms.</p> - -<p>17. The next attempt to colonize Florida was in the year -1565. The enterprise was intrusted to <span class="smcap">Pedro Menendez</span>, a -Spanish soldier. He was commissioned by Philip II. to plant -in some favorable district of Florida a colony of not less than -five hundred persons, and was to receive two hundred and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> -twenty-five square miles of land adjacent to the settlement. -Twenty-five hundred persons joined the expedition.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig12.jpg" alt="Pedro Menendez."/> -<p class="caption center">Pedro Menendez.</p> -</div> - -<p>18. The real object of Menendez was to destroy a colony of -French Protestants, called Huguenots, who had made a settlement -near the mouth of the St. John's River. This was within -the limits of the territory claimed by Spain. The Catholic -party of the French court had communicated with the Spanish -court as to the whereabouts and intentions of the Huguenots, -so that Menendez knew where to find and how to destroy them.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Founding of St. Augustine.</div> - -<p>19. It was St. Augustine's day when the -Spaniards came in sight of the shore, and -the harbor and river which enters it were -named in honor of the saint. On the 8th day of September, -Philip II. was proclaimed monarch of North America; -a solemn mass was said by -the priests; and the foundations -of the oldest town -in the United States were -laid. This was seventeen -years before the founding -of Santa Fé, and forty-two -years before the settlement -at Jamestown.</p> - -<p>20. Menendez soon -turned his attention to the -Huguenots. He collected -his forces at St. Augustine, -stole through the woods, -and falling on the defenseless -colony, utterly destroyed -it. Men, women, and -children were alike given -up to butchery. Two hundred were massacred. A few escaped -into the forest, Laudonniere, the Huguenot leader, among the -number, and were picked up by two French ships.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p> - -<p>21. The crews of the vessels were the next object of vengeance. -Menendez discovered them, and deceiving them with -treacherous promises, induced them to surrender. As they -approached the Spanish fort a signal was given, and seven -hundred defenceless victims were slain. Only a few mechanics -and Catholic servants were left alive.</p> - -<p>22. The Spaniards had now explored the coast from the -Isthmus of Darien to Port Royal in South Carolina. They -were acquainted with the country west of the Mississippi as -far north as New Mexico and Missouri, and east of that river -they had traversed the Gulf States as far as the mountain -ranges of Tennessee and North Carolina. With the establishment -of their first permanent colony on the coast of Florida, -the period of Spanish voyage and discovery may be said to end.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Portuguese Explorations.</div> - -<p>23. A brief account of the only important -voyages of the Portuguese to America -will here be given. In 1495, John II., -king of Portugal, was succeeded by his cousin Manuel, who, in -order to secure some of the benefits which yet remained to discoverers, -fitted out two vessels, and in the summer of 1501 -sent <span class="smcap">Gaspar Cortereal</span> to make a voyage to America.</p> - -<p>24. The Portuguese ships reached Maine in July, and explored -the coast for nearly seven hundred miles. Little attention -was paid by Cortereal to the great forests of pine which -stood along the shore, promising ship-yards and cities. He -satisfied his rapacity by kidnapping fifty Indians, whom, on his -return to Portugal, he sold as slaves. A new voyage was then -undertaken, with the purpose of capturing another cargo of -natives; but a year went by, and no tidings arrived from the -fleet. The brother of the Portuguese captain sailed in hope -of finding the missing vessels. He also was lost, but in what -manner is not known. The fate of the Cortereals and their -slave-ships has remained a mystery of the sea.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The French in America.</span></h3> - - -<div class="sidenote">Early French Explorations.</div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">FRANCE was not slow to profit by the -discoveries of Columbus. As early -as 1504 the fishermen of Normandy and -Brittany reached the banks of Newfoundland. A map of the -Gulf of St. Lawrence was drawn by a Frenchman in the year -1506. Two years later some Indians were taken to France; -and in 1518 the attention of Francis I. was turned to the New -World. In 1523 <span class="smcap">John Verrazano</span>, of Florence, was commissioned -to conduct an expedition for the discovery of a northwest -passage to the East Indies.</p> - -<p>2. In January, 1524, Verrazano left the shores of Europe, -with a single ship, called the <i>Dolphin</i>. After fifty days he discovered -the mainland in the latitude of Wilmington. He sailed -southward and northward along the coast and began a traffic -with the natives. The Indians were found to be a timid race, -unsuspicious and confiding. A half-drowned sailor, washed -ashore by the surf, was treated with kindness, and permitted to -return to the ship.</p> - -<p>3. The voyage was continued toward the north. The coast -of New Jersey was explored, and the hills marked as containing -minerals. The harbor of New York was entered, and at Newport -Verrazano anchored for fifteen days. Here the French -sailors repaid the confidence of the natives by kidnapping a -child and attempting to steal an Indian girl.</p> - -<p>4. From Newport, Verrazano continued his explorations -northward. The long line of the New England coast was -traced with care. The Indians of the north would buy no toys, -but were eager to purchase knives and weapons of iron. In the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> -latter part of May, Verrazano reached Newfoundland. In July -he returned to France and published an account of his great -discoveries. The name of <span class="smcap">New France</span> was given to the -country.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Cartier on the St. Lawrence.</div> - -<p>5. In 1534, <span class="smcap">James Cartier</span>, a seaman -of St. Malo, made a voyage to America. -His two ships, after twenty days of sailing, -anchored on the 10th day of May off the coast of Newfoundland. -Cartier circumnavigated the island, crossed the Gulf of -St. Lawrence, and ascended the estuary until the narrowing -banks made him aware that he was in the mouth of a river. -Cartier, thinking it impracticable to pass the winter in the -New World, set sail for France, and in thirty days reached -St. Malo.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Island of Montreal.</div> - -<p>6. Another voyage was planned immediately. Three ships -were provided; a number of young noblemen joined the expedition, -and on the 19th of May the voyage was begun. The -passage to Newfoundland was made by the 10th of August. -It was the day of St. Lawrence, and the name of that martyr -was given to the gulf and to the stream which enters it from -the west. The expedition proceeded to the island of Orleans, -where the ships were moored. Two Indians, whom Cartier -had taken with him to France, gave information that there was -an important town higher up the river. Proceeding thither, -the French captain found a village at the -foot of a high hill in the middle of an island. -Cartier named the island and town Mont -Real, and the country was declared to belong to the king of -France. During this winter twenty-five of Cartier's men were -swept off by the scurvy.</p> - -<p>7. With the opening of spring, a cross was planted on the -shore, and the homeward voyage began. The good king of -the Hurons was decoyed on board and carried off to die. -On the 6th of July the fleet reached St. Malo; but the -accounts which Cartier published greatly discouraged the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> -French; for neither silver nor gold had been found in New -France.</p> - -<p>8. <span class="smcap">Francis of Roberval</span> was next commissioned by the -court of France to plant a colony on the St. Lawrence. The -man who was chiefly relied on to give character to the proposed -colony was James Cartier. His name was accordingly -added to the list, and he was honored with the office of chief -pilot and captain-general.</p> - -<p>9. It was difficult to find material for the colony. The -French peasants were not eager to embark, and the work of enlisting -volunteers went on slowly, until the government opened -the prisons of the kingdom, giving freedom to whoever would -join the expedition. There was a rush of robbers and swindlers, -and the lists were immediately filled. Only counterfeiters and -traitors were denied the privilege of gaining their liberty in the -New World.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Fort on the site of Quebec.</div> - -<p>10. In May of 1541, five ships, under -command of Cartier, left France, reached -the St. Lawrence, and ascended the river -to the site of Quebec, where a fort was erected and named -Charlesbourg. Here the colonists passed the winter. Cartier -soon sailed away with his part of the squadron, and returned -to Europe. Roberval was left in New France with three shiploads -of criminals who could be restrained only by whipping -and hanging. The winter was long and severe, and spring -was welcomed for the opportunity which it gave of returning -to France.</p> - -<p>11. About the middle of the sixteenth century Admiral -Coligny, of France, formed the design of establishing in America -a refuge for the Huguenots of his own country. In 1562 -<span class="smcap">John Ribault</span>, of Dieppe, was selected to lead the Huguenots -to the land of promise. In February the colony reached the -coast of Florida near the site of St. Augustine. The River St. -John's was entered and named the River of May. The vessel -then sailed to the entrance of Port Royal; here it was deter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>mined -to make the settlement. The colonists were landed on -an island, and a stone was set up to mark the place. A fort -was erected and named <span class="smcap">Carolina</span>. In this fort Ribault left -twenty-six men, and then sailed back to France. In the following -spring the men in the fort mutinied and killed their -leader. Then they built a rude brig and put to sea. They -were at last picked up by an English ship and carried to France.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">French in Florida.</div> - -<p>12. Two years later another colony was -planned, and <span class="smcap">Laudonniere</span> chosen leader. -The character, however, of this second -Protestant company was very bad. A point on the River -St. John's was selected for the settlement. A fort was built -here, but a part of the colonists contrived to get away with two -of the ships. The rest of the settlers were on the eve of departure -when Ribault arrived with supplies and restored order. -It was at this time that Menendez discovered the Huguenots -and murdered them.</p> - -<p>13. But <span class="smcap">Dominic de Gourgues</span>, of Gascony, visited the -Spaniards with signal vengeance. This man fitted out three -ships, and with only fifty seamen arrived on the coast of Florida. -He surprised three Spanish forts on the St. John's, and made -prisoners of the inmates. Unable to hold his position, he -hanged the leading captives to the trees, and put up this inscription -to explain what he had done: "Not as Spaniards, -but as murderers."</p> - -<p>14. In the year 1598 the <span class="smcap">Marquis of La Roche</span> was commissioned -to found a colony in the New World. The prisons -of France were again opened to furnish the emigrants. The -vessels reached Sable Island, a dismal place off Nova Scotia, -where forty men were left to form a settlement. La Roche returned -to France and died, and for seven years the forty criminals -languished on Sable Island. Then they were picked up -and carried back to France, but were never remanded to prison.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Founding of Port Royal.</div> -<p>15. In the year 1603 the country, from the latitude of Philadelphia -to that of Quebec, was granted to <span class="smcap">De Monts</span>. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> -chief provisions of his patent were a monopoly of the fur-trade, -and religious freedom for the Huguenots. With two -shiploads of colonists De Monts left France in March of -1604, and reached the Bay of Fundy. Poutrincourt, the captain -of one of the ships, asked and obtained a grant of some -beautiful lands in Nova Scotia, and with a part of the crew -went on shore. De Monts began to build a fort at the -mouth of the St. Croix. But in the following -spring they abandoned this place and -joined Poutrincourt. Here, on the 14th of -November, 1605, the foundations of <i>the first permanent French -settlement in America were laid</i>. The name of Port Royal -was given to the fort, and -the country was called -<span class="smcap">Acadia</span>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig13.jpg" alt="Samuel Champlain."/> -<p class="caption center">Samuel Champlain.</p> -</div> - -<p>16. In 1603 <span class="smcap">Samuel -Champlain</span>, the most soldierly -man of his times, -was commissioned by Rouen -merchants to establish -a trading-post on the St. -Lawrence. The traders -saw that a traffic in furs -was a surer road to riches -than the search for gold -and diamonds. Champlain -crossed the ocean, -sailed up the river, and -selected the spot on which Quebec now stands as the site -for a fort. In the autumn he returned to France.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Founding of Quebec.</div> - -<p>17. In 1608 Champlain again visited -America, and on the 3d of July in that -year the foundations of Quebec were laid. -The next year he and two other Frenchmen joined a company -of Huron and Algonquin Indians who were at war with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> -the Iroquois of New York. With this band he ascended the -Sorel River until he came to the long, narrow lake, which has -ever since borne the name of its discoverer.</p> - -<p>18. In 1612 Champlain came to New France for the third -time, and the success of the colony at Quebec was assured. -Franciscan monks came over and began to preach among the -Indians. Champlain again went with a war-party against the -Iroquois. His company was defeated, he himself wounded and -obliged to remain all winter among the Hurons. In 1617 he -returned to the colony, and in 1620 began to build the fortress -of St. Louis. Champlain became governor of New France, -and died in 1635. To him, more than to any other man, the -success of the French colonies in North America must be -attributed.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">English Discoveries and Settlements.</span></h3> - - -<div class="sidenote">John Cabot's Discoveries.</div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">ON the 5th of May, 1496, Henry VII., -king of England, commissioned <span class="smcap">John -Cabot</span>, of Venice, to make discoveries in -the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, and to take possession of -all countries which he might discover. Cabot was a brave, -adventurous man, who had been a sailor from his boyhood, and -was now a wealthy merchant of Bristol. Five ships were fitted -out, and in April, 1497, the fleet left Bristol. On the morning -of the 24th of June, the gloomy shore of Labrador was seen. -<i>This was the real discovery of the American continent.</i> Fourteen -months elapsed before Columbus reached the coast of -Guiana, and more than two years before Vespucci saw the main -land of South America.</p> - -<p>2. Cabot explored the coast of the country for several hundred -miles. He supposed that the land was a part of the -dominions of the Khan of Tartary; but finding no inhabitants, -he went on shore and took possession in the name of -the English king. No man forgets his native land; by the -side of the flag of his adopted country Cabot set up the banner -of the <i>republic</i> of Venice—emblem of <i>another republic</i> -which should one day rule from sea to sea.</p> - -<p>3. As soon as he had satisfied himself of the extent of the -country, Cabot sailed for England. On the voyage he twice -saw the coast of Newfoundland. After an absence of three -months he reached Bristol, and was greeted with enthusiasm. -The town had holiday, and the people were wild about the -great discovery. The king gave him money; new ships were -fitted out, and a new commission was signed in February,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> -1498. But after the date of this patent the name of John -Cabot disappears from history.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig14.jpg" alt="Sebastian Cabot."/> -<p class="caption center">Sebastian Cabot.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Sebastian Cabot.</div> - -<p>4. Sebastian, son of John Cabot, inherited -his father's genius. He had already been -to the New World on the first voyage, -and now he took up his father's work with all the fervor of -youth. The very fleet which had been equipped for John -Cabot was intrusted to Sebastian. The object in view was the -discovery of a northwest passage to the Indies.</p> - -<p>5. The voyage was made in the spring of 1498. Far to the -north the icebergs compelled Sebastian to change his course. -It was July, and the sun scarcely -set at midnight. Seals were seen, -and the ships plowed through such -shoals of codfish as had never before -been heard of. Labrador was again -seen. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, -and Maine were next explored. The -whole coast of New England and -of the Middle States was now, for -the first time since the days of the -Norsemen, traced by Europeans. -Nor did Cabot desist from this work, -which was bestowing the title of discovery -on the crown of England, until he reached Cape Hatteras.</p> - -<p>6. The future career of Cabot was a strange one. Henry VII. -was slow to reward the discoverer. When that monarch died, the -king of Spain enticed Cabot away from England and made him -pilot-major of the Spanish navy. He lived to be very old, but the -place and circumstances of his death are unknown.</p> - -<p>7. The year 1498 is the most marked in the whole history of -discovery. In the month of May, <span class="smcap">Vasco da Gama</span>, of Portugal, -doubled the Cape of Good Hope and succeeded in reaching -Hindostan. During the summer, the younger Cabot traced -the eastern coast of North America through more than twenty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> -degrees of latitude. In August, Columbus himself reached the -mouth of the Orinoco. Of the three great discoveries, that of -Cabot has proved to be by far the most important.</p> - -<p>8. In 1493 Pope Alexander drew an imaginary line three -hundred miles west of the Azores, and gave all countries west -of that line to Spain. Henry VII. was a Catholic and did not -care to have a conflict with his Church by claiming the New -World. Henry VIII. adopted the same policy, and it was not -until after the Reformation in England that the decision of the -pope was disregarded.</p> - -<p>9. During the reign of Edward VI. the spirit of adventure -was again aroused. In 1548 the old admiral Sebastian Cabot -quitted Seville and once more sailed under the English flag. -In the reign of Queen Mary the power of England on the sea -was not materially extended, but with the accession of Elizabeth -a new impulse was given to voyage and adventure.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Northwest Passage.</div> - -<p>10. <span class="smcap">Martin Frobisher</span> began anew the -work of discovery. Three small vessels -were fitted out to sail in search of a northwest -passage to Asia. One ship was lost on the voyage, another -returned to England, but the third sailed on as far north -as Hudson Strait. A large island lying northward was named -Meta Incognita. Frobisher entered the strait which has -ever since borne his name, and then sailed for England, carrying -with him an Esquimo and a stone said to contain gold.</p> - -<p>11. London was greatly excited. In May, 1577, a new -fleet departed for Meta Incognita to gather the precious metal. -But the vessels did not sail as far as Frobisher had done on a -previous voyage. The mariners sought the first opportunity to -get out of these dangerous seas and return to England.</p> - -<p>12. The English gold-hunters were not yet satisfied. Fifteen -new vessels were fitted out, and in 1578 a third voyage was -begun. Three of the ships, loaded with emigrants, were to -remain in the promised land. The vessels, struggling through -the icebergs, finally reached Meta Incognita and took on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> -cargoes of <i>dirt</i>. With several tons of the supposed ore under -the hatches, the ships set sail for home. The El Dorado of -the Esquimos had proved a failure.</p> - -<p>13. In 1577 <span class="smcap">Sir Francis Drake</span>, following Magellan, -became a terror to the Spanish vessels in the Pacific. He -hoped to find a northwest passage, and thence sail eastward -around the continent. He proceeded northward as far as -Oregon, when his sailors began to shiver with the cold, and -the enterprise was given up. Drake passed the winter of -1579-80 in a harbor on the coast of Mexico.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig15.jpg" alt="Sir Walter Raleigh."/> -<p class="caption center">Sir Walter Raleigh.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Plans for Colonization.</div> - -<p>14. <span class="smcap">Sir Humphrey Gilbert</span> was perhaps -the first to form a rational plan of -colonization in America. His idea was to -plant an agricultural and commercial state. Assisted by his -illustrious half-brother, <span class="smcap">Walter Raleigh</span>, Gilbert prepared -five vessels, and in June of 1583 sailed for the west. In August -Gilbert reached Newfoundland, -and took possession of -the country. Soon the sailors -discovered some scales -of mica, and went to digging -the supposed silver, while -others attacked the Spanish -fishing-ships in the neighboring -harbors.</p> - -<p>15. One of Gilbert's vessels -became worthless, and -was abandoned. With the -rest he sailed toward the -south. Off the coast of -Massachusetts the largest -of the ships was wrecked, -and a hundred sailors were drowned. Gilbert determined to -return to England. The weather was stormy, and the two -ships now remaining were unfit for the sea. The captain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> -remained in the weaker vessel, called the <i>Squirrel</i>. As the -ships were struggling through the sea at midnight, the -<i>Squirrel</i> was suddenly engulfed; not a man of the crew -was saved. The other vessel finally reached Falmouth in -safety.</p> - -<p>16. The project of colonization was renewed by Raleigh. In -the spring of 1584 he obtained a new patent for a tract in -America extending from the thirty-third to the fortieth parallel -of latitude. This territory was to be peopled and organized -into a state. Two ships were fitted out, and the command -given to Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Virginia.</div> - -<p>17. In July the vessels reached Carolina. -The woods were full of beauty and song. -The natives were generous and hospitable. The shores of -Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds were explored, and a landing -effected on Roanoke Island, where the English were entertained -by the Indian queen. But after a stay of two months -Amidas and Barlow returned to England, praising the beauties -of the new land. Queen Elizabeth gave to her delightful -country in the New World the name of <span class="smcap">Virginia</span>, for she -was called the Virgin Queen.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Colony at Roanoke.</div> - -<p>18. In December, 1584, Sir Walter fitted -out a second expedition, and appointed -Ralph Lane governor of the colony. Sir -Richard Grenville commanded the fleet, and a company, partly -composed of young nobles, made up the crew. The fleet of -seven vessels reached Roanoke on the 26th of June.</p> - -<p>Here Lane was left with a hundred and ten of the immigrants -to form a settlement. But hostilities soon broke out -between the English and the Indians; and when Sir Francis -Drake came with a fleet, the colonists prevailed on him to -carry them back to England.</p> - -<p>19. Soon Sir Richard Grenville came to Roanoke with three -well-laden ships, and made a fruitless search for the colonists. -Not to lose possession of the country, he left fifteen men on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> -island, and set sail for home. Another colony was easily made -up, and in July the emigrants arrived in Carolina. A search for -the fifteen men who had been left on Roanoke revealed the fact, -that the natives had murdered them. Nevertheless, the northern -extremity of the island was chosen as the site for a city.</p> - -<p>20. Disaster attended the enterprise. The Indians were hostile, -and the fear of starvation soon compelled Governor White -to return to England for supplies. The 18th of August was -the birthday of Virginia Dare, the first-born of English children -in the New World. Raleigh returned in 1590 to search for the -unfortunate colonists. No soul remained to tell their story. -Sir Walter, after spending two hundred thousand dollars, gave -up the enterprise, and assigned his rights to an association of -London merchants.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">English Explorations in the North.</div> - -<p>21. The next English expedition was that -of <span class="smcap">Bartholomew Gosnold</span> in 1602. Thus -far all the voyages to America had been by -way of the Canary Islands and the West Indies. Abandoning -this path, Gosnold, in a small vessel called the <i>Concord</i>, sailed -directly across the Atlantic, and in seven weeks reached Maine. -He explored the coast and went on shore at Cape Cod. It -was the first landing of Englishmen within the limits of New -England. He loaded the <i>Concord</i> with sassafras root, and -reached home in safety.</p> - -<p>22. Another expedition to America was soon planned, with -<span class="smcap">Martin Pring</span> for commander. In April, 1603, his vessels -came safely to Penobscot Bay, and spent some time in exploring -the harbors of Maine. He loaded his vessels with sassafras -at Martha's Vineyard, and returned to England, after an -absence of six months.</p> - -<p>23. Two years later, <span class="smcap">George Waymouth</span> made a voyage to -America. He reached the coast of Maine, and explored a harbor. -Trade was opened with the Indians, some of whom returned -with Waymouth to England. This was the last English expedition -before the actual establishment of a colony in America.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">English Discoveries and Settlements.</span>—(<span class="smcap">Continued.</span>)</h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">ON the 10th of April, 1606, King James I. issued two patents -to men of his kingdom, authorizing them to colonize -all that portion of North America lying between the thirty-fourth -and forty-fifth parallels of latitude. The immense tract -extended from the mouth of Cape Fear River to Passamaquoddy -Bay, and westward to the Pacific Ocean.</p> - -<p>2. The first patent was to an association of nobles, gentlemen -and merchants called the <span class="smcap">London Company</span>; and the -second to a similar body bearing the name of the <span class="smcap">Plymouth -Company</span>. To the former corporation was given the region -between the thirty-fourth and the thirty-eighth degrees of latitude, -and to the latter the tract from the forty-first to the forty-fifth -degree. The belt of three degrees between the thirty-eighth -and forty-first parallels was to be open to colonies of either -company, but no settlement of one party was to be made -within less than a hundred miles of the nearest settlement of -the other.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The London Company.</div> - -<p>3. The leading man in the London -Company was Bartholomew Gosnold. His -principal associates were Edward Wingfield, -a rich merchant, Robert Hunt, a clergyman, and John -Smith, an adventurer. The affairs of the company were to be -administered by a Superior Council in England, and an Inferior -Council in the colony. All legislative authority was vested in -the king. A provision in the patent required the colony to -hold all property in common for five years. The best law of -the charter allowed the emigrants to retain in the New World -all the rights of Englishmen.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Plymouth Company.</div> - -<p>4. In 1606 the Plymouth Company sent -two ships to America, and in the summer -of 1607 dispatched a colony of one hundred -persons. A settlement was begun at the mouth of the -Kennebec. The ships returned to England, leaving a colony -of forty-five persons; -but in the winter of -1607-8, some of the -settlers were starved -and some frozen; the -storehouse was burned, -and the remnant escaped -to England.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig16.jpg" alt="The First English Settlements."/> -<p class="caption center">The First English Settlements.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Settlement of Jamestown.</div> - -<p>5. The London Company -had better fortune. -A fleet of three vessels -was fitted out under -command of Christopher -Newport. In -December the ships, -having on board a hundred -and five colonists, -among whom were -Wingfield and Smith, -left England. Entering -Chesapeake Bay, the -vessels came to the mouth of a beautiful river, which was named -in honor of King James. Proceeding up stream about fifty -miles, Newport found on the northern bank a peninsula noted -for its beauty; the ships were moored and the emigrants went on -shore. Here, on the 13th of May (Old Style), -1607, were laid the foundations of Jamestown, -<i>the oldest English settlement in America</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">New England Named.</div> - -<p>6. Meanwhile Captain John Smith, in 1609, left Jamestown -and returned to England. There he formed a partnership with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> -four wealthy merchants of London to trade in furs and establish -a colony within the limits of the Plymouth grant. Two -ships were freighted with goods and put under Smith's command. -The summer of 1614 was spent on the coast of Maine, -where a traffic was carried on with the Indians. But Smith -himself explored the country, and drew a map of the whole -coast from the Penobscot to Cape Cod. -In this map, the country was called <span class="smcap">New -England</span>.</p> - -<p>7. In 1615 a small colony of sixteen persons, led by Smith, -was sent out in a single ship. When nearing the American -coast, they encountered a storm and were obliged to return -to England. The leader renewed the enterprise, and raised -another company. Part of his crew mutinied in mid-ocean. -His own ship was captured by a band of French pirates, and -himself imprisoned. But he escaped and made his way to -London. The years 1617-18 were spent in making plans of -colonization, until finally the Plymouth Company was superseded -by a new corporation called the <span class="smcap">Council of Plymouth</span>. -On this body were conferred almost unlimited powers and -privileges. All that part of America lying between the fortieth -and the forty-eighth parallels of north latitude, and extending -from ocean to ocean, was given to forty men.</p> - -<p>8. John Smith was now appointed admiral of New England. -The king issued a proclamation enforcing the charter, and everything -gave promise of the early settlement of America. Meanwhile -the time had come when, without the knowledge or -consent of James I. or the Council of Plymouth, a permanent -settlement should be made on the shores of New England.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Puritans.</div> - -<p>9. About the close of the sixteenth century, -a number of poor Puritans in the -north of England joined together for free religious worship. -They believed that every man has a right to know -the truth of the Scriptures for himself. Such a doctrine -was repugnant to the Church of England. Queen Eliza<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>beth -declared such teaching to be subversive of the monarchy. -King James was also intolerant; and violent persecutions -broke out against the sect.</p> - -<p>10. Many of the Puritans went into exile in Holland. They -took the name of <span class="smcap">Pilgrims</span>, and grew content to have no -home or resting-place. But they did not forget their native -land. They pined with unrest, and were anxious to do something -to convince King James of their patriotism.</p> - -<p>11. In 1617 the Puritans began to meditate a removal to -the New World. John Carver and Robert Cushman were -dispatched to England to ask permission to settle in America. -The agents of the Council of Plymouth favored the request, -but the king refused. The most that he would do was to -make a promise <i>to let the Pilgrims alone in America</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Mayflower.</div> - -<p>12. The Puritans were not discouraged. -The <i>Speedwell</i>, a small vessel, was purchased -at Amsterdam, and the <i>Mayflower</i>, a larger ship, was hired for -the voyage. The former was to carry the emigrants to Southampton, -where they were to be joined by the <i>Mayflower</i> from -London. Assembling at the harbor of Delft, as many of the -Pilgrims as could be accommodated went on board the <i>Speedwell</i>. -The whole congregation accompanied them to the shore, -where their pastor gave them a farewell address, and the prayers -of those who were left behind followed the vessel out of sight.</p> - -<p>13. On the 5th of August, 1620, the vessels left Southampton; -but the <i>Speedwell</i> was unable to breast the ocean, and put back -to Plymouth. The Pilgrims were encouraged by the citizens, -and the more zealous went on board the <i>Mayflower</i> for a final -effort. On the 6th of September the first colony of New -England, numbering one hundred and two souls, saw the -shores of Old England sink behind the sea.</p> - -<p>14. For sixty-three days the ship was buffeted by storms. -On the 9th of November the vessel was anchored in the bay -off Cape Cod; a meeting was held and the colony organized -under a solemn compact. In the charter which they made for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> -themselves the emigrants declared their loyalty to the English -king, and agreed to live in peace and harmony. Such was the -simple constitution of the oldest New England State. To this -instrument all the heads of families, forty-one in number, set -their names. An election was held, and John Carver was -chosen governor.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig17.jpg" alt="The Landing of the Pilgrims."/> -<p class="caption center">The Landing of the Pilgrims.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">The Landing of the Pilgrims.</div> - -<p>15. Miles Standish, John Bradford, and -a few others, went on shore and explored -the country; nothing was found but a heap -of Indian corn under the snow. On the 6th of December -the governor landed with fifteen companions. The -weather was dreadful. Snow-storms covered the clothes of the -Pilgrims with ice. They were attacked by the Indians, but -escaped to the ship with their lives. The vessel was at last -driven by accident into a haven on the west side of the bay. -The next day, being the Sabbath, was spent in religious -services, and on Monday, the 11th of December (Old Style), -1620, the Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock.</p> - -<p>16. It was the dead of winter. The houseless immigrants -fell a-dying of hunger and cold. But a site was selected near<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> -the first landing, and, on the 9th of January, the toilers began -to build New Plymouth. Every man took on himself the -work of making his own house; but the ravages of disease -grew daily worse. At one time only seven men were able to -work on the sheds which were built for protection. If an early -spring had not brought relief, the colony must have perished. -Such were the sufferings of the winter when New England -began its being.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Voyages and Settlements of the Dutch.</span></h3> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig18.jpg" alt="The Half Moon on Hudson River."/> -<p class="caption center">The Half Moon on Hudson River.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Dutch East India Company.</div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE first Dutch settlement in America -was made on Manhattan Island. -The colony resulted from the voyages of -Sir <span class="smcap">Henry Hudson</span>. In the year 1607 this great sailor was -employed by a company of London merchants to discover a -new route to the Indies. He first made two unsuccessful -voyages into the North Atlantic, and his employers gave up -the enterprise. In 1609 the Dutch East India Company -furnished him with a ship called the <i>Half Moon</i>, and in April -he set out for the Indies. Again he ran among the icebergs, -and further sailing was impossible. But not discouraged, he -immediately set sail for America.</p> - -<p>2. In July Hudson reached the coast of Maine; and in -August, the Chesapeake. On the 28th of the month he an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>chored -in Delaware Bay, and on the 3d of September the -<i>Half Moon</i> came to Sandy Hook. Two days later a landing -was effected. The natives came with gifts of corn, -wild fruit, and oysters. On the 10th the vessel passed the -Narrows, and entered the noble river which bears the name -of <span class="smcap">Hudson</span>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Discovery of Hudson River.</div> - -<p>3. For eight days the <i>Half Moon</i> sailed up -the river. Such beautiful forests and valleys, -the Dutch had never seen before. On the -19th of September the vessel was moored at Kinderhook; but -an exploring party rowed up stream beyond the site of Albany. -The vessel then dropped down the river, and on the 4th of -October the sails were spread for Holland. But the <i>Half -Moon</i> was detained in England.</p> - -<p>4. In the summer of 1610 a ship, called the <i>Discovery</i>, was -given to Hudson, who sailed in the track which Frobisher had -taken, and on the 2d day of August entered the strait which -bears the name of its discoverer. The great captain believed -that the route to China was at last discovered; but he soon -found himself environed in the frozen gulf of the North. With -great courage he bore up until his provisions were almost exhausted. -Then the crew broke out in mutiny. They seized -Hudson and his only son, with seven other faithful sailors, and -cast them off among the icebergs. The fate of the illustrious -mariner has never been ascertained.</p> - -<p>5. In 1610 the <i>Half Moon</i> was liberated and returned to -Amsterdam. In the same year several ships owned by Dutch -merchants sailed to the banks of the Hudson and engaged in -the fur-trade. In 1614 an act was passed by the States-General -of Holland, giving to merchants of Amsterdam the right to trade -and establish settlements in the country explored by Hudson. -A fleet of five trading-vessels arrived in the summer of the same -year at Manhattan Island. Here some rude huts had already -been built by former traders, and the settlement was named -New Amsterdam.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p> - -<p>6. In the fall of 1614 Adrian Block sailed into Long Island -Sound, and made explorations as far as Cape Cod. Christianson, -another Dutch commander, sailed up the river from Manhattan -to Castle Island, and erected a block-house, which was named -Fort Nassau. Cornelius May, the captain of a small vessel -called the <i>Fortune</i>, sailed from New Amsterdam and explored -the Jersey coast as far as the Bay of Delaware. Upon these -two voyages Holland set up a claim to the country, which was -now named <span class="smcap">New Netherlands</span>, extending from Cape Henlopen -to Cape Cod. Such were the feeble beginnings of the -Dutch colonies in New York and Jersey.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><span class="smcap">Review Questions.—Part II.</span></h2> - - -<h3>CHAPTER II.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>1. Tell about the Icelanders and Norwegians in America.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER III.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>2. Give an account of Columbus, and of his discoveries and explorations -in the New World.</li> -<li>3. Give an account of the voyage of Amerigo Vespucci, and of how this -Continent came to be known by his name.</li> -<li>4. What were the services of Balboa, and of Ponce de Leon?</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER IV.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>5. Sketch the later discoveries by the Spaniards in America.</li> -<li>6. Tell of the coming of the Portuguese.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER V.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>7. Trace the progress of the French discoverers and explorers on the -new Continent.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER VI.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>8. Give an account of the commission, and of the explorations of John -and Sebastian Cabot.</li> -<li>9. What work of discovery was attempted by Martin Frobisher, and -with what result?</li> -<li>10. Outline the colonization schemes of Sir Humphrey Gilbert and -Sir Walter Raleigh.</li> -<li>11. What change of plan for colonization was adopted by Gosnold, and -with what success?</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER VII.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>12. Tell of the Royal Patents to the London and Plymouth Companies.</li> -<li>13. Sketch the efforts of the Plymouth Company toward colonization, -and the coming of the Puritans.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER VIII.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>14. Give an account of the voyages and final successes of Sir Henry -Hudson.</li> -<li>15. On what did the Dutch base their early claim to lands in America?</li> -</ul> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="Part_III" id="Part_III"></a><span class="smcap">Part III.</span></h2> - -<h2>COLONIAL HISTORY.</h2> - -<div class="center">A. D. 1607-1754.</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2> - -<h2><span class="smcap">Virginia—The First Charter.</span></h2> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig19.jpg" alt=""/> -</div> - - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Colony at Jamestown.</b></div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE first settlers at Jamestown were -idle and improvident. Only twelve -of those who came in 1607 were common -laborers. There were four carpenters in the company, six or -eight masons and blacksmiths, and a long list of <i>gentlemen</i>. The -few married men had left their families in England.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p> - -<p>2. The affairs of the colony were badly managed. Captain -John Smith, the best man in the colony, was suspected of -making a plot to murder the council and to make himself king -of Virginia. He was arrested and confined until the end of the -voyage. When the colonists reached their destination, the -king's instructions were unsealed and the names of the Inferior -Council made known. A meeting was held and Edward -Wingfield elected first governor.</p> - -<p>3. As soon as the settlement was well begun, Smith and -Newport, with twenty others, explored James River for forty-five -miles. Just below the falls, the explorers found the capital -of Powhatan, the Indian king. But the "city" was only -a squalid village of twelve wigwams. The monarch received -the foreigners with courtesy and showed no dislike at the -intrusion.</p> - -<p>4. The colonists now began to realize their situation. They -were alone in the New World. Winter was approaching. Dreadful -diseases broke out, and the colony was brought almost to -ruin. At one time only five men were able to go on duty as -sentinels, and before the middle of September one half of the -colonists died. But the frosts came, and disease was checked.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Civil Dissensions.</b></div> - -<p>5. Civil dissension arose. President Wingfield -and George Kendall were detected -in embezzling the stores, and were removed -from office. Ratcliffe was then chosen president, but -was found incompetent. Only Martin and Smith now remained -in the council, and the latter took charge of the colony. -Under his administration the new settlement soon began to -show signs of progress. His first care was to improve the -buildings of the plantation; then to secure a supply of provisions. -There had been a plentiful harvest among the Indians; but the -work of procuring corn was not an easy task. Descending James -River to Hampton Roads, Smith landed with five companions -and offered the natives hatchets and copper coins in exchange -for corn.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p> - -<p>6. But the Indians only laughed at the proposal. The -English then charged on the wigwams, and the warriors were -obliged to purchase peace by loading the boats of the English -with corn. Soon the Indians in the neighborhood began to -come with voluntary contributions. The fear of famine passed -away. The woods were full of wild turkeys. Good discipline -was maintained in the colony, and friendly relations were -established with the natives. The colonists became cheerful -and happy.</p> - -<p>7. As soon as winter set in, the president, with six Englishmen -and two Indian guides, began to explore along the Chickahominy. -It was believed by the people of Jamestown that by -going up this stream <i>they could reach the Pacific Ocean</i>! Smith -knew the absurdity of such an opinion, but humored it because -of the opportunity it gave him to see the country and make maps.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Capt. Smith and the Indians.</b></div> - -<p>8. The president and his companions ascended -the river until it dwindled to a mere -creek. The men who were left to protect -the boats were attacked by Indians, and several of the -English were killed. Smith was wounded with an arrow, and -chased through the woods. He fought, ran, and fired by turns, -but was finally overtaken.</p> - -<p>9. Smith demanded to see the Indian chief, and excited his -curiosity by showing him a pocket-compass and a watch. These -instruments struck the Indians with awe; but the savages bound -their captive to a tree, and prepared to shoot him, but he -flourished his compass in the air and the Indians were afraid -to fire.</p> - -<p>10. Smith was next taken to Orapax, a few miles from the -site of Richmond. Here he found the Indians making preparations -to attack Jamestown. They invited him to become -their leader, but he refused and managed to write a warning -letter to his countrymen. This letter, because of its mysterious -power of carrying intelligence, frightened them more than -ever. When the warriors arrived at Jamestown and found<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> -everything as Smith -had said, all thought -of attacking the colony -was given up.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig20.jpg" alt="Captain John Smith."/> -<p class="caption center">Captain John Smith.</p> -</div> - -<p>11. The Indians -now marched their -captive from village -to village. Near the -fork of York River, -at Pamunkey, Smith -was turned over to -the priests, who assembled -in their -Long House and for -three days danced -around him, sang -and yelled, to determine -by this wild -ceremony what his -fate should be. The decision was against him, and he was -condemned to death.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Pocahontas saves Smith.</b></div> - -<p>12. Smith was next taken to a town -where Powhatan lived in winter. The savage -monarch, now sixty years of age, took -his seat in the Long House. His two daughters sat near him, -and warriors and women were ranged around the hall. The -king reviewed the cause and confirmed the sentence of death. -Two large stones were brought, Smith was dragged forth -bound, and his head put into position to be crushed with a -war-club; but as the executioner raised his club, Matoaka,<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> -the eldest daughter of Powhatan, rushed between it and the -prostrate prisoner. She clasped his head in her arms and held -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>on until her father ordered Smith to be unbound. Soon it was -agreed that he should return to Jamestown.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Powhatan's tribe had a superstition that a person <i>whose real name was -unknown</i> could not be injured. They therefore told the English falsely that -Matoaka's name was <i>Pocahontas</i>.</p></div> - -<p>13. Only thirty-eight of the settlers were now alive, and -these were frost-bitten and half-starved. Their leader had -been absent for seven weeks. The old fears of the colonists -had revived, and when Smith returned he found all hands preparing -to abandon the settlement. He induced the majority -to abandon this project, but the rest, burning with resentment, -made a conspiracy to kill him.</p> - -<p>14. In these days Newport arrived from England, bringing -supplies and a hundred and twenty immigrants. But the -new-comers were gentlemen, gold-hunters, jewelers, engravers, -adventurers, and strollers. Smith was much vexed at this, for -he had urged Newport to bring over only a few industrious -mechanics and laborers.</p> - -<p>15. Soon the new-comers and some of the old settlers began -to stroll about the country digging for gold. At the mouth of -a small creek some glittering particles were found, and the -whole settlement was thrown into excitement. Soon afterwards -a company sailed up James River to find the Pacific Ocean! -Fourteen weeks were consumed in this nonsense. Even the -Indians ridiculed the madness of men who were wasting their -chances for a crop of corn.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Chesapeake Bay Explored.</b></div> - -<p>16. But Smith had formed the design -of exploring Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. -Accompanied by Dr. Russell and -thirteen others, he left Jamestown on the 2d day of June. -He steered his barge by way of Hampton Roads as far -as Smith's Island. Returning thence around Cape Charles, -he continued northward as far as the river Wicomico, then -crossed over to the Patuxent, and thence northward to the -Patapsco. Then steering southward he had the good fortune -to enter the mouth of the Potomac and continue the voyage -as far as the falls at Georgetown. He then dropped down the -river to the bay, and reached Jamestown on the 21st of July.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p> - -<p>17. After three days a second voyage was begun. The -expedition reached the head of the bay, and sailed far up the -Susquehanna. On the return, Smith explored every sound -and inlet of any note as far as the Rappahannock. This stream -he ascended to the head of navigation, and then returned -to Jamestown. He had been absent a little more than three -months, and had explored the coast of the great bay for fully -three thousand miles. Now he was come back to the colony -with a <span class="smcap">Map of the Chesapeake</span>, which he sent by Newport -to England, and which is still preserved.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Smith Elected President.</b></div> - -<p>18. Smith was now formally elected president. -Soon there was a marked change -for the better; gold-hunting ceased, and -the rest of the year was noted as a time of prosperity. In the -autumn Newport arrived with seventy additional immigrants. -The health was so good that only seven deaths occurred between -September and the following May. Every well man was -obliged to work six hours a day. New houses were built, new -fields fenced in; and through the winter the sound of ax and -hammer gave token of a prosperous and growing village.</p> - -<p>19. On the 23d day of May, 1609, King James granted to -the London Company a new charter for the government of Virginia. -The territory was extended from Cape Fear to Sandy -Hook, and westward to the Pacific Ocean. The members of the -Superior Council were now to be chosen by the stockholders -of the company, vacancies were to be filled by the councilors, -who were also to elect a governor. The new council was at -once organized, and Lord De La Ware chosen governor for -life. Five hundred emigrants were collected, and in June -a fleet of nine vessels sailed for America. Lord Delaware did -not himself accompany the expedition. In July the ships, then -in the West Indies, were scattered by a storm. One vessel was -wrecked, and another, having on board the commissioners of -Delaware, was driven ashore on one of the Bermudas; the -other seven ships came safely to Jamestown.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> - -<p>20. Captain Smith continued in authority under the old -constitution; but the colony was in an uproar. The president -was in daily peril of his life. He put some of the most rebellious -brawlers in prison, and planned two new settlements—one, -of a hundred and twenty men, at Nansemond; the other, -of the same number, at the falls of the James. Both companies -behaved badly. In a few days after their departure troubles -arose with the Indians. While attempting to quell these difficulties, -Smith was wounded, and fearing the imperfect medical -treatment which the colony afforded, he decided to return -to England. He accordingly delegated his authority to Sir -George Percy, and about the middle of September, 1609, left -the scene of his toils and sufferings, never to return.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Starving Time.</b></div> - -<p>21. A colony of four hundred and ninety -persons remained at Jamestown. The settlement -was soon brought face to face with -starvation. The Indians became hostile; stragglers were -murdered; houses were set on fire; disease returned to add -to the desolation; and cold and hunger made the winter long -remembered as <span class="smcap">The Starving Time</span>. By the last of March -only sixty persons were left alive.</p> - -<p>22. Meanwhile, Sir Thomas Gates and his companions, who -had been shipwrecked in the Bermudas, constructed two small -vessels, and came to Virginia, where a few wan, half-starved -wretches crawled out of their cabins to beg for bread! Whatever -stores the commissioners had brought with them were -distributed, and Gates assumed control of the government. -But the colonists had now determined to abandon the place -forever. In vain did the commissioners remonstrate. An -agreement was made to sail for Newfoundland, and on the -8th of June the colonists, embarking in their four boats, -dropped down the river, and Jamestown was abandoned.</p> - -<p>23. Lord Delaware was already on his way to America. -Before the escaping settlers had reached the sea, the ships of -the governor came in sight with additional immigrants, plen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>tiful -supplies, and promise of better things. The colonists -returned, and before nightfall the fires were again kindled at -Jamestown. On the next day the governor caused his commission -to be read, and entered upon the discharge of his -duties. His amiability and virtue, and the wisdom of his -administration, endeared him to all and inspired the colony -with hope.</p> - -<p>24. Lord Delaware was compelled, on account of ill-health, -to return to England. His authority was delegated to Percy, -the deputy of Captain Smith. The Superior Council had -already dispatched new stores and more emigrants, under Sir -Thomas Dale. When the vessel arrived at Jamestown, Percy -was superseded by Dale, who adopted a system of martial law -as the basis of his administration. In the latter part of August, -Sir Thomas Gates arrived with six ships, three hundred additional -immigrants, and a large quantity of stores.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Land Divided.</b></div> - -<p>25. Thus far the property of the settlers -at Jamestown had been held in common. -Now the right of holding private property -was recognized. Governor Gates had the lands divided -so that each settler should have three acres of his own; every -family might cultivate a garden and plant an orchard, the fruits -of which no one but the owner was allowed to gather. The -benefits of this system of labor were at once apparent, and the -laborers became cheerful and industrious.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2> - -<h2><span class="smcap">Charter Government.—(Continued.)</span></h2> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">IN the year 1612 the London Company obtained from the -king a third patent, by which the government was again -changed. The Superior Council was abolished, and the stockholders -were authorized to elect their own officers and to govern -the colony on their own responsibility. The new patent -was a great step toward a democratic form of government in -Virginia.</p> - -<p>2. In 1613 Captain Samuel Argall, on an expedition up -the Potomac, learned that Pocahontas was residing in that -neighborhood. He enticed the girl on board his vessel and -carried her captive to Jamestown. It was decided that Powhatan -should pay a heavy ransom for his daughter's liberation. -The king refused, and ordered his tribes to prepare for war. -Meanwhile, Pocahontas was converted to the Christian faith -and became a member of the Episcopal Church.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Marriage of Pocahontas.</b></div> - -<p>3. Soon afterwards John Rolfe, of the colony, sought the -hand of the princess in marriage. Powhatan gave his consent, -and the nuptials were celebrated in the -spring of the next year. Three years later, -Pocahontas, while visiting in England, fell -sick and died. There was left of this marriage a son, who -came to Jamestown, and to whom several families of Virginians -still trace their origin. John Randolph of Roanoke was a -descendant of Pocahontas.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig21.jpg" alt="Marriage of Pocahontas."/> -<p class="caption center">Marriage of Pocahontas.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Expedition against Acadia.</b></div> - -<p>4. Captain Argall was next sent with an armed vessel to -the coast of Maine, to protect the English fishermen, and to -destroy the colonies of France, if any should be found within -the territory claimed by England. The French authorities of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> -Acadia were building a village near the mouth of the Penobscot. -The settlement was pillaged and the houses burned. -The French colony at the mouth of the St. -Croix was attacked, and the fort cannonaded -and destroyed; the hamlet at Port -Royal was burned. By these outrages, the French settlements -in America were confined to the banks of the St. Lawrence.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Cultivation of Tobacco.</b></div> - -<p>5. In March of 1614 Sir Thomas Gates returned to England, -leaving the government with Dale. In these times the -laws of the colony were much improved, and the industry took -a better form. Hitherto the settlers had engaged in planting -vineyards and in the manufacture of soap, glass, and tar. The -managers of the company had at last learned that these articles -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> -could be produced more cheaply in Europe than in America, -while some products of the New World might be raised and -exported with great profit. The chief of these -was the tobacco-plant, the use of which had -become fashionable in Spain, England, and -France. This, then, became the leading staple of the colony, -and was even used for money. So entirely did the settlers -give themselves to the cultivation of the weed that the streets -of Jamestown were plowed up and planted with it.</p> - -<p>6. In 1617 the unprincipled Captain Argall was elected -governor. When the news of his fraudulent and violent proceedings -reached England emigration ceased, and Lord Delaware -embarked for Virginia, in the hope of restoring order. But -he died on the voyage, and Argall continued in office until 1619, -when Sir George Yeardley was appointed to succeed him.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The House of Burgesses.</b></div> - -<p>7. Martial law was now abolished. Taxes -were repealed, and the people freed from -many burdens. Governor Yeardley divided -the plantations into eleven boroughs, and ordered the citizens -of each to elect two of their number to take part in the government. -The elections were duly held, and on the 30th of July, -1619, the Virginia <span class="smcap">House of Burgesses</span> was organized—the -first popular assembly in the New World. In this body there -was freedom of debate but very little political power.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Introduction of Slavery.</b></div> - -<p>8. The year 1619 was also marked by -the introduction of slavery. The servants -at Jamestown had hitherto been English or -Germans, whose term of service had varied from a few months -to many years. No perpetual servitude had thus far been recognized. -In the month of August a Dutch man-of-war sailed up -the river to the plantations, and offered by auction twenty -Africans. They were purchased by the wealthier class of planters, -and made slaves for life.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Wives for the Colonists.</b></div> - -<p>9. There were now six hundred men in the colony, for the -most part rovers who intended to return to England. Very few -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> -families had emigrated. In this condition of affairs, Sir Thomas -Smith was superseded by Sir Edwyn Sandys, a man of prudence -and integrity. In the summer of 1620, the -new treasurer sent to America a company -of twelve hundred and sixty-one persons. -Among the number were ninety young women of good breeding -and modest manners. In the following spring, sixty others -of similar good character came over, and received a hearty -welcome.</p> - -<p>10. When Sandys sent these women to America, he charged -the colonists with the expense of the voyage, as the company -was bankrupt. An assessment was made, and the rate fixed at -a hundred and twenty pounds of tobacco for each passenger—a -sum which the settlers cheerfully paid. There were merry -marriages at Jamestown, and the social condition was much improved. -When the second shipload came, the cost of transportation -was a hundred and fifty pounds for each passenger, which -was also paid without complaint.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>A Code of Laws.</b></div> - -<p>11. In July of 1621 the London Company -gave to Virginia a code of written laws, -and in October Sir Francis Wyatt, who -had been commissioned as governor, began to administer the -new constitution. The colony was found in a flourishing condition. -The settlements extended for a hundred and forty -miles along the banks of James River, and far into the interior. -But the Indians had grown jealous of the colonists. Pocahontas -was dead. The peaceable Powhatan had likewise -passed away. Opechancanough, who succeeded him in 1618, -had long been plotting the destruction of the English, and the -time had come for the tragedy.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Indian Massacre.</b></div> - -<p>12. Until the very day of the massacre, -the Indians continued on terms of friendship -with the colonists. On the 22d of -March, at midday, the work of butchery began. Every hamlet -in Virginia was attacked. Men, women, and children were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> -indiscriminately slaughtered, until three hundred and forty-seven -had perished under the hatchets of the savages.</p> - -<p>13. But Indian treachery was thwarted by Indian faithfulness. -A converted Red man, wishing to save an Englishman -who had been his friend, went to him on the night before the -massacre and revealed the plot. The alarm was spread, and -thus the greater part of the colony escaped destruction. But -the outer plantations were entirely destroyed. The people -crowded together on the larger farms about Jamestown, until -of the eighty settlements there were only eight remaining. -Still, there were sixteen hundred brave men in the colony; and -the next year the population increased to two thousand five -hundred.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Charter Cancelled.</b></div> - -<p>14. The liberal constitution of Virginia soon -proved offensive to King James. A committee -was appointed to look into the affairs of -the London Company. The commissioners performed their -duty, and reported that the company was unsound in its principles, -that the treasury was bankrupt, and that the government -of Virginia was very bad.</p> - -<p>15. Legal proceedings were now instituted against the company, -and the judges decided that the patent was null and void. -The charter was canceled by the king, and in June of 1624 -the London Company ceased to exist. But its work had -been well done. A torch of liberty had been lighted on the -banks of the James, which all the tyranny of after times could -not extinguish.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Virginia.—The Royal Government.</span></h3> - - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Royal Governors.</b></div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">A royal government was now established -in Virginia consisting of a governor -and twelve councilors. The General -Assembly of the colony was left undisturbed, and the rights -of the colonists remained as before. Governor Wyatt was continued -in office. Charles I., the successor of King James, paid -but little attention to the affairs of his American colony until the -commerce in tobacco attracted his notice, and he then made an -unsuccessful attempt to gain a monopoly of the trade.</p> - -<p>2. In 1626 Governor Wyatt retired from office, and Yeardley, -the old friend of the colonists, was reappointed. The -young State was never more prosperous than under this administration, -which was ended with the governor's death in 1627. -During the preceding summer a thousand new immigrants had -come to swell the population of the province.</p> - -<p>3. The council of Virginia had the right, in case of an emergency, -to elect a governor. In this manner Francis West was -chosen by the councilors; but as soon as the death of Yeardley -was known in England, King Charles commissioned John -Harvey to assume the government. He arrived in the autumn -of 1629, and became a most unpopular chief magistrate. He -began his administration by taking the part of certain land -speculators against the people. The assembly of 1635 passed -a resolution that Sir John Harvey be thrust out of office, and -Captain West be appointed in his place "until the king's pleasure -may be known in this matter." But King Charles treated -the whole affair with contempt, and Harvey continued in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> -power until the year 1639, when he was superseded by Wyatt, -who ruled until the spring of 1642.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig22.jpg" alt="Life at Old Jamestown."/> -<p class="caption center">Life at Old Jamestown.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Effect of the Protectorate.</b></div> - -<p>4. About this time monarchy was abolished in England. -Oliver Cromwell was made Lord Protector of the Commonwealth, -and this government continued until Charles II., exiled -son of Charles I., was restored to the throne of England. Virginia -shared in some degree the distractions of the mother-country. -In 1642 Sir William Berkeley became -governor, and remained in office for ten -years. His administration was noted as a -time of rapid growth and development. The laws were greatly -improved. The old disputes about the lands were satisfactorily -settled. Cruel punishments were abolished, and the -taxes equalized. The general assembly was regularly convened, -and Virginia became a free and prosperous State. In 1646 -there were twenty thousand people in the colony.</p> - -<p>5. In March of 1643, a law was enacted by the assembly -declaring that no person who disbelieved the doctrines of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> -English Church should be allowed to teach, or to preach the -gospel, within the limits of Virginia. This act was the source -of much bitterness among the people. The few Puritans were -excluded from places of trust, and some were driven from their -homes. Governor Berkeley was a leader in these persecutions, -by which all friendly relations with New England were broken -off for many years.</p> - -<p>6. Next came another war with the Indians. Early in 1644, -the natives planned a general massacre. On the 18th of April -the savages fell upon the frontier settlements, and murdered -three hundred people before assistance could be brought. The -warriors then fled, but were closely followed by the English. -Opechancanough was captured, and died a prisoner. The -tribes were punished without mercy, and were soon glad to buy -a peace by the cession of large tracts of land.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Election of Governors.</b></div> - -<p>7. For a while the colonists conducted -their government as they wished. The important -matter of choosing a governor was -submitted to the House of Burgesses; when so great a power -had been once exercised, it was not likely to be relinquished. -Three governors were chosen in this way, and the <i>privilege</i> of -electing soon became a <i>right</i>. The assembly even declared -that such a right existed, and that it should not be taken away.</p> - -<p>8. In 1660 Samuel Matthews, the last of the three elected -governors, died. The Burgesses were convened and an ordinance -passed declaring that the supreme authority of Virginia -was <i>in the colony</i>, and would continue there until a delegate -should arrive from the British government. The house then -elected as governor Sir William Berkeley, who acknowledged -the right of the Burgesses to choose.</p> - -<p>9. As soon as it was known in Virginia that Charles II. had -become king, Governor Berkeley issued writs in the name of -the king for the election of a new assembly. The adherents of -the Commonwealth were thrust out of office, and royal favorites -established in their places. The Virginians soon found<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> -that they had exchanged a republican tyrant with good -principles for a monarchial tyrant with bad ones. The former -commercial system was reenacted in a worse form than ever. -The new law provided that all the colonial commerce should -be carried on in English ships; the trade of the colonies was -burdened with a heavy tax, and tobacco, the staple of Virginia, -could be sold nowhere but in England.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Effects of the Restoration.</b></div> - -<p>10. King Charles soon began to reward -the profligates who thronged his court, -by granting them large tracts of land in -Virginia. It was no uncommon thing for an American planter -to find that his farm had been given away to some flatterer -of the royal household, and finally, in 1673, the king set a -limit to his own recklessness <i>by giving away the whole province</i>. -Lord Culpepper and the Earl of Arlington received a deed by -which was granted to them for thirty-one years all the country -called Virginia.</p> - -<p>11. The colonial legislation of these times was selfish and -narrow-minded. The aristocratic party had obtained control -of the House of Burgesses. A statute was passed against the -Baptists, and the peace-loving Quakers were fined and persecuted. -Personal property was heavily taxed, while the large -estates were exempt. The salaries of the officers were secured -by a duty on tobacco, and the biennial election of Burgesses -was abolished.</p> - -<p>12. When the people were worn out with the governor's -exactions, they availed themselves of a pretext to assert their -rights by force of arms. A war with the Susquehanna Indians -furnished the occasion for an insurrection. The tribes about the -head of Chesapeake Bay fell upon the English settlers of Maryland, -and the banks of the Potomac became the scene of a border -war. Virginia and Maryland made common cause. John -Washington, great-grandfather of the first President, led a company -of militia against the Indians, and a devastating warfare -raged along the whole frontier.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p> - -<p>13. Governor Berkeley sided with the Indians; but the -colonists remembered only the acts of treachery of which the -Red men had been guilty, and thirsted for revenge. The -aristocratic party took sides with the governor and favored -a peace; while the popular party, led by young Nathaniel -Bacon, clamored for war.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Bacon's Rebellion.</b></div> - -<p>14. Five hundred men rushed to arms. -Berkeley and the aristocratic faction proclaimed -Bacon a traitor. Troops were levied -to disperse the militia: but scarcely had Berkeley and his forces -left Jamestown when another popular uprising compelled him to -return. Bacon came home victorious. The old assembly was -broken up, and a new one elected on the basis of universal suffrage. -Bacon was chosen a member, and made commander of -the Virginia army. A force was now stationed on the frontier, -and peace returned to all the settlements. But Berkeley repaired -to the county of Gloucester, where he summoned a convention -of loyalists, and Bacon was again proclaimed a traitor.</p> - -<p>15. The governor's forces were collected on the eastern shore -of the Chesapeake; the crews of some English ships were joined -to his command, and the fleet set sail for Jamestown. The -place was taken without much resistance; but when Bacon -and the patriots drew near, the loyal forces went over to his -standard. Berkeley was again obliged to fly, and the capital -was held by the people's party. It was now rumored that -an English fleet was approaching for the subjugation of the -colonies. The patriot leaders held a council, and it was decided -that Jamestown should be burned. Accordingly, in the dusk -of the evening the torch was applied, and the only town in -Virginia was laid in ashes.</p> - -<p>16. In this juncture of affairs Bacon fell sick and died, and -the patriot party was easily dispersed. A few feeble efforts -were made to revive the cause of the people, but the animating -spirit was gone. The royalists found an able captain in -Robert Beverly, and the authority of the governor was rapidly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> -restored. Berkeley's vindictive passions were now let loose -upon the defeated insurgents. Twenty-two of the leading patriots -were seized and hanged with scarcely time to bid their friends -farewell. Nor is it certain when the executions would have -ended had not the assembly met and passed an act that no -more blood should be spilled for past offenses.</p> - -<p>17. The consequences of the rebellion were very disastrous. -Berkeley and the aristocratic party had now a good excuse for -suppressing all liberal principles. The printing-press was interdicted. -Education was forbidden. To speak or to write any -thing against the administration or in defense of the late insurrection, -was made a crime to be punished by fine or whipping. -If the offense should be three times repeated, it was declared -to be treason punishable with death. The former methods of -taxation were revived, and Virginia was left at the mercy of -arbitrary rulers.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Proprietary Government.</b></div> - -<p>18. In 1675 Lord Culpepper, to whom, -with Arlington, the province had been -granted, obtained the appointment of governor -for life, and Virginia became a proprietary government. -The new magistrate arrived in 1680 and assumed the duties of -his office. His administration was characterized by avarice -and dishonesty. Regarding Virginia as his personal estate, he -treated the Virginians as his tenants and slaves.</p> - -<p>19. In 1683, Arlington surrendered his claim to Culpepper, -who thus became sole proprietor as well as governor. Charles -II., however, soon found in Culpepper's vices and frauds a -sufficient excuse to remove him from office and to revoke his -patent. In 1684 Virginia again became a royal province, -under the government of Lord Howard, of Effingham. The -affairs of the colony during the next fifty years are not of sufficient -interest and importance to require extended notice. -When the French and Indian War shall come, Virginia will -show to the world that the labors of Smith and Gosnold and -Bacon were not in vain.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Massachusetts.—Settlement and Union.</span></h3> - - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Early Struggles.</b></div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE spring of 1621 brought hope to -the Pilgrims of New Plymouth. The -winter had swept off half the number. -The governor himself sickened and died. Now, with the approach -of warm weather, the pestilence was checked, the survivors -revived with the season, -and the Puritans came forth -triumphant.</p> - -<p>2. In February Miles Standish -was sent out with his soldiers -to gather information concerning -the natives. The army of New -England consisted of six men -besides the general. Deserted -wigwams were found; the smoke -of camp-fires arose in the distance; -savages were occasionally -seen in the forest. These -fled at the approach of the -English, and Standish returned -to Plymouth.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig23.jpg" alt="A Puritan."/> -<p class="caption center">A Puritan.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Relations with the Indians.</b></div> -<p>3. A month later a Wampanoag -Indian, named Samoset, -ran into the village and bade -the strangers welcome; friendly -relations were soon established with the Wampanoags. Massasoit, -the sachem of the nation, was invited to visit Plymouth. -The Pilgrims received him with much ceremony, and then and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> -there was ratified the first treaty made in New England. This -treaty remained inviolate for fifty years. Other chiefs followed -the example of Massasoit. Nine of the -tribes acknowledged the English king. One -chief sent to William Bradford, who succeeded -Governor Carver, a bundle of arrows wrapped in the -skin of a rattlesnake; but the governor stuffed the skin with -powder and balls and sent it back to the chief, who did not -dare to accept the challenge.</p> - -<p>4. The summer was unfruitful, and the Pilgrims were brought -to the point of starvation. New immigrants, without provisions -or stores, arrived, and were quartered on the colonists -during the winter. For six months the settlers were obliged -to subsist on half allowance. At one time only a few grains of -corn remained to be distributed, and at another there was absolute -want. Then some English fishing-vessels came to Plymouth -and charged the colonists two prices for food enough to -keep them alive. The new immigrants remained at Plymouth -until the summer of 1622, then removed to the south side of -Boston harbor and founded Weymouth.</p> - -<p>5. The summer of 1623 brought a plentiful harvest, and -there was no longer any danger of starvation. The natives -became dependent on the settlement for corn, and brought in -an abundance of game. At the end of the fourth year, there -were a hundred and eighty persons in New England. The -managers, who had expended thirty-four thousand dollars -on the enterprise, were discouraged, and proposed to sell out -their claims to the colonists. The offer was accepted; and, in -November of 1627, eight of the leading men of Plymouth -purchased from the Londoners their entire interest for nine -thousand dollars.</p> - -<p>6. Before this transfer, the colony had been much vexed by -the attempt to set over them a minister of the English Church. -They had come to the New World to avoid this very thing. -There was dissension for a while. The English managers with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>held -support; the stores of the colonists were sold to them at -three prices; and they were obliged to borrow money at sixty -per cent. But the Pilgrims would not yield, and the conflict -ended with the purchase of the proprietors' rights in the colony.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Government of the Colonies.</b></div> - -<p>7. In 1624 a settlement was made at -Cape Ann, but after two years the cape -was abandoned; the company moved farther -south and founded Salem. In 1628 a second colony arrived -in charge of John Endicott, who was chosen governor. In -1629 Charles I. issued a -charter by which the colonists -were incorporated -under the name of <span class="smcap">The -Governor and Company -of Massachusetts -Bay in New England</span>. -In July two hundred -immigrants arrived, -half of -whom settled -at Plymouth, -while the other -half removed -to the north -side of Boston -harbor -and founded -Charlestown.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig24.jpg" alt="Early Settlements in Eastern Massachusetts."/> -<p class="caption center">Early Settlements in Eastern Massachusetts.</p> -</div> - -<p>8. In September, -1629, -it was decreed that the government of the colony should be -transferred from England to America, and that the charter -should be intrusted to the colonists themselves. Emigration -then began on an extensive scale. In the year 1630 about -three hundred of the best Puritan families came to New<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> -England. They were virtuous, well-educated, courageous men -and women, who left comfortable homes with no expectation of -returning. It was their good fortune to choose a noble leader.</p> - -<p>9. The name of John Winthrop, governor of Massachusetts, -is worthy of lasting remembrance. Born a royalist, he cherished -the principles of republicanism. Surrounded with affluence -and comfort, he left all to share the destiny of the -Pilgrims. Calm, prudent, and peaceful, he joined the zeal of -an enthusiast with the faith of a martyr. A part of the new -immigrants settled at Salem; others at Cambridge and Watertown, -on Charles River; while others founded Roxbury and -Dorchester. The governor resided for a while at Charlestown, -but soon crossed over to the peninsula of Shawmut and -founded <span class="smcap">Boston</span>, which became henceforth the capital of the -colony.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Religious Intolerance.</b></div> - -<p>10. In 1631 a law was passed restricting -the right of suffrage. It was enacted -that none but church members should be -permitted to vote at the elections. Nearly three fourths of -the people were thus excluded from exercising the rights of -freemen. Taxes were levied for the support of the gospel; -attendance on public worship was enforced by law; none but -members of the church were eligible to office. The very men -who had so recently escaped with only their lives to find -religious freedom in another continent, began their career in -the New World with intolerance.</p> - -<p>11. Young <span class="smcap">Roger Williams</span>, minister of Salem, cried out -against these laws. For this he was obliged to quit the ministry -of the church at Salem and retire to Plymouth. Finally, -in 1634, he wrote a paper in which he declared that grants of -land, though given by the king of England, were invalid until -the natives were justly paid. When arraigned for these teachings, -he told the court that a test of church-membership in a -voter was as ridiculous as the selection of a doctor on account -of his skill in theology.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Roger Williams Banished.</b></div> - -<p>12. After a trial, Williams was condemned -for heresy and banished. In mid-winter -he left home and became an exile in -the forest. For fourteen weeks he wandered through the -snow, sleeping on the ground or in a hollow tree, living on -parched corn and acorns. He carried with him a private letter -from the good Governor Winthrop, and the Indians showed -him kindness. Wandering from place to place, in June of -1636 he became the founder of Rhode Island by laying out -the city of <span class="smcap">Providence</span>.</p> - -<p>13. In 1634 a representative form of government was established -in Massachusetts. The restriction on the right of suffrage -was the only remaining bar to free government in New -England. During the next year three thousand new immigrants -arrived. It was worth while to come to a country where -the principles of freedom were recognized.</p> - -<p>14. New settlements were now formed at a distance from -the bay. One company of twelve families marched through -the woods to some open meadows sixteen miles from Boston, -and there founded Concord. Another colony of sixty persons -pressed their way westward to the Connecticut River, -and became the founders of Windsor, <span class="smcap">Hartford</span>, and -Wethersfield.</p> - -<p>15. The banishment of Roger Williams created strife among -the people of Massachusetts. The ministers were stern and -exacting. Still, the advocates of free opinion multiplied. The -clergy, notwithstanding their great influence, felt insecure. -Religious debates became the order of the day. Every sermon -was reviewed and criticised.</p> - -<p>16. Prominent among those who were accused of heresy was -Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, who desired the privilege of speaking -at the weekly debates, and was refused. Indignant at this, -she became the champion of her sex, and declared that the -ministers were no better than Pharisees. She called meetings -of her friends, and pleaded with fervor for the freedom of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> -conscience. The doctrines of Williams were reaffirmed with -more power and eloquence than ever.</p> - -<p>17. The synod of New England convened in August of -1637, and Mrs. Hutchinson and her friends were banished -from Massachusetts. A large number of the exiles wended -their way toward the home of Roger Williams. Miantonomah, -a Narragansett chieftain, made them a gift of the island of -Rhode Island; there, in 1641, a little republic was established, -in which persecution, for opinion's sake, was forbidden.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Harvard College Founded.</b></div> - -<p>18. In 1636 the general court of the colony -passed an act appropriating between -one and two thousand dollars to found a -college. Newtown was selected as the site of the proposed -school. Plymouth and Salem gave gifts to help the enterprise; -and from villages in the Connecticut valley came contributions -of corn and wampum. In 1638 John Harvard, a minister of -Charlestown, died, bequeathing his library and nearly five -thousand dollars to the school. To perpetuate his memory, -the new institution was named <span class="smcap">Harvard College</span>. At the -same time the name of Newtown was changed to Cambridge.</p> - -<p>19. The <span class="smcap">PRINTING-PRESS</span> came also. In 1638 Stephen -Daye, an English printer, arrived at Boston, and in the following -year set up a press at Cambridge. The first American -publication was an almanac for New England, bearing date of -1639. During the next year, Thomas Welde and John Eliot, -two ministers of Roxbury, and Richard Mather, of Dorchester, -translated the Hebrew Psalms into English verse. This was -the first book printed in America.</p> - -<p>20. New England was fast becoming a nation. Well-nigh -fifty villages dotted the face of the country. Enterprises of all -kinds were rife. Manufactures, commerce, and the arts were -introduced. William Stephens, a shipbuilder of Boston, had -already built and launched an American vessel of four hundred -tons burden. Twenty-one thousand two hundred people had -found a home between Plymouth Rock and the Connecticut.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Union of the Colonies.</b></div> - -<p>21. Circumstances suggested a union of -the colonies. The western frontier was exposed -to the hostilities of the Dutch on -the Hudson. Similar trouble was apprehended from the French -on the north. Indian tribes capable of mustering a thousand -warriors were likely at any hour to fall upon the helpless villages. -Common interests made a union indispensable.</p> - -<p>22. The first effort to consolidate the colonies was ineffectual. -But in 1643, a plan of union was adopted, by which -Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven were -joined in a confederacy, called <span class="smcap">The United Colonies of New -England</span>. The chief authority was conferred upon an assembly -composed of two representatives from each colony. These -delegates were chosen annually at an election where all the -freemen voted by ballot. There was no president other than -the speaker of the assembly. Provision was made for the -admission of other colonies into the union, but none were ever -admitted.</p> - -<p>23. At a meeting of the assembly in December, 1641, Nathaniel -Ward brought forward a written instrument, which was -adopted as the constitution of the State. This statute was called -the <span class="smcap">Body of Liberties</span>, and was ever afterward esteemed as -the great charter of colonial freedom.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Persecution of the Quakers.</b></div> - -<p>24. In July of 1656 the <span class="smcap">Quakers</span> began -to arrive at Boston. The first who came -were Ann Austin and Mary Fisher. They -were caught and searched for marks of witchcraft, and then -thrown into prison. After several weeks' confinement they -were brought forth and banished. Before the end of the year, -eight others were arrested and sent back to England. A law -was passed that Quakers who persisted in coming to Massachusetts -should have their ears cut off and their tongues bored -through with a red-hot iron. In 1657 the assembly of the -four colonies convened, and the penalty of death was passed -against the Quakers as disturbers of the public peace.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Trade Restrictions.</b></div> - -<p>25. The English Revolution had now run its course. Cromwell -was dead. Tidings of the restoration of Charles II. -reached Boston on the 27th of July, 1660. On the reestablishment -of the English monarchy, a law was -passed by which all vessels not bearing the -English flag were forbidden to trade in New -England. Articles produced in the colonies and demanded -in England should be shipped to England only. The products -of England should not be manufactured in America, and should -be bought from England only; and a duty of five per cent. was -put on both exports and imports. This was the beginning of -those measures which produced the <span class="smcap">American Revolution</span>.</p> - -<p>26. In 1664 war broke out between England and Holland. -It became a part of the English plans to conquer the Dutch -settlements on the Hudson. Charles II. was also anxious to -obtain control of all the New England colonies. He therefore -appointed four commissioners to settle colonial disputes, and to -exercise authority in the name of the king. The real object -was to get possession of the charter of Massachusetts. In July, -1664, the royal judges arrived at Boston. They were rejected -in all the colonies except Rhode Island. Meanwhile, the -English monarch, learning how his judges had been received, -recalled them, and they left the country. For ten years after -this event the colony was very prosperous.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig25.jpg" alt="Harvard College in 1770."/> -<p class="caption center">Harvard College in 1770.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Massachusetts.—War and Witchcraft.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE old king Massasoit died in 1662. His son, Alexander, -now became chief of the nation, but died within the year; -and the chieftainship descended to the younger brother, <span class="smcap">Philip -of Mount Hope</span>. It was the fate of this brave man to lead -his people in a final struggle against the whites. Causes of war -already existed, and the time had come for the conflict.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>King Philip's War.</b></div> - -<p>2. The natives of New England had sold -their lands. The English were the purchasers; -the chiefs had signed the deeds; the price -had been fairly paid. There were at this time in the country east -of the Hudson about twenty-five thousand Indians and fifty -thousand English. The young warriors could not understand -the validity of land-titles. They sighed for the freedom of their -fathers' hunting-grounds. The Wampanoags had nothing left -but the peninsulas of Bristol and Tiverton. There were personal -grievances also. King Alexander had been arrested, tried -by an English jury, and imprisoned. He had caught his death-fever -in a Boston jail. On the 24th of June, 1675, the village -of Swanzey was attacked, and eight Englishmen were killed.</p> - -<p>3. Within a week the militia of Plymouth, joined by volunteers -from Boston, entered the enemy's country. A few Indians -were overtaken and killed. The troops marched into the peninsula -of Bristol, and compelled Philip to fly for his life. A -general Indian war broke out. The hatred of the savages was -easily kindled into hostility. For a whole year the settlements -on the frontier became a scene of burning and massacre.