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- padding-left: 3em; - } - .poetry .quote { - text-indent: -3.25em; - } - .poetry .indent2 { - text-indent: -2em; - } - .poetry .indent4 { - text-indent: 0em; - } - - /* styles for notice */ - #box { - margin: 2em 25%; - padding: 1.5em; - border: 1px solid black; - font-size: small; - } - #box ol { - list-style-type: decimal; - padding-left: 5em; - } - #box li { - margin-top: 0.25em; - } - #box span.ditto { - text-align: center; - display: inline-block; - width: 5em; - } - - /* style for printer, publisher */ - .print-pub { - text-indent: 0; - text-align: center; - margin-top: 4em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - font-size: x-small; - } - - /* misc styles */ - .nodent { text-indent: 0; } - .ind { text-indent: 3em; } - .center { text-indent: 0; text-align: center; } - .smcap { font-variant: small-caps; } - .x-large { font-size: x-large; } - .small { font-size: small; } - .x-small { font-size: x-small; } - .sup { vertical-align: 20%; font-size: smaller; } - .gap-above { margin-top: 2em; } - .section { page-break-before: always;} - - h1.pg { font-weight: bold; - font-size: 190%; - line-height: 100%; - margin-top: 0em; } - h2.pg { font-weight: bold; - line-height: 100%; } - h3.pg { font-weight: bold; - font-size: 110%; - line-height: 100%; - margin-bottom: 1em; } - h4.pg { font-weight: bold; - font-size: 100%; - line-height: 100%; - margin-bottom: 1em; } - hr.full { width: 100%; - margin-top: 3em; - margin-bottom: 0em; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - height: 4px; - border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ - border-style: solid; - border-color: #000000; - clear: both; } - </style> -</head> -<body> -<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Walpole and Chatham (1714-1760), by Katharine -Ada Esdaile</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States -and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no -restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it -under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this -eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you are not -located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> -<p>Title: Walpole and Chatham (1714-1760)</p> -<p>Author: Katharine Ada Esdaile</p> -<p>Release Date: September 7, 2016 [eBook #53005]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WALPOLE AND CHATHAM (1714-1760)***</p> -<p> </p> -<h4 class="pg">E-text prepared by Chris Pinfield<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="https://archive.org">https://archive.org</a>)</h4> -<p> </p> -<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> - <tr> - <td valign="top"> - Note: - </td> - <td> - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - <a href="https://archive.org/details/walpolechatham1711esda"> - https://archive.org/details/walpolechatham1711esda</a> - </td> - </tr> -</table> -<p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> - -<div id="front"> - - <p>BELL'S ENGLISH HISTORY SOURCE BOOKS</p> - - <p><i>General Editors</i>: <span class="smcap">S. E. Winbolt</span>, M.A., - and <span class="smcap">Kenneth Bell</span>, M.A.</p> - - <h1>WALPOLE AND<br /> - CHATHAM<br /> - <span class="small">(1714-1760)</span></h1> - - <p><span class="x-small">COMPILED BY</span><br /> - KATHARINE A. ESDAILE<br /> - <span class="x-small">SOME TIME SCHOLAR OF LADY MARGARET HALL, OXFORD</span></p> - -<div class="image-center"> - <img width="82" height="100" alt="bell" src="images/bell.jpg" /> -</div> - - <p>LONDON<br /> - G. BELL AND SONS, LTD.<br /> - <span class="small">1912</span></p> - -</div> - -<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">This</span> series of English History Source Books is intended -for use with any ordinary textbook of English History. -Experience has conclusively shown that such apparatus is -a valuable—nay, an indispensable—adjunct to the history -lesson. It is capable of two main uses: either by way of -lively illustration at the close of a lesson, or by way of inference-drawing, -before the textbook is read, at the beginning -of the lesson. The kind of problems and exercises that may -be based on the documents are legion, and are admirably -illustrated in a <i>History of England for Schools</i>, Part I., by -Keatinge and Frazer, pp. 377-381. However, we have no -wish to prescribe for the teacher the manner in which he shall -exercise his craft, but simply to provide him and his pupils -with materials hitherto not readily accessible for school -purposes. The very moderate price of the books in this -series should bring them within the reach of every secondary -school. Source books enable the pupil to take a more active -part than hitherto in the history lesson. Here is the apparatus, -the raw material: its use we leave to teacher and -taught.</p> - -<p>Our belief is that the books may profitably be used by all -grades of historical students between the standards of fourth-form -boys in secondary schools and undergraduates at Universities. -What differentiates students at one extreme from -those at the other is not so much the kind of subject-matter -dealt with, as the amount they can read into or extract -from it.</p> - -<p>In regard to choice of subject-matter, while trying to -satisfy the natural demand for certain "stock" documents -of vital importance, we hope to introduce much fresh and -novel matter. It is our intention that the majority of the -extracts should be lively in style—that is, personal, or descriptive, -or rhetorical, or even strongly partisan—and should -not so much profess to give the truth as supply data for inference. -We aim at the greatest possible variety, and lay -under contribution letters, biographies, ballads and poems, -diaries, debates, and newspaper accounts. Economics, London, -municipal, and social life generally, and local history, -are represented in these pages.</p> - -<p>The order of the extracts is strictly chronological, each -being numbered, titled, and dated, and its authority given. -The text is modernised, where necessary, to the extent of -leaving no difficulties in reading.</p> - -<p>We shall be most grateful to teachers and students who -may send us suggestions for improvement.</p> - -<div class="foot"> -<div class="right1">S. E. WINBOLT.<br />KENNETH BELL.</div> -</div> - -<h3>NOTE TO THIS VOLUME</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">I have</span> to thank the Editors of the <i>English Historical Review</i> -for permission to reprint the passages dealing with the War -of Jenkins' Ear, published by Sir John Laughton in the fourth -volume of the <i>Review</i>, and the Scottish History Society for -a similar permission with regard to the Proclamation of -James III. and the Landing of the Young Pretender. The -Letters of Horace Walpole are quoted throughout under the -dates and names of correspondents, not from any particular -edition, as this enables a letter to be found without difficulty -in any edition; otherwise the sources are given in full.</p> - -<p>The lover of the eighteenth century is born, but he is also -made. It is the aim of this little book to help in the making.</p> - -<div class="foot"> -<div class="right1">K. A. E.</div> -</div> - -<h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2> - -<table id="toc" summary="ToC"> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"></td> - <td class="pag">PAGE</td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">STATE OF PARTIES AT THE QUEEN'S DEATH (1714)</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">PROCLAMATION OF GEORGE I. (1714)</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">CHARACTER AND PERSON OF GEORGE I. (1660-1727)</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">PUBLIC FEELING AS TO THE NEW DYNASTY (1714)</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">THE '15:</td> - <td class="pagn"></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">I.</span> THE PRETENDER'S - DECLARATION</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">II.</span> THE - PROCLAMATION OF JAMES III.</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">III.</span> FAILURE OF - THE EXPEDITION EXPLAINED</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">THE SEPTENNIAL ACT (1716)</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH FLEET OFF SICILY BY ADMIRAL SIR - GEORGE BYNG, JULY 31, 1718</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">THE SOUTH SEA BUBBLE (1720):</td> - <td class="pagn"></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">I.</span> THE PROPOSALS: - THE SECOND SCHEME OF THE SOUTH SEA COMPANY</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">II.</span> THE BUBBLE BURST</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">SIR ROBERT WALPOLE AS PRIME MINISTER (1721-1741)</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">WOOD'S HALFPENCE: THE FIRST DRAPIER's LETTER (1724)</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">CHARACTER OF GEORGE II. (1683-1760)</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">THE CONDITION OF THE FLEET PRISON, AS REVEALED BY A - PARLIAMENTARY ENQUIRY (1729):</td> - <td class="pagn"></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">(<i>a</i>)</span> DESCRIPTION - OF THE WARDEN, THOMAS BAMBRIDGE</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">(<i>b</i>)</span> HIS CRUELTY</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">(<i>c</i>)</span> FINDINGS - OF THE PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">THE EXCISE BILL (1733)</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">THE PORTEOUS RIOTS (1736)</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">LORD CHESTERFIELD'S SPEECH ON THE BILL FOR THE - ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CENSORSHIP OF STAGE PLAYS (1737)</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">DEATH OF QUEEN CAROLINE (1737): HER CHARACTER - DESCRIBED BY GEORGE II.</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">THE WAR OF JENKINS' EAR (1739)</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">THE OPPOSITION SUSPECTS WALPOLE OF DOUBLE-DEALING (1739)</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">ADMIRAL VERNON'S VICTORY AT PORTOBELLO (1740):</td> - <td class="pagn"></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">I.</span> "ADMIRAL HOSIER'S GHOST"</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">II.</span> "GREAT BRITAIN'S - GLORY; OR, THE STAY-AT-HOME FLEET"</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">THE NEW MINISTERS (1742):</td> - <td class="pagn"></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">I.</span> HERVEY'S ACCOUNT - OF THE MINISTRY</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">II.</span> EPIGRAM ON THE MINISTRY</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">III.</span> EPIGRAM ON - PULTENEY'S ACCEPTANCE OF A PEERAGE</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">THE ORIGIN OF THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR (1741-1748)</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">THE '45:</td> - <td class="pagn"></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">I.</span> LANDING OF THE YOUNG - PRETENDER; THE RAISING OF THE STANDARD; SURRENDER OF EDINBURGH</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">II.</span> TREATMENT OF THE VANQUISHED—</td> - <td class="pagn"></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec"> </span><span - class="sec">(<i>a</i>)</span> AFTER PRESTON PANS</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec"> </span><span - class="sec">(<i>b</i>)</span> AFTER CULLODEN</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">III.</span> COLLINS'S - "ODE WRITTEN IN THE BEGINNING OF THE YEAR 1746"</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">IV.</span> AN ADVENTURE OF CHARLES EDWARD</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">TRIAL OF THE REBEL LORDS (1746)</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">TREATY OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (1748):</td> - <td class="pagn"></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">I.</span> LORD BOLINGBROKE ON THE PRELIMINARIES</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">II.</span> THE ARTICLES OF PEACE</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">III.</span> A CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF THE PEACE</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">LORD CHESTERFIELD'S ACT FOR THE REFORM OF THE CALENDAR (1751):</td> - <td class="pagn"></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">I.</span> HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE BILL</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">II.</span> LORD CHESTERFIELD'S OWN ACCOUNT</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">SMOLLETT'S CHARACTER OF THE DUKE OF NEWCASTLE</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">THE TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF ADMIRAL BYNG (1759):</td> - <td class="pagn"></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">I.</span> HORACE WALPOLE TO SIR HORACE MANN</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">II.</span> THOMAS POTTER TO MR. GRENVILLE</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">THE COALITION GOVERNMENT OF 1757</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">THE ENGLISH IN INDIA (1757-1759):</td> - <td class="pagn"></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">I.</span> THE BLACK HOLE - OF CALCUTTA DESCRIBED BY A SURVIVOR</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">II.</span> CLIVE TO PITT ON ENGLAND'S OPPORTUNITY</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM, SEPTEMBER 13, 1759:</td> - <td class="pagn"></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">I.</span> THE NIGHT ATTACK</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">II.</span> THE BATTLE</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">"THE HEAVEN-BORN MINISTER": HORACE WALPOLE's HOMAGE TO PITT:</td> - <td class="pagn"></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">I.</span> IN THE GREAT YEAR (1759)</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">II.</span> CHARACTER OF - WILLIAM PITT DESCRIBED IN THE LIGHT OF SUBSEQUENT HISTORY</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">DEATH OF GEORGE II. (1760)</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap">APPENDIX: LONDON IN 1725-1736:</td> - <td class="pagn"></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">(<i>a</i>)</span> DEFOE'S - DESCRIPTION OF LONDON IN 1725</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chap"><span class="sec">(<i>b</i>)</span> PRESENTMENT - OF THE MIDDLESEX GRAND JURY (1736)</td> - <td class="pagn"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">{1}</a></div> - -<div class="section"></div> - -<div class="center x-large">WALPOLE AND CHATHAM</div> - -<div class="center small">1714-1760</div> - -<hr /> - -<h2>STATE OF PARTIES AT THE QUEEN'S DEATH (1714).