</p> - -<p>4. King Canonchet of the Narragansetts first made a treaty -of peace with the English, but later violated it and chose to -share the fate of Philip. But after much desperate fighting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> -and heavy losses on both sides, the resources of the savages -were exhausted and their numbers daily grew less. In April, -1676, Canonchet was captured on the banks of the Blackstone. -Refusing to make a treaty, the haughty chieftain was put to -death. Philip's company had dwindled to a handful. His -wife and son were made prisoners; the latter was sold as a -slave, and ended his life in the Bermudas. The savage monarch -cared no longer to live. A company of soldiers surrounded -him near his old home at Mount Hope. A treacherous Indian -took a deadly aim at the breast of his chieftain. The report -of a musket rang through the woods, and the king of the Wampanoags -sprang forward and fell dead.</p> - -<p>5. New England suffered terribly in this war. The losses -of the war amounted to five hundred thousand dollars. Thirteen -towns and six hundred dwellings lay in ashes. Six hundred -men had fallen in the field. Gray-haired sire, mother -and babe had sunk together under the blow of the Red man's -tomahawk. Now there was peace again. The Indian race -had been swept out of New England. The tribes beyond the -Connecticut came and pleaded for their lives. The colonists -returned to their farms and villages, to build new homes in the -ashes of old ruins.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Province of Maine.</b></div> - -<p>6. The next trouble was concerning the -province of Maine. Sir Ferdinand Gorges, -the old proprietor, was now dead; but -his heirs still claimed the territory. The people of Maine had -put themselves under the authority of Massachusetts; but the -heirs of Gorges carried the matter before the English council, -and in 1677 a decision was given in their favor. The Boston -government then made a proposition to the Gorges family to -purchase their claims; this was accepted, and for the sum of -twelve hundred and fifty pounds the province was transferred -to Massachusetts.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Province of New Hampshire.</b></div> - -<p>7. A similar difficulty arose in regard to New Hampshire. -As early as 1622 the Plymouth council had granted this territory -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> -to Ferdinand Gorges and Captain John Mason. Seven -years afterward Gorges surrendered his claim to Mason, who -thus became sole proprietor. But this territory -was also covered by the charter of -Massachusetts. Mason died, and in 1679 his -son Robert came forward and claimed the province. This -cause was also taken before the ministers, who decided that -the title of the younger Mason was valid. To the great disappointment -of the people of both provinces the two governments -were separated. A royal government, the first in New -England, was now established over New Hampshire, and -Edward Cranfield became Governor.</p> - -<p>8. But the people refused to recognize Cranfield's authority. -The king attributed this conduct to the influence of Massachusetts, -and directed his judges to make an inquiry as to -whether Massachusetts had not forfeited her charter. In -1684 the royal court gave a decision in accordance with the -monarch's wishes. But before the charter could be revoked, -Charles II. fell sick and died.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Royal Governor of New England.</b></div> - -<p>9. The new king, James II., adopted his -brother's policy, and in 1686 the scheme -so long entertained was carried out. The -charter of Massachusetts was formally revoked; all the -colonies between Nova Scotia and Narragansett Bay were -consolidated, and Sir Edmund Andros was appointed royal -governor of New England.</p> - -<p>10. His despotism was quickly extended from Cape Cod -Bay to the Piscataqua. The civil rights of New Hampshire -were overthrown. In May of 1686, the charter of Rhode -Island was taken away and her constitution subverted. The -seal was broken, and a royal council appointed to conduct the -government. Andros next proceeded to Connecticut. Arriving -at Hartford in October of 1687, he found the assembly -in session, and demanded the surrender of the charter. The -instrument was brought in and laid upon the table. A debate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> -ensued, and continued until evening. When it was about to -be decided that the charter should be given up, the lamps -were dashed out. Other lights were brought in; but the -charter had disappeared. Joseph Wadsworth, snatching up -the parchment, bore it off through the darkness and concealed -it in a hollow tree, ever afterwards remembered as <span class="smcap">The -Charter Oak</span>. But the assembly was overawed, and the -authority of Andros established throughout the country.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig26.jpg" alt="Andros demanding the Charter of Connecticut."/> -<p class="caption center">Andros demanding the Charter of Connecticut.</p> -</div> - -<p>11. His dominion ended suddenly. The English Revolution -of 1688 was at hand. James II. was driven from his -throne; the system of arbitrary rule which he had established -fell with a crash, and Andros with the rest. The news of the -accession of William and Mary reached Boston on the 4th of -April, 1689. On the 18th of the month, the citizens of Boston -rose in rebellion. Andros was seized and marched to prison.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> -The insurrection spread; and before the 10th of May, New -England had regained her liberties.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>King William's War.</b></div> - -<p>12. In 1689 war was declared between -France and England. This conflict is known -in American history as <span class="smcap">King William's -War</span>. When James II. escaped from his kingdom, he took -refuge at the court of Louis XIV. of France. The two monarchs -were Catholics, and on this account an alliance was -made between them. Louis agreed to support James in his -effort to recover the English throne. Parliament, meanwhile, -had conferred the crown on King William. Thus the new -sovereign was brought into conflict with the exiled James and -his ally, the king of France. The war which thus originated -in Europe soon extended to the French and English colonies -in America.</p> - -<p>13. The struggle began on the frontier of New Hampshire -in June, 1689. Later in the same year, the English and the -Mohawks entered into an alliance, but the latter refused to -make war upon their countrymen of Maine. The Dutch settlements -of New Netherland made common cause with the English -against the French.</p> - -<p>14. New England at length became thoroughly aroused. -To provide the means of war, a congress was convened at New -York. Here it was resolved to attempt the conquest of Canada. -At the same time, Massachusetts was to cooperate by sending -a fleet up the St. Lawrence against Quebec. Thirty-four -vessels, carrying two thousand troops, were fitted out, and the -command given to Sir William Phipps. Proceeding first against -Port Royal, he compelled a surrender; the whole of Nova -Scotia submitted without a struggle. The expedition was foolishly -delayed until October; and an Indian carried the news -to the governor of Canada. When the fleet came in sight of -the town, the castle was so well garrisoned as to bid defiance -to the English; and it only remained for Phipps to sail back to -Boston. To meet the expenses of this expedition, Massachu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>setts -issued bills of credit which were made a legal tender. -Such was the origin of <span class="smcap">PAPER MONEY</span> in America.</p> - -<p>15. Meanwhile, the land forces had proceeded from Albany -to Lake Champlain. Here dissensions arose among the commanders, -and the expedition had to be abandoned. The war -continued nearly five years longer, but with only here and there -a marked event.</p> - -<p>16. Early in 1697, commissioners of France and England -assembled at the town of Ryswick, in Holland; and, on the -10th of the following September, a treaty of peace was concluded. -King William was acknowledged as the rightful -sovereign of England, the colonial boundary-lines of the two -nations in America were established as before, and King -William's war was at an end.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Salem Witchcraft.</b></div> - -<p>17. The darkest page in the history of -New England is that which records the -<span class="smcap">Salem Witchcraft</span>. In February of 1692, -in that part of Salem afterwards called Danvers, a daughter -and a niece of Samuel Parris, the minister, were attacked with -a nervous disorder which rendered them partially insane. Parris -pretended to believe the girls were bewitched, and that an -Indian maid-servant was the author of the affliction. He -accordingly tied the ignorant creature and whipped her until -she confessed herself a witch. Here, perhaps, the matter -would have ended had not other causes existed for the spread -of the delusion.</p> - -<p>18. But Parris had a quarrel in his church. A part of -the congregation disbelieved in witchcraft, while Parris and -the rest thought such disbelief the height of wickedness. The -celebrated Cotton Mather, minister of Boston, had recently -preached much on the subject of witchcraft, teaching that witches -were dangerous and ought to be put to death. Sir William -Phipps, the royal governor, was a member of Mather's church.</p> - -<p>19. By the laws of England and of Massachusetts, witchcraft -was punishable with death. In the early history of the colony,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> -one person charged with being a wizard had been arrested at -Charlestown, convicted and executed. But many people had -now grown bold enough to denounce the baleful superstition; -and something had to be done to save witchcraft from falling -into contempt. A special court was accordingly appointed by -Phipps to go to Salem and judge the persons accused.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig27.jpg" alt="A Suspected Witch."/> -<p class="caption center">A Suspected Witch.</p> -</div> - -<p>20. On the 21st of March the proceedings began. Mary -Cory was arrested, brought before the court, convicted, and -hurried to prison. Sarah Cloyce and Rebecca Nurse, two innocent -sisters, were next apprehended as witches. The only -witnesses against them were the foolish Indian woman and -the niece of Parris. The victims were sent to prison, protesting -their innocence. And so the work went on, until seventy-five -innocent people were locked up in dungeons. In -hope of saving their lives, some of the prisoners confessed -themselves witches. It was soon found that those were to be -put to death who denied the reality of witchcraft. Five women -were hanged in one day.</p> - -<p>21. Between June and September, twenty victims were hurried -to their doom. Fifty-five others were tortured into the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> -confession of falsehoods. A hundred and fifty lay in prison -awaiting their fate. Two hundred were accused or suspected, -and ruin seemed to impend over New England. But a reaction -at last set in among the people. The court which Phipps had -appointed to sit at Salem was dismissed. The prisons were -opened, and the victims of superstition went forth free. In the -beginning of the next year, a few persons were arrested and tried -for witchcraft. Some were even convicted; but not another -life was sacrificed.</p> - -<p>22. Most of those who participated in these terrible scenes -confessed the wrong which they had done; but confessions -could not restore the dead. Mather, in a vain attempt to justify -himself, wrote a book in which he expressed his thankfulness -<i>that so many witches had met their just doom</i>; and the -hypocritical pamphlet received the approbation of the president -of Harvard College.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Queen Anne's War.</b></div> - -<p>23. In less than four years after the -treaty of Ryswick, France and England -were again involved in a war which soon -extended to the American colonies. In the year 1700 Charles -II., king of Spain, died, having named as his successor Philip -of Anjou, a grandson of Louis XIV. This measure pointed to -a union of the crowns of France and Spain. The jealousy of -England, Holland, and Austria was aroused; the archduke -Charles, of the latter country, was put forward as a candidate -for the Spanish throne; and war was declared against Louis -XIV. for supporting Philip.</p> - -<p>24. In 1701 James II., the exiled king of Great Britain, died -at the court of Louis, who now recognized the son of James as -sovereign of England. This action was regarded as an insult -to English nationality. King William prepared for war, but -did not live to carry out his plans. In May of 1702 he died, -leaving the crown to his sister-in-law, Anne, daughter of James -II. From the fact of her sovereignty, the conflict with France -is known in American history as <span class="smcap">Queen Anne's War</span>; but a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> -better name is the War of the Spanish Succession. This continued -feebly through eleven years, and with many of the horrors -incident to Indian warfare, as the Indians were leagued -with the French against the English.</p> - -<p>25. On the 11th of April, 1713, a treaty was concluded at -Utrecht, a town of Holland. By it England obtained control -of the fisheries of Newfoundland. Labrador, the Bay of Hudson, -and Nova Scotia, were ceded to Great Britain. On the -13th of July a second treaty was concluded with the Indians, -by which peace was secured throughout the colonies.</p> - -<p>26. In the times that followed Queen Anne's war, the people -were greatly dissatisfied with the royal governors. The opposition -to those officers took the form of a controversy about -their salaries. The royal commissions gave to each officer a -fixed salary, which was frequently out of proportion to the -services required. The difficulty was finally adjusted by an -agreement that the salaries should be allowed annually, and -the amount fixed by vote of the assembly.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>King George's War.</b></div> - -<p>27. On the death of Charles VI. of -Austria, in 1740, there were two claimants -to the crown of the empire—Maria -Theresa, daughter of the late emperor, and Charles Albert of -Bavaria. Each claimant had his party and his army; war -followed; and nearly all the nations of Europe were swept into -the conflict. England and France were arrayed against each -other. The contest that ensued is generally known as the War -of the Austrian Succession, but in American history is called -<span class="smcap">King George's War</span>, for George II. was now king of -England. In America the only important event of the war -was the capture of Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island.</p> - -<p>28. In 1748 a treaty of peace was concluded at Aix-la-Chapelle, -a town of western Germany. Nothing was gained -but a restoration of conquests. Not a single boundary line -was settled by the treaty. The real war between France and -England for supremacy in the West was yet to be fought.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Character of the Puritans.</b></div> - -<p>29. The history of Massachusetts has now -been traced through a period of one hundred -and thirty years. A few words on <span class="smcap">the -Character of the Puritans</span> may be added. They were a -vigorous and hardy people, firm-set in the principles of honesty -and virtue. They were sober, industrious, frugal; resolute, -zealous, and steadfast. They esteemed truth more than riches. -Loving home and native land, they left both for the sake of -freedom; and finding freedom, they cherished it with the devotion -of martyrs. Despised and hated, they rose above their -revilers. In the school of evil fortune they gained the discipline -of patience. They were the children of adversity and the fathers -of renown.</p> - -<p>30. The gaze of the Puritan was turned ever to posterity. -He believed in the future. For his children he toiled and -sacrificed. The system of free schools is the monument of his -love. The printing-press is his memorial. Almshouses and -asylums are the tokens of his care for the unfortunate. He -was the earliest champion of civil rights, and the builder of -<span class="smcap">the Union</span>.</p> - -<p>31. In matters of religion, the fathers of New England were -sometimes intolerant and superstitious. Their religious faith -was gloomy. Human life was deemed a sad, a miserable -journey. To be mistaken was to sin. To fail in trifling ceremonies -was reckoned a crime. In the shadow of such belief -the people became austere and melancholy. They set up a -cold and severe form of worship. Dissenters themselves, they -could not tolerate the dissent of others. To punish error seemed -to the Pilgrims right and necessary. But Puritanism contained -within itself the power to correct its own abuses. The -evils of the system may well be forgotten in the glory of its -achievements. Without the Puritans, America would have been -a delusion and liberty only a name.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">New York.—Settlement and Administration of -Stuyvesant.</span></h3> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig28.jpg" alt="New Amsterdam."/> -<p class="caption center">New Amsterdam.</p> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE settlement of New Amsterdam resulted from the -voyages of the brave Sir Henry Hudson. For ten years -after its founding, the colony was governed by the directors of -the Dutch East India Company. In 1621 the Dutch West -India Company was organized, and Manhattan Island, with -its cluster of huts, passed at once under the control of the new -corporation.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Dutch Settlements.</b></div> - -<p>2. In April, 1623, the ship <i>New Netherland</i>, -with thirty families on board, arrived -at New Amsterdam. The colonists, called -<span class="smcap">Walloons</span>, were Dutch Protestant refugees. Cornelius May -was the leader of the company. Most of the new immigrants -settled with their friends on Manhattan; but the captain, with -a party of fifty, made explorations as far as Delaware Bay.</p> - -<p>3. In May the island, containing more than twenty thousand -acres, was purchased from the natives <i>for twenty-four dollars</i>. -A block-house was built and surrounded with a palisade. New -Amsterdam was already a town of thirty houses. The Dutch -of New Amsterdam and the Pilgrims of New Plymouth were -early and fast friends.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Patroons.</b></div> - -<p>4. In 1628 the population of Manhattan -numbered two hundred and seventy. The -settlers engaged in the fur-trade. In 1629 the West India -Company framed a <span class="smcap">Charter of Privileges</span>, under which -a class of proprietors, called patroons, were authorized to colonize -the country. The conditions were that each patroon -should purchase his lands of the Indians; and that he should -establish a colony of not less than fifty persons. Five estates -were immediately laid out. Three of them were on the -Hudson; the fourth, on Staten Island; and the fifth, in the -southern half of Delaware.</p> - -<p>5. In April of 1633 Wouter van Twiller became Governor. -Three months previously the Dutch erected a block-house at -Hartford. In October an armed vessel from Plymouth sailed -up the Connecticut, and defied the Dutch commander. The -English proceeded up stream to the mouth of the Farmington, -where they built Fort Windsor. Two years later, by the -building of Saybrook, at the mouth of the Connecticut, they -obtained control of the river above and below the Dutch fort.</p> - -<p>6. In 1626 Gustavus Adolphus, the Protestant king of Sweden, -formed the design of establishing settlements in America. But -before his plans could be carried into effect, he was killed in -battle. In 1632, the Swedish minister took up the work which -his master had left unfinished; and, after four years, the enterprise -was brought to a successful issue.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>New Sweden.</b></div> - -<p>7. Late in 1637 a company of Swedes -and Finns left the harbor of Stockholm, -and in the following February arrived in -Delaware Bay. The name of <span class="smcap">New Sweden</span> was given to the -territory. On the left bank of a small tributary of the Brandywine, -a spot was chosen for the settlement. The immigrants -soon provided themselves with houses. The creek and the -fort were both named Christiana, in honor of the maiden queen -of Sweden. In a short time the banks of the bay and river -were dotted with pleasant hamlets.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p> - -<p>8. The authorities of New Amsterdam were jealous of the -Swedish colony. Sir William Kieft, who had succeeded Van -Twiller, warned the settlers of their intrusion on Dutch territory. -But the Swedes went on enlarging their borders.</p> - -<p>9. In 1640 New Netherland became involved in a war with -the Indians. New Amsterdam was soon put in a state of defense, -and a company of militia was sent against the savages. -On both sides the war degenerated into treachery and murder. -Through the mediation of Roger Williams a truce was obtained, -but was immediately broken.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>War with the Indians.</b></div> - -<p>10. Soon a party of Mohawks came down -the river to enforce their supremacy over the -Algonquins in the vicinity of New Amsterdam. -The latter begged assistance of the Dutch. Kieft now -saw an opportunity for wholesale destruction. A company of -soldiers set out from Manhattan, and discovered the camp -of the Algonquins. The -place was surrounded by -night, and nearly a hundred -of the poor wretches were -killed by those to whom -they had appealed for help. -When it was known among -the tribes that the Dutch, -and not the Mohawks, were -the authors of this outrage, -the war was renewed with -fury.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig29.jpg" alt="Peter Stuyvesant."/> -<p class="caption center">Peter Stuyvesant.</p> -</div> - -<p>11. In 1643 Captain John -Underhill, of Massachusetts, -was appointed to command -the Dutch forces. He first -invaded New Jersey, and brought the Delawares into subjection. -A decisive battle was fought on Long Island; and at -Greenwich, in western Connecticut, the power of the Indians<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> -was finally broken. On the 30th of August, 1645, a treaty was -concluded at Fort Amsterdam.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Governor Stuyvesant.</b></div> - -<p>12. In 1647 the West India Company revoked Governor -Kieft's commission, and appointed Peter Stuyvesant to succeed -him. Kieft embarked for Europe, but perished during -the voyage. Peter Stuyvesant entered upon -his duties on the 11th of May, 1647, and continued -in office for seventeen years. His first -care was to conciliate the Indians. So intimate and cordial -became the relations between the natives and the Dutch, that -they were suspected of making common cause against the -English. Massachusetts was alarmed lest such an alliance -should be formed. But the policy of Stuyvesant was based on -nobler principles.</p> - -<p>13. Until now the West India Company had exclusive -control of the commerce of New Netherland. In 1648 this -monopoly was abolished, and regular export duties were substituted. -The benefit of the change was soon apparent in the -improvement of the Dutch province.</p> - -<p>14. In a letter written to Stuyvesant by the secretary of the -company, the prediction was made that the commerce of New -Amsterdam would cover every ocean, and the ships of all -nations crowd into her harbor. But for many years the growth -of the city was slow. The better parts of Manhattan Island -were still divided among the farmers. Central Park was a -forest of oaks and chestnuts.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Boundary of New Netherland.</b></div> - -<p>15. In 1650 the boundary was fixed between -New England and New Netherland. -The line extended across Long Island north -and south, passing through Oyster Bay, and thence to Greenwich, -on the other side of the Sound. From this point northward -the dividing line was nearly identical with the present -boundary of Connecticut on the west. This treaty was ratified -by the colonies, by the West India Company, and by the -States-General of Holland.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Conquest of New Sweden.</b></div> - -<p>16. Stuyvesant now determined to subdue the colony of -New Sweden. In 1651 an armament left New Amsterdam -for the Delaware, and made an unsuccessful expedition. In -September of 1655 the old governor again -sailed against New Sweden. Before the 25th -of the month every fort belonging to the Swedes -had been forced to surrender. Honorable terms were granted -to all, and in a few days the authority of New Netherland was -established. The little State of New Sweden had ceased to exist.</p> - -<p>17. While Stuyvesant was absent on his expedition against -the Swedes, the Algonquins rose in rebellion. In a fleet of -sixty-four canoes, they appeared before New Amsterdam, yelling -and discharging arrows, then they went on shore and began -to burn and murder. The return of the Dutch from Delaware -induced the chiefs to sue for peace, which Stuyvesant granted -on better terms than the Indians deserved.</p> - -<p>18. In 1663 the town of Kingston was attacked and destroyed -by the Indians. Sixty-five of the inhabitants were -tomahawked or carried into captivity. To punish this outrage -a strong force was sent from New Amsterdam. The Indians -fled to the woods; but the Dutch soldiers pursued them to -their villages, burned their wigwams, and killed every warrior -who could be overtaken. In May of 1664 a treaty of peace -was concluded.</p> - -<p>19. Governor Stuyvesant had great difficulty in defending -his province against the claims of other nations. Discord at -home added to his embarrassments. For many years the -Dutch had witnessed the growth and prosperity of the English -colonies. Boston had outgrown New Amsterdam. The -schools of Massachusetts and Connecticut flourished; the -academy on Manhattan, after a sickly career of two years, was -discontinued. In New Netherland heavy taxes were levied -for the support of the poor; New England had no poor. The -Dutch attributed their own want of thrift to the mismanagement -of the West India Company.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The English Conquest.</b></div> - -<p>20. On the 12th of March, 1664, the -duke of York received from Charles II. a -patent for the whole country between the -Connecticut and the Delaware. The duke made haste to secure -his territory. An English squadron was immediately sent to -America. On the 28th of August the fleet anchored before -New Amsterdam. Governor Stuyvesant convened the Dutch -council, and exhorted them to rouse to action and fight. Some -one replied that the West India Company <i>was not worth fighting -for</i>. The brave old man was forced to sign the capitulation; -and on the 8th of September, 1664, New Netherland -ceased to exist.</p> - -<p>21. The English flag was hoisted over the fort and town, -and the name of <span class="smcap">New York</span> was substituted for New Amsterdam. -The remaining Swedish and Dutch settlements soon -capitulated. The supremacy of Great Britain in America was -finally established. From Maine to Georgia, every mile of the -American coast was under the flag of England.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">New York Under the English.</span></h3> - - -<div class="sidenote"><b>English Governors.</b></div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE Dutch had surrendered themselves -to the English government in -the hope of obtaining civil liberty. But -it was a poor sort of liberty that any province was likely to -receive from Charles II. The promised rights of the people -were evaded and withheld. The old titles by which the Dutch -farmers held their lands were annulled. The people were -obliged to accept new deeds from the English governor, and -to pay him therefor large sums of money.</p> - -<p>2. In 1667 Nicolls, the first English governor of New York, -was superseded by the tyrannical Lord Lovelace. The people -became dissatisfied and gloomy. The discontent was universal. -Several towns resisted the tax-gatherers and passed resolutions -denouncing the government. The only attention which -Lovelace and his council paid to these resolutions was to order -them to be burnt before the town-house of New York. When -the Swedes, a quiet people, resisted the governor's exactions, -he wrote to his deputy: "If there is any more murmuring -against the taxes, make them so heavy that the people can do -nothing but think how to pay them."</p> - -<p>3. In 1672 Charles II. was induced by the king of France -to begin a war with Holland. The struggle extended to the -colonies, and New York was for a short time revolutionized. -But the conquest was only a brief military occupation of the -country. The civil authority of the Dutch was never reestablished. -In 1674 Charles II. was obliged to conclude a treaty -of peace. All conquests made during the war were restored. -New York reverted to the English government, and the rights<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> -of the duke of York were again recognized in the province. -Sir Edmund Andros was now appointed governor. On the last -day of October the Dutch forces were finally withdrawn, and -Andros assumed control of the government.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig30.jpg" alt="Dutch Costumes and Architecture."/> -<p class="caption center">Dutch Costumes and Architecture.</p> -</div> - -<p>4. It was a sad sort of government for the people. All the -abuses of Lovelace's administration were revived. Taxes were -levied without authority of law, and the protests of the people -were treated with scorn. A popular legislative assembly was -demanded, but the duke of York wrote to Andros that popular -assemblies were dangerous to the government, and that <i>he did -not see any use for them</i>.</p> - -<p>5. In July of 1675 Andros made an unsuccessful effort to -extend his authority over Connecticut, and later an equally -ineffectual attempt to gain control of New Jersey. The representatives -of the people at this latter place declared themselves<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> -to be under the protection of the Great Charter, which not even -the duke of York could alter or annul. In August of 1682 the -"Territories" beyond the Delaware were granted by the Duke -of York to William Penn. This little district, first settled by -the Swedes, afterwards conquered by the Dutch, then transferred -to England, was now finally separated from New York -and joined to the new province of Pennsylvania.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Popular Assembly Granted.</b></div> - -<p>6. For thirty years the people had been -clamoring for a general assembly. At last -the duke of York yielded to the demand. -Then, for the first time, the people of the province were -permitted to choose their own rulers and to frame their -own laws. The new assembly made haste to declare <span class="smcap">THE -PEOPLE</span> to be a part of the government. All freeholders were -granted the right of suffrage; trial by jury was established; -taxes should not be levied except by the assembly; soldiers -should not be quartered on the people; martial law should -not exist; no person should be persecuted on account of his -religion.</p> - -<p>7. In July of 1684 the governors of New York and Virginia -were met by the chiefs of the Iroquois at Albany, and the terms -of a lasting peace were settled. In 1685 the duke of York -became king of England. It was soon found that even a monarch -could violate his pledges. King James became the enemy -of the government which had been established in his American -province. The legislature of New York was dismissed. An -odious tax was levied. Printing-presses were forbidden; and -the old abuses were revived.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Leisler's Insurrection.</b></div> - -<p>8. When the news of the accession of William of Orange -reached New York there was great rejoicing. The people -rose in rebellion against deputy-governor -Nicholson, who was glad to escape to England. -The leader of the insurrection was -Captain Jacob Leisler. He was appointed commandant of New -York, and afterwards provisional governor. The councilors,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> -who were friends of the deposed Nicholson, left the city and -went to Albany. Here the party opposed to Leisler organized -a second provisional government. Both factions began to rule -in the name of William and Mary, the new sovereigns of -England. Such was the condition of affairs at the beginning -of King William's War. In the spring of 1690, the authority -of Leisler as governor of New York was recognized throughout -the province.</p> - -<p>9. In March, 1691, Colonel Sloughter arrived, with appointment -as governor; and Leisler, on the same day, tendered -his submission. He wrote a letter to Sloughter, expressing a -desire to surrender the post to the governor. But Sloughter -preferred to treat him as a traitor, and had him seized and sent -to prison.</p> - -<p>10. As soon as the government was organized the prisoner -was brought to trial. It was decided that he had been a -usurper. Sentence of death was passed on him, but Sloughter -hesitated to put the sentence into execution. In this state of -affairs the governor was invited to a banquet by the royal -councilors; and when heated with drink, the death-warrant -was thrust before him for his signature. He succeeded in signing -his name to the parchment; and before his drunken revel -had passed away, his victim had met his fate. On the 16th of -May Leisler was taken from prison and hanged.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>French Invasion.</b></div> - -<p>11. In 1696 New York was invaded by -the French. But they were soon driven -back by the English and Iroquois. Before -a second invasion could be undertaken, King William's War -was ended. In 1697 the Irish earl of Bellomont became governor. -His administration was the happiest in the history -of the colony. Massachusetts and New Hampshire were -under his jurisdiction, but Connecticut and Rhode Island -remained independent.</p> - -<p>12. To Bellomont's administration belongs the story of Captain -William Kidd, the pirate. A vessel was fitted out by a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> -company of distinguished Englishmen to protect the commerce -of Great Britain and to punish piracy. Governor Bellomont -was one of the proprietors, and Kidd received a commission as -captain. The ship sailed from England before Bellomont's -departure for New York. Soon the news came that Kidd -himself had turned pirate and become the terror of the seas. -For two years he continued his career, then appeared publicly -in the streets of Boston, was seized, sent to England, tried, -convicted, and hanged.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>New York and New Jersey United.</b></div> - -<p>13. In May of 1702 Bellomont was superseded -by Lord Cornbury. A month previously -the proprietors of New Jersey had -surrendered their province to the English -Crown. All obstacles being thus removed, the two colonies -were formally united in one government under Cornbury. For -thirty-six years the two provinces continued under the jurisdiction -of a single governor.</p> - -<p>14. In 1732, New York was troubled with a dispute about -the freedom of the press. The liberal party of the province -held that a public journal might criticise the acts of the administration. -The aristocratic party opposed such liberty as dangerous -to good government. Zenger, an editor who published -criticisms on the governor, was seized and put in prison. Great -excitement ensued. The people praised their champion. Andrew -Hamilton, a lawyer of Philadelphia, went to New York -to defend Zenger, who was brought to trial in July of 1735. -The cause was heard, and the jury brought in a verdict of -acquittal. The aldermen of New York, in order to testify their -appreciation of Hamilton's services, made him a present of an elegant -gold box, and the people were enthusiastic over their victory.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Negro Plot.</b></div> - -<p>15. In the year 1741 occurred what is -known as <span class="smcap">the Negro Plot</span>. Negroes constituted -a large fraction of the people. Several -fires occurred, and the slaves were suspected of having -kindled them; now they became feared and hated. A rumor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> -was started that the negroes had made a plot to burn the city, -and set up one of their own number as governor. The reward -of freedom was offered to any slave who would reveal the plot. -Many witnesses rushed forward; the jails were filled with the -accused; and more than thirty of the miserable creatures, with -hardly the form of a trial, were convicted and then hanged or -burned to death. Others were transported and sold as slaves -in foreign lands. As soon as the excitement had subsided, it -came to be doubted whether the whole affair had not been the -result of terror and fanaticism. The verdict of after times has -been <i>that there was no plot at all</i>.</p> - -<p>16. Such is the history of the little colony planted on Manhattan -Island. A hundred and thirty years had passed since -the first feeble settlements were made; the valley of the Hudson -was filled with farms and villages. The Walloons of -Flanders and the Puritans of New England had blended into -one people. Discord and contention had only resulted in -colonial liberty. There were other struggles through which -the sons of New York had to pass before they gained their -freedom. But the oldest and greatest of the Middle Colonies -had entered upon a glorious career, and the foundations of an -<span class="smcap">Empire State</span> were laid.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire.</span></h3> - - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Rival Claims to Connecticut.</b></div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE history of Connecticut begins with -the year 1630. The first grant of -the territory was made by the council of -Plymouth to the earl of Warwick; and in March, 1631, -the claim was transferred by him to Lord Say-and-Seal, -Lord Brooke, and John Hampden. Before a colony could be -planted, the Dutch of New Netherland reached the Connecticut -and built a fort at Hartford. The people of Plymouth -immediately sent out a force to counteract this movement of -their rivals, for the territorial claim of the Puritans extended -over Connecticut and over New Netherland itself.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig31.jpg" alt="Early Settlements in Connecticut."/> -<p class="caption center">Early Settlements in Connecticut.</p> -</div> - -<p>2. In October of 1635 a colony of sixty persons from -Boston settled at Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield. Earlier<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> -in the same year the younger Winthrop, son of the governor -of Massachusetts, arrived in New England. Under his direction -a fort was built at the mouth of the Connecticut. Such -was the founding of Saybrook, named in honor of Lord Say-and-Seal -and Lord Brooke.</p> - -<p>3. To the early annals of Connecticut belongs the sad story -of <span class="smcap">the Pequod War</span>. The country west of the Thames was -more thickly peopled with savages than any other portion of -New England. The warlike Pequods were able to muster -seven hundred warriors. The whole force of the English did -not amount to two hundred men. But the superior numbers -of the savages were more than balanced by the courage and -weapons of the English. In the year 1633 the crew of a -trading-vessel were murdered on the banks of the Connecticut. -An Indian embassy went to Boston to apologize; a treaty -was made, and the Pequods acknowledged the king of England. -But soon they began to violate the treaty. Outrages -were committed, and war began in earnest.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Pequod War.</b></div> - -<p>4. In this state of affairs the Pequods -attempted to induce the Narragansetts and -the Mohegans to join in a war against -the English. But Roger Williams, now in Rhode Island, used -his endeavors to thwart the alliance. Embarking alone in a -canoe, he crossed the bay to the house of Canonicus, king of -the Narragansetts. There he found the ambassadors of the -Pequods. For three days and nights, at the peril of his life, -he pleaded with Canonicus to reject the proposals of the -hostile tribe. At last his efforts were successful, and the -Narragansetts voted to remain at peace. The Mohegans also -rejected the proposed alliance. In the mean time, repeated acts -of violence had aroused the colony. On the 1st of May the -towns of Connecticut declared war. Sixty volunteers were put -under command of Captain John Mason, of Hartford. Seventy -Mohegans joined the expedition; and Sir Henry Vane sent -Captain Underhill with twenty soldiers from Boston.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p> - -<p>5. The descent from Hartford to Saybrook occupied one -day. On the 20th of the month the expedition passed the -mouth of the Thames; here was the principal seat of the -Pequod nation. When the savages saw the squadron go by -they set up shouts of exultation, and persuaded themselves -that the English were afraid to hazard battle. The fleet proceeded -quietly into Narragansett Bay. Here the troops landed -and began their march into the country of the Pequods.</p> - -<p>6. On the 25th of May the troops came within hearing of -the Pequod fort. The warriors spent the night in uproar and -jubilee. At two o'clock in the morning the English soldiers -rose from their places of concealment and rushed forward to -the fort. A dog ran howling among the wigwams, and the -warriors sprang to arms. The English leaped over the puny -palisades and began the work of death. "Burn them!" -shouted Mason, seizing a flaming mat, and running among -the cabins; and in a few minutes the wigwams were a sheet -of flame. The English and Mohegans hastily withdrew.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Destruction of the Pequods.</b></div> - -<p>7. The savages ran round and round -like wild beasts in a burning circus. If -one of the wretched creatures burst through -the flames it was only to meet certain death. The destruction -was complete. Only seven warriors escaped; seven others -were made prisoners. Six hundred men, women, and children -perished, nearly all being burned to death. The remnants of -the Pequods were pursued into the swamps west of Saybrook. -Every wigwam was burned and every field laid waste. Two -hundred fugitives were hunted to death or captivity. The -prisoners were distributed as servants among the Narragansetts, -or sold as slaves.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>New Haven Founded.</b></div> - -<p>8. In the pursuit of the Pequods, the -English became acquainted with the coast -west of the mouth of the Connecticut. -Here some men of Boston tarried over winter, built cabins, and -founded <span class="smcap">New Haven</span>. In June of 1639 the men of New<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> -Haven held a convention <i>in a barn</i>, and adopted the Bible for -a constitution. The government was called the House of -Wisdom, and none but church members were admitted to -citizenship.</p> - -<p>9. In 1643 Connecticut became a member of the Union of -New England. New Haven was also admitted; and in the -next year Saybrook was annexed to Connecticut. In 1650 -Governor Stuyvesant met the commissioners of the province -at Hartford, and established the western boundary.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Winthrop secures a Charter.</b></div> - -<p>10. On the restoration of monarchy in England, Connecticut -recognized King Charles as rightful sovereign. The -younger Winthrop was sent as ambassador to London to procure -a royal patent for the colony. He bore with him a -charter which had been prepared by the authorities of Hartford. -Lord Say-and-Seal and the earl of Manchester lent -their influence to induce the king to sign -it. Winthrop showed him a ring which -Charles I. had given to Winthrop's grandfather; -and the token so moved the monarch's feelings that in -a careless moment he signed the colonial charter—the most -liberal and ample ever granted by an English king.</p> - -<p>11. When Winthrop returned to Connecticut he was chosen -governor of the colony, and continued in office for fourteen -years. The civil institutions of the province were the best in -New England. Peace reigned. During King Philip's War, -Connecticut was saved from invasion. Not a hamlet was -burned, not a life lost within her borders.</p> - -<p>12. In October of 1687 Andros, now governor of all New -England, made his famous visit to Hartford. On the day of -his arrival he invaded the assembly while in session, seized the -book of minutes, and wrote <span class="smcap">Finis</span> at the bottom of the page. -He then demanded the surrender of the colonial charter. Governor -Treat pleaded earnestly for the preservation of the document. -Andros was inexorable. The shades of evening fell. -How Joseph Wadsworth carried away and concealed the pre<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>cious -parchment has been told in the history of Massachusetts. -When the government of Andros was overthrown, Connecticut, -with the other New England colonies, regained her liberty.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Yale College Founded.</b></div> - -<p>13. "I give these books for the founding -of a college in this colony." Such were -the words of ten ministers who, in 1700, -assembled at Branford, New Haven. Each of them, as -he uttered the words, deposited a few volumes on the table -where they were sitting; such was the founding of <span class="smcap">Yale College</span>. -In 1702 the school was opened at Saybrook, where it -continued for fifteen years, and was then removed to New -Haven. One of the most liberal patrons of the college was -Elihu Yale, from whom the institution took its name. Common -schools already existed in almost every village of Connecticut.</p> - -<p>14. The half century preceding the French and Indian war -was a time of prosperity in the western parts of New England. -Connecticut was especially favored. Peace reigned throughout -her borders. The farmer reaped his fields in cheerfulness -and hope. The mechanic made glad his dusty shop with anecdote -and song. The merchant feared no tariff, the villager no -taxes. Want was unknown, and pauperism unheard of. With -fewer dark pages in her history, Connecticut had all the lofty -purposes and noble virtues of Massachusetts.</p> - -<p>15. In June of 1636 the exiled Roger Williams left the -country of the Wampanoags, and passed down the Seekonk to -Narragansett River. With his five companions he landed on -the western bank, purchased the soil of the Narragansetts, and -laid the foundations of Providence. Other exiles joined the -company. New farms were laid out and new houses built. -Here, at last, was found at <span class="smcap">Providence Plantation</span> a refuge -for all the persecuted.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Providence Plantation.</b></div> - -<p>16. The leader of the new colony was a native of Wales; -born in 1606; liberally educated at Cambridge. He had been -the friend of Milton, and was a great hater of ceremonies. He -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> -had been exiled <i>to</i> Massachusetts, and was -now exiled <i>by</i> Massachusetts. He brought -to the banks of the Narragansett the great -doctrines of religious liberty and the equal rights of men.</p> - - <div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig32.jpg" alt="A New England Kitchen in the Olden Time."/> -<p class="caption center">A New England Kitchen in the Olden Time.</p> -</div> - -<p>17. The beginning of civil government in Rhode Island -was equally simple. Williams was the natural ruler of the -little province, but he reserved for himself no wealth, no privilege. -The lands, purchased from Canonicus, were freely distributed -among the colonists. Only two small fields were kept -by the founder for himself. All the powers of the government -were intrusted to the people. A simple agreement was made -by the settlers that in matters not affecting the conscience they -would yield obedience to such rules as the majority might -make for the public good. In questions of religion the conscience -should be to every man a guide.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p> - -<p>18. The new government stood the test of experience. -Providence Plantation had peace and quiet. It was found -that all religious sects could live together in harmony. Miantonomah, -chief of the Narragansetts, loved Roger Williams -as a brother. It was his friendship that enabled Williams -to notify Massachusetts of the -Pequod conspiracy, and to defeat -the plans of the hostile -nation. This good deed induced -his friends at Salem to -make an effort to recall him -from banishment; but his enemies -prevented his return.</p> - - <div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig33.jpg" alt="Stone Tower at Newport."/> -<p class="caption center">Stone Tower at Newport.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Plantation of Rhode Island.</b></div> - -<p>19. In 1639 a settlement -was made at Portsmouth, in -the northern part of the island, -and at the same time a -party of colonists removed to -the southwestern part of the island, and laid the foundations -of <span class="smcap">Newport</span>. In sight of this last-named settlement -stood the old stone tower, a monument built by the Norsemen. -In March of 1641 a public meeting was convened; -the citizens came together on terms of equality, and the -task of framing a constitution was undertaken. In three -days the instrument was completed. The government was -declared to be a "<span class="smcap">Democracie</span>." The supreme authority was -lodged with the freemen of the island. The -vote of the majority should always rule. -No one should be distressed on account -of religious doctrine. The little republic was named the -<span class="smcap">Plantation of Rhode Island</span>.</p> - -<p>20. In 1643 Providence and Rhode Island were refused -admission into the Union of New England. Soon afterward -Roger Williams was sent to London to procure a charter for -the new colonies. On the 14th of March in the following<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> -year the patent was granted, and Rhode Island became an -independent commonwealth. With but few and brief interruptions -it enjoyed peace and prosperity. The principles of -the illustrious founder became the principles of the commonwealth. -The renown of Rhode Island has not been in vastness -of territory, in mighty cities, or in victorious armies, but -in devotion to truth, justice, and freedom.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Province of New Hampshire.</b></div> - -<p>21. In 1622 the territory between the Merrimac and the Kennebec -was granted by the council of Plymouth to Sir Ferdinand -Gorges and John Mason. The proprietors made haste to -secure their new domain by actual settlements. In the spring -of 1623 two small companies of colonists were sent out by -Mason and Gorges to people their province. One party of -immigrants landed at Little Harbor, near Portsmouth, and -began to build a village. The other company proceeded -up stream and laid the foundations of Dover. With the exception -of Plymouth and Weymouth, Portsmouth and Dover -are the oldest towns in New England. But the progress of -the settlements was slow; for many years -the two villages were only fishing stations. -In 1629 the name of <span class="smcap">New Hampshire</span> -was given to the province. Very soon Massachusetts began -to urge her rights to the district north of the Merrimac.</p> - -<p>22. On the 14th of April, 1642, New Hampshire was united -with Massachusetts. The law restricting the rights of citizenship -to church members was not extended over the new -province, for the people of Portsmouth and Dover belonged -to the Church of England. New Hampshire was the only -colony east of the Hudson not originally founded by the Puritans. -The union continued in force until 1679, when New -Hampshire was separated from the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, -and organized as a distinct royal province. Edward -Cranfield was chosen governor.</p> - -<p>23. Before his arrival the sawyers and lumbermen of the -Piscataqua convened a general assembly at Portsmouth. A<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> -resolution was passed by the representatives that no act, law, -or ordinance should be valid unless made by the assembly and -approved by the people. When the king heard of this resolution -he declared it to be both wicked and absurd.</p> - -<p>24. Of all the colonies, New Hampshire suffered most from -the Indian wars. Her settlements were constantly exposed to -savage invasion. During King Philip's War the suffering along -the frontier was very great. In the wars of William, Anne, and -George the province was visited with devastation and ruin. -But in the intervals of peace the spirits of the people revived, -and the hardy settlers returned to their wasted farms. Out of -these conflicts and trials came that sturdy race of pioneers -who bore such a heroic part in the contests of after years.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">New Jersey and Pennsylvania.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE history of New Jersey begins with the founding of -Elizabethtown, in 1664. As early as 1618, a trading-station -had been established at Bergen; but forty years passed -before permanent dwellings were built in that neighborhood.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Claims to New Jersey.</b></div> - -<p>2. The territory of New Jersey was included -in the grant made to the duke of -York. In 1664 that portion of the province -lying between the Hudson and the Delaware, extending -as far north as forty-one degrees and forty minutes, was assigned -to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Just after -the conquest, a company of Puritans received a grant of land -on Newark Bay. The Indian titles were purchased; in the -following October a village was begun and named Elizabethtown.</p> - -<p>3. In August of 1665 Philip Carteret arrived as governor. -Elizabethtown was made the capital of the colony; Newark -was founded; flourishing hamlets appeared on the shores of -the bay as far south as Sandy Hook. In honor of Sir George -Carteret, who had been governor of the Isle of Jersey, his -American domain was named <span class="smcap">New Jersey</span>. In 1668 the -first assembly convened at Elizabethtown. The representatives -were Puritans, and the laws of New England were repeated -in the legislation of the colony.</p> - -<p>4. After the conquest of New York by the Dutch, and the -restoration of the province to England, the duke of York received -from the king a second patent for the country between -the Connecticut and the Delaware. At the same time he -confirmed his former grant of New Jersey to Berkeley and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> -Carteret. But soon afterwards Sir Edmund Andros was appointed -royal governor of the whole country. Carteret defended -his claim against Andros; but Berkeley sold his interest in -New Jersey to John Fenwick, to be held in trust for Edward -Byllinge, who after a time made an assignment of his property -to Gawen Laurie, Nicholas Lucas, and William Penn.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Division of New Jersey.</b></div> - -<p>5. These men were Quakers. Here, then, -was an opportunity to establish an asylum -for the persecuted Friends. Penn and -his associates applied to Sir George Carteret for a division -of the province. It was accordingly agreed to divide New -Jersey so that Carteret's district should be separated from that -of the Quakers. The line of division was drawn from the -southern point of land on the east side of Little Egg Harbor -to a point on the Delaware in the latitude of forty-one degrees -and forty minutes. The -territory lying east of this -line remained to Sir George -as sole proprietor, and was -named <span class="smcap">East Jersey</span>; while -that portion lying between -the line and the Delaware -was called <span class="smcap">West Jersey</span>, -and passed under the control -of Penn.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig34.jpg" alt="Middle Colonies."/> -<p class="caption center">Middle Colonies.</p> -</div> - -<p>6. Early in the following -March the Quaker -proprietors published a -code of laws called <span class="smcap">The -Concessions</span>. The constitution -rivaled the charter -of Connecticut in the -liberality of its principles. -The authors of the instrument then addressed the Quakers -of England, recommending the province and inviting im<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>migration. -Before the end of the year a colony of more -than four hundred Friends found homes in West Jersey. -An effort was now made by the proprietors of East Jersey -to secure a deed of release from the duke of York. The -petition was granted, and the whole territory was freed from -foreign authority.</p> - -<p>7. In November of 1681 Jennings, the deputy-governor of -West Jersey, convened the first general assembly. The Quakers -now met together to make their own laws. The Concessions -were reaffirmed. Men of all races and religions were declared -to be equal. Imprisonment for debt was forbidden. The sale -of ardent spirits to the Red men was prohibited. Taxes should -be voted by the representatives of the people. The lands of -the Indians should be acquired by purchase. Finally, a criminal -might be pardoned by the person against whom the offense -was committed.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Quakers purchase East Jersey.</b></div> - -<p>8. In 1682 William Penn and eleven -other Friends purchased the province of -East Jersey. The whole of New Jersey -was now held by the Friends. In 1685 James II. appointed -Edmund Andros royal governor of the colonies from Maine to -Delaware. In 1688 the Jerseys were brought under his jurisdiction. -When the news came of the abdication of the English -monarch, Andros could do nothing but surrender to the indignant -people.</p> - -<p>9. But the condition of New Jersey was deplorable. It was -almost impossible to tell to whom the territory rightfully belonged. -Finally, in April of 1702, all proprietary claims being -waived in favor of the king, the territory between the Hudson -and the Delaware became a royal province.</p> - -<p>10. New Jersey was now attached to the government of -Lord Cornbury of New York. But each province retained its -own legislative assembly and a distinct organization. This -method of government continued for thirty-six years, and was -then ended by the action of the people. In 1728 the repre<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>sentatives -of New Jersey sent a petition to George II., praying -for a separation of the two colonies. Ten years later the effort -was renewed and brought to a successful issue. New Jersey -was made independent, and Lewis Morris -received a commission as royal governor of -the province.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>New Jersey a Royal Province.</b></div> - -<p>11. The Quakers were greatly encouraged with the success -of their colonies in New Jersey. For more than a quarter of -a century they had been buffeted with persecutions. But imprisonment -and exile had not abated their zeal. The benevolent -spirit of Penn urged him to find for his people an asylum in -the New World. In June of 1680 he appealed to King Charles -for the privilege of founding a Quaker commonwealth in -America.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Pennsylvania.</b></div> - -<p>12. The petition was heard with favor. -On the 5th of March, 1681, a charter was -granted by Charles II., and William Penn became the proprietor -of <span class="smcap">Pennsylvania</span>. The vast domain embraced under -the new patent was bounded on the east by the Delaware, -extended north and south over three degrees of latitude, -and westward through five degrees of longitude. The three -counties of Delaware were reserved for the duke of York. -Within a month from the date of his charter, Penn published -a glowing account of his new country, promising freedom of -conscience, and inviting emigration. During the summer three -shiploads of Quakers left England for the land of promise.</p> - -<p>13. During the winter of 1681-82, Penn drew up a constitution -for his people. In the mean time, the duke of York had -surrendered his claim to the three counties on the Delaware. -The whole country on the west bank of the river, from Cape -Henlopen to the forty-third degree of latitude, was now transferred -to Penn, who, with a large company of emigrants, landed -at New Castle on the 27th of October, 1682.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>William Penn.</b></div> - -<p>14. <span class="smcap">William Penn</span> was born on the 14th of October, 1644. -He was the oldest son of Sir William Penn of the British navy. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> -At the age of twelve he was sent to the University of Oxford, -where he distinguished himself as a student until he was expelled -on account of his religion. Afterwards -he traveled on the Continent, and -then became a student of law at London. -For a while he was a soldier, and was then converted to the -Quaker faith. His father drove him out of doors, but he was -not to be turned from his -course. He proclaimed the -doctrines of the Friends; -was arrested and imprisoned, -first in the Tower of London, -and afterward at Newgate. -Despairing of toleration -in England, he cast his -gaze across the Atlantic. -West Jersey was purchased; -Pennsylvania was granted -by King Charles; and now -Penn himself arrived in -America to found a government -on the basis of peace.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig35.jpg" alt="William Penn."/> -<p class="caption center">William Penn.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Treaty of Shackamaxon.</b></div> - -<p>15. The Quaker governor -delivered an affectionate address to the crowd of Swedes, -Dutch, and English who came to greet him. His pledges -of a liberal government were renewed, and the people -were exhorted to sobriety and honesty. -Friendly relations were established between -the Friends and Red men. A great conference, -appointed with the sachems of the neighboring -tribes, was held on the banks of the Delaware. Penn declared -his brotherly affection for the Indians. Standing before -them, clad in the simple garb of the Quakers, he said:—"<span class="smcap">My -Friends</span>: We have met on the broad pathway of good -faith. We are all one flesh and blood. Being brethren, no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> -advantage shall be taken on either side. When disputes arise, -we will settle them in council. Between us there shall be -nothing but openness and love." The chiefs replied: "While -the rivers run and the sun shines we will live in peace with the -children of William Penn." And the treaty was sacredly kept. -The Quaker hat and coat proved to be a better defense than -coat-of-mail and musket.</p> - -<p>16. In February of 1683 the native chestnuts, walnuts and -elms were blazed to indicate the lines of the streets, and <span class="smcap">Philadelphia</span> -was founded. Within a month a general assembly -was in session at the new capital. A democratic form of government -was adopted. The growth of Philadelphia was astonishing. -In 1683 there were only three or four houses. In -1685 the city contained six hundred houses; the schoolmaster -had come, and the printing-press had begun its work. In another -year Philadelphia had outgrown New York. In August -of 1684 Penn took leave of his colony and sailed for England.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Secession of Delaware.</b></div> - -<p>17. Nothing occurred to disturb the peace -of Pennsylvania until the secession of Delaware -in 1691. The three lower counties, -which had been united on terms of equality with the six -counties of Pennsylvania, became dissatisfied with some acts -of the assembly and insisted on a separation. The proprietor -gave consent; Delaware withdrew from the union, and received -a separate deputy-governor.</p> - -<p>18. In December of 1699 Penn visited his American commonwealth, -and drew up another constitution, more liberal than -the first. But Delaware would not accept the new form of -government. In 1702 the assemblies of the two provinces sat -apart; and in the following year Delaware and Pennsylvania -were finally separated.</p> - -<p>19. In July of 1718 the founder of Pennsylvania sank to -rest. His estates, vast and valuable, were bequeathed to his -three sons, John, Thomas, and Richard. By them, or their -deputies, Pennsylvania was governed until the American Revo<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>lution. -In the year 1779 the claims of the Penn family were -purchased by the legislature of Pennsylvania for a hundred -and thirty thousand pounds.</p> - -<p>20. The colonial history of the State founded by Penn is one -of special interest and pleasure. It is a narrative of the victories -of peace, and of the triumph of peaceful principles over -violence and wrong. It is doubtful whether the history of any -other colony in the world is touched with so many traits of innocence -and truth. "I will found a free colony for all mankind," -were the words of William Penn. How well his work was done -shall be told when the bells of his capital city shall ring out the -glad notes of <span class="smcap">American Independence</span>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Maryland and North Carolina.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">CAPTAIN John Smith was the first white man to explore -the Chesapeake. In 1621 William Clayborne, an -English surveyor, was sent out by the London Company to -make a map of the country around the bay. By the second -charter of Virginia that province included all of the present -State of Maryland. To explore and occupy the country was -an enterprise of the highest importance to the Virginians. In -May of 1631 Clayborne was authorized to survey the country -as far north as the forty-first degree of latitude, and to establish -a trade with the Indians. In the spring of 1632 he began his -important work.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>First Posts in Maryland.</b></div> - -<p>2. The enterprise was attended with success. -A trading-post was established on -Kent Island, and another near Havre de -Grace. The Chesapeake was explored and a trade opened -with the natives. The limits of Virginia were about to be extended -to the borders of New Netherland. But, in the mean -time, religious persecutions were preparing the way for the -foundation of a new State in the wilderness. Sir George Calvert, -a Catholic nobleman of Yorkshire, better known by -his title of <span class="smcap">Lord Baltimore</span>, was destined to become the -founder.</p> - -<p>3. In 1629 he made a visit to Virginia. The general assembly -offered him citizenship, but required such an oath of -allegiance as no honest Catholic could take. Lord Baltimore -thereupon left the narrow-minded legislators; returned to London; -drew up a charter for a new State on the Chesapeake, -and induced King Charles to sign it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> - -<p>4. The provisions of the charter were ample. No preference -was given to any particular religion. The lives and -property of the colonists were carefully guarded. Arbitrary -taxation was forbidden. The power of making the laws was -conceded to the freemen of the colony.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Lord Baltimore's Charter.</b></div> - -<p>5. Before the patent could receive the -seal of state, Sir George Calvert died. -His title descended to his son Cecil; and -the charter was issued to him on the 20th of June, 1632. In -honor of Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I., the name of -<span class="smcap">Maryland</span> was conferred on the new province. In the fall -of 1633 a colony numbering two hundred persons was collected. -Leonard Calvert, a brother of Cecil, was appointed to -accompany the colonists to America.</p> - - <div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig36.jpg" alt="Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore."/> -<p class="caption center">Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore.</p> -</div> - -<p>6. In March of 1634 the immigrants arrived at Old Point -Comfort. They proceeded up the bay and ascended the Potomac. -Finding a half-deserted -Indian village at the mouth -of the St. Mary's, the English -moved into the vacant huts. -The rest of the town was purchased; -and the name of -<span class="smcap">St. Mary's</span> was given to the -colony. Friendly relations -were established with the natives. -The Indian women -taught the wives of the -English how to make cornbread, -and the warriors instructed -the colonists in the -art of hunting. There was -neither anxiety nor want in -the colony. Within six months the settlement had grown -into greater prosperity than Jamestown had reached in as -many years.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p> - -<p>7. In 1639 a representative government was established in -Maryland. Hitherto a system of democracy had prevailed; -each freeman had been allowed a vote in determining the laws. -When the new delegates came together, a declaration of rights -was adopted. All the liberal principles of the colonial patent -were reaffirmed. The rights of citizenship were declared to be -the same as those of the people of England.</p> - -<p>8. In 1642 Indian hostilities were begun on the Potomac. -But the settlements of Maryland were compact, and no great -suffering was occasioned. In 1644 the savages agreed to bury -the hatchet and to renew the pledges of friendship.</p> - -<p>9. In 1650 the legislature of Maryland was divided into two -branches. The rights of Lord Baltimore were defined by law. -An act was passed declaring that no taxes should be levied -without the consent of the assembly. Such was the condition -of affairs in the colony of Maryland when the Commonwealth -was established in England.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Conflict with Parliament.</b></div> - -<p>10. In 1651 parliamentary commissioners -came to America to assume control -of Maryland. Stone, the deputy of Baltimore, -was deposed from office; but in the following year he -was permitted to resume the government. In April of 1653 -he published a proclamation, declaring that the recent interference -had been a rebellion. Clayborne thereupon collected -a force in Virginia, drove Stone out of office, and directed the -government himself.</p> - -<p>11. In 1654 a Protestant assembly was convened at Patuxent. -The supremacy of Cromwell was acknowledged, and the -Catholics were deprived of the protection of the laws. Civil -war ensued. Governor Stone armed the militia, and seized the -records of the colony. A battle was fought near Annapolis, -and the Catholics were defeated, with a loss of fifty men. -Stone was taken prisoner, but was saved from death by the -friendship of some of the insurgents. Three of the Catholics -were tried and executed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p> - -<p>12. After the death of Cromwell, Maryland was declared -independent. On the 12th of March, 1660, the rights of Lord -Baltimore were set aside, and the whole power of government -was assumed by the House of Burgesses. On the restoration -of monarchy the Baltimores were again recognized, and Philip -Calvert was sent out as governor. From 1675 to 1691 Charles -Calvert was governor of Maryland.</p> - -<p>13. On the 1st of June, 1691, the charter of Lord Baltimore -was taken away and a royal governor appointed. The Episcopal -Church was established by law. Religious toleration -was abolished and the government administered on despotic -principles. This condition of affairs continued until 1715, when -Queen Anne restored the heir of Lord Baltimore to the rights -of his family. Maryland remained under the authority of -the Calverts until the Revolution.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Settlement of the Carolinas.</b></div> - -<p>14. The first effort to colonize North Carolina -was made by Sir Walter Raleigh. In -1630 the country was granted to Sir Robert -Heath. But, after thirty-three years, the patent was revoked by -the English king. The name of <span class="smcap">Carolina</span> had been given to the -country by John Ribault, in 1562. The first actual settlement -was made on the Chowan about the year 1651. In 1661 a -company of Puritans settled on Oldtown Creek. In 1663 Lord -Clarendon, and seven other noblemen, received a grant of all the -country between the thirty-sixth parallel and the river St. John's.</p> - -<p>15. The work of preparing a frame of government for the -new province was assigned to Sir Ashley Cooper. The philosopher -John Locke was employed by him and his associates -to prepare the constitution. From March until July of 1669, -Locke worked away in drawing up a plan which he called -<span class="smcap">The Grand Model</span>. <i>It contained one hundred and twenty -articles</i>; and this was but the beginning! The empire of -Carolina was divided into districts of four hundred and eighty -thousand acres each. The offices were divided between two -grand orders of nobility.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p> - -<p>16. All attempts to establish the new government ended in -failure. But the settlers had meanwhile learned to govern -themselves. They grew prosperous by trading in staves and -furs; and when this traffic was exhausted, they began to -remove to other settlements.</p> - -<p>17. The people of the colony were greatly oppressed with -taxes. The trade with New England alone was weighed down -with an annual duty of twelve thousand dollars. A gloomy -opposition to the government prevailed; and when, in 1676, -large numbers of refugees from Virginia arrived in Carolina, the -discontent was kindled into an insurrection. The people seized -Governor Miller and his council, and established a new government -of their own. John Culpepper, the leader of the insurgents, -was chosen governor. In 1679 Miller and his associates -escaped from confinement and went to London. Governor -Culpepper, who followed to defend himself, was seized, indicted -for treason, tried, and acquitted. After a time new settlers came -from Virginia and Maryland—Quakers from New England, -Huguenots from France, and peasants from Switzerland.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Indian Troubles.</b></div> - -<p>18. The Indians of North Carolina gradually -wasted away. Some of the nations -were already extinct. The lands of the -savages had passed to the whites, sometimes by purchase, -sometimes by fraud. Of all the tribes of the Carolinas, only -the Corees and the Tuscaroras were still formidable. These -grew jealous and went to war with the whites.</p> - -<p>19. On the night of the 22d of September, 1711, the savages -fell upon the scattered settlements and murdered a hundred -and thirty persons. Civil dissensions prevented the authorities -from adopting vigorous measures of defence. But Colonel -Barnwell came from South Carolina with a company of militia -and friendly Indians; and the savages were driven into their -fort. A treaty of peace was made; but, on their way homeward, -Barnwell's men sacked an Indian village, and the war -was at once renewed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p> - -<p>20. In the next year, Colonel Moore of South Carolina -arrived with a regiment of whites and Indians, and the Tuscaroras -were pursued to their fort, which was carried by assault. -Eight hundred warriors were taken prisoners. The power of -the hostile nation was broken; and the Tuscaroras, abandoning -their hunting-grounds, marched across Virginia, Maryland, -and Pennsylvania, joined their kinsmen of New York, and -became the sixth nation of the Iroquois.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Separation of the Carolinas.</b></div> - -<p>21. In 1729 a separation was effected -between the two Carolinas, and a royal -governor was appointed over each. In -spite of many reverses, the northern colony had greatly prospered. -Intellectual development had not been as rapid as the -growth in numbers and wealth. Little attention had been -given to questions of religion. There was no minister in the -province until 1703. Two years later the first church was -built. The printing-press did not begin its work until 1754. -But the people were brave and patriotic. They loved their -country, and called it the <span class="smcap">Land of Summer</span>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">South Carolina and Georgia.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">IN January of 1670 the proprietors of Carolina sent out a -colony under command of Joseph West and William Sayle. -On the first high land upon the southern bank of the Ashley -River were laid the foundations of Old Charleston, named in -honor of Charles II. Sayle had been commissioned as governor -of the colony, and he at once assumed control.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Introduction of Slaves.</b></div> - -<p>2. In 1671 he died, and West entered upon -the duties of the vacant office. In a few -months Sir John Yeamans, who had been -governor of the northern province, was commissioned as chief -magistrate of the southern colony. He brought with him -to Ashley River a cargo of African slaves. Thus the labor of -the black man was substituted for the labor of the white man, -and in less than two years slavery was firmly established. The -importation of negroes went on so rapidly that soon the negroes -were twice as numerous as the white men.</p> - -<p>3. During the year 1671 the country was rapidly filled with -people. Fertile lands were abundant. Wars and pestilence -had almost destroyed the native tribes. The proprietors of -Carolina sent several ships to New York, loaded them with -the discontented people of that province, and brought them to -Charleston. Charles II. collected a company of Protestant -refugees in Europe, and sent them to Carolina to introduce the -silk-worm and to cultivate the grape.</p> - -<p>4. In 1680 the present city of Charleston was founded. -Thirty dwellings were erected during the first summer. The -village immediately became the capital of the colony. The -unhealthy climate retarded the progress of the new town, but -the people were full of life and enterprise.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>French Huguenots.</b></div> - -<p>5. England, France, Scotland, and Ireland -sent colonies to South Carolina. Especially -did the French Huguenots come -in great numbers, for they were now persecuted in their own -country. They were met by the proprietors with a promise -of citizenship; but the promise was not well kept, for the -general assembly claimed the right of fixing the conditions of -naturalization. Not until 1697 were all discriminations against -the French immigrants removed.</p> - -<p>6. In April of 1693 the proprietors of Carolina annulled -the Grand Model, and Thomas Smith was appointed governor. -He was soon superseded by John Archdale, a distinguished -Quaker, under whose administration the colony entered upon -a new career of prosperity. The quit-rents on lands were remitted -for four years. The Indians were conciliated with kindness, -and the Huguenots protected in their rights. It was a -real misfortune when, in 1698, the good governor was recalled -to England.</p> - -<p>7. James Moore was next commissioned as chief magistrate. -In December of 1705 he led an expedition against the -Indians. On the 14th of the month the invaders reached a -fortified town near St. Mark's. The place was carried by -assault, and more than two hundred prisoners were taken. On -the next day Moore's forces defeated a large body of Indians -and Spaniards. Five towns were carried in succession, and the -English flag was borne to the Gulf of Mexico.</p> - -<p>8. In the first year of Governor Johnson's administration, -an act was passed disfranchising all dissenters from the English -Church, but Parliament voted that the act was contrary to the -laws of England. In November of the same year the colonial -legislature revoked the law; but Episcopalianism continued to -be the established faith of the province.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Yamassee War.</b></div> - -<p>9. In the spring of 1715 the Yamassees rose upon the -frontier settlements and committed an atrocious massacre. -The desperate savages came within a short distance of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> -capital, and the whole colony was threatened -with destruction. But Governor Craven -rallied the militia, and the savages were -pursued to the banks of the Salkehatchie. Here a decisive -battle was fought, and the Indians were completely routed. -The Yamassees collected their tribe and retired into Florida.</p> - -<p>10. At the close of the war the assembly petitioned the proprietors -to bear a portion of the expense. But they refused, -and would take no measures for the protection of the colony. -The people, greatly burdened with rents and taxes, grew dissatisfied -with the proprietary government. In the new election -every delegate was chosen by the popular party. When James -Moore, the new chief magistrate elected by the people, was to -be inaugurated, Governor Johnson tried to prevent the ceremony. -But the militia collected in the public square, and -before nightfall the government of Carolina was overthrown. -Governor Moore, the people's choice, was duly inaugurated in -the name of King George I.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Becomes a Royal Province.</b></div> - -<p>11. Still another change in colonial affairs -was now at hand. In 1729 seven of the -proprietors of Carolina sold their claims -in the province to the king. The sum paid by George II. -for the two colonies was twenty-two thousand five hundred -pounds. Royal governors were appointed, and the affairs of -the province were settled on a permanent basis.</p> - -<p>12. The people who colonized South Carolina were brave -and chivalrous. The Huguenot, the Scotch Presbyterian, -the English dissenter, the Irish adventurer, and the Dutch -mechanic, composed the material of the <span class="smcap">Palmetto State</span>. -Equally with the Puritans of the North, the South Carolinians -were lovers of liberty. The people became the leaders in -politeness and honor between man and man.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Georgia Chartered.</b></div> - -<p>13. Georgia, the thirteenth American colony, was founded -by James Oglethorpe, an English philanthropist. The laws -of England permitted imprisonment for debt. Thousands of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> -English laborers were annually arrested and -thrown into jail. In order to provide a -refuge for the poor and the distressed, -Oglethorpe appealed to George II. for the privilege of planting -a colony in America. The petition was favorably heard, -and on the 9th of June, 1732, -a charter was issued by which -the territory between the Savannah -and Altamaha Rivers, -and westward to the Pacific, -was granted to a corporation, -<i>to be held in trust for -the poor</i>. In honor of the -king, the new province was -named <span class="smcap">Georgia</span>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Savannah Founded.</b></div> - -<p>14. Oglethorpe, who was -a brave soldier and a member -of Parliament, was the -principal member of the corporation. -To him was entrusted -the leadership of the -first colony to be planted on -the Savannah. By the middle of November a hundred and -twenty emigrants were ready to sail for the New World. In -January of 1733 the company was welcomed at Charleston. -Further south the colonists entered the river, -and on the 1st of February laid the foundations -of Savannah.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig37.jpg" alt="James Oglethorpe."/> -<p class="caption center">James Oglethorpe.</p> -</div> - -<p>15. The chief of the Yamacraws came from his cabin to -see the new-comers. "Here is a present for you," said he to -Oglethorpe. The present was a buffalo robe painted with the -head and feathers of an eagle. "The feathers are soft, and -signify love; the buffalo skin is the emblem of protection. -Therefore love us and protect us," said the old chieftain. -Seeing the advantages of peace, Oglethorpe invited a council<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> -at his capital. The conference was held on the 29th of May. -Long King, the sachem, spoke for all the tribes. The English -were welcomed to the country. Gifts were made, and the -governor responded with words of friendship.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig38.jpg" alt="Oglethorpe and the Yamacraw Chief."/> -<p class="caption center">Oglethorpe and the Yamacraw Chief.</p> -</div> - -<p>16. The councilors in England encouraged emigration. -Swiss peasants, Scotch Highlanders, and German Protestants -all found a home on the Savannah. In April of 1734, Oglethorpe -made a visit to England. It was said in London that -no colony was ever before founded so wisely as Georgia. The -councilors prohibited the importation of rum. Traffic with the -Indians was regulated by a license. Slavery was positively -forbidden. While the governor was still abroad, a company -of Moravians arrived at Savannah.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Coming of the Missionaries.</b></div> - -<p>17. In February of 1736 Oglethorpe came -back with a colony of three hundred. -These were also Moravians, people of -deep piety and fervent spirit. First among them was John -Wesley, the founder of Methodism. He came to Georgia to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> -spread the gospel and convert the Indians. But he was doomed -to much disappointment in his work; and after a residence of -less than two years he left the colony. His brother, Charles -Wesley, came also as a secretary to Governor Oglethorpe. In -1738 the famous George Whitefield came, and preached with -fiery eloquence through all the colonies.</p> - -<p>18. Meanwhile, Oglethorpe, anticipating war with Florida, -began to fortify. All of Georgia was embraced in the Spanish -claim. But Oglethorpe had a charter for the territory as far -south as the Altamaha. In 1736 he ascended the Savannah -and built a fort at Augusta. On the north bank of the Altamaha, -he built Fort Darien. On St. Simon's Island a fortress -was erected and named Frederica. The St. John's was claimed -from this time forth as the southern boundary of Georgia. -The governor again visited England, and returned with a regiment -of troops.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>War with Spanish Florida.</b></div> - -<p>19. In October, 1739, England published -a declaration of war against Spain. -In the first week of the following January, -Oglethorpe invaded Florida, and captured two fortified towns. -Soon, with a force of more than a thousand men, he marched -against St. Augustine, but after a siege of five weeks was compelled -to withdraw.</p> - -<p>20. The Spaniards now determined to carry the war into -Georgia. In June of 1742 a fleet of thirty-six vessels, carrying -more than three thousand troops, sailed from St. Augustine for -the reduction of Fort William on Cumberland Island. But -Oglethorpe reinforced the garrison, and then fell back to Frederica. -The Spanish vessels followed. From the southern point -of the island to Frederica, Oglethorpe had cut a road which -lay between a morass and a forest. The Spaniards must pass -along this path to attack the town.</p> - -<p>21. The English general posted his men between the swamp -and the forest. On the 7th of July the enemy reached the -pass, were fired on from the thicket, and driven back in con<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>fusion. -The main body of the Spanish forces pressed on into -the same position, stood firm for a while, but were presently -routed with the loss of two hundred men. The name of -Bloody Marsh was given to this battlefield. Within a week -the whole Spanish force reembarked and sailed for Florida.</p> - -<p>22. The colony of Georgia was now firmly established. In -1743 Oglethorpe departed for England, after having devoted -ten years to the colony. He had never owned a house nor -possessed an acre of ground in the province.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Georgia a Royal Province.</b></div> - -<p>23. The regulations which the councilors -for Georgia had adopted were poorly -suited to the wants of the colony. The -settlers had no titles to their lands. Estates could descend -only to the oldest sons of families. The colonists charged -their poverty to the fact that slave-labor was forbidden in the -province. The proprietary laws became unpopular. The statute -excluding slavery was not enforced. Slaves began to be hired, -first for short terms of service, then for longer periods, then <i>for -one hundred years</i>. Finally, slaves were brought directly from -Africa and sold to the planters below the Savannah.</p> - -<p>24. The new order of things was acknowledged by the -councilors; and in June of 1752 they surrendered their patent -to the king. A royal government was established over the -country, and the people were granted the freedom of Englishmen. -For some time the progress of the colony was not equal -to the expectations of its founder, but before the Revolution -Georgia had become a growing province.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XX" id="CHAPTER_XX"></a>CHAPTER XX.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">French and Indian War.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE time came when the American colonies began to act -together. The final struggle between France and England -for colonial supremacy in America was at hand. Necessity -compelled the English colonies to join in a common cause -against the foe. This is the conflict known as the <span class="smcap">French -and Indian War</span>. Causes of war had existed for many years.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Causes of the War.</b></div> - -<p>2. The first of these causes was <i>the conflicting -territorial claims</i> of the two nations. England -had colonized the sea-coast; France -had colonized the interior of the continent. The English -kings claimed the country from one ocean to the other. The -French, however, began to push their way westward and southward -along the great lakes to the head-waters of the Wabash, -the Illinois, and the St. Croix, then down these streams to the -Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico. The purpose of the -French was to divide the American continent and take the -larger portion.</p> - -<p>3. The French soon established military posts at Frontenac, -at Niagara, at the Straits of Mackinaw, and on the -Illinois. Before 1750, settlements had been made on the -Maumee, at Detroit, at Green Bay, at Vincennes, at Kaskaskia, -at Natchez, at New Orleans, and on the Bay of Biloxi. At this -time the only outposts of the English were a fort at Oswego -and a few cabins in West Virginia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Ohio Company.</b></div> - -<p>4. The immediate cause of hostilities was <i>a conflict between -the frontiersmen of the two nations</i> in the Ohio valley. In order -to prevent the intrusion of the French fur-traders into this country, -a number of Virginians joined themselves together in a body -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> -called the <span class="smcap">Ohio Company</span>. In March of -1749, they received from George II. a -land-grant of five hundred thousand acres, -located between the Kanawha and the Monongahela. But -before the company could send out a colony, the governor of -Canada dispatched three hundred men to occupy the valley of -the Ohio. In the next year, however, the Ohio Company sent -out an exploring party under Christopher Gist, who traversed -the country and returned to Virginia in 1751.</p> - -<p>5. This expedition was followed by vigorous movements of -the French. They built a fort called Le Bœuf, on French -Creek, and another named Venango, on the Alleghany. About -the same time, the country south of the Ohio was again explored -by Gist and a party of armed surveyors.</p> - -<p>6. The Indians were greatly alarmed at the prospect. -They rather favored the English cause, but their allegiance -was uncertain. In the spring of 1753, the Miami tribes, -under the leadership of the Half-King, met Benjamin -Franklin at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and made a treaty with -the English.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Washington sent to St. Pierre.</b></div> - -<p>7. Before proceeding to actual war, Governor -Dinwiddie determined to try a final -remonstrance with the French. A paper -was drawn up setting forth the nature of the English -claim to the valley of the Ohio, and warning the authorities -of France against further intrusion. A young surveyor, named -<span class="smcap">George Washington</span>, was called upon to carry this paper -from Williamsburg, Virginia, to General St. Pierre at Presque -Isle, on Lake Erie.