</h2> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>Letter to Sir William Windham</i>, Bolingbroke's Works, -1754. Vol. i., pp. 28-31.</p> - -<p>The thunder had long grumbled in the air, and yet when the -bolt [the Queen's death] fell, most of our party appeared as -much surprised as if they had had no reason to expect it. There -was a perfect calm and universal submission throughout the -whole kingdom. The Chevalier indeed set out as if his design -had been to gain the coast and to embark for Great Britain, -and the Court of France made a merit to themselves of stopping -him and obliging him to return. But this, to my certain -knowledge, was a farce acted by concert, to keep up an -opinion of his character, when all opinion of his cause seemed -to be at an end. He owned this concert to me at Bar, on -the occasion of my telling him that he would have found no -party ready to receive him, and that the enterprise would -have been to the last degree extravagant. He was at this -time far from having any encouragement: no party, numerous -enough to make the least disturbance, was formed in his -favour. On the King's arrival the storm arose. The -menaces of the Whigs, backed by some very rash declarations, -by little circumstances of humor which frequently -offend more than real injuries, and by the entire change of all -the persons in employment, blew up the coals.</p> - -<p>At first many of the tories had been made to entertain some -faint hopes that they would be permitted to live in quiet. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">{2}</a></span> -I have been assured that the King left Hanover in that resolution. -Happy had it been for him and for us if he had continued -in it; if the moderation of his temper had not been -overborne by the violence of party, and his and the national -interest sacrificed to the passions of a few. Others there were -among the tories who had flattered themselves with much -greater expectations than these, and who had depended, not -on such imaginary favor and dangerous advancement as was -offered them afterwards, but on real credit and substantial -power under the new government. Such impressions on the -minds of men had rendered the two houses of parliament, -which were then sitting, as good courtiers to King George, -as ever they had been to queen Anne. But all these hopes -being at once and with violence extinguished, despair succeeded -in their room.</p> - -<p>Our party began soon to act like men delivered over to -their passions, and unguided by any other principle; not like -men fired by a just resentment and a reasonable ambition to -a bold undertaking. They treated the government like men -who were resolved not to live under it, and yet they took no -one measure to support themselves against it. They expressed, -without reserve or circumspection, an eagerness to -join in any attempt against the establishment which they had -received and confirmed, and which many of them had courted -but a few weeks before: and yet in the midst of all this -bravery, when the election of the new parliament came on, -some of these very men acted with the coolness of those -who are much better disposed to compound than to take -arms.</p> - -<p>The body of the tories being in this temper, it is not to be -wondered at, if they heated one another and began apace to -turn their eyes towards the pretender: and if those few, who -had already engaged with him, applied themselves to improve -the conjuncture and endeavour to lift a party for him.</p> - -<p>I went, about a month after the queen's death, as soon as -the seals were taken from me, into the country, and whilst -I continued there, I felt the general disposition to jacobitism -encrease daily among people of all ranks; among several who -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">{3}</a></span> -had been constantly distinguished by their aversion to that -cause. But at my return to London in the month of February -or March one thousand seven hundred and fifteen, a few -weeks before I left England, I began for the first time in my -whole life to perceive these general dispositions ripen into -resolutions, and to observe some regular workings among -many of our principal friends, which denoted a scheme of -this kind. These workings, indeed, were very faint, for the -persons concerned in carrying them on did not think it safe -to speak too plainly to men who were, in truth, ill disposed -to the government, because they neither found their account -at present under it, nor had been managed with art enough -to leave them hopes of finding it hereafter: but who at the -same time had not the least affection for the pretender's -person, nor any principle favorable to his interest.</p> - -<p>This was the state of things when the new parliament, -which his majesty had called, assembled. A great majority -of the elections had gone in favour of the Whigs, to which -the want of concert among the tories had contributed as -much as the vigor of that party, and the influence of the new -government. The whigs came to the opening of this parliament -full of as much violence as could possess men who -expected to make their court, to confirm themselves in power, -and to gratify their resentments by the same measures. I -have heard that it was a dispute among the ministers how -far this spirit should be indulged, and that the king was -determined, or confirmed in determination, to consent to the -prosecutions, and to give the reins to the party by the representations -that were made to him, that great difficulties -would arise in the conduct of the session, if the court should -appear inclined to check this spirit, and by Mr. W[alpole]'s -undertaking to carry all the business successfully through -the house of commons if they were at liberty. Such has -often been the unhappy fate of our princes; a real necessity -sometimes, and sometimes a seeming one, has forced them -to compound with a part of the nation at the expense of the -whole; and the success of their business for one year has been -purchased at the price of public disorder for many.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">{4}</a></span> -The conjecture I am speaking of forms a memorable instance -of this truth. If milder measures had been pursued, -certain it is, that the tories had never universally embraced -jacobitism. The violence of the whigs forced them into the -arms of the pretender. The court and the party seemed to -vie with one another which should go the greatest lengths in -severity: and the ministers, whose true interest it must at -all times be to calm the minds of men, and who ought never -to set the examples of extraordinary inquiries or extraordinary -accusations, were upon this occasion the tribunes of the people.</p> - -<h2>PROCLAMATION OF GEORGE I. (1714).</h2> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Oldmixon's <i>History of -England, George I.</i>, 1735. P. 564.</p> - -<p>Whereas it hath pleas'd Almighty God to call to his Mercy -our late Soveraign Lady Queen <i>Anne</i>, of blessed Memory; -by whose Decease, the Imperial Crowns of <i>Great Britain</i>, -<i>France</i>, and <i>Ireland</i>, are solely, and rightfully come to the -High and Mighty Prince <i>George</i>, elector of <i>Brunswick-Lunenburg</i>: -We therefore, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the -Realm, being here assisted with those of her late Majesty's -Privy Council, with Numbers of other principal gentlemen of -Quality, with the Lord-Mayor, Aldermen, and Citizens of -<i>London</i>, do now hereby, with one full Voice and Consent of -Tongue and Heart, publish and proclaim, That the high and -mighty Prince <i>George</i>, Elector of <i>Brunswick-Lunenburg</i>, is -now, by the Death of our late Soveraign of happy Memory, -become our lawful and rightful Liege Lord, <i>George</i>, by the -Grace of God, King of <i>Great Britain</i>, <i>France</i> and <i>Ireland</i>, -Defender of the Faith, <i>&c.</i> To whom we do acknowledge all -Faith and constant Obedience, with all hearty and humble -Affection, beseeching God, by whom Kings and Queens do -reign, to bless the Royal King <i>George</i> with long and happy -years to reign over us.</p> - -<div class="foot"> -<div class="right1">Given at the Palace of St. <i>James's</i>,<br /> - the First Day of <i>August, 1714</i>.</div> -<div class="center smcap">God Save the King.</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">{5}</a></span> -[Then follow the signatures of 127 peers and commoners, -"Lords and Gentlemen who signed the Proclamation," including -Lords Buckingham, Shrewsbury, Oxford, Bolingbroke, -and Sir Christopher Wren.]</p> - -<h2>CHARACTER AND PERSON OF GEORGE I. (1660-1727).</h2> - -<h3>A. <span class="smcap">By Lord Chesterfield.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Lord Chesterfield (1694-1774), <i>Characters of Eminent -Persons of His own Time</i>, 1777. P. 9.</p> - -<p>George the First was an honest and dull German gentleman, -as unfit as unwilling to act the part of a King, which is, to -shine and oppress. Lazy and inactive even in his pleasures; -which were therefore lowly and sensual: He was coolly intrepid, -and indolently benevolent. He was diffident of his -own parts, which made him speak little in public<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_1" id="Ref_1" href="#Foot_1">[1]</a></span> -and prefer in his social, which were his favourite, hours, the -company of waggs and buffoons.... His views and affections -were singly confined to the narrow compass of his -electorate.—England was too big for him.—If he had nothing -great as a King, he had nothing bad as a Man—and if he -does not adorn, at least he will not stain the annals of this -country. In private life, he would have been loved and -esteemed as a good citizen, a good friend, and a good neighbour.—Happy -were it for Europe, happy for the world, if -there were not greater Kings in it!</p> - -<h3>B. <span class="smcap">By Horace Walpole.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>Reminiscences</i>, in <i>Works of Horace Walpole</i>, Earl of -Oxford, 1798. Vol. iv., p. 275; <i>Letter to Sir Horace Mann, -Feb. 25, 1782</i>.</p> - -<p>"At ten years old [<i>i.e.</i>, in 1727] I had set my heart on seeing -George I., and being a favourite child, my mother asked leave -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">{6}</a></span> -for me to be presented to him; which to the First Minister's wife -was granted, and I was carried by the late Lady Chesterfield to -kiss his hand as he went to supper in the Duchess of Kendal's -apartment. This was the night but one before he left England -the last time."</p> - -<p>"The person of the King is as perfect in my memory as -if I saw him but yesterday. It was that of an elderly man, -rather pale, and exactly like his pictures and coins, not tall, -of an aspect rather good than august, with a dark tie wig, -a plain coat, waistcoat and breeches of snuff-coloured cloth, -with stockings of the same colour and a blue riband over all."</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_1" id="Foot_1" href="#Ref_1">[1]</a> -Lord Chesterfield does not mention that George I. spoke no English.—<span class="smcap">Ed.</span></p> - -</div> - -<h2>PUBLIC FEELING AS TO THE NEW DYNASTY (1714).</h2> - -<h3>A. <span class="smcap">Whig.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>Letters of Lady M. W. Montagu.</i> Vol. 1., p. 86. -Bohn's edition.</p> - -<div class="top"> -<div class="right1"><i>Aug. 9, 1714.</i></div> -</div> - -<p>The Archbishop of York has been come to Bishopsthorpe -but three days. I went with my cousin to see the King proclaimed, -which was done, the archbishop walking next the -Lord Mayor, all the country gentry following, with greater -crowds of people than I believed to be in York, vast acclamations, -and the appearance of a general satisfaction. The -Pretender afterwards dragged about the streets and burned. -Ringing of bells, bonfires, and illuminations, the mob crying -Liberty and Property! and Long live King George! This -morning all the principal men of any figure took port for -London, and we are alarmed with the fear of attempts from -Scotland, though all Protestants here seem unanimous for -the Hanover succession.</p> - -<h3>B. <span class="smcap">Tory.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Thomas Hearne [1678-1735], <i>Reliquiæ Hearnianæ</i>, -1869. Vol. i., pp. 303, 309.</p> - -<p><i>Aug. 4.</i>—This day, at two o'clock, the said elector of Brunswick -(who is in the fifty-fifth year of his age, being born May -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">{7}</a></span> -28th, 1660) was proclaimed in Oxford. The vice-chancellor, and -doctors, and masters met in the convocation house, and from -thence went to St. Mary's, to attend at the solemnity. There -was but a small appearance of doctors and masters that went -from the convocation house. I stood in the Bodleian gallery -where I observed them. Dr. Hudson was amongst them, -and all the heads of houses in town. But there were a great -many more doctors and masters at St. Marie's, where a -scaffold was erected for them.</p> - -<p><i>Aug. 5.</i>—The illumination and rejoicing in Oxford was very -little last night. The proclamation was published at Abingdon -also yesterday, but there was little appearance.</p> - -<p>A letter having been put into the mayor of Oxford's hands -before he published the proclamation, cautioning him against -proclaiming King George, and advising him to proclaim the -pretender by the name of King James III., the said Mayor, -notwithstanding, proclaimed King George, and yesterday our -vice-chancellor, and heads, and proctors, agreed to a reward -of an hundred pounds to be paid to anyone that should discover -the author or authors of the letter; and the order for the same -being printed I have inserted a copy of it here.</p> - - <p>"<i>At a general meeting of the vice-chancellor, heads of houses, and - proctors of the university of Oxford, at the Apodyterium of the - Convocation House, on Wednesday, Aug. 4, 1714.</i></p> - - <p>"Whereas a letter directed to Mr. Mayor of the city of Oxford, - containing treasonable matters, was delivered at his house on Monday - night last, betwixt nine and ten of the clock, by a person in an - open-sleeved gown, and in a cinnamon-coloured coat, as yet unknown: - which letter has been communicated to Mr. Vice-Chancellor by the said - Mayor: if any one will discover the author or authors of the said - letter, or the person who delivered it, so as he or they may be brought - to justice, he shall have a reward of one hundred pounds, to be paid - him forthwith by Mr. Vice-Chancellor.</p> - -<div class="foot"> -<div class="right1">"<span class="smcap">Bernard Gardiner</span>, Vice-Chancellor."</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">{8}</a></span> -The letter to which the vice-chancellor's programme refers:</p> - -<div class="top"> -<div class="right1"><span class="smcap">Oxon</span>, <i>August 2nd, 1714</i>.</div> -<div class="left1"><span class="smcap">Mr. Mayor</span>,</div> -</div> - -<p class="ind">If you are so honest a man as to prefer your duty and -allegiance to your lawfull sovereign before the fear of danger, -you will not need this caution, which comes from your friends -to warn you, if you should receive an order to proclaim Hannover, -not to comply with it. For the hand of God is now at -work to set things upon a right foot, and in a few days you -will find wonderfull changes, which if you are wise enough to -foresee, you will obtain grace and favour from the hands of -his sacred majestie king James, by proclaiming him voluntarily, -which otherwise you will be forced to do with disgrace. -If you have not the courage to do this, at least for your own -safety delay proclaiming Hannover as long as you can under -pretense of sickness or some other reason. For you cannot -do it without certain hazard of your life, be you ever so well -guarded. I, who am but secretary to the rest, having a -particular friendship for you, and an opinion of your honesty -and good inclinations to his majestie's service, have prevailed -with them to let me give you this warning. If you would -know who the rest are, our name is</p> - -<div class="foot"> -<div class="right1"> <span class="smcap">Legion</span>, <i>and we are many</i>.</div> -<div class="indnote1">This note shall be your sufficient warrant in times to come for -proclaiming his majestie King James, and if this does not satisfie you, -upon your first publick notice we will do it in person.</div> -<div class="left1 small">For Mr. Broadwater, mayor of the City of Oxford, these.</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Sept. 25.</i>—On Monday last (Sept. 20th) King George (as -he is styled) with his son (who is in the 31st year of his age, -and is called prince of Wales, he having been so created), -entered London, and came to the palace of St. James's, -attended with several thousands. It was observed that the -Duke of Marlborough was more huzza'd, upon this occasion, -than King George, and that the acclamation, <i>God save the -Duke of Marlborough!</i> was more frequently repeated than -<i>God save the king!</i> In the evening the illuminations and bonfires -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">{9}</a></span> -were not many. King George hath begun to change all -the ministers, and to put in the <i>whiggs</i>, every post bringing us -news of this alteration, to the grievous mortification of that -party called <i>tories</i>. The duke of Marlborough is made captain -general of all the forces in room of the duke of Ormond, not -to mention the other great changes. But the tories must -thank themselves for all this, they having acted whilst in -power very unworthily, and instead of preferring worthy -scholars and truly honest men, they put in the quite contrary, -and indeed behaved themselves with very little courage or -integrity. I am sorry to write this; but 'tis too notorious, -and they therefore very deservedly suffer now. They have -acted contrary to their principles, and must therefore expect -to smart. But the whiggs, as they have professed bad -principles, so they have acted accordingly, not in the least -receding from what they have laid down as principles. 'Tis -to be hoped the tories may now at last see their folly, and -may resolve to act steadily and uniformly, and to provide -for, and take care of, one another, and with true courage and -resolution endeavour to retrieve credit and reputation by -practising those doctrines which will make for the service of -the king, and of the whole nation, and not suffer those enemies -the whiggs utterly to ruin their country, as they have done -almost already.</p> - -<h2>THE '15.</h2> - -<h3>I.<br /> -<span class="smcap">The Pretender's Declaration</span> (1715).</h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—A. Boyer's <i>Political State of Great Britain</i>, 1720. Vol. x., -pp. 626-630.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>His Majesty's Most Gracious Declaration.</i></p> - -<div class="top"> -<div class="left2"><span class="smcap">James R.</span></div> -</div> - -<p>James VIII. by the Grace of God, of Scotland, England, -France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith &c. To -all Our Loving Subjects of What Degree or Quality soever. -Greeting. As we are firmly resolved never to lose any Opportunity -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">{10}</a></span> -of asserting Our undoubted Title to the Imperial Crown -of these Realms, and of endeavouring to get the Possession -of that Right which is devolv'd upon Us by the Laws of God -and Man: so we must in Justice to the Sentiments of our -Heart declare, That nothing in the World can give Us so great -satisfaction, as to owe to the Endeavours of Our Loyal Subjects -both our own and their Restoration to that happy Settlement -which can alone deliver this Church and Nation from -the Calamities which they lie at present under, and from -those future Miseries which must be the Consequences of -the present usurpation. During the Life of Our dear Sister, of -Glorious Memory, the Happiness which Our People enjoy'd -softened in some Degree the Hardship of our own Fate; and -we must further confess, That when we reflected on the Goodness -of her Nature, and her Inclination to Justice, we could -not but persuade Our Self, that she intended to establish and -perpetuate the Peace which she had given to these Kingdoms -by destroying for ever all Competition to the Succession of -the Crown, and by securing to us, at last, the Enjoyment of -the Inheritance out of which We had been so long kept, which -her Conscience must inform her was our Due, and which her -Principles must bend her to desire that We might obtain.</p> - -<p>But since the Time that it pleased Almighty God to put -a Period to her Life, and not to suffer Us to throw Our Self, -as We then fully purposed to have done, upon Our People, -We have not been able to look upon the Present Condition of -Our Kingdoms, or to consider their Future Prospect, without -all the Horror and Indignation which ought to fill the Breast -of every Scotsman.</p> - -<p>We have beheld a Foreign Family, Aliens to our Country, -distant in Blood, and Strangers even to our Language, ascend -the Throne.</p> - -<p>We have seen the Reins of Government put into the Hands -of a Faction, and that Authority which was design'd for the -Protection of All, exercis'd by a Few of the Worst, to the -oppression of the Best and Greatest number of our Subjects. -Our Sister has not been left at Rest in her Grave; her name -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">{11}</a></span> -has been scurrilously abused, her Glory, as far as in these -People lay, insolently defaced, and her faithful Servants inhumanely -persecuted. A Parliament has been procur'd by -the most Unwarrantable Influences, and by the Grossest -Corruptions, to serve the Vilest Ends, and they who ought -to be the Guardians of the Liberties of the People, are become -the Instruments of Tyranny. Whilst the Principal Powers, -engaged in the Late Wars, enjoy the Blessings of Peace, and -are attentive to discharge their Debts, and ease their People, -Great Britain, in the Midst of Peace, feels all the Load of a -War. New Debts are contracted, New Armies are raised at -Home, Dutch Forces are brought into these Kingdoms, and, -by taking Possession of the Dutchy of Bremen, in Violation -of the Public Faith, a Door is opened by the Usurper to let in -an Inundation of Foreigners from Abroad and to reduce these -Nations to the State of a Province, to one of the most inconsiderable -Provinces of the Empire.</p> - -<p>These are some few of the many real Evils into which these -Kingdoms have been betrayed, under Pretence of being -rescued and secured from Dangers purely imaginary, and -these are such Consequences of abandoning the Old constitution, -as we persuade Our Selves very many of those who -promoted the present unjust and illegal Settlement, never -intended.</p> - -<p>We observe, with the utmost Satisfaction, that the Generality -of Our Subjects are awaken'd with a just Sense of their -Danger, and that they shew themselves disposed to take such -Measures as may effectually rescue them from that Bondage -which has, by the Artifice of a few designing Men, and by -the Concurrence of many unhappy Causes, been brought -upon them.</p> - -<p>We adore the Wisdom of the Divine Providence, which has -opened a Way to our Restoration, by the Success of those -very Measures that were laid to disappoint us for ever: And -we must earnestly conjure all Our Loving Subjects, not to -suffer that Spirit to faint or die away, which has been so -miraculously raised in all Parts of the Kingdom, but to pursue -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">{12}</a></span> -with all the Vigour and Hopes of Success, which so just and -righteous a Cause ought to inspire, those methods, which The -Finger of God seems to point out to them.</p> - -<p>We are come to take Our Part in all the Dangers and Difficulties -to which any of Our Subjects, from the Greatest down -to the Meanest, may be exposed on this important Occasion, -to relieve Our Subjects of Scotland from the Hardships they -groan under on account of the late unhappy Union; and to -restore the Kingdom in its ancient, free, and independent -State.</p> - -<p>We have before Our Eyes the Example of Our Royal Grandfather, -who fell a Sacrifice to Rebellion, and of Our Royal -Uncle, who, by a Train of Miracles, escaped the Rage of the -barbarous and blood-thirsty Rebels, and lived to exercise his -Clemency towards those who had waged war against his -Father and himself; who had driven him to seek Shelter in -Foreign Lands, and who had even set a Price upon his Head. -We see the same Instances of Cruelty renewed against Us, -by Men of the same Principles, without any other Reason -than the Consciousness of their own Guilt, and the implacable -Malice of their own Hearts: For in the Account of -such Men, it's a Crime sufficient to be born their King; but -God forbid, that we should tread in those Steps, or that the -Cause of a Lawful Prince, and an Injur'd People, should be -carried on like that of Usurpation and Tyranny, and owe -its Support to Assassins. We shall copy after the Patterns -above mentioned, and be ready, with the Former of Our Royal -Ancestors, to seal the Cause of Our Country, if such be the -Will of Heaven, with Our Blood. But we hope for Better -Things; we hope, with the Latter, to see Our just Rights, -and those of the Church and People of Scotland, once more -settled in a Free and Independent Scots Parliament, on their -Antient Foundation. To such a Parliament, which we will -immediately call, shall we intirely refer both Our and Their -Interests, being sensible that these Interests, rightly understood, -are always the same. Let the Civil, as well as Religious -Rights of all our Subjects, receive their Confirmation in such -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">{13}</a></span> -a Parliament; let Consciences truly tender be indulged; let -Property of every Kind be better than ever secured; let an -Act of General Grace and Amnesty extinguish the Fears even -of the most Guilty; if possible, let the very Remembrance of -all which have preceded this happy Moment be utterly -blotted out, that Our Subjects may be united to Us, and to -Each Other, on the strictest Bonds of Affection, as well as -Interest.</p> - -<p>And that nothing may be omitted which is in Our Power to -contribute to this desirable End, we do, by these Presents, -absolutely and effectually, for Us, Our Heirs and Successors, -pardon, remit and discharge all Crimes of High Treason, -Misprision of Treason, and all other Crimes and Offences -whatsoever, done or committed against Us or Our Royal -Father of Blessed Memory, by any of Our Subjects of what -Degree or Quality soever, who shall, at or after Our Landing, -and before they engage in any Action against Us, or Our -Forces, from that Time, lay hold on Mercy, and return to that -Duty and Allegiance which they owe to Us, their only rightful -and lawful Sovereign.</p> - -<p>By the joint Endeavours of Us and Our Parliament, urged -by these Motives, and directed by these Views, we may hope -to see the Peace and flourishing Estate of this Kingdom, in -a short Time, restored: and We shall be equally forward to -concert with our Parliament such further Measures as may -be thought necessary for leaving the same to future Generations.</p> - -<p>And We hereby require all Sheriffs of Shires, Stewarts of -Stewartries, or their Deputies, and Magistrates of Burghs, to -publish this Our Declaration immediately after it shall come -to their Hands in the Usual Places and Manner, under the -Pain of being proceeded against for Failure thereof, and -forfeiting the Benefit of Our general Pardon.</p> - -<div class="foot"> -<div class="indnote2">Given under Our Sign Manual and Privy Signet, at Our Court at -<i>Commercy</i>, the 25th Day of Octob. in the 15th Year of Our Reign.</div> -</div> - -<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">{14}</a></div> - -<h3>II.<br /> -<span class="smcap">The Proclamation of James III.</span> (1715).</h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Peter Clarke's <i>Journal</i>, in <i>Miscellany of the Scottish -History Society</i>, 1893. Vol. i., p. 513.