</p> - -<p>8. On the last day of October, 1753, Washington set out on -his journey. He was attended by four comrades besides an -interpreter and Christopher Gist, the guide. At Logstown, -Washington held a council with the Indians, and then pressed -on to Fort Le Bœuf. Here the conference was held with St. -Pierre. Washington was received with courtesy, but the gen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>eral -of the French was acting, he said, under military instructions, -and would eject every Englishman from the valley of -the Ohio.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig39.jpg" alt="Washington's Route to Ft. le Bœuf."/> -<p class="caption center">Washington's Route to Ft. le Bœuf.</p> -</div> - -<p>9. Washington -soon took leave of -the French, and returned -to Venango. -Then, with Gist as -his sole companion, -he left the river and -struck into the woods. -Clad in the robe of -an Indian; sleeping -with frozen clothes on -a bed of pine-brush; -guided at night by the -North Star; fired at -by a prowling savage -from his covert; lodging -on an island in -the Alleghany until -the river was frozen -over; plunging again -into the forest, the -young ambassador -came back without -wound or scar to the -capital of Virginia. -The answer of St. Pierre was laid before the governor, and -the first public service of Washington was ended.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>English post on the Ohio.</b></div> - -<p>10. In the mean time the Ohio Company -had sent thirty-three men, under -command of Trent, to erect a fort at the -source of the Ohio. In March, 1754, they built the first rude -block-house on the site of Pittsburgh. After all the threats of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> -the French, the English had beaten them in seizing the key -to the Ohio valley.</p> - -<p>11. Soon, however, French boats came down the river; and -Trent was obliged to surrender. Washington was now stationed -at Alexandria to enlist recruits. But it was too late -to save Trent's men from capture. The French immediately -occupied the post, built barracks and laid the foundations of -<span class="smcap">Fort Du Quesne</span>. To retake this place Colonel Washington -set out from Will's Creek in May of 1754. The possession of -the disputed territory was now to be determined by war.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle at Great Meadows.</b></div> - -<p>12. Washington, with his little army of -Virginians, was commissioned to build a -fort at the source of the Ohio, and to repel -all who interrupted the English settlements in that country. In -April the young commander left Will's Creek, and on the 26th -of May the English reached the Great Meadows. Here Washington -was informed that the French were on the march to -attack him. A stockade was immediately erected, and named -Fort Necessity. Washington determined to strike the first -blow. Two Indians followed the trail of the enemy, and discovered -their hiding-place. The French were on the alert, -and flew to arms. "Fire!" was the command of Washington; -and the first volley of a great war went flying through the forest. -The engagement was brief and decisive. Jumonville, the -leader of the French, and ten of his party, were killed, and -twenty-one were made prisoners.</p> - -<p>13. Before advancing farther, Washington waited for reinforcements. -Only one company of volunteers arrived. His -whole force numbered scarcely four hundred. Learning that -the French general De Villiers was approaching, Washington -deemed it prudent to fall back to Fort Necessity.</p> - -<p>14. Scarcely were Washington's forces safe within the stockade, -when, on the 3d of July, the regiment of De Villiers came -in sight, and surrounded the fort. The French stationed themselves -on the eminence, and fired down upon the English with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> -fatal effect. The Indians climbed into the tree-tops. For nine -hours the assailants poured a shower of balls upon Washington's -men. At length, seeing that it would be impossible to -hold out, he accepted the terms which were offered by the -French general. On the 4th of July the English garrison -marched out of the fort, and withdrew from the country.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Congress of the Colonies.</b></div> - -<p>15. Meanwhile, a congress of the American -colonies had assembled at Albany. -The first object was to renew the treaty -with the Iroquois; the second, to unite the colonies in a common -government. On the 10th of July, Benjamin Franklin -presented the draft of a constitution, which was finally adopted. -Philadelphia was to be the capital. The chief executive was -to be a governor appointed by the king. Each colony should -be represented in congress by not less than two or more than -seven representatives.</p> - -<p>16. Copies of this constitution were transmitted to the several -colonies; but the new scheme of government was everywhere -received with disfavor. The English ministers also -rejected it, saying that the Americans <i>were trying to make -a government of their own</i>. Meanwhile, the French were constantly -preparing for war.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>General Braddock Arrives.</b></div> - -<p>17. Early in 1755 General Braddock arrived -in America; the plans of four campaigns -were agreed on. Lawrence, the -governor of Nova Scotia, was to complete the conquest of that -province. Governor Johnson, of New York, was to capture -Crown Point. Shirley, of Massachusetts, was to take Fort -Niagara. Braddock himself was to lead the main army against -Fort Du Quesne.</p> - -<p>18. In the latter part of April, the British general set out with -two thousand veterans, from Alexandria to Fort Cumberland. -A few provincial troops joined the expedition. Washington -became an aide-de-camp of Braddock, and frequently gave -him honest counsel, which the British general rejected.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p> - -<p>19. Braddock marched with the main body. On the 19th -of June he put himself at the head of twelve hundred chosen -troops, and pressed forward toward Fort Du Quesne. On -the 9th of July, when the English were only twelve miles -from Fort Du Quesne, they were suddenly fired upon by the -French and Indians, who were hidden among the rocks and -ravines.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Braddock's Defeat.</b></div> - -<p>20. The battle began with a panic. The men fired constantly, -but could see no enemy. Braddock rushed to the -front and rallied his men; but it was all in -vain. They stood huddled together like -sheep. The forest was strewn with the dead. -Out of eighty-two officers, twenty-six were killed. Of the privates -seven hundred and fourteen had fallen. A retreat began -at once, and Washington, with the Virginians, covered the -flight of the army.</p> - -<p>21. On the next day the Indians returned to Fort Du Quesne -clad in the laced coats of the British officers. The wounded Braddock -was borne in the train of the fugitives to Fort Necessity, -where he died. When they reached Dunbar's camp the confusion -was greater than ever. The artillery, baggage, and -public stores were destroyed. Then followed a hasty retreat -to Fort Cumberland, and finally to Philadelphia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The English in Acadia.</b></div> - -<p>22. By the treaty of Utrecht, made in -1713, Acadia, or Nova Scotia, was ceded -by France to England. The great majority -of the people in that province were French, and the -English government was only a military occupation. At the -outbreak of the French and Indian War the population -amounted to more than sixteen thousand. In a campaign of -a month, the English now made themselves masters of the -whole country east of the St. Croix.</p> - -<p>23. The French inhabitants still outnumbered the English, -and Governor Lawrence determined to drive them into banishment. -The English officers first demanded an oath of alle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>giance, -and the surrender of all firearms and boats. The British -vessels were then made ready to carry the people into exile.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig40.jpg" alt="Embarkation at Acadia."/> -<p class="caption center">Embarkation at Acadia.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Exile of Acadians.</b></div> - -<p>24. The country about the isthmus was -now laid waste, and the peasants driven -into the larger towns. Wherever a sufficient -number could be got together they were compelled to go on -shipboard. At the village of Grand Pré, more than nineteen -hundred people were driven into the boats at the point of the -bayonet. Wives and children, old men and mothers, the sick -and the infirm, all shared the common fate. More than three -thousand of the Acadians were carried away and scattered, -helpless and half starved, among the English colonies.</p> - -<p>25. The third campaign planned by Braddock was to be -conducted by Governor Shirley against Fort Niagara. Early -in August the attempt was made, but in October had to be -abandoned.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Expedition to Lake Champlain.</b></div> - -<p>26. The fourth expedition was intrusted to -General William Johnson. The object was to -capture Crown Point, and drive the French -from Lake Champlain. Early in August the army proceeded to -the Hudson above Albany, and built Fort Edward. Thence -Johnson marched to Lake George and laid out a camp.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Dieskau Defeated.</b></div> - -<p>27. In the mean time, Dieskau, the French -commandant at Crown Point, advanced with -fourteen hundred French, Canadians, and Indians -to capture Fort Edward. The Canadians and French -regulars, unsupported by the Indians, then attacked the English -position. For five hours the battle was incessant. Nearly -all of Dieskau's men were killed. At last the English -troops charged across the field, and completed the rout. -Dieskau was mortally wounded. Two hundred and sixteen -of the English were killed. General Johnson now constructed -Fort William Henry on the site of his -camp. Meanwhile, the French had fortified -Ticonderoga. Such was the condition -of affairs at the close of 1755.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig41.jpg" alt="Lake Champlain."/> -<p class="caption center">Lake Champlain.</p> -</div> - -<p>28. In the beginning of the next year -the command of the English forces was -given to Governor Shirley. Washington, -at the head of the Virginia provincials, -repelled the French and Indians in the -valley of the Shenandoah. The expeditions, -which were planned for the year, -embraced the conquest of Quebec and -the capture of Forts Frontenac, Toronto, -Niagara, and Du Quesne.</p> - -<p>29. The earl of Loudoun now received -the appointment of commander-in-chief -of the British forces. On the 17th of -May Great Britain, after nearly two -years of actual hostilities, made a declaration -of war against France. In July Lord Loudoun assumed -the command of the colonial army. The French, meanwhile, -led by the marquis of Montcalm, who had succeeded Dieskau, -besieged and captured Oswego.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Massacre at Ft. William Henry.</b></div> - -<p>30. In the following campaign the daring Montcalm, with -more than seven thousand French, Canadians, and Indians, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> -advanced against Fort William Henry. For six days the -French pressed the siege with vigor. The ammunition of the -garrison was exhausted, and nothing remained -but to surrender. Honorable terms -were granted by the French. On the 9th of -August the French took possession of the fortress. Unfortunately, -the Indians procured a quantity of spirits from the -English camp. In spite of the utmost exertions of Montcalm, -the savages fell upon the prisoners and massacred thirty of them -in cold blood.</p> - -<p>31. Such had been the successes of France during the year, -that the English had not a single hamlet left in the whole basin -of the St. Lawrence. Every cabin where English was spoken -had been swept out of the Ohio valley. At the close of the -year 1757 France possessed twenty times as much American -territory as England, and five times as much as England and -Spain together.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Louisburg Captured.</b></div> - -<p>32. William Pitt was now placed at the -head of the English ministry. Loudoun -was deposed from the American army. -General Abercrombie was appointed to succeed him. General -Amherst was to lead a division, and young Lord Howe -was next in rank to Abercrombie. Three expeditions were -planned for 1758: one to capture Louisburg; a second, to -reduce Crown Point and Ticonderoga; and the third to retake -Fort Du Quesne from the French. The first was successful, -and on the 28th of July, Louisburg capitulated. Cape -Breton and Prince Edward Island were surrendered to Great -Britain. The garrison, numbering nearly six thousand men, -became prisoners of war.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Defeat at Ticonderoga.</b></div> - -<p>33. On the 5th of July General Abercrombie, -with an army of fifteen thousand -men, moved against Ticonderoga. On the -morning of the 6th the English fell in with the picket line of -the French. A severe skirmish ensued; the French were over<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>whelmed, -but Lord Howe was killed in the onset. On the -morning of the 8th, the English divisions were arranged to -carry Ticonderoga by assault. A desperate battle of more -than four hours followed, until, at six o'clock in the evening, -the English were finally repulsed. The loss on the side of the -assailants amounted in killed and wounded to nineteen hundred -and sixteen. In no battle of the Revolution did the -British have so large a force engaged, or meet such terrible loss.</p> - -<p>34. The English now retreated to Fort George. Soon afterward -three thousand men, under Colonel Bradstreet, were sent -against Fort Frontenac, on Lake Ontario, which, after a siege -of two days, was compelled to capitulate. The fortress was -demolished. Bradstreet's success more than counterbalanced -the failure of the English at Ticonderoga.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Destruction of Ft. Du Quesne.</b></div> - -<p>35. Late in the summer General Forbes, -with nine thousand men, advanced against -Fort Du Quesne. Washington led the Virginia -provincials. On the 24th of November he was within -ten miles of Du Quesne. During that night the garrison took -the alarm, burned the fortress, and floated down the Ohio. -On the 25th the victorious army marched in, raised the English -flag, and named the place <span class="smcap">Pittsburgh</span>.</p> - -<p>36. General Amherst was now promoted to the chief command -of the American forces. By the beginning of summer, -1759, the British and colonial armies numbered nearly fifty -thousand men. The entire French army scarcely exceeded -seven thousand. Three campaigns were planned for the year: -General Prideaux was to conduct an expedition against Niagara. -Amherst was to lead the main division against Ticonderoga -and Crown Point. General Wolfe was to proceed up the -St. Lawrence and capture Quebec.</p> - -<p>37. On the 10th of July, Niagara was invested by Prideaux. -Two weeks later the fort capitulated, and the French, to the -number of six hundred, became prisoners of war. At the same -time Amherst was marching with an army of eleven thousand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> -men against Ticonderoga. On the 22d of July the English -forces landed, and on the 26th the garrison retreated to Crown -Point. Five days afterwards they deserted this place also, and -withdrew to Isle-aux-Noix, in the river Sorel.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig42.jpg" alt="MAP"/> -<p class="caption center">MAP SHOWING THE COLONIES at the time of FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR.</p> -</div> - -<p>38. Early in the spring General Wolfe began the ascent of -the St. Lawrence. His force consisted of nearly eight thousand -men, and a fleet of forty-four vessels. On the 29th of June -General Monckton was sent to seize Point Levi.</p> - -<p>39. On the 9th of July, General Wolfe crossed the north -channel, and encamped on the east bank of the Montmorenci. -This stream was fordable at low water. On the 31st of the -month a severe battle was fought at the fords of the river, and -the English were repulsed with heavy losses.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Plains of Abraham.</b></div> - -<p>40. Exposure and fatigue threw the English -general into a fever. It was decided to -ascend the St. Lawrence, and gain the Plains -of Abraham, in the rear of the city. The lower camp was -broken up, and on the 6th of September the troops were -conveyed to Point Levi. -Wolfe then transferred his -army to a point several -miles up the river.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig43.jpg" alt="QUEBEC IN 1759."/> -<p class="caption center">QUEBEC IN 1759.</p> -</div> - -<p>41. On the night of -the 12th of September, -the English dropped down -the river to a place called -Wolfs Cove, and in the -dawn of morning the general -marshaled his army -for battle on the Plains -of Abraham. Montcalm -was in amazement when -he heard the news. With -great haste the French were brought from the trenches on the -Montmorenci, and thrown between Quebec and the English.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Taking of Quebec.</b></div> - -<p>42. The battle began with an hour's cannonade. -The Canadians and Indians were -routed. The French regulars wavered and -were thrown into confusion. Wolfe, leading the charge, was -twice wounded, but pressed on. At the moment of victory a -third ball pierced his breast, and he sank to the earth. "They -run, they run!" said the attendant who bent over him. "Who -run?" was the response. "The French are flying everywhere," -replied the officer. "Do they run already? Then I die -happy," said the expiring hero.</p> - -<p>43. Montcalm, attempting to rally his regiments, was struck -by a ball and mortally wounded. "Shall I survive?" said -he to his surgeon. "But a few hours at most," answered the -attendant. "So much the better," replied the heroic Frenchman; -"I shall not live to witness the surrender of Quebec."</p> - -<p>44. Five days after the battle, Quebec was surrendered, and -an English garrison took possession of the citadel. On the 8th -of September, in the same year, Montreal, the last important -post of France in the valley of the St. Lawrence, was surrendered -to General Amherst.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Treaty of Paris.</b></div> - -<p>45. For three years the war between France and England -continued on the ocean. The English fleets were everywhere -victorious. On the 10th of February, 1763, a treaty of peace -was made at Paris. All the French possessions in North -America, eastward of the Mississippi from -its source to the river Iberville, and thence -through Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain -to the Gulf of Mexico, were surrendered to Great Britain. At -the same time, Spain, with whom England had been at war, -ceded East and West Florida to the English Crown. Thus -closed the French and Indian War. By this conflict it was -decided that the decaying institutions of the Middle Ages -should not prevail in America, and that the powerful language, -just laws, and priceless liberties of the English race should be -planted forever in the vast domains of the New World.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="Review_Questions_Part_III" id="Review_Questions_Part_III"></a><span class="smcap">Review Questions—Part III.</span></h2> - - -<h3>CHAPTER IX.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>1. Give an account of the first settlement at Jamestown.</li> -<li>2. What troubles arose within the colony itself, and how were these -adjusted?</li> -<li>3. Trace the course of Captain Smith among the Indians, and in his -voyages of discovery.</li> -<li>4. Describe the government of Virginia under the First and Second -Charters.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER X.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>5. What changes in government were made by the Third Charter?</li> -<li>6. Mention the improvement in the colonial industries.</li> -<li>7. Describe the hardships and the growth of the Virginia colony.</li> -<li>8. Give an account of the Indian massacre of 1622.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XI.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>9. Tell of the farther changes in the government, first to a Royal, then -to a Proprietary.</li> -<li>10. Give an account of Bacon's Rebellion, with its causes and results.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XII.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>11. Give an account of the condition and prospects of the Plymouth -colonists.</li> -<li>12. What relations existed between these colonists and the Indians?</li> -<li>13. Tell about the sectarian troubles and their adjustment.</li> -<li>14. Outline the general prosperity of New England.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XIII.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>15. Follow the farther strife between the colonists and the Indians.</li> -<li>16. Trace the changes in government in the New England Colonies from -1622-1689.</li> -<li>17. Give an account of King William's War, with the results to New -England.</li> -<li>18. Tell about Salem Witchcraft.</li> -<li>19. Give an account of Queen Anne's and King George's wars, with the -causes of each and the final adjustments.</li> -<li>20. Sketch the character of the Puritan.</li> -</ul> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p> - -<h3>CHAPTER XIV.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>21. Outline the settlements of the Dutch and their conflicts with the -English and the Swedes.</li> -<li>22. Trace the conflict between the Dutch and the Indians</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XV.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>23. What of the condition, the government, and the progress of New -York under the English rule?</li> -<li>24. Give an account of the "Negro Plot."</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XVI.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>25. Mention the several claims to the territory of Connecticut.</li> -<li>26. Tell the story of the Pequod War.</li> -<li>27. Outline the government and the general prosperity of Connecticut.</li> -<li>28. Give an account of Roger Williams, and the organization of the -"Plantation of Rhode Island."</li> -<li>29. Tell of the founding and growth of New Hampshire.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XVII.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>30. Sketch the history of New Jersey, and its final separation from -Pennsylvania.</li> -<li>31. Tell the story of William Penn, and his career in Pennsylvania.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XVIII.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>32. Give an account of the founding and development of Maryland.</li> -<li>33. Give an account of the colonization and progress of North Carolina.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XIX.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>34. Tell of the founding of South Carolina.</li> -<li>35. Recite the affairs of Georgia under Oglethorpe.</li> -<li>36. Outline the troubles between the English and the Spaniards in -Georgia and Florida.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XX.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>37. What were the leading causes of the French and Indian War?</li> -<li>38. Give an account of Washington's expedition to St. Pierre.</li> -<li>39. Give an account of the capture of Fort Necessity.</li> -<li>40. Give an outline of Braddock's campaign.</li> -<li>41. What were the leading events of the campaign of Wolfe?</li> -</ul> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="Part_IV" id="Part_IV"></a><span class="smcap">Part IV.</span></h2> - -<h2>REVOLUTION AND CONFEDERATION.</h2> - -<div class="center">A. D. 1775-1789.</div> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXI" id="CHAPTER_XXI"></a>CHAPTER XXI.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Causes of the Revolution.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE American Revolution was an event of vast importance. -The question decided by it was whether the English -colonies in America should govern themselves, or be ruled by -Great Britain. The decision was in favor of independence. -The result has been the grandest republican government the -world has ever known.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>General Causes.</b></div> - -<p>2. The most general cause of the Revolution -was <span class="smcap">THE RIGHT OF ARBITRARY GOVERNMENT</span>, -claimed by Great Britain and denied -by the colonies. The question began to be discussed -about the time of the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748; and -from that period until 1775, each year witnessed a renewal of -the agitation. But there were also many minor causes tending -to bring on a conflict with the mother-country.</p> - -<p>3. First of these was <i>the influence of France</i>, inciting the -colonies to rebel. The French had ceded Canada to Great -Britain with the hope of securing American independence. -England feared such a result. It was even proposed in Parliament -to re-cede Canada to France, in order to check the -growth of the American States.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p> - -<p>4. Another cause was <i>the natural disposition of the colonists</i>. -Many of the original settlers came to America to escape the -tyranny of kings, and their descendants naturally favored a -representative government. The dealings of the colonists with -the royal officers had created a dislike for foreign institutions.</p> - -<p>5. <i>The growth of public opinion in the colonies</i> tended to independence. -The better class of men came to believe that a -separation from England was very desirable. As early as 1755, -John Adams, then a young school-teacher in Connecticut, wrote -in his diary: "In another century all Europe will not be able -to subdue us. The only way to keep us from setting up for -ourselves is to disunite us."</p> - -<p>6. Another cause of the Revolution was <i>the personal character -of the king</i>. George III. was one of the worst of rulers, -and had no true notion of human rights. His ministers were, -for the most part, men like himself.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Immediate Causes.</b></div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Acts Restricting Trade.</b></div> - -<p>7. The more immediate cause of the war -was the passage by Parliament of a number -of laws destructive of colonial liberty. The -first of these was the <span class="smcap">Importation Act</span> of 1733. By this -statute exorbitant duties were laid on sugar, molasses, and -rum. In 1750 it was enacted that iron-works should not be -erected in America. The manufacture of steel was forbidden, -and the felling of pines outside of inclosures. These laws were -disregarded by the colonists, who considered them unjust and -tyrannical. In 1761 the courts were authorized to issue to -petty officers search-warrants, called Writs of -Assistance, by which constables might enter -every place, searching for goods suspected -of having evaded the duty. At Salem and Boston the writs -were resisted.</p> - -<p>8. In 1763, and again in the following year, the English -officers were authorized to seize all vessels engaged in unlawful -trade. Before this was known at Boston, a great town-meeting -was held. Samuel Adams was the orator. A powerful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> -argument was produced, showing that under the British constitution -<i>taxation and representation were inseparable</i>.</p> - -<p>9. On the 10th of March, 1764, Mr. Grenville, the prime -minister, brought before the House of Commons a resolution -that it would be proper to charge certain stamp-duties on the -American colonies. The news of the measure was borne to -America, producing universal excitement. Resolutions against -the acts of the ministers were passed in almost every town. -Remonstrances were addressed to the king and the Parliament.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Stamp Act.</b></div> - -<p>10. Nevertheless, in March of 1765, the -English Parliament passed the <span class="smcap">Stamp Act</span>. -In the House of Commons it received a -majority of five to one. In the House of Lords the vote -was unanimous. On the 22d of the month, the royal assent -was given. Benjamin Franklin, then in London, wrote to a -friend at home that the sun of American liberty had set.</p> - -<p>11. The provisions of the Stamp Act were these: Every -legal document required in the colonies should, after the 1st -day of the following November, be executed on stamped paper -to be furnished by the British government. For each sheet -the colonists were required to pay a sum varying from three -pence to six pounds sterling. Every pamphlet, almanac, and -newspaper was to be printed on paper of the same sort, the -value of the stamps ranging from a half-penny to four pence. -No contract should be binding unless bearing the stamp.</p> - -<p>12. The news of the hateful act created great wrath in -America. The bells of Philadelphia and Boston rang a funeral -knell. In New York a copy of the Stamp Act was carried -through the streets with a death's-head nailed to it, and a -placard bearing this inscription: <span class="smcap">The Folly of England and -the Ruin of America</span>. The general assemblies were at first -slow to move; there were many old royalists among the members. -But the younger representatives did not hesitate to -express their sentiments. In the Virginia House of Burgesses -there was a memorable scene.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Patrick Henry.</b></div> - -<p>13. Patrick Henry, the youngest member of -the House, after waiting in vain for some older -delegate to lead in opposition to Parliament, -snatched a blank leaf out of an old law book and drew up a -series of six resolutions, declaring that the Virginians were Englishmen -with English rights; that the colonists were not bound -to yield obedience to any law imposing taxation on them; and -that whoever said the contrary was an enemy to the country.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig44.jpg" alt="Patrick Henry."/> -<p class="caption center">Patrick Henry.</p> -</div> - -<p>14. A violent debate ensued. Two future Presidents of the -United States were in the -audience: Washington as a -delegate, and Thomas Jefferson, -a young collegian, outside -of the railing. The eloquent -Henry bore down all -opposition. "Cæsar had his -Brutus," said the orator; -"Charles I. had his Cromwell, -and George III.—" -"Treason!" shouted the -speaker. "Treason! treason!" -exclaimed the royalists, -springing to their feet. -"And George III. may profit -by their example," continued -Henry; and then added, "If that be treason, make the most of -it!" The six resolutions were carried; but on the next day, -when Henry was absent, the powerful aristocratic and church -party secured the repeal of two of the more violent resolutions.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The "Stamp Act Congress," 1765.</b></div> - -<p>15. Similar resolutions were adopted by -the assemblies of New York and Massachusetts. -James Otis proposed an American -Congress. The proposition was favorably received by nine -of the colonies; and, on the 7th of October, the first colonial<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> -Congress, called the <span class="smcap">Stamp Act Congress</span>, assembled at New -York. Timothy Ruggles, of Massachusetts, was chosen president. -A Declaration of Rights was adopted setting forth that -the American colonists, as Englishmen, could not consent to -be taxed but by their own representatives. Memorials were -sent to Parliament and a petition to the king.</p> - -<p>16. On the 1st of November the Stamp Act was to take effect. -During the summer great quantities of the stamped paper had -been sent to America. But everywhere it was rejected or destroyed. -The 1st of November was kept as a day of mourning.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Sons of Liberty.</b></div> - -<p>17. At first, legal business was suspended. -The court-houses were shut up. Not even -a marriage license could be legally issued. -By and by, the offices were opened, and business went -on as before, but <i>not</i> with stamped paper. It was at this time -that the patriotic society, known as the <span class="smcap">Sons of Liberty</span>, was -organized. The merchants of New York, Boston, and Philadelphia -entered into a compact to purchase no more goods of -Great Britain until the Stamp Act should be repealed.</p> - -<p>18. The colonists had their friends in England. Eminent -statesmen espoused the cause of America. In the House of -Commons Mr. Pitt delivered a powerful address. "You have," -said he, "no right to tax America. I rejoice that America has -resisted." On the 18th of March, 1766, the Stamp Act was -formally repealed. But at the same time a resolution was -added, declaring that Parliament had the right <i>to bind the colonies -in all cases whatsoever</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Repeal of the Stamp Act.</b></div> - -<p>19. The repeal of the Stamp Act produced -great joy, both in England and America. -But on the 29th of June, 1767, another -act was passed imposing a duty on all the glass, paper, -painters' colors, and tea which should thereafter be imported -into the colonies.</p> - -<p>20. The resentment of the Americans burst out anew. Another -agreement not to purchase British goods was entered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> -into by the American merchants. The newspapers were -filled with denunciations of Parliament. In the month of June, -a sloop, charged with evading the payment of duty, was seized -by the custom-house officers of Boston. But the people attacked -the houses of the officers, and obliged the occupants to -fly to Castle William. General Gage was now ordered to -bring from Halifax a regiment of regulars and overawe the -people. On the 1st of October the troops, seven hundred -strong, marched with fixed bayonets into the capital of Massachusetts.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Resistance of the Colonies.</b></div> - -<p>21. In February of 1769 the people of -Massachusetts were declared rebels, and -the governor was directed to arrest those -deemed guilty and send them to England for trial. The -general assembly met this outrage with defiant resolutions. -Similar scenes were enacted in Virginia and North Carolina.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Boston Massacre.</b></div> - -<p>22. Early in 1770 the soldiers in New York cut down a -liberty pole which stood in the park. A conflict ensued, -in which the people won the day. On the 5th of March, a -more serious difficulty occurred in Boston. A crowd of -people surrounded Captain Preston's company of the city -guard, hooted at them, and dared them to fire. At length the -soldiers discharged a volley, killing three of the citizens and -wounding several others. This outrage, known as the <span class="smcap">Boston -Massacre</span>, created a profound sensation. -Captain Preston and his company were arrested -and tried for murder. Two of the -offenders were convicted of manslaughter.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig45.jpg" alt="Fight at the Liberty Pole, New York."/> -<p class="caption center">Fight at the Liberty Pole, New York.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Boston Tea Party.</b></div> - -<p>23. Parliament now passed an act repealing all duties on -American imports except that on tea. The people, in answer, -pledged themselves to use no more tea until the duty should -be <i>unconditionally repealed</i>. In 1773 Parliament removed the -export duty which had hitherto been charged on tea shipped -from England. The price of tea was thus lowered, and the -ministers thought that, when the cheaper tea was offered in -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> -America, the colonists would pay -the import duty without suspicion. -Ships were loaded with -tea for the American market. -Some of the vessels reached -Charleston; but the chests were stored in cellars, and -the contents ruined. At New York and Philadelphia the -ships were forbidden to enter. At Boston -the authorities would not permit the -tea to be landed. On the 16th of December -there was a great town-meeting, at which seven -thousand people were present. Adams and Quincy spoke -to the multitudes. Evening came on, and the meeting -was about to adjourn, when a war-whoop was heard, and -fifty men disguised as Indians marched to the wharf where<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> -the tea-ships were at anchor, boarded the vessels, and emptied -three hundred and forty chests of tea into the bay. Such was -the <span class="smcap">Boston Tea Party</span>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Boston Port Bill.</b></div> - -<p>24. Parliament made haste to find revenge. -On the last day of March, 1774, -the <span class="smcap">Boston Port Bill</span> was passed. It was -enacted that no kind of merchandise should any longer be -landed or shipped at the wharves of Boston. The custom-house -was removed to Salem, but the people of that town -refused to accept it. The inhabitants of Marblehead gave the -free use of their warehouses to the merchants of Boston. When -the news of the Port Bill reached Virginia, the burgesses -entered a protest on their journal. Governor Dunmore ordered -the members to their homes; but they met and continued their -work in another place. On the 20th of May, the charter of -Massachusetts was annulled. The people were declared rebels, -and the governor was ordered to send abroad for trial all persons -who should resist the officers.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>First Continental Congress, 1774.</b></div> - -<p>25. In September the <span class="smcap">First Continental -Congress</span> assembled at Philadelphia. -Eleven colonies were represented. One address -was sent to the king; another to the English nation; and -another to the people of Canada. A resolution was adopted -to suspend all commercial intercourse with Great Britain. -Parliament retaliated by ordering General Gage to reduce the -colonists by force. A fleet and ten thousand soldiers were sent -to aid him.</p> - -<p>26. Boston Neck was seized and fortified by the British. -The stores at Cambridge and Charlestown were conveyed to -Boston; and the general assembly was ordered to disband. -Instead of doing so, the members voted to equip an army of -twelve thousand men for defence. There was no longer any -hope of a peaceable adjustment. The colonists were few and -feeble; but they were men of iron wills who had made up their -minds to die for liberty.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXII" id="CHAPTER_XXII"></a>CHAPTER XXII.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Beginning of the Revolution.—Events of 1775.</span></h3> - - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Paul Revere's Ride.</b></div> - -<p class="drop-cap">AS soon as the intentions of General Gage -were known, the people of Boston, concealing -their ammunition in carts, conveyed -it to Concord. On the night of the 18th of April, Gage -dispatched eight hundred men to destroy the stores. The plan -of the British was made with great secrecy; but the patriots -discovered the movement. When the regiment, under command -of Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn, set out for Concord, -the people of Boston were roused by the ringing of bells and -the firing of cannon. William Dawes and Paul Revere rode -with all speed to Lexington and spread the alarm through the -country.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Fight at Lexington.</b></div> - -<p>2. At two o'clock in the morning, a company -of one hundred and thirty minute-men -assembled on the common at Lexington. No -enemy appeared until five o'clock, when the British, under -command of Pitcairn, came in sight. The provincials were led -by Captain Parker. Pitcairn rode up and exclaimed: "Disperse, -ye villains! Throw down your arms!" The minute-men -stood still, and Pitcairn cried, "Fire!" The first volley of the -Revolution whistled through the air, and sixteen of the patriots -fell dead or wounded. The rest fired a few shots and dispersed.</p> - -<p>3. The British pressed on to Concord; but the inhabitants -had removed the stores to a place of safety, and there was but -little destruction. While the British were ransacking the town, -the minute-men encountered a company of soldiers who were -guarding the North Bridge. Here the Americans fired, and -two British soldiers were killed. The rest began a retreat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> -through the town toward Lexington. For six miles the battle -was kept up along the road. Hidden behind trees, fences, and -barns, the patriots poured a constant fire upon the ranks of the -enemy. The American loss was forty-nine killed, thirty-four -wounded, and five missing; that of the enemy was two hundred -and seventy-three.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig46.jpg" alt="THE FIGHT AT LEXINGTON"/> -<p class="caption center">THE FIGHT AT LEXINGTON</p> -</div> - -<p>4. The battle of Lexington fired the country. Within a -few days an army of twenty thousand men gathered about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> -Boston. A line of intrenchments was drawn from Roxbury -to Chelsea. John Stark came down with the New Hampshire -militia. Rhode Island sent her men under Nathaniel Greene. -Benedict Arnold came with the provincials of New Haven. -Ethan Allen, with a company of two hundred and seventy -patriots, advanced against Ticonderoga. Benedict Arnold -joined the expedition as a private. On the evening of the 9th -of May, the force reached the shore of Lake George, opposite -Ticonderoga.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Ethan Allen at Ticonderoga.</b></div> - -<p>5. On the following morning, eighty-three -men succeeded in crossing. With this mere -handful, Allen made a dash and gained -the gateway of the fort. He rushed to the quarters of the -commandant, and cried out: "Surrender this fort instantly!" -"By what authority?" inquired the officer. "In the name -of the great Jehovah and the Continental Congress," said -Allen, flourishing his sword. The garrison were made prisoners -and sent to Connecticut, and vast quantities of military -stores fell into the hands of the Americans. Two days afterwards -Crown Point was also taken.</p> - -<p>6. On the 25th of May, Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne -arrived at Boston. The British army was augmented to -more than ten thousand men. It was now rumored that Gage -was about to sally out of Boston to burn the neighboring towns -and devastate the country. The Americans determined to -anticipate this movement by fortifying Bunker Hill, which -commanded the peninsula of Charlestown.</p> - -<p>7. On the night of the 16th of June, Colonel Prescott was -sent with a thousand men to intrench the hill. The provincials -reached the eminence; but Prescott and his engineer, not -liking the position, proceeded down the peninsula to Breed's -Hill, within cannon range of Boston. Here a redoubt was -thrown up during the night. The British ships in the harbor -were so near that the Americans could hear the sentinels repeating -the night-call, "All is well."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of Bunker Hill.</b></div> - -<p>8. As soon as it was light, General Gage -ordered the ships to cannonade the American -position. The British batteries on -Copp's Hill also opened fire. Just after noon, three thousand -British veterans, commanded by Generals Howe and Pigot, -landed at Morton's Point. The Americans numbered about -fifteen hundred. Charlestown was burned by the British as -they advanced. Thousands of spectators climbed to the house-tops -in Boston to watch the battle. On came the British in a -stately and imposing column.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig47.jpg" alt="VICINITY OF BOSTON."/> -<p class="caption center">VICINITY OF BOSTON.</p> -</div> - -<p>9. The Americans reserved their fire until the advancing line -was within a hundred and fifty feet. Then instantly every gun -was discharged. The front rank of the British melted away, -and the rest hastily retreated. Howe rallied his men and led -the second charge. Again the American fire was withheld -until the enemy was but a -few rods distant. Then -volley after volley was -poured upon the column -until it was broken and -driven into flight.</p> - -<p>10. The vessels of the -British fleet now changed -position until the guns -were brought to bear upon -the American works. For -the third time, the British -soldiers charged with fixed -bayonets up the hillside. -The Americans had but -three or four rounds of ammunition remaining. These were expended -on the advancing enemy. Then there was a lull. The -British clambered over the ramparts. The provincials hurled -stones at the assailants. It was in vain; they were driven out of -their trenches at the point of the bayonet. The brave Warren gave<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> -his life for freedom. The loss of the British in the engagement -was a thousand and fifty-four in killed and wounded. The -Americans lost one hundred and fifteen killed, three hundred -and five wounded, and thirty-two prisoners. Prescott and Putnam -conducted the retreat to Prospect Hill.</p> - -<p>11. The battle of Bunker Hill rather inspired than discouraged -the colonists. The news was borne to the South, and a -spirit of determined opposition was everywhere aroused. The -people began to speak of the <span class="smcap">United Colonies of America</span>. -At Charlotte, North Carolina, the citizens came together in -convention, and made <i>a declaration of independence</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Second Continental Congress, 1775.</b></div> - -<p>12. On the day of the capture of Ticonderoga, -the Continental Congress assembled -at Philadelphia. Washington was there, and -John Adams and Samuel Adams, Franklin and Patrick -Henry; Jefferson came soon afterwards. A last appeal was -addressed to the king; and he was told that the colonists had -chosen war in preference to slavery. Early in the session -John Adams made an address, in the course of which he noticed -the necessity of appointing a commander-in-chief, and the qualities -requisite in that high officer. The speaker concluded by -putting in nomination George Washington, of Virginia. On -the 15th of June, the nomination was confirmed by Congress; -and the man who had saved the wreck of Braddock's army -was called to build a nation.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Washington Commander-in-chief.</b></div> - -<p>13. <span class="smcap">George Washington</span> was born in -Westmoreland county, Virginia, on the 11th -of February (Old Style), 1732. At the age -of eleven he was left to the sole care of his -mother. His education was limited to the common branches -of learning. Surveying was his favorite study. At the age of -sixteen he was sent by his uncle to survey a tract of land on -the South Potomac. The important duties which he performed -in the service of the Ohio Company, and his campaign with -Braddock have already been narrated. With great dignity<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> -he accepted the appointment of commander-in-chief, and set -out to join the army at Cambridge.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Organization of Continental Army.</b></div> - -<p>14. Congress had voted to equip twenty -thousand men, but the means of doing so -were not furnished. Washington had a force -of fourteen thousand five hundred volunteers, undisciplined and -insubordinate. The supplies of war were almost wholly wanting. -The army was soon organized in three divisions: the -right wing was under General Ward, the left commanded by -General Charles Lee, the center under the commander-in-chief. -The siege of Boston was pressed with vigor. The -king's authority was overthrown in all the colonies.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Expedition against Canada.</b></div> - -<p>15. The Americans looked to Canada for -aid. In order to encourage the people of -that province to take up arms, Generals -Schuyler and Montgomery were ordered to proceed against -St. John and Montreal, both of which were finally taken. -Montgomery next proceeded, with three hundred men, against -Quebec. In the mean time, Colonel Arnold had set out with -a thousand men from Cambridge. At Point aux Trembles -he was joined by Montgomery, who assumed command. For -three weeks, with his handful of troops, Montgomery besieged -Quebec, and then staked everything on an assault.</p> - -<p>16. Before daybreak on the 31st of December, Montgomery -attacked the Lower Town. At the first discharge Montgomery -fell dead. The men, heartbroken at their loss, retreated above -the city. Arnold had meanwhile fought his way into the -Lower Town, but was severely wounded and borne to the -rear. Captain Morgan led his brave band along the narrow -streets until he was overwhelmed and compelled to surrender. -Arnold retired to a point three miles above the city. The -small-pox broke out in the camp; and in the following June -the Americans evacuated Canada.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXIII.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Events of 1776.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap">AT last came the king's answer to the appeal of Congress. -The petition of the colonies was rejected with contempt. -By this tyrannical answer the day of independence was brought -nearer. Meanwhile, General Howe had succeeded Gage in -command of the British troops in Boston.</p> - -<p>2. All winter long the city was besieged by Washington. -By the first of spring, 1776, it was resolved to seize Dorchester -Heights and drive Howe out of Boston. On the night of the -4th of March a detachment under cover of the darkness -reached the Heights unperceived. The British noticed nothing -unusual; but, when morning dawned, Howe saw at a glance -that he must carry the American position or abandon the city. -He ordered his men to storm the Heights before nightfall.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The British driven from Boston.</b></div> - -<p>3. Washington visited the trenches and -exhorted his men. It was the anniversary -of the Boston Massacre. A battle was momentarily -expected; but while the British delayed, a storm -arose and rendered the harbor impassable, and the attack could -not be made. Before the following morning the Americans -had so strengthened their fortifications that all thoughts of -an assault were abandoned. Howe found himself reduced to -the extremity of giving up the capital of New England.</p> - -<p>4. After some days there was an agreement between Washington -and the British general that the latter should retire from -Boston unmolested on condition that the city should not be -burned. On the 17th of March, the whole British army sailed -away. The American advance at once entered the city. On -the 20th, Washington made a formal entry at the head of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> -triumphant army. The country was wild with delight. Congress -ordered a gold medal to be struck in honor of Washington's -victory over the enemy.</p> - -<p>5. In a short time, the commander-in-chief repaired with -the army to New York. General Lee pressed forward with -the Connecticut militia, and reached that city just in time to -baffle an attempt of Sir Henry Clinton, who next sailed southward, -and was joined by Sir Peter Parker and Lord Cornwallis -with two thousand five hundred men. The force of the -British was deemed sufficient to capture Charleston.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>British Repulsed at Charleston.</b></div> - -<p>6. The Carolinians, led by General Lee, -rose in arms and flocked to Charleston. -The city was fortified; and a fort, which -commanded the entrance to the harbor, was built on Sullivan's -Island. On the 4th of June the British squadron came in sight. -On the 28th the British fleet began a bombardment of the fortress, -which was commanded by Colonel Moultrie; but the walls, -built of palmetto, were little injured. As evening drew on, the -British were obliged to retire with a loss of two hundred men. -The loss of the garrison amounted to thirty-two.</p> - -<p>7. During the summer Washington's forces were increased -to twenty-seven thousand men, but the effective force was little -more than half that number. Great Britain was making the -greatest preparations. By a treaty with some of the German -States, seventeen thousand Hessians were hired to fight against -America. Twenty-five thousand English troops were levied; -and a million dollars were voted for the expenses of the war.</p> - -<p>8. Thus far the colonists had claimed to be loyal subjects -of Great Britain. Now the case seemed hopeless. The people -urged the general assemblies, and the general assemblies urged -Congress, to a declaration of independence. Congress responded -by recommending the colonies to adopt such governments -as might best conduce to the safety of the people.</p> - -<p>9. On the 7th of June, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, -offered a resolution in Congress declaring that the United<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> -Colonies are, and of right ought to be, <i>free and independent States</i>. -A long and exciting debate ensued. The final consideration of -Lee's resolution was postponed until the 1st of July. On the -11th of June, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, -Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston were appointed -a committee to prepare a formal declaration.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig48.jpg" alt="Jefferson reading the Declaration in Committee."/> -<p class="caption center">Jefferson reading the Declaration in Committee.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Declaration of Independence.</b></div> - -<p>10. On the 1st of July the committee's report was laid before -Congress. On the next day Lee's resolution -was adopted. During the 3d the formal -declaration was debated with great spirit. The -discussion was resumed on the 4th, and at two o'clock in the -afternoon the <span class="smcap">Declaration of American Independence</span> was -adopted by a unanimous vote.</p> - -<p>11. The old bellman of the State House rang out the note of -freedom to the nation. The multitudes caught the signal and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> -answered with shouts. Everywhere the declaration was received -with enthusiastic applause. At Philadelphia the king's -arms were torn down and burned in the street. At Williamsburg, -Charleston, and Savannah there were bonfires. At Boston -the declaration was read in Faneuil Hall. At New York -the populace pulled down the statue of George III. <i>and cast it -into bullets</i>. Washington ordered that the declaration be read -at the head of each brigade.</p> - -<p>12. The leading principles of the Declaration of Independence -are these: That all men are created equal; that governments -are instituted for the welfare of the people; that the -people have a right to alter their government; that the government -of George III. had become destructive of liberty; that -the king's tyranny over his American subjects was no longer -endurable; and that, therefore, the United Colonies of America -are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Operations about New York.</b></div> - -<p>13. Early in July, General Howe landed -a force of nine thousand men on Staten Island. -Thither Clinton came from the siege -of Charleston, and Admiral Howe from England. The -British force in the vicinity of New York amounted to thirty -thousand men. Nearly half of them were Hessians. Washington's -army was greatly inferior in numbers and discipline.</p> - -<p>14. Lord Howe had been instructed to try conciliatory -measures with the Americans. First, he sent to the American -camp a dispatch directed to George Washington, <i>Esquire</i>. -Washington refused to receive a communication which did not -recognize his official position. Howe then sent another message, -addressed to George Washington, etc., etc., etc.; and the -bearer insisted that <i>and-so-forth</i> might mean <i>General of the -American Army</i>. But Washington sent the officer away.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of Long Island.</b></div> - -<p>15. Lord Howe and his brother at once -began hostilities. On the 22d of August, -the British, to the number of ten thousand, -landed on Long Island. The Americans, about eight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> -thousand strong, were posted in the vicinity of Brooklyn. -On the morning of the 27th of August, Grant's division of the -British army was met by General Stirling with fifteen hundred -men, and the battle at once began, but there was no decisive -result. General Heister advanced beyond Flatbush, and engaged -the main body of the Americans, under General Sullivan. -Here the Hessians gained little or no ground until Sullivan -was alarmed by the noise of battle on his left and rear.</p> - -<p>16. During the night General Clinton had occupied the -heights above the Jamaica road, and now came down by way -of Bedford. Sullivan found himself surrounded and cut off. -The men fought bravely, and many broke through the lines of -the British. The rest were scattered, killed, or taken prisoners.</p> - -<p>17. Cornwallis, attempting to cut off Stirling's retreat, was -repulsed. Most of Stirling's men reached the American lines -at Brooklyn. Generals Stirling, Sullivan, and Woodhull were -taken prisoners. Nearly a thousand patriots were killed or -missing. It seemed an easy thing for Clinton and Howe to -capture all the rest.</p> - -<p>18. Washington resolved to withdraw to New York. The -enterprise was extremely hazardous. At eight o'clock in the -evening the embarkation of the army began. All night with -muffled oars the boatmen rowed silently back and forth. At -daylight the movement was discovered by the British. They -rushed into the American intrenchments and found nothing -but a few worthless guns.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>British Occupy New York.</b></div> - -<p>19. The defeat on Long Island was very -disastrous to the American cause. Many of -the troops returned to their homes. Only by -constant exertion did Washington keep his army from disbanding. -The British fleet anchored within cannon-shot of New -York. Washington retired to the Heights of Harlem. On the -15th of September the British landed three miles above New -York. Thence they extended their lines and took possession -of the city.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of White Plains.</b></div> - -<p>20. On the 16th of October, Howe embarked -his forces, passed into Long Island -Sound, and landed in the vicinity of Westchester. -The object was to get upon the American flank -and cut off communications with the Eastern States. On the -28th a battle was brought on at White Plains. The Americans -were driven from one -position, but intrenched -themselves in another, -then withdrew to the -heights of North Castle. -Howe remained for a few -days at White Plains, and -returned to New York.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig49.jpg" alt="NEW YORK and VICINITY"/> -<p class="caption center">NEW YORK and VICINITY.</p> -</div> - -<p>21. Washington now -crossed to the west bank -of the Hudson and took -post at Fort Lee. Four -thousand men were left -at North Castle under -General Lee. Fort Washington, -on Manhattan -Island, was defended by -three thousand men under -Colonel Magaw. The skillful construction of this fort -had attracted the attention of Washington, and led to an -acquaintance with the engineer, <span class="smcap">Alexander Hamilton</span>, then -a stripling but twenty years of age.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Washington retreats to Trenton.</b></div> - -<p>22. On the 16th of November, Fort Washington -was captured by the British. The -garrison were made prisoners of war and -crowded into the jails of New York. Two days after the surrender, -Fort Lee was taken by Lord Cornwallis. Washington -with his army, now reduced to three thousand men, retreated -to Trenton on the Delaware. Nothing but the skill of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> -commander saved the remnant of his forces from destruction.</p> - -<p>23. On the 8th of December, Washington crossed the Delaware. -Cornwallis, having no boats, was obliged to wait for -the freezing of the river. It was seen that as soon as the river -should be frozen the British would march into Philadelphia. -Congress accordingly adjourned to Baltimore. During his retreat -across New Jersey, Washington sent dispatches to General -Lee, at North Castle, to join the main army as soon as -possible. That officer took up his quarters at Basking Ridge. -On the 13th of December, a squad of British cavalry captured -Lee and hurried him off to New York. General Sullivan took -command of Lee's division, and hastened to join Washington. -The entire American force now amounted to a little more than -six thousand.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Victory at Trenton.</b></div> - -<p>24. The tide of misfortune turned at last. -Washington saw in the disposition of the -British forces an opportunity to strike a -blow for his country. The leaders of the enemy were off -their guard. The Hessians on the east side of the river were -spread out from Trenton to Burlington. Washington conceived -the design of crossing the Delaware and striking the -detachment at Trenton before a concentration of the enemy's -forces could be effected. The American army was arranged -in three divisions under Generals Cadwallader, Ewing, and -Washington himself. Christmas night was selected as the time -for the movement.</p> - -<p>25. The Delaware was filled with floating ice. Ewing and -Cadwallader were both baffled in their efforts to cross the -river. Washington, having succeeded in getting over, divided -his army of twenty-four hundred men into two columns and -pressed forward. At eight o'clock in the morning the Americans -came rushing into Trenton from both directions. The -Hessians sprang from their quarters and attempted to form in -line. Colonel Rall was mortally wounded. Nearly a thou<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>sand -of the Hessians threw down their arms and begged for -quarter. Before nightfall Washington, with his army and the -whole body of captives, was safe on the other side of the -Delaware.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig50.jpg" alt="CENTRAL NEW JERSEY 1778."/> -<p class="caption center">CENTRAL NEW JERSEY 1778.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Effect of the victory.</b></div> - -<p>26. The battle of Trenton roused the -nation from despondency. The militia -flocked to the general's standard; and fourteen -hundred soldiers, whose term of enlistment now expired, -reentered the service. Robert Morris, the great financier -of the Revolution, -came forward -with his fortune to -the support of his -country.</p> - -<p>27. Three days -after his victory, -Washington again -crossed the Delaware. -Here all the -American detachments -in the vicinity -were ordered to assemble. -To General -Heath, stationed at -Peekskill, Washington -sent orders to -move into New Jersey. The British fell back from their outposts -and concentrated at Princeton. Cornwallis resumed -command in person. So closed the year. Ten days previously, -Howe only waited for the freezing of the Delaware before taking -up his quarters in Philadelphia. Now it was a question -whether he would be able to hold a single town in New Jersey.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIV" id="CHAPTER_XXIV"></a>CHAPTER XXIV.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Operations of 1777.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">ON the 1st of January, 1777, Washington's army at Trenton -numbered about five thousand men. On the next day -Cornwallis approached with greatly superior forces. During -the afternoon there was severe skirmishing along the roads east -of Trenton. During the night Washington called a council of -war, and it was determined to leave the camp, pass the British -left flank, and strike the enemy at Princeton. The baggage was -removed to Burlington. The camp-fires were brightly kindled -and kept burning through the night, while the army was in -motion toward Princeton. Everything was done in silence. -The morning light showed the British sentries a deserted camp.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of Princeton.</b></div> - -<p>2. At sunrise Washington was entering -Princeton. At the same time the British -were marching out to reinforce Cornwallis. -The Americans met them in the edge of the village, and the -battle at once began. The British charged bayonets, and the -militia gave way in confusion. General Mercer received a -mortal wound. But the Pennsylvania regulars, led by the commander-in-chief, -stood their ground. Washington rallied his -men with the greatest bravery; and the British were routed, -with a loss of four hundred and thirty men in killed, wounded, -and missing.</p> - -<p>3. On the night of the 22d of May, Colonel Meigs, of Connecticut, -embarked two hundred men in whale-boats, crossed -the sound, and attacked Sag Harbor. The British were overpowered; -only four of them escaped; five or six were killed, -and the remaining ninety were made prisoners. The stores -were destroyed by the patriots, who, without the loss of a man,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> -returned to Guilford. Colonel Meigs was rewarded by Congress -with an elegant sword.</p> - -<p>4. The patriot forces of the North were now concentrated -on the Hudson; and a camp, under Arnold, was laid out on -the Delaware. In the latter part of May, Washington broke -up his winter-quarters and took an advantageous position only -ten miles from the British camp. Howe crossed over from -New York and threatened an attack upon the American lines. -Finally, the British, on the 30th of June, crossed over to Staten -Island. On the 10th of July, General Prescott, of the British -army, was captured at a farm-house near Newport. This gave -the Americans an officer of equal rank to exchange for General -Lee. Congress in the mean time returned to Philadelphia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>French Aid and Sympathy.</b></div> - -<p>5. From the beginning of the war the -people of France had been friendly to the -American cause. By and by their sympathy -became more outspoken. The French ministers would do -nothing openly to provoke a war with Great Britain; but -secretly they rejoiced at every British misfortune. During the -year 1777, the French managed to supply the colonies with -twenty thousand muskets and a thousand barrels of powder.</p> - -<p>6. At last the republicans of France began to embark for -America. Foremost of all came the young <span class="smcap">Marquis de La -Fayette</span>. Fitting a vessel at his own expense, he eluded -the officers, and with the brave De Kalb and a small company -of followers reached South Carolina in April of 1777. He entered -the army as a volunteer, and in the following July was -commissioned a major-general.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Burgoyne's Campaign.</b></div> - -<p>7. One of the most important events of -the war was the campaign of General Burgoyne. -In command of the English forces -in Canada, he spent the spring of 1777 in organizing an -army of ten thousand men for the invasion of New York. The -force consisted of British, Hessians, Canadians, and Indians. -The plan of the campaign embraced a descent upon Albany<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> -and New York, and the cutting off of New England from the -Middle and Southern colonies.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig51.jpg" alt="Marquis de La Fayette."/> -<p class="caption center">Marquis de La Fayette.</p> -</div> - -<p>8. On the 1st of June, -Burgoyne reached Lake -Champlain, and on the -16th proceeded to Crown -Point. This place was -occupied by the British; -and on the 5th of July, -Ticonderoga, which was -defended by three thousand -men under General -St. Clair, was captured. -Soon afterward the British -reached Whitehall -and seized a large quantity -of stores.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of Bennington.</b></div> - -<p>9. At this time the -American army of the -North was commanded -by General Schuyler. His -forces, numbering between four and five thousand, were at Fort -Edward. This place was captured by Burgoyne on the 30th of -July, the Americans retreating down the Hudson. -The British general now dispatched Colonels -Baum and Breymann to seize the stores -at Bennington, Vermont. Colonel John Stark rallied the New -Hampshire militia, and on the 15th of August met the British -near the village. On the following morning there was a furious -battle, in which Baum's force was completely routed. The -British lost in killed, wounded, and prisoners more than eight -hundred men. The country was thrilled by the victory.</p> - -<p>10. A few days after the battle of Bennington, Burgoyne received -intelligence of a still greater reverse, at Fort Schuyler, -on the Mohawk.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig52.jpg" alt="Chart of HUDSON RIVER."/> -<p class="caption center">Chart of HUDSON RIVER.</p> -</div> - -<p>11. The British general lost a month in procuring supplies -from Canada. He now found himself hemmed in -by nine thousand patriot soldiers. -General Lincoln arrived with the -militia of New England. Washington -sent several detachments from -the regular army. Morgan came -with his riflemen. General Gates -superseded Schuyler in command of -the northern army. On the 8th of -September, the American headquarters -were advanced to Stillwater. -On the 14th of the month, Burgoyne -crossed the Hudson and took post -at Saratoga. The two armies now -came face to face. On the 19th, -a general battle ensued, continuing -until nightfall. The conflict, though -severe, was indecisive; the Americans -retired within their lines, and -the British slept on the field. To -the patriots the result of the battle -was equivalent to a victory.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of Bemis's Heights.</b></div> - -<p>12. The condition of Burgoyne -grew critical. His supplies failed; -his Canadian and Indian allies deserted his standard. On -the 7th of October, he hazarded another battle, in which -he lost his bravest officers and nearly -seven hundred privates. The brave General -Fraser was killed, and his disheartened men -turned and fled from the field. The Americans were completely -victorious.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Burgoyne's Surrender.</b></div> - -<p>13. Burgoyne now began a retreat, and on the 9th of -October reached Saratoga. Here he was intercepted by -Gates and Lincoln, and forced to surrender. On the 17th -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> -of October terms of capitulation were agreed on, and the -whole army, numbering five thousand seven hundred and -ninety-one, became prisoners of war. Among the captives -were six members of the British Parliament. Forty-two pieces -of brass artillery, five thousand muskets, and -an immense quantity of stores were the fruits -of the victory.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig53.jpg" alt="PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY."/> -<p class="caption center">PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY.</p> -</div> - -<p>14. As soon as the invasion was at an end, a large portion -of the army was dispatched to aid Washington in a great campaign -in progress in the South. On the 23d of July, Howe had -sailed from New York, -with eighteen thousand -men, to attack Philadelphia. -Washington advanced -his headquarters -from Philadelphia to Wilmington. -The American -army, numbering about -eleven thousand men, was -concentrated at that place. -The forces of Howe were -vastly superior, but Washington -hoped to beat back -the invaders and save the -capital.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of Brandywine.</b></div> - -<p>15. On the 25th of -August the British landed at Elk River, in Maryland, and began -their march toward Philadelphia. Washington selected the -Brandywine as his line of defence. The left wing was stationed -at Chad's Ford, while the right, under General -Sullivan, was extended up the river. On -the 11th of September the British reached the -opposite bank and began battle. The Hessians, under Knyphausen, -attacked at the ford; but the British, led by Cornwallis -and Howe, marched up the Brandywine and crossed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> -above the American right. Sullivan allowed himself to be -outflanked. Washington was misled by false information; the -right wing was crushed by Cornwallis, and the day was lost.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The British in Philadelphia.</b></div> - -<p>16. During the night the patriots retreated to West Chester. -The loss of the Americans amounted to a thousand men; that -of the British to five hundred and eighty-four. La Fayette -was severely wounded. Count Pulaski so distinguished -himself in this engagement that -Congress honored him with the rank of brigadier. -Washington continued his retreat as far as Germantown. -On the 15th of the month he recrossed the Schuylkill and met -Howe at Warren's Tavern. But just as the conflict was beginning, -a violent tempest swept over the field. The combatants -were deluged, their cartridges soaked, and fighting made -impossible. Howe succeeded in crossing the Schuylkill, and -hastened to Philadelphia. On the 26th of September the city -was taken, and the main division of the British army encamped -at Germantown.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of Germantown.</b></div> - -<p>17. Congress adjourned, first to Lancaster, and afterward to -York, where they held their sessions until the next summer. -On the night of the 3d of October Washington attempted to -surprise the British at Germantown. But the -roads were rough, and the different columns -reached the British outpost at irregular intervals. -There was much severe fighting, but the British gained -possession of a large stone house and could not be dislodged. -The tide turned against the patriots, and the day was lost. On -the 22d of October, Fort Mercer, on the Delaware, was taken -by Hessians, while the British fleet took Fort Mifflin, on Mud -Island. General Howe thus obtained control of the Delaware.</p> - -<p>18. After the battle of Germantown, Washington took up -his headquarters at White Marsh. The patriots began to suffer -for food and clothing. On the evening of the 2d of December, -Howe held a council of war at the house of Lydia Darrah -in Philadelphia. It was decided to surprise Washington in hi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>s -camp. But Lydia, who overheard the plans of Howe, left the -city on pretence of <i>going to mill</i>, rode to the American lines, -and gave the alarm. When the British approached White -Marsh, they found the cannons mounted and the patriots in -order of battle. The British general maneuvered for four days, -and then marched back to Philadelphia.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig54.jpg" alt="Valley Forge."/> -<p class="caption center">Valley Forge.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Valley Forge.</b></div> - -<p>19. On the 11th of December Washington -went into winter quarters at Valley Forge, on -the right bank of the Schuylkill. Thousands -of the soldiers were without shoes, and the frozen ground was -marked with bloody footprints. Log cabins were built, and -everything was done that <i>could</i> be done to secure the comfort -of the suffering patriots. But it was a long and dreary winter. -These were the darkest days of Washington's life. Congress -in a measure abandoned him. Many men high in military -and civil station left the great leader unsupported. But the -allegiance of the army remained unshaken, and the nation's -confidence in the chieftain became stronger than ever.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXV" id="CHAPTER_XXV"></a>CHAPTER XXV.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Events of 1778 and 1779.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">IN November of 1776 Silas Deane, of Connecticut, was appointed -commissioner to France. His first service was to -make a secret arrangement to supply the Americans with materials -for carrying on the war. In the autumn of 1777 a ship, -laden with two hundred thousand dollars' worth of arms, ammunition, -and specie, was sent to America.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Negotiations with France.</b></div> - -<p>2. Arthur Lee and Benjamin Franklin were -also appointed by Congress to negotiate a -treaty with the French king. In December -of 1776 they reached Paris and began their duties. For a -long time King Louis and his minister stood aloof from -the proposed alliance. They hated Great Britain, and gave -secret encouragement to the colonies; but an open treaty with -the Americans was equivalent to a war with England, and that -the French court dreaded.</p> - -<p>3. Now it was, that the genius of Dr. Franklin shone with a -peculiar luster. At the gay court of Louis XVI. he stood as -the representative of his country. His wit and genial humor -made him admired; his talents and courtesy commanded respect; -his patience and perseverance gave him final success. -During the whole of 1777 he remained at Paris and Versailles. -At last came the news of Burgoyne's surrender. A powerful -British army had been subdued by the colonists without aid -from abroad. This success induced the king to accept the -proposed alliance with the colonies. On the 6th of February, -1778, a treaty was concluded; France acknowledged the independence -of the United States, and entered into relations of -friendship with the new nation.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Benjamin Franklin.</b></div> - -<p>4. <span class="smcap">Benjamin Franklin</span>, the author of -the first treaty between the United States -and a foreign nation, was born in Boston, -on the 17th of January, 1706. His father was a -manufacturer of soap and candles. At the age of twelve, -Benjamin was apprenticed -to his brother -to learn the art of -printing. In 1723 he -went to Philadelphia, -entered a printing-office, -and rose to distinction. -He visited England; -returned; founded -the first circulating -library in America; -edited <i>Poor Richard's -Almanac</i>; discovered -the identity of electricity -and lightning; espoused -the patriot -cause; and devoted his -old age to perfecting -the American Union. -The name of Franklin is one of the brightest in history.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig55.jpg" alt="Benjamin Franklin."/> -<p class="caption center">Benjamin Franklin.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>D'Estaing's French Fleet.</b></div> - -<p>5. In May of 1778 Congress ratified the -treaty with France. A month previously -a French fleet, under Count d'Estaing, had -been sent to America. Both France and Great Britain immediately -prepared for war. George III. now became willing -to treat with his American subjects. Lord North brought -forward two bills in which everything the colonists had -claimed was conceded. The bills were passed by Parliament, -and the king assented. Commissioners were sent to America; -but Congress informed them that nothing but an acknowledg<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>ment -of the independence of the United States would now be -accepted.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>British Evacuate Philadelphia.</b></div> - -<p>6. The British army remained at Philadelphia until June of -1778. The fleet of Admiral Howe lay in the Delaware. When -the rumor came that the fleet of D'Estaing was approaching, -the English admiral set sail for New York. -On the 18th of June the British army evacuated -Philadelphia and retreated across New -Jersey. Washington occupied the city, and followed the retreating -foe. At Monmouth the British were overtaken. -On the morning of the 28th General Lee was ordered to attack -the enemy. The American cavalry under La Fayette was -driven back by Cornwallis. Lee ordered his line to retire to a -stronger position; but the troops mistook the order and began -a retreat. Washington met the fugitives and administered a -severe rebuke to Lee. The fight continued until nightfall, and -Washington anxiously waited for the morning. During the -night, however, Clinton withdrew his forces and escaped.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Washington and Lee.</b></div> - -<p>7. The loss of the Americans was two -hundred and twenty-seven. The British left -nearly three hundred dead on the field. -On the day after the battle Washington received an insulting -letter from Lee demanding an apology. Washington replied -that his language had been warranted by the circumstances. -Lee answered in a still more offensive manner, and -was thereupon arrested, tried by a court-martial, and dismissed -from his command for twelve months. He never reentered -the service, and did not live to see his country's independence. -The British forces were now concentrated at New York. Washington -took up his headquarters at White Plains. D'Estaing -repaired to Boston. Howe returned to New York.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Massacre of Wyoming.</b></div> - -<p>8. The command of the British naval forces was now transferred -to Admiral Byron. Early in October a band of incendiaries, -led by Colonel Ferguson, burned the American ships -at Little Egg Harbor. In the preceding July, Major John -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> -Butler, in command of sixteen hundred royalists, Canadians, -and Indians, marched into the valley of Wyoming, Pennsylvania. -The settlement was defenceless. On -the approach of the tories and savages, a few -militia, old men, and boys, rallied to protect -their homes. A battle was fought, and the patriots were routed. -The fugitives fled to a fort, which was crowded with women -and children. Honorable terms were promised by Butler, -and the garrison capitulated. On the 5th of July the gates -were opened and the barbarians entered. Immediately they -began to plunder and butcher. Nearly all the prisoners fell -under the hatchet and the scalping-knife.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Massacre at Cherry Valley.</b></div> - -<p>9. In November there was a similar massacre -at Cherry Valley, New York. The invaders -were led by Joseph Brandt, chief of -the Mohawks, and Walter Butler, a son of Major John Butler. -The people of Cherry Valley were driven from their homes; -women and children were tomahawked and scalped; and forty -prisoners dragged into captivity. To avenge these outrages, -an expedition was sent against the savages on the Susquehanna; -and they were made to feel the terrors of war.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>George Rogers Clark in the West.</b></div> - -<p>10. In the spring of 1778, Major George -Rogers Clark, who three years previously had -descended the Ohio River with a single companion, -from Pittsburgh to the Falls of the Ohio, organized -an expedition against the British posts on the Wabash and -Mississippi rivers. All the country northwest of the river Ohio -was at this time under British authority, but the scattered white -inhabitants were nearly all French. The most important post -was the town of Vincennes, in what was afterwards the Territory -of Indiana. Major Clark gathered his forces on Corn -Island, in the Ohio, between the present cities of Louisville -and Jeffersonville. The regiment was made up of backwoods -militiamen and hunters from Kentucky and the Upper Ohio -Valley.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig56.jpg" alt="Attack on Vincennes."/> -<p class="caption center">Attack on Vincennes.</p> -</div> - -<p>11. Major Clark first descended the Ohio to a suitable -point, and landed in what was afterwards the Territory of Illinois. -From this point -he marched across -the country to the -mouth of the Kaskaskia -River, where, -on the 4th of July, -1778, he surprised and -captured the town of Kaskaskia from the British. Here he -divided his forces, and sent one division against the British post<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> -of Cahokia, opposite St. Louis. This place also was surprised -and taken. Soon afterwards the French inhabitants of Vincennes -rose against the British garrison, and took possession -of the town. But Governor Hamilton, of Detroit, came down -later in the year, and the British authority was restored.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Capture of Vincennes.</b></div> - -<p>12. Hearing of this event, Major Clark collected his forces -at Kaskaskia, and in the beginning of 1779 marched against -Vincennes. At the same time he sent part of his forces by -water, bearing a few small cannon in a boat -around by the Ohio and up the Wabash, to a -point below Vincennes. At this time the -lower Illinois country was covered with water, and Major -Clark's campaign was attended with the greatest hardships. -On the 18th of February, however, he gained a position on the -Indiana side of the Wabash, and made an attack on Vincennes. -By skillful maneuvering he deceived the British commander, -and on the 24th of the month compelled him to surrender. -Thus was the great territory northwest of the River Ohio recovered -from the British, and secured for the United States.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The British take Savannah.</b></div> - -<p>13. On the 3d of November, Count d'Estaing's -fleet sailed for the West Indies. In -December, Admiral Byron left New York -to try the fortunes of war on the ocean. Colonel Campbell, -with two thousand men, was sent by General Clinton for -the conquest of Georgia. On the 29th of December the expedition -reached Savannah. The place was defended by -General Robert Howe with eight hundred men. A battle was -fought, and the Americans were driven out of the city. The -patriots crossed into South Carolina and found refuge at -Charleston. Such was the only real conquest made by the -British during the year 1778.</p> - -<p>14. The winter of 1778-79 was passed by the American army -at Middlebrook. There was much discouragement among the -soldiers, for they were neither paid nor fed. But the influence -of Washington prevented a mutiny. In the latter part of May<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> -Clinton sailed with an armament up the Hudson to Stony -Point. The garrison, unable to resist, escaped from the fortifications.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>General Wayne at Stony Point.</b></div> - -<p>15. On the 15th of July General Wayne -marched against Stony Point. In the evening -he halted near the fort and gave -his orders. The British pickets were caught and gagged. -Everything was done in silence. Muskets were unloaded and -bayonets fixed; not a gun was to be fired. The assault was -made a little after midnight. The patriots never wavered in -the charge. The ramparts were scaled; and the British, finding -themselves between two lines of bayonets, cried out for -quarter. Sixty-three of the enemy fell; the remaining five hundred -and forty-three were made prisoners. Of the Americans -only fifteen were killed and eighty-three wounded. General -Wayne secured the ordnance and stores, and then destroyed -the fort.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Campaign against the Indians.</b></div> - -<p>16. In the summer of 1799, four thousand -six hundred men, led by Generals -Sullivan and James Clinton, were sent -against the Indians on the Susquehanna. At Elmira the -savages and tories had fortified themselves; but on the 29th -of August they were forced from their stronghold and utterly -routed. The country between the Susquehanna and the Genesee -was wasted by the patriots. Forty Indian villages were -destroyed.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Campaigns in the South.</b></div> - -<p>17. A little later, the tories, who were -advancing to join the British at Augusta, -were defeated by the patriots under Captain -Anderson. On the 14th of February they were again overtaken -and routed by Colonel Pickens. Colonel Boyd, the -tory leader, and seventy of his men were killed. Seventy-five -others were captured, and five of the ringleaders hanged. -The western half of Georgia was quickly recovered by the -patriots.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p> - -<p>18. General Ashe was sent with two thousand men to intercept -the enemy. On the 25th of February the Americans -crossed the Savannah, and pursued Campbell as far as Brier -Creek. Here the patriots came to a halt; and General Prevost, -marching from Savannah, surrounded Ashe's command. A -battle was fought on the 3d of March; the Americans were -totally routed and driven into the swamps. By this defeat -Georgia was again prostrated, and a royal government was -established over the State.</p> - -<p>19. Within a month General Lincoln was again in the field -with five thousand men. He advanced up the left bank of the -river in the direction of Augusta; but, at the same time, General -Prevost, now commanding the British forces in the South, -crossed the Savannah and marched against Charleston. General -Lincoln turned back to attack him, and the British made a -hasty retreat. The Americans overtook the enemy at Stone -Ferry, ten miles west of Charleston, but were repulsed with -considerable loss. Prevost then fell back to Savannah.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Attempts to retake Savannah.</b></div> - -<p>20. In September, Count d'Estaing arrived -before Savannah with his fleet. Prevost concentrated -his forces for the defence of the -city. The French effected a landing, and advanced to the -siege. D'Estaing demanded a surrender; but Prevost answered -with a message of defiance. The siege was pressed with vigor, -and the city constantly bombarded. But the defences remained -unshaken. At last D'Estaing notified Lincoln that -the city must be stormed. Before sunrise on the 9th of -October the allies advanced with great vehemence against the -redoubts of the British, but were driven back with fearful losses. -Count Pulaski was struck with a grape-shot, and was borne -dying from the field. D'Estaing retired on board the fleet, and -Lincoln retreated to Charleston.</p> - -<p>21. On the 23d of September, Paul Jones, cruising off the -coast of Scotland with a fleet of French and American vessels, -fell in with a British squadron, and a bloody battle ensued.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> -The <i>Serapis</i>, a British frigate of forty-four guns, engaged the -<i>Poor Richard</i> within musket-shot. At last the vessels were -lashed together, and the <i>Serapis</i> struck her colors. Jones -transferred his men to the -conquered ship, and the <i>Poor -Richard</i> went down. Of the -three hundred and seventy-five -men on board the fleet -of Jones, three hundred were -either killed or wounded.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig57.jpg" alt="Paul Jones."/> -<p class="caption center">Paul Jones.</p> -</div> - -<p>22. So closed the year -1779. The national treasury -was bankrupt. The patriots -of the army were poorly fed, -and paid only with unkept -promises. The disposition -of Great Britain was still for -war. The levies of sailors -and soldiers made by Parliament -amounted to one hundred and twenty thousand, while -the expenses of the War Office were set at twenty million -pounds sterling.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVI" id="CHAPTER_XXVI"></a>CHAPTER XXVI.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Reverses and Treason. Events of 1780.</span></h3> - - -<div class="sidenote"><b>French Allies in Rhode Island.</b></div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">DURING the year 1780 military operations -at the North were suspended. -Early in July Admiral De Ternay arrived -at Newport with a French squadron, and six thousand land-troops -under Count Rochambeau. In September the commander-in-chief -held a conference with Rochambeau, and the -plans of future campaigns were determined.</p> - -<p>2. In the South the patriots suffered many reverses. South -Carolina was completely overrun by the enemy. On the 11th -of February, Admiral Arbuthnot anchored before Charleston. -Sir Henry Clinton and five thousand men were on board the -fleet. The city was defended by fourteen hundred men under -General Lincoln. The British effected a landing, and advanced -up the right bank of Ashley River. On the 7th of -April Lincoln was reinforced by seven hundred Virginians. -Two days afterwards Arbuthnot succeeded in passing Fort -Moultrie, and came within cannon-shot of the city.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The British take Charleston.</b></div> - -<p>3. A siege was at once begun, and prosecuted -with vigor. From the beginning the -defense was hopeless. The fortifications -were beaten down, and Lincoln, dreading an assault, -agreed to capitulate. On the 12th of May, Charleston was -surrendered to the British, and the garrison became prisoners -of war. A few days before the surrender Tarleton surprised -and dispersed a body of militia on the Santee. Afterwards -three successful expeditions were sent into different sections of -the State.