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—On Wednesday the second day of November one -thousand seaven hundred and fifteen, the then high sherriff of -Cumberland assembled the <i>posse comitatus</i> on Penrith Fell, Viscount -Loynsdale being there as commander of the militia of -Westmoreland, Cumberland and Northumberland, who were -assembled at the place aforesaid for prevention of rebellion -and riots. The Lord Bishop of Carlisle and his daughter were -there. By the strictest observation the numbers were twenty-five -thousand men, but very few of them had any regular -armes. At 11 o'clock in the forenoon of the same day the -high sherriff and the two lords received a true account that -the Earl of Derwentwater, together with his army, were within -6 miles of Penrith. Upon the receipt of this news the said -high sherriff and the said 2 lords, the <i>posse comitatus</i> and the -militia fled, leaving most of their arms vpon the said fell. -There is no doubt had the men stood their ground the said -Earl and his men (as it hath since beene acknowledged by -divers of them) wood have retreated. About 3 aclock in the -afternoon on the same day the said Earl, together with his -army, in number about one thousand seaven hundred, entred -the said towne of Penrith, where they proclaimed their king -by the name and title of James the 3d. of England and -Ireland, and 8th of Scotland. In this towne they received -what excise was due to the crowne and gave receipts for the -same. A small party were sent to Lowther Hall to search -for Lord Loynsdale, but not finding him there (for he was gone -into Yorkshire), they made bold to take provision for themselves -and their horses, such as the Hall aforded. There -were only at that time two old woomen in the said Hall who -received no bodily damage. But provision being scarce in -the said towne, Penrith, they marched betimes next morning -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">{15}</a></span> -for Apleby. The gentlemen paid their quarters of for what -they called for in both these townes, but the commonality -paid little or nothing, neither was there any person that -received any bodily damage in either of the said townes. If -they found any armes they tooke them without paying the -owners for them. Only one man joyned them in their march -from Penrith to Apleby. In this towne they made the same -proclamation as they had done in the former, and received -the excise. The weather at this time for some days before -was rainey. They marched out of this towne betimes on -Saturday morning, being the 5th of November, in order for -Kendall. In this day's march none joyned them (excepting -one, Mr. Francis Thornburrow), son of Mr. William Thornburrow -of Selfet Hall neare Kendall. His father sent one -of his servant men to wait upon his son because he was in -scarlet cloathes, and stile of Captain Thornburrow.</p> - -<p>About 12 aclock of the same day 6 quartermasters came -into the towne of Kendall, and about 2 aclock in the afternoone -Brigadeer Mackintoss and his men came both a horseback, -having both plads on their targets hanging on their -backs, either of them a sord by his side, as also either a gun -and a case of pistols. The said Brigadeer looked with a -grim countenance. He and his man lodged at Alderman -Lowrys, a private house in Highgate Street in this towne. -About one houre after came in the horsemen, and the footmen -at the latter end. It rained very hard here this day, -and had for several days before, so that the horse and the -footmen did not draw their swords, nor show their collours, -neither did any drums beat. Onely six highlands bagpipes -played. They marched to the cold-stone or the cross, and -read the same proclamation twice over in English without any -mixture of Scotish tongue. I had for about one month -lived and was clerke to Mr. Craikenthorp, attorney at Law, -and as a spectator I went to heare the proclamation read, -which I believe was in print, and began after this manner, -viz., Whereas George Elector of Brunswick has usurped and -taken upon him the stile of the king of these realms, etc. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">{16}</a></span> -Another clause in it I took particular notice of was this, -viz.—Did immediately after his said fathers decease become our -only and lawful leige. At the end of the proclamation they -gave a great shout. A quaker who stood next to me not -puting of his hat at the end of the said ceremony, a highlander -thrust a halbert at him, but it fortunately went between -me and him, so that it did neither of us any damage. So -they dispersed.</p> - -<h3>III.<br /> -<span class="smcap">Failure of the Expedition Explained.</span></h3> - -<h4>(<i>a</i>) <i>Absence of Foreign Aid.</i></h4> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>Letter to Sir William Windham</i>, Bolingbroke's Works, -1754. Vol. i, pp. 79, 80.</p> - -<p>The true cause of all the misfortunes which happened to -the Scotch and those who took arms in the north of England, -lies here: that they rose without any previous certainty -of foreign help, in direct contradiction to the scheme which -their leaders themselves had formed. The excuse which I -have heard made for this, is that the act of parliament for -curbing the highlanders was near to be put in execution: -that they would have been disarmed and entirely disabled -from rising at any other time, if they had not rose at this. -You can judge better than I of the validity of this excuse. -It seems to me that by management they might have gained -time, and that even when they had been reduced to the -dilemma supposed, they ought to have got together under -pretence of resisting the infractions of the union without any -mention of the pretender, and have treated with the government -on this foot. By these means they might probably have -preserved themselves in a condition of avowing their design -when they should be sure of being backed from abroad; at the -worst they might have declared for the Chevalier when all -other expedients failed them. In a word I take this excuse -not to be very good, and the true reason of this conduct to -have been the rashness of the people, and the inconsistent -measures of their head.</p> - -<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">{17}</a></div> - -<h4>(<i>b</i>) <i>The Pretender no Leader of Men.</i></h4> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>A true Account of the Proceedings at Perth, Written by a -Rebel</i>, 1716, p. 20.</p> - -<p>I must not conceal that when we saw the man whom they -called our King, we found ourselves not at all animated by -his presence, and if he was disappointed in us, we were tenfold -more so in him. We saw nothing in him that looked -like spirit. He never appeared with cheerfulness and vigour -to animate us. His countenance looked extremely heavy. -He cared not to come abroad among us soldiers, or to see us -handle our arms or do our exercises. Some said, the circumstances -he found us in dejected him; I am sure the figure he -made dejected us; and had he sent us but 3.000 men of good -hopes, and never himself come among us, we had done other -things than we have now.</p> - -<h4>(<i>c</i>) <i>The Nation's Dread of Popery.</i></h4> - -<p>[Just as in 1745 the Curse of Ernulphus was reprinted -in the <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i> for September "to shew what -is to be expected from the Pope, if he come to be supreme -head of the church in this nation," so in 1715 the same fears -were worked upon in innumerable pamphlets. The first -Article of Impeachment of High Treason against Lord Derwentwater -is the charge of re-establishing popery, and is -taken from <i>A Faithful Register of the Late Rebellion</i>, 1718, -p. 41; the second extract is from <i>A Caveat against the Pretender</i>, -1725, p. 5.]</p> - -<p>(1) ... For many Years past, a most wicked Design and -Contrivance has been formed and carried on, to subvert the -ancient and established Government, and the good Laws of -these Kingdoms; to extirpate the true Protestant Religion -therein established, and to destroy its Professors; and, instead -thereof, to introduce and settle Popery and arbitrary -Power; in which unnatural and horrid Conspiracy, great -Numbers of Persons, of different Degrees and Qualities, have -concerned themselves, and acted; and many Protestants, -pretending an uncommon Zeal for the Church of <i>England</i>, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">{18}</a></span> -have join'd themselves with professed Papists, uniting their -Endeavours to accomplish and execute the aforesaid and -traitorous designs.</p> - -<p>(2) The Pretender return! What Flames will this kindle? -What burning of Towns, and ransacking of Cities? What -Plunder and Rapine? And what Blindness, Superstition; -Ruin of all Religion, and utter Waste of Conscience, would be -the Issue of his Success!...</p> - -<p>That this is not mere Declamation, and design'd for Amusement, -a little Inspection into that <i>Mystery of Iniquity</i>, we call -Popery, wou'd convince the Reader, even to Amazement: -But these Papers must be confin'd to a narrower compass, -and shall only fix upon one single Point of Popery, that of -<i>Persecution and Cruelty</i>, so natural, and even essential to it: -I shall make it appear that <i>Popery</i> is a Religion <i>set on fire of -Hell</i>, the true Molock and Tophet that devours and consumes -all Protestants thro'out the Earth, that are not by interposing -Providence rescu'd from its Jaws.</p> - -<h2>THE SEPTENNIAL ACT (1716).</h2> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Danby Pickering, <i>The Statutes at Large</i>, 1764. -Vol. xiii., pp. 1713-1717. Cambridge.</p> - -<p><i>Whereas in and by act of parliament made in the sixth year -of the reign of their late Majesties</i> King William <i>and Queen</i> -Mary (of ever blessed <i>memory) intituled</i>, An Act for the -frequent meeting and calling of parliaments: <small>IT WAS</small> <i>among -other things enacted, That from henceforth no parliament whatsoever, -that should at any time then after be called, assembled -or held, should have any continuance longer than for three years -only at the farthest, to be accounted from the day on which by -the writ of summons the said parliament should be appointed -to meet: whereas it has been found by experience, that the said -clause hath proved very grievous and burthensome, by occasioning -much greater and more continued expences in order to elections -of members to serve in parliament, and more violent and lasting -heat and animosities among the subjects of this realm, than were -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">{19}</a></span> -ever known before the said clause was enacted; and the said -provision, if it should continue, may probably at this juncture, -when a restless and popish faction are designing and endeavouring -to renew the rebellion within this Kingdom, and an invasion -from abroad, be destructive to the peace and security of the -government</i>: be it enacted by the King's most excellent -Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the lords -spiritual and temporal, and commons in parliament assembled, -and by the authority of the same, That this present parliament, -and all parliaments that shall at any time hereafter -be called, assembled or held, shall and may respectively have -continuance for seven years, and no longer, to be accounted -from the day on which by the writ of summons this present -parliament hath been, or any future parliament shall be, -appointed to meet, unless this present, or any future parliament -hereafter to be summoned shall be sooner dissolved -by his Majesty, his heirs or successors.</p> - -<h2>DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH FLEET OFF SICILY BY -ADMIRAL SIR GEORGE BYNG, JULY 31, 1718.</h2> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Byng's original despatch in Oldmixon's <i>History of -England: George I.</i>, 1735. P. 663.</p> - -<p><i>August 6</i>, O.S.—Early in the Morning, on the 30th of <i>July</i>, -as we were standing in for <i>Messina</i>, we saw two Scouts of the -<i>Spanish</i> fleet in the <i>Faro</i>, very near us; and at the same time -a <i>Felucca</i> coming off from the <i>Calabrian</i> shore, assur'd us they -saw from the Hills the <i>Spanish Fleet</i> lying by; upon which the -Admiral stood thro' the <i>Faro</i> after the scouts, judging they -would lead us to their Fleet, which they did, for before Noon -we had a fair sight of all their Ships.... Their Fleet consisted -of 26 Men of War, great and small, two Fireships, four -Bomb Vessels, seven Galleys, and several Ships with Stores -and Provisions. The Admiral order'd the <i>Kent</i>, <i>Superbe</i>, -<i>Grafton</i> and <i>Oxford</i>, the best Sailors in the Fleet, to make -what Sail they could to come up with the <i>Spaniards</i>; and -that the Ship that could get nearest to them should carry the -Lights usually worn by the Admiral, that he might not lose -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">{20}</a></span> -sight of them in the Night, and he made what sail he could -with the rest of the Fleet to keep up with them. It being -little Wind the <i>Spanish</i> Galleys tow'd their heaviest Sailors -all Night. The 31st in the Morning, as soon as it was day, -they finding us pretty near up with their Fleet, the Galleys -and smaller Ships, with the Fireships, Bomb-Vessels, and -Store-Ships separated from their Admiral and bigger Ships, -and stood in for the Shore. After whom the Admiral sent -Captain <i>Walton</i> in the <i>Canterbury</i>, with the <i>Argyle</i> and six -Ships more. As those Ships were coming up with them, one -of the <i>Spaniards</i> fir'd a Broadside at the <i>Argyle</i>. The Admiral -seeing those Ships engag'd with the <i>Spanish</i> which were -making towards the Shore, sent orders to Captain <i>Walton</i> to -rendezvous after the Action at <i>Syracuse</i>.... We held our -Chace after the <i>Spanish</i> Admiral with three of his Rear -Admirals and the biggest Ships, which staid by their <i>Flags</i>, -till we came near them. The Captains of the <i>Kent</i>, <i>Superbe</i>, -<i>Grafton</i> and <i>Orford</i> having Orders to make all the Sail they -could to place themselves by the four Headmost Ships, were -the first that came up with them. The Spaniards began by -firing their Stern Chace at them. But they having Orders -not to fire unless the <i>Spanish</i> Ships repeated their firing, made -no return at first, but the <i>Spaniards</i> firing again, the <i>Orford</i> -attack'd the <i>Santa Rosa</i>, the <i>St. Charles</i> struck without much -Opposition, and the <i>Kent</i> took Possession of her. The <i>Grafton</i> -attack'd the <i>Prince of Asturias</i>, formerly call'd the <i>Cumberland</i>, -in which was Rear Admiral <i>Chacon</i>, but the <i>Breda</i> and -<i>Captain</i> coming up, she left that Ship for them to take, which -they soon did, and stretched ahead after another 60 Gun Ship, -which was at her Starboard Bow while she was engaging the -<i>Prince of Asturias</i>, and kept firing her Stern-Chace into the -<i>Grafton</i>. About One o'clock the <i>Kent</i> and <i>Superbe</i> engaged the -Spanish Admiral, which with two more Ships fir'd on them, -and made a running Fight till about Three, when the <i>Kent</i> -bearing down upon her and under her Stern gave her a Broadside, -and went away to Leeward of her; then the <i>Superbe</i> put -for it and laid the <i>Spanish</i> Admiral on Board, falling on her -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">{21}</a></span> -Weather-Quarter, but the <i>Spanish</i> Admiral shifting her Helm -and avoiding her, the <i>Superbe</i> rang'd under her Lee-Quarter, -on which she struck to her. At the same time the <i>Barfleur</i> -being within Shot of the said <i>Spanish</i> Admiral, one of their -Rear Admirals, and another 60 Gun Ship, which were to -Windward of the <i>Barfleur</i>, bore down and gave her three -Broadsides, and then clapt upon a Wind, standing in for the -land; the Admiral in the <i>Barfleur</i> stood after them till it -was almost Night, but it being little Wind ... he left pursuing -them and stood away to the Fleet again, which he found -two Hours after Night. The <i>Essex</i> took the <i>Juno</i>, the -<i>Montague</i> and <i>Rupert</i> took the <i>Volante</i>; Vice Admiral <i>Cornwall</i> -followed the <i>Grafton</i> to support her ... Rear Admiral -Delaval with the <i>Royal Oak</i> chas'd two Ships that went away -more Leewardly than the rest, one of them said to be Rear -Admiral Crammock, a Scotch or Irish <i>Renegade</i>, who had -serv'd several years in the English Fleet; but we not having -seen them since, know not the Success.