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p> - -<p>4. The authority of Great Britain was reestablished over -South Carolina. Clinton and Arbuthnot returned to New -York, and Cornwallis was left to hold the conquered territory. -In this condition of affairs, Thomas Sumter and Francis Marion -appeared as the protectors of the State. They rallied the militia -and began an audacious partisan warfare. Detachments of -the British were swept off as though an enemy had fallen on -them from the skies. It was here that young Andrew Jackson, -then but thirteen years of age, began his career as a soldier.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Marion's Ragged Regiment.</b></div> - -<p>5. Marion's company consisted of twenty -men and boys, white and black, half clad -and poorly armed. But the number increased, -and the "Ragged Regiment" soon became a terror -to the enemy. There was no telling when or where the -sword of the fearless leader would fall. During the summer -and autumn of 1780 he swept around Cornwallis's positions, -making incessant onsets.</p> - -<p>6. General Gates now advanced into the Carolinas. Lord -Rawdon concentrated his forces at Camden. Hither came -Cornwallis with reinforcements. The Americans took post at -Clermont. Cornwallis and Gates each formed the design of -surprising the other in the night. On the evening of the 15th -of August they both moved from their camps and met midway -on Sander's Creek. After a severe battle the Americans were -completely defeated with a loss of more than a thousand men. -Baron De Kalb was mortally wounded. The reputation of -Gates was blown away like chaff, and he was superseded by -General Greene.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Affairs in North Carolina.</b></div> - -<p>7. A few days after the battle, Sumter's -corps was overtaken and completely routed. -Only Marion remained to harass the enemy. -In September the British advanced into North Carolina as -far as Charlotte. Colonel Ferguson, with eleven hundred -regulars and tories, was sent into the country west of the -Catawba to encourage the royalists. On the 7th of October,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> -while he and his men were encamped on King's Mountain, -they were attacked by a thousand riflemen led by Colonel -Campbell. A desperate battle ensued; Ferguson was slain, -and three hundred of his men were killed or wounded. -The remaining eight hundred threw down their arms and -begged for quarter. Ten of the leading tory prisoners were -condemned by a court-martial and hanged.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig58.jpg" alt="MAP OF THE CAROLINAS"/> -<p class="caption center">MAP OF THE CAROLINAS</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Continental Paper Money.</b></div> - -<p>8. Meanwhile, the credit of the nation -was sinking to the lowest ebb. Congress -resorted to paper money. At first the continental -bills were received at par; but the value of the -notes rapidly diminished, until, by the middle of 1780, they -were not worth two cents to the dollar. Business was paralyzed -for the want of a currency; but Robert Morris and a few -other wealthy patriots came forward with their private fortunes -and saved the colonies from ruin. The mothers of America -also lent a helping hand; and the patriot soldiers were supplied -with food and clothing.</p> - -<p>9. In the midst of the gloom, the country was shocked by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> -the news that Benedict Arnold had turned traitor. After the -battle of Bemis's Heights, in the fall of 1777, he had been promoted -to the rank of major-general, and made commandant of -Philadelphia. Here he married the daughter of a royalist, and -entered upon a career of extravagance which overwhelmed him -with debt. He then began a system of frauds on the commissary -department of the army. Charges were preferred against -him by Congress, and he was convicted by a court-martial.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Treason of Benedict Arnold.</b></div> - -<p>10. Seeming to forget this disgrace, Arnold -obtained command of the fortress of West -Point, on the Hudson. On the last day of -July, 1780, he assumed control of the arsenal and depot of -stores at that place. He then entered into a secret correspondence -with Sir Henry Clinton, and finally offered to betray -his country. It was agreed that the British fleet should ascend -the Hudson, and that the garrison and fortress should be given -up without a struggle.</p> - -<p>11. On the 21st of September, Clinton sent Major John -André to make arrangements for the surrender. André, who -was adjutant-general of the British army, went ashore from the -<i>Vulture</i> about midnight, and met Arnold in a thicket. Daydawn -approached, and the conspirators entered the American -lines. André, disguising himself, assumed the character of a spy.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Capture of Major André.</b></div> - -<p>12. During the next day the business was -completed. Arnold agreed to surrender -West Point for ten thousand pounds and -a commission as brigadier in the British army. André received -papers containing a description of West Point, its -defences, and the best method of attack. During that day an -American battery drove the <i>Vulture</i> down the river, and André -was obliged to cross to the other side and return by land. -He passed the American outposts in safety; but at Tarrytown -he was confronted by three militiamen<a name="FNanchor_A_2" id="FNanchor_A_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_2" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> who stripped him,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> -found his papers, and delivered -him to Colonel Jameson -at North Castle. Arnold, on -hearing the news, escaped on board the <i>Vulture</i>. André was -tried by a court-martial at Tappan, and condemned to death. -On the 2d of October he was led to the gallows, and, under -the stern code of war, was hanged.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_A_2" id="Footnote_A_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_2"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> John Paulding, David Williams and Isaac van Wart. Congress afterwards -rewarded them with silver medals and pensions for life.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig59.jpg" alt="Capture of André."/> -<p class="caption center">Capture of André.</p> -</div> - -<p>13. For several years Holland had favored the Americans; -now she began negotiations for a treaty similar to that between -France and the United States. Great Britain discovered the -purposes of the Dutch government, and remonstrated. On the -20th of December an open declaration of war was made. Thus -the Netherlands were added to the enemies of England.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVII" id="CHAPTER_XXVII"></a>CHAPTER XXVII.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Events of 1781.</span></h3> - - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Mutiny in the Continental Army.</b></div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">FOR the Americans the year 1781 opened -gloomily. The condition of the army was -desperate—no food, no pay, no clothing. -On the first day of January, the whole Pennsylvania line -mutinied and marched on Philadelphia. At Princeton they -were met by emissaries from Sir Henry Clinton, and were -tempted with offers of money and clothing if they would desert -the American standard. The patriots answered by seizing -the British agents and delivering them to General Wayne -to be hanged. The commissioners of Congress offered the insurgents -a large reward, which was refused; and a few liberal -concessions on the part of the government quieted the mutiny.</p> - -<p>2. About the middle of the month the New Jersey brigade -revolted. This movement Washington quelled by force. General -Howe marched to the camp with five hundred regulars -and compelled the mutineers to execute their own leaders. -From that day order was restored. Congress was thoroughly -alarmed. An agent was sent to France to obtain a loan of -money. Robert Morris was appointed secretary of finance; -and the Bank of North America was organized to aid the -government.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Traitor Arnold in the British Army.</b></div> - -<p>3. On arriving at New York, Arnold received -his commission as brigadier in the -British army. In January the traitor began -war on his countrymen. His proceedings were marked -with much ferocity. In the vicinity of Richmond a vast -quantity of property was destroyed. Arnold then took up his -headquarters in Portsmouth; and Washington, for the second -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>time, planned his capture. The French fleet was ordered to -cooperate with La Fayette in the attempt. But Admiral -Arbuthnot drove the French -squadron back to Rhode Island. -La Fayette abandoned -the undertaking, and Arnold -again escaped.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig60.jpg" alt="MAP SHOWING THE COLONIES at the time of THE REVOLUTION."/> -<p class="caption center">MAP SHOWING THE COLONIES at the time of THE REVOLUTION.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig61.jpg" alt="General Greene."/> -<p class="caption center">General Greene.</p> -</div> - -<p>4. In April, General Phillips -arrived at Portsmouth -and assumed command of the -army. In May Phillips died, -and for seven days Arnold -held the supreme command -of the British forces in Virginia. -On the 20th of the -month Lord Cornwallis arrived -and ordered him to -be gone. Returning to New -York he made an expedition against New London, in his -native State. Fort Griswold, which was defended by Colonel -Ledyard, was carried by storm. When Ledyard surrendered, -seventy-three of the garrison were murdered in cold blood.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle at Cowpens.</b></div> - -<p>5. General Greene was now in command -of the American army at Charlotte, -North Carolina. Early in January, General -Morgan was sent into South Carolina to repress the tories. -Colonel Tarleton followed with his cavalry. The Americans -took a position at the Cowpens, where, on the 17th of January, -they were attacked by the British. Tarleton made the onset -with impetuosity; but Morgan's men bravely held their ground. -At last the American cavalry, under Colonel William Washington, -made a charge and scattered the British dragoons like -chaff. Ten British officers and ninety privates were killed.</p> - -<p>6. When Cornwallis heard of the battle he marched up the -river to cut off Morgan's retreat. But Greene hastened to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> -Morgan's camp and took command in person. On the 28th -of January, the Americans reached the Catawba and crossed -to the northern bank. Within two hours the British arrived at -the ford. During the night the rain poured down in torrents; -the river was swollen to a flood; and it was many days before -the British could cross. Then began a race for the Yadkin.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Two Armies in North Carolina.</b></div> - -<p>7. The distance was sixty miles. In two -days the Americans reached the river. The -crossing was nearly effected when the British -appeared in sight. That night the Yadkin was made impassable -by rains, and Cornwallis was again delayed. On -the 9th of February the British succeeded in crossing. The -lines of retreat and pursuit were now nearly parallel. A third -time the race began, and again the Americans won it. On the -13th Greene, with the main division, crossed the Dan into -Virginia, and on the 22d of February returned into North -Carolina.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of Guilford Courthouse.</b></div> - -<p>8. Greene's army now numbered more -than four thousand men. Determining to -avoid battle no longer, he marched to Guilford -Courthouse. Cornwallis moved forward to the attack. -On the 15th of March the two armies met, and a severe but -indecisive battle was fought. The Americans were driven back -for several miles; but in killed and wounded the British loss -was greatest.</p> - -<p>9. Early in April, Cornwallis retreated to Wilmington, and -then proceeded to Virginia. The British forces in the Carolinas -remained under Lord Rawdon. On the 10th of May, Lord -Rawdon retired to Eutaw Springs. The British posts at -Orangeburg and Augusta fell into the hands of the patriots. -General Greene passed the sickly months of summer in the -hill country of the Santee.</p> - -<p>10. Sumter, Lee, and Marion were constantly abroad, smiting -the tories right and left. Lord Rawdon now went to -Charleston and became a principal actor in one of the most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> -shameful scenes of the Revolution. Colonel Isaac Hayne, a -patriot who had once taken an oath of allegiance to the king, -was caught in command of a troop of American cavalry. He -was arraigned before Colonel Balfour, the commandant of -Charleston, and condemned to death. Rawdon gave his -sanction, and Colonel Hayne was hanged.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of Eutaw Springs.</b></div> - -<p>11. On the 22d of August, General Greene -marched toward Orangeburg. The British -retired to Eutaw Springs. There the Americans -overtook them on the 8th of September. One of the -fiercest battles of the war ensued, and General Greene was -denied a decisive victory only by the bad conduct of some -of his troops. After losing five hundred and fifty-five men, he -gave up the struggle. The British lost in killed and wounded -nearly seven hundred. Stuart retreated to Monk's Corner; -Greene followed; and after two months of maneuvering, the -British were driven into Charleston. In the whole South -only Charleston and Savannah were now held by the king's -army; the latter city was evacuated on the 11th of July, and -the former on the 14th of December, 1782. Such was the -close of the Revolution in the Carolinas and Georgia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Cornwallis in Virginia.</b></div> - -<p>12. In the beginning of May, 1781, Cornwallis -took command of the British army -in Virginia. The country was ravaged, and -property destroyed to the value of fifteen million dollars. -La Fayette, to whom the defence of the State had -been intrusted, was unable to meet Cornwallis in the field. -While the British were near Richmond, a detachment under -Tarleton proceeded to Charlottesville, and captured the town -and seven members of the legislature. Governor Jefferson -escaped into the mountains. The British marched to Portsmouth; -but early in August the army was conveyed to Yorktown, -on the southern bank of York River.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Cornwallis Blockaded in Yorktown.</b></div> - -<p>13. La Fayette followed and took post eight miles from the -British. During July and August, Washington, from his camp -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> -on the Hudson, looked wistfully to the South. Clinton was -kept in alarm by false dispatches, indicating that the Americans -would immediately besiege New York. When Clinton -was informed that Washington was marching -toward Virginia, he would not believe it. -Washington pressed rapidly forward, and -joined La Fayette at Williamsburg. On the -30th of August, a French fleet, with four thousand troops on -board, reached the Chesapeake and anchored in the mouth -of York River. Cornwallis was blockaded by sea and land.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Surrender of Cornwallis.</b></div> - -<p>14. Count de Barras, who commanded the French flotilla at -Newport, also arrived. On the 5th of September, Admiral -Graves appeared in the bay, and a naval battle ensued, in -which the British ships were roughly handled. On the 28th, -the allied armies encamped around Yorktown and began their -intrenchments. On the night of the 14th, -the enemy's outer works were carried by -storm. On the 16th the British made a -sortie, but were repulsed. The next day Cornwallis proposed -a surrender; on the 18th terms of capitulation were -signed; and on the afternoon of the 19th the whole British -army, consisting of seven thousand two hundred and forty-seven -English and Hessian soldiers, laid down their arms and -became prisoners of war. This event virtually terminated the -war of the Revolution.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>News of the Victory.</b></div> - -<p>15. On the evening of the 23d the news -was borne to Congress. On the morning of -the 24th, the members went in concourse with -the citizens to the Dutch Lutheran church, and turned the afternoon -into a thanksgiving. The note of rejoicing sounded -throughout the land. In England the king and his ministers -heard the tidings with rage; but the English people were -secretly pleased. On the 20th of March, 1782, Lord North -and his friends resigned their offices. A new ministry was -formed, favorable to peace. The command of the British<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> -forces in the United States was transferred to Sir Guy Carleton, -a man friendly to American interests.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig62.jpg" alt="Surrender of Cornwallis."/> -<p class="caption center">Surrender of Cornwallis.</p> -</div> - -<p>16. In the summer of 1782, Richard Oswald was sent by -Parliament to Paris, to confer with Franklin and Jay in regard -to the terms of peace. John Adams and Henry Laurens also -entered into the negotiations. On the 30th of November -preliminary articles of peace were signed; and in the following -April the terms were ratified by Congress. On the 3d of September, -1783, a final treaty was effected between all the nations -that had been at war.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Treaty of Peace.</b></div> - -<p>17. The terms of the <span class="smcap">Treaty of 1783</span> -were these: A complete recognition of the -independence of the United States; the -cession by Great Britain of Florida to Spain; the surrender -of the remaining territory east of the Mississippi to the United<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> -States; the free navigation of the Mississippi and the lakes; -and the retention by Great Britain of Canada and Nova -Scotia.</p> - -<p>18. Early in August Sir Guy Carleton received instructions -to evacuate New York City. By the 25th of November everything -was in readiness; the British army was embarked; the -sails were spread; the ships stood out to sea and disappeared. -The Briton was gone. After the struggles of an eight years' -war the patriots had achieved their independence.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Washington's Farewell to the Army.</b></div> - -<p>19. On the 4th of December Washington -assembled his officers to bid them a -final adieu. When they were met, he spoke -a few affectionate words to his comrades, who -came forward, and with tears and sobs bade him farewell. -Washington then departed to Annapolis, where Congress -was in session. At Philadelphia he made a report of his -expenses during the war. The account, in his own handwriting, -embraced an expenditure of seventy-four thousand -four hundred and eighty-five dollars—all correct to a cent.</p> - -<p>20. The route of the chief to Annapolis was a continuous -triumph. The people by thousands flocked to the roadsides -to see him pass. On the 23d of December, Washington was -introduced to Congress, and delivered an address full of wisdom -and modesty. With great dignity he surrendered his -commission as commander-in-chief of the army. General -Mifflin, the president of Congress, responded in an eloquent -manner, and then the hero retired to his home at Mount -Vernon.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVIII" id="CHAPTER_XXVIII"></a>CHAPTER XXVIII.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Confederation and Union.</span></h3> - - -<div class="sidenote"><b>American Government.</b></div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">DURING the progress of the Revolution -the civil government of the United -States was in a deplorable condition. Nothing -but the peril of the country had, in the first place, led -to the calling of a Congress. When that body assembled, -it had no constitution nor power of efficient action. The two -great wants of the country were <i>money</i> to carry on the war, and -<i>a central authority</i> to direct the war. Whenever Congress -would attempt a firmer government, the movement would be -checked by the remonstrance of the colonies.</p> - -<p>2. Foremost of those who worked for better government -was Benjamin Franklin. In 1775 he laid before Congress the -plan of a perpetual confederation of the States. But the attention -of that body was occupied with the war, and Franklin's -measure received little notice. Congress, without any -real authority, began to conduct the government, and its -legislation was generally accepted by the States.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Articles of Confederation.</b></div> - -<p>3. On the 11th of June, 1776, a committee -was appointed by Congress to prepare -a plan of confederation. After a -month the work was completed and laid before the house. -The debates on the subject continued at intervals until the 15th -of November, 1777, when a vote was taken in Congress, and -the <span class="smcap">Articles of Confederation</span> were adopted, which were -then transmitted to the State legislatures for ratification. By -them the new frame of government was returned to Congress -with many amendments. These having been considered, the -articles were signed by the delegates of eight States on the 9th<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> -of July, 1778. Those of Georgia, North Carolina, New Jersey, -and Delaware signed before February, of 1779. Maryland -did not assent until March of 1781.</p> - -<p>4. The government of the United States under the confederation -was a loose union of independent commonwealths. -The executive and legislative powers were vested in Congress—a -body composed of not less than two nor more than -seven representatives from each State. The sovereignty was -reserved to the States. There was no chief magistrate and -no general judiciary. The consent of nine States was necessary -to complete an act of legislation. The union was declared -to be perpetual.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Inadequacy of the Confederation.</b></div> - -<p>5. On the 2d of March, 1781, Congress -assembled under the new government. From -the first, its inadequacy was manifest. Congress -had no real authority. The first duty was to provide -for the payment of the war debt of thirty-eight million dollars. -Congress recommended a general tax. Some of the States -made the levy, others refused. Robert Morris was brought to -poverty in a vain effort to sustain the government.</p> - -<p>6. In this condition of affairs, Washington advised the calling -of a convention to meet at Annapolis. In September of -1786 the representatives of five States assembled. The questions -of a tariff and a revision of the articles of confederation -were discussed. It was finally resolved to adjourn until the -following year.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Constitution Proposed.</b></div> - -<p>7. Congress invited the legislatures to appoint delegates to -the convention. All of the States except Rhode Island responded; -and on the second Monday in May, -1787, the representatives assembled at Philadelphia. -Washington was chosen president of -the convention. On the 29th Edmund Randolph introduced -a resolution to adopt a new constitution. A committee was -accordingly appointed to revise the articles of confederation. -Early in September, the report of the committee was adopted;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> -and that report was <span class="smcap">the Constitution of the United -States</span>.</p> - -<p>8. On the question of <i>adopting</i> the Constitution the people -were divided. Those who favored the new government were -called <span class="smcap">Federalists</span>; those who opposed, <span class="smcap">Anti-Federalists</span>. -The leaders of the former were Washington, Jay, Madison, and -Hamilton, the latter statesman throwing his whole energies -into the controversy. In the papers called <i>The Federalist</i> he -and Madison answered every objection of the anti-Federal -party. To Hamilton the Republic owes a debt of gratitude -for having established on a firm basis the true principles of -free government.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Provisions of the Constitution.</b></div> - -<p>9. Under the Constitution the powers of -government are arranged under three heads—<span class="smcap">Legislative</span>, -<span class="smcap">Executive</span>, and <span class="smcap">Judicial</span>. -The legislative power is vested in Congress—composed of a -Senate and a House of Representatives. The Senators are -chosen, for a term of six years, by the legislatures of the several -States. Each State is represented by two Senators. The Representatives -are elected by the people; and each State is entitled -to a number of representatives proportionate to its population. -The members of this branch are chosen for two years.</p> - -<p>10. The executive power of the United States is vested in a -President, chosen for four years by the Electoral College. -The electors composing the college are chosen by the people; -and each State is entitled to a number of electors equal to the -number of its representatives and senators in Congress. The -duty of the President is to enforce the laws of Congress in -accordance with the Constitution. He is also commander-in-chief -of the armies and navies. In case of the death or -resignation of the President, the Vice-president becomes chief -magistrate.</p> - -<p>11. The judicial power of the United States is vested in a -Supreme Court and in inferior courts established by Congress. -The highest judicial officer is the Chief-justice. The judges<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> -hold their offices during life or good behavior. The right of -trial by jury is granted in all cases except the impeachment -of public officers. Treason against the United States consists -in levying war against them, or in giving aid to their enemies.</p> - -<p>12. The Constitution provides that new territories maybe -organized and new States admitted into the Union; that to -every State shall be guaranteed a republican form of government; -and that the Constitution may be altered or amended -by the consent of two thirds of both houses of Congress and -three fourths of the legislatures of the States. In accordance -with this provision, fifteen amendments have since been made -to the Constitution.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Constitution Adopted.</b></div> - -<p>13. Before the end of 1788 eleven States -had adopted the Constitution. The new -government was to go into operation when -nine States should ratify. For a while, North Carolina -and Rhode Island hesitated. In accordance with an act of -Congress, the first Wednesday of January, 1789, was named as -the time for the election of a chief-magistrate. The people had -but one voice as to the man who should be honored with -that high trust. Early in April, the ballots of the electors were -counted, and George Washington was unanimously chosen President -and John Adams Vice-president of the United States. -On the 14th of the month, Washington received notification -of his election, and departed for New York. His route was a -constant triumph. With this event the era of nationality in -the New Republic is ushered in.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><span class="smcap">Review Questions.—Part IV.</span></h2> - - -<h3>CHAPTER XXI.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>1. Trace the causes, general and special, of the Revolutionary War.</li> -<li>2. Give an account of the Stamp Act Congress, and of the important -measure adopted by it.</li> -<li>3. How did the movements in America affect the British king and -parliament?</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XXII.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>4. Give an account of the beginnings of war, and of the engagements -at that time about Boston.</li> -<li>5. Tell of the condition of the American forces, and of the appointment -of a commander-in-chief.</li> -<li>6. What were the relations between the American colonies and -Canada?</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XXIII.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>7. Describe the military movements of the first half of the year 1776.</li> -<li>8. Who were the Hessians, and how were they brought into this war?</li> -<li>9. Give an account of the preparation and adoption of the <i>Declaration -of Independence</i>.</li> -<li>10. Follow the military movements of the latter half of the year 1776.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XXIV.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>11. What were the military movements of the early part of the year -1777?</li> -<li>12. Tell of the attitude of France toward the war, and of the coming -over of La Fayette and his followers.</li> -<li>13. Give an account of the campaigns under Burgoyne.</li> -<li>14. Trace the movements in the south and along the Delaware.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XXV.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>15. Give an account of the treaty with France, and of the coming over -of the French fleet under D'Estaing.</li> -<li>16. Tell the story of the massacres at Wyoming and at Cherry Valley.</li> -<li>17. Outline the campaigns of 1779.</li> -<li>18. What was now the condition of the Americans on the seas?</li> -</ul> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span></p> - -<h3>CHAPTER XXVI.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>19. Describe the military movements of 1780.</li> -<li>20. Give an account of the treachery of Benedict Arnold.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XXVII.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>21. Sketch the campaigns of 1781.</li> -<li>22. Tell of the surrender of Cornwallis and the British army.</li> -<li>23. Give an account of the Treaty of Peace, and of the disbanding of -the American army.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XXVIII.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>24. Tell of the government of America in the early part of the war, and -under the Articles of Confederation.</li> -<li>25. What led to the adoption of the new constitution, and what are -some of its leading provisions?</li> -</ul> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="Part_V" id="Part_V"></a><span class="smcap">Part V.</span></h2> - -<h2>GROWTH OF THE UNION.</h2> - -<div class="center">A. D. 1789-1861.</div> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIX" id="CHAPTER_XXIX"></a>CHAPTER XXIX.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Washington's Administration, 1789-1797.</span></h3> - - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Washington's Inauguration.</b></div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">ON the 30th of April, 1789, Washington -was inaugurated first President of the -United States. The ceremony was performed -in New York City, on the site of the Custom-house, in -Wall Street. Chancellor Livingston, of New York, administered -the oath of office. The streets and house-tops were -thronged with people; flags fluttered; cannon boomed from -the Battery. Washington retired to the Senate chamber and -delivered his inaugural address. Congress had already been -organized.</p> - -<p>2. The new government was embarrassed with many difficulties. -By the treaty of 1783 the free navigation of the -Mississippi had been guaranteed. Now the Spaniards of New -Orleans hindered the passage of American ships. On the -frontier the Red men were at war with the settlers. As to -financial credit or income, the United States had none.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The First Cabinet.</b></div> - -<p>3. On the 10th of September an act was -passed by Congress instituting a department -of foreign affairs, a treasury department, -and a department of war. Washington nominated -Jefferson as Secretary of Foreign Affairs; Knox, Secretary of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> -War; and Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury. A Supreme -Court was also organized, John Jay receiving the appointment -of first Chief-justice. Edmund Randolph was chosen Attorney-General. -Meanwhile, the objections of North Carolina and -Rhode Island were removed, and both States ratified the Constitution, -the former in November of 1789, and the latter in -the following May.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig63.jpg" alt="Inauguration of Washington."/> -<p class="caption center">Inauguration of Washington.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Financial Policy.</b></div> - -<p>4. The war debt of the United States, including the revolutionary -expenses of the several States, amounted to nearly -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> -eighty million dollars. Hamilton adopted a broad and honest -policy. His plan proposed that the debt of the United -States due to American citizens, as well as -the debt of the individual States, should be -assumed by the general government, <i>and that -all should be fully paid</i>. By this measure the credit of the -country was vastly improved. Hamilton's financial schemes -were violently opposed by Jefferson and the anti-Federal party. -In 1791 the <span class="smcap">Bank of the United States</span> was established by -an act of Congress.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Admission of Vermont.</b></div> - -<p>5. The question of fixing the seat of government was discussed; -and it was agreed to establish the capital for ten -years at Philadelphia, and afterwards at some locality on the -Potomac. The next measure was the organization of the -territory southwest of the Ohio. On the -4th of March, 1791, Vermont, which had -been an independent territory since 1777, -was admitted into the Union as the fourteenth State. The -census of the United States, for 1790, showed a population of -three million nine hundred and twenty-nine thousand.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Indian Troubles in the N.W. Territory.</b></div> - -<p>6. In 1790 a war broke out with the -Miami Indians. These tribes went to war -to recover the lands which they had ceded -to the United States. In September General Harmar, with -fourteen hundred men, marched from Fort Washington, on -the present site of Cincinnati, to the Maumee. On the 21st -of October the army was defeated, with great loss, at a ford of -this stream. General Harmar retreated to Fort Washington.</p> - -<p>7. After the defeat of Harmar, General St. Clair, with two -thousand men, set out from Fort Washington to break the -power of the Miamis. On the 4th of November he was -attacked in the southwest angle of Mercer County, Ohio, -by more than two thousand warriors. After a terrible battle, -St. Clair was completely defeated, with a loss of half his men. -The fugitives retreated precipitately to Fort Washington. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> -news of the disaster spread sorrow throughout the land. St. -Clair was superseded by General Wayne, whom the people -had named Mad Anthony.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Admission of Kentucky.</b></div> - -<p>8. The population of Kentucky had now -reached seventy-three thousand. Seventeen -years before, Daniel Boone, the hardy -hunter of North Carolina, had settled at Boonesborough. -Harrodsburg and Lexington were founded about the same -time. During the Revolution the pioneers were constantly -beset by the savages. After the expedition of General Clark, -in 1779, thousands of immigrants came annually. On the 1st -of June, 1792, Kentucky was admitted into the Union. At the -presidential election of 1792, Washington was again unanimously -chosen; as Vice-president, John Adams was reelected.</p> - -<p>9. Washington's second administration was greatly troubled -in its relations with foreign governments. Citizen Genet, who -was sent by the French republic as minister to the United -States, arrived at Charleston, and was greeted with great -enthusiasm. Taking advantage of his popularity, he fitted out -privateers to prey on the commerce of Great Britain, and -planned an expedition against Louisiana. When Washington -refused to enter into an alliance with France, the minister -threatened <i>to appeal to the people</i>. But Washington stood -unmoved, and demanded the minister's recall. The authorities -of France heeded the demand, and Genet was superseded by -M. Fouchet.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Whiskey Insurrection.</b></div> - -<p>10. In 1794 the country was disturbed by -a difficulty in western Pennsylvania, known -as the <span class="smcap">Whiskey Insurrection</span>. Congress -had, three years previously, imposed a tax on all ardent spirits -distilled in the United States. Genet and his partisans had -incited the people of the distilling regions to resist the tax -collectors. The disaffected rose in arms. Washington issued -two proclamations, warning the insurgents to disperse; but -instead of obeying, they fired upon the officers of the govern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span>ment. -General Henry Lee, with a strong detachment of troops, -then marched to the scene of the disturbance and dispersed -the rioters.</p> - -<p>11. In the fall of 1793 General Wayne entered the Indian -country with a force of three thousand men. Near the scene -of St. Clair's defeat he built Fort Recovery, and then pressed -on to the junction of the Auglaize and the Maumee. Here -he built Fort Defiance. On the 20th of August Wayne overtook -the savages at the town of Waynesfield, and routed them -with terrible losses. The chieftains were obliged to purchase -peace by ceding to the United States all the territory east of a -line drawn from Fort Recovery to the mouth of the Kentucky -River. This was the last service of General Wayne. In -December of 1796 he died, and was buried at Presque Isle.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>British Privateers.</b></div> - -<p>12. In 1793 George III. issued instructions -to British privateers to seize all neutral -vessels found trading in the French -West Indies. The United States had no notification of this -measure, and American commerce to the value of many millions -of dollars was swept from the sea. Chief-justice Jay was -sent to demand redress, and in November of 1794 an honorable -treaty was concluded. It was specified in the treaty that -Great Britain should make reparation for the injuries done, and -surrender to the United States certain Western posts which until -now had been held by that country.</p> - -<p>13. In 1795 the boundary between the United States and -Louisiana was settled. Spain granted to the Americans the -free navigation of the Mississippi. About this time a difficulty -arose with the dey of Algiers. For many years Algerine pirates -had been preying upon the commerce of civilized nations. -The dey had agreed with these nations that his pirate ships -should not attack their vessels if they would pay him an annual -tribute. The Algerine sea-robbers were now turned loose on -American commerce, and the government of the United States -was also obliged to purchase safety by paying tribute.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig64.jpg" alt="Algerine Pirates."/> -<p class="caption center">Algerine Pirates.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Admission of Tennessee.</b></div> - -<p>14. In 1796 Tennessee, the third new State, -was admitted into the Union. The population -already numbered more than seventy -thousand. The first inhabitants of Tennessee were as hardy -a race of pioneers as ever braved the wilderness.</p> - -<p>15. Washington was solicited to become a candidate for a -third election; but he refused. In September of 1796 he issued -to the people of the United States his Farewell Address—a -document full of wisdom and patriotism. The political -parties at once put forward their candidates—John Adams as -the choice of the Federal, and Thomas Jefferson of the anti-Federal -party. The chief question between the parties was -whether it was the true policy of the United States to enter -into intimate relations with France. The anti-Federalists said, -<i>Yes!</i> The Federalists said, <i>No!</i> On that issue Mr. Adams -was elected, but Mr. Jefferson, having the next highest number -of votes, became Vice-president.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXX" id="CHAPTER_XXX"></a>CHAPTER XXX.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Adams's Administration, 1797-1801.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">ON the 4th of March, 1797, President Adams was inaugurated. -From the beginning, his administration was -embarrassed by political -opposition. Adet, the -French minister, urged -the government to conclude -a league with -France against Great -Britain. When the President -and Congress refused, -the French Directory -began <i>to demand</i> an -alliance. On the 10th of -March that body issued -instructions to French -men-of-war to assail the -commerce of the United -States. Mr. Pinckney, the American minister, was ordered -to leave France.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig65.jpg" alt="John Adams."/> -<p class="caption center">John Adams.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Troubles with France.</b></div> - -<p>2. These proceedings were equivalent to -a declaration of war. The President convened -Congress in extraordinary session. -Elbridge Gerry and John Marshall were directed to join Mr. -Pinckney in a final effort for a peaceable adjustment of the -difficulties. But the Directory refused to receive the ambassadors -except upon condition that they would pay into the -French treasury a quarter of a million dollars. Pinckney<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> -answered that the United States had <i>millions for defense, but -not one cent for tribute</i>. The envoys were then ordered to -leave the country.</p> - -<p>3. In 1798 an act was passed by Congress completing the -organization of the army. Washington was called from his -retirement and appointed commander-in-chief. Six American -frigates put to sea, and, in the fall of 1799 did good service for -the country. Commodore Truxtun, in the <i>Constellation</i>, won -distinguished honors. On the 9th of February, while cruising -in the West Indies, he attacked the <i>Insurgent</i>, a French man-of-war, -carrying forty guns and more than four hundred seamen. -A desperate engagement ensued; and Truxtun gained -a complete victory.</p> - -<p>4. Meanwhile, Napoleon Bonaparte had overthrown the Directory -of France and made himself First Consul. He immediately -sought peace with the United States. Three American -ambassadors were sent to Paris, in March of 1800. Negotiations -were at once opened, and in the following September -were terminated with a treaty of peace.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig66.jpg" alt="Home of Washington at Mount Vernon."/> -<p class="caption center">Home of Washington at Mount Vernon.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Death of Washington.</b></div> - -<p>5. Before the war-cloud was scattered -America was called to mourn the loss of -Washington. On the 14th of December, -1799, after an illness of only a day, the chieftain passed from -among the living. All hearts were touched with sorrow. Congress -went in funeral procession to the German Lutheran -church, where General Henry Lee delivered a touching and -eloquent oration. Throughout the world the memory of the -great dead was honored with appropriate ceremonies.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Washington City.</b></div> - -<p>6. The administration of Adams and the eighteenth century -drew to a close together. The new Republic was growing -strong and influential. The census of 1800 showed that the -population of the country had increased -to over five millions. The seventy-five -post-offices reported by the census of 1790 -had been multiplied to nine hundred and three; the exports of -the United States had grown from twenty millions to nearly -seventy-one millions of dollars. In December of 1800, Congress -assembled in Washington City. Virginia and Maryland -had ceded to the United States the District of Columbia, a -tract ten miles square lying on both sides of the Potomac. The -city was laid out in 1792; and in 1800 the population numbered -between eight and nine thousand.</p> - -<p>7. With prudent management the Federal party might have -retained control of the government. But much of the legislation -of Congress had been unwise and unpopular. The -"Alien Law," by which the President was authorized to send -foreigners out of the country, was specially odious. The "Sedition -Law," which punished with fine and imprisonment the -freedom of speech and of the press, was denounced as an act -of tyranny. Partisan excitement ran high. Mr. Adams and -Mr. Charles C. Pinckney were put forward as the candidates -of the Federalists, and Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr of -the Democrats. The election was thrown into the House of -Representatives, and the choice fell on Jefferson and Burr.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXI" id="CHAPTER_XXXI"></a>CHAPTER XXXI.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Jefferson's Administration, 1801-1809.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap">AT the beginning of his administration, Mr. Jefferson transferred -the chief offices of the government to members of -the Democratic party. Such action was justified by the adherents -of the President on the ground that the affairs of a -republic will be best administered when the officers hold the -same political sentiments. One of the first acts of Congress -was to abolish the system of internal revenues. The unpopular -"Alien" and "Sedition" laws were also repealed.</p> - -<p>2. In the year 1800 a line was drawn through the Northwest -Territory from the mouth of the Great Miami River -northward, through Fort Recovery on the head waters of -the Wabash, to Canada. -Two years afterwards the -country east of this line -was erected into the State -of Ohio, which, in 1803, -was admitted into the -Union. The portion west -of the line was organized -under the name of <span class="smcap">Indiana -Territory</span>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig67.jpg" alt="Thomas Jefferson."/> -<p class="caption center">Thomas Jefferson.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Indiana Territory.</b></div> - -<p>3. The new region thus -brought under civil government -embraced a vast area -of country. It included -all of the present States of -Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and a small portion of -Minnesota. Vincennes was made the capital. The appointment -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> -of Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs was -conferred on General William Henry Harrison. The work -imposed upon him was very great. First appointed -by President John Adams, he was -afterwards reappointed to the same position -by Presidents Jefferson and Madison. Repairing to his field -of duty, he convened the first Territorial Legislature at Vincennes, -in 1805, and entered at once into negotiations with the -Indian tribes.</p> - -<p>4. During the administration of Governor Harrison, many -salutary measures were adopted with respect to the natives. -The Governor sought to prevent the sale of intoxicating -liquors among them, and induced many of the tribes to submit -to inoculation, as a means of preventing the ravages of -smallpox. In September, 1809, he met a congress of the tribes -at Vincennes, and effected the purchase of about three million -acres of valuable land in the valleys of the Wabash and White -rivers. It was these progressive measures which aroused the -jealousy and alarm of the Red men, and brought on the Indian -war of 1811.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Louisiana Purchase.</b></div> - -<p>5. About the same time of the organization of Indiana Territory -the <span class="smcap">Mississippi Territory</span> was organized. More important -still was the purchase of the vast region called Louisiana. -In 1800 Napoleon had compelled Spain to make a cession of this -territory to France. He now authorized his minister to dispose -of Louisiana by sale. The President appointed Mr. Livingston -and James Monroe to negotiate the purchase. On the 30th -of April, 1803, terms were agreed on; and for the sum of -eleven million two hundred and fifty thousand dollars Louisiana -was ceded to the United States. It was -also agreed that the United States should pay -certain debts due from France to American -citizens—the sum not to exceed three million seven hundred -and fifty thousand dollars. Thus did that vast domain west of -the Mississippi pass under the dominion of the United States.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></p> - -<p>6. Out of the southern portion of the great province the -<span class="smcap">Territory of Orleans</span> was organized with the same limits -as the present State of Louisiana; the rest continued to be -called the <span class="smcap">Territory of Louisiana</span>. Very justly did Mr. -Livingston say to the French minister as they arose from signing -the treaty: "This is the noblest work of our lives."</p> - -<p>7. In 1801 John Marshall became Chief-justice of the -United States. In the colonial times, the English constitution -and common law had prevailed in America. When the new -Republic was organized, it became necessary to modify the principles -of law and to adapt them to the altered form of government. -This great work was accomplished by Chief-justice -Marshall.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>War with Tripoli.</b></div> - -<p>8. The Mediterranean pirates still annoyed -American merchantmen. The emperors of -Morocco, Algiers, and Tripoli became especially -troublesome. In 1803 Commodore Preble was sent -to the Mediterranean to protect American commerce and -punish the pirates. The frigate <i>Philadelphia</i>, under Captain -Bainbridge, sailed directly to Tripoli. When nearing his destination, -Bainbridge gave chase to a pirate which fled for -safety to the harbor. The <i>Philadelphia</i>, in close pursuit, ran -upon a reef of rocks near the shore, and was captured by the -Tripolitans. The officers were treated with some respect, but -the crew were enslaved.</p> - -<p>9. In the following February Captain Decatur sailed to -Tripoli in a Moorish ship, called the <i>Intrepid</i>. At nightfall -Decatur steered into the harbor, slipped alongside of the <i>Philadelphia</i>, -sprang on deck with his daring band, and killed or -drove overboard every Moor on the vessel. In a moment -the frigate was fired; Decatur and his crew escaped to the -<i>Intrepid</i> without the loss of a man.</p> - -<p>10. In July of 1804 Commodore Preble arrived at Tripoli -and began a siege. The town was bombarded, and several -Moorish vessels were destroyed. In the mean time, William<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> -Eaton, the American consul at Tunis, had organized a force, -and was marching overland to Tripoli. Hamet, who was the -rightful sovereign of Tripoli, was cooperating with Eaton in an -effort to recover his kingdom. Yusef, the Tripolitan emperor, -made overtures for peace. His offers were accepted, and a -treaty was concluded on the 4th of June, 1805.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Schemes of Aaron Burr.</b></div> - -<p>11. In 1804 the country was shocked by the intelligence that -Vice-president Burr had killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. -As his term of office drew to a close, Burr foresaw that he -would not be renominated. In 1803 he became a candidate -for governor of New York; but Hamilton's -influence in that State prevented his election. -Burr thereupon sought a quarrel with -Hamilton, challenged him, met him at Weehawken on the -morning of the 11th of July, and deliberately murdered him. -Thus the brightest intellect in America was put out in -darkness.</p> - -<p>12. After the death of Hamilton, Burr fled to the South. At -the opening of the next session of Congress he returned to preside -over the Senate. Then he took up his residence with an -Englishman named Blennerhassett, who had built a mansion on -an island in the Ohio, near the mouth of the Muskingum. -Here Burr made a treasonable scheme to raise a military force, -invade Mexico, detach the Southwestern States from the -Union, and overthrow the government of the United States. -But his purposes were suspected. The military preparations at -Blennerhassett's Island were broken up. Burr was arrested in -Alabama and taken to Richmond to be tried for treason. -Chief-justice Marshall presided at the trial, and Burr conducted -his own defence. The verdict was, "Not guilty—<i>for -want of sufficient proof</i>." Burr afterward practiced law in -New York, lived to old age, and died in poverty.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Lewis and Clarke's Expedition.</b></div> - -<p>13. In the autumn of 1804 Jefferson was reelected. For -Vice-president, George Clinton of New York was chosen in -place of Burr. In the next year a part of the Northwest -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> -Territory was organized under the name of -<span class="smcap">Michigan</span>. In the same spring, Captains -Lewis and Clarke set out from the falls of -the Missouri River with thirty-five soldiers and hunters to -explore Oregon. For two years, through forests of gigantic -pines, and along the banks of unknown rivers, did they continue -their explorations. After wandering among unheard-of -tribes of savages, and traversing a route of six thousand miles, -the adventurers, with the loss of but one man, returned to -civilization.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig68.jpg" alt="Lewis and Clarke's Expedition."/> -<p class="caption center">Lewis and Clarke's Expedition.</p> -</div> - -<p>14. During Jefferson's second term, the country was much -agitated by the aggressions of the British navy. England and -France were engaged in war. The British authorities struck -blow after blow against the trade between France and foreign -nations; and Napoleon retaliated. The plan adopted by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> -two powers was to blockade each other's ports with men-of-war. -By such means the commerce of the United States was -greatly injured.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Aggressions on American Commerce.</b></div> - -<p>15. In May of 1806 England blockaded -the whole coast of France. American vessels, -approaching the French ports, were seized as -prizes. The following November Bonaparte -issued a decree blockading the British isles. Again American -merchantmen were subjected to seizure. In January of the -next year Great Britain retaliated by prohibiting the French -coasting-trade. These measures were all in violation of the -law of nations.</p> - -<p>16. Great Britain next set up the peculiar claim of citizenship, -that whoever is born in England remains through life a -subject of England. English cruisers were authorized to search -American vessels for persons suspected of being British subjects. -Those who were taken were impressed as seamen in -the English navy.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Impressment of Seamen.</b></div> - -<p>17. On the 22d of June, 1807, the frigate -<i>Chesapeake</i> was hailed near Fortress Monroe -by a British man-of-war called the -<i>Leopard</i>. British officers came on board and demanded -<i>to search the vessel for deserters</i>. The demand was refused and -the ship cleared for action. But before the guns could be -charged, the <i>Leopard</i> poured in a destructive fire and compelled -a surrender. Four men were taken from the captured ship, -three of whom proved to be American citizens. Great Britain -disavowed this outrage, and promised reparation; but the -promise was never fulfilled.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Embargo Act.</b></div> - -<p>18. The President issued a proclamation -forbidding British ships of war to enter -American harbors. On the 21st of December -Congress passed the <span class="smcap">Embargo Act</span>, by which all American -vessels were detained in the ports of the United States. The -object was to cut off commercial intercourse with France and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> -Great Britain. But after fourteen months the embargo act -was repealed. Meanwhile, in November of 1808, the British -government published an "order in council," prohibiting <i>all</i> -trade with France and her allies. Thereupon Napoleon -issued the "Milan decree," forbidding all trade with England -and her colonies. By these outrages the commerce of -the United States was well-nigh destroyed.</p> - -<p>19. While the country was thus distracted, Robert Fulton -was building the <span class="smcap">FIRST STEAMBOAT</span>. Fulton was an Irishman -by descent and a Pennsylvanian by birth. His education in -boyhood was imperfect, but was afterward improved by study -at London and Paris.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig69.jpg" alt="Fulton's Clermont."/> -<p class="caption center">Fulton's "Clermont."</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Robert Fulton's Steamboat.</b></div> - -<p>20. Returning to New York, he began the -construction of a steamboat. When the ungainly -craft was completed, Fulton invited -his friends to go on board and enjoy a trip to Albany. -On the 2d of September, 1807, the crowds gathered on -the shore. The -word was given, and -the boat did not -move. Fulton went -below. Again the -word was given, and -<i>the boat moved</i>. On -the next day the -company reached -Albany. For many -years this first rude steamer, called the <i>Clermont</i>, plied the -Hudson.</p> - -<p>21. Jefferson's administration drew to a close. The territorial -area of the United States had been vastly extended. But -the foreign relations of the nation were troubled. The President -declined a third election, and was succeeded by James -Madison, of Virginia. For Vice-president, George Clinton was -reelected.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXII" id="CHAPTER_XXXII"></a>CHAPTER XXXII.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Madison's Administration.—War of 1812.</span></h3> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig70.jpg" alt="James Madison."/> -<p class="caption center">James Madison.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>War Threatened with England.</b></div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE new President had been a member of the Continental -Congress, a delegate to the Constitutional Convention of -1787, and Secretary of -State under Jefferson. He -owed his election to the -Democratic party, whose -sympathy with France and -hostility to Great Britain -were well known. On the -1st of March the embargo -act was repealed by Congress, -and another measure -adopted by which American -ships were allowed to go -abroad, but were forbidden -to trade with Great -Britain. Mr. Erskine, the -British minister, now gave notice that by the 10th of -June the "orders in council," so far as -they affected the United States, should be -repealed.</p> - -<p>2. In the following spring Bonaparte issued a decree for the -seizure of all American vessels that might approach the ports -of France. But in November the decree was reversed, and -all restrictions on the commerce of the United States were -removed. But the government of Great Britain adhered to -its former measures, and sent ships of war to enforce the -"orders in council."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p> - -<p>3. The affairs of the two nations were fast approaching a -crisis. The government of the United States had fallen completely -under control of the party which sympathized with -France. The American people, smarting under the insults of -Great Britain, had adopted the motto of <span class="smcap">Free Trade and -Sailors' Rights</span>, and had made up their minds to fight; the -sentiment was that war was preferable to national disgrace.</p> - -<p>4. In the spring of 1810 the third census of the United States -was completed. The population had increased to seven million -two hundred and forty thousand souls. The States now -numbered seventeen; and several new Territories were preparing -for admission into the Union. The rapid march of civilization -westward had aroused the jealousy of the Red men, and -Indiana Territory was afflicted with an Indian war.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Gen. Harrison in Indiana.</b></div> - -<p>5. Tecumtha, chief of the Shawnees—a -brave and sagacious warrior—and his -brother, called the Prophet, were the leaders -of the revolt. Their plan was to unite all the nations of the -Northwest Territory in a final effort to beat back the whites. -When, in September of 1809, Governor Harrison met the -chiefs of several tribes at Fort Wayne, and purchased three -million acres of land, Tecumtha refused to sign the treaty, and -threatened death to those who did. In 1810 he visited the -nations of Tennessee and exhorted them to join his confederacy.</p> - -<p>6. Governor Harrison stood firm, sent for soldiers, and -mustered the militia of the Territory. The Indians began to -prowl through the Wabash Valley, murdering and stealing. -The governor then advanced to Terre Haute, built Fort Harrison, -and hastened toward the town of the Prophet, at the -mouth of the Tippecanoe. When within a few miles of this -place, Harrison was met by Indian ambassadors, who asked for -a conference on the following day. Their request was granted; -and the American army encamped for the night. The place -selected was a piece of high ground covered with oaks.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Battle of Tippecanoe.</div> - -<p>7. Before daybreak on the morning of November 7th, 1811, -the savages, seven hundred strong, crept through the marshes, -surrounded Harrison's position, and burst upon the camp. -But the American militia fought in the -darkness, held the Indians in check until -daylight, and then routed them in several -vigorous charges. On the next day, the Americans burned -the Prophet's town, and soon afterwards returned to Vincennes. -Such was the success of the campaign that the Indians were -overawed, the peace of the white settlements secured, and the -way made easy for the organization and admission of the -State of Indiana into the Union five years afterwards.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig71.jpg" alt="Western Battle-fields located relatively to Present Cities."/> -<p class="caption center">Western Battle-fields located relatively to Present Cities.</p> -</div> - -<p>8. Meanwhile, Great Britain and the United States had -come into conflict on the ocean. On the 16th of May, Commodore -Rodgers, commanding the frigate <i>President</i>, hailed a -vessel off the coast of Virginia. Instead of a polite answer, he -received a cannon-ball in the mainmast. Rodgers responded -with a broadside, silencing the enemy's guns. In the morning—for -it was already dark—the hostile ship was found to be -the British sloop-of-war <i>Little Belt</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></p> - -<p>9. On the 4th of November, 1811, the twelfth Congress of -the United States assembled. Many of the members still -hoped for peace; and the winter passed without decisive -measures. On the 4th of April, 1812, an act was passed laying -an embargo for ninety days on all British vessels within -the harbors of the United States. But Great Britain would -not recede from her hostile attitude. Before the actual outbreak -of hostilities, Louisiana, the eighteenth State, was, on -the 8th of April, admitted into the Union. Her population -had already reached seventy-seven thousand.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Declaration of War.</div> - -<p>10. On the 19th of June a declaration -of war was made against Great Britain. -Vigorous preparations for the conflict were -made by Congress. It was ordered to raise twenty-five -thousand regular troops and fifty thousand volunteers. The -several States were requested to call out a hundred thousand -militia. A national loan of eleven million dollars was authorized. -Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, was chosen commander-in-chief -of the army.</p> - -<p>11. The war was begun by General William Hull, governor -of Michigan Territory. On the 1st of June he marched from -Dayton with fifteen hundred men. For a full month the army -toiled through the forests to the western extremity of Lake -Erie. Arriving at the Maumee, Hull sent his baggage to -Detroit. But the British at Malden were on the alert, and -captured Hull's boat with everything on board. Nevertheless, -the Americans pressed on to Detroit, and on the 12th of July -crossed the river to Sandwich.</p> - -<p>12. Hull, hearing that Mackinaw had been taken by the -British, soon returned to Detroit. From this place he sent -Major Van Horne to meet Major Brush, who had reached the -river Raisin with reinforcements. But Tecumtha laid an ambush -for Van Horne's forces and defeated them near Brownstown. -Colonel Miller, with another detachment, attacked and -routed the savages with great loss, and then returned to Detroit.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig72.jpg" alt="Engagement of the Wasp and the Frolic."/> -<p class="caption center">Engagement of the Wasp and the Frolic.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">The Surrender of Detroit.</div> - -<p>13. General Brock, governor of Canada, -now took command of the British at Malden. -On the 16th of August he advanced to -the siege of Detroit. The Americans in their trenches were -eager for battle. When the British were within five hundred -yards, Hull <i>hoisted -a white flag over the -fort</i>. Then followed -a surrender, the most -shameful in the history -of the United -States. All the forces -under Hull's command -became prisoners -of war. The -whole of Michigan -Territory was surrendered -to the -British. Hull was -afterward court-martialed and sentenced to be shot; but the -President pardoned him.</p> - -<p>14. About the time of the fall of Detroit, Fort Dearborn, on -the present site of Chicago, was surrendered to an army of -Indians. The garrison capitulated on condition of retiring -without molestation. But the savages fell upon the retreating -soldiers, killed some, and distributed the rest as captives.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The War at Sea.</div> - -<p>15. On the 19th of August the frigate -<i>Constitution</i>, commanded by Captain Isaac -Hull, overtook the British <i>Guerriere</i> off -the coast of Massachusetts. The vessels maneuvered for -a while, the <i>Constitution</i> closing with her antagonist, until at -half pistol-shot she poured in a broadside, sweeping the decks -of the <i>Guerriere</i> and deciding the contest. On the following -morning, the <i>Guerriere</i>, being unmanageable, was blown up; -and Hull returned to port with his prisoners and spoils.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span></p> - -<p>16. On the 18th of October the American <i>Wasp</i>, under -Captain Jones, fell in with a fleet of British merchantmen off -the coast of Virginia. The squadron was under protection of -the <i>Frolic</i>, commanded by Captain Whinyates. A terrible engagement -ensued, lasting for three quarters of an hour. Finally, -the American crew boarded the <i>Frolic</i> and struck the British -flag. Soon afterwards the <i>Poictiers</i>, a British seventy-four gun -ship, bore down upon the scene, captured the <i>Wasp</i>, and retook -the wreck of the <i>Frolic</i>.</p> - -<p>17. On the 25th of the month Commodore Decatur, commanding -the frigate <i>United States</i>, captured the British <i>Macedonian</i>, -a short distance west of the Canary Islands. The loss -of the enemy in killed and wounded amounted to more than a -hundred men. On the 12th of December the <i>Essex</i>, commanded -by Captain Porter, captured the <i>Nocton</i>, a British -packet, having on board fifty-five thousand dollars in specie. -On the 29th of December the <i>Constitution</i>, under command -of Commodore Bainbridge, met the <i>Java</i> on the coast of Brazil. -A furious battle ensued, continuing for two hours. The <i>Java</i> -was reduced to a wreck before the flag was struck. The crew -and passengers, numbering upward of four hundred, were -transferred to the <i>Constitution</i>, and the hull was burned at -sea. The news of these victories roused the enthusiasm of -the people.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Van Rensselaer at Queenstown.</div> - -<p>18. On the 13th of October a thousand -men, commanded by General Stephen Van -Rensselaer, crossed the Niagara River to -capture Queenstown. They were resisted at the water's -edge; but the British batteries on the heights were finally -carried. The enemy's forces, returning to the charge, were a -second time repulsed. The Americans intrenched themselves, -and waited for reinforcements. None came; and, after losing -a hundred and sixty men, they were then obliged to surrender. -General Van Rensselaer resigned his command, and was succeeded -by General Alexander Smyth.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span></p> - -<p>19. The Americans now rallied at Black Rock, a few miles -north of Buffalo. From this point, on the 28th of November, -a company was sent across to the Canada shore, but General -Smyth ordered the advance party to return. A few days afterward, -another crossing was planned, with the same results. -The militia became mutinous. Smyth was charged with -cowardice and deposed from his command. In the autumn -of 1812 Madison was reelected President; the choice for Vice-president -fell on Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXXIII.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">War of 1812.—Events of 1813.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">IN the beginning of 1813 the American army was organized -in three divisions: <span class="smcap">the Army of the North</span>, under -General Wade Hampton; <span class="smcap">the Army of the Center</span>, under -General Dearborn; <span class="smcap">the Army of the West</span>, under General -Winchester, who was soon superseded by General Harrison. -Early in January the Army of the West moved toward -Lake Erie to regain the ground lost by Hull. On the 10th of -the month the American advance reached the rapids of the -Maumee, thirty miles from Winchester's camp. A detachment -then pressed forward to Frenchtown, on the river Raisin, captured -the town, and on the 20th of the month were joined by -Winchester with the main division.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Events in the West.</div> - -<p>2. Two days afterwards the Americans were -assaulted by a thousand five hundred British -and Indians under General Proctor. A severe -battle was fought. General Winchester, having been taken by -the enemy, advised his forces to capitulate. The American -wounded <i>were left to the mercy of the savages</i>, who at once -completed their work of butchery. The rest of the prisoners -were dragged away, through untold sufferings, to Detroit, -where they were afterward ransomed.</p> - -<p>3. General Harrison now built Fort Meigs, on the Maumee. -Here he was besieged by two thousand British and savages, -led by Proctor and Tecumtha. Meanwhile, General Clay, -with twelve hundred Kentuckians, advanced to the relief of -the fort. In a few days the Indians deserted in large numbers, -and Proctor, becoming alarmed, abandoned the siege, and -retreated to Malden.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Ft. Meigs and Ft. Stephenson.</div> - -<p>4. Late in July Proctor and Tecumtha, -with nearly four thousand men, again besieged -Fort Meigs. Failing to draw out the -garrison, the British general filed off with half his forces and -attacked Fort Stephenson, at Lower Sandusky. This place -was defended by a hundred and sixty men under Colonel -Croghan, a stripling but twenty-one years of age. On the 2d -of August the British advanced to storm the fort. Having -crowded into the trench, they were swept away almost to a -man. The repulse was complete. Proctor now raised the -siege at Fort Meigs and returned to Malden.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Perry on Lake Erie.</div> - -<p>5. At this time Lake Erie was commanded -by a British squadron of six vessels. -The work of recovering these waters -was intrusted to Commodore Oliver H. Perry. His antagonist, -Commodore Barclay, was a veteran from Europe. With -great energy Perry directed the construction of nine ships, and -was soon afloat. On the 10th of September the two fleets met -near Put-in Bay. The battle was begun by the American -squadron, Perry's flag-ship, the <i>Lawrence</i>, leading the attack. -His principal antagonist was the <i>Detroit</i>, under command of -Barclay. The British guns had the wider range, and were -better served. In a short time the <i>Lawrence</i> was ruined, and -Barclay's flagship was almost a wreck.</p> - -<p>6. Perceiving how the battle stood, Perry seized his banner, -got overboard into an open boat, passed within pistol-shot of -the enemy's ships, a storm of balls flying around him, and -transferred his flag to the <i>Niagara</i>. With this powerful vessel -he bore down upon the enemy's line, drove right through the -midst, discharging terrible broadsides right and left. In fifteen -minutes the British fleet was helpless. Perry returned to the -hull of the <i>Lawrence</i>, and there received the surrender. And -then he sent to General Harrison this dispatch: "We have -met the enemy, and they are ours—two ships, two brigs, one -schooner, and one sloop."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig73.jpg" alt="Fall of Tecumtha at the Battle of the Thames."/> -<p class="caption center">Fall of Tecumtha at the Battle of the Thames.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Battle of the Thames.</div> - -<p>7. For the Americans the way was now -opened to Canada. On the 27th of September -Harrison's army was landed near -Malden. The British retreated to the river Thames, and there -faced about to fight. The battlefield extended from the river -to a swamp. Here, on the 5th of October, the British were -attacked by Generals Harrison and Shelby. In the beginning -of the battle Proctor fled. The British regulars were broken -by the Kentuckians under Colonel Richard M. Johnson. The -Americans wheeled against the fifteen hundred Indians, who -lay hidden in the swamp. Tecumtha had staked all on the -issue. For a while his war-whoop sounded above the din of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> -the conflict. Presently his voice was heard no longer, for the -great chieftain had fallen. The savages, appalled by the death -of their leader, fled in despair. So ended the campaign in the -West. All that Hull had lost was regained.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">General Jackson in Alabama.</div> - -<p>8. Meanwhile, the Creeks of Alabama -had taken up arms. In the latter part of -August, Fort Mims, forty miles north of -Mobile, was surprised by the savages, who murdered nearly -four hundred people. The governors of Tennessee, Georgia, -and Mississippi made immediate preparation for invading -the country of the Creeks. The Tennesseeans, under General -Jackson, were first to the rescue. Nine hundred men, led -by General Coffee, reached the Indian town of Tallushatchee, -burned it, and left not an Indian alive. On the 8th of November -a battle was fought at Talladega, and the savages were -defeated with severe losses.</p> - -<p>9. During the winter, Jackson's troops became mutinous and -were going home. But the general set them the example of -living on acorns, and threatened with death the first man who -stirred from the ranks. And no man stirred. At Horseshoe -Bend the Creeks made their final stand. On the 27th of -March, the whites under General Jackson stormed the breastworks -and drove the Indians into the bend of the river. There, -huddled together, a thousand Creek warriors, with the women -and children of the tribe, met their doom. The nation was -completely conquered.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Expedition against Toronto.</div> - -<p>10. On the 25th of April, 1813, General -Dearborn embarked his forces at Sackett's -Harbor, and proceeded against Toronto. On -the 27th of the month, seventeen hundred men, landing near -Toronto, drove the British from the water's edge, stormed a -battery, and rushed forward to carry the main defences. At -that moment the British magazine blew up with terrific violence. -Two hundred men were killed or wounded. General Pike -was fatally injured; but the Americans continued the charge<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> -and drove the enemy out of the town. Property to the value -of a half million dollars was secured to the victors.</p> - -<p>11. While this movement was taking place the enemy made -a descent on Sackett's Harbor. But General Brown rallied -the militia and drove back the assailants. The victorious troops -at Toronto reembarked and crossed the lake to the mouth of -the Niagara. On the 27th of May the Americans, led by -Generals Chandler and Winder, stormed Fort George. The -British retreated to Burlington Bay, at the western extremity -of the lake.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Expedition against Montreal.</div> - -<p>12. After the battle of the Thames, General -Harrison resigned his commission. General -Dearborn was succeeded by General -Wilkinson. The next campaign embraced the conquest of -Montreal. On the 5th of November seven thousand men, -embarking twenty miles north of Sackett's Harbor, sailed -against Montreal. Parties of British, Canadians, and Indians, -gathering on the bank of the river, impeded the expedition. -General Brown was landed with a considerable force to drive -the enemy into the interior. On the 11th of the month a -severe but indecisive battle was fought at a place called -Chrysler's Field. The Americans passed down the river to -St. Regis, and went into winter quarters at Fort Covington.</p> - -<p>13. In the mean time, the British on the Niagara rallied and -recaptured Fort George. Before retreating, General McClure, -the commandant, burned the town of Newark. The British -and Indians crossed the river, took Fort Niagara, and fired the -villages of Youngstown, Lewiston, and Manchester. On the -30th of December, Black Rock and Buffalo were burned.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The War on the Ocean.</div> - -<p>14. Off the coast of Demerara, on the 24th -of February, 1813, the sloop-of-war <i>Hornet</i>, -commanded by Captain James Lawrence, fell -in with the British brig <i>Peacock</i>. A terrible battle of fifteen -minutes ensued, and the <i>Peacock</i> struck her colors. While -the Americans were transferring the conquered crew, the brig<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> -sank. Nine of the British sailors and three of Lawrence's -men were drowned.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig74.jpg" alt="Don't give up the Ship."/> -<p class="caption center">"Don't give up the Ship."</p> -</div> - -<p>15. On returning to Boston the command of the <i>Chesapeake</i> -was given to Lawrence, and again he put to sea. He was -soon challenged by Captain Broke, of the British <i>Shannon</i>, to -fight him. Eastward from Cape Ann the two vessels met on -the 1st day of June. The battle was obstinate, brief, dreadful. -In a short time, every officer of the <i>Chesapeake</i> was either -killed or wounded. Lawrence was struck with a musket-ball,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> -and fell dying on the deck. As they bore him down the hatchway, -he gave his last order—ever afterwards the motto of the -American sailor—"<span class="smcap">Don't give up the ship!</span>" The <i>Shannon</i> -towed her prize into the harbor of Halifax. There the bodies -of Lawrence and Ludlow, second in command, were buried -by the British.</p> - -<p>16. On the 14th of August the American brig <i>Argus</i> was -overtaken by the <i>Pelican</i> and obliged to surrender. On the -5th of September the British brig <i>Boxer</i> was captured by the -American <i>Enterprise</i> off the coast of Maine. On the 28th of -the following March, while the <i>Essex</i>, commanded by Captain -Porter, was lying in the harbor of Valparaiso, she was attacked -by two British vessels, the <i>Phœbe</i> and the <i>Cherub</i>. Captain -Porter fought his antagonists until nearly all of his men were -killed or wounded; then struck his colors and surrendered.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">British Marauding.</div> - -<p>17. From honorable warfare the naval officers -of England stooped to marauding. Early -in the year, Lewiston was bombarded by a -British squadron. Other British men-of-war entered the Chesapeake -and burned several villages on the shores of the bay. -At the town of Hampton the soldiers and marines perpetrated -great outrages. Commodore Hardy, to whom the blockade -of New England had been assigned, behaved with more humanity. -Even the Americans praised him for his honorable -conduct. So the year 1813 closed without decisive results.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXIV" id="CHAPTER_XXXIV"></a>CHAPTER XXXIV.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Campaigns of 1814.</span></h3> - - -<div class="sidenote">Operations about Niagara.</div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">IN the spring of 1814 another invasion -of Canada was planned; but there was -much delay. Not until the 3d of July did -Generals Scott and Ripley, with three thousand men, cross -the Niagara and capture Fort Erie. On the following day -the Americans advanced in the direction of Chippewa village, -but were met by the British, led -by General Riall. On the evening -of the 5th a severe battle was -fought on the plain south of Chippewa -Creek. The Americans, led -on by Generals Scott and Ripley, -won the day.</p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig75.jpg" alt="OPERATIONS ABOUT NIAGARA."/> -<p class="caption center">OPERATIONS ABOUT NIAGARA.</p> -</div> - -<p>2. General Riall retreated to -Burlington Heights. On the evening -of the 25th of July, General -Scott, commanding the American -right, found himself confronted -by Riall's army, on the high -grounds in sight of Niagara Falls. -Here was fought the hardest battle -of the war. Scott held his own -until reinforced by other divisions -of the army. The British reserves were brought into action. -Twilight faded into darkness. A detachment of Americans, -getting upon the British rear, captured General Riall and his -staff. The key to the enemy's position was a high ground -crowned with a battery. Calling Colonel James Miller to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> -side, General Brown said, "Colonel, take your regiment and -storm that battery." "<span class="smcap">I'll try, sir</span>," was Miller's answer; -and he <i>did</i> take it, and held it against three assaults of the -British. General Drummond was wounded, and the royal -army, numbering five thousand, was driven from the field with -a loss of more than eight hundred. The Americans lost an -equal number.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig76.jpg" alt="Colonel Miller at Lundy's Lane."/> -<p class="caption center">Colonel Miller at Lundy's Lane.</p> -</div> - -<p>3. After this battle of Niagara, or Lundy's Lane, the American -forces fell back to Fort Erie. General Gaines crossed -over from Buffalo, and assumed command of the army. General -Drummond received reinforcements, and on the 4th of -August invested Fort Erie. The siege continued until the 17th -of September, when a sortie was made and the works of the -British were carried. General Drummond then raised the siege -and retreated to Fort George. On the 5th of November Fort -Erie was destroyed by the Americans, who recrossed the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> -Niagara and went into winter quarters at Black Rock and -Buffalo.</p> - -<p>4. The winter of 1813-14 was passed by the army of the -North at Fort Covington. At this time, the American fleet on -Lake Champlain was commanded by Commodore McDonough. -The British general Prevost now advanced into New -York at the head of fourteen thousand men, and ordered Commodore -Downie to ascend the Sorel with his fleet.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Battle of Plattsburgh.</div> - -<p>5. The invading army reached Plattsburgh. -Commodore McDonough's squadron -lay in the bay. On the 6th of September, -Macomb retired with his forces to the south bank of the -Saranac. For four days the British renewed their efforts -to cross the river. Downie's fleet was now ready for action, -and a general battle was planned for the 11th. Prevost's army -was to carry Macomb's position, while the British flotilla was -to bear down on McDonough. The naval battle began first, -and was obstinately fought for two hours and a half. Downie -and many of his officers were killed; the heavier British vessels -were disabled and obliged to strike their colors. The smaller -ships escaped. After a severe action, the British army on -the shore was also defeated. Prevost retired precipitately to -Canada; and the English ministry began to devise measures of -peace.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The British Burn Washington.</div> - -<p>6. Late in the summer Admiral Cochrane -arrived off the coast of Virginia with an armament -of twenty-one vessels. General Ross, -with an army of four thousand veterans, came with the fleet. -The American squadron, commanded by Commodore Barney, -was unable to oppose so powerful a force. The enemy entered -the Chesapeake with the purpose of attacking Washington and -Baltimore. The larger division sailed into the Patuxent, and -on the 19th of August, the forces of General Ross were landed -at Benedict. Commodore Barney was obliged to blow up his -vessels and take to the shore. From Benedict the British ad<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span>vanced -against Washington. At Bladensburg, six miles from -the capital, they were met, on the 24th of the month, by the -forces of Barney. Here a battle was fought. The militia behaved -badly; Barney was defeated and taken prisoner. The -President, the cabinet, and the people betook themselves to -flight; and Ross marched unopposed into Washington. All -the public buildings except the Patent Office were burned, -together with many of the public archives. The unfinished -Capitol and the President's house were left a mass of ruins.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Siege of Baltimore.</div> - -<p>7. Five days afterwards a portion of the -British fleet reached Alexandria. The inhabitants -purchased the forbearance of the -enemy by the surrender of twenty-one ships, sixteen thousand -barrels of flour, and a thousand hogsheads of tobacco. -After the capture of Washington, General Ross proceeded with -his army and fleet to lay siege to the city of Baltimore. The -militia, to the number of ten thousand, gathered under command -of General Samuel Smith. On the 12th of September -the British were landed at the mouth of the Patapsco, and the -fleet began the ascent of the river. The land-forces were met -by the Americans under General Stricker. A skirmish ensued, -in which General Ross was killed; but Colonel Brooks -assumed command, and the march was continued. Near the -city the British came upon the American lines and were brought -to a halt.</p> - -<p>8. Meanwhile the British squadron had ascended the Patapsco -and begun the bombardment of Fort McHenry. From -sunrise of the 13th until after midnight, the guns of the fleet -poured a tempest of shells upon the fortress.<a name="FNanchor_A_3" id="FNanchor_A_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_3" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> At the end of -that time the works were as strong as at the beginning. The -British had undertaken more than they could accomplish. Disheartened -and baffled, they ceased to fire. The land-forces -retired, and the siege of Baltimore was at an end.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_A_3" id="Footnote_A_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_3"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> During the night of this bombardment, Francis S. Key, who was detained -on board a British ship in the bay, composed <i>The Star Spangled Banner</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span></p></div> - -<p>9. On the 9th and 10th of August the village of Stonington, -Connecticut, was bombarded by Commodore Hardy; but -the British, attempting to land, were driven back. The fisheries -of New England were broken up. The salt-works at Cape -Cod escaped by the payment of heavy ransoms. All the -harbors from Maine to Delaware were blockaded. The foreign -commerce of the Eastern States was totally destroyed.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Hartford Convention.</div> - -<p>10. From the beginning, many of the -people of New England had opposed the -war. The members of the Federal party -cried out against it. The legislature of Massachusetts advised -the calling of a convention. The other Eastern States -responded to the call; and on the 14th of December the delegates -assembled at Hartford. The leaders of the Democratic -party did not hesitate to say that the purposes of the assembly -were disloyal and treasonable. After remaining in session, -with closed doors, for nearly three weeks, the delegates published -an address, and then adjourned. The political prospects -of those who participated in the convention were ruined.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Affairs in the South.</div> - -<p>11. During the progress of the war the Spanish authorities -of Florida sympathized with the British. In -August of 1814 a British fleet was allowed -by the commandant of Pensacola to use that -post for the purpose of fitting out an expedition against Fort -Bowyer, on the bay of Mobile. General Jackson, who commanded -in the South, remonstrated with the Spaniards, but -received no satisfaction. He thereupon marched a force -against Pensacola, stormed the town, and drove the British -out of Florida.</p> - -<p>12. General Jackson next learned that the British were -making preparations for the conquest of Louisiana. Repairing -to New Orleans, he declared martial law, mustered the -militia, and adopted measures for repelling the invasion. The -British army, numbering twelve thousand, came from Jamaica, -under Sir Edward Pakenham. On the 10th of December the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> -squadron entered Lake Borgne, sixty miles northeast of New -Orleans.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig77.jpg" alt="The Battle of New Orleans."/> -<p class="caption center">The Battle of New Orleans.</p> -</div> - -<p>13. On the 22d of the month Pakenham's advance reached -the Mississippi, nine miles below the city. On the night of -the 23d Generals Jackson and Coffee advanced with two thousand -Tennessee riflemen to attack the British camp. After a -bloody assault, Jackson was obliged to fall back to a strong -position on the canal, four miles below the city. Pakenham -advanced, and on the 28th cannonaded the American position. -On New Year's day the attack was renewed, and the enemy -was driven back. Pakenham now made arrangements for a -general battle.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Battle of New Orleans.</div> - -<p>14. Jackson was ready. Earthworks had -been constructed, and a long line of cotton-bales -and sand-bags thrown up for protection. -On the 8th of January the British moved forward. The -battle began with the light of morning, and was ended before -nine o'clock. Column after column of the British was smitten -with irretrievable ruin. Jackson's men were almost entirely -secure from the enemy's fire, while every discharge of the -Tennessee and Kentucky rifles told with awful effect on the -exposed veterans of England. Pakenham was killed; General -Gibbs was mortally wounded. Only General Lambert -was left to call the fragments of the army from the field. Of -the British, seven hundred were killed, fourteen hundred -wounded, and five hundred taken prisoners. The American -loss amounted to <i>eight killed and thirteen wounded</i>.</p> - -<p>15. General Lambert retired with his ruined army. Jackson -marched into New Orleans and was received with great -enthusiasm. Such was the close of the war on land. On the -20th of February the American <i>Constitution</i>, off Cape St. Vincent, -captured two British vessels, the <i>Cyane</i> and the <i>Levant</i>. -On the 23d of March the American <i>Hornet</i> ended the conflict, -by capturing the British <i>Penguin</i> off the coast of Brazil.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Treaty of Ghent.</div> - -<p>16. Already a treaty of peace had been -made. In the summer of 1814, American -commissioners were sent to Ghent, in Belgium, -and were there met by the ambassadors of Great Britain. -The agents of the United States were John Quincy -Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan Russell, and -Albert Gallatin. On the 24th of December a treaty was -agreed to and signed. In both countries the news was received -with deep satisfaction. On the 18th of February the treaty -was ratified by the Senate, and peace was publicly proclaimed.</p> - -<p>17. The only significance of the treaty was that Great Britain -and the United States agreed to be at peace. Not one of -the issues, to decide which the war had been undertaken, <i>was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> -even mentioned</i>. Of the impressment of American seamen not -a word was said. The wrongs done to the commerce of the -United States were not referred to. Of "free trade and sailors' -rights," the battle-cry of the American navy, no mention was -made. The treaty was chiefly devoted to the settlement of -unimportant boundaries and the possession of some small -islands in the Bay of Passamaquoddy.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Condition of the Country.</div> - -<p>18. The country was now burdened with a war-debt of one -hundred million dollars. The monetary affairs of the nation -were in a deplorable condition. The charter of the Bank of -the United States expired in 1811, and the other banks had -been obliged to suspend specie payment. -Trade was paralyzed for the want of money. -In 1816 a bill was passed by Congress to recharter -the Bank of the United States. The President interposed -his veto; but in the following session the bill was again -passed in an amended form. On the 4th of March, 1817, -the bank went into operation; and the business and credit of -the country began to revive.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Decatur in the Barbary States.</div> - -<p>19. During the war with Great Britain the -Algerine pirates renewed their depredations -on American commerce. The government -of the United States now ordered Commodore Decatur to -proceed to the Mediterranean and chastise the sea-robbers into -submission. After capturing two of their frigates he sailed -into the Bay of Algiers, and obliged the frightened dey to -make a treaty. The Moorish emperor released his American -prisoners, relinquished all claims to tribute, and gave a -pledge that his ships should trouble American merchantmen -no more. Decatur next sailed against Tunis and Tripoli, compelled -these states to give pledges of good conduct, and to pay -large sums for former depredations.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Indiana Admitted.</div> - -<p>20. The close of Madison's administration -was signalized by the admission of Indiana -into the Union. The new commonwealth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> -was admitted in December, 1816. About the same time was -founded the Colonization Society of the United States. Many -distinguished Americans became members of the association, -the object of which was to provide a refuge for free persons -of color. Liberia, in western Africa, was selected as the seat -of the proposed colony. Immigrants arrived in sufficient -numbers to found a flourishing negro State. The capital -was named Monrovia, in honor of James Monroe, who, in the -fall of 1816, was elected as Madison's successor. Daniel D. -Tompkins, of New York, was chosen Vice-president.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXV" id="CHAPTER_XXXV"></a>CHAPTER XXXV.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Monroe's Administration, 1817-1825.</span></h3> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig78.jpg" alt="James Monroe."/> -<p class="caption center">James Monroe.</p> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE policy of Madison was adopted by his successor. -The stormy times of the war gave place to many years -of peace. The new President -was a native of Virginia, -a man of great -talents and accomplishments. -He had been a -Revolutionary soldier, a -member of Congress, governor -of Virginia, envoy -to France and England, -and Secretary of State under -Madison. The members -of the cabinet were: -John Quincy Adams, Secretary -of State; William -H. Crawford, Secretary of -the Treasury; John C. Calhoun, Secretary of War; William -Wirt, Attorney-general. Statesmen of all parties devoted their -energies to the payment of the national debt. Commerce -soon revived; the government was economically administered, -and in a few years the debt was honestly paid.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Mississippi Admitted.</div> - -<p>2. In December of 1817 Mississippi was organized -and admitted into the Union. The -new State came with a population of sixty-five -thousand souls. At the same time the attention of the government -was called to a nest of pirates on Amelia Island, off the -coast of Florida. An armament was sent against them, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> -the lawless establishment was broken up. Another company, -on the island of Galveston, was also suppressed.</p> - -<p>3. The question of internal improvements now began to be -agitated. Without railroads and canals the products of the -interior could never reach a market. Whether Congress had a -right to vote money to make public improvements was a -question of debate. Among the States, New York took the -lead in improvements by constructing a canal from Buffalo to -Albany. The cost of the work was nearly eight million dollars.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Trouble with the Seminoles.</div> - -<p>4. In 1817 the Seminole Indians of Georgia -and Alabama became hostile. Some negroes -and Creeks joined the savages in their depredations. -General Jackson was ordered to reduce the Indians -to submission. He mustered a thousand riflemen from Tennessee, -and in the spring of 1818 completely overran the hostile -country.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Cession of Florida.</div> - -<p>5. While on this expedition, Jackson took possession of St. -Mark's. The Spanish troops stationed there were removed to -Pensacola. Two Englishmen, named Arbuthnot and Ambrister, -charged with inciting the Seminoles to insurrection, were -tried by a court-martial and hanged. Jackson then captured -Pensacola, and sent the Spanish authorities to Havana. The -enemies of General Jackson condemned him for these proceedings, -but the President and Congress justified -his deeds. The king of Spain now proposed -to cede Florida to the United States. On -the 22d of February, 1819, a treaty was concluded at Washington -City by which the whole province was surrendered to -the American government. The United States agreed to relinquish -all claim to Texas, and to pay to American citizens, -for depredations committed by Spanish vessels, five million -dollars.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">New States.</div> - -<p>6. In 1818 Illinois, the twenty-first State, was organized and -admitted into the Union. The population of the new commonwealth -was forty-seven thousand. In December of 1819 -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> -Alabama was added, with a population of one hundred and -twenty-five thousand. About the same time Arkansas Territory -was organized. In 1820 the province -of Maine was separated from Massachusetts -and admitted into the Union. The population of the new -State had reached two hundred and ninety-eight thousand. In -August of 1821 Missouri, with a population of about seventy-four -thousand souls, was admitted as the twenty-fourth member -of the Union.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Missouri Compromise.</div> - -<p>7. When the bill to admit Missouri was -brought before Congress, a proposition was -made <i>to prohibit slavery in the new State</i>. -This was supported by the free States of the North, and -opposed by the slaveholding States of the South. After -long and angry debates the measure brought forward by -Henry Clay, and known as the <span class="smcap">Missouri Compromise</span>, was -adopted. Its provisions were—<i>first</i>, the admission of Missouri -as a slaveholding State; <i>secondly</i>, the division of the rest of the -Louisiana purchase by the parallel of thirty-six degrees and -thirty minutes; <i>thirdly</i>, the admission of new States south of -that line, with or without slavery, as the people might determine; -<i>fourthly</i>, the prohibition of slavery in all the new States -north of the dividing-line.</p> - -<p>8. The President's administration grew into high favor with -the people; and in 1820 he was reelected. As Vice-president, -Mr. Tompkins was again chosen. The attention of the government -was next called to a system of piracy which had sprung -up in the West Indies. Early in 1822 an American fleet was -sent thither, and more than twenty piratical ships were captured. -In the following summer, Commodore Porter was -dispatched with a larger squadron. The retreats of the sea-robbers -were completely broken up.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Monroe Doctrine.</div> - -<p>9. About this time many of the countries of South America -declared their independence of foreign nations. The people -of the United States sympathized with the patriots of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> -South. Henry Clay urged upon the government the duty of -recognizing the South American republics. In March of 1822, -a bill was passed by Congress embodying his -views. In the President's message of 1823 -the declaration was made that <i>the American -continents are not subject to colonization by any European power</i>. -This is the principle ever since known as the <span class="smcap">Monroe Doctrine</span>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig79.jpg" alt="Henry Clay."/> -<p class="caption center">Henry Clay.</p> -</div> - -<p>10. In the summer of 1824 the venerated La Fayette, now -aged and gray, revisited -the land for whose freedom -he had shed his blood. The -patriots who had fought by -his side came forth to greet -him. In every city he was -surrounded by a throng -of shouting freemen. His -journey through the country -was a triumph. In September -of 1825 he bade -adieu to the people, and -sailed for his native land. -While Liberty remains, the -name of La Fayette shall -be hallowed.</p> - -<p>11. In the fall of 1824 four candidates were presented for -the presidency. John Quincy Adams was put forward as the -candidate of the East; William H. Crawford, of Georgia, as -the choice of the South; Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson as -the favorites of the West. Neither candidate received a majority -of the electoral votes, and the choice of President was -referred to the House of Representatives. By that body Mr. -Adams was elected. For Vice-president, John C. Calhoun, of -South Carolina, was chosen by the electoral college.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXVI" id="CHAPTER_XXXVI"></a>CHAPTER XXXVI.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Adams's Administration, 1825-1829.</span></h3> - - -<div class="sidenote">John Quincy Adams.</div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE new President was a man of the -highest attainments in literature and -statesmanship. At the age of eleven years -he accompanied his father, John Adams, to Europe. At Paris, -and Amsterdam, and St. Petersburg the son continued his -studies, and became acquainted with the politics of the Old -World. In his riper years, -he served as ambassador -to the Netherlands, Portugal, -Prussia, Russia, and -England. He had also -held the offices of United -States Senator, and Secretary -of State.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig80.jpg" alt="John Quincy Adams."/> -<p class="caption center">John Quincy Adams.</p> -</div> - -<p>2. The new administration -was a time of peace; -but the spirit of party -manifested itself with much -violence. The adherents -of General Jackson and -Mr. Crawford united in -opposition to the President. In the Senate the political friends -of Mr. Adams were in the minority, and their majority in the -lower House lasted for only one session. In his inaugural -address the President strongly advocated the doctrine of internal -improvements.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Creek Cession.</div> - -<p>3. When, in the year 1802, Georgia relinquished her claim -to Mississippi Territory, the general government agreed to -purchase for the State all the Creek lands lying within her -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> -borders. This pledge the United States had -never fulfilled, and Georgia complained of -bad faith. Finally, in March of 1826, a treaty -was concluded between the Creek chiefs and the President, -by which a cession of all their lands in Georgia was obtained. -At the same time, the Creeks agreed to remove beyond the -Mississippi.</p> - -<p>4. On the 4th July, 1826—fifty years after the Declaration -of Independence—John Adams, second President, and -his successor, Thomas Jefferson, died. Both had lifted their -voices for freedom in the days of the Revolution. One -had written, and both had signed, the great Declaration. Both -had lived to see their country's independence. Both had -reached extreme old age: Adams was ninety; Jefferson, eighty-two.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Protective Tariff.</div> - -<p>5. The question of the tariff was much discussed -in Congress at this time. By a tariff -is understood a duty levied on imported goods. -The object is—<i>first</i>, to produce a revenue for the government; -and, <i>secondly</i>, to raise the price of the article on which -the duty is laid, in order that the domestic manufacturer -of the thing taxed may be able to compete with the foreign -producer. When the duty is levied for the latter purpose it is -called a <i>protective tariff</i>. Mr. Adams and his friends favored -the tariff; and in 1828 protective duties were laid on fabrics -made of wool, cotton, linen and silk; and those on articles -manufactured of iron, lead, etc., were much increased.</p> - -<p>6. With the fall of 1828, Mr. Adams, supported by Mr. -Clay, was put forward for reelection. General Jackson appeared -as the candidate of the opposition. In the previous -election Jackson had received more electoral votes than -Adams, but the House of Representatives had chosen the latter. -Now the people had their way. Jackson was triumphantly -elected, receiving one hundred and seventy-eight electoral -votes against eighty-three for his opponent.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXVII" id="CHAPTER_XXXVII"></a>CHAPTER XXXVII.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Jackson's Administration, 1829-1837.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE new President was a military hero—a man of great -talents and inflexible honesty. His integrity was unassailable; -his will like iron. He was one of those men for whom -no toils are too arduous. His personal character was impressed -upon his administration. At the beginning he removed nearly -seven hundred office-holders and appointed in their stead his -own political friends.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig81.jpg" alt="Andrew Jackson."/> -<p class="caption center">Andrew Jackson.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">National Bank Abolished.</div> - - - -<p>2. In his first message the President took -ground against rechartering the Bank of the -United States. He recommended that the -old charter be allowed to expire by its own limitation in 1836. -But the influence of the bank was very great; and in 1832 a -bill to recharter was passed -by Congress. The President -opposed his veto; a -two thirds majority in favor -of the bill could not be -secured, and the new charter -failed.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Nullification Debates.</div> - -<p>3. In the congressional -session of 1831-32, additional -tariffs were levied -upon goods imported from -abroad. By this act the -manufacturing districts were -favored at the expense of the -agricultural States. South -Carolina was specially offended. Open resistance was threatened -in case the officers should attempt to collect the revenues -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> -at Charleston. In the United States Senate -the right of a State to nullify an act of Congress -was boldly proclaimed. On that question -had already occurred the great debate between Colonel Hayne, -senator from South Carolina, and Daniel Webster of Massachusetts.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig82.jpg" alt="Daniel Webster."/> -<p class="caption center">Daniel Webster.</p> -</div> - -<p>4. The President now -took the matter in hand -and issued a proclamation -denying the right of a State -to nullify the laws of Congress. -But Mr. Calhoun, the -Vice-president, resigned his -office to accept a seat in the -Senate, where he might defend -the doctrines of his -State. The President, having -warned the South Carolinians, -ordered a body of -troops under General Scott -to proceed to Charleston. -The leaders of the nullifying party receded from their position, -and bloodshed was avoided.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Black Hawk War.</div> - -<p>5. The lands of the Sacs and Foxes had -been purchased by the government, but the -Indians, influenced by the chief Black Hawk, -refused to quit them. The government insisted that they fulfill -their contract, and hostilities began in 1832. General Scott -was sent with troops to Chicago to cooperate with General -Atkinson. The latter waged a vigorous campaign, defeated -the Indians, and made Black Hawk prisoner. The captive -chief was taken to Washington and the great cities of the -East. Returning to his own people, he advised them to make -peace. The warriors abandoned the disputed lands and -retired into Iowa.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span></p> - -<p>6. Difficulties also arose with the Cherokees of Georgia—the -most civilized of all the Indian nations. The President -recommended the removal of the Cherokees to lands beyond -the Mississippi. The <span class="smcap">Indian Territory</span> was accordingly -set apart in 1834. The Indians yielded with great reluctance. -More than five million dollars was paid them for their lands. -At last General Scott was ordered to remove them; and during -the years 1837-38, the Cherokees were transferred to their new -homes in the West.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Seminole War.</div> - -<p>7. More serious was the conflict with the -Seminoles. The trouble arose from an attempt -to remove the tribe beyond the Mississippi. -Hostilities began in 1835, and continued for four years. Osceola -and Micanopy, chiefs of the nation, denied the validity of a -former cession of Seminole lands. General Thompson was -obliged to arrest Osceola and put him in irons. The chief then -gave his assent to the old treaty, and was liberated, but immediately -entered into a conspiracy to slaughter the whites.</p> - -<p>8. Major Dade, with a hundred and seventeen men, was -now dispatched to reinforce General Clinch at Fort Drane, -seventy-five miles from St. Augustine. Dade's forces fell into -an ambuscade, and all except one man were massacred. On -the same day Osceola, with a band of warriors, surrounded a -storehouse where General Thompson was dining, and killed -him and four of his companions.</p> - -<p>9. In two successive engagements in December and February -the Seminoles were repulsed. In October Governor Call -of Florida, with two thousand men, overtook the savages in -the Wahoo Swamp, near the scene of Dade's massacre. Here -the Indians were again defeated and driven into the Everglades.</p> - -<p>10. In the mean time, the President had put an end to the -Bank of the United States. After vetoing the bill to recharter -that institution, he conceived that the surplus funds which had -accumulated in its vaults had better be distributed among -the States. Accordingly, in October of 1833 he ordered the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> -funds of the bank, amounting to ten million dollars, to be distributed -among certain State banks designated for that purpose. -The financial panic of 1836-37, following soon afterward, was -attributed by the Whigs to the destruction of the national -bank and the removal of the funds. But the adherents of the -President replied that the panic was attributable to the bank -itself.</p> - -<p>11. In 1834 the strong will of the chief magistrate was -brought into conflict with France. In 1831 the French king -had agreed to pay five million dollars for injuries formerly -done to American commerce. But the government of France -neglected the payment until the President recommended to -Congress to make reprisals on French merchantmen. This -measure had the desired effect, and the indemnity was paid. -Portugal was brought to terms in a similar manner.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Arkansas and Michigan Admitted.</div> - -<p>12. In June of 1836, Arkansas, with a -population of seventy thousand, was admitted -into the Union. In the following January, -Michigan Territory was organized as a State -and added to the Republic. The new commonwealth brought -a population of one hundred and fifty-seven thousand. In the -autumn of 1836 Martin Van Buren was elected President. -As to the Vice-presidency, no one secured a majority, and the -choice devolved on the Senate. By that body Colonel -Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky was chosen.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXVIII" id="CHAPTER_XXXVIII"></a>CHAPTER XXXVIII.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Van Buren's Administration, 1837-1841.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">MARTIN Van Buren, eighth President, was born at -Kinderhook, New York, on the 5th of December, 1782. -After receiving a limited -education he became a student -of law. In 1821 he -was chosen United States -Senator. Seven years afterward -he was elected governor -of New York, and -was then appointed Minister -to England. From that important -mission he returned -to accept the office of Vice-president.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig83.jpg" alt="Martin Van Buren."/> -<p class="caption center">Martin Van Buren.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Taylor's Campaign in Florida.</div> - -<p>2. One of the first duties -of the new administration -was to finish the Seminole -War. In the fall, Osceola -came to the American camp with a flag of truce; but he was suspected -of treachery, seized and sent a prisoner to Fort Moultrie, -where he died. The Seminoles, however, continued -the war. In December Colonel Zachary -Taylor, with a thousand men, marched -into the Everglades of Florida, and overtook the savages near -Lake Okeechobee. A hard battle was fought, and the Indians -were defeated. For more than a year Taylor continued to -hunt them through the swamps. In 1839 a treaty was signed, -and the Seminoles were slowly removed to the West.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span></p> - -<p>3. In 1837 the country was afflicted with a serious monetary -panic. The preceding years had been a time of great prosperity. -A surplus of nearly forty million dollars, in the national -treasury, had been distributed among the States. Owing to -the abundance of money, the credit system was greatly extended. -The banks of the country were multiplied to seven -hundred. Vast issues of irredeemable paper money increased -the opportunities for fraud.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Financial Panic.</div> - -<p>4. The bills of these unsound banks were -receivable for the public lands. Seeing that -the government was likely to be defrauded -out of millions, President Jackson issued an order, called the -<span class="smcap">Specie Circular</span>, by which the land agents were directed <i>to -receive nothing but coin in payment for the lands</i>. The effects -of this circular followed in the first year of Van Buren's administration. -The banks suspended specie payment. In the -spring of 1837, the failures in New York and New Orleans -amounted to one hundred and fifty million dollars.</p> - -<p>5. When Congress convened in the following September, a -bill authorizing the issue of ten millions of dollars in treasury -notes was passed as a temporary expedient. More important -by far was the measure proposed by the President under the -name of the <span class="smcap">Independent Treasury Bill</span>, by which the -public funds were to be kept in a treasury established for that -special purpose. It was the President's plan thus to separate -the business of the United States from the general business of -the country.</p> - -<p>6. The Independent Treasury Bill was at first defeated, but -in the following regular session of Congress the bill was again -brought forward and adopted. During the year 1838 the -banks resumed specie payments. But trade was less vigorous -than before. Discontent prevailed; and the administration was -blamed with everything.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Canadian Insurrection.</div> - -<p>7. In the after part of 1837 a portion of the people of -Canada attempted to establish their independence. The insurgents -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> -found sympathy in the United States. Seven hundred -men from New York seized and fortified Navy Island, in the -Niagara River. The loyalists of Canada, -however, succeeded in firing the <i>Caroline</i>, -the supply ship of the adventurers, cut her -moorings, and sent the burning vessel over Niagara Falls. -For a while the peaceful relations of the United States and -Great Britain were endangered. But the President issued a -proclamation of neutrality, forbidding further interference with -the affairs of Canada.</p> - -<p>8. Mr. Van Buren became a candidate for reelection, and -received the support of the Democratic party. The Whigs -put forward General Harrison. The canvass was one of the -most exciting in the history of the country. Harrison was -elected. After controlling the government for forty years, the -Democratic party was temporarily overthrown. For Vice-president, -John Tyler of Virginia was chosen.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXIX" id="CHAPTER_XXXIX"></a>CHAPTER XXXIX.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Administrations of Harrison and Tyler, 1841-1845.</span></h3> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig84.jpg" alt="William H. Harrison. John Tyler."/> -<p class="caption center">William H. Harrison. John Tyler.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Death of Pres. Harrison.</div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">PRESIDENT Harrison was a Virginian by birth, the -adopted son of Robert Morris. He was graduated at -Hampden-Sidney College, and afterwards entered the army of -St. Clair. He became governor of Indiana Territory, which -office he filled with great ability. He began his duties as -President by calling a special session of Congress. An able -cabinet was organized, with Daniel Webster as Secretary of -State. Everything promised well for the new -Whig administration; but before Congress -could convene, the President, now sixty-eight -years of age, fell sick, and died just one month after his inauguration. -On the 6th of April Mr. Tyler became President of -the United States.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span></p> - -<p>2. He was a statesman of considerable distinction; a native -of Virginia; a graduate of William and Mary College. In -1825 he was elected governor of Virginia, and from that -position he was sent to the Senate of the United States. He -had been put upon the ticket with General Harrison through -motives of expediency; for although a Whig in political principles, -he was <i>known to be hostile to the United States Bank</i>.</p> - -<p>3. One of the first measures of the new Congress was the -repeal of the Independent Treasury Bill. A bankrupt law was -then passed for the relief of insolvent business men. The next -measure was the rechartering of the Bank of the United States. -A bill for that purpose was brought forward and passed; but -the President interposed his veto. Again the bill received the -assent of both Houses, only to be rejected by the executive. -By this action a rupture was produced between the President -and the party which had elected him. All the members of the -cabinet, except Mr. Webster, resigned their offices.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Webster-Ashburton Treaty.</div> - -<p>4. A difficulty now arose with Great Britain about the -northeastern boundary of the United States. Since the treaty -of 1783 that boundary had been in question. -Lord Ashburton, on the part of Great Britain, -and Mr. Webster, on the part of the United -States, were called upon to settle the dispute. They performed -their work in a manner honorable to both nations; and the -present boundary was established.</p> - -<p>5. In the next year, the country was vexed with a domestic -trouble in Rhode Island. By the terms of the old charter of -that State the right of suffrage was restricted to property-holders. -A proposition was now agreed upon to change the -constitution, but in respect to the <i>manner</i> of annulling the old -charter there was a division.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Dorr's Rebellion.</div> - -<p>6. In 1842 the "law and order party," -under Governor King, undertook to suppress -the "suffrage party" under Thomas W. Dorr. -The latter resisted, and made an attempt to capture the State<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> -arsenal. But the militia drove the assailants away. Dorr was -arrested, tried for treason, and sentenced to imprisonment for -life. He was set at liberty again in 1845.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Mormons.</div> - -<p>7. About the same time, a difficulty occurred -with the Mormons. Under the leadership of -Joseph Smith, they first settled in Missouri. But the people of -Missouri opposed them. The militia was called out, and the -Mormons crossed into Illinois, and laid out the city of Nauvoo. -But serious troubles soon arose with the people of Illinois. -Smith and his brother were arrested and lodged in jail. In -1844 a mob broke open the jail doors and killed the prisoners. -Two years later the Mormons resolved to leave the States. -They made a toilsome march to the far West; crossed the -Rocky Mountains; reached the Great Salt Lake; and founded -Utah Territory.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig85.jpg" alt="Fall of Crockett in the Alamo."/> -<p class="caption center">Fall of Crockett in the Alamo.</p> -</div> - -<p>8. Meanwhile, a great agitation had arisen in regard to -Texas. From 1821 to 1836 this vast territory had been a province -of Mexico. In the year 1835 the Texans raised the standard -of rebellion. In a battle at Gonzales, a thousand Mexicans<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> -were defeated by a Texan force of five hundred. On the 6th -of March, 1836, the Texan fort Alamo was surrounded by eight -thousand Mexicans, led by Santa Anna. The garrison was overpowered -and massacred. The daring David Crockett was one -of the victims of the butchery. In the next month was fought -the decisive battle of San Jacinto, which gave to Texas her -independence.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Texas applies for Admission.</div> - -<p>9. Texas now asked to be admitted into -the Union. At first the proposition was declined -by President Van Buren. In 1844 the -question of annexation was again agitated; and on that -question the people divided in the presidential election. The -annexation was favored by the Democrats, and opposed by -the Whigs. James K. Polk of Tennessee was put forward as -the Democratic candidate; while the Whigs chose their favorite -leader, Henry Clay. The former was elected; for Vice-president, -George M. Dallas of Pennsylvania was chosen.</p> - -<p>10. On the 29th of May, 1844, the news of the nomination -of Mr. Polk was sent from Baltimore to Washington by -the <span class="smcap">Magnetic Telegraph</span>. It was the first dispatch ever so -transmitted; and the event marks an era in the history of -civilization. The inventor of the telegraph, which has proved -so great a blessing to mankind, was Professor Samuel F. B. -Morse of Massachusetts. Perhaps no other invention has -exercised so beneficent an influence on the welfare of the -human race.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Admission of Texas, Florida, and Iowa.</div> - -<p>11. When Congress convened in December -of 1844, a bill to annex Texas to the United -States was brought forward, and, on the first -of the following March, was passed. The -President immediately gave his assent; and, on the 29th of -December, Texas took her place in the Republic. On the -3d of March in this year, bills for the admission of Florida -and Iowa were also signed; but the latter State was not formally -admitted until December 28th, 1846.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XL" id="CHAPTER_XL"></a>CHAPTER XL.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Polk's Administration and the Mexican War, 1845-49.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">PRESIDENT Polk was a native of North Carolina. In -boyhood he removed with his father to Tennessee, and in -1839 rose to the position of governor of that State. At the head -of his cabinet he placed James Buchanan of Pennsylvania.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Causes of Mexican War.</div> - -<p>2. A war with Mexico was at hand. On the 4th of July, -1845, the Texan legislature ratified the act of -annexation. The Mexican minister at Washington -immediately left the country. The -authorities of Texas sent an urgent request to the President -to dispatch an army for their protection. Accordingly, General -Zachary Taylor was ordered -to march thither from -Louisiana. Texas claimed -the Rio Grande as her western -limit, while Mexico was -determined to have the -Nueces as the separating -line. The government of -the United States resolved -to support the claim of Texas. -General Taylor was sent to -the mouth of the Nueces, and -in January, 1846, he moved -forward to the mouth of the -Rio Grande, and built Fort -Brown.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig86.jpg" alt="James K. Polk."/> -<p class="caption center">James K. Polk.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma.</div> - -<p>3. On the 26th of April a company of American dragoons -was attacked by the Mexicans, <i>east of the Rio Grande</i>, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> -was obliged to surrender. This was the first bloodshed of -the war. General Taylor hastened to Point Isabel and -strengthened the defenses. This done, he set out with a -provision-train and an army of two thousand men to return to -Fort Brown. Meanwhile, the Mexicans had -crossed the Rio Grande and taken a position -at Palo Alto. On the 8th of May the Americans -came in sight and joined battle. After -a severe engagement the Mexicans were driven from the -field.</p> - -<p>4. On the following day General Taylor resumed his -march, and came upon the Mexicans again at a place called -Resaca de la Palma. Here the enemy fought better than on -the previous day. The American lines were severely galled -until Captain May's dragoons charged through a storm of -grape-shot, rode over the Mexican batteries, and captured La -Vega, the commanding general. The Mexicans, abandoning -their guns, fled in a general rout.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">War Declared.</div> - -<p>5. When the news from the Rio Grande -was borne through the Union, the war spirit -was everywhere aroused. On the 11th of -May, 1846, Congress made a declaration of war. The President -was authorized to accept fifty thousand volunteers, -and ten million dollars was placed at his disposal. Nearly -three hundred thousand men rushed forward to enter the -ranks.</p> - -<p>6. The American forces were organized in three divisions: -<span class="smcap">the Army of the West</span>, under General Kearny, to cross -the Rocky Mountains against the northern Mexican provinces; -<span class="smcap">the Army of the Center</span>, under General Scott as commander-in-chief, -to march from the Gulf coast into the heart of the -enemy's country; <span class="smcap">the Army of Occupation</span>, under General -Taylor, to hold the districts on the Rio Grande.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Monterey.</div> - -<p>7. Ten days after the battle of Resaca de la Palma General -Taylor captured Matamoras, and in August laid siege to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> -Monterey. On the 21st of September the -Americans carried the heights in the rear of -the town. The Bishop's Palace was taken by storm on the -following day. On the 23d the city was successfully assaulted -in front. The American storming parties charged into the -town; hoisted the victorious -flag of the Union; -turned upon the buildings -where the Mexicans -were concealed; charged -up dark stairways to the -flat roofs of the houses; -and drove the enemy to -a surrender.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig87.jpg" alt="John Charles Fremont."/> -<p class="caption center">John Charles Fremont.</p> -</div> - -<p>8. General Santa Anna -was now called home -from Havana to take -the presidency of Mexico. -A Mexican army of -twenty thousand men was -sent into the field. General -Taylor again moved -forward, and on the 15th -of November captured -the town of Saltillo. Victoria, a city in the province of Tamaulipas, -was taken by General Patterson.</p> - -<p>9. In June of 1846 the Army of the West, led by General -Kearny, set out from Fort Leavenworth for the conquest of New -Mexico and California. After a wearisome march he reached -Santa Fé, and on the 18th of August captured the city. With -four hundred dragoons Kearny continued his march toward the -Pacific coast to find that California had already been subdued.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Conquest of California.</div> - -<p>10. For four years Colonel John C. Fremont -had been exploring the country west -of the Rocky Mountains. In California he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> -received dispatches informing him of the war with Mexico, -and began to urge the people of California to declare their independence. -A campaign was begun to overthrow the Mexican -authority. Meanwhile, Commodore Sloat had captured the -town of Monterey, on the coast. A few days afterward Commodore -Stockton took San Diego. Before the end of summer -the whole of California was subdued. On the 8th of January, -1847, the Mexicans were decisively defeated in the battle of -San Gabriel, by which the authority of the United States was -completely established.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Buena Vista.</div> - -<p>11. General Scott now arrived in Mexico -and ordered the Army of Occupation to join -him on the Gulf for the conquest of the capital. This left -Taylor and Wool in a critical condition at Monterey; for -Santa Anna was advancing against them with twenty thousand -men. General Taylor was able to concentrate at Saltillo an -effective force of but four thousand eight hundred. At the -head of this small army he chose a battlefield at Buena Vista. -On the 23d of February the battle began. Against tremendous -odds the field was fairly won by the Americans. The Mexicans, -having lost nearly two thousand men, made a precipitate -retreat.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo.</div> - -<p>12. On the 9th of March, 1847, General -Scott, with twelve thousand men, landed to -the south of Vera Cruz, and invested the city. -On the morning of the 22d a cannonade was begun. On the -waterside, Vera Cruz was defended by the castle of San Juan -d'Ulloa. For four days the bombardment continued without -cessation. An assault was already planned, when the authorities -of the city proposed capitulation. On the 27th the American -flag was raised over Vera Cruz.</p> - -<p>13. The route to the capital was now open. On the 12th of -the month General Twiggs came upon Santa Anna, with fifteen -thousand men, on the heights of Cerro Gordo. On the 18th, -the American army advanced to the assault; and before noon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>day -every position of the Mexicans had been successfully -stormed. Nearly three thousand prisoners were taken, together -with forty-three pieces -of bronze artillery.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig88.jpg" alt="Operations in Mexico."/> -<p class="caption center">Operations in Mexico.</p> -</div> - -<p>14. On the next day -the victorious army -entered Jalapa. The -strong castle of Perote -was taken without -resistance. Turning -southward, General -Scott next entered the -ancient city of Puebla, -no opposition being encountered. -Scott here -waited for reinforcements -from Vera Cruz. -On the 7th of August -General Scott began -his march upon the capital. -The army swept -through the passes of -the Cordilleras to look -down on the <span class="smcap">Valley -of Mexico</span>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The City of Mexico.</div> - -<p>15. The city of Mexico could be approached -only by causeways leading across -marshes and the beds of bygone lakes. At -the ends of these causeways were massive gates strongly defended. -To the left were Contreras, San Antonio, and Molino -del Rey. Directly in front were the powerful defences of -Churubusco and Chapultepec.</p> - -<p>16. On the 20th of August Generals Pillow and Twiggs -stormed the Mexican position at Contreras. A few hours afterwards -General Worth carried San Antonio. General Pillow led<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> -a column against one of the heights of Churubusco; and after -a terrible assault the position was carried. General Twiggs -stormed another height of Churubusco. Still another victory -was achieved by Generals Shields and Pierce, who defeated -Santa Anna's reserves.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig89.jpg" alt="Scott's Army Entering the City of Mexico."/> -<p class="caption center">Scott's Army Entering the City of Mexico.</p> -</div> - -<p>17. On the morning after the battles the Mexican authorities -came out to negotiate. General Scott rejected their proposals. -On the 8th of September General Worth stormed the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> -western defences of Chapultepec, and on the 13th that citadel -itself was carried by storm.</p> - -<p>18. On the following morning forth came a deputation from -the city to beg for mercy; but General Scott, tired of trifling, -turned them away with contempt. "Forward!" was the order -that rang along the lines at sunrise. The war-worn regiments -swept into the famous city, and at seven o'clock the flag of -the Union floated over the halls of the Montezumas.</p> - -<p>19. On leaving his capital, Santa Anna turned about to -attack the hospitals at Puebla. Here eighteen hundred sick -men had been left in charge of Colonel Childs. A gallant -resistance was made by the garrison, until General Lane, on -his march to the capital, fell upon the besiegers and scattered -them. It was the closing stroke of the war.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.</div> - -<p>20. The military power of Mexico was completely -broken. In the winter of 1847-48, -American ambassadors met the Mexican Congress -at Guadalupe Hidalgo, and on the 2d of -February a treaty was concluded. By the terms of settlement -the boundary-line between Mexico and the United States was -established on the Rio Grande from its mouth to the southern -limit of New Mexico; thence westward along the southern, -and northward along the western boundary of that territory -to the Gila; thence down that river to the Colorado; thence -westward to the Pacific. New Mexico and Upper California -were relinquished to the United States. Mexico guaranteed -the free navigation of the Gulf of California and the river -Colorado. The United States agreed to surrender all places -in Mexico, to pay that country fifteen million dollars, and to -assume all debts due from Mexico to American citizens.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">California and Wisconsin Admitted.</div> - -<p>21. A few days after the signing of the treaty, a laborer, -employed by Captain Sutter on the American fork of Sacramento -River, in California, <i>discovered some pieces of gold in the -sand</i>. The news went flying to the ends of the world. Men -thousands of miles away were crazed with excitement. From<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> -all quarters adventurers came flocking. Before -the end of 1850, San Francisco had grown to -be a city of fifteen thousand inhabitants. In -September of that year, California was admitted -into the Union; and by the close of 1852, the State had a -population of more than a quarter of a million.</p> - -<p>22. In 1848 Wisconsin was admitted into the Union. The -new commonwealth came with a population of two hundred -and fifty thousand. Another presidential election was already -at hand. General Lewis Cass, of Michigan, was nominated by -the Democrats, and General Zachary Taylor by the Whigs. -As the candidate of the new Free Soil party, ex-President -Martin Van Buren was put forward. The memory of his recent -victories in Mexico made General Taylor the favorite with the -people, and he was elected by a large majority. As Vice-president, -Millard Fillmore, of New York, was chosen.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLI" id="CHAPTER_XLI"></a>CHAPTER XLI.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Administrations of Taylor and Fillmore, 1849-1853.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE new President was a Virginian by birth, a soldier by -profession. During the war of 1812 he distinguished -himself in the Northwest. In the Seminole War he bore a part, -but earned his greatest renown in Mexico. His administration -began with a violent agitation on the question of slavery in -the territories.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Slavery in the Territories.</div> - -<p>2. In his first message the President advised -the people of California to prepare for admission -into the Union. The advice was promptly -accepted. A convention was held at Monterey in September -of 1849. A constitution <i>prohibiting slavery</i> was framed, submitted -to the people, and -adopted.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig90.jpg" alt="Zachary Taylor."/> -<p class="caption center">Zachary Taylor.</p> -</div> - -<p>3. When the question of -admitting California came -before Congress the members -were sectionally divided. -The admission of -the new State was favored -by the representatives of the -North, and opposed by those -of the South. The latter -claimed that, with the extension -of the Missouri Compromise -to the Pacific, the -right to introduce slavery -into California was guaranteed -by the general government, and that therefore the pro<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span>posed -constitution of the State ought to be rejected. The reply -of the North was that the Missouri Compromise had respect -only to the Louisiana purchase, and that the Californians had -framed their constitution in their own way.</p> - -<p>4. Other questions added fuel to the controversy. Texas -claimed New Mexico as a part of her territory, and the claim -was resisted by the people of Santa Fé. The people of the -South complained that fugitive slaves were aided and encouraged -in the North. The opponents of slavery demanded the -abolition of the slave-trade in the District of Columbia.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig91.jpg" alt="Millard Fillmore."/> -<p class="caption center">Millard Fillmore.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">The Omnibus Bill.</div> - -<p>5. Henry Clay appeared as a peacemaker. -On the 9th of May, 1850, he brought forward, -as a compromise, the <span class="smcap">Omnibus Bill</span>, -of which the provisions were as follows: <i>first</i>, the admission -of California as a free State; <i>second</i>, the formation -of new States, not exceeding -four in number, out of -Texas, said States to permit or -exclude slavery as the people -should determine; <i>third</i>, the -organization of territorial governments -for New Mexico and -Utah, without conditions as to -slavery; <i>fourth</i>, the establishment -of the present boundary -between Texas and New Mexico; -<i>fifth</i>, the enactment of a -stringent law for the recovery -of fugitive slaves; <i>sixth</i>, the -abolition of the slave-trade in -the District of Columbia.</p> - -<p>6. When the Omnibus Bill was laid before Congress, the debates -broke out anew. While the discussion was at its height, -President Taylor fell sick, and died on the 9th of July, 1850. -Mr. Fillmore at once took the oath of office and entered upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> -the duties of the Presidency. A new cabinet was formed, with -Daniel Webster at the head as Secretary of State.</p> - -<p>7. On the 18th of September the compromise proposed by -Mr. Clay was adopted, and received the sanction of the President. -The excitement in the country rapidly abated, and the -controversy seemed at an end. Shortly afterwards Mr. Clay -bade adieu to the Senate, and sought at Ashland a brief rest -from the cares of public life.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">"Filibustering" in Cuba.</div> - -<p>8. The year 1850 was marked by an attempt -of some American adventurers to conquer -Cuba. It was thought that the Cubans -were anxious to annex themselves to the United States. General -Lopez organized an expedition in the South, and on the -19th of May, 1850, effected a landing in Cuba. But there was -no uprising in his favor; and he was obliged to return to Florida. -Renewing the attempt, he and his band were defeated -and captured by the Spaniards. Lopez and the ringleaders -were taken to Havana and executed.</p> - -<p>9. In 1852 a serious trouble arose with England. By the -terms of former treaties the coast-fisheries of Newfoundland -belonged to Great Britain. But, outside of a line drawn three -miles from the shore, American fishermen enjoyed equal rights. -A quarrel now arose as to how the line should be drawn -across the bays and inlets; and both nations sent men-of-war -to the contested waters. But in 1854 the difficulty was settled -happily by negotiation; and the right to take fish in the bays -of the British possessions was conceded to American fishermen.</p> - -<p>10. During the summer of 1852 the Hungarian patriot -Louis Kossuth made a tour of the United States. He came -to plead the cause of Hungary before the American people, -and was everywhere received with expressions of sympathy and -good-will. But the policy of the United States forbade the -government to interfere on behalf of the Hungarian patriots.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Dr. Kane's Arctic Expedition.</div> - -<p>11. The attention of the American people was next directed -to explorations in the Arctic Ocean. In 1845 Sir John Franklin, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> -a brave English seaman, went on a voyage of discovery to the -North. Years went by, and no tidings came from the daring -sailor. Other expeditions were sent in search, but returned -without success. In 1853 an Arctic squadron was equipped, -the command of which was given to Dr. Elisha -Kent Kane; but the expedition returned without -the discovery of Franklin.</p> - -<p>12. During the administrations of Taylor and Fillmore, -many distinguished men fell by the hand of death. On the -31st of March, 1850, John C. Calhoun of South Carolina -passed away. His death was much lamented, especially in his -own State, to whose interests he had devoted the energies of -his life. Then followed the death of the President; and then, -on the 28th June, 1852, the great Henry Clay sank to rest. -On the 24th of the following October, Daniel Webster died at -his home at Marshfield, Massachusetts. The office of Secretary -of State was then conferred on Edward Everett.</p> - -<p>13. The political parties again marshaled their forces. -Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire appeared as the candidate -of the Democratic party, and General Winfield Scott as the -choice of the Whigs. The question at issue before the country -was the Compromise Act of 1850. Both the Whig and -Democratic platforms stoutly reaffirmed the doctrines of the -Omnibus Bill. A third party arose, however, whose members -declared that <i>all</i> the Territories of the United States ought to -be free. John P. Hale of New Hampshire was put forward as -the candidate of this Free Soil party. Mr. Pierce was elected -by a large majority, and William R. King of Alabama was -chosen Vice-president.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLII" id="CHAPTER_XLII"></a>CHAPTER XLII.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Pierce's Administration, 1853-1857.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE new chief magistrate was a native of New Hampshire, -a graduate of Bowdoin College, and a statesman of considerable -abilities. On account -of ill health, Mr. King, -the Vice-president, was sojourning -in Cuba. Growing -more feeble, he returned to -Alabama, where he died in -April, 1853. William L. -Marcy of New York was -chosen as Secretary of State.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig92.jpg" alt="Franklin Pierce."/> -<p class="caption center">Franklin Pierce.</p> -</div> - -<p>2. In 1853 a corps of engineers -was sent out to explore -the route for a <span class="smcap">Pacific Railroad</span>. -The enterprise was -at first regarded as visionary -and impossible. In the same -year, the southwestern boundary -was settled, by purchase of the claim of Mexico. The -territory thus acquired is known as the <span class="smcap">Gadsden Purchase</span>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Perry in Japan.</b></div> - -<p>3. In the same year intercourse was opened -between the United States and Japan. Hitherto -the Japanese ports had been closed against the -vessels of Christian nations. In order to remove this restriction, -Commodore Perry sailed into the Bay of Yeddo, and prepared -the way for a treaty, by which the privileges of commerce were -granted to American merchantmen.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span></p> - -<p>4. On the very day of Perry's introduction to the Emperor, -the Crystal Palace was opened in New York for the <span class="smcap">World's -Fair</span>. The palace was built of iron and glass. Specimens of -the arts and manufactures of all nations were put on exhibition -within the building.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Kansas-Nebraska Bill.</div> - -<p>5. In January of 1854, Senator Douglas of -Illinois brought forward a proposition to organize -Kansas and Nebraska. A clause was -inserted in the bill providing that the people of the territories -<i>should decide for themselves</i> whether the new States should be -free or slaveholding. This was a repeal of the Missouri Compromise -of 1821. After several months' debate, Mr. Douglas's -<span class="smcap">Kansas-Nebraska Bill</span>, was finally passed.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Disturbances in Kansas.</div> - -<p>6. Whether Kansas should admit slavery now depended -upon the vote of the people. The territory was soon filled -with an agitated mass of people, thousands of whom had been -sent thither <i>to vote</i>. In the elections of 1854-55, the pro-slavery -party was triumphant. The State Legislature -at Lecompton framed a constitution permitting -slavery. The Free Soil party, declaring -the elections to have been illegal, assembled at Topeka, and -framed a constitution excluding slavery. Civil war broke out -between the factions. The hostile parties were quieted, but -the agitation extended to all parts of the Union. The Kansas -question became the issue in the presidential election of 1856.</p> - -<p>7. James Buchanan of Pennsylvania was nominated as the -Democratic candidate. He planted himself on the Kansas-Nebraska -Bill, and secured a heavy vote both North and -South. As the candidate of the Free Soil or People's party, -John C. Fremont of California was brought forward. The exclusion -of slavery from all the Territories was the principle -of the Free Soil platform. The American or Know Nothing -party nominated Millard Fillmore. Mr. Buchanan was elected -by a large majority, while the choice for the Vice-presidency -fell on John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLIII" id="CHAPTER_XLIII"></a>CHAPTER XLIII.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Buchanan's Administration, 1857-1861.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">JAMES Buchanan was a native of Pennsylvania, born on -the 13th of April, 1791. In 1831 he was appointed Minister -to Russia, was afterwards senator of the United States, -and Secretary of State under President Polk. In 1853 he -received the appointment of Minister to Great Britain. As -Secretary of State in the new cabinet, General Lewis Cass of -Michigan was chosen.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Trouble with the Mormons.</div> - -<p>2. In the first year of Buchanan's administration, -serious trouble occurred with the -Mormons concerning the enforcement of the -authority of the United States over Utah. An army was sent -to the Territory in 1857 to compel obedience. For awhile the -Mormons resisted; but when -the President proclaimed a -pardon to all who would -submit, they yielded; and -order was restored.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig93.jpg" alt="James Buchanan."/> -<p class="caption center">James Buchanan.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Admission of Minnesota and Oregon.</div> - -<p>3. The 5th of August, -1858, was noted for the completion -of the <span class="smcap">FIRST TELEGRAPHIC -CABLE</span> across the -Atlantic. The success of this -great work was due to the -genius of Cyrus W. Field of -New York. The cable was -stretched from Trinity Bay, -Newfoundland, to Valencia -Bay, Ireland. After successful operation for a few weeks the -cable ceased to work. In 1858 Minnesota was added to the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> -Union. The population of the new State was -a hundred and fifty thousand. In the next year, -Oregon, the thirty-third State, was admitted, -with a population of forty-eight thousand.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">John Brown's Raid.</div> - -<p>4. The slavery question continued to vex the nation. In -1857 the Supreme Court of the United States, after hearing -the cause of Dred Scott, formerly a slave, decided <i>that negroes -are not and can not become citizens</i>. Thereupon, in several -of the free States, <span class="smcap">Personal Liberty Bills</span> were passed, to -defeat the Fugitive Slave Law. In the fall of 1859, John Brown -of Kansas, with a party of twenty-one daring men, captured -the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and held his -ground for two days. The national troops -were called out to suppress the revolt. Thirteen -of Brown's men were killed, two made their escape, and -the rest were captured. The leader and his six companions were -tried by the authorities of Virginia, condemned and hanged.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Election of Abraham Lincoln.</div> - -<p>5. In the presidential canvass of 1860 the candidate of the -Republican party was Abraham Lincoln of Illinois. The distinct -principle of this party was opposition to the extension -of slavery. In April the Democratic convention assembled -at Charleston; but the Southern delegates withdrew from the -assembly. The rest adjourned to Baltimore and chose Douglas -as their standard-bearer. There, also, the delegates from -the South reassembled in June, and nominated -John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky. The -American party chose as their candidate John -Bell of Tennessee. The contest resulted in the election of Mr. -Lincoln.</p> - -<p>6. The leaders of the South had declared that the choice of -Lincoln for the presidency would be a just cause for the dissolution -of the Union. A majority of the cabinet, and a large -number of senators and representatives in Congress, were advocates -of disunion. It was seen that all the departments of the -government would shortly pass under the control of the Re<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span>publican -party. President Buchanan was not himself a disunionist; -but he declared himself not armed with the constitutional -power to prevent secession by force.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Secession of Southern States.</div> - -<p>7. On the 17th of December, 1860, a convention -met at Charleston, and after three -days passed a resolution <i>that the union hitherto -existing between South Carolina and the other States was dissolved</i>. -The sentiment of disunion spread with great rapidity. -By the first of February, 1861, six other States—Mississippi, -Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas—had all -passed ordinances of secession. Nearly all the senators and -representatives of those States resigned their seats in Congress -and gave themselves to the disunion cause.</p> - -<p>8. In the secession conventions a few of the speakers denounced -disunion as bad and ruinous. In the convention of -Georgia, Alexander H. Stephens delivered a powerful oration -in which he defended the theory of secession, but urged that -<i>the measure was impolitic, unwise, disastrous</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Confederation of the South.</div> - -<p>9. On the 4th of February, 1861, delegates -from six of the seceded States assembled -at Montgomery, Alabama, and formed a new -government, called the <span class="smcap">Confederate States of America</span>. -On the 8th, the government was organized by the election of -Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, as provisional President, and -Alexander H. Stephens, as Vice-president. A few days previous -a peace conference met at Washington, and proposed -certain amendments to the Constitution. But Congress gave -little heed; and the conference adjourned.</p> - -<p>10. The country seemed on the verge of ruin. The army -was on remote frontiers—the fleet in distant seas. With the -exception of Forts Sumter, Moultrie, Pickens, and Monroe, -all the important posts in the seceded States had been seized -by the Confederate authorities. Early in January, the President -sent the <i>Star of the West</i> to reinforce Fort Sumter. But -the ship was fired on, and not allowed to land.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="Review_Questions_Part_V" id="Review_Questions_Part_V"></a><span class="smcap">Review Questions.—Part V.</span></h2> - - -<h3>CHAPTER XXIX.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>1. Give an account of the inauguration of the first President, and of -the organization of his Cabinet.</li> -<li>2. Outline the important measures of Washington's first and of his -second Administration.</li> -<li>3. Tell about the troubles with the Miami Indians.</li> -<li>4. What difficulty with Great Britain arose during the second Administration, -and how was it adjusted?</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XXX.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>5. Sketch the Administration of the second President, and give the -relations existing at this time between the United States and France.</li> -<li>6. Tell about the "Alien" and "Sedition" laws.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XXXI.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>7. Give an account of the election of Thomas Jefferson, and of the -changes that took place in the early part of his Administration.</li> -<li>8. Give an account of the organization of Indiana Territory, and also -of the Louisiana Purchase.</li> -<li>9. Tell the story of Aaron Burr and his treason.</li> -<li>10. Tell of the British claim to the "right of search," and of the immediate -results in America.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XXXII.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>11. Give an account of the election of President Madison, and of our -relations with Great Britain.</li> -<li>12. Follow the Indian war in the Territory of Indiana.</li> -<li>13. Outline the movements, by land and by sea, of the opening campaign -of the war of 1812.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XXXIII.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>14. Describe the organization of the American army and the war -movements of 1813.</li> -</ul> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span></p> - -<h3>CHAPTER XXXIV.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>15. Give the campaigns of 1814 and their results.</li> -<li>16. Tell about the treaty of peace, also state what had been the causes -of the war, and how the treaty affected the points in dispute.</li> -<li>17. State the condition of monetary affairs in the United States, and the -measures that were adopted in their interest.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XXXV.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>18. What characterized the Administration of James Monroe?</li> -<li>19. Give an account of the affairs in Florida, and of the cession of that -territory by Spain to the United States.</li> -<li>20. Tell about the "Missouri Compromise," and the "Monroe -Doctrine."</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XXXVI.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>21. Give the principal features of the peaceful Administration of John -Quincy Adams.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XXXVII.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>22. Give an account of President Jackson, and of his treatment of the -nullification doctrines that were brought forward in his time.</li> -<li>23. Tell of the Indian affairs of these years, and of their adjustment.</li> -<li>24. Describe the bank questions that now arose.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XXXVIII.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>25. Outline the Administration of Martin Van Buren, and especially the -measures adopted to settle the monetary questions.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XXXIX.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>26. Sketch the Administrations of Harrison and Tyler.</li> -<li>27. Tell the story of the Mormons.</li> -<li>28. Give an account of the affairs of Texas, and its admission into the -Union as a State.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XL.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>29. What was the issue upon which President Polk was elected, and -what were the great events of his term of office?</li> -<li>30. Follow the course of the Mexican war, giving its causes, prominent -generals, leading events, and results.</li> -<li>31. Give an account of the treaty with Mexico.</li> -<li>32. Tell about the affairs in California, and the discovery of gold.</li> -</ul> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span></p> - -<h3>CHAPTER XLI.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>33. State how the discussions of the slavery question were reopened by -the admission of California into the Union, and tell of the "Omnibus Bill."</li> -<li>34. Give an account of the Arctic expeditions of this period.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XLII.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>35. Give an account of the leading measures of President Pierce's Administration, -and of the general progress of the nation.</li> -<li>36. What issues were prominent in the election of 1856?</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XLIII.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>37. Tell of the civil and political affairs of the first three years of -Buchanan's Administration.</li> -<li>38. Give an account of the political campaign of 1860, and the results -of the election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency.</li> -</ul> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="Part_VI" id="Part_VI"></a><span class="smcap">Part VI.</span></h2> - -<h2>THE CIVIL WAR.</h2> - -<div class="center">1861-1865.</div> - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLIV" id="CHAPTER_XLIV"></a>CHAPTER XLIV.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Lincoln's Administration.—The Beginning of the War.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap">ABRAHAM Lincoln was a native of Kentucky, born -on the 12th of February, 1809. At the age of seven he -was taken to southern Indiana, where his boyhood was passed -in poverty and toil. On reaching -his majority he removed -to Illinois, where he distinguished -himself as a lawyer. -He gained a national reputation -in 1858, when, as the -competitor of Stephen A. -Douglas, he canvassed Illinois -for the United States -Senate.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig94.jpg" alt="Abraham Lincoln."/> -<p class="caption center">Abraham Lincoln.</p> -</div> - -<p>2. The new cabinet was -organized with William H. -Seward of New York as Secretary -of State. Salmon P. -Chase of Ohio was chosen -Secretary of the Treasury, -and Simon Cameron, Secretary of War; but he was soon succeeded -by Edwin M. Stanton. The secretaryship of the navy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> -was conferred on Gideon Welles. In his inaugural address, -the President declared his purpose to repossess the forts and -public property which had been seized by the Confederates. -On the 12th of March, a futile effort was made by the seceded -States to obtain recognition from the national government. -Then followed a second attempt to reinforce Fort Sumter.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Fort Sumter Fired upon.</div> - -<p>3. The defences of Charleston were held -by seventy-nine men under Major Robert -Anderson. With this small force he retired -to Fort Sumter. Confederate volunteers flocked to the city, -and batteries were built about the harbor. The authorities -of the Confederate States determined to anticipate the movement -of the government by compelling Anderson to surrender. -On the 11th of April, General P. T. Beauregard, -commandant of Charleston, sent a flag to Sumter, demanding -an evacuation. Major Anderson replied that he should -defend the fortress. On the following morning the first gun -was fired from a Confederate battery; and a bombardment of -thirty-four hours' duration followed. The fort was obliged to -capitulate. The honors of war were granted to Anderson -and his men.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The President calls for Volunteers.</div> - -<p>4. Three days after the fall of Sumter the -President issued a call for seventy-five thousand -volunteers to serve three months. Two -days later Virginia seceded from the Union. On the 6th of -May, Arkansas followed, and then North Carolina, on the 20th -of the month. In Tennessee there was a powerful opposition -to disunion, and it was not until the 8th of June that a secession -ordinance could be passed. In Missouri the movement -resulted in civil war, while in Kentucky the authorities issued -a proclamation of neutrality. The people of Maryland were -divided into hostile parties.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Harper's Ferry and Norfolk seized.</div> - -<p>5. On the 19th of April, when the Massachusetts volunteers -were passing through Baltimore, they were fired upon by the -citizens and three men killed. This was the first bloodshed of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> -the war. On the day previous, a body of Confederate -soldiers captured the armory of the -United States at Harper's Ferry. On the -20th of the month another company obtained possession of -the great navy yard at Norfolk. The property thus captured -amounted to fully ten millions of dollars. On the 3d of May -the President issued a call for eighty-three thousand soldiers -to serve for three years or during the war. General Winfield -Scott was made commander-in-chief. War ships were sent to -blockade the Southern ports. In the seceded States there was -boundless activity. The Southern Congress adjourned from -Montgomery, to meet on the 20th of July, at Richmond. -There Mr. Davis and the officers of his cabinet had assembled -to direct the affairs of the government. So stood the antagonistic -powers in the beginning of June, 1861. It is appropriate -to look briefly into <span class="smcap">the Causes</span> of the conflict.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLV" id="CHAPTER_XLV"></a>CHAPTER XLV.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Causes of the Civil War.</span></h3> - - -<div class="sidenote">Meaning of the Constitution.</div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE most general cause of the civil war -in the United States was <i>the different construction -put upon the Constitution by the people -of the North and of the South</i>. A difference of opinion existed -as to how that instrument was to be understood. One party -held that the Union of the States is indissoluble; that the -States are subordinate to the central government; that the acts -of Congress are binding on the States; and that all attempts at -nullification and disunion are disloyal and treasonable. The -other party held that the national Constitution is a compact -between sovereign States; that for certain reasons the Union -may be dissolved; that the sovereignty of the nation belongs -to the individual States; that a State may annul an act of -Congress; that the highest allegiance of the citizen is due to -his own State; and that nullification and disunion are justifiable -and honorable.</p> - -<p>2. This question struck into the very heart of the government. -It threatened to undo the whole civil structure of the -United States. In the earlier history of the country the doctrine -of State sovereignty was most advocated in New England. -Afterwards the people of that section passed over to the advocacy -of national sovereignty, while the people of the South -took up the doctrine of State rights. As early as 1831 the -right of nullifying an act of Congress was openly advocated in -South Carolina. Thus it happened that the belief in State -sovereignty became more prevalent in the South than in the -North.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Systems of Labor.</div> - -<p>3. A second cause of the civil war was <i>the different system of -labor in the North and in the South</i>. In the former section the -laborers were freemen; in the latter, slaves. In the South the -theory was that capital should own labor; in -the North that both labor and capital are free. -In the beginning all the colonies had been -slaveholding. In the Eastern and Middle States the system -of slave-labor had been abolished. In the Northwestern Territory -slavery was excluded from the beginning. Thus there -came to be a dividing line drawn through the Union. Whenever -the question of slavery was agitated, a sectional division -would arise between the North and the South. The danger -arising from this source was increased by several subordinate -causes.</p> - -<p>4. The first of these was the invention of the <span class="smcap">Cotton Gin</span> -to replace hand-labor in separating the fiber from the seeds of -the cotton plant. It was invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney, of -Massachusetts, and through its immediate adoption cotton suddenly -became the most profitable of all the staples. In proportion -to the increased profitableness of cotton, slave-labor -grew in demand and slavery became an important and deep-rooted -institution.</p> - -<p>5. From this time onward, there was constant danger of disunion. -In the <span class="smcap">Missouri Agitation</span> of 1820-21, threats of -dissolving the Union were freely made in both the North and -the South. When the Missouri Compromise was enacted, it -was the hope of Mr. Clay and his fellow-statesmen to save the -Union by removing the slavery question from politics.</p> - -<p>6. Next came the <span class="smcap">Nullification Acts</span> of South Carolina. -The Southern States had become cotton-producing; the Eastern -States had given themselves to manufacturing. The tariff -measures favored manufacturers at the expense of producers. -Mr. Calhoun proposed to remedy the evil by annulling the laws -of Congress; and another compromise was found necessary in -order to allay the animosities which had been awakened.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span></p> - -<p>7. The <span class="smcap">Annexation of Texas</span> led to a renewal of the agitation. -Those who opposed the Mexican War did so because -of the fact that thereby slavery would be extended. Whether -the territory acquired should be made into free or slaveholding -States was the question next agitated. This led to the <span class="smcap">Omnibus -Bill</span>, by which the excitement was again allayed.</p> - -<p>8. In 1854 the <span class="smcap">Kansas-Nebraska Bill</span> opened the question -anew. Meanwhile, the character of the Northern and the -Southern people had become quite different. In population and -wealth the North had far outgrown the South. In 1860 Mr. -Lincoln was elected by the votes of the Northern States. The -people of the South were exasperated at the choice of a chief-magistrate -whom they regarded as hostile to their interests.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Sectional Estrangement.</div> - -<p>9. The third general cause of the war was -<i>the want of intercourse between the people of the -North and the South</i>. The great railroads ran -east and west. Between the North and the South there was -little travel. From want of acquaintance the people became -estranged, jealous, and suspicious.</p> - -<p>10. A fourth cause was <i>the publication of sectional books</i>. -During the twenty years preceding the war, many works were -published whose popularity depended on the animosity existing -between the two sections. In such books the manners and -customs of one section were held up to the contempt of the -people of the other section. In the North the belief was fostered -that the South was given up to inhumanity; while in the -South the opinion prevailed that the Northern people were a -mean race of cowardly Yankees.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Influence of Demagogues.</div> - -<p>11. <i>The evil influence of demagogues</i> may -be cited as the fifth general cause of the war. -From 1850 to 1860, American statesmanship -and patriotism were at a low ebb. Ambitious and scheming -politicians had obtained control of the political parties. The -welfare of the country was put aside as of little value. In order -to gain power, many unprincipled men in the South were anxious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> -<i>to destroy</i> the Union, while others in the North were willing <i>to -abuse</i> the Union for the same purpose.</p> - -<p>12. Added to all these causes was <i>a growing public opinion -in the North against the institution of slavery itself</i>; a belief -that slavery was wrong and ought to be destroyed. This opinion, -comparatively feeble at the beginning of the war, was -rapidly developed, and had much to do in determining the -final character of the conflict.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLVI" id="CHAPTER_XLVI"></a>CHAPTER XLVI.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Events of 1861.</span></h3> - - -<div class="sidenote">Operations in West Virginia.</div> - -<p class="drop-cap2">ON the 24th of May the Union army -crossed the Potomac from Washington -to Alexandria. At this time Fortress Monroe -was held by twelve thousand men, under General B. F. Butler. -At Bethel Church, in that vicinity, was stationed a detachment -of Confederates. On the 10th of June, a body of Union troops -was sent to dislodge -them, but was repulsed -with considerable loss.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig95.jpg" alt="Vicinity of Manassas Junction, 1861."/> -<p class="caption center">Vicinity of Manassas Junction, 1861.</p> -</div> - -<p>2. In the last of May, -General T. A. Morris -moved forward from -Parkersburg to Grafton, -West Virginia. On the -3d of June he defeated -a force of Confederates -at Phillippi. General -George B. McClellan -now took the command, -and on the 11th of July -gained a victory at Rich -Mountain. On the 10th -of August, General Floyd, with a detachment of Confederates -at Carnifex Ferry, was attacked by General William S. -Rosecrans and obliged to retreat. On the 14th of September -the Confederates, under General Robert E. Lee, were beaten -in an engagement at Cheat Mountain.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span></p> - -<p>3. In the beginning of June, General Robert Patterson -marched against Harper's Ferry. On the 11th of the month -a division commanded by Colonel Lewis Wallace made a successful -onset upon the Confederates at Romney. Patterson -then crossed the Potomac and pressed back the Confederate -forces to Winchester. Thus far there had been only petty -engagements and skirmishes. The time had now come for the -first great battle of the war.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">First Battle of Bull Run.</div> - -<p>4. The main body of the Confederates, -under General Beauregard, was concentrated -at Manassas Junction, twenty-seven miles west -of Alexandria. Another large force, commanded by General -Joseph E. Johnston, was in the Shenandoah Valley. The Union -army at Alexandria was commanded by General Irwin McDowell, -while General Patterson was stationed in front of Johnston. -On the 16th of July the national army moved forward, and on -the morning of the 21st came upon the Confederate army between -Bull Run and Manassas Junction. A general battle ensued, -continuing with great severity until noonday. In the crisis -of the conflict General Johnston arrived with nearly six thousand -fresh troops from the Shenandoah Valley; and in a short -time McDowell's army was hurled back in rout and confusion -into the defenses of Washington. The Union loss in killed, -wounded, and prisoners amounted to two thousand nine hundred -and fifty-two; that of the Confederates to two thousand -and fifty.</p> - -<p>5. Meanwhile, on the 20th of July, the new Confederate -government was organized at Richmond. Jefferson Davis, the -President, was a man of wide experience in the affairs of state, -and considerable reputation as a soldier. He had served in -both houses of the national Congress, and as a member of -Pierce's cabinet. His decision of character and advocacy of -State rights had made him a natural leader of the South.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Operations in Missouri.</div> - -<p>6. The next military movements were made in Missouri. A -convention, called by Governor Jackson in the previous March, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> -had refused to pass an ordinance of secession. -But the disunionists were numerous and powerful; -and the State became a battlefield. Both -Federal and Confederate camps were organized. By capturing -the United States arsenal at Liberty, the Confederates obtained -a supply of arms and ammunition.</p> - -<p>7. They hurried up troops, also, from Arkansas and Texas -in order to secure the lead mines in the southwest part of the -State. On the 17th of June Lyon defeated Governor Jackson -at Booneville, and on the 5th of July the Unionists, led by -Colonel Franz Sigel, were again successful in a fight at -Carthage. On the 10th of August a hard battle was fought -at Wilson's Creek, near Springfield. General Lyon made a -daring attack on the Confederates under Generals McCulloch -and Price. The Federals at first gained the field, but General -Lyon was killed, and his men retreated.</p> - -<p>8. General Price now pressed northward to Lexington, which -was defended by two thousand six hundred Federals, commanded -by Colonel Mulligan. A stubborn defence was made, -but Mulligan was obliged to capitulate. On the 16th of -October Lexington was retaken by the Federals. General -John C. Fremont followed the retreating Confederates as far as -Springfield, when he was superseded by General Hunter. The -latter retreated to St. Louis, and Price fell back toward -Arkansas.</p> - -<p>9. The Confederates captured the town of Columbus in -Kentucky, and also gathered in force at Belmont, on the opposite -bank of the Mississippi. Colonel Ulysses S. Grant, -with three thousand Illinois troops, was now sent into Missouri. -On the 7th of November he made a successful attack on -Belmont; but was afterwards obliged to retreat.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Ball's Bluff.</div> - -<p>10. After the rout at Bull Run, troops were -rapidly hurried to Washington. The aged -General Scott retired from active duty, and General McClellan -took command of the Army of the Potomac. By October his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span> -forces had increased to a hundred and fifty thousand men. On -the 21st of that month two thousand troops were sent across -the Potomac at Ball's Bluff. Without proper support, the Federals -were attacked by a force of Confederates under General -Evans, driven to the river, their leader, Colonel Baker, killed, -and the whole force routed with a loss of eight hundred men.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Southern Coast Blockaded.</div> - -<p>11. In the summer of 1861 a naval expedition -proceeded to the North Carolina coast, -and on the 29th of August captured the forts -at Hatteras Inlet. On the 7th of November an armament, -under Commodore Samuel F. Du Pont and General Thomas -W. Sherman, reached Port -Royal, and captured Forts -Walker and Beauregard. The -blockade became so rigorous -that communication between -the Confederate States and -foreign nations was cut off. -In this juncture of affairs, a -serious difficulty arose with -Great Britain.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig96.jpg" alt="George B. McClellan."/> -<p class="caption center">George B. McClellan.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Mason and Slidell.</div> - -<p>12. The Confederate government -appointed James M. -Mason and John Slidell as -ambassadors to France and -England. The envoys, escaping -from Charleston, reached -Havana in safety. At that port they took passage on the -British steamer <i>Trent</i> for Europe. On the 8th of November -the vessel was overtaken by the United States -frigate <i>San Jacinto</i>, commanded by Captain -Wilkes. The <i>Trent</i> was hailed and boarded; -the two ambassadors were seized, transferred to the <i>San Jacinto</i>, -and carried to Boston. When the <i>Trent</i> reached England, the -whole kingdom burst out in a blaze of wrath.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span></p> - -<p>13. At first the government of the United States was disposed -to defend Captain Wilkes's action. Had such a course -been taken, war with Great Britain would have been inevitable. -The country was saved from the peril by the diplomacy of -William H. Seward, the Secretary of State. When Great -Britain demanded reparation for the insult, and the liberation -of the prisoners, he replied in a mild, cautious, and very able -paper. It was conceded that the seizure of Mason and Slidell -was not justifiable according to the law of nations. An apology -was made for the wrong done; the Confederate ambassadors -were liberated, put on board a vessel, and sent to their -destination. So ended the first year of the civil war.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span></p> - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLVII" id="CHAPTER_XLVII"></a>CHAPTER XLVII.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Campaigns of 1862.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE Federal forces now numbered about four hundred -and fifty thousand men. Of these nearly two hundred -thousand, under General McClellan, were encamped near -Washington. Another army, commanded by General Buell, -was stationed at Louisville, Kentucky.</p> - -<p>2. At the beginning of the year the capture of Fort Henry -on the Tennessee and Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland, was -planned by General Halleck. Commodore Foote was sent up -the Tennessee with a fleet of gunboats, and General Grant was -ordered to move forward against Fort Henry. Before the land-forces -reached that place, the flotilla compelled the evacuation -of the fort, the Confederates escaping to Donelson.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Fort Donelson.</div> - -<p>3. The Federal gunboats now dropped -down the Tennessee and then ascended the -Cumberland. Grant pressed on from Fort Henry, and began -the siege of Fort Donelson. The defences were manned by -ten thousand Confederates, under General Buckner. Grant's -force numbered nearly thirty thousand. On the 16th of February -Buckner was obliged to surrender. His army became -prisoners of war, and all the magazines, stores, and guns of -the fort fell into the hands of the Federals.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Battle of Shiloh.</div> - -<p>4. General Grant now ascended the Tennessee -to Pittsburg Landing. A camp was -established at Shiloh Church, near the river; -and here, on the 6th of April, the Union army was attacked -by the Confederates, led by Generals Albert S. Johnston and -Beauregard. All day long the battle raged with great slaughter -on both sides. Night fell on the scene with the conflict un<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span>decided; -but in the crisis General Buell arrived with strong -reinforcements. In the morning General Grant assumed the -offensive. General Johnston had been killed, and Beauregard -was obliged to retreat to Corinth. The losses in killed, -wounded, and missing were more than ten thousand on each -side.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Island Number Ten.</div> - -<p>5. After the Confederates evacuated Columbus, -Kentucky, they fortified Island Number -Ten in the Mississippi, opposite New -Madrid. Against this place General Pope advanced with -a body of Western troops, while Commodore Foote descended -the Mississippi with his gunboats. Pope captured New Madrid; -and for twenty-three days Island Number Ten was besieged. -On the 7th of April the Confederates attempted to escape; but -Pope had cut off the retreat, and the garrison, numbering -five thousand, was captured. On the 6th of June the city of -Memphis was taken by the fleet of Commodore Davis.</p> - -<p>6. Early in the year General Curtis pushed forward into -Arkansas, and took position at Pea Ridge, among the mountains. -Here he was attacked on the 6th of March by a Confederate -force of twenty thousand men, which included a large -number of Indians from the adjacent Indian Territory. A -hard-fought battle ensued, lasting for two days, in which the -Federals were victorious.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Merrimac and the Monitor.</div> - -<p>7. After the destruction of the navy yard -at Norfolk, the Confederates had raised the -frigate <i>Merrimac</i>, one of the sunken ships, -and plated the sides with iron. The vessel was then sent -to attack the Union fleet at Fortress Monroe. Reaching -that place on the 8th of March, the <i>Merrimac</i> began the work -of destruction; and two valuable vessels, the <i>Cumberland</i> and -the <i>Congress</i>, were sent to the bottom. During the night, -however, a strange ship, called the <i>Monitor</i>, invented by Captain -John Ericsson, arrived from New York; and on the following -morning the two iron-clad monsters turned their enginery<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> -upon each other. After fighting for five hours, the <i>Merrimac</i> -was obliged to retire to Norfolk, badly damaged.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig97.jpg" alt="Merrimac and Monitor."/> -<p class="caption center">Merrimac and Monitor.</p> -</div> - -<p>8. On the 8th of February a Federal squadron attacked -the Confederate fortifications on Roanoke Island. The garrison, -nearly three thousand -strong, were taken prisoners. -Burnside next proceeded -against Newbern, and on the -14th of March captured the -city. Proceeding southward, -he reached the harbor of -Beaufort, and on the 25th of April took possession of the -town.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Capture of New Orleans.</div> - -<p>9. On the 11th of the same month Fort -Pulaski, at the mouth of the Savannah, surrendered -to General Gillmore. Early in April, -a powerful squadron, under General Butler and Admiral -Farragut, ascended the Mississippi and attacked Forts Jack<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span>son -and St. Philip, thirty miles above the Gulf. From the -18th to the 24th the fight continued without cessation. At -the end of that time Admiral Farragut succeeded in running -past the batteries. On the next day he reached New Orleans, -and captured the city. General Butler became commandant, -and the fortifications were manned with fifteen thousand Federal -soldiers. Three days afterwards, Forts Jackson and St. -Philip surrendered to Admiral Porter.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Campaign in Kentucky.</div> - -<p>10. The Confederates now invaded Kentucky, -in two strong divisions, the one led by -General Kirby Smith and the other by General -Bragg. On the 30th of August Smith's army reached -Richmond, and routed the Federals stationed there, with -heavy losses. Lexington was taken, and then Frankfort; and -Cincinnati was saved from capture only by the exertions of -General Wallace. Meanwhile, the army of General Bragg -advanced from Chattanooga, and on the 17th of September -captured a Federal division of four thousand five hundred men -at Mumfordsville. The Confederate general pressed on toward -Louisville, and would have taken the city but for the arrival of -General Buell. Buell's army was increased to one hundred -thousand men. In October he again took the field, and on -the 8th of the month overtook General Bragg at Perryville. -Here a severe but indecisive battle was fought; and the Confederates, -laden with spoils, continued their retreat into east -Tennessee.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Operations in Mississippi.</div> - -<p>11. On the 19th of September a hard battle -was fought at Iuka, between a Federal army, -under Generals Rosecrans and Grant, and a -Confederate force, under General Price. The latter was -defeated, losing, in addition to his killed and wounded, -nearly a thousand prisoners. Rosecrans now took post at -Corinth with twenty thousand men; while Grant, with the -remainder of the Federal forces, proceeded to Jackson, Tennessee. -Generals Van Dorn and Price turned about to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span> -recapture Corinth. There, on the 3d of October, another -severe battle ensued, which ended, after two days' fighting, in -the repulse of the Confederates.