<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_2" id="Ref_2" href="#Foot_2">[2]</a></span></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_2" id="Foot_2" href="#Ref_2">[2]</a> -The result of the battle, in which the English had 1,360 guns, the -Spanish 1,310, was that fifteen Spanish ships of war, 744 guns in all, -one fireship, and one store-ship were taken, and two smaller vessels -burnt, and Byng goes on to say that, "as is usual on such Occasions, -their Mortification after their Defeat was equal to their Presumption -before."</p> - -</div> - -<h2>THE SOUTH SEA BUBBLE (1720).</h2> - -<h3>I.<br /> -<span class="smcap">The Proposals: The Second Scheme of the South Sea Company.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>The Schemes of the South Sea Company and the Bank of -England as Propos'd to the Parliament for the Reducing of -the National Debts.</i> London, 1720.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>To the Honourable the Commons of Great Britain in -Parliament Assembled.</i></p> - -<p>The Corporation of the Governors and Company of Merchants, -Trading to the South Seas and other Parts of America, -and for Encouraging the Fishery, having on the 27th January -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">{22}</a></span> -last presented their Humble Proposal to this Honourable -House, for Enlarging the Capital Stock of the said Company, -by taking thereinto the several Annuities and Publick Debts -therein Mentioned, on the Terms and Conditions in the said -Proposal also Mentioned, in which Proposal such Advantages -were offer'd to the Publick, as the said Corporation did humbly -hope would have been to the entire Satisfaction of this -Honourable House, and most conducive to the certain Discharging -and Paying off the whole Debt of the Nation, and -to which Proposal they humbly crave Leave to refer. But -the Governors and Company of the Bank of England having -the same day also delivered a Proposal to this Honourable -House, for enlarging their Capital Stock, by taking in the -same Annuities and Debts on the Terms and Conditions in -their Proposal also mentioned.</p> - -<p>This Corporation therefore further, to manifest their Zeal -and Earnest desire to Contribute their utmost to the reducing -and paying off the Publick Debts, crave leave to offer the -following Explanations and Amendments to their said Proposal.</p> - -<p>I. As to the sixth Article of their said former Proposal, -wherein they have humbly desir'd to be Allowed for Charges -of Management, for their to be increased Capital, so much as -it now costs the Government for the Charges of Paying, -Assigning and Accounting for the said Debts, or such Proportion -thereof, as the Sum which shall be taken in by the -Company, shall bear to the whole of those Debts.</p> - -<p>They now offer by way of Explanation of that Article, that -the Allowances therein Mentioned, are not to exceed a Proportion -to the Allowance they now have by Act of Parliament -on their present Capital for that purpose.</p> - -<p>II. That whereas, in their seventh Article of their said -Proposal it is Mentioned that the Annuities for the Company's -present, and to be increased Capital, be continued -at the Rates therein Mentioned till Midsummer, 1727. And -that from and after that time their then Annuity on their -whole Capital, shall be actually reduced to £4 per Cent. per -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">{23}</a></span> -Ann. and likewise be from thenceforth redeemable by Parliament.</p> - -<p>They do humbly offer that if this Honourable House do -think it more for the Interest of the Publick, that in lieu of -the said seventh Article, all the Sums to be taken into the -Company's Capital, in pursuance of their proposal, shall be -redeemable by Parliament, from and after Midsummer 1724, -in Sums not less than £500,000 at a time they do consent -thereto.</p> - -<p>III. And whereas by the tenth Article of their said former -Proposal, they offer'd for the Liberty of Increasing their -Capital Stock, as is therein aforesaid; that they would give -and pay into his Majesty's Exchequer, for the Service of the -Publick, the sum of £3,500,000.</p> - -<p>They now humbly Offer, that over and above the said -£3,500,000, They will farther give and pay into his Majesty's -Exchequer, for the use of the Publick, by four Equal Quarterly -Payments on the days Mention'd in their said former Proposal, -£500,000 more certain, and also upon all the said -Annuities for certain Terms of Years which this Company -shall take into their Capital Stock, before the first day of -March, 1721, after the rate of four Year and half purchase, -by four Quarterly Payments which if all the said Annuities -be taken into the said Company, will amount to the Sum of -£3,567,503 or thereabouts, to which being added the said -£3,500,000 and the said further Sum of £500,000 will amount -in the whole to the Sum of £7,567,500 or thereabouts.</p> - -<p>IV. That whereas in the eleventh Article of their former -Proposal, they did submit that so much as shall arise by the -sinking Fund before Midsummer 1727 may from and after -paying Off such Part of the Publick Debts, as may be Redeemed -within that time, and which shall not be taken into this Company, -be applied at the end of every Year towards paying -off, in even One Hundred Thousand Pounds, that part of -the Company's Capital, which carries £5 <i>per Cent. per Ann.</i></p> - -<p>They do humbly offer in lieu thereof, that if this Honourable -House think fit to make their to be Increased Capital, Redeemable -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">{24}</a></span> -at Midsummer 1724, That the said sinking Fund -may till that time be applied half Yearly, to the paying off -that part of the Company's which is to carry £5 <i>per Cent. per -Ann.</i></p> - -<p>V. As to the twelfth Article of this Company's former Proposal, -Relating to the Circulating of £1,000,000 in Exchequer -Bills Gratis, and likewise pay the Interest for that Million, -so as no other Exchequer Bills be issued than what shall be -Circulated by the Credit of the Exchequer, without the aid of -Subscription or Contract.</p> - -<p>VI. And Lastly, that this Honourable House may be fully -satisfied of the sincere Intentions of this Company to use -their best Endeavours to take in all the said Annuities for -ninety-nine, and ninety-six Years, which amount to -£667,705 8s. 1d. <i>per Ann.</i> This Company do further Humbly -offer to give and pay into his Majesty's Exchequer, for the -Service of the Publick, by four Equal Quarterly Payments, -one Years Purchase upon all such of those Annuities as shall -happen not to come into the Company's Capital within the -time aforesaid.</p> - -<p>And whereas this Company is very Sensible, that the -Prosperity of the Nation doth greatly depend upon the discharging -the Publick Debts (a Motive which Induced them to -make the first Propositions of this Publick and beneficial -nature) They do Humbly submit these Explanations and -Amendments to this Honourable House, flattering themselves -that Readiness and Cheerfulness that Ingaged them so -much earlier than any other Society, to endeavour to reduce -that great Debt under which this Nation is Oppressed, will -Intitle them to the favour and preference of this House, since -they are willing and do hereby declare they are ready to -undertake this great work upon whatever Terms may be -offered by any other Company.</p> - -<div class="foot"> -<div class="right3">By Order of the General Court.</div> -<div class="right1"><span class="smcap">John Fellows</span>, <i>Sub-Governour</i>.</div> -<div class="right1"><span class="smcap">Charles Joye</span>, <i>Dep. Governour</i>.</div> -<div class="left1 small"><i>Feb. 1, 1719</i></div> -</div> - -<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">{25}</a></div> - -<h3>II.<br /> -<span class="smcap">The Bubble Burst.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>The Case of the Borrowers on the South Sea Loans -Stated.</i> Pp. 1-7. London, 1721.</p> - -<p>Since the Parliament has thought it of service to the -Publick, that the <i>unhappy sufferers by the South Sea</i> should -have Relief: and are at present considering how to give it -them: I am persuaded, no one will think it either improper -or unreasonable, that the case of the <i>Borrowers on the Loans</i> -(who in my opinion are the <i>most unhappy</i> of them all) should -be truly stated and made publick.</p> - -<p>For my part, I will endeavour it, as far as I am able, with -Justice to the Company who are their Creditors, and with no -more Compassion to these unfortunate People, than their -Circumstances honestly deserve: And I have this Satisfaction -in what I undertake, that as I believe it is not the Intent of -the Members of either of the Honourable Houses to administer -Relief with Partiality, or to neglect any set of Men who really -want it, should I so far succeed, as to show that <i>these Borrowers</i> -do, I can't but hope that <i>they</i> will be esteemed at least worthy -<i>their Care</i> and <i>Protection</i>.</p> - -<p>To what purpose these Loans were opened by the <i>late -Directors</i>, I need not mention: Every one knows, that without -<i>them</i> they could never have perfected <i>their Scheme</i>, as they -used to term their <i>Villainy</i>. It was not enough for them to -have raised their Stock to such a Price, as to have been <i>only</i> -able to have discharged their Agreement with the Government; -they had larger Views, they were to satisfy their own -Avarice, and could not therefore give too great an imaginary -Value to their Stock. <i>These Managers</i> (unhappily for us) set -out with the good opinion of Mankind: they were esteemed -too wise to be deceived themselves, and too honest to deceive -their Friends. Thus qualified for Mischief, they soon began -it: they soon intoxicated the Brains of all they talked with, -gave them wild Notions of the rising Value of their Stock, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">{26}</a></span> -persuaded them at any rate to put themselves in Fortune's -way: Having with great Art and Industry gained a <i>Credit</i> -to their Stock, they immediately upon it took in the first -Subscriptions; but these Subscriptions having drawn a great -Quantity of Money into their hands, they apprehended the -rising Spirit of the Stock might soon be checked for want of -Money, and their Project by it injured: For <i>even then</i> the -Species of our Nation was not infinite, it was therefore necessary -to contrive some Means to carry on <i>quick Circulations</i> -of it: and the Means contrived was to issue Money on these -Loans. The Success they had we all remember; the Price -increased prodigiously, and, if I am not mistaken, above -£100 <i>per Cent.</i> in a Day. And indeed this Success was very -probable: for these Loans served two Ends at once of the -greatest moment to their Schemes: While they furnished the -unhappy Borrowers with Money to purchase Stock with, they -gave fresh Credit to the Stock, and raised the Price: For when -the <i>Directors</i>, who must be supposed to know what they were -doing, had put so great a confidence in their Stock, as to lend -such Sums upon the Security of <i>that alone</i>, others might with -good reason take courage, and trust it too. And their Cunning -upon this occasion was very extraordinary, for they were -not contented with the Credit they gave to their Stock by this -Act, which was a tacit Declaration that they knew it to be -intrinsically worth as much or more than what they ventured -to lend on it; but they were diligent in private Companies to -confirm Men in such Opinion of it, by a constant Ridicule of -the Bank for their pitiful and cautious Loan of £100 <i>per Cent.</i> -To this Step are greatly owing all our Misfortunes: The most -Prudent now began to blame themselves for the most unjust -Suspicions they had entertain'd of so good a Project. A Man -of moderate Fortune now seem'd poor by the Vast Riches all -about him had so suddenly acquired. All grew impatient -and uneasy, who were not in this Stock, the Managers were -idolised, and only they were happy, who had Directors for -their Friends. The Merchant, who thro' a long Diligence and -great Variety of Hazard had gained a small Estate, grew mad -to see so many idle Fellows enrich themselves within a day or -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">{27}</a></span> -two. The honest Country Gentleman, who by good Management -and wise economy had been an Age in paying off a -Mortgage, or saving a few small Portions for his younger -Children, could not bear the big Discourse and Insults of this -<i>New Race</i>. Both laid aside their Prudence, and at last -became unhappy Converts to <i>South Sea</i>: Both were persuaded -now to use their Diligence, and recover that time their -Disbelief had lost them. The one despised his Trade, and -sold his Effects, at any rate, to try his Fortune: The other -mortgaged what he could, or sold it for a <i>little stock</i> or <i>Third -Subscription</i>: And now both are undone, both Beggars. I -should think Cases of such Distress as these could not be -reflected on without even Humanity itself becoming painful; -and yet, whether it proceeds from such Cases being frequent -and daily seen, or from an Hardness of Heart, which Providence -for a Judgment has suffered to fall on us, I know not; -but such Cases are scarce pitied by us: Every one still pursues -his own Interest, and seems to grudge the Expense even of -a few Shillings, to save thousands from Destruction.