</p> - -<p>12. In December General Sherman dropped down the river -from Memphis to the Yazoo. On the 29th of the month he -made an unsuccessful attack on the Confederates at Chickasaw -Bayou. The assault was exceedingly disastrous to the Federals, -who lost in killed, wounded, and prisoners more than three -thousand men.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Battle of Murfreesborough.</div> - -<p>13. General Rosecrans was now transferred to the command -of the Army of the Cumberland, with headquarters at Nashville. -General Bragg, on his retirement from -Kentucky, had thrown his forces into Murfreesborough. -Rosecrans moved forward, and -on the 30th of December came upon the Confederates on -Stone's River, a short distance northwest of Murfreesborough. -On the following morning a furious battle ensued, continuing -until nightfall. The Union army was brought to the verge -of ruin. But during the night Rosecrans rallied his forces, -and at daybreak was ready to renew the conflict. On that -day there was a lull. On the morning of the 2d of January -Bragg's army again rushed to the onset, gained some successes -at first, was then checked, and finally driven back with -heavy losses. Bragg withdrew his shattered columns, and filed -off toward Chattanooga.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Jackson's Valley Campaign.</div> - -<p>14. In Virginia the first scenes of the year -were enacted in the Shenandoah Valley. -General Banks was sent forward with a -strong division, and in the last of March occupied the town -of Harrisonburg. To counteract this movement, Stonewall -Jackson was sent with twenty thousand men to pass the Blue -Ridge and cut off Banks's retreat. At Front Royal, the Confederates -fell upon the Federals, routed them, and captured their -guns and stores. Banks succeeded, however, in passing with -his main division to Strasburg and escaping out of the valley.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span></p> - -<p>15. Jackson now found himself in great peril, for General -Fremont had been sent into the valley to intercept the Confederate -retreat. But he succeeded in reaching Cross Keys -before Fremont could attack him. The battle at Cross -Keys was not decisive, and Jackson pressed on to Port -Republic, where he attacked and defeated the division of -General Shields.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig98.jpg" alt="Vicinity of Richmond, 1862."/> -<p class="caption center">Vicinity of Richmond, 1862.</p> -</div> - -<p>16. On the 10th of March the Army of the Potomac set -out from the camps about Washington to capture the Confederate -capital. The advance -proceeded as far -as Manassas Junction, -where McClellan, changing -his plan, embarked -a hundred and twenty -thousand of his men for -Fortress Monroe. From -that place, on the 4th of -April, the Union army -advanced to Yorktown. -This place was defended -by ten thousand Confederates, -under General -Magruder; and here McClellan's -advance was -delayed for a month. -On the 4th of May, Yorktown was taken and the Federal -army pressed on to West Point. McClellan reached the -Chickahominy without serious resistance, and crossed at Bottom's -Bridge.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Peninsular Campaign.</div> - -<p>17. On the 10th of May General Wool, the commandant -of Fortress Monroe, led an expedition against Norfolk and -captured the town. On the next day the Confederate iron-clad -<i>Virginia</i> was blown up to save her from capture. The -James River was thus opened for the supply-transports of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span> -the Army of the Potomac. On the 31st of -May that army was attacked at a place -called Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines. Here -for a part of two days the battle raged with great fury. At -last the Confederates were driven back; but McClellan's victory -was by no means decisive. General Joseph E. Johnston, -the commander-in-chief of the Confederates, was severely -wounded; and the command devolved on General Robert -E. Lee.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig99.jpg" alt="Robert E. Lee."/> -<p class="caption center">Robert E. Lee.</p> -</div> - -<p>18. McClellan now formed the design of retiring to a point -on the James below Richmond. Before the movement fairly -began, General Lee, on the 25th of June, struck the right wing -of the Union army at Oak -Grove, and a hard-fought battle -ensued. On the next day -another engagement occurred -at Mechanicsville, and the -Federals won the field. On -the following morning Lee renewed -the struggle at Gaines's -Mill, and came out victorious. -On the 29th McClellan's army -was attacked at Savage's Station -and again in the White -Oak Swamp—but the Confederates -were kept at bay. -On the 30th was fought the -desperate battle of Glendale, -or Frazier's Farm. On that -night the Federal army reached Malvern Hill, twelve miles -below Richmond. General Lee determined to carry the place -by storm. On the morning of the 1st of July the whole Confederate -army rushed forward to the assault. All day long -the struggle for the possession of the high grounds continued. -Not until nine o'clock at night did Lee's columns fall back<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> -exhausted. For seven days the roar of battle had been heard -almost without cessation.</p> - -<p>19. On the 2d of July McClellan retired with his army -to Harrison's Landing, a few miles down the river; and the -great campaign was at an end. The Federal army had lost -more than fifteen thousand men, and the losses of the Confederates -had been still greater.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Cedar Mountain.</div> - -<p>20. General Lee now formed the design of -capturing the Federal capital. The Union -troops between Richmond and Washington -were under command of General John Pope. Lee moved northward, -and, on the 20th of August, Pope retreated beyond the -Rappahannock. Meanwhile, General Banks was attacked by -Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain, where nothing but hard -fighting saved the Federals from a rout.</p> - -<p>21. Jackson next dashed by with his division, on a flank -movement to Manassas Junction, where he made large captures. -Pope then threw his army between the two divisions of the -Confederates. On August 28th and 29th, there was terrible -fighting on the old Bull Run battle-ground. At one time it -seemed that Lee's army would be defeated; but Pope's reinforcements -were withheld by General Porter, and on the 31st -the Confederates struck the Union army at Chantilly, winning -a complete victory. Pope withdrew his broken columns as -rapidly as possible, and found safety within the defences of -Washington.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Lee in Maryland.</div> - -<p>22. General Lee crossed the Potomac, and -on the 6th of September captured Frederick. -On the 10th Hagerstown was taken, and on -the 15th Stonewall Jackson seized Harper's Ferry, with nearly -twelve thousand prisoners. On the previous day, there was a -hard-fought engagement at South Mountain, in which the Federals -were victorious. McClellan's army was now in the rear of -Lee, who fell back to Antietam Creek and took a strong position -near Sharpsburg. Then followed two days of skirmishing, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span> -terminated on the 17th in one of the great battles of the war. -From morning until night the struggle continued with unabated -violence, and ended in a drawn battle, after a loss of more than -ten thousand men on each side. Lee withdrew his forces from -the field and recrossed the Potomac.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Fredericksburg.</div> - -<p>23. General McClellan moved forward to Rectortown, Virginia. -Here he was superseded by General Burnside, who -changed the plan of the campaign, and advanced against -Fredericksburg. At this place the two armies -were again brought face to face. Burnside's -movement was delayed, and it was not until the 12th of December -that a passage could be effected. Meanwhile, the heights -south of the river had been fortified, and the Union columns -were hurled back in several desperate assaults which cost the -assailants more than twelve thousand men. Thus in disaster to -the Federal cause ended the campaigns of 1862.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLVIII" id="CHAPTER_XLVIII"></a>CHAPTER XLVIII.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Events of 1863.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE war had now grown to enormous proportions. The -Confederate States were draining every resource of men -and means. The superior energies of the North were greatly -taxed. On the day after the battle of Malvern Hill, President -Lincoln issued a call for three hundred thousand troops. During -Pope's retreat from the Rappahannock he sent forth another -call for three hundred thousand, and to that was added a draft -of three hundred thousand more. Most of these demands were -promptly met, and it became evident that in resources the -Federal government was vastly superior to the Confederacy.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Emancipation Proclamation.</div> - -<p>2. On the 1st day of January, 1863, the -President issued the <span class="smcap">Emancipation Proclamation</span>. -The war had been begun with no -well-defined intention to free the slaves of the South. But during -the progress of the war the sentiment of abolition had grown -with great rapidity; and when at last it became a military necessity -to strike a blow at the labor-system of the South, the step -was taken with but little opposition. Thus, after an existence -of two hundred and forty-four years, African slavery in the -United States was swept away.</p> - -<p>3. Early in January General Sherman dispatched an expedition -to capture Arkansas Post, on the Arkansas River. The -Union forces reached their destination on the 10th of the -month, fought a battle with the Confederates and gained a -victory. On the next day the post was surrendered with -nearly five thousand prisoners.</p> - -<p>4. Soon afterwards the Union forces were concentrated for -the capture of Vicksburg. Three months were spent by Gen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span>eral -Grant in beating about the bayous around Vicksburg, in -the hope of getting a position in the rear of the town. A canal -was cut across a bend in the river with a view to opening a -passage for the gunboats. But a flood washed the works -away. Then another canal was begun, only to be abandoned. -Finally, it was determined to run the fleet past the Vicksburg -batteries. On the night of the 16th of April the boats dropped -down the river. All of a sudden the guns of the enemy burst -forth with shot and shell, pelting the passing steamers; but -they went by with little damage.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Operations about Vicksburg.</div> - -<p>5. General Grant now marched his land-forces -down the Mississippi and formed a -junction with the squadron. On the 1st day -of May he defeated the Confederates at Port Gibson. The -evacuation of Grand Gulf followed immediately. The Union -army now swept around -to the rear of Vicksburg. -On the 12th -of May a Confederate -force was defeated at -Raymond. On the -14th of the month -a decisive battle was -fought near Jackson; -the Confederates were -beaten, and the city -captured. General -Pemberton, sallying -forth with his forces -from Vicksburg, was -defeated by Grant on the 16th at Champion Hills, and again -on the 17th at Black River Bridge. Pemberton then retired -within the defences of Vicksburg.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig100.jpg" alt="Vicksburg and Vicinity, 1863."/> -<p class="caption center">Vicksburg and Vicinity, 1863.</p> -</div> - -<p>6. The city was now besieged. On the 19th of May Grant -made an assault, but was repulsed with terrible losses. Three<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> -days afterwards the attempt was renewed with a still greater -destruction of life. But the siege was pressed with ever-increasing -severity. Admiral Porter bombarded the town incessantly. -Reinforcements swelled the Union ranks. Pemberton -held out until the 4th of July, and was then driven to surrender. -The defenders of Vicksburg, numbering thirty thousand, -became prisoners of war. Thousands of small arms, hundreds -of cannon, and vast quantities of ammunition and stores were -the fruits of the great victory.</p> - -<p>7. Meanwhile, General Banks had been conducting a campaign -on the Lower Mississippi. From Baton Rouge he advanced -into Louisiana, and gained a victory over the Confederates -at Bayou Teche. He then moved northward and -besieged Port Hudson, the last fort held by the Confederates -on the Mississippi. The garrison made a brave defence; and -it was not until the 8th of July that the commandant, with his -force of six thousand men, was obliged to capitulate.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Operations about Chattanooga.</b></div> - -<p>8. In the latter part of June Rosecrans -succeeded in crowding General Bragg out of -Tennessee. The Union general followed and -took post at Chattanooga, on the left bank of the Tennessee. -During the summer Bragg was reinforced by the corps of -Johnston and Longstreet.</p> - -<p>9. On the 19th of September he turned upon the Federals -at Chickamauga Creek, in the northwest angle of Georgia. A -hard battle was fought, but night came with the victory undecided. -On the following morning the fight was renewed. -Bragg cut through the Union battle line and drove the right -wing into a rout. General Thomas, with desperate firmness, -held the left until nightfall, and then withdrew into Chattanooga. -The Union loss amounted to nearly nineteen thousand, -and that of the Confederates was even greater.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig101.jpg" alt="MAP SHOWING STATES IN SECESSION during the CIVIL WAR"/> -<p class="caption center">MAP SHOWING STATES IN SECESSION during the CIVIL WAR</p> -</div> - -<p>10. General Bragg pressed forward to besiege Chattanooga. -But General Hooker arrived with two corps from the Army of -the Potomac, opened the Tennessee River, and brought relief. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> -At the same time General Grant assumed the direction of -affairs at Chattanooga. General Sherman arrived with his -division, and offensive operations were at once renewed. On -the 24th of November Lookout Mountain, overlooking the town -and river, was stormed by the division of General Hooker. -On the following day, Missionary Ridge was also carried, and -Bragg's army fell back in full retreat toward Ringgold.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig102.jpg" alt="A Truce in the Trenches."/> -<p class="caption center">A Truce in the Trenches.</p> -</div> - -<p>11. On the 1st of September General Burnside arrived with -his command at Knoxville. After the battle of Chickamauga -General Longstreet was sent into East Tennessee, where he -arrived and began the siege of Knoxville. On the 29th of -November the Confederates attempted to carry the town by -storm, but were repulsed with heavy losses. General Sherman -soon marched to the relief of Burnside; and Longstreet retreated -into Virginia.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Events West of the Mississippi.</div> - -<p>12. Early in 1863 the Confederates resumed -activity in Arkansas and southern Missouri. -On the 8th of January they attacked Springfield, -but were repulsed. Several other attempts were made -with similar results. On the 13th of August Lawrence, Kansas, -was sacked, and a hundred and forty persons killed, by a -band of desperate fellows, led by a chieftain called Quantrell. -On the 10th of September the Federal general Steele captured -Little Rock, Arkansas.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">John Morgan's Raid.</div> - -<p>13. In the summer of this year General -John Morgan made a great raid through Kentucky, -Indiana, and Ohio. He crossed the -Ohio at Brandenburg, and began his march to the north. -At Corydon and other points he was resisted by the home guards -and pursued by General Hobson. Morgan crossed into -Ohio, made a circuit north of Cincinnati, and attempted to recross -the river. But the raiders were driven back. The Confederate -leader pressed on until he came near New Lisbon, -where he was captured by the brigade of General Shackelford. -After a four months' imprisonment Morgan escaped and made -his way to Richmond.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Operations Along the Coast.</div> - -<p>14. On the 1st of January General Magruder -captured Galveston, Texas. By this -means the Confederates secured a port of entry -in the Southwest. On the 7th of April Admiral Du Pont, -with a fleet of iron-clads, attempted to capture Charleston, but -was driven back. In June the city was besieged by a strong -land-force, under General Q. A. Gillmore, assisted by Admiral -Dahlgren's fleet. After the bombardment had continued for -some time, General Gillmore, on the 18th of July, attempted to -carry Fort Wagner by assault, but was repulsed with severe -loss. The siege progressed until the 6th of September, when -the Confederates evacuated the fort and retired to Charleston. -Gillmore now brought his guns to bear on the wharves and -buildings in the lower part of the city. But Charleston still held<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> -out; and the only gain of the Federals was the establishment -of a complete blockade.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of Chancellorsville.</b></div> - -<p>15. After his repulse at Fredericksburg, -General Burnside was superseded by General -Joseph Hooker, who, in the latter part of -April, crossed the Rappahannock and reached Chancellorsville. -Here, on the morning of the 2d of May, he was attacked -by the Army of Northern Virginia, led by Lee and Jackson. -The latter general, at the head of twenty-five thousand men, -outflanked the Union army, -burst upon the right wing, -and swept everything to -destruction. But it was -the last of Stonewall Jackson's -battles. As night -came on the Confederate -leader received a volley -<i>from his own lines</i>, and fell -to rise no more.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig103.jpg" alt="Stonewall Jackson."/> -<p class="caption center">Stonewall Jackson.</p> -</div> - -<p>16. On the 3d the battle -was renewed. General -Sedgwick was defeated -and driven across the Rappahannock. -The main -army was crowded between -Chancellorsville and the -river, where it remained until the 5th, when General Hooker -succeeded in withdrawing his forces to the northern bank. -The Union losses amounted in killed, wounded, and prisoners -to about seventeen thousand; that of the Confederates -was less by five thousand.</p> - -<p>17. Next followed the cavalry raid of General Stoneman. -On the 29th of April he crossed the Rappahannock with ten -thousand men, tore up the Virginia Central Railroad, cut -General Lee's communications, swept around within a few<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span> -miles of Richmond, and then recrossed the Rappahannock -in safety.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Lee Invades Pennsylvania.</div> - -<p>18. General Lee now determined to carry -the war into the North. In the first week of -June he crossed the Potomac, and captured -Hagerstown. On the 22d he entered Chambersburg, and -then pressed on through Carlisle to within a few miles of -Harrisburg. The militia of Pennsylvania was called out, and -volunteers came pouring in from other States. General Hooker -pushed forward to strike his antagonist. General Lee rapidly -concentrated his forces near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. On -the eve of battle the command of the Union army was transferred -to General George G. Meade, who took up a position -on the hills around Gettysburg. Here the two armies, each -numbering about eighty thousand men, were brought face -to face.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Battle of Gettysburg.</div> - -<p>19. On the 1st of July the struggle began, -and for three days the conflict raged. The -battle reached its climax on the 3d, when -a Confederate column, three miles long, headed by the Virginians -under General Pickett, made a final charge on the -Union center. But the onset was in vain, and the men who -made it were mowed down with terrible slaughter. The victory -remained with the National army, and Lee was obliged -to turn back to the Potomac. The entire Confederate loss -was nearly thirty thousand; that of the Federals twenty-three -thousand one hundred and eighty-six. General Lee withdrew -his forces into Virginia, and the Union army resumed its position -on the Potomac.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Conscription in the North.</div> - -<p>20. The administration of President Lincoln -was beset with many difficulties. The -last calls for volunteers had not been fully -met. The anti-war party of the North denounced the measures -of the government. On the 3d of March the <span class="smcap">Conscription -Act</span> was passed by Congress, and the President ordered a draft<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> -of three hundred thousand men. The measure was bitterly -opposed, and in many places the draft-officers were resisted. -On the 13th of July, in the city of New York, a mob rose in -arms, demolished buildings, burned the colored orphan asylum, -and killed about a hundred people. For three days the -authorities were set at defiance; but a force of regulars and -volunteers gathered at the scene, and the riot was suppressed.</p> - -<p>21. Only about fifty thousand men were obtained by the -draft. But volunteering was quickened by the measure, and the -employment of substitutes soon filled the ranks. In October the -President issued another call for three hundred thousand men. -By these measures the columns of the Union army were made -more powerful than ever. In the armies of the South, on the -other hand, there were already symptoms of exhaustion. On -the 20th of June in this year West Virginia was separated -from the Old Dominion and admitted as the thirty-fifth State -of the Union.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLIX" id="CHAPTER_XLIX"></a>CHAPTER XLIX.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Closing Conflicts.—Events of 1864 and 1865.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">EARLY in February, 1864, General Sherman moved from -Vicksburg to Meridian. In this vicinity the railroad tracks -were torn up for a hundred and fifty miles. At Meridian -General Sherman expected a force of Federal cavalry, which -had been sent out from Memphis under General Smith. -The latter advanced into Mississippi, but was met by the cavalry -of Forrest, and driven back to Memphis. General Sherman -thereupon retraced his course to Vicksburg. Forrest -continued his raid northward to Paducah, Kentucky, and made -an assault on Fort Anderson, but was repulsed with a severe -loss. Turning back into Tennessee, he came upon Fort Pillow, -on the Mississippi, and carried the place by storm.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Red River Expedition.</div> - -<p>2. In the spring of 1864, the <span class="smcap">Red River -Expedition</span> was undertaken by General -Banks. The object was to capture Shreveport, -the seat of the Confederate government of Louisiana. -On the 14th of March the Federal advance captured Fort -de Russy, on Red River. The Confederates retreated to -Alexandria, which was taken on the 16th by the Federals.</p> - -<p>3. At Mansfield, on the 8th of April, the advancing Federals -were attacked by the Confederates, and completely routed. -At Pleasant Hill, on the next day, the main body of the Union -army was badly defeated. The flotilla now descended the -river from the direction of Shreveport. The whole expedition -returned as rapidly as possible to the Mississippi. General -Steele had, in the mean time, advanced from Little Rock to aid -in the reduction of Shreveport; but learning of the Federal -defeats, he withdrew after several severe engagements.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span></p> - -<p>4. On the 2d of March, 1864, General Grant was appointed -general-in-chief of all the armies of the United States. Seven -hundred thousand soldiers were now to move at his command. -Two great campaigns were planned for the year. The army -of the Potomac, under Meade and the general-in-chief, was -to advance upon Richmond. General Sherman, with one -hundred thousand men, was to march from Chattanooga -against Atlanta.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Sherman's Advance on Atlanta.</b></div> - -<p>5. On the 7th of May General Sherman -moved forward. At Dalton he succeeded in -turning General Johnston's flank, and obliged -him to fall back to Resaca. After two hard -battles, on the 14th and 15th of May, this place was carried, -and the Confederates retreated to Dallas. Here, on the 28th, -Johnston made a second -stand, but was again outflanked, -and compelled to -fall back to Lost Mountain. -He was forced from this -position on the 17th of June. -The next stand was made -on Great and Little Kenesaw -Mountains. From this -line on the 22d of June the -division of General Hood -made a fierce attack, but -was repulsed with heavy -losses. Five days afterward, -General Sherman attempted -to carry Great Kenesaw by -storm; but the assault ended in a dreadful repulse. Sherman -resumed his former tactics, and by the 10th of July the whole -Confederate army had retired to Atlanta.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig104.jpg" alt="William T. Sherman."/> -<p class="caption center">William T. Sherman.</p> -</div> - -<p>6. This stronghold was at once besieged. Here were the -machine shops, foundries, and car works of the Confederacy.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span> -At the beginning of the siege the cautious General Johnston -was superseded by the rash General J. B. Hood. On the 20th, -22d and 28th of July, the latter made three assaults on the -Union lines, but was repulsed with dreadful losses. At last -Hood was obliged to evacuate Atlanta; and on the 2d of -September the Union army marched into the captured city.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig105.jpg" alt="Sherman's Campaign, 1864."/> -<p class="caption center">Sherman's Campaign, 1864.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Hood's Nashville Campaign.</b></div> - -<p>7. General Hood now marched northward through Northern -Alabama, and advanced on Nashville. Meanwhile, General -Thomas, with the Army of the Cumberland, had been -detached from Sherman's army and sent northward to confront -Hood. General Schofield, who commanded the Federal forces -in Tennessee, fell back before the Confederates, -and took post at Franklin. Here, on -the 30th of November, he was attacked by -Hood's legions, and held them in check until nightfall, when -he retreated within Thomas's defenses at Nashville. Hood -followed, but on the 15th of December General Thomas fell -upon the Confederate army, and, routing it with a loss of -twenty-five thousand men, drove it back into Alabama.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Sherman's Great March.</b></div> - -<p>8. On the 14th of November General Sherman burned -Atlanta and began his <span class="smcap">March to the Sea</span>. His army -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> -numbered sixty thousand men. He cut his -communications with the North, abandoned -his base of supplies, and struck out for the -sea-coast, two hundred and fifty miles away. The Union -army passed through Macon and Milledgeville, crossed the -Ogeechee, captured Gibson and Waynesborough, and on the -10th of December arrived in the vicinity of Savannah. On -the 13th, Fort McAllister was -carried by storm. On the -night of the 20th, General -Hardee, the Confederate -commandant, escaped from -Savannah and retreated to -Charleston. On the 22d, -General Sherman made his -headquarters in the city.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig106.jpg" alt="Joseph E. Johnston."/> -<p class="caption center">Joseph E. Johnston.</p> -</div> - -<p>9. January, 1865, was -spent by the Union army at -Savannah. On the 1st of -February, General Sherman -began his march against -Columbia, South Carolina. -The Confederates had not -sufficient force to stay his progress. On the 17th of the month, -Columbia was surrendered. On the same night, Hardee, having -destroyed the public property of Charleston, and kindled -fires which laid four squares in ashes, evacuated the city; and -on the following morning the national forces entered. From -Columbia General Sherman marched into North Carolina, and -on the 11th of March captured the town of Fayetteville.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Surrender of Gen. Johnston.</b></div> - -<p>10. General Johnston was now recalled to -the command of the Confederate forces, and -the advance of the Union army began to be -seriously opposed. On the 19th of March, General Sherman -was attacked by Johnston near Bentonville; but Johnston<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> -was defeated, and on the 21st Sherman entered Goldsborough. -Here he was reinforced by Generals Schofield and Terry. The -Federal army turned to the northwest, and on the 13th of April -entered Raleigh. This was the end of the great march; and -here, on the 26th of the month, General Sherman received the -surrender of Johnston's army.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Farragut at Mobile.</div> - -<p>11. Meanwhile, important events had occurred -on the Gulf. Early in August, 1864, -Admiral Farragut bore down on the defenses -of Mobile. The harbor was defended by a Confederate fleet -and the monster iron-clad <i>Tennessee</i>. On the 5th of August, -Farragut ran past Forts Morgan and Gaines into the harbor. -In order to direct the movements of his vessels, the old -admiral mounted to the maintop of the <i>Hartford</i>, lashed himself -to the rigging, and from that high perch gave his commands -during the battle. One of the Union ships struck a -torpedo and sank. The rest attacked and dispersed the Confederate -squadron; but just as the day seemed won, the <i>Tennessee</i> -came down at full speed to strike the <i>Hartford</i>. Then -followed one of the fiercest conflicts of the war. The Union -iron-clads closed around their antagonist and battered her -with fifteen-inch bolts of iron until she surrendered.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Fort Fisher.</div> - -<p>12. Next came the capture of Fort Fisher, -at the entrance to Cape Fear River. In December, -Admiral Porter was sent with a powerful American -squadron to besiege and take the fort. General Butler, with -six thousand five hundred men, accompanied the expedition. -On the 24th of the month, the troops were sent ashore with -orders to storm the works. When the generals in command -came near enough to reconnoiter, they decided that an assault -could only end in disaster, and the enterprise was abandoned. -Admiral Porter remained before Fort Fisher with his fleet, and -General Butler returned to Fortress Monroe. Early in January, -the siege was renewed, and on the 15th of the month -Fort Fisher was taken by storm.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span></p> - -<p>13. In the previous October, Lieutenant Cushing, with a -number of volunteers, embarked in a small steamer and entered -the Roanoke. A tremendous iron ram, called the <i>Albemarle</i>, -was discovered lying at the harbor of Plymouth. Cautiously -approaching, the lieutenant sank a torpedo under the Confederate -ship, exploded it, and left the ram a ruin. The adventure -cost the lives or capture of all of Cushing's party except -himself and one other, who made good their escape.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Confederate Cruisers.</b></div> - -<p>14. During the progress of the war the -commerce of the United States was greatly -injured by the Confederate cruisers. The -first ship sent out was the <i>Savannah</i>, which was captured on -the same day that she escaped from Charleston. In June -of 1861, the <i>Sumter</i>, commanded by Captain Semmes, ran the -blockade at New Orleans, and did fearful work with the Union -merchantmen. But in February of 1862, Semmes was chased -into the harbor of Gibraltar, where he was obliged to sell his -vessel. The <i>Nashville</i> ran out from Charleston, and returned -with a cargo worth three millions of dollars. In March of 1863 -she was sunk by a Union iron-clad in the Savannah River.</p> - -<p>15. The ports of the Southern States were now closely -blockaded. In this emergency the Confederates turned to the -ship-yards of Great Britain, and began to build cruisers. In -the harbor of Liverpool the <i>Florida</i> was fitted out; and going -to sea in the summer of 1862, she succeeded in running into -Mobile Bay. She afterward destroyed fifteen merchantmen, -and was then captured and sunk in Hampton Roads. The -<i>Georgia</i>, the <i>Olustee</i>, the <i>Shenandoah</i> and the <i>Chickamauga</i>, -all built at the ship-yards of Glasgow, Scotland, escaped to -sea and made great havoc with the merchant-ships of the -United States.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Alabama.</b></div> - -<p>16. Most destructive of all was the <i>Alabama</i>, -built at Liverpool. Her commander -was Captain Raphael Semmes. A majority of the crew were -British subjects; and her armament was entirely British. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> -her whole career, involving the destruction of sixty-six vessels -and a loss of ten million dollars, she never entered a Confederate -port. In the summer of 1864 Semmes was overtaken -in the harbor of Cherbourg, France, by the steamer <i>Kearsarge</i>. -On the 19th of June, Semmes went out to give his antagonist -battle. After a desperate fight of an hour's duration, the -<i>Alabama</i> was sunk. Semmes was picked up by the English -<i>Deerhound</i> and carried to Southampton.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Grant's Advance on Richmond.</div> - -<p>17. On the night of the 3d of May, 1864, -the national camp at Culpepper was broken -up, and the march on Richmond was begun. -On the first day of the advance, Grant crossed the -Rapidan and entered the Wilderness, a country of oak woods -and thickets. He was immediately attacked by the Confederate -army. During the 5th, 6th, and 7th of the month, the fighting -continued incessantly with terrible losses; but the results were -indecisive. Grant next made a flank movement in the direction -of Spottsylvania Courthouse. Here followed, from the 9th until -the 12th, one of the bloodiest struggles of the war. The -Federals gained some ground and captured the division of -General Stewart; but the losses of Lee were less than those -of his antagonist.</p> - -<p>18. Grant again moved to the left, and came to Cold Harbor, -twelve miles northeast of Richmond. Here, on the 1st of June, -he attacked the Confederates, but was repulsed with heavy -losses. On the morning of the 3d the assault was renewed, -and in half an hour nearly ten thousand Union soldiers fell -dead or wounded before the Confederate intrenchments. The -repulse of the Federals was complete, but they held their lines -as firmly as ever.</p> - -<p>19. General Grant now changed his base to James River. -General Butler had already taken City Point and Bermuda -Hundred. Here, on the 15th of June, he was joined by -General Grant's whole army, and the combined forces moved -forward and began the siege of Petersburg.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Operations in the Valley.</div> - -<p>20. Meanwhile important movements were -taking place on the Shenandoah. When -Grant moved from the Rapidan, General -Sigel marched up the valley to New Market, where he was -met and defeated by the Confederate cavalry, under General -Breckinridge. The latter then returned to Richmond, whereupon -the Federals faced about, overtook the Confederates at -Piedmont, and gained a signal -victory. From this place -Generals Hunter and Averill -advanced against Lynchburg. -By this movement the -valley of the Shenandoah was -again exposed to invasion.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig107.jpg" alt="Philip H. Sheridan."/> -<p class="caption center">Philip H. Sheridan.</p> -</div> - -<p>21. Lee immediately dispatched -General Early to -cross the Blue Ridge, invade -Maryland and threaten -Washington City. With -twenty thousand men Early -began his march, and on the -5th of July crossed the Potomac. -On the 9th he defeated -the division of General Wallace on the Monocacy. But the -battle saved Washington and Baltimore from capture.</p> - -<p>22. General Wright followed Early as far as Winchester. -But the latter wheeled upon him, and the Union troops were -driven across the Potomac. Early next invaded Pennsylvania -and burned Chambersburg. General Grant now appointed -General Philip H. Sheridan to command the army on the Upper -Potomac. The troops placed at his disposal numbered -nearly forty thousand. On the 19th of September, Sheridan -marched upon Early at Winchester, and routed him in a hard-fought -battle. On the 22d of September he gained another -complete victory at Fisher's Hill.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Sheridan's Ride from Winchester.</b></div> - -<p>23. Sheridan next turned about to ravage the valley. The -ruinous work was fearfully well done. Nothing worth fighting -for was left between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghanies. -Maddened by his defeats, Early rallied his forces, and again -entered the valley. Sheridan had posted his army on Cedar -Creek, and, feeling secure, had gone to Washington. On the -19th of October, Early surprised the Union camp, captured -the artillery, and sent the routed troops flying in confusion -toward Winchester. The Confederates pursued -as far as Middletown, and there paused -to eat and rest. On the previous night, Sheridan -had returned to Winchester, and was now coming to rejoin -his army. He rode -twelve miles at full -speed, rallied the -fugitives, and gained -one of the most -signal victories of -the war. Early's -army was completely -ruined.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig108.jpg" alt="Operations in Virginia, 1864 and 1865."/> -<p class="caption center">Operations in Virginia, 1864 and 1865.</p> -</div> - -<p>24. All fall and -winter General -Grant pressed the -siege of Petersburg. -On the 30th -of July a mine was -exploded under -one of the forts; -but the assaulting -column was repulsed -with heavy -losses. On the -18th of August a division of the Union army seized the Weldon -Railroad and held it against several assaults. On the 28th<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span> -of September, Battery Harrison was stormed by the Federals, and -on the next day General Paine's brigade carried the redoubt on -Spring Hill. On the 27th of October, there was a battle on the -Boydton road; and then the army went into winter quarters.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Fall of Richmond.</b></div> - -<p>25. On the 27th of February, Sheridan gained a victory -over Early at Waynesboro, and then joined the general-in-chief. -On the 1st of April, a severe battle was fought at -Five Forks, in which the Confederates were defeated with a -loss of six thousand prisoners. On the next day Grant ordered -a general assault on the lines of Petersburg, and the -works were carried. On that night Lee's -army and the Confederate government fled -from Richmond; and on the following morning -the Federal troops entered the city. The warehouses -were fired by the retreating Confederates, and the better part -of the city was reduced to ruins.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Lee's Surrender.</b></div> - -<p>26. General Lee retreated as rapidly as possible to the -southwest. Once the Confederates turned and fought, but -were defeated with great losses. For five days the pursuit -was kept up; and then Lee was brought to bay at Appomattox -Courthouse. There, on the 9th of April, -1865, the work was done. General Lee surrendered -the Army of Northern Virginia, and the Confederacy -was hopelessly overthrown. General Grant signalized -the end of the strife by granting to his antagonist the -most liberal terms. How the army of General Johnston was -surrendered a few days later has already been narrated. After -four dreadful years of bloodshed and sorrow, <span class="smcap">THE CIVIL WAR -WAS AT AN END</span>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Jefferson Davis Captured.</b></div> - -<p>27. The Federal authority was rapidly extended -over the South. Mr. Davis and his -cabinet escaped to Danville, and there for a -few days kept up the forms of government. From that place -they fled into North Carolina. The ex-President continued -his flight into Georgia, and encamped near Irwinsville, where,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> -on the 10th of May, he was captured by General Wilson's -cavalry. He was conveyed to Fortress Monroe, and kept in -confinement until May of 1867, when he was taken to Richmond -to be tried for treason. He was admitted to bail; and -his case was finally dismissed.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Nevada Admitted.</div> - -<p>28. At the presidential election of 1864, -Mr. Lincoln was chosen for a second term. -As Vice-president, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee -was elected. In the preceding summer, the people of -Nevada framed a constitution, and on the 31st of October the -new commonwealth was proclaimed as the thirty-sixth State. -The gold and silver mines of Nevada soon surpassed those of -California in their yield of precious metals.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Finances of the War.</div> - -<p>29. At the outbreak of the civil war the financial credit of -the United States sank to a very low ebb. Mr. Chase, the Secretary -of the Treasury, first sought relief by issuing <span class="smcap">Treasury -Notes</span>, receivable as money. By the beginning of 1862, the -expenses of the government had risen to more than a million -of dollars daily. To meet these tremendous demands on the -government, Congress next provided <span class="smcap">Internal Revenue</span>. -This was made up from two general sources: first, <i>a tax on -manufactures, incomes and salaries</i>; second, <i>a stamp-duty on -all legal documents</i>. The next measure was -the issuance of <span class="smcap">Legal Tender Notes</span> of the -United States, to be used as money. These -are the notes called <i>Greenbacks</i>. The third great measure -adopted by the government was the sale of <span class="smcap">United States -Bonds</span>. The interest upon them was fixed at six per cent., -payable semi-annually in gold. In the next place, Congress -passed an act providing for the establishment of <span class="smcap">National -Banks</span>. National bonds, instead of gold and silver, were -used as a basis of the circulation of these banks; and the -redemption of their bills was guaranteed by the treasury of the -United States. At the end of the conflict, <i>the national debt -had reached nearly three thousand millions of dollars</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Pres. Lincoln's Assassination.</b></div> - -<p>30. On the 4th of March, 1865, President -Lincoln was inaugurated for his second term. -Three days after the evacuation of Richmond -by Lee's army, the President made a visit to that city. On -the evening of the 14th of April, he, with his wife and a party -of friends, attended Ford's Theater in Washington. As the -play drew near its close, an actor, named John Wilkes Booth, -stole into the President's box and shot him through the brain. -Mr. Lincoln lingered in an unconscious state until morning, -and died. It was the greatest tragedy of modern times. The -assassin, after the murder, escaped into the darkness.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Secretary Seward Stabbed.</b></div> - -<p>31. At the same hour another murderer, -named Lewis Payne Powell, burst into the -bed-chamber of Secretary Seward, sprang -upon the couch of the sick man, and stabbed him nigh unto -death. The city was wild with alarm. Troops of cavalry departed -in all directions to hunt down the assassins. On the -26th of April, Booth was found concealed in a barn south of -Fredericksburg. Refusing to surrender, he was shot by Sergeant -Boston Corbett. Powell was caught and hanged. David -E. Herrold and Geo. A. Atzerott, together with Mrs. Mary E. -Surratt, at whose house the plot was formed, were also condemned -and executed. Michael O'Laughlin, Dr. Samuel A. -Mudd, and Samuel Arnold were sentenced to imprisonment -for life, and Edward Spangler for six years.</p> - -<p>32. So ended in darkness, but not in shame, the career of -Abraham Lincoln—one of the most remarkable men of any -age or country. He was prudent, far-sighted, and resolute; -thoughtful, calm, and just; patient, tender-hearted, and great. -The manner of his death consecrated his memory. From city -to city, in one vast funeral procession, the mourning people -followed his remains to their last resting-place at Springfield, -Illinois.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><span class="smcap">Review Questions.—Part VI.</span></h2> - - -<h3>CHAPTER XLIV.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>1. Describe the situation of affairs at the opening of Lincoln's Administration.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XLV.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>2. Give the causes, general and special, of the Civil War.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XLVI.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>3. Outline the campaigns of 1861.</li> -<li>4. Tell of the organization of the Confederate Government.</li> -<li>5. State the difficulty that now arose with Great Britain.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XLVII.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>6. Give an account of the campaigns along the Cumberland, the Tennessee, -and the Mississippi Rivers.</li> -<li>7. Outline the movements of the year 1862 in and about Virginia.</li> -<li>8. What were the general conditions and prospects of the armies at -the close of 1862?</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XLVIII.</h3> -<ul> -<li>9. Tell about the Emancipation Proclamation.</li> -<li>10. Describe the capture of Vicksburg.</li> -<li>11. Sketch the subsequent movements of 1863.</li> -<li>12. Tell of the Conscription Act, and the results from it.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER XLIX.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>13. Outline the military movements of 1864 under General Sherman.</li> -<li>14. Sketch the campaigns along the Potomac, with the capture of Richmond, -and the retreat and surrender of Lee's army.</li> -<li>15. Tell of the breaking up of the Confederate Government.</li> -<li>16. What was the condition of the National finances, and what measures -had been enacted, from 1862 to 1865, for their relief.</li> -<li>17. Give an account of the assassination of President Lincoln.</li> -</ul> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="Part_VII" id="Part_VII"></a><span class="smcap">Part VII.</span></h2> - -<h2>THE NATION REUNITED.</h2> - -<div class="center">A. D. 1865-1891.</div> - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_L" id="CHAPTER_L"></a>CHAPTER L.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Johnson's Administration, 1865-1869.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">ON the day after the assassination of Mr. Lincoln, Andrew -Johnson became President of the United States. He -was a native of Raleigh, North Carolina—born in 1808. -With no advantages of -education, he passed his -boyhood in poverty. In -1828 he removed to Greenville, -Tennessee, where he -soon rose to distinction, and -was elected to Congress. -As a member of the United -States Senate in 1860-61, -he opposed secession with -all his powers. In 1862 he -was appointed military governor -of Tennessee. This -office he held until he was -nominated for the vice-presidency.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig109.jpg" alt="Andrew Johnson."/> -<p class="caption center">Andrew Johnson.</p> -</div> - -<p>2. On the 1st of February, 1865, Congress adopted an -amendment to the Constitution by which slavery was abolished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span> -throughout the Union. By the 18th of the following December, -the amendment had been ratified by the legislatures of -twenty-seven States, and was duly proclaimed as a part of the -Constitution. The emancipation proclamation had been issued -<i>as a military necessity</i>; and the results of the instrument were -now incorporated in the fundamental law of the land.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Amnesty Proclamation.</b></div> - -<p>3. On the 29th of May, the <span class="smcap">Amnesty -Proclamation</span> was issued by the President. -By its provisions a pardon was extended -to all persons—except those specified in certain classes—who -had taken part in upholding the Confederacy. During -the summer of 1865, the great armies were disbanded, and the -victors and vanquished returned to their homes to resume the -works of peace.</p> - -<p>4. The finances of the nation were in an alarming condition. -The war-debt went on increasing until the beginning of 1866. -The yearly interest grew to a hundred and thirty-three million -dollars in gold. The expenses of the government had reached -two hundred millions of dollars annually. But the revenues of -the nation proved sufficient to meet these enormous outlays, -and at last the debt began to diminish.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The French in Mexico.</b></div> - -<p>5. During the civil war, the emperor Napoleon -III. succeeded in setting up a French -empire in Mexico. In 1864 the Mexican -crown was conferred on Maximilian of Austria, who sustained -his authority with French and Austrian soldiers. But the -Mexican president Juarez headed a revolution; the government -of the United States rebuked France for her conduct; -Napoleon withdrew his army; Maximilian was overthrown; -and eventually, on the 13th of June, 1867, was tried and condemned -to be shot. Six days afterwards the sentence was -carried into execution.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Atlantic Cable.</b></div> - -<p>6. After a few weeks of successful operation, the first Atlantic -telegraph had ceased to work. But Mr. Field continued to -advocate his measure and to plead for assistance both in Europe -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span> -and America. He made fifty voyages across the Atlantic, and -finally secured sufficient capital to lay a second cable. The -work began from the coast of Ireland in the summer of 1865; -but the first cable parted and was lost. In -July of 1866 a third cable, two thousand miles -in length, was coiled in the <i>Great Eastern</i>, -and again the vessel started on its way. This time the -work was completely successful. Mr. Field received a gold -medal from Congress, and the plaudits of all civilized -nations.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Territories.</b></div> - -<p>7. In March of 1861, the Territory of -Dakota, destined after twenty-eight years to -become two great states, was detached from Nebraska and -given a distinct organization. The State of Kansas had at -last, on the 29th of January, 1861, been admitted into the -Union, under a constitution framed at Wyandotte. In February, -1863, Arizona was separated from New Mexico, and on -the 3d of March, in that year, Idaho was organized out of portions -of Dakota, Nebraska, and Washington Territories. On -the 26th of May, 1864, Montana was cut off from Idaho. On -the 1st of March, 1867, Nebraska was admitted into the -Union as the thirty-seventh State. Finally, on the 25th of -July, 1868, the Territory of Wyoming was organized out of -portions of Dakota, Idaho, and Utah.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Purchase of Alaska.</b></div> - -<p>8. The year 1867 was signalized by the -<span class="smcap">Purchase of Alaska</span>. Two years previously, -the territory had been explored by -a corps of scientific men with a view of establishing telegraphic -communication with Asia. The explorers found that -the coast-fisheries were of great value, and that the forests -of white pine and yellow cedar were among the finest in the -world. Negotiations for the purchase were at once opened, -and on the 30th of March, 1867, a treaty was concluded by -which, for the sum of seven million two hundred thousand -dollars, Russia ceded Alaska to the United States. The territory<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> -embraced an area of five hundred and eighty thousand square -miles, and a population of twenty-nine thousand souls.</p> - -<p>9. Very soon after his accession, a serious disagreement arose -between the President and Congress. The difficulty grew out -of the question of reorganizing the Southern States. The -point in dispute was the relation which those States had -sustained to the Federal Union during the civil war. The -President held that the ordinances of secession were null and -void, and that the seceded States <i>had never been out of the -Union</i>. The majority in Congress held that the acts of secession -were illegal and unconstitutional, but that the seceded States -had been actually detached from the Union, and that special -legislation was necessary in order to restore them to their -former relations.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Reconstruction.</b></div> - -<p>10. In 1865, measures of reconstruction -were begun by the President. On the 9th of -May, a proclamation was issued for the restoration of Virginia -to the Union. Twenty days later a provisional government -was established over South Carolina; and similar measures -were adopted in respect to the other States of the Confederacy. -On the 24th of June, all restrictions on trade and -intercourse with the Southern States were removed. On -the 7th of September a second amnesty proclamation was -issued, by which all persons who had upheld the Confederate -cause—excepting the leaders—were unconditionally pardoned. -Meanwhile, Tennessee had been reorganized, and in 1866 was -restored to its place in the Union. When Congress convened, -a committee of fifteen members was appointed, to which were -referred all questions concerning the reorganization of the -Southern States. In accordance with measures reported by this -committee, Arkansas, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, -North Carolina, and South Carolina were reconstructed, and -in June and July of 1868 readmitted into the Union. Congress -had, in the mean time, passed the <span class="smcap">Civil Rights Bill</span>, -by which the privileges of citizenship were conferred on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> -freedmen of the South. All of these congressional enactments -were effected over the veto of the President.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Impeachment Trial.</b></div> - -<p>11. Meanwhile, a difficulty had arisen in the President's -cabinet which led to his impeachment. On the 21st of February, -1868, he notified Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, -of his dismissal from office. The act was regarded by Congress -as a usurpation of authority and a violation of law. On the -3d of March, articles of impeachment were -agreed to by the House of Representatives, -and the President was summoned before -the Senate for trial. Proceedings began on the 23d of March -and continued until the 26th of May, when the President -was acquitted. Chief-Justice Salmon P. Chase, one of the -most eminent of American statesmen and jurists, presided -during the impeachment.</p> - -<p>12. The time for another presidential election was already -at hand. General Ulysses S. Grant was nominated by the -Republicans, and Horatio Seymour, of New York, by the Democrats. -The canvass was one of great excitement. The questions -most discussed by the political speakers were those arising -out of the civil war. The principles advocated by the majority -in Congress furnished the Republican platform of 1868, and on -that platform General Grant was elected by a large majority. -As Vice-president, Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, was chosen.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LI" id="CHAPTER_LI"></a>CHAPTER LI.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Grant's Administration, 1869-1877.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">ULYSSES S. Grant, eighteenth President of the United -States, was born at Point Pleasant, Ohio, April 27, 1822. -At the age of seventeen he -entered the Military Academy -at West Point, and was graduated -in 1843. He served with -distinction in the Mexican -war; but his first national -reputation was won by the -capture of Forts Henry and -Donelson. From that time -he rapidly rose in rank, and -in March, 1864, was appointed -lieutenant-general and general-in-chief -of the Union -army.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig110.jpg" alt="Ulysses S. Grant."/> -<p class="caption center">Ulysses S. Grant.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Pacific Railroad.</b></div> - -<p>2. The first great event of -the new administration was -the completion of the <span class="smcap">Pacific Railroad</span>. The first division -of the road extended from Omaha, Nebraska, to Ogden, Utah, -a distance of one thousand and thirty-two -miles. The western division reached from -Ogden to San Francisco, a distance of eight -hundred and eighty-two miles. On the 10th of May, 1869, -the work was completed with appropriate ceremonies.</p> - -<p>3. Before the inauguration of President Grant two additional -amendments to the Constitution had been adopted. The first -of these, known as the Fourteenth Amendment, extended the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> -right of citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the -United States, and declared the validity of the public debt. -Early in 1869, the Fifteenth Amendment was adopted by Congress, -providing that the right of citizens to vote shall not be -denied or abridged on account of race, color, or previous condition -of servitude. This clause was proclaimed by the President -as a part of the Constitution on the 30th of March, 1870.</p> - -<p>4. In the first three months of the same year, the reorganization -of the Southern States was completed. On the 24th of -January, the senators and representatives of Virginia were readmitted -to their seats in Congress. On the 23d of February -a like action was taken in regard to Mississippi; and on the -30th of March the work was finished by the readmission of -Texas.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Growth of the Nation.</b></div> - -<p>5. In 1870 was completed the ninth census -of the United States. Notwithstanding the -ravages of war, the past ten years had been a -period of growth and progress. During that time the population -had increased to thirty-eight million five hundred and -eighty-seven thousand souls. The national debt was rapidly -falling off. The products of the United States had grown to -a vast aggregate. American manufacturers were competing -with those of all nations in the markets of the world. The -Union now embraced thirty-seven States and eleven Territories. -The national domain had spread to the vast area of -three million six hundred and four thousand square miles. Few -things have been more wonderful than the territorial and -material growth of the United States.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>San Domingo Commission.</b></div> - -<p>6. In January of 1871, President Grant appointed -Senator Wade of Ohio, Professor -White of New York, and Dr. Samuel Howe -of Massachusetts, to visit San Domingo and report upon the -desirability of annexing that island to the United States. -The measure was earnestly favored by the President. After -three months spent abroad, the commissioners returned and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span> -reported in favor of annexation; but the proposal met with -opposition in Congress, and was defeated.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Alabama Claims.</b></div> - -<p>7. The claim of the United States against the British government -for damages done by Confederate cruisers during the -civil war still remained unsettled. After the war Great Britain -grew anxious for an adjustment of the difficulty. On the 27th -of February, 1871, a joint high commission, composed of five -British and five American statesmen, assembled at Washington -City. From the fact that the cruiser <i>Alabama</i> had done most -of the injury complained of, the claims of -the United States were called the <span class="smcap">Alabama -Claims</span>. After much discussion, the commissioners -framed a treaty, known as the Treaty of Washington. -It was agreed that all claims of either nation against the other -should be submitted to a board of arbitration to be appointed -by friendly nations. Such a court was formed, and in the summer -of 1872 convened at Geneva, Switzerland. The cause of -the two nations was heard, and on the 14th of September decided -in favor of the United States. Great Britain was required -to pay into the Federal treasury fifteen million five hundred -thousand dollars.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Chicago Fire.</b></div> - -<p>8. The year 1871 is noted in American history -for the burning of Chicago. On the evening -of the 8th of October a fire broke out in -De Koven street, and was driven by a high wind into the lumber-yards -and wooden houses of the neighborhood. All the -next day the flames rolled on, sweeping into a blackened ruin -the most valuable portion of the city. The area burned over -was two thousand one hundred acres, or three and a third -square miles. Nearly two hundred lives were lost, and the -property destroyed amounted to about two hundred millions -of dollars.</p> - -<p>9. As the first term of President Grant drew to a close, the -political parties made ready for the twenty-second presidential -election. Many parts of the chief magistrate's policy had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span> -been made the subjects of controversy. The congressional -plan of reconstruction had been unfavorably received in the -South. The elevation of the negro race to the rights of -citizenship was regarded -with apprehension. The -military spirit was still rife -in the country, and the -issues of the civil war were -rediscussed with much bitterness. -On these issues -the people divided in the -election of 1872. The -Republicans renominated -General Grant for the presidency. -For the vice-presidency -Mr. Colfax was succeeded -by Henry Wilson -of Massachusetts. As the -standard-bearer of the Liberal -Republican and Democratic -parties, Horace Greeley, editor of the New York <i>Tribune</i>, -was nominated. This was the last act in that remarkable man's -career. For more than thirty years he had been a leader of -public opinion in America. The canvass was one of wild excitement. -Mr. Greeley was overwhelmingly defeated, and died in -less than a month after the election.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig111.jpg" alt="Horace Greeley."/> -<p class="caption center">Horace Greeley.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Boston Fire.</b></div> - -<p>10. On the evening of the 9th of November, -a fire broke out on the corner of Kingston -and Summer streets, Boston; spread to the -northeast; and continued with unabated fury until the morning -of the 11th. The best portion of the city, embracing some of -the finest blocks in the United States, was laid in ashes. The -burnt district covered an area of sixty-five acres. Fifteen lives, -eight hundred buildings, and property to the value of eighty -million dollars were lost in the conflagration.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Modoc War.</b></div> - -<p>11. In the spring of 1872, the Modoc Indians -were ordered to remove from their lands on -Lake Klamath, Oregon, to a new reservation. -They refused to go; and in the following November, a body -of troops was sent to force them into compliance. The Modocs -resisted, kept up the war during the winter, and then retreated -into a volcanic region called the lava-beds. Here, in the spring -of 1873, the Indians were surrounded. On the 11th of April, -a conference was held between them and six members of the -peace commission; but in the midst of the council the savages -rose upon the kind-hearted men who sat beside them, and murdered -General Canby and Dr. Thomas in cold blood. Mr. -Meacham, another member of the commission, was shot, but -escaped with his life. The Modocs were then besieged in their -stronghold; but it was the 1st of June before Captain Jack -and his band were obliged to surrender. The chiefs were -tried by court-martial and executed in the following October.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Credit Mobilier.</b></div> - -<p>12. About the beginning of President -Grant's second term, the country was agitated -by the <span class="smcap">Credit Mobilier Investigation</span> -in Congress. The Credit Mobilier was a joint stock -company, organized in 1863 for the purpose of constructing -public works. In 1867, another company, which had undertaken -to build the Pacific Railroad, purchased the charter of -the Credit Mobilier, and the capital was increased to three -million seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Owing to -the profitableness of the work, the stock rose in value and large -dividends were paid to the shareholders. In 1872 it became -known that much of this stock <i>was owned by members of Congress</i>. -A suspicion that those members had voted corruptly in -matters affecting the Pacific Railroad seized the public mind, -and led to a congressional investigation, in the course of which -many scandalous transactions were brought to light.</p> - -<p>13. In the autumn of 1873 occurred one of the most disastrous -financial panics ever known in the United States. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span> -alarm was given by the failure of Jay Cooke & Company -of Philadelphia. Other failures followed in rapid succession. -Depositors hurried to the banks and withdrew their money. -Business was paralyzed, and many months elapsed before confidence -was sufficiently restored to enable merchants and bankers -to engage in the usual transactions of trade.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Centennial Exposition.</b></div> - -<p>14. With the coming of 1876 the people -made ready to celebrate the <span class="smcap">Centennial -of American Independence</span>. The city of -Philadelphia was the central point of interest. There, on the -10th of May, the great International Exposition was opened -with imposing ceremonies. In Fairmount Park, on the Schuylkill, -were erected beautiful buildings to receive the products -of art and industry from all nations. By the beginning of -summer these stately edifices were filled to overflowing with -the richest products, gathered from every clime and country. -On the 4th of July the centennial of the great Declaration -was commemorated in Philadelphia with an impressive oration -by William M. Evarts, of New York, and a National Ode -by the poet, Bayard Taylor. The average daily attendance of -visitors at the Exposition was over sixty-one thousand. The -grounds were open for one hundred and fifty-eight days; and -the receipts for admission amounted to more than three million -seven hundred thousand dollars. On the 10th of November, -the Exposition, the most successful of its kind ever held, was -formally closed by the President of the United States.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Sioux War.</b></div> - -<p>15. The last year of President Grant's administration -was noted for the <span class="smcap">war with -the Sioux</span>. These fierce savages had, in 1867, made a treaty -with the United States, agreeing to relinquish all of the territory -south of the Niobrara, west of the one hundred and fourth -meridian, and north of the forty-sixth parallel. By this treaty -the Sioux were confined to a large reservation in southwestern -Dakota, and upon this they agreed to retire by the first of -January, 1876. But many of the tribes continued to roam at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> -large through Wyoming and Montana, burning houses, stealing -horses, and murdering whoever opposed them.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig112.jpg" alt="Custer's Last Fight."/> -<p class="caption center">Custer's Last Fight.</p> -</div> - -<p>16. The Government now undertook to drive the Sioux upon -their reservation. A large force of regulars, under Generals -Terry and Crook, was sent into the mountainous country of the -Upper Yellowstone, and the savages, to the number of several -thousand, were crowded back against the Big Horn Mountains -and River. Generals Custer and Reno, who were sent forward -with the Seventh Cavalry to discover the whereabouts of the -Indians, found them on the left bank of the Little Horn.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Custer's Defeat on the Little Horn.</b></div> - -<p>17. On the 25th of June, General Custer, -without waiting for reinforcements, charged -headlong with his division into the Indian -town, and was immediately surrounded. The struggle equaled -in desperation and disaster any other Indian battle ever fought<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span> -in America. <i>General Custer and every man of his command -fell in the fight.</i> The whole loss of the Seventh Cavalry was -two hundred and sixty-one killed, and fifty-two wounded. -General Reno held his position, on the bluffs of the Little -Horn, until General Gibbon arrived with reinforcements and -saved the remnant from destruction.</p> - -<p>18. Other divisions of the army were soon hurried forward, -and during the summer and autumn the Indians were beaten -in several engagements. On the 24th of November, the Sioux -were decisively defeated by Colonel McKenzie at a pass in the -Big Horn Mountains. On the 5th of January, the savages were -again overtaken and routed by the forces of Colonel Miles. -The remaining bands, under Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, -being able to offer no further serious resistance, escaped across -the border into Canada.</p> - -<p>19. In August, 1876, Colorado took her place as the thirty-eighth -State of the Union. The population of the "Centennial -State" numbered forty-five thousand.</p> - -<p>20. The twenty-third presidential election was one of the -most exciting and critical in the history of the nation. General -Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, and William A. Wheeler, of -New York, were chosen as candidates by the Republicans; -Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, and Thomas A. Hendricks, -of Indiana, by the Democrats. The Independent Greenback -party presented as candidates Peter Cooper, of New York, and -Samuel F. Cary, of Ohio. The canvass began early and with -great spirit. The real contest lay between the Republicans -and the Democrats. The election was held. The general -result was uncertain, <i>and both parties claimed the victory</i>! -The election was so evenly balanced; there had been so much -irregularity in the elections in South Carolina, Florida, Louisiana, -and Oregon; and the power of Congress over the -electoral proceedings was so poorly defined, that no certain -result could be announced. For the first time in the history -of the country, there was <i>a disputed presidency</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Electoral Commission.</b></div> - -<p>21. When Congress convened in December, -the whole question came before that body -for adjustment. After much debating it was -agreed that the disputed election returns should be referred -for decision to a <span class="smcap">Joint High Commission</span>, consisting of -five members chosen from the United States Senate, five -from the House of Representatives, and five from the Supreme -Court. The Commission was accordingly constituted. The -returns of the disputed States were referred to the tribunal; -and on the 2d of March a result was reached. The Republican -candidates were declared elected. One hundred and -eighty-five electoral votes were cast for Hayes and Wheeler, -and one hundred and eighty-four for Tilden and Hendricks.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LII" id="CHAPTER_LII"></a>CHAPTER LII.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Hayes's Administration, 1877-1881.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap">RUTHERFORD B. Hayes, nineteenth President of the -United States, was born in Delaware, Ohio, on the 4th of -October, 1822. His ancestors -were soldiers of the -Revolution. His primary -education was received in -the public schools. At the -age of twenty, he was graduated -from Kenyon College. -In 1845 he completed -his legal studies, and began -the practice of his profession, -first at Marietta, then -at Fremont, and finally as -city solicitor, in Cincinnati. -During the Civil War he -performed much honorable -service in the Union cause, -rose to the rank of major-general, and in 1864, while still in -the field, was elected to Congress. Three years later, he was -chosen governor of his native State, and was reelected in 1869, -and again in 1875.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig113.jpg" alt="Rutherford B. Hayes."/> -<p class="caption center">Rutherford B. Hayes.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Great Railroad Strike.</b></div> - -<p>2. In the summer of 1877, in consequence -of a threatened reduction in the wages of -railway employes, occurred what is known as -the <span class="smcap">Great Railroad Strike</span>. On the 16th of July, the -workmen of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad left their posts -and gathered such strength in Baltimore and at Martinsburg,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span> -West Virginia, as to prevent the running of trains. The militia -was called out by Governor Matthews, but was soon dispersed -by the strikers. The President then ordered General French -to the scene with a body of regulars, and the blockade of the -road was raised.</p> - -<p>3. Meanwhile, the trains had been stopped on all the important -roads between the Hudson and the Mississippi, and -business was paralyzed. In Pittsburgh the strikers, rioters, -and dangerous classes, gathering in a mob to the number of -twenty thousand, held, for two days, a reign of terror unparalleled -in the history of the country. The insurrection was -finally suppressed by the regular troops and the Pennsylvania -militia, but not until nearly one hundred lives, and property -to the value of more than three millions of dollars, had been -lost. Riots also occurred, or were threatened, at Chicago, -St. Louis, San Francisco, Cincinnati, Columbus, Louisville, -Indianapolis, and Fort Wayne. By the close of the month, -the alarming insurrection was at an end.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Nez Percé War.</b></div> - -<p>4. In the spring of 1877 a war broke out -with the Nez Percé Indians of Idaho. The -national authorities in 1854 purchased a part -of the Nez Percé territory, large reservations being made in -northwestern Idaho and northeastern Oregon, but some of the -chiefs refused to ratify the compact, and remained at large. -This was the beginning of difficulties.</p> - -<p>5. The war began with the usual depredations by the Indians. -General Howard marched against them with a small force of -regulars; but the Nez Percés, led by their noted chieftain -Joseph, fled. During the greater part of summer the pursuit -continued. In the fall they were chased through the mountains -into northern Montana, where they were confronted by other -troops commanded by Colonel Miles.</p> - -<p>6. The Nez Percés were next driven across the Missouri -River, and were finally surrounded in their camp north of the -Bear Paw Mountains. Here, on the 4th of October, they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> -were attacked, and completely routed by the forces of Colonel -Miles. Only a few, led by the chief White Bird, escaped. -Three hundred and seventy-five of the captive Nez Percés -were brought back to the American post on the Missouri.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Remonetization of Silver.</b></div> - -<p>7. During the year 1877 the public mind was greatly agitated -concerning the <span class="smcap">Remonetization of Silver</span>. By the -first coinage regulations of the United States the standard unit -of value was the silver dollar. From 1792 -until 1873, the quantity of pure metal in this -unit had never been changed, though the -amount of alloy contained in the dollar was altered several -times. In 1849 a gold dollar was added to the coinage, and -from that time forth the standard unit of value existed in both -metals. In 1873-74 a series of acts were adopted by Congress -bearing upon the standard unit of value, whereby the -legal-tender quality of silver was abolished, and the silver -dollar omitted from the list of coins to be struck at the -national mints.</p> - -<p>8. In January, 1875, the <span class="smcap">Resumption Act</span> was passed by -Congress. It was declared that on the 1st of January, 1879, -the Government should begin to redeem its outstanding legal-tender -notes <i>in coin</i>. The question was now raised as to the -meaning of the word "coin" in the act; and, for the first time, -the attention of the people was aroused to the fact that the -privilege of paying debts in silver had been taken away. A -great agitation followed, and in 1878 a measure in Congress -was passed over the President's veto, for the restoration of the -legal-tender quality of the old silver dollar, and for the compulsory -coinage of that unit at a rate of not less than two -millions of dollars a month.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Yellow Fever Epidemic.</b></div> - -<p>9. In the summer of 1878 several of the -Gulf States were scourged with a <span class="smcap">Yellow -Fever Epidemic</span>. The disease made its appearance -in New Orleans, and from thence was scattered -among the towns along the Mississippi. A regular system of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span> -contributions was established in the Northern States, and men -and treasure were poured out without stint to relieve the -suffering South. After more than twenty thousand people -had fallen victims to the plague, the frosts of October came -and ended the pestilence.</p> - -<p>10. By the Treaty of Washington (1871), it was agreed -that the right of the United States in certain sea-fisheries -in the neighborhood of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, hitherto -claimed by Great Britain, should be acknowledged and maintained. -The government of the United States agreed to relinquish -the duties which had hitherto been charged on certain -kinds of fish imported by British subjects into American harbors; -and, in order to balance any discrepancy, it was further -agreed that any total advantage to the United States might -be compensated by a gross sum to be paid by the American -government. This sum was fixed at five million dollars in -November, 1877, and a year later the amount was paid to -the British government.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Chinese Embassy.</b></div> - -<p>11. The year 1878 witnessed the establishment -of a <span class="smcap">resident Chinese Embassy</span> at -Washington. For twenty years the great treaty -negotiated by Anson Burlingame had been in force between -the United States and China. The commercial relations of -the two countries had been vastly extended. On the 28th of -September the embassy chosen by the imperial government -was received by the President. The ceremonies of the occasion -were among the most interesting ever witnessed in Washington. -The speech of Chen Lan Pin, the minister, was equal in -dignity and appropriateness to the best efforts of a European -diplomatist.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Life Saving Service.</b></div> - -<p>12. In June, 1878, the <span class="smcap">Life Saving Service -of the United States</span> was established -by act of Congress. The plan proposed the -establishment of regular stations and lighthouses on all the -exposed parts of the Atlantic coast and along the Great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span> -Lakes. Each station was to be manned by a band of surfmen -experienced in the dangers peculiar to the shore in times of -storms, and drilled in the best methods of rescue and resuscitation. -Boats and other appliances of the most approved -pattern were provided and equipped. The success of the -enterprise has been so great as to reflect the highest credit on -its promoters. The number of lives saved through the agency -of the service reaches to thousands annually, and the amount -of human suffering and distress alleviated by this beneficent -movement is beyond computation.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Specie Resumption.</b></div> - -<p>13. On the 1st of January, 1879, the -<span class="smcap">Resumption of Specie Payments</span> was accomplished -by the treasury of the United -States. After seventeen years' disappearance, gold and silver -coin, which during that time had been at a premium over the -legal-tender notes of the government, again came into common -circulation.</p> - -<p>14. The presidential election of 1880 was accompanied with -the excitement usually attendant upon great political struggles -in the United States. The Republican national convention was -held in Chicago on the 2d and 3d of June; a platform of principles -was adopted, and General James A. Garfield, of Ohio, -was nominated for President. For Vice-president, Chester A. -Arthur, of New York, received the nomination. The Democratic -national convention assembled at Cincinnati on the 22d -of June, and nominated for the presidency General Winfield S. -Hancock, of New York, and for the Vice-presidency William -H. English, of Indiana. The National Greenback party held -a convention in Chicago on the 9th of June, and nominated -General James B. Weaver, of Iowa, for President, and General -Benjamin J. Chambers, of Texas, for Vice-president. The -election resulted in the choice of Garfield and Arthur. Two -hundred and fourteen electoral votes, embracing those of -nearly all the Northern States, were cast for the Republican -candidates.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>General Grant's Tour.</b></div> - -<p>15. Soon after retiring from the presidency, -General Grant, with his family and a company -of personal friends, set out to make a -<span class="smcap">TOUR OF THE WORLD</span>. The expedition attracted the most -conspicuous attention both at home and abroad. The departure -from Philadelphia on the 17th of May, 1877, was the -beginning of such a pageant as was never before extended to -any citizen of any nation of the -earth. General Grant visited -Europe, India, Burmah and -Siam; China and Japan. In -the fall of 1879 the party returned -to San Francisco, bearing -with them the highest -tokens of esteem which the -great nations of the Old World -could bestow upon the honored -representative of the New.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig114.jpg" alt="Oliver P. Morton."/> -<p class="caption center">Oliver P. Morton.</p> -</div> - -<p>16. The <span class="smcap">Census of 1880</span> -was undertaken with more system -and care than ever before -in the history of the country. -The work was intrusted to the -superintendency of Professor Francis A. Walker. In every -source of national power, the development of the country was -shown to have continued without abatement. The total population -of the States and Territories now amounted to 50,182,525—an -increase since 1870 of <i>more than a million inhabitants a -year</i>! The center of population had moved westward about -fifty miles, to the vicinity of Cincinnati.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Oliver P. Morton.</b></div> - -<p>17. During the administration of Hayes -several eminent Americans passed from the -scene of their earthly activities. On the 1st -of November, 1877, the distinguished senator, Oliver P. Morton, -died of paralysis at his home in Indianapolis. His reputation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> -in his own State and throughout the Union was very great, -and his sterling character had won the respect even of his -political enemies. As War Governor of Indiana, he had been -one of the main pillars of support to the Union in the trying -days of the Civil War. After that event he had become one of -the foremost men of the nation. Although but fifty-four years -of age, he had risen to be a recognized leader in American -statesmanship. His death was regarded as a public calamity, -and the Nation, without distinction of party, joined with his -own State in doing honor to the memory of the great dead.</p> - -<p>18. Still more universally felt was the loss of the great poet -and journalist, William Cullen Bryant, who on the 12th of June, -1878, at the advanced age of eighty-four, passed from among -the living. For more than sixty years his name had been known -and honored wherever the English language was spoken. On -the 19th of December, in the same year, the illustrious Bayard -Taylor, who had recently been appointed American Minister to -the German Empire, died suddenly in the city of Berlin. His -life had been exclusively devoted to literary work; and almost -every department of letters, from the common tasks of journalism -to the highest charms of poetry, had been adorned by his -genius. On the 1st day of November, 1879, Zachariah Chandler, -of Michigan, one of the organizers of the Republican -party, and a great leader of that party in the times of the civil -war, died suddenly at Chicago; and on the 24th day of April, -1881, the noted publisher and author, James T. Fields, died at -his home in Boston.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LIII" id="CHAPTER_LIII"></a>CHAPTER LIII.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Administration of Garfield and Arthur, 1881-1885.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">JAMES A. Garfield, twentieth President of the United -J States, was born at Orange, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, November -19, 1831. He was left in infancy to the sole care of -his mother and to the rude surroundings of a backwoods home. -In boyhood he served as a driver and pilot of a canal boat plying -the Ohio and Pennsylvania canal. At the age of seventeen -he attended the High School -in Chester, was afterwards a -student at Hiram College, -and in 1854 entered Williams -College, from which he was -graduated with honor.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig115.jpg" alt="James A. Garfield."/> -<p class="caption center">James A. Garfield.</p> -</div> - -<p>2. In the same year, Garfield -returned to Ohio, and -was made first a professor and -afterwards president of Hiram -College. This position he -held until the outbreak of the -Civil War, when he left his -post to enter the army. In -the service he rose to distinction, -and while still in the -field was elected by the people of his district to the lower -house of Congress. In 1879 he was elected to the United -States Senate, and hard upon this followed his nomination and -election to the presidency. American history has furnished -but few instances of a more steady and brilliant rise, from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span> -poverty of an obscure boyhood, to the most distinguished elective -office in the gift of mankind.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The "Spoils System."</b></div> - -<p>3. On the 4th of March, 1881, President Garfield delivered -his inaugural address, and the new administration entered upon -its course with omens of an auspicious future. But its prospects -were soon darkened with political difficulties. -A division arose in the ranks of the -Republican party. The two wings of the -Republicans were nicknamed the "Stalwarts" and the "Half-Breeds": -the former, headed by Senator Conkling of New -York; the latter, led by Mr. Blaine, Secretary of State, and -indorsed by the President himself. The Stalwarts claimed the -right of dispensing the appointive offices of the Government, -after the manner which had prevailed for many preceding administrations; -the President, supported by his division of the -party, insisted on naming the officers in the various States -according to his own wishes.</p> - -<p>4. The chief clash between the two influences in the party -occurred in New York. The collectorship of customs for the -port of New York is the best appointive office in the Government. -To fill this position the President nominated Judge -William Robertson, and the appointment was antagonized by -the New York senators, Conkling and Platt, who, failing to -prevent the confirmation of Robertson, resigned their seats, -returned to their State, and failed of a reelection.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Assassination of Pres. Garfield.</b></div> - -<p>5. A few days after the adjournment of the Senate in June, the -President, in company with Secretary Blaine -and a few friends, entered the railroad depot at -Washington to take the train for Long Branch, -New Jersey. A moment afterwards he was approached by a -miserable miscreant, who, unperceived, came within a few feet -of the company, drew a pistol, and fired upon the Chief Magistrate. -The shot struck the President in the back, and inflicted -a dreadful wound. The bleeding chieftain was borne away -to the executive mansion, and the wretch who had committed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span> -the crime was hurried to prison. For eighty days the stricken -President lingered between life and death, bearing the pain and -anguish of his situation with a fortitude and heroism rarely -witnessed among men; but at half-past ten on the evening of -September 19th, the anniversary of the battle of Chickamauga, -his vital powers suddenly gave way, and in a few moments -death closed the scene.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>President Arthur Installed.</b></div> - -<p>6. On the day following this deplorable -event, Vice-president Arthur took the oath of -office in New York, and repaired to Washington. -Chester A. Arthur was born in Vernon, Franklin County, -Vermont, October 5, 1830. He was of Irish descent, and was -educated at Union College, -from which institution he -was graduated in 1849. For -awhile he taught school in -his native State, and then -came to New York City to -study law. During the civil -war he was Quartermaster-General -of the State of -New York. After 1865 he -returned to the practice of -law, and in 1871 was appointed -Collector of Customs -for the port of New -York. This position he held until July, 1878, when he was -removed by President Hayes. Again he returned to his law -practice, but was soon called by the voice of his party to be a -standard-bearer in the Presidential canvass of 1880.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig116.jpg" alt="Chester A. Arthur."/> -<p class="caption center">Chester A. Arthur.</p> -</div> - -<p>7. The administration of President Arthur proved to be uneventful. -The government pursued the even tenor of its way, -and the progress of the country was unchecked by calamity. -Several important scientific inventions were perfected about -this time, and several great public works completed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Scientific Inventions.</b></div> - -<p>8. One of the best examples of the application -of scientific discovery to the affairs of -every-day life is that of the <span class="smcap">Telephone</span>. It -has remained for our day to discover the possibility of transmitting -or reproducing the human voice at a distance of -hundreds or even thousands of miles. By means of a simple -contrivance, a person in one part of the country is able -to converse with friends in another part, as if face to face. -The invention of this wonderful instrument is to be credited -to Professor A. Graham Bell, of Massachusetts, and Elisha P. -Gray, of Chicago. It should be mentioned, also, that Professor -A. C. Dolbear, of Tufts College, and the great inventor, -Thomas A. Edison, have succeeded in the production of telephonic -instruments.</p> - -<p>9. Another recent invention is the <span class="smcap">Phonograph</span>. It is the -nature of the phonograph to receive and retain the wave-lines -and figures of sound, whether of the human voice or some -other sound, and by an ingenious contrivance to reproduce -those sounds as if they were the original utterance. It is to -be regretted that thus far the phonograph has proved to be -of little or no practical utility.</p> - -<p>10. But perhaps the greatest invention of the age is the -<span class="smcap">Electric Light</span>. About 1870 it was first proposed to use -electricity for practical illumination. Long before this time -the possibility of electric lighting had been shown by the philosopher -Gramme, of Paris. About the same time the Russian -scientist, Jablokoff, also succeeded in converting electricity into -light. It remained, however, for the great American inventor, -Thomas A. Edison, to remove the difficulties in the way of -electric lighting, and to make the invention practical. The -systems produced by him and others are rapidly taking the -place of the old methods of illumination.