</p> - -<h2>SIR ROBERT WALPOLE AS PRIME MINISTER (1721-1741).</h2> - -<h3>I.<br /> -<span class="smcap">By Lord Hervey.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—John, Baron Hervey (1696-1743), <i>Memoirs</i>, -1848. Vol. i., pp. 23-25.</p> - -<p>No man ever was blessed with a clearer head, a truer or -quicker judgment, or a deeper insight into mankind; he knew -the strength and weakness of everybody he had to deal with, -and how to make his advantage of both; he had more warmth -of affection and friendship for some particular people than -one could have believed it possible for any one who had been -so long raking in the dirt of mankind to be capable of feeling -for so worthless a species of animals. One should naturally -have imagined that the contempt and distrust he must have -had for the species in gross, would have given him at least -an indifference and distrust towards every particular. Whether -his negligence of his enemies, and never stretching his power -to gratify his resentment of the sharpest injury, was policy -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">{28}</a></span> -or constitution, I shall not determine: but I do not believe -anybody who knows these times will deny that no minister -ever was more outraged, or less apparently revengeful. Some -of his friends, who were not unforgiving themselves, nor very -apt to see imaginary faults in him, have condemned this -easiness in his temper as a weakness that has often exposed -him to new injuries, and given encouragement to his adversaries -to insult him with impunity. Brigadier Churchill, a -worthy and good-natured, friendly, and honourable man, who -had lived Sir Robert's intimate friend for many years, and -through all the different stages of his power and retirement, -prosperity and disgrace, has often said that Sir Robert Walpole -was so little able to resist the show of repentance in -those from whom he had received the worst usage, that a few -tears and promises of amendment have often washed out the -stains even of ingratitude.</p> - -<p>In all occurrences, and at all times, and in all difficulties, -he was constantly present and cheerful; he had very little of -what is generally called insinuation, and with which people -are apt to be taken for the present, without being gained; -but no man ever knew better among those he had to deal with -who was to be had, on what terms, by what methods, and -how the acquisitions would answer. He was not one of those -projecting systematical great geniuses who are always thinking -in theory, and are above common practice: he had been -too long conversant in business not to know that in the -fluctuation of human affairs and variety of accidents to which -the best concerted schemes are liable, they must often be -disappointed who build on the certainty of the most probable -events; and therefore seldom turned his thoughts to the -provisional warding off future evils which might or might -not happen; or the scheming of remote advantages, subject -to so many intervening crosses; but always applied himself -to the present occurrence, studying and generally hitting upon -the properest method to improve what was favourable, and -the best expedient to extricate himself out of what was -difficult. There never was any minister to whom access -was so easy and so frequent, nor whose answers were more -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">{29}</a></span> -explicit. He knew how to oblige when he bestowed, and not -to shock when he denied: to govern without oppression, and -conquer without triumph. He pursued his ambition without -curbing his pleasures, and his pleasures without neglecting -his business; he did the latter with ease, and indulged himself -in the other without giving scandal or offence. In private -life, and to all who had any dependence upon him, he was -kind and indulgent; he was generous without ostentation, -and an economist without penuriousness; not insolent in -success, nor irresolute in distress; faithful to his friends, and -not inveterate to his foes.</p> - -<h3>II.<br /> -<span class="smcap">By Horace Walpole.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Horace Walpole's <i>Reminiscences</i>, <i>Works</i>, 1798. -Vol. iv., p. 271.</p> - -<p>It was an instance of Sir Robert's singular good fortune, or -evidence of his talents, that he not only preserved his power -under two successive monarchs, but in spite of the efforts of -both their mistresses to remove him. It was perhaps still -more remarkable, and an instance unparalleled, that Sir -Robert governed George the first in Latin, the King not -speaking English, and his minister not German, nor even -French. It was much talked of, that Sir Robert, detecting -one of the Hanoverian ministers in some trick or falsehood -before the King's face, had the firmness to say to the German, -"Mentiris, impudentissime!"</p> - -<h2>WOOD'S HALFPENCE: THE FIRST DRAPIER'S LETTER (1724).</h2> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>Works of Jonathan Swift</i>. Pp. 13 <i>seqq.</i> Bohn's -edition, 1903.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>To the Tradesmen, Shop-Keepers, Farmers, and Common People -in General of Ireland.</i></p> - -<div class="top"> -<div class="left1"><span class="smcap">Brethren, Friends, Countrymen and Fellow-Subjects,</span></div> -</div> - -<p class="ind">What I intend now to say to you, is, next to your duty -to God and the care of your salvation, of the greatest concern -to yourselves, and your children, your bread and clothing, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">{30}</a></span> -and every common necessary of life entirely depend upon it. -Therefore I do most earnestly exhort you as men, as Christians, -as parents, and as lovers of our country, to read this paper -with the utmost attention, or get it read to you by others; -which that you may do at the less expense, I have ordered -the printer to sell it at the lowest rate.</p> - -<p>It is a great fault among you, that when a person writes -with no other intention than to do you good, you will not be at -the pains to read his advice: One copy of this paper may serve -a dozen of you, which will be less than a farthing a-piece. -It is your folly that you have no common or general interest -in your view, not even the wisest among you, neither do you -know or enquire, or care who are your friends, or who are -your enemies.</p> - -<p>About three years ago a little book<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_3" id="Ref_3" href="#Foot_3">[3]</a></span> -was written to advise all people to wear the manufactures of this our own -dear country: It had no other design, said nothing against -the King or Parliament, or any man, yet the <small>POOR PRINTER</small> -was prosecuted two years, with the utmost violence, and even -some <small>WEAVERS</small> themselves, for whose sake it was written, -being upon the <small>JURY, FOUND HIM GUILTY</small>. This would be -enough to discourage any man from endeavouring to do you -good, when you will either neglect him or fly in his face for -his pains, and when he must expect only danger to himself -and loss of money, perhaps to his ruin.</p> - -<p>However I cannot but warn you once more of the manifest -destruction before your eyes, if you do not behave yourselves -as you ought.</p> - -<p>I will therefore first tell you the plain story of the fact; and -then I will lay before you how you ought to act in common -prudence, and according to the laws of your country.</p> - -<p>The fact is thus: It having been many years since <small>COPPER HALFPENCE OR FARTHINGS</small> -were last coined in this kingdom, -they have been for some time very scarce, and many counterfeits -passed about under the name of <i>raps</i>, several applications -were made to England, that we might have liberty to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">{31}</a></span> -coin new ones, as in former times we did; but they did not -succeed. At last one Mr. Wood, a mean ordinary man, a -hardware dealer, procured a patent under his Majesty's broad -seal to coin fourscore and ten thousand pounds in copper for -this kingdom, which patent however did not oblige any one -here to take them, unless they pleased. Now you must know, -that the halfpence and farthings in England pass for very -little more than they are worth. And if you should beat -them to pieces, and sell them to the brazier you would not -lose above a penny in a shilling. But Mr. Wood made his -halfpence of such base metal, and so much smaller than the -English ones, that the brazier would not give you above a -penny of good money for a shilling of his; so that this sum -of fourscore and ten thousand pounds in good gold and silver, -must be given for trash that will not be worth above eight -or nine thousand pounds real value. But this is not the worst, -for Mr. Wood, when he pleases, may by stealth send over -another and another fourscore and ten thousand pounds, and -buy all our goods for eleven parts in twelve, under the value. -For example, if a hatter sells a dozen of hats for five shillings -a-piece, which amounts to three pounds, and receives the -payment in Mr. Wood's coin, he really receives only the value -of five shillings.</p> - -<p>Perhaps you will wonder how such an ordinary fellow as -this Mr. Wood could have so much interest as to get His -Majesty's broad seal for so great a sum of bad money, to -be sent to this poor country, and that all the nobility and -gentry here could not obtain the same favour, and let us -make our own halfpence, as we used to do. Now I will -make that matter very plain. We are at a great distance -from the King's court, and have nobody there to solicit for -us, although a great number of lords and squires, whose -estates are here, and are our countrymen, spending all their -lives and fortunes there. But this same Mr. Wood was able -to attend constantly for his own interest; he is an Englishman -and had great friends, and it seems knew very well -where to give money, and those that would speak to others -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">{32}</a></span> -that could speak to the King and could tell a fair story. And -his Majesty, and perhaps the great lord or lords who advised -him, might think it was for our country's good; and so, as -the lawyers express it, "the King was deceived in his grant," -which often happens in all reigns. And I am sure if his -Majesty knew that such a patent, if it should take effect -according to the desire of Mr. Wood, would utterly ruin this -kingdom, which hath given such great proof of its loyalty, -he would immediately recall it, and perhaps show his displeasure -to some one or other. But "a word to the wise is -enough." Most of you must have heard, with what anger -our honourable House of Commons received an account of -this Wood's patent. There were several fine speeches made -upon it, and plain proof that it was all <small>A WICKED CHEAT</small> -from the bottom to the top, and several smart notes were -printed, which that same Wood had the assurance to answer -likewise in print, and in so confident a way, as if he were -a better man than our whole Parliament put together....</p> - -<p>The common weight of this halfpence is between four and -five to an ounce, suppose five, then three shillings and four-pence -will weigh a pound, and consequently twenty shillings -will weigh six pound butter weight. Now there are many -hundred farmers who pay two hundred pound a year rent. -Therefore when one of these farmers comes with his half-year's -rent, which is one hundred pound, it will be at least -six hundred pound weight, which is three horse load.</p> - -<p>If a 'squire has a mind to come to town to buy clothes -and wine and spices for himself and family, or perhaps to -pass the winter here; he must bring with him five or six -horses loaden with sacks as the farmers bring their corn; and -when his lady comes in her coach to our shops, it must be -followed by a car loaden with Mr. Wood's money. And I -hope we shall have the grace to take it for no more than it -is worth.</p> - -<p>They say 'Squire Conolly [Speaker of the Irish House of -Commons] has sixteen thousand pounds a year. Now if he -sends for his rent to town, as it is likely he does, he must have -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">{33}</a></span> -two hundred and forty horses to bring up his half-year's rent, -and two or three great cellars in his house for stowage. But -what the bankers will do I cannot tell. For I am assured, that -some great bankers keep by them forty thousand pounds in -ready cash to answer all payments, which sum, in Mr. Wood's -money, would require twelve hundred horses to carry it.</p> - -<p>For my own part, I am already resolved what to do; I -have a pretty good shop of Irish stuffs and silks, and instead -of taking Mr. Wood's bad copper. I intend to truck with my -neighbours the butchers, and bakers, and brewers, and the -rest, goods for goods, and the little gold and silver I have, I -will keep by me like my heart's blood till better times, or -till I am just ready to starve, and then I will buy as my father -did the brass money, in K. James's time,<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_4" id="Ref_4" href="#Foot_4">[4]</a></span> -I who could buy ten pound of it with a guinea....</p> - -<p>When once the kingdom is reduced to such a condition, -I will tell you what must be the end: The gentlemen of -estates will all turn off their tenants for want of payment, -because as I told you before, the tenants are obliged by their -leases to pay sterling which is lawful current money of England; -then they will turn their own farmers, as too many of -them do already, run all into sheep where they can, keeping -only such other cattle as are necessary, then they will be -their own merchants and send their wool and butter and -hides and linen beyond sea for ready money and wine and -spices and silks. They will keep only a few miserable cottiers. -The farmers must rob or beg, or leave their country. The -shopkeepers in this and every other town, must break and -starve: for it is the landed man that maintains the merchant, -and shopkeeper, and handicraftsman.</p> - -<p>But when the 'squire turns farmer and merchant himself, all -the good money he gets from abroad, he will hoard up or send -for England, and keep some poor tailor or weaver and the like -in his own house, who will be glad to get bread at any rate.