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Great Public Works.</b></div> - -<p>11. Among the great public works may be mentioned the -<span class="smcap">East River Bridge</span>, joining New York with Brooklyn, which -was opened with appropriate ceremonies on the 24th of May, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span> -1883. This structure is the largest of the -kind in the world, being a suspension bridge, -with a total length of 5,989 feet. The span -from pier to pier is 1,595 feet; and the estimated capacity -of resistance is 49,200 tons. The engineer under whose -direction the great bridge was constructed was Mr. John A. -Roebling, who may properly be regarded as the originator of -wire suspension bridges. Though he did not live to see the -completion of the work which he had planned, the same was -taken up and finished by his son, scarcely less noted than his -father.</p> - -<p>12. The recurrence of the birthday of Washington, 1885, -was noted for the completion of the great monument, erected -at the Capital, in honor of the Father of his Country. The -cost of the completed structure was about $1,500,000. The -shaft of the monument, exclusive of the foundation, is 555 feet -in height, being 30 feet higher than the cathedral of Cologne, -and 75 feet higher than the pyramid of Cheops.</p> - -<p>13. In the last year of Arthur's administration the command -of the army of the United States was transferred from General -William T. Sherman to General Philip H. Sheridan. The former -eminent soldier, having reached the age at which, according to -Act of Congress, he might retire from active service, availed -himself of the provision, and laid down the command which -he had so long and honorably held. Nor could it be said that -the new General, to whom the command of the American -army was now given, was less a patriot and soldier than his -eminent predecessor.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Disappearance of Political Issues.</b></div> - -<p>14. During this administration there was a -gradual obliteration of those sharply defined -issues which for a quarter of a century had -divided the two great political parties. Partisan animosity in -some measure abated, and it was with difficulty that the managers -were able to direct the people in the political contest -of 1884. The issue most clearly defined was that of tariff and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span> -free trade, and even this, when much discussed, tended to break -up both the existing political organizations.</p> - -<p>15. During the year 1883 many distinguished men were -named for the presidential office. The first national convention -was that of the Greenback-Labor party, held at Indianapolis, -in April of 1884. By this party, General Benjamin -F. Butler, of Massachusetts, and A. N. West, of Texas, were -put in nomination. The Republican convention met on the 3d -of June, in Chicago, and, after a session of three days, closed -its labors by the nomination of James G. Blaine, of Maine, and -General John A. Logan, of Illinois. The Democratic convention -met in the same city, on the 9th of July, and chose -for its standard-bearers Grover Cleveland, of New York, and -Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana. The result showed that -the Democratic party had drawn to its banners a majority of -the American people. Cleveland and Hendricks were elected, -receiving 219 ballots in the Electoral College, against 182 votes -which were cast for Blaine and Logan.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LIV" id="CHAPTER_LIV"></a>CHAPTER LIV.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Cleveland's Administration, 1885-1889.</span></h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">THE new President was inaugurated on the 4th of March, -1885. Perhaps the history of the country has furnished -no other example of such rapid rise to great distinction. Grover -Cleveland, twenty-second President of the United States, was -born in Caldwell, New Jersey, -March 18th, 1837. With his -father he removed to Fayetteville, -New York, in 1840. Here -the youth grew to manhood. -His education was obtained -in the common schools and -academies of the neighborhood. -In 1857 he removed -to New York City, and became -a student of law. In -1859 he was admitted to the -bar, and four years afterwards -was appointed Assistant District -Attorney for Erie County. In 1869 he was elected Sheriff -of the same county, and in 1881 he was chosen mayor of -Buffalo. In 1882 he was elected governor of New York, -receiving for that office a plurality of more than 190,000 votes. -Before his term of office had expired he was called by the -voice of his party to be its standard-bearer in the presidential -campaign of 1884, in which he was again successful.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig117.jpg" alt="Grover Cleveland."/> -<p class="caption center">Grover Cleveland.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>New Orleans Exposition.</b></div> - -<p>2. The last months of Arthur's and the first of Cleveland's -administration were noted for the <span class="smcap">International Cotton -Exposition</span> at New Orleans. This, after the Centennial Exposition -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span> -of 1876, was the greatest display of -the kind ever held in the United States. -The Exposition extended from December -of 1884 to June of 1885, and was daily attended by thousands -of visitors from all parts of the United States and from -many foreign countries. The display was varied and full of -interest. Intended, in the first place, to exhibit the wonderful -resources of the South in her peculiar products, the exhibition -was enlarged to include all branches of production and every -species of mechanism and art. Among the incidental benefits -of the Exposition may be mentioned the increased intercourse -and consequent friendliness of the people of the Northern and -Southern States.</p> - -<p>3. The first year of Cleveland's administration was uneventful. -The great question before the President was that of the -<span class="smcap">Reform of the Civil Service</span>. In attempting to substitute -a new series of rules for appointment to office, by which the -persons appointed should be selected rather for their fitness -than for their party services, the President was greatly embarrassed. -He found that the old forces in American politics were -as active as ever, and that a reform was almost impossible under -existing conditions.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Labor Agitations.</b></div> - -<p>4. The first great national event of the -Cleveland administration was that of the -<span class="smcap">Labor Agitations</span>, which broke out in the -spring of 1886. It was not until after the Civil War that the -first symptoms appeared of a renewal, in the New World, of -the struggle which has been long going on in Europe between -Capital and Labor. The first difficulties of this sort in our -country appeared in the mining regions, and in the factories -of the Eastern States. The agitation soon spread to the West. -As early as 1867 the peculiar method of action, called "striking," -began among the laborers of the country. An account of -the great railroad strike of 1877 has already been presented. -(Pages 337 and 338.)</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Southwestern Strike.</b></div> - -<p>5. At the same time monopolies sprang up and flourished; -and, coincident with this, American labor discovered the salutary -but dangerous power of combination. When the trade -season of 1886 opened, a series of strikes and -labor troubles broke out in several parts -of the country. The cities and towns were -most involved in these agitations. The first serious conflict was -on what is known as the Gould System of Railways, in the -Southwest. A single workman, belonging to the Knights -of Labor, and employed on a branch of the Texas and -Pacific Railway, was discharged from his place. This action -was resented by the Knights, and the laborers on a great -part of the Gould System were ordered to strike. The -movement was, for a season, successful, and the transportation -of freights from St. Louis to the Southwest ceased. Gradually, -however, other workmen were substituted for the striking -Knights; but the end was not reached until a severe riot in -East St. Louis had occasioned the sacrifice of much property -and several innocent lives.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Chicago Anarchists.</b></div> - -<p>6. Far more alarming was the outbreak in -Chicago. In that city the socialistic and -anarchic elements were sufficiently powerful -to present a bold front to the authorities. Processions bearing -red flags and banners, with communistic devices and -mottoes, frequently paraded the streets, and were addressed by -demagogues who avowed themselves the open enemies of society -and the existing order. On the 4th of May, 1886, a vast -crowd of this reckless material collected in a place called the -Haymarket, and were about to begin the usual inflammatory -proceedings, when a band of policemen, mostly officers, drew -near, with the evident purpose of controlling or dispersing the -meeting.</p> - -<p>7. A terrible scene ensued. Dynamite bombs were thrown -from the crowd and exploded among the officers, several of -whom were blown to pieces, and others shockingly mangled.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span> -The mob was, in turn, attacked by the police, and many of the -insurgents were shot down. Order was presently restored in -the city; several of the leading anarchists were arrested on the -charge of inciting to murder, were tried, condemned, and four -of them executed. On the day following the Chicago riot, a -similar, though less dangerous, outbreak, which was suppressed -without serious loss of life, occurred in Milwaukee.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Charleston Earthquake.</b></div> - -<p>8. The summer of 1886 is memorable on -account of the great natural catastrophe -known as the <span class="smcap">Charleston Earthquake</span>. -On the night of the 31st of August, at ten minutes before ten -o'clock, without a moment's warning, the city of Charleston, -S. C., was rocked and rent to its very foundations. Hardly a -building in the limits of Charleston, or in the country surrounding, -escaped serious injury; and perhaps one half of all were -in a state of semi-wreck or total ruin.</p> - -<p>9. The whole coast in the central region of the disturbance -was modified with respect to the sea, and the ocean itself was -thrown into turmoil for miles from the shore. The people -in the city fled from their falling houses to the public squares -and parks and far into the country. Afraid to return into the -ruins, they threw up tents and light booths for protection, and -abode for weeks away from their homes. Nothing before in -the limits of our knowledge has been at all comparable with it -in extent and violence, except the great earthquake of New -Madrid in 1811.</p> - -<p>10. The disaster to Charleston served to bring out some of -the better qualities of our civilization. Personal assistance and -contributions from all quarters poured in for the support -and encouragement of the afflicted people. For several weeks -a series of diminishing shocks continued to terrify the citizens; -but it was discovered that these shocks were only the dying -away of the great convulsion, and that they gave cause for -hope of entire cessation rather than continued alarm. In -the course of a few months the ruins were cleared away,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span> -business was resumed, and the people were again safe in their -homes.</p> - -<p>11. On the 4th of March, 1887, the second session of the -Forty-ninth Congress expired. The work of the body had not -been so fruitful of results as had been desired and anticipated -by the friends of the government. On the question of the -tariff nothing of value was accomplished. A measure of <span class="smcap">Revenue -Reform</span> had been brought forward at an early date in -the session, but the act failed of adoption.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Pension Legislation.</b></div> - -<p>12. On the question of <span class="smcap">Extending the -Pension List</span>, however, the case was different. -A great majority of both parties -favored such measures as looked to the increase of benefits to -the soldiers. At the first, only a limited number of pensions -had been granted, and these only to actually disabled or injured -veterans of the War for the Union. But it became more and -more important to each of the parties to secure and hold the -soldier vote, without which it was felt that neither could maintain -ascendency in the government. The <span class="smcap">Arrears of Pensions -Act</span>, making up to those who were already recipients of -pensions such amounts as would have accrued if the benefit -had dated from the time of disability, instead of from the time -of granting the pension, was passed in 1879; and at the same -time the list of pensioners was greatly enlarged.</p> - -<p>13. The measure presented in the Fiftieth Congress was -designed to extend the pension list so as to include all regularly -enlisted and honorably discharged soldiers of the Civil -War, who had become in whole, or in part, <i>dependent upon the -aid of others</i> for their maintenance. The measure was known -as the <span class="smcap">Dependent Pensions Bill</span>. Many opposed the enactment -of a law which appeared to give the bounty of the government -to the deserving and the undeserving alike, and to -compel the worthy recipients of pensions to rank themselves -with those who had gone into the army for pay, and had been -brought to want through improvidence. A majority was easily<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span> -obtained for the measure in both Houses of Congress, and the -act was passed. President Cleveland, however, interposed his -veto, and the proposed law fell to the ground.</p> - -<p>14. The most important and noted legislation of the session -was the act known as the <span class="smcap">Inter-State Commerce Bill</span>. For -some fifteen years complaints against the methods and management -of the railways of the United States had been heard -on many sides, and in cases not a few the complaints had -originated in actual abuses. A large class of people became -clamorous that Congress should compel railways to accept -a system of uniformity as to all charges for service rendered. -With this object in view the Inter-State Commerce Bill was -accordingly prepared, and became a law.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Death of Prominent Generals.</b></div> - -<p>15. In the spring of 1885 it became known -that General Ulysses S. Grant was stricken -with a fatal malady. The announcement at -once drew to the General and ex-President the interest and -sympathies of the whole American people. The hero of Vicksburg -and Appomattox sank under the ravages of a malignant -cancer, which had fixed itself in his throat. On the 23d of July, -1885, he expired at a summer cottage on Mount McGregor, -New York. His last days were hallowed by the love of the -nation which he had so gloriously defended. No funeral west -of the Atlantic—not even that of Lincoln—was more universally -observed. The procession in New York City was perhaps -as imposing a pageant as was ever exhibited in honor of the -dead. On the 8th of August the body of General Grant was laid -to rest in Riverside Park, overlooking the Hudson. There, on -the summit from which may be seen the great river and the -metropolis of the nation, is the tomb of him whose courage and -magnanimity in war will forever give him rank with the few -master spirits who have honored the human race and changed -the course of history.</p> - -<p>16. Within scarcely more than a year from the funeral of -Grant several other distinguished Union Generals fell. On the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span> -29th of October General George B. McClellan died at his home -at St. Cloud, New Jersey. After another brief interval General -Winfield S. Hancock, senior Major-General of the American -Army, breathed his last. In the mean time, within a brief period, -Generals Irwin McDowell, Ambrose E. Burnside, Joseph Hooker, -and George G. Meade, each of whom, in a critical period of -the war, had commanded the Army of the Potomac, passed -away. Before the close of 1886 Major-General John A. Logan, -greatest of the volunteer commanders, who, without previous -military education, won for themselves distinguished honors in -the War for the Union, fell sick and died at his home, called -Calumet Place, in Washington City.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig118.jpg" alt="Thomas A. Hendricks."/> -<p class="caption center">Thomas A. Hendricks.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Death of Prominent Civilians.</b></div> - -<p>17. In the mean time, several distinguished -civilians had passed away. On the 25th of -November, 1885, Vice-president Thomas A. -Hendricks, after an illness of a single day, died suddenly at his -home in Indianapolis. The life of Mr. Hendricks had been one -of singular purity as well as -of greatness. His character -had been noted for its mildness -and serenity in the -stormy arena of politics. The -goodness of the man in private -life, combined with his -distinction as governor, senator, -and Vice-president of the -United States, drew from the -people every evidence of -public and private respect -for his memory. The body -of the dead statesman was -buried in Crown Hill cemetery, -near Indianapolis. The -funeral pageant surpassed in grandeur any other display of the -kind ever witnessed in the Western States, except the funeral<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> -of Lincoln. Shortly after his death, the funds were easily subscribed -by the people, for the erection of the magnificent bronze -monument and statue standing at one of the entrances to the -Capitol of Indiana.</p> - -<p>18. The death of Hendricks was soon followed by that of -Horatio Seymour, of New York. On the 12th of February, -1886, this distinguished citizen, who had been governor of the -Empire State, and a candidate for the Presidency against General -Grant, died at his home in Utica. Still more distinguished -in reputation and ability was Samuel J. Tilden, also of New -York, who died at his home, called Greystone, at Yonkers, near -New York City, on the 4th of August, 1886.</p> - -<p>19. To this list of deaths must be added the illustrious name -of Henry Ward Beecher. To him, with little reservation, must -be assigned the first place among our orators and philanthropists. -He had the happy fortune to retain his faculties unimpaired -to the close of his career. On the evening of the -5th of March, 1887, at his home in Brooklyn, he sank down -under a stroke of apoplexy. He was nearing the close of his -seventy-fourth year. He lived until the morning of the 8th, -and quietly entered the shadows. He was followed to the -grave by the common eulogium of mankind, and every circumstance -of his passing away showed that he had occupied the -supreme place among men of his class in America.</p> - -<p>20. On the 23d of March, 1888, Morrison R. Waite, Chief-Justice -of the United States, died at his home in Washington -City. The death of this able jurist imposed on President -Cleveland the duty of naming his successor. Judge Melville -W. Fuller, of Chicago, was appointed, and confirmed on the -30th of April, 1888.</p> - -<p>21. During the whole of Cleveland's administration, the -public mind was swayed and excited by the movements of -politics. The universality of partisan newspapers, the combination -in their columns of all the news of the world with the -invectives and misrepresentations of party leaders, kept political<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span> -questions constantly uppermost to the detriment of social progress -and industrial interests. Scarcely had President Cleveland -entered upon his office as chief magistrate when the -question of the succession to the Presidency was agitated.</p> - -<p>22. By the last year of the administration it was seen that -there would be no general break-up of the existing parties. -It was also perceived that the issues between them must be -<i>made</i> rather than found in the existing state of affairs. The -sentiment in the United States in favor of the Constitutional -prohibition of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors -had become somewhat extended and intensified since the last -general election. But the discerning eye might perceive that -the real issue was between the Republican and Democratic -parties.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Protective Tariff.</b></div> - -<p>23. One issue, however, had a living and -practical relation to affairs, and that was the -question of <span class="smcap">Protection to American Industry</span>. -Since the campaign of 1884, the agitation had been -gradually extended. At the opening of the session, in 1887, -the President, in his annual message to Congress, devoted -the whole document to the discussion of the single question -of a <i>Reform of the Revenue System</i> of the United States. -The existing rates of duty on imported articles of commerce -had so greatly augmented the income of the Government, that -a large surplus had accumulated in the treasury of the United -States. This fact was made the basis of the President's argument -in favor of a new system of revenue, or at least an ample -reduction in the tariff rates under the old. It was immediately -charged by the Republicans, that the project in question -meant the substitution of the system of Free Trade in the -United States as against the system of protective duties. The -question thus involved was made the bottom issue in the -Presidential campaign of 1888.</p> - -<p>24. The Democratic National Convention was held in St. -Louis on the 5th day of June, 1888, and Mr. Cleveland was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> -renominated by acclamation. For the Vice-presidential nomination -the choice fell on ex-Senator Allen G. Thurman, of -Ohio. The Republican National Convention was held in -Chicago, on the 19th day of June. Many candidates were -ardently pressed upon the body, and the contest was long and -spirited. The voting was continued to the eighth ballot, -when the choice fell upon Benjamin Harrison, of Indiana. -In the evening, Levi P. Morton, of New York, was nominated -for the Vice-presidency on the first ballot.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Party Platforms.</b></div> - -<p>25. In the mean time, the Prohibition party had held its -National Convention at Indianapolis, and on the 30th of May -had nominated for the Presidency General Clinton B. Fisk, of -New Jersey, and for the Vice-presidency John -A. Brooks, of Missouri. The Democratic platform -declared for a reform of the revenue system -of the United States, and reaffirmed the principle of adjusting -the tariff on imports with strict regard to the actual needs -of governmental expenditure. The Republican platform declared -also for a reform of the tariff schedule, but at the same -time stoutly affirmed the maintenance of the protective system -as a part of the permanent policy of the United States. Both -parties deferred to the patriotic sentiment of the country in favor -of the soldiers. The Prohibitionists entered the campaign, on -the distinct proposition that the manufacture and sale of intoxicating -liquors should be prohibited throughout the United -States by Constitutional amendment. To this was added a -clause in favor of extending the right of suffrage to women.</p> - -<p>26. As the canvass progressed during the summer and autumn -of 1888, it became evident that the result was in doubt. The -contest was exceedingly close. The result showed success for -the Republican candidate. He received 233 electoral votes, -against 168 votes for Mr. Cleveland. The latter, however, appeared -to a better advantage on the popular count, having a -considerable majority over General Harrison. General Fisk, -the Prohibition candidate, received nearly three hundred thou<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span>sand -votes; but, under the system of voting, no electoral vote -of any State was obtained for him.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Four New States.</b></div> - -<p>27. The last days of Cleveland's administration -and of the Fiftieth Congress were signalized -by the admission into the Union of -<span class="smcap">Four New States</span>, making the number forty-two. In 1887 -the question of dividing Dakota Territory by a line running -east and west was agitated, and the measure finally prevailed. -Steps were taken by the people of both sections for admission -into the Union. Montana, with her 146,080 square miles of -territory, had meanwhile acquired a sufficient population; and -Washington Territory, with its area of 69,180 square miles, also -knocked for admission. In the closing days of the Fiftieth -Congress a bill was passed raising all of these four Territories—South -Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, and Washington—to -the plane of Statehood. The Act contemplated the adoption -of State Constitutions, and a proclamation of admission by -the next President. It thus happened that the honor of bringing -in this great addition to the States of the Union was divided -between the outgoing and incoming administrations.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Agricultural Department.</b></div> - -<p>28. Another Act of Congress was also of -national importance. Hitherto the government -had been administered through seven -departments, at the head of each of which was placed a Cabinet -officer, the seven together constituting the advisers of the -President. Early in 1889 a measure was brought forward in -Congress, and adopted, for the institution of a new department, -to be called the Department of Agriculture. Practically -the measure involved the elevation of what had previously -been an Agricultural Bureau in the Department of the Interior, -to the rank of a Cabinet office. Hitherto, though agriculture -has been the greatest of all the producing interests of the -people, it has been neglected for more political and less useful -departments of American life and enterprise.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LV" id="CHAPTER_LV"></a>CHAPTER LV.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Harrison's Administration</span>, 1889- ——.</h3> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">BENJAMIN Harrison, twenty-third President of the -United States, was born at North Bend, Ohio, on the 20th -of August, 1833. He is a grandson of President William -Henry Harrison, and a great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison, -signer of the Declaration of -Independence.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig119.jpg" alt="Benjamin Harrison."/> -<p class="caption center">Benjamin Harrison.</p> -</div> - -<p>2. Harrison's early home -was on a farm. He was a -student at the institution -called Farmers' College, for -two years. Afterwards, he -attended Miami University, -at Oxford, Ohio, and was -graduated therefrom in June, -1852. He took in marriage -the daughter of Dr. John W. -Scott, President of the University. -After a course of -study, he entered the profession -of law, removed to Indianapolis, and established himself -in that city. With the outbreak of the war he became a -soldier of the Union, and rose to the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General -of Volunteers. Before the close of the war, he was -elected Reporter of the decisions of the Supreme Court of -Indiana.</p> - -<p>3. In the period following the Civil War, General Harrison -rose to distinction as a civilian. In 1876 he was the unsuccessful -candidate of the Republican party for governor of I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span>ndiana. -In 1881 he was elected to the United States Senate, -where he won the reputation of a leader and statesman. In -1884, his name was prominently mentioned in connection with -the Presidency; and in 1888 it was found that he, more than -any other, combined in himself all the elements of a successful -candidate. The event justified the choice of the party in -making him the standard-bearer in the ensuing campaign.</p> - -<p>4. General Harrison was inaugurated President on the 4th of -March, 1889. His Cabinet appointments were as follows: -Secretary of State, James G. Blaine, of Maine; Secretary of -the Treasury, William Windom, of Minnesota; Secretary of -War, Redfield Proctor, of Vermont; Secretary of the Navy, -Benjamin F. Tracy, of New York; Postmaster-General, John -Wanamaker, of Pennsylvania; Secretary of the Interior, John -W. Noble, of Missouri; Attorney-General, William H. H. -Miller, of Indiana; and Secretary of Agriculture—the new -department—Jeremiah Rusk, of Wisconsin.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Affairs in Oklahoma.</b></div> - -<p>5. As the more fertile and accessible public -lands in the Mississippi valley were gradually -taken up, new settlers began to cast envious -eyes upon Indian Territory, and especially upon a central -region, called Oklahoma, or the "beautiful country," which -was supposed to be very fertile. Several illegal attempts were -made by bands of adventurers to settle upon these lands, and -the military had been employed to eject the "Oklahoma -Boomers," as the intruders were called.</p> - -<p>6. The Indian title to Oklahoma had gradually been acquired -by the United States, and one of the first acts of President -Harrison was to issue a proclamation declaring that this -region, embracing nearly 3000 square miles, should be thrown -open to public settlement at noon of April 22, 1889.</p> - -<p>7. As this date approached, settlers to the number of over -ten thousand collected and formed camps along the southern -boundary of Kansas, and, at the hour named, made a -wild race to Oklahoma across the intervening strip of Indian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> -Territory. Towns were started in several localities, and within -a few days the region had a population of more than 30,000. -Though the country proved somewhat less fertile than had -been supposed, the new community continued to grow, and -the following year, with greatly enlarged boundaries and -a population of 62,000, was organized as the Territory of -Oklahoma.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Centennial of the Republic.</b></div> - -<p>8. Within two months after Harrison's inauguration -occurred the <span class="smcap">Centennial of the -American Republic</span>. On the 30th of April, -1789, the Father of his Country had taken the oath of office and -entered upon his duties as first President of the United States, and -the corresponding date in 1889 was fixed upon for the centennial -celebration of the event. The holidays in the metropolis -included the 29th and 30th days of April and the 1st day of -May. The event drew to New York the largest concourse of -people ever seen at one place within the limits of the United -States. Fully half a million strangers visited the city and were -present at the ceremonies.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Samoan Difficulty.</b></div> - -<p>9. The close of the year 1888 and the beginning -of 1889 were marked by a dangerous -complication between the United States and -Germany relative to the Samoan Islands. In order to settle -the difficulty, the President of the United States sent three -commissioners to Berlin, to confer with the German Government. -The result was wholly satisfactory to the United States. -The attitude and demand of the American Government in -favor of the independence of Samoa, under its native sovereign, -were supported by the decision of the commissioners, and the -difficulty ended with the recognition of King Malietoa.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Johnstown Inundation.</b></div> - -<p>10. The last week of May, 1889, was memorable in the history -of our country for the destruction of Johnstown, Pennsylvania. -That city lay at the junction of a stream, known as the -South Fork, with the Conemaugh River. Several miles up the -South Fork some wealthy fishermen had constructed a dam and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span> -a reservoir, where the waters had accumulated -in an immense volume. The level of the -lake was high above the valley and the city. -During the last days of May heavy rains fell, and the country -was inundated. On the afternoon of the 31st of the month, -the dam which held the lake in place was burst asunder, and -the deluge of waters poured suddenly down the valley. Everything -was swept away by the flood. Johnstown, a manufacturing -city, was totally wrecked, and thrown in an indescribable -mass against the aqueduct of the Pennsylvania Railway below -the town. Here the ruins caught fire, and the wild shrieks of -hundreds of miserable victims were heard above the roar of -the deluge and the conflagration. The heart of the nation -responded quickly to the sufferings of the people, and millions -of dollars in money and supplies were poured into the -Conemaugh valley to relieve the destitution of those who survived -the calamity.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The McKinley Bill.</b></div> - -<p>11. The work of the fifty-first Congress was -marked with much partisan bitterness and excitement. -The first question which occupied -the attention of the body was the revision of the tariff. On this -question the political parties were strongly opposed to each other. -The policy of the Republican party, though the platform of -1888 had declared for a revision of the tariff, was favorable to -the perpetuation of the protective system as a part of the permanent -policy of the Government. The Democrats favored -a great reduction in the existing rates of duties, and the -ultimate adoption of the principle of free trade. What was -known as the McKinley Bill was introduced into Congress, and -finally adopted, by which the Republican policy was incorporated -as a part of the governmental system. The average rate -of import duties was raised from about forty-seven per cent. to -more than fifty-three per cent.; but in a few instances the existing -duties were abolished, and in the case of raw sugar a -bounty to the producers was provided instead.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Counting a Quorum.</b></div> - -<p>12. Early in the session a serious difficulty -arose in the House of Representatives between -the Democrats and the Speaker, Thomas B. -Reed, of Maine. The Republican majority in the House was -not large, and the minority were easily able in matters of party -legislation to break the quorum by refusing to vote. In order -to counteract this policy, a new system of rules was reported -empowering the Speaker to count the minority as present -whether voting or not, and thus to compel a quorum. These -rules were violently resisted by the Democrats, and Speaker -Reed was denounced by his opponents as an unjust officer. It -was under the provision of the new rule that nearly all of the -party measures of the fifty-first Congress were adopted.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Force Bill.</b></div> - -<p>13. One of the most important of these was -the attempt to pass through Congress what -was known as the Force Bill, by which it was -proposed to transfer the control of the Congressional elections -in the States of the Union, from State to National authority. -This measure provoked the strongest opposition, part of which -arose within the Republican party. In the Senate certain Republicans -refused to support the bill, and it was finally laid -aside for the consideration of other business.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Free Coinage of Silver.</b></div> - -<p>14. A third measure was the attempt to restore -silver to a perfect equality with gold in -the coinage of the country. Since 1874 there -had been an increasing difference in the purchasing power of -the two money metals of the country. That is, the purchasing -power of gold had, in the last fifteen years, risen about fifteen -per cent., while the purchasing power of silver had fallen about -five per cent. in the markets of the world. One class of theorists, -assuming that gold is the only invariable standard of -values, insisted that this difference in the purchasing power of -the two metals had risen wholly from a depreciation in the price -of silver; while the opposing class argued that the difference -had arisen most largely from an increase in the purchasing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span> -power of gold, and that equal legislation and equal favor shown -to the two money metals would bring them to par, the one with -the other, and keep them in that relation in the markets of -the world.</p> - -<p>15. The advocates of free coinage claimed that the laws discriminating -against silver and in favor of gold were impolitic, -unjust, and un-American. They urged that the free coinage -of silver would be of vast advantage to the financial interests -of the country. This view, however, was strongly opposed by -the money centers and by the fund-holding classes, to whom -the payment of all debts according to the highest standard of -value—that is, in gold only—was a fundamental principle. -A bill for the free coinage of silver was passed by the Senate, -but rejected by the House, and the question was handed over -to the next Congress.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Idaho and Wyoming.</b></div> - -<p>16. This Congress passed the necessary acts -for the admission of Idaho and Wyoming as -the forty-third and forty-fourth States respectively. -Idaho was admitted with a population of 84,385, -on the 3d of July, 1890; while on the 10th of the same month -60,705 souls were added to the Union with the State of Wyoming.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The Eleventh Census.</b></div> - -<p>17. The Eleventh Decennial Census of the -United States was taken in June, 1890. Its -results indicated that the population of the -country had increased to 62,622,250, exclusive of Indians not -taxed, and whites in Alaska and Indian Territory. These swell -the grand total to about 63,000,000 souls. Indiana was found -to contain 2,195,404 inhabitants, and to include, near the -hamlet of Westport in Decatur County, the center of population -of the United States.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Death of General Sheridan.</b></div> - -<p>18. Meanwhile three other great leaders of -the Civil War passed away by death. On the -5th of August, 1888, Lieutenant-General Sheridan, -at that time Commander-in-chief of the American army, -died at his home in Nonquitt, Massachusetts. Few other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span> -generals of the Union army had won greater admiration and -higher honors. He was in many senses a model soldier, and -his death at the comparatively early age of fifty-seven was -the occasion of great grief throughout the country.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Death of General Sherman.</b></div> - -<p>19. Still more conspicuous was the fall of -General William T. Sherman. Among the -Union commanders in the great Civil War he -stood easily next to Grant in greatness and reputation. In -vast and varied abilities, particularly in military accomplishment, -he was perhaps superior to all. Born in 1820, he reached -the mature age of seventy-one, and died at his home in New -York on the 14th day of February, 1891. The event produced -a profound impression. Sherman, more than any other -great military captain of his time, had shunned and put aside -political ambition. Of his sterling patriotism there was never -a doubt. As to his wonderful abilities, all men were agreed. -His remains were taken under escort from New York to St. -Louis, where they were deposited in the family burying -grounds in Mount Calvary cemetery.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>Death of General Johnston.</b></div> - -<p>20. After the death of General Sherman, -only two commanders of the first class remained -on the stage of action from the great -Civil War—both Confederates. These were Generals Joseph -E. Johnston and James Longstreet. The former of these was -destined to follow his rival and conqueror at an early day to -the land of rest. General Johnston, who had been an honorary -pall bearer at the funeral of Sherman, contracted a heavy -cold on that occasion, which resulted in his death on the 20th -of February, 1891, at his home in Washington City. General -Johnston was in his eighty-third year at the time of his -decease. Among the Confederate commanders none were his -superiors, with the single exception of Lee. After the close -of the war, his conduct had been of a kind to win the confidence -of Union men; and at the time of his death he was -held in almost universal honor.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><b>The New Orleans Massacre.</b></div> - -<p>21. In February of 1891 a serious event -occurred in the city of New Orleans. There -existed in that metropolis a secret social organization -among the Italians, known as the Mafia Society. -The principles of the brotherhood involved mutual protection -and even the law of revenge against enemies. Several breaks -occurred between members of the society and the police authorities -of the city, and the latter, by arrest and prosecution, -incurred the dislike and hatred of the former. The difficulty -grew until at length Captain David C. Hennessey, chief of the -police, was assassinated by some secret murderer or murderers, -who for the time escaped detection. It was believed, however, -that the Mafia Society was at the bottom of the assassination, -and several members of the brotherhood were arrested under -the charge of murder.</p> - -<p>22. A trial followed, and the circumstances tended to establish -the guilt of the prisoners. But the proof was not positive, -and the first three of those on trial were acquitted. A great -excitement followed this decision, and charges were published -that the jury had been bribed or terrorized with threats into -making a false verdict. On the following day a public meeting -was called, and a great crowd gathered around the statue of -Henry Clay, standing in one of the public squares. Speeches -were made. A mob was organized and directed against the -jail where the Italian prisoners were confined. The jail was -entered by force. The prisoners were driven from their cells, -and nine of them were shot to death in the court of the prison. -Two others were dragged forth and hanged. Nor can it be -doubted that the innocent as well as the guilty suffered in the -slaughter.</p> - -<p>23. The event was followed by intense public excitement. -The affair became of national, and then of international, importance. -The Italian minister, Baron Fava, at Washington, -entered his solemn protest against the killing of his countrymen, -and the American Secretary of State communicated with King<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span> -Humbert on the subject. The Italian societies in other American -cities passed angry resolutions against the destruction of -their fellow-countrymen by the mob; and the newspapers of -the country teemed with discussions of the subject. Threats -of war were heard between Italy and the United States; but -the more thoughtful looked with confidence to the settlement -of the question by peaceable means.</p> - -<p>24. <span class="smcap">The History of our Country</span> has thus been traced -from the times of the aborigines to the present day. The story is -done. The Republic has passed through stormy times, but has -at last entered her second century in safety and peace. The -clouds that were recently so black overhead have broken, and -are sinking behind the horizon. The equality of all men before -the law has been written with the iron pen of war in the Constitution -of the Nation. The Union of the States has been -consecrated anew by the blood of patriots and the tears of -the lowly. The temple of freedom reared by our fathers still -stands in undiminished glory. <span class="smcap">The Past has taught its -Lesson; the Present has its Duty; and the Future -its Hope.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span></span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><span class="smcap">Review Questions.—Part VII.</span></h2> - - -<h3>CHAPTER L.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>1. Tell about the thirteenth amendment.</li> -<li>2. Trace the reconstruction measures of President Johnson's administration.</li> -<li>3. Give an account of the purchase of Alaska.</li> -<li>4. Tell about the Atlantic cable.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER LI.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>5. Give an account of the adoption of the fourteenth and fifteenth -amendments.</li> -<li>6. Detail the Alabama Claims controversy and tell how it was settled.</li> -<li>7. Tell about the great fires of 1871-72.</li> -<li>8. Outline the Indian troubles with the Modocs and the Sioux.</li> -<li>9. Give an account of the Credit Mobilier.</li> -<li>10. Tell about the Centennial exposition.</li> -<li>11. Give an account of the contested election of 1876, and how it was -adjusted.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER LII.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>12. Tell about the railroad strikes in the early part of President Hayes's -administration.</li> -<li>13. Give an account of the troubles with the Nez Percé Indians.</li> -<li>14. Give the leading Congressional measures of these four years.</li> -<li>15. Tell about General Grant's tour around the world.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER LIII.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>16. Give an account of the presidency and death of Garfield.</li> -<li>17. Outline the presidency of Arthur and the progress of applied science -during his term of office.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER LIV.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>18. State the general condition and trace the measures of Cleveland's -administration.</li> -<li>19. Tell about the Charleston earthquake.</li> -<li>20. What great leaders of the Civil War died during these four years?</li> -</ul> - -<h3>CHAPTER LV.</h3> - -<ul> -<li>21. Give an account of the election of President Harrison, and of his -entrance upon office.</li> -<li>22. Summarize the leading events which have occurred during his administration.</li> -</ul> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX.</h2> - -<h3><a name="CONSTITUTION_OF_THE_UNITED_STATES" id="CONSTITUTION_OF_THE_UNITED_STATES"></a>CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.</h3> - - -<p>We, the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect -union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common -defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of -liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution -for the United States of North America.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE I.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span>—All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a -Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House -of Representatives.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span>—The House of Representatives shall be composed of members -chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors -in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the -most numerous branch of the State legislature.</p> - -<p>No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age -of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, -and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which -he shall be chosen.</p> - -<p>Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several -States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective -numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number -of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and -excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons. The actual -enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of -the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term -of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of -representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand; but each -State shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration -shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span> -three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, -one; Connecticut, five; New York, six; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, -eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six; Virginia, ten; North Carolina, -five; South Carolina, five; and Georgia, three.</p> - -<p>When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive -authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.</p> - -<p>The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers; -and shall have the sole power of impeachment.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span>—The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two -senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; -and each senator shall have one vote.</p> - -<p>Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first -election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three classes. -The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration -of the second year; of the second class, at the expiration of the fourth -year; and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one -third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen, by -resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any State, -the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next -meeting of the legislature which shall then fill such vacancies.</p> - -<p>No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of -thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who -shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall -be chosen.</p> - -<p>The Vice-president of the United States shall be president of the Senate, -but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.</p> - -<p>The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president <i>pro -tempore</i>, in the absence of the Vice-president, or when he shall exercise -the office as President of the United States.</p> - -<p>The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When -sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the -President of the United States is tried, the chief-justice shall preside; and -no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the -members present.</p> - -<p>Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal -from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, -trust, or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall, -nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and -punishment, according to law.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span>—The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators -and representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the legisla<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span>ture -thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter -such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators.</p> - -<p>The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and such -meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by -law appoint a different day.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span>—Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and -qualifications of its own members; and a majority of each shall constitute -a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to -day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, -in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide.</p> - -<p>Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members -for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, -expel a member.</p> - -<p>Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to -time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require -secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on -any question, shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered -on the journal.</p> - -<p>Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent -of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place -than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span>—The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation -for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury -of the United States. They shall, in all cases except treason, felony, -and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance -on the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning -from the same; and, for any speech or debate in either house, they shall -not be questioned in any other place.</p> - -<p>No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was -elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United -States which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall -have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office -under the United States shall be a member of either house during his -continuance in office.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span>—All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of -Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, -as on other bills.</p> - -<p>Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and -the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of -the United States; if he approve he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span> -it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who -shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider -it. If, after such reconsideration, two thirds of that house shall -agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the -other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and, if approved -by two thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But, in all such cases, -the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the -names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on -the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned -by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have -been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had -signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in -which case it shall not be a law.</p> - -<p>Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate -and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of -adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the United States; -and, before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being -disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and -House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed -in the case of a bill.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span>—The Congress shall have power:—<br /> - -To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts, -and provide for the common defense and general welfare, of the United -States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout -the United States:</p> - -<p>To borrow money on the credit of the United States:</p> - -<p>To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several -States, and with the Indian tribes:</p> - -<p>To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the -subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States:</p> - -<p>To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix -the standard of weights and measures:</p> - -<p>To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current -coin of the United States:</p> - -<p>To establish post-offices and post-roads:</p> - -<p>To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for -limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective -writings and discoveries:</p> - -<p>To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court:</p> - -<p>To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, -and offenses against the law of nations:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span></p> - -<p>To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules -concerning captures on land and water:</p> - -<p>To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use -shall be for a longer term than two years:</p> - -<p>To provide and maintain a navy:</p> - -<p>To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval -forces:</p> - -<p>To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, -suppress insurrections, and repel invasions:</p> - -<p>To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for -governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the -United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the -officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline -prescribed by Congress:</p> - -<p>To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district -(not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular -States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of -the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased -by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, -for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful -buildings:—And</p> - -<p>To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into -execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution -in the government of the United States, or in any department or -officer thereof.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span>—The migration or importation of such persons, as any of the -States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited -by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight; -but a tax, or duty, may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten -dollars for each person.</p> - -<p>The privilege of the writ of <i>habeas corpus</i> shall not be suspended, unless -when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.</p> - -<p>No bill of attainder or <i>ex post facto</i> law shall be passed.</p> - -<p>No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to -the census, or enumeration, hereinbefore directed to be taken.</p> - -<p>No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No -preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the -ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or -from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties, in another.</p> - -<p>No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of -appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span> -receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time -to time.</p> - -<p>No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person -holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent -of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any -kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span>—No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; -grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; -make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; -pass any bill of attainder, <i>ex post facto</i> law, or law impairing the obligation -of contracts; or grant any title of nobility.</p> - -<p>No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or -duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary -for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and -imposts laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of -the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to -the revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without the consent -of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in -time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State or -with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such -imminent danger as will not admit of delay.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE II.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span>—The executive power shall be vested in a President of -the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term -of four years, and together with the Vice-president, chosen for the same -term, be elected as follows:—</p> - -<p>Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may -direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of senators and -representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but -no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit -under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.</p> - -<p>The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for -two persons, of whom one, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same -State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons -voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign -and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the -United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of -the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, -open all the certificates; and the votes shall then be counted. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span> -person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such -number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if -there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number -of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose, -by ballot, one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, -then, from the five highest on the list, the said house shall, in like manner, -choose the President. But, in choosing the President, the votes shall be -taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a -quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two -thirds of the States; and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to -a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person -having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be Vice-president. -But, if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the -Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the Vice-president.</p> - -<p>The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the -day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same -throughout the United States.</p> - -<p>No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States -at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the -office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who -shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen -years a resident within the United States.</p> - -<p>In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, -resignation, or inability to discharge the powers or duties of the said -office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-president; and the Congress -may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, -both of the President and Vice-president, declaring what officer -shall then act as President; and such officer shall act accordingly, until -the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.</p> - -<p>The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, -which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period -for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive within that -period any other emolument from the United States or any of them.</p> - -<p>Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following -oath or affirmation:—</p> - -<p>"I do solemnly swear (or affirm), that I will faithfully execute the office -of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, -protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span>—The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and -navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when -called into the actual service of the United States; he may require<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span> -the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive -departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective -offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for -offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.</p> - -<p>He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, -to make treaties, provided two thirds of the senators present concur; and -he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, -shall appoint, ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, judges of -the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments -are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established -by law; but the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of -such inferior officers as they think proper, in the President alone, in the -courts of law, or in the heads of departments.</p> - -<p>The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen -during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire -at the end of their next session.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span>—He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information -of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such -measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary -occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and, in case of -disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he -may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive -ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws -be faithfully executed; and shall commission all the officers of the United -States.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span>—The President, Vice-president, and all civil officers of the -United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction -of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE III.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span>—The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in -a Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from -time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and -inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior; and shall, at -stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be -diminished during their continuance in office.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span>—The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and -equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span> -treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases -affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of -admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United -States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States, between -a State and citizens of another State, between citizens of different -States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of -different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign -States, citizens, or subjects.</p> - -<p>In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, -and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have -original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme -Court shall have appellate jurisdiction both as to law and fact, with such -exceptions, and under such regulations, as the Congress shall make.</p> - -<p>The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; -and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have -been committed; but, when not committed within any State, the trial shall -be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span>—Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying -war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and -comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony -of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.</p> - -<p>The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, -but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, -except during the life of the person attainted.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE IV.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span>—Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the -public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And -the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such -acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span>—The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges -and immunities of citizens in the several States.</p> - -<p>A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who -shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of -the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, -to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.</p> - -<p>No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws thereof, -escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span> -therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered -up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span>—New States may be admitted by the Congress into this -Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction -of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two -or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislature of -the States concerned, as well as of the Congress.</p> - -<p>The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules -and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the -United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as -to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span>—The United States shall guarantee to every State in this -Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them -against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive -(when the legislature can not be convened), against domestic violence.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE V.</p> - -<p>The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, -shall propose amendments to this Constitution; or, on the application -of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a convention -for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid, -to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by -the legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by conventions -in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may -be proposed by the Congress; Provided, that no amendment, which may -be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in -any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the -first article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its -equal suffrage in the Senate.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE VI.</p> - -<p>All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption -of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this -Constitution as under the Confederation.</p> - -<p>This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be -made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, -under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the -land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in -the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span></p> - -<p>The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members -of the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both -of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or -affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever -be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United -States.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE VII.</p> - -<p>The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for -the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the -same.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p><i>Done in Convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the -seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven -hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States -of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed -our names.</i></p> - -<div class="right"> -<span class="smcap">George Washington</span>, <i>President,<br /> -and Deputy from Virginia</i>.<br /> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">New Hampshire.</span>—John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Massachusetts.</span>—Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Connecticut.</span>—William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">New York.</span>—Alexander Hamilton.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">New Jersey.</span>—William Livingston, David Bearly, William Patterson, -Jonathan Dayton.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Pennsylvania.</span>—Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, -George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, -Gouverneur Morris.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Delaware.</span>—George Read, Gunning Bedford, Jr., John Dickinson, -Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Maryland.</span>—James McHenry, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Daniel -Carroll.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Virginia.</span>—John Blair, James Madison, Jr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">North Carolina.</span>—William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh -Williamson.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">South Carolina.</span>—John Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, -Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Georgia.</span>—William Few, Abraham Baldwin.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<i>Attest</i>:</div> <div class="right"><span class="smcap">William Jackson</span>, <i>Secretary</i>.</div> -</blockquote> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="AMENDMENTS_TO_THE_CONSTITUTION" id="AMENDMENTS_TO_THE_CONSTITUTION">AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.</a></h2> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center">ARTICLE I.</p> - -<p>Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or -prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech -or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to -petition the government for a redress of grievances.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE II.</p> - -<p>A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, -the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE III.</p> - -<p>No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the -consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed -by law.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE IV.</p> - -<p>The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, -and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; -and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by -oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, -and the person or things to be seized.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE V.</p> - -<p>No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous -crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in -cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual -service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject, -for the same offense, to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor -shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span> -nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; -nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE VI.</p> - -<p>In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy -and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the -crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously -ascertained by law; and to be informed of the nature and cause of the -accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have -compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the -assistance of counsel for his defense.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE VII.</p> - -<p>In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed -twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact -tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United -States than according to the rules of the common law.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE VIII.</p> - -<p>Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor -cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE IX.</p> - -<p>The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed -to deny or disparage others retained by the people.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE X.</p> - -<p>The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor -prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to -the people.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE XI.</p> - -<p>The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend -to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span> -of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects -of any foreign State.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE XII.</p> - -<p>The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for -President and Vice-president, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant -of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots -the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted -for as Vice-president; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons -voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-president, and -of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify and -transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed -to the president of the Senate; the president of the Senate shall, in the -presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, -and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest -number of votes for President shall be President, if such number be a -majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person -have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, -not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House -of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. -But, in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation -from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose -shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the States, and -a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the -House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right -of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next -following, then the Vice-president shall act as President, as in the case of -the death or other constitutional disability of the President.</p> - -<p>The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-president -shall be the Vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole -number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then -from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the -Vice-president; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two thirds of -the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall -be necessary to a choice.</p> - -<p>But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall -be eligible to that of Vice-president of the United States.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE XIII.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span>—Neither slavery nor voluntary servitude, except as a -punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span> -shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their -jurisdiction.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span>—Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate -legislation.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE XIV.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span>—All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and -subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of -the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law -which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United -States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, -without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction -the equal protection of the laws.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span>—Representatives shall be apportioned among the several -States, according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number -of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the -right to vote at any election for choice of electors for President and Vice-president -of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive -and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, -is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State being twenty-one -years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, -except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation -therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of -such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one -years of age in such State.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span>—No person shall be a senator, or representative in Congress, -or elector of President and Vice-president, or hold any office, civil or military, -under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously -taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, -or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer -of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have -engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or -comfort to the enemies thereof; but Congress may, by a vote of two thirds -of each house, remove such disability.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span>—The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized -by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions, and bounties -for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be -questioned. But neither the United States, nor any State, shall assume or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span> -pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion -against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of -any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal -and void.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span>—The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate -legislation the provisions of this Article.</p> - - -<p class="center">ARTICLE XV.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span>—The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall -not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account -of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span>—The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate -legislation.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.