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">{34}</a></span> -I should never have done if I were to tell you all the -miseries that we shall undergo if we be so foolish and wicked -as to take this <small>CURSED COIN</small>. It would be very hard if all -Ireland should be put into one scale, and this sorry fellow -Wood into the other, that Mr. Wood should weigh down this -whole kingdom, by which England gets above a million of -good money every year clear into their pockets, and that is -more than the English do by all the world besides.</p> - -<p>But your great comfort is, that as His Majesty's patent -does not oblige you to take this money, so the laws have -not given the crown a power of forcing the subjects to take -what money the King pleases. For then by the same reason -we might be bound to take pebble-stones or cockle-shells or -stamped leather for current coin, if ever we should happen -to live under an ill prince, who might likewise by the same -power make a guinea pass for ten pounds, a shilling for -twenty shillings, and so on, by which he would in a short -time get all the silver and gold of the kingdom into his own -hands, and leave us nothing but brass or leather or what he -pleased. Neither is anything reckoned more cruel or oppressive -in the French government than their common practice -of calling in all their money after they have sunk it very low, -and then coining it anew at a much higher value, which however -is not the thousandth part so wicked as this abominable -project of Mr. Wood. For the French give their subjects -silver for silver and gold for gold, but this fellow will not so -much as give us good brass or copper for our gold and silver, -nor even a twelfth part of their worth.</p> - -<p>Having said thus much, I will now go on to tell you the -judgments of some great lawyers in this matter, whom I -fee'd on purpose for your sakes, and got their opinions under -their hands, that I might be sure I went upon good -grounds....</p> - -<p>I will now, my dear friends, to save you the trouble, set -before you in short, what the law obliges you to do, and what -it does not oblige you to.</p> - -<p>First, You are obliged to take all money in payments -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">{35}</a></span> -which is coined by the King and is of the English standard -or weight, provided it be of gold or silver.</p> - -<p>Secondly, You are not obliged to take any money which -is not of gold or silver, no not the halfpence, or farthings of -England, or of any other country, and it is only for convenience, -or ease, that you are content to take them, because -the custom of coining silver halfpence and farthings hath long -been left off, I will suppose on account of their being subject -to be lost.</p> - -<p>Thirdly, Much less are you obliged to take those vile halfpence -of that same Wood, by which you must lose almost -eleven-pence in every shilling.</p> - -<p>Therefore my friends, stand to it one and all, refuse this -filthy trash. It is no treason to rebel against Mr. Wood. -His Majesty in his patent obliges nobody to take these halfpence,<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_5" id="Ref_5" href="#Foot_5">[5]</a></span> -our gracious prince hath no so ill advisers about him; -or if he had, yet you see the laws have not left it in the King's -power, to force us to take any coin but what is lawful, of right -standard gold and silver; therefore you have nothing to fear.</p> - -<p>And let me in the next place apply myself particularly to -you who are the poor sort of tradesmen. Perhaps you may -think you will not be so great losers as the rich, if these -halfpence should pass, because you seldom see any silver, -and your customers come to your shops or stalls with nothing -but brass, which you likewise find hard to be got. But you -may take my word, whenever this money gains footing among -you, you will be utterly undone; if you carry these halfpence -to a shop for tobacco or brandy, or any other thing you want, -the shopkeeper will advance his goods accordingly, or else -he must break, and leave the key under the door. Do you -think I will sell you a yard of tenpenny stuff for twenty of -Mr. Wood's halfpence? No, not under two hundred at -least, neither will I be at the trouble of counting, but weigh -them in a lump. I will tell you one thing further, that if -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">{36}</a></span> -Mr. Wood's project should take, it will ruin even our beggars; -for when I give a beggar an halfpenny, it will quench his -thirst, or go a good way to fill his belly, but the twelfth part -of a halfpenny will do him no more service than if I should -give him three pins out of my sleeve.</p> - -<p>In short these halfpence are like "the accursed thing, -which," as the Scripture tells us, "the children of Israel -were forbidden to touch": they will run about like the plague -and destroy every one who lays his hands upon them. I -have heard scholars talk of a man who told a king that he -invented a way to torment people by putting them into a -bull of brass with fire under it, but the prince put the projector -first into his own brazen bull to make the experiment;<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_6" id="Ref_6" href="#Foot_6">[6]</a></span> -this very much resembles the project of Mr. Wood, and the like -of this may possibly be Mr. Wood's fate, that the brass he -contrived to torment this kingdom with, may prove his own -torment, and his destruction at last.</p> - -<p class="gap-above">N.B. The author of this paper is informed by persons who -have made it their business to be exact in their observations -on the true value of these halfpence, that any person may -expect to get a quart of twopenny ale for thirty-six of them.</p> - -<p>I desire all persons may keep this paper carefully by them -to refresh their memories when ever they shall have farther -notice of Mr. Wood's halfpence, or any other the like imposture.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_3" id="Foot_3" href="#Ref_3">[3]</a> -Swift's own <i>Proposal for the Universal Use of Irish Manufactures</i>.</p> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_4" id="Foot_4" href="#Ref_4">[4]</a> -The famous "gun-money," coined to meet the exigencies of the -Stuart army in Ireland, a crown piece of which was by a proclamation -of William III. of July 10, 1690, to pass current as a penny.</p> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_5" id="Foot_5" href="#Ref_5">[5]</a> -The words of the patent are "to pass and to be received as current -money, by such as shall or will, voluntarily and wittingly, and not -otherwise, receive the same" (the halfpence and farthings). [T. S.]</p> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_6" id="Foot_6" href="#Ref_6">[6]</a> -Phalaris, the genuineness of whose <i>Letters</i> had occasioned the -famous controversy which brought about Swift's first venture into -literature with the <i>Battle of the Books</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<h2>CHARACTER OF GEORGE II. (1683-1760).</h2> - -<h3>A. <span class="smcap">By Lord Hervey.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>Memoirs.</i> Vol. i., pp. 145, 146.</p> - -<p>His faults were more the blemishes of a private man than -of a King. The affection and tenderness he invariably -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">{37}</a></span> -showed to a people over whom he had unbounded rule [in -Hanover] forbid our wondering that he used circumscribed -power with moderation [in England]. Often situated in -humiliating circumstances, his resentments seldom operated -when the power of revenge returned. He bore the ascendant -of his Ministers, who seldom were his favourites, with more -patience than he suffered any encroachment on his will from -his mistresses. Content to bargain for the gratification of -his two predominant passions, Hanover and money, he was -almost indifferent to the rest of his royal authority, provided -exterior observance was not wanting; for he comforted himself -if he did not perceive the diminution of Majesty, though -it was notorious to all the rest of the world. Yet he was -not so totally careless of the affection and interests of his -country as his father had been. George the First possessed -a sounder understanding and a better temper: yet George -the Second gained more by being compared with his eldest -son, than he lost if paralleled with his father.</p> - -<h3>B. <span class="smcap">By Horace Walpole.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>Memoirs of the Reign of George II.</i> (2nd ed.), 1848. -Vol. i., pp. 175, 176; vol. iii., pp. 303, 304.</p> - -<p>The King had fewer sensations of revenge, or at least knew -how to hoard them better, than any man who ever sat upon -a Throne. The insults he experienced from his own and -those obliged servants, never provoked him enough to make -him venture the repose of his people, or his own. If any -object of his hate fell in his way, he did not pique himself -upon heroic forgiveness, but would indulge it at the expense -of his integrity, though not of his safety. He was reckoned -strictly honest; but the burning his father's will must -be reckoned an indelible blot upon his memory; as a much -later instance [1749] of his refusing to pardon a young man -who had been condemned at Oxford for a most trifling forgery, -contrary to all example when recommended to mercy by the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">{38}</a></span> -Judge, merely because Welles, who was attached to the Prince -of Wales, had tried him and assured him his pardon, will -stamp his name with cruelty, though in general his disposition -was merciful if the offence was not murder. His avarice was -much less equivocal than his courage; he had distinguished -the latter early [at Oudenarde]; it grew more doubtful afterwards<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_7" id="Ref_7" href="#Foot_7">[7]</a></span>: -the former he distinguished very near as soon, and -never deviated from it. His understanding was not near so -deficient, as it was imagined; but though his character changed -extremely in the world, it was without foundation; for [whether] -he deserved to be so much ridiculed as he had been in the -former part of his reign, or so respected as in the latter, he -was consistent in himself, and uniformly meritorious or absurd.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_7" id="Foot_7" href="#Ref_7">[7]</a> -This is unjust—George II. displayed conspicuous courage at -Dettingen.</p> - -</div> - -<h2>THE CONDITION OF THE FLEET PRISON, AS REVEALED BY A PARLIAMENTARY -ENQUIRY (1729).</h2> - -<h3>A. <span class="smcap">Description of the Warden, Thomas Bambridge.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Horace Walpole: <i>Anecdotes of Painting in England</i>, -1771. Vol. iv., p. 71.</p> - -<p>I have a sketch in oil that Hogarth gave me, which he -intended to engrave.<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_8" id="Ref_8" href="#Foot_8">[8]</a></span> -It was done at the time when the -house of commons appointed a committee to enquire into -the cruelties exercised on prisoners in the Fleet to extort -money from them. The scene is the committee; on the -table are the instruments of torture. A prisoner in rags, half -starved, appears before them; the poor man has a good countenance -that adds to the interest. On the other hand is the -inhuman gaoler. It is the very figure that Salvator Rosa -would have drawn of Iago in the moment of detection. -Villainy, fear, and conscience are mixed in yellow and livid -on his countenance, his lips are contracted by tremor, his face -advances as eager to lie, his legs step back as thinking to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">{39}</a></span> -make his escape; one hand is thrust precipitately into his -bosom, the fingers of the other are catching uncertainly at -his button-holes.</p> - -<h3>B. <span class="smcap">His Cruelty.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>Lieutenant Bird's Letter from the Shades to T——s -B-m-dge</i>, 1729. Pp. 37, 38.</p> - -<p>As soon as he had introduced his Marmadons,<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_9" id="Ref_9" href="#Foot_9">[9]</a></span> -he began to treat the Prisoners in a Manner little different from that -Dragooning, which, upon another Account the Protestants -some time ago, suffer'd in <i>France</i>; some he clapp'd into -Irons, and others he flung into dungeons; so that it may -be said without much Impropriety, that the poor Prisoners -underwent a perfect Persecution from their New Warden. -The Effect of Persecution is always the same, tho' the -Pretence may be Religion, or something else, yet Interest -is the true Cause. It soon appear'd that all this Cruelty -of B-mb-ge, was only to make the Prisoners more ready -to comply with his Demands, by striking a previous Terror -into their Minds, and they found out that the only Way -to lay that spirit of Cruelty, which possess'd the New -Warden, was to give up to his Avarice all the Little which -was left them, or cou'd be procured from their Friends -to support Life, which every one knows is as much as the -generality of Men in those unfortunate Circumstances can -hope or desire to do, so helpless they are of themselves, and so -cold and scanty is the Charity and Allowance of Friends and -Relations; many of those distress'd People, in order to satisfy -his avaricious Demands, and to avoid his rigorous Treatment, -which grew as terrible to them as an Inquisition, have been -obliged to sell their Cloathes off their Backs and give up every -Penny of their little Subsistence, by which Means they have -been ready to perish with cold and hunger, passing many -miserable Days together without eating a Morsel of Victuals.</p> - -<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">{40}</a></div> - -<h3>C. <span class="smcap">Findings of the Parliamentary Committee of Enquiry.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—T. B. Howell: <i>State Trials</i>. Vol. xvii., pp. 300-302.</p> - -<p>The Committee of enquiry found amongst other things. -That the said Thomas Bambridge ... caused one Jacob Mendez Solas<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_10" id="Ref_10" href="#Foot_10">[10]</a></span> -... to be seized, fettered, and carried to -Corbett's, the spunging-house, and there kept for upwards of -a week, and when brought back into the prison, Bambridge -caused him to be turned into the dungeon, called the Strong -Room of the Master's side.