</h2> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">A</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Abercrombie</b>, General, defeat of, at Ticonderoga, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Abraham</b>, Plains of, battle of, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Acadia</b>, named, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">conquered by the English, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Acadians</b>, exile of the, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Act</b>, the Importation, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">the Stamp, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">the Embargo, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">the Conscription, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">the Resumption, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Adams</b>, John, predicts American Independence, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">nominates Washington, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">on Declaration Committee, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Commissioner to Paris, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">elected first Vice-president, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">reelected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">elected President, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_211">211-213</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Adams</b>, John Quincy, Secretary of State, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">elected President, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Adams</b>, Samuel, at Boston town-meeting, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Agricultural</b> Department, established, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Aix-la-Chapelle</b>, treaty of, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Alabama</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Alabama Claims</b>, the, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Alabama</b>, depredations by the, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Alaska</b>, purchase of, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Algiers</b>, tribute paid to, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">subdued by Decatur, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Alexander</b>, Pope, gives New World to Spain, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Algonquins</b>, regions inhabited by the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Allen</b>, Ethan, captures Fort Ticonderoga, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>America</b>, discovery of, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">derivation of name, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Amendments</b> to the Constitution, fourteenth and fifteenth, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Amherst</b>, general-in-chief of American forces, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Amnesty</b> proclamation, the, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Anarchists</b>, the Chicago, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Anderson</b>, Robert, defends Fort Sumter, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>André</b>, John, capture of, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Andros</b>, Sir Edmund, royal governor of New England, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">demands surrender of Connecticut charter, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">governor of New York, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">treaty of with the Iroquois, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Antietam</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Anti-Federalist</b> party, the, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Appomattox</b> Courthouse, surrender at, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Arctic</b> expeditions, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Argall</b>, Samuel, abducts Pocahontas, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">expedition against Acadia, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">elected governor of Virginia, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Arizona</b> Territory, organization of, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Arkansas</b>, organization of Territory, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">admission of State, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Arlington</b>, Earl of, grant of Virginia to, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">surrenders claim to Culpepper, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Arnold</b>, Benedict, at Ticonderoga, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">expedition against Canada, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at camp on Delaware, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Bemis's Heights, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">treason of, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in British army, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Arthur</b>, Chester A., elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">becomes President, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_346">346-349</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Atlanta</b>, capture of, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Aztecs</b>, regions inhabited by the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">B</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Bacon</b>, Nathaniel, rebellion led by, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Balboa</b> discovers the Pacific, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Ball's</b> Bluff, battle of, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Baltimore</b>, Lord, secures charter for New Maryland, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Baltimore</b>, siege of, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">mob at fire on Union soldiers, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Bank</b> of North America, organization of, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Bank</b> of the United States, organization of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">rechartered, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">rechartering vetoed by Jackson, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">rechartering vetoed by Tyler, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Banks</b>, N. P., in West Virginia, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">captures Port Hudson, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Red River expedition of, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Barclay</b>, Commodore, on Lake Erie, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Battle</b> of Antietam, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Atlanta, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Ball's Bluff, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Bemis's Heights, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Bennington, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Brandywine, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Brier Creek, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Buena Vista, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Bull Run, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Bunker Hill, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Champion Hills, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Chippewa, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Chrysler's Field, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Churubusco, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">City of Mexico, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Cold Harbor, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Corinth, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Cowpens, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Eutaw Springs, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Fair Oaks, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Five Oaks, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Fort Edward, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Fort Meigs, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Fort Stephenson, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Fredericksburg, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Frenchtown, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Germantown, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Guilford Courthouse, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Kenesaw Mountain, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">King's Mountain, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Lake Erie, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Long Island, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Lundy's Lane, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Malvern Hill, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Monmouth, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Monterey, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Murfreesborough, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Nashville, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">New Orleans, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Palo Alto, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Plains of Abraham, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Plattsburgh, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Princeton, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Queenstown, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Resaca de la Palma, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Sag Harbor, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Sander's Creek, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">San Gabriel, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Saratoga, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Savannah, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Shiloh, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Spottsylvania Courthouse, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Talladega, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Thames, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Tippecanoe, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Trenton, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Vicksburg, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">White Plains, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Wilson's Creek, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Yorktown, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Beecher</b>, Henry Ward, death of, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Bell</b>, A. Graham, inventor of telephone, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Bellomont</b>, Earl of, governor of New York, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Bemis's</b> Heights, battle of, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Bennington</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Berkeley</b>, Sir William, governor of Virginia, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">elected by burgesses, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">rebellion against, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">oppression by, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">grant of New Jersey to, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sells interest, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Beverley</b>, Robert, royalist captain, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Black</b> Hawk War, the, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Blaine</b>, James G., Secretary of State under Garfield, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">nominated for President, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Secretary of State under Harrison, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Block</b>, Adrian, explorations by, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Body</b> of Liberties, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Boone</b>, Daniel, colonizes Kentucky, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Booth</b>, John Wilkes, assassinates Lincoln, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Boston</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">occupied by British, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">massacre at, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">tea party, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Port Bill, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">siege of, <a href="#Page_159">159-164</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">fire in, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Braddock</b>, Edward, arrives in America, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">defeat and death of, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Bradford</b>, John, landing of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Bradford</b>, William, governor of Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Bragg</b>, Braxton, at Murfreesborough, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Brandywine</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Breckinridge</b>, John C., elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">commands Confederate cavalry, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Breed's</b> Hill, fortification of, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Brier</b> Creek, battle of, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Brooklyn</b> Bridge, construction of the, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Brown</b>, John, insurrection led by, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Bryant</b>, William Cullen, death of, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Buchanan</b>, James, Secretary of State, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">elected President, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_275">275-277</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Buckner</b>, S. B., defends Fort Donelson, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Buena</b> Vista, battle of, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Bull</b> Run, battles of, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Bunker</b> Hill, battle of, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Burgesses</b>, House of, organized, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">scene in, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Burgoyne</b>, Gen., campaign of, <a href="#Page_172">172-175</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">surrender of, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Burnside</b>, Ambrose E., takes command of Army of the Potomac, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Fredericksburg, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Burr</b>, Aaron, elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">duel with Hamilton, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">schemes of, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Butler</b>, Benjamin F., at New Orleans, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Fort Fisher, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">joins Grant at Bermuda Hundred, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">nominated for presidency, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">C</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cabinet</b>, the first, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cable</b>, Atlantic, laying of the, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cabot</b>, John, voyage and discoveries of, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cabot</b>, Sebastian, voyage and explorations of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Calhoun</b>, John C., Secretary of War, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">for nullification, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>California</b>, conquest of, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">discovery of gold in, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">admission of, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Californians</b>, regions inhabited by the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Calvert</b>, Sir Cecil, charter issued to, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Calvert</b>, Sir George, in Maryland, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cambridge</b>, named, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Canadian</b> insurrection, the, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Canonchet</b>, King, violates treaty, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Canonicus</b>, King of the Narragansetts, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Capitol</b> of the United States, location of the, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Carolinas</b>, history of the, <a href="#Page_125">125-127</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">separation of the, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Caroline</b>, firing of the, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Carteret</b>, Sir George, proprietor of New Jersey, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cartier</b>, James, voyages of, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Carver</b>, John, governor of the Pilgrims, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Census</b> of 1790 and 1800, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of 1810, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of 1870, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of 1880, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of 1890, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Centennial</b> Exposition, the, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Centennial</b> of the Republic, the, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cerro Gordo</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Champion Hills</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Champlain</b>, Lake, discovered, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">expedition to, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">abandoned by the French, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Champlain</b>, Samuel, voyages of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">founds Quebec, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">discovers Lake Champlain, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">governs New France, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Chancellorsville</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Chandler</b>, Zackariah, death of, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Chapultepec</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Charlesbourg</b>, Fort, settlement at, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Charleston</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">British repulsed at, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">taken by British, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">evacuated, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">taken by Sherman, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Charleston</b> earthquake, the, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Charter</b> Oak, the, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Charter</b> of New England, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Chase</b>, Salmon P., Secretary of the Treasury, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">as Chief-justice presides at impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Chen</b> Lan Pin, the Chinese Minister, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cherokees</b>, regions inhabited by the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">difficulties with the, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cherry Valley</b>, massacre at, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Chesapeake</b>, the affair of the, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Chesapeake Bay</b>, explored, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Chicago</b>, the great fire in, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">the Anarchists in, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Chickamauga</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Chicora</b>, first name of South Carolina, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Chinese</b> Embassy, establishment of the, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Chippewa</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Chrysler's</b> Field, battle of, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Churubusco</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Circumnavigation</b> of the globe, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Civil</b> Rights Bill, the, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Civil</b> Service Reform, the, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Civil</b> War, causes of the, <a href="#Page_284">284-287</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">history of the, <a href="#Page_281">281-319</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Clark</b>, George Rogers, campaigns of in the West, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Clarke</b>, William, expedition of, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Clay</b>, Henry, advocates Missouri Compromise, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">advocates Omnibus Bill, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Clayborne</b>, William, surveys of, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cleveland</b>, Grover, elected President, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_350">350-360</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">renominated, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">receives majority of popular vote, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Clinton</b>, Sir Henry, repulsed at New York, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">bombards Charleston, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at battle of Long Island, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Code</b> of Laws, given by London Company, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cold</b> Harbor, battle of, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Colonies</b>, the American, war of with Great Britain, <a href="#Page_157">157-198</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">independence of, <a href="#Page_165">165-197</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Colonization</b> Society, founded, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Colorado</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Columbia</b>, District of, organized, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Columbus</b>, Christopher, sketch of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">discovers America, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">other voyages of, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">misfortunes of, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">discovers Orinoco, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Comanches</b>, regions inhabited by the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Commerce</b>, aggressions on American, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Concessions</b>, account of the, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Concord</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Confederacy</b>, the Southern, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Confederation</b>, articles of, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">history of the, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Confederate</b> cruisers, depredations by, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Congress</b> of the Colonies, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">the Stamp Act, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">the First Continental, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">the Second Continental, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Conkling</b>, Roscoe, resigns seat in Senate, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Connecticut</b>, colonization of, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">history of, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">charter of, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">joins New England, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Conscription</b> in the North, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Constitution</b> of the United States, proposed, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">committee appointed, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">report of committee adopted, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">provisions of, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">adopted by the States, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Constitution</b>, the affair of the, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Continental</b> Army, organization of the, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Convention</b>, the Constitutional, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">the Hartford, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cooke</b>, Jay & Co., disastrous failure of, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cooper</b>, Peter, candidate for Presidency, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cordova</b>, Fernandez de, explorations of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Corinth</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cornbury</b>, Lord, governor of New York, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cornwallis</b>, Lord, joins Clinton, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Long Island, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">takes Fort Lee, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">pursues Washington, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Brandywine, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Monmouth, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Sander's Creek, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">pursues Greene, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Virginia, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">blockaded in Yorktown, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">surrender of, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cortereal</b>, Gaspar, voyages of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cortez</b>, Fernando, conquers Mexico, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cotton</b> gin, invention of the, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cowpens</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cranfield</b>, Edward, governor of Province of New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Credit</b> Mobilier, the, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Creek</b> cession, the, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Creeks</b>, war with the, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Crown</b> Point, Johnson's expedition against, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">deserted by the French, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Cuban</b> "Filibusters," the, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Culpepper</b>, John, leader of insurrection in North Carolina, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Culpepper</b>, Lord, grant of Virginia to, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">appointed governor, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sole proprietor, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">removed, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Custer</b>, General, defeat of, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">D</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Da Gama</b>, Vasco, doubles Cape of Good Hope, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Dakota</b> Territory, organized, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Dakotas</b>, the separation of the, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Dakotas</b>, regions inhabited by the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Dare</b>, Virginia, birth of, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Darrah</b>, Lydia, story of, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Davis</b>, Jefferson, President of Confederacy, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">escape of, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">capture of, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Daye</b>, Stephen, first printer in America, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Deane</b>, Silas, commissioner to France, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Dearborn</b>, Fort, surrender of, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Dearborn</b>, Henry, commander-in-chief of American army, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">expedition against Toronto, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>De Ayllon</b>, voyage of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Decatur</b>, captures the <i>Philadelphia</i>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">captures the <i>Macedonian</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">conquers the Algerian pirates, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Declaration</b> of Rights, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of Independence, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Decree</b>, the Milan, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>De Gourgues</b>, Dominic, revenge of, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>De Kalb</b>, joins patriot forces, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">killed, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Delaware</b>, Lord, governor of Virginia, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">voyage to Virginia, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">return to England, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Delaware</b>, secession of, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Delaware</b>, the, crossed by Washington, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>De Monts</b>, patent of, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Port Royal, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>De Soto</b>, Ferdinand, expedition of, <a href="#Page_30">30-32</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">discovers the Mississippi, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>D'Estaing</b>, fleet of, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Detroit</b>, surrender of, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Dieskau</b>, defeat of, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Discovery</b> of America, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Division</b> of land, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Dolbear</b>, A. C., inventor of the telephone, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Donelson</b>, Fort, capture of, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Dorchester</b> Heights, fortification of, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Dorr's</b> Rebellion, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Douglas</b>, Stephen A., advocates State sovereignty, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Dover</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Drake</b>, Sir Francis, voyages of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Roanoke, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Dred</b> Scott case, the, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Du Quesne</b>, Fort, built, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">battle near, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">destruction of, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">E</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Early</b>, J. A., invades Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">surprises Union camp, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">defeated at Winchester, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>East</b> India Company, the Dutch, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Edison</b>, Thomas A., inventor of the telephone and electric light, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Edward</b>, Fort, built, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">battle at, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Electoral</b> Commission, the, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Electric</b> light, invention of the, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Elizabethtown</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Emancipation</b> Proclamation, issued, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Embargo</b> Act, passage of, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">repeal of the, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Endicott</b>, John, governor of Plymouth, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Ericsson</b>, John, invents the <i>Monitor</i>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Ericsson</b>, Leif, discovers America, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Ericsson</b>, Thorwald and Thorstein, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Erie</b>, Fort, siege of, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Erie</b>, Lake, battle of, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Esquimos</b>, regions inhabited by the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Eutaw</b> Springs, battle of, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Evarts</b>, William A., delivers Centennial oration, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">F</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Fair</b> Oaks, battle of, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Farragut</b>, Admiral, captures New Orleans, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">captures Mobile, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Fava</b>, Baron, Italian minister, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Federalist</b> party, the, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Field</b>, Cyrus W., lays Atlantic cables, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Fields</b>, James T., death of, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Fillmore</b>, Millard, elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">becomes President, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_270">270-272</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Fisher</b>, Fort, capture of, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Fishery</b> award, the, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Fishery</b> dispute, the, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Fisk</b>, Clinton B., prohibition candidate for Presidency, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Five</b> Forks, battle of, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Florida</b>, origin of name, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">cession of, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">admission of, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Force</b> Bill, introduction of the, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Fort</b> Charlesbourg, settlement at, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">---- Dearborn, surrender of, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">---- Donelson, capture of, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">---- Du Quesne, built, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">destruction of, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">---- Edward, built, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">battle at, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">---- Fisher, capture of, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">---- Jackson, capture of, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">---- Le Bœuf, built, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">arrival of Washington at, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">---- McHenry, bombarded, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">---- Meigs, building and siege of, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">---- Mercer, taken by British, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">---- Mifflin, taken by British, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">---- Moultrie, bombarded, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">---- Nassau, building of, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">---- Necessity, built and defended, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">---- Stephenson, siege of, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">---- St. Philip, capture of, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">---- Sumter, fired upon, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">---- Venango, built, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">---- William Henry built, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">massacre at, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">---- Windsor, building of, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>France</b>, explorers sent from, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">colony at Fort Charlesbourg, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">colonizes Florida, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">settlement at Quebec, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">aid of, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">treaty with America, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">relations with America, <a href="#Page_178">178-186</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">troubles with, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">treaty of peace with, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Franklin</b>, Benjamin, one of Declaration Committee, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in France, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">plan of confederation by, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Franklin</b>, Sir John, Arctic expedition of, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Fredericksburg</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Free</b> Coinage Bill, introduction of the, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Free</b> Soil Party, organization of the, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Fremont</b>, John C., in California, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>French</b> and Indian War, history of the, <a href="#Page_135">135-146</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Frenchtown</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Frobisher</b>, Martin, searching for northwest passage, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Fuller</b>, Melville W., appointed Chief-justice of the United States, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Fulton</b>, Robert, invents the steamboat, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">G</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Gadsden</b> Purchase, the, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Gage</b>, General, occupies Boston, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Garfield</b>, James A., elected President, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_344">344-346</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">assassination of, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Gates</b>, Horatio, commands northern army, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">defeat at Sander's Creek, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Gates</b>, Sir Thomas, in Virginia, <a href="#Page_63">63-66</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Genet</b>, Citizen, trouble caused by, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Georgia</b>, history of, <a href="#Page_130">130-134</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">named, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Germantown</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Gerry</b>, Elbridge, envoy to France, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Vice-president, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Gettysburg</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Ghent</b>, the treaty of, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Gilbert</b>, Sir Humphrey, voyage of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">lost at sea, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Gist</b>, Christopher, commands exploring party, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Gold</b>, searches for, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">discovery of in California, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Gorges</b>, Sir Ferdinand, proprietor New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Gosnold</b>, Bartholomew, voyage and explorations of, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in the London Company, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Grant</b>, Ulysses S., captures Fort Donelson, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Shiloh, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Vicksburg, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">general-in-chief, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in the wilderness, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Petersburg, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">enters Richmond, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">final victory of, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">elected President, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_328">328-336</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">reelected, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">tour of the world, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">tomb of, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Gray</b>, Elisha P., inventor of telephone, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Great</b> Britain colonizes America, <a href="#Page_41">41-52</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">governs Virginia, <a href="#Page_70">70-75</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">governs New York, <a href="#Page_100">100-105</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">oppressions by, <a href="#Page_149">149-156</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">revolutionary war with, <a href="#Page_157">157-197</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">war of 1812 with, <a href="#Page_221">221-241</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">treaties with, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Great</b> Eastern, the, carries Atlantic cable, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Great</b> Meadows, battle at, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Greeley</b>, Horace, nominated for Presidency, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Greenbacks</b>, issued, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Greene</b>, Nathaniel, campaigns of, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Grenville</b>, Sir Richard, voyage of, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Guadalupe</b> Hidalgo, treaty of, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Guilford</b> Court House, battle of, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">H</li> - -<li class="indx">"<b>Half</b> Breeds," the, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Half</b> Moon, voyages of the, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Hamilton</b>, Alexander, builds Fort Washington, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">urges adoption of Constitution, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">first Secretary of the Treasury, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">financial policy of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">killed by Burr, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Hamilton</b>, Andrew, defends Zenger, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Hancock</b>, Winfield S., death of, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Harmar</b>, General, expedition of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Harrison</b>, Benjamin, nominated for Presidency, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">elected, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_361">361-369</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Harrison</b>, William Henry, governor Indiana Territory, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Tippecanoe, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">campaigns of, <a href="#Page_228">228-330</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">resigns commission, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">elected President, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Hartford</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Hartford</b> Convention, the, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Harvard</b> College founded, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Harvey</b>, Sir John, governor of Virginia, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Hayes</b>, Rutherford B., elected President, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_337">337-343</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Hayne</b>, Isaac, hanging of, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Hayne</b>, Senator, debate with Daniel Webster, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Hendricks</b>, Thomas A., elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">statue of, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Hennessey</b>, David C., assassination of, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Henry</b>, Patrick, speech of, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Herjulfson</b>, discovers America, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Hood</b>, J. B., evacuates Atlanta, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Nashville campaign of, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Hooker</b>, Joseph, storms Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">commands Army of the Potomac, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Howe</b>, Admiral, at battle of Long Island, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Howe</b>, General, arrives in Boston, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Bunker Hill, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">surrenders Boston, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Battle of Long Island, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at White Plains, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Brandywine, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Hudson</b>, Sir Henry, voyages of, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">mutiny against, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Huguenots</b>, massacre of the, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">colony of, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in South Carolina, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Hull</b>, Isaac, in naval battle, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Hull</b>, William, begins War of 1812, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">surrenders Detroit, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Hunt</b>, Robert, in London Company, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Huron-Iroquois</b>, regions inhabited by the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">characteristics of the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Hutchinson</b>, Ann, accused of heresy, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">exile of, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">I</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Icelanders</b>, the, in America, <a href="#Page_21">21-23</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Idaho</b>, organization of Territory, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">admission of State, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Illinois</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Impeachment</b> trial of Andrew Johnson, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Importation</b> Act, the, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Independence</b>, Declaration of, by North Carolina Convention, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">by congress of the United Colonies, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">leading principles of, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Independent</b> Treasury Bill, the, proposed by Van Buren, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">repeal of, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Indiana</b>, organization of Territory, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">admission of State, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Indians</b>, sketch of the, <a href="#Page_15">15-19</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">troubles with in Northwest Territory, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Indian</b> Territory, set apart, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Internal</b> revenue, sources of, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Iowa</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Iroquois</b>, regions inhabited by the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Isabella</b>, Queen, sympathy with, and aid to Columbus, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Island</b> Number Ten, siege of, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">J</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Jack</b>, Captain, leads Modoc war, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Jackson</b>, Andrew, begins career, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">subdues the Creeks, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">drives British from Florida, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in command at New Orleans, <a href="#Page_239">239-241</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">subdues Seminoles, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">elected President, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_250">250-253</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Jackson</b>, Stonewall, valley campaign of, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">seizes Harper's Ferry, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Jamestown</b>, settlement of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">colony at, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Japan</b>, intercourse opened with, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Jay</b>, John, first Chief-justice, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">envoy to England, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Jefferson</b>, Thomas, prepares Declaration of Independence, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Secretary of Foreign Affairs, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">elected President, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_214">214-220</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">reelected, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Johnson</b>, Andrew, elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">becomes President, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_323">323-327</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">issues Amnesty Proclamation, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">impeachment of, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Johnston</b>, Joseph E., at Bull Run, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">wounded at Fair Oaks, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">surrender of, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Johnstown</b> flood, the, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Jones</b>, Paul, conquers the <i>Serapis</i>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Joseph</b>, chief of the Nez Percé Indians, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">K</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Kane</b>, Elisha Kent, Arctic expedition of, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Kansas</b>, troubles in, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">admission of, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Kansas</b>-Nebraska Bill, the, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Karlsefne</b>, Thorfinn, explorations of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Kearny</b>, Philip, expedition to California, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Kenesaw</b> Mountain, battle of, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Kentucky</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Kidd</b>, Captain William, story of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Kieft</b>, Sir William, governor of New Amsterdam, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>King's</b> Mountain, battle of, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Kingston</b>, destroyed by Indians, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Kossuth</b>, Louis, tour of in America, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">L</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Labor</b> agitations, the, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Lafayette</b>, Marquis de, enters American army, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">wounded at Brandywine, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">campaigns of in Virginia, <a href="#Page_194">194-196</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">revisits America, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>La Roche</b>, Marquis of, brings colonists to America, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Laudonniere</b>, in Florida, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Law</b>, the alien, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>; the sedition, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Lawrence</b>, James, commands the <i>Hornet</i>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">commands the <i>Chesapeake</i>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Le Bœuf</b>, Fort, built by the French, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Lee</b>, Charles, besieges Boston, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">captured by British, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">exchanged, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">trouble with Washington, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Lee</b>, Richard Henry, offers Resolutions of Independence in Congress, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Lee</b>, Robert E., at Cheat Mountain, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Confederate commander-in-chief, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Bull Run, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">invades Maryland, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Antietam, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">invades Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in the Wilderness, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Spottsylvania C. H., <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">flees from Richmond, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">surrender of, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Leisler</b>, Jacob, insurrection of, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Lewis</b>, Captain, expedition of, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Lexington</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Liberia</b>, colony in, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Liberty</b> pole, fight at, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Life-saving</b> Service, establishment of the, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Lincoln</b>, Abraham, elected President, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_281">281-321</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">issues Emancipation Proclamation, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">reelected, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">assassination of, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">burial of, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Lincoln</b>, General, campaigns of in the north, <a href="#Page_174">174-175</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">campaigns of in the south, <a href="#Page_185">185-187</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Livingston</b>, Edward, negotiates purchase of Louisiana, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Livingston</b>, Robert R., on Declaration Committee, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Locke</b>, John, draws up the Grand Model, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Logan</b>, John A., death of, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>London</b> Company, organization of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">grants to, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">settlement of Jamestown, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">new charter of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">third patent, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">charter cancelled, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Long</b> Island, battle of, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Longstreet</b>, James, death of, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Lookout</b> Mountain, storming of, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Loudoun</b>, Earl of, commands Colonial army, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Louisburg</b>, captures of, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Louisiana</b>, purchase of, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Territory of, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">admission of, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Lovelace</b>, governor of New York, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Lundy's</b> Lane, battle of, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Lyon</b>, Nathaniel, at Booneville, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">killed at Wilson's Creek, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">M</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Madison</b>, James, elected President, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_221">221-227</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Mafia</b> Society, in New Orleans, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Magellan</b>, Ferdinand, voyage of around the world, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Maine</b>, the Province of, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">admission of, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Malietoa</b>, king of Samoa, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Malvern</b> Hill, battle of, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Manhattan</b> Island, purchase of, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Marion</b>, Francis, raids of, in South Carolina, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Marshall</b>, John, envoy to France, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Chief-justice of the United States, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">presides at trial of Aaron Burr, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Maryland</b>, history of, <a href="#Page_122">122-125</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Mason</b>, James M., Confederate ambassador to England, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Mason</b>, John, in Pequod war, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">grant to, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Massachusetts</b>, colonization of, <a href="#Page_47">47-52</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">history of, <a href="#Page_76">76-93</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Massachusetts</b> Bay Colony, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Massacre</b>, the Boston, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">the Cherry Valley, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">the Indian, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">the New Orleans, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">the Wyoming, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Massasoit</b>, visits Plymouth, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Mather</b>, Cotton, favors prosecution of witches, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>May</b>, Cornelius, explorations of, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">leader in Dutch settlement, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Mayflower</b>, voyage of the, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>McClellan</b>, George B., campaigns of, in West Virginia, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">commands Army of the Potomac, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Peninsular campaign of, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Antietam, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>McDonough</b>, Commodore, at battle of Plattsburg, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>McDowell</b>, Irwin, at Bull Run, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>McHenry</b>, Fort, bombardment of, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>McKinley</b> Bill, adoption of the, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Meade</b>, George G., in command of Army of the Potomac, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in the Wilderness, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">flees from Richmond, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">surrender of, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Meigs</b>, Colonel, attacks Sag Harbor, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">rewarded by Congress, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Meigs</b>, Fort, built, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">siege of, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Menendez</b>, Pedro, expedition of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">massacre of Huguenots, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Mercer</b>, Fort, taken by British, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Merrimac</b>, the, fights with the <i>Monitor</i>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Mexico</b>, City of, siege of the, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Mexico</b>, French occupation of, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Mexico</b>, war with, <a href="#Page_261">261-267</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">declaration of war with, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Miamis</b>, war with the, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Miantonomah</b>, gives Rhode Island, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Michigan</b>, organization of Territory, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">admission of State, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Mifflin</b>, Fort, taken by British, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Miller</b>, James, at Lundy's Lane, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Mims</b>, Fort, attacked by savages, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Minnesota</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Missionary</b> Ridge, storming of, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Mississippi</b>, organization of Territory, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">admission of State, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Mississippi</b> River, discovery of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Missouri</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Missouri</b> Compromise, the, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Mobilians</b>, regions inhabited by the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">tribes of the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Model</b>, the Grand, account of, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Modocs</b>, war with the, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Monitor</b>, fights the <i>Merrimac</i>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Monmouth</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Monroe</b> Doctrine, the, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Monroe</b>, James, negotiates Louisiana purchase, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">elected President, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_244">244-247</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">reelected, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Montana</b>, organization of Territory, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">admission of State, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Montcalm</b>, General, at Fort William Henry, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Plains of Abraham, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Monterey</b>, capture of, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Montgomery</b>, Richard, attack of on Quebec, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Mont</b> Real, island and town of, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Morgan</b>, John, raid of, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Mormons</b>, troubles with the, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Morris</b>, Robert, gives financial aid, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Secretary of Finance, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">brought to poverty, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Morse</b>, Samuel F. B., inventor of the telegraph, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Morton</b>, Levi P., elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Morton</b>, Oliver P., death of, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Mound-builders</b>, account of the, <a href="#Page_12">12-15</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Moultrie</b>, bombardment of, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Murfreesborough</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Mutiny</b> in Continental Army, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">N</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Narvaez</b>, De, governor of Florida, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Nashville</b>, siege of, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>National</b> Banks, establishment of, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>National</b> debt, the, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Naval</b> battles between the <i>Chesapeake</i> and the <i>Leopard</i>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Chesapeake</i> and the <i>Shannon</i>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Constellation</i> and the <i>Insurgent</i>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Constitution</i> and the <i>Guerriere</i>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Constitution</i> and the <i>Java</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Essex</i> and the <i>Nocton</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Essex</i> and the <i>Phoebe</i> and <i>Cherub</i>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Hartford</i> and the <i>Tennessee</i>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Hornet</i> and the <i>Peacock</i>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Hornet</i> and the <i>Penguin</i>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Lawrence</i> and the <i>Detroit</i>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Monitor</i> and the <i>Merrimac</i>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Niagara</i> and British fleet, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Poictiers</i> and the <i>Wasp</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Poor Richard</i> and the <i>Serapis</i>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>President</i> and the <i>Little Belt</i>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>United States</i> and the <i>Macedonian</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Wasp</i> and the <i>Frolic</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Nebraska</b>, admission of <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Necessity</b>, Fort, built and defended, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Negro</b> Plot, the, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Nevada</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>New</b> Amsterdam, founded, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>New</b> England, named, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">colonization of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76-93</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106-114</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>New</b> France, <a href="#Page_36">36-40</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>New</b> Hampshire, the province of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">history of, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>New</b> Haven, founded, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>New</b> Jersey, named, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">history of, <a href="#Page_115">115-118</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">division of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>New</b> Netherlands named, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">history of, <a href="#Page_94">94-99</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>New</b> Orleans, battle of, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">capture of, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">exposition in, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">massacre in, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Newport</b>, Christopher, commands fleet, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">brings immigrants, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>New</b> Sweden, colonization of, <a href="#Page_95">95-99</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>New</b> York, colonization of, <a href="#Page_94">94-99</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">named, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">under English, <a href="#Page_100">100-105</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>New</b> York City, settlement of, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">under Dutch, <a href="#Page_94">94-99</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">under English, <a href="#Page_100">100-105</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">occupied by Washington, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">operations about, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">taken by British, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">evacuation of, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">world's fair in, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">riots in, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Nez</b> Percé Indians, war with the, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Niagara</b>, captured by English, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Norsemen</b>, early discoveries by the, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">voyages of the, <a href="#Page_20">20-23</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">remains in America of the, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>North</b> Carolina, history of, <a href="#Page_125">125-127</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ratifies constitution, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>North</b> Dakota, admission of, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Northeastern</b> boundary, establishment of, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Northwest</b> Passage, the, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Nullification</b>, account of, <a href="#Page_250">250-251</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">O</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Oglethorpe</b>, James, founding of Georgia by, <a href="#Page_130">130-134</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Ohio</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Ohio</b> Company, organization of, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Omnibus</b> Bill, the, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Oregon</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">P</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Pacific</b>, discovery of the, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Pacific</b> Railroad, route of surveyed, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">completion of, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Pakenham</b>, Sir Edward, commands British at New Orleans, <a href="#Page_239">239-241</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Palo</b> Alto, battle of, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Panic</b> of 1836-37, the financial, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of 1873, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Paper</b> Money, origin of in America, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Patroons</b>, account of the, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Paris</b>, the treaty of, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Parris</b>, Samuel, joins in witchcraft persecutions, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Penn</b>, William, purchases East Jersey, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">proprietor of Pennsylvania <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">treaty of with Indians, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">founds Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Pennsylvania</b>, history of, <a href="#Page_118">118-120</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Pension</b> legislation, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Pequods</b>, war with the, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Perry</b>, Oliver H., victory of on Lake Erie, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Petersburg</b>, siege of, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">capture of, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Philadelphia</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">taken by British, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">evacuated by British, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Philadelphia</b>, the, captured and retaken, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Philip</b>, King, war with, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Phipps</b>, Sir William, commands English troops, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Pickett</b>, George G., charge at Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Pierce</b>, Franklin, elected President, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_273">273-274</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Pilgrims</b>, so named, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">promise to the, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">landing, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sufferings, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Pirates</b>, the Algerine, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Pittsburgh</b>, building on site of, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">named, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Platt</b>, Thomas C., resigns seat in Senate, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Plattsburgh</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Plymouth</b> Company, the, organization of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">grants to, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">attempt at colonization, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Plymouth</b> Council, organization of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">grant to, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Plymouth</b> Rock, landing at, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Pocahontas</b>, rescues John Smith, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">abducted by Argall, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">marriage of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Polk</b>, James K., elected President, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_261">261-268</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Ponce</b> de Leon, voyages of, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Pope</b>, John, takes Island Number Ten, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Bull Run, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Port</b> Bill, the Boston, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Porter</b>, Admiral, bombards Vicksburg, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">captures Fort Fisher, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Port</b> Royal, founded, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Portuguese</b> explorations, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Prescott</b>, William, fortifies Breed's Hill, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Prideaux</b>, General, campaign of against Niagara, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Princeton</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Pring</b>, Martin, voyage of, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Printing-press</b>, introduction of in America, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Privateers</b>, British, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Prohibition</b> Party candidates, the, of 1884, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Proprietors'</b> Rights, purchase of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Providence</b>, R. I., founded, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Pulaski</b>, Count, honored by Congress, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">killed at Savannah, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Puritans</b>, sketch of the, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">character of the, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Q</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Quakers</b>, persecution of the, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Quebec</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">captured by Wolfe, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">expedition of Arnold against, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Queenstown</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">R</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Ragged</b> Regiment, Marion's, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Raleigh</b>, Sir Walter, voyage of with Gilbert, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">expeditions of, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Randolph</b>, Edmund, introduces resolution to adopt a new Constitution, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Rebellion</b>, Bacon's, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Reconstruction</b>, measures of, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Red</b> River Expedition, the, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Reed</b>, Thomas B., Speaker of House of Representatives, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Remonetization</b> of silver, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Republic</b>, the New, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Resaca</b> de la Palma, battle of, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Resumption</b> Act, adoption of the, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Revere</b>, Paul, ride of, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Revolution</b>, causes of the, <a href="#Page_149">149-156</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">history of the, <a href="#Page_157">157-198</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Rhode</b> Island, founded, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">history of, <a href="#Page_111">111-113</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ratifies the Constitution, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Dorr's rebellion in, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Ribault</b>, John, voyages of, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Richmond</b>, capital of Southern Confederacy, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">fall of, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Rights</b>, declaration of, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Roanoke</b>, colony at, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Roberval</b>, Frances of, attempts to found colony in New France, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Rodgers</b>, Commodore, commander of the <i>President</i>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Roebling</b>, John, architect of the Brooklyn bridge, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Rolfe</b>, John, marriage of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Rosecrans</b>, W. S., at Murfreesborough, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Ross</b>, General, captures Washington, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">expedition against Baltimore, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Ryswick</b>, treaty of, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">S</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Salem</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">witchcraft at, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Samoa</b>, difficulty in, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Samoset</b>, welcomes the Pilgrims, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Sander's</b> Creek, battle of, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>San</b> Domingo Commission, the, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Sandys</b>, Sir Edwyn, treasurer of London Company, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sends wives to colonists, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>San</b> Gabriel, battle of, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Santa</b> Anna, called to Mexico, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Buena Vista and Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">driven from Mexico, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Saratoga</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Savannah</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">taken by British, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">bombardment of, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">taken by Sherman, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Saybrook</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Scott</b>, Winfield S., at Lundy's Lane, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">commander-in-chief in Mexican war, <a href="#Page_262">262-267</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">commander-in-chief of the Union, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">retires from service, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Seamen</b>, the impressment of, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Secession</b>, account of the, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Seminoles</b>, war with the, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Seven</b> Days' battles, the, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Seward</b>, William H., Secretary of State, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">diplomacy of, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">attempted assassination of, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Seymour</b>, Horatio, death of, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Shackamaxon</b>, treaty of, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Sheridan</b>, Philip H., ravages Shenandoah valley, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ride to Winchester, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">general-in-chief, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Sherman</b>, Roger, on declaration committee, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Sherman</b>, William Tecumseh, at Chickasaw Bayou, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">advance on Atlanta, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">captures Atlanta, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">march to the sea, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">resigns command, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Shiloh</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Silver</b>, remonetization of, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Sioux</b> Indians, war with the, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Sitting</b> Bull, in Sioux war, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Slavery</b>, introduction of in Virginia, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in South Carolina, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in the Territories, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">abolition of, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">amendment to the Constitution, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Slidell</b>, John, Confederate ambassador to England, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Sloughter</b>, Colonel, governor of New York, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Smith</b>, John, in London Company, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Jamestown settlement, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">voyages of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">names New England, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">admiral of New England, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">trouble with colonists, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">captured by Indians, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">rescue by Pocahontas, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">explores Chesapeake Bay, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">president of Virginia, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">returns to England, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Smyth</b>, Alexander, takes command of American forces, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">charged with cowardice, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Sons</b> of Liberty, organization of, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>South</b> Carolina, history of, <a href="#Page_128">128-130</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>South</b> Dakota, admission of, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Spain</b>, discovers and colonizes America, <a href="#Page_24">24-34</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">treaty with, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Spanish</b> Florida, war with, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Specie</b> Circular, the, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Specie</b> Resumption, the, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">"<b>Spoils</b> System," the, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Spottsylvania</b> Courthouse, battle of, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">"<b>Stalwarts</b>," the, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Stamp</b> Act, adoption of the, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">repeal of the, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Standish</b>, Miles, landing of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">expedition of, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Stanton</b>, Edwin M., Secretary of War, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Starving</b> Time, the, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>St.</b> Augustine, founded, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>St.</b> Clair, expedition of against Miami Indians, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Steamboat</b>, invention of, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Stephens</b>, Alexander, defends theory of secession, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Vice-president of Southern Confederacy, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Stephenson</b>, Fort, siege of, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>St.</b> Lawrence River, named, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Stony</b> Point, taken by British, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">retaken by General Wayne, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Strike</b>, the great railroad, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">the southwestern, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Stuyvesant</b>, Peter, governor of New Netherlands, <a href="#Page_97">97-99</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Sumter</b>, Fort, fired upon, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Sumter</b>, Thomas, raids of, in South Carolina, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Supreme</b> Court, organization of, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">T</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Talladega</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Tariff</b>, the protective, agitation of, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">issue in presidential campaign, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Taylor</b>, Bayard, author of National Ode, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Taylor</b>, Zachary, campaign in Florida, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">campaigns in Mexican War, <a href="#Page_261">261-264</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">elected President, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_269">269-270</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Tea</b> Party, the Boston, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Tecumtha</b>, conspiracy of, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">lays ambush, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">besieges Fort Meigs, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Telegraph</b>, invention of the, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Telephone</b>, invention of the, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Tennessee</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Territory</b>, southwest of the Ohio, organization of the, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Territories</b>, organization of the, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Texas</b>, secedes from Mexico, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">annexation of, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Thames</b>, battle of the, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Ticonderoga</b>, defeat of English at, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">abandoned by French, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">taken by Ethan Allen, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">captured by British, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Tilden</b>, Samuel J., election as President claimed by Democrats, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Tippecanoe</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Tobacco</b>, cultivation of, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Toronto</b>, attacked by Americans, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Treaty</b> with Indians, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of Ryswick, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of Utrecht, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of Aix-la-Chapelle, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of Shackamaxon, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of Paris, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">with France, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of 1783, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">with France, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of Ghent, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">with Spain, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">the Webster-Ashburton, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of Guadalupe Hidalgo, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of Washington, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Trent</b>, affair of the, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Trenton</b>, battle at, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Tripoli</b>, war with, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Truxtun</b>, Commodore, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Tyler</b>, John, elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">becomes President, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_258">258-260</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">U</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Underhill</b>, John, commands Dutch forces, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Union</b> of Independent Colonies, the, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>United</b> Colonies of New England, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>United</b> Colonies of America, the, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Utah</b> Territory, founded, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">difficulties in, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Utrecht</b>, treaty of, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">V</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Valley</b> Forge, American army at, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Van</b> Buren, Martin, elected President, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_254">254-256</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Van</b> Rensselaer, Stephen, at Queenstown, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Van</b> Twiller, Wouter, governor of New Netherlands, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Venango</b>, Fort, built, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Vera</b> Cruz, surrender of, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Vermont</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Verrazano</b>, John, explorations of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Vespucci</b>, Amerigo, voyages of, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Vicksburg</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Vincennes</b>, capture of, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Virginia</b> named, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">colonization of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">history of, <a href="#Page_57">57-75</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">W</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Wadsworth</b>, Joseph, hides the charter, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Waite</b>, Morrison R., Chief-justice of the United States, death of, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Wallace</b>, Lewis, at Romney, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">saves Cincinnati from capture, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">defeated by Early, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Walloons</b>, at New Amsterdam, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Walker</b>, Francis A., superintendent of Tenth Census, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>War</b>, with Indians, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">with Susquehannas, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">King Philip's, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">King William's, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Queen Anne's, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">King George's, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">with Pequods, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Yamassees, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">with Spanish Florida, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">French and Indian, <a href="#Page_135">135-146</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">with Great Britain, <a href="#Page_157">157-198</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">with Miamis, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">with Tripoli, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of 1812, <a href="#Page_221">221-241</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Black Hawk, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Seminole, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">with Mexico, <a href="#Page_261">261-267</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">the Civil, <a href="#Page_281">281-319</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Modoc, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Sioux, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Nez Percé, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Warren</b>, Joseph, at Bunker Hill, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Washington</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Washington</b> City, founded, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">burned by the British, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Washington</b>, George, embassy to St. Pierre, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Great Meadows, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">with Braddock, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Shenandoah, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">against Fort Du Quesne, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">commander-in-chief, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">besieges Boston, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">occupies Boston, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at New York, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">on Long Island, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">retreats to New York, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">occupies Fort Lee, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">retreats to Trenton, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">crosses the Delaware, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Trenton, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Princeton, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Brandywine, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Germantown, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Valley Forge, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Monmouth, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">quells mutiny, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">farewell to army, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">elected President, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_205">205-210</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">inauguration of, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">reelected, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">farewell address, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">recalled from retirement, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Washington</b> Monument, completion of the, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Washington</b>, Treaty of, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Wayne</b>, Anthony, at Stony Point, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">subdues the Indians, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Webster</b>, Daniel, reply to Hayne, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Secretary of State, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">concludes Ashburton Treaty, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Wesley</b>, Charles, in America, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Wesley</b>, John, in America, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>West</b> India Company, the Dutch, organization of, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>West</b> Virginia, admission of, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Weymouth</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Wheeler</b>, William A., elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Whisky</b> Insurrection, the, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Whitefield</b>, George, preaching in America, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Whitemarsh</b>, operations at, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>White</b> Plains, battle of, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Whitney</b>, Eli, inventor of cotton gin, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Wilderness</b>, battles in the, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Wingfield</b>, Edward, in London Company, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Jamestown settlement, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">embezzles stores, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>William</b> Henry, Fort, building of, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">massacre at, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Williams</b>, Roger, arraigned for heresy, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">banished from Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">with the Narragansetts, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">founds Providence, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">founds Rhode Island, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Wilson's</b> Creek, battle of, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Winthrop</b>, John, governor of Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Winthrop</b>, the younger, founds Saybrook, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">secures charter for Connecticut, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Wisconsin</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Witchcraft</b> in Salem, <a href="#Page_89">89-91</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Wives</b> for colonists, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Wolfe</b>, General, captures Quebec, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>World's</b> Fair in New York, the, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Writs</b> of Assistance, the, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Wyatt</b>, Sir Francis, governor of Virginia, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">retires from office, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">reelected, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Wyoming</b>, massacre of, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Wyoming</b>, organization of Territory, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">admission of State, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Y</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Yale</b> College, founded, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Yamassees</b>, war with the, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Yeamans</b>, Sir John, governor of Carolina, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Yeardley</b>, George, appointed governor of Virginia, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">reappointed, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Yellow</b> fever epidemic, the, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><b>Yorktown</b>, siege of, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> - -</ul> - - - -<hr /> - -<div class="transnote"> - -<h2>Transcriber's Note:</h2> - -<ul> - <li>Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. Otherwise spelling - variations were not changed.</li> - <li>Inconsistent hyphenation was retained.</li> - <li>Mid-paragraph illustrations have been moved between paragraphs.</li> -</ul> -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's History of the United States, by John Clark Ridpath - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES *** - -***** This file should be named 53019-h.htm or 53019-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/0/1/53019/ - -Produced by Richard Hulse, Alan and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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