</p> - -<p>This place is a vault like those in which the dead are interred, -and wherein the bodies of persons dying in the said -prison are usually deposited, till the coroner's inquest hath -passed upon them; it has no chimney nor fire-place, nor any -light but what comes over the door, or through a hole of -about eight inches square. It is neither paved nor boarded; -and the rough bricks appear both on the sides and top, being -neither wainscotted nor plastered: what adds to the dampness -and stench of the place is, its being built over the common -sewer.... In this miserable place the poor wretch was kept -by the said Bambridge, manacled and shackled, for near two -months. At length, on receiving five guineas from Mr. Kemp, -a friend of Solas's, Bambridge released the prisoner from his -cruel confinement. But though his chains were taken off, -his terror still remained, and the unhappy man was prevailed -upon by that terror, not only to labour <i>gratis</i>, for the said -Bambridge, but to swear also at random all that he hath -required of him; and the Committee themselves saw an -instance of the deep impression his sufferings had made upon -him; for on his surmising, from something said, that Bambridge -was to return again, as Warden of the Fleet, he fainted, -and the blood started out of his mouth and nose.</p> - -<p>[The sufferings of Captain John Mackpheadnis, who was -ruined by being surety for a man in the South Sea Bubble, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">{41}</a></span> -are then narrated. He was forced to pay double fees, his -room, which he duly rented and had himself furnished, was -wrecked, and he was forced "to lie in the open yard called -the Bare," where the little hut he built was pulled down, and -he was exposed to the rain all night. Finally Bambridge used -actual torture.]</p> - -<p>Next morning the said Bambridge entered the prison with -a detachment of soldiers, and ordered the prisoner to be -dragged to the lodge, and ironed with great irons, on which -he desired to know for what cause, and by what authority -he was to be so cruelly used? Bambridge replied, "It was -by his own authority, and damm him he would do it, and have -his life." The prisoner desired that he might be carried before -a magistrate, that he might know his crime before he was -punished; but Bambridge refused, and put irons upon his -legs which were too little, so that in forcing them on, his legs -were like to have been broken; and the torture was impossible -to be endured. Upon which the prisoner complaining of the -grievous pain and the straitness of the irons, Bambridge -answered, "That he did it on purpose to torture him;" on -which the prisoner replying "That by the law of England no -man ought to be tortured"; Bambridge declared, "That he -would do it first and answer for it afterwards;" and caused -him to be dragged away to the dungeon, where he lay without -a bed, loaded with irons so close-rivetted that they kept -him in continued torture, and mortified his legs. After long application<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_11" id="Ref_11" href="#Foot_11">[11]</a></span> -his irons were changed, and a surgeon directed -to dress his legs, but his lameness is not, nor ever can be -cured. He was kept in this miserable condition for three -weeks, by which his sight is greatly prejudiced, and in danger -of being lost.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_8" id="Foot_8" href="#Ref_8">[8]</a> -This picture is now in the National Portrait Gallery.</p> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_9" id="Foot_9" href="#Ref_9">[9]</a> -Myrmidons—<i>i.e.</i>, the band of soldiers whom Bambridge had -procured under false pretences.</p> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_10" id="Foot_10" href="#Ref_10">[10]</a> -A Portuguese prisoner for debt.</p> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_11" id="Foot_11" href="#Ref_11">[11]</a> -<i>I.e.</i>, after he had made many applications. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">{42}</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<h2>THE EXCISE BILL (1733).</h2> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Hervey's <i>Memoirs</i>. Vol. i., pp. 159-163, 175, 176.</p> - -<p>But this flame<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_12" id="Ref_12" href="#Foot_12">[12]</a></span> -was no sooner extinguished in the nation -than another was kindled, and one that was much more epidemical, -and raged with much greater fury. Faction was never -more busy on any occasion; terrors were never more industriously -scattered, and clamour never more universally raised.</p> - -<p>That which gave rise to these commotions was a project -of Sir Robert Walpole's to ease the land-tax of one shilling -in the pound, by turning the duty on tobacco and wine, then -payable on importation, into inland duties; that is, changing -the Customs on those two commodities into Excises; by which -scheme, joined to the continuation of the salt-duty, he proposed -to improve the public revenue £500,000 per annum, in -order to supply the abatement of one shilling in the pound on -land, which raises about that sum.</p> - -<p>The landed men had long complained that they had ever -since the Revolution borne the heat and burden of the day -for the support of the Revolution Government; and as the -great pressure of the last war had chiefly lain on them (the -land having for many years been taxed to four shillings in -the pound), they now began to say, that since the public -tranquility both at home and abroad was firmly and universally -established, if ease was not at this time thought of -for them, it was a declaration from the Government that they -were never to expect any; and that two shillings in the pound -on land was the least that they or their posterity, in the most -profound peace and fullest tranquility, were ever to hope to pay.</p> - -<p>This having been the cry of the country gentlemen and -landowners for some time, Sir Robert Walpole thought he -could not do a more popular thing than to form a scheme by -which the land-tax should be reduced to one shilling in the -pound, and yet no new tax be substituted in the lieu thereof, -no new duty laid on any commodity whatsoever, and the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">{43}</a></span> -public revenue improved £500,000 per annum, merely by this -alteration in the method of management.</p> - -<p>The salt-duty, which had been revised the year before, -could raise only in three years what one shilling in the -pound on land raised in one year; consequently, as that tax -was an equivalent only to one-third of a shilling on land, if -the remission of that shilling on land was further and annually -continued, some other fund must be found to supply the other -two-thirds.</p> - -<p>This of Excising tobacco and wine was the equivalent projected -by Sir Robert Walpole, but this scheme, instead of -procuring him the popularity he thought it would, caused -more clamour and made him even, whilst the project was only -talked of and in embryo, more vilified and abused by the -universal outcries of the people, than any one Act of his -whole administration.</p> - -<p>The art, vigilance, and industry of his enemies had so contrived -to represent this scheme to the people, and had so -generally in every county and great town throughout all -England prejudiced their minds against it; they had shown -it in so formidable a shape and painted it in such hideous -colours, that everybody talked of the scheme as a general -Excise: they believed that food and raiment, and all the -necessaries of life, were to be taxed; that armies of Excise -officers were to come into any house and at any time they -pleased; that our liberties were at an end, trade going to be -ruined, Magna Charta overturned, all property destroyed, the -Crown made absolute, and Parliaments themselves no longer -necessary to be called.</p> - -<p>This was the epidemic madness of the nation on this occasion; -whilst most of the boroughs in England, and the city -of London itself, sent formal instructions by way of memorials -to their Representatives, absolutely to oppose all new Excises -and all extensions of Excise laws, if proposed in Parliament, -though introduced or modelled in any manner whatsoever.</p> - -<p>It is easy to imagine that this reception of a scheme by -which Sir Robert Walpole proposed to ingratiate himself so -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">{44}</a></span> -much with the people, must give him great disquiet. Some -of his friends, whose timidity passed afterwards for judgment, -advised him to relinquish it, and said, though it was in itself -so beneficial a scheme to the public, yet since the public did -not see it in that light, that the best part he could take was -to lay it aside.</p> - -<p>Sir Robert Walpole thought, since he was so far embarked, -that there was no listening to such advice without quitting -the King's service, for as it was once known that he designed -to execute this scheme, had he given it up, everything that -had been said of its tendency, would have been taken for -granted; and the same men who had prepossessed the minds -of the people, so far as to have these things credited, would -very naturally and easily have persuaded them that their -rescue from ruin, and the stop that had been put to this -impending blow, were entirely owing to their patriotism; that -it was the stand they had made had prevented the universal -destruction that had been threatened to the liberties and -fortunes of the people.</p> - -<p>Sir Robert Walpole, therefore (who, if he could have foreseen -the difficulties in which this scheme involved him, would -certainly never have embarked in it at all), in this disagreeable -dilemma chose what he thought the least dangerous path, and -resolved, since he had undertaken it, to try to carry it through. -His manner of reasoning was, that if he had given way to -popular clamour on this occasion, it would be raised, right or -wrong, on every future occasion to thwart and check any -measure that could be taken by the Government whilst he -should have the direction of affairs, and that the consequence -of that must be, his resignation of his employment or his -dismissal from the King's service....</p> - -<p>At the same time, many pamphlets were written and -dispersed in the country, setting forth the dangerous consequences -of extending the Excise Laws, and increasing the -number of Excise-officers; showing the infringement of the -one upon liberty, and the influence the other must necessarily -give the Crown in elections. And so universally were these -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">{45}</a></span> -terrors scattered through the nation, and so artfully were -they instilled into the minds of the people, that this project, -which in reality was nothing more than a mutation of two -taxes from Customs to Excises, with an addition of only one -hundred and twenty-six officers in all England for the collection -of it, was so represented to the country, and so understood -by the multitude, that there was hardly a town in England, -great or small, where nine parts in ten of the inhabitants -did not believe that this project was to establish a general -Excise, and that everything they ate or wore was to be -taxed; that a colony of Excise-officers was to be settled in -every village in the Kingdom, and that they were to have a -power to enter all houses at all hours;<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_13" id="Ref_13" href="#Foot_13">[13]</a></span> -that every place and every person was to be liable to their search, and that such -immense sums of monies were to be raised by this project, that -the Crown would no longer be under the necessity of calling -Parliament for annual grants to support the Government, -but be able to provide for itself, for the most part; and whenever -it wanted any extraordinary supplies, that the Excise -officers, by their power, would be able at any time to choose just -such a Parliament as the Crown should nominate and direct.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_12" id="Foot_12" href="#Ref_12">[12]</a> -The attempted repeal of the Test Act.</p> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_13" id="Foot_13" href="#Ref_13">[13]</a> -This feeling found expression in various scurrilous ballads. The -following verse may serve as a specimen:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> - -<div class="verse">Who would think it a hardship that men so polite</div> -<div class="verse">Should enter their houses by day or by night,</div> -<div class="verse">To poke in each hole, and examine their stock,</div> -<div class="verse">From the cask of right Nantz to their wives' Holland smock?</div> -<div class="verse indent2">He's as cross as the devil</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Who censures as evil</div> -<div class="verse indent2">A visit so courteous, so kind, and so civil;</div> -<div class="verse">For to sleep in our beds without their <i>permit</i>,</div> -<div class="verse">Were in a free country a thing most unfit.</div> - -</div> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<h2>THE PORTEOUS RIOTS (1736).</h2> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>, 1736, p. 230.</p> - -<p>One Wilson was hang'd at Edinburgh for robbing Collector -Stark. He having made an Attempt to break Prison, and -his Comrade having actually got off, the Magistrates had the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">{46}</a></span> -City Guards and the Welsh Fusiliers under Arms during the -execution, which was perform'd without Disturbance; but on -the Hangman's cutting down the Corpse (the Magistrates -being withdrawn) the Boys threw, as usual, some Dust and -Stones, which falling among the City Guard, Capt. Porteous -fired, and order'd his Men to fire; whereupon above 20 Persons -were wounded, 6 or 7 kill'd, one shot thro' the Head at a -Window up two Pair of Stairs. The Capt. and several of his -Men were after committed to Prison.</p> - -<p>[Captain Porteous was thereupon tried and condemned for -murder, but he was reprieved, to the fury of the populace. -A contemporary account of the sequel is to be found in the -same volume of the <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>, p. 549.]</p> - -<p><i>Tuesday, 7 September.</i> Betwixt 9 and 10 at Night, a Body -of Men enter'd the West Port of <i>Edinburgh</i>, seiz'd the Drum, -beat to Arms, and calling out, <i>Here! All those who dare avenge -innocent Blood!</i> were instantly attended by a numerous -Crowd. Then they seized and shut up the City Gates, and -posted Guards at each to prevent Surprise by the King's -Forces, while another Detachment disarm'd the City Guards, -and advanced immediately to the Tolbooth or Prison, where -not being able to break the Door with hammers <i>&c.</i> they set -it on Fire, but at the same Time provided Water to keep the -Flame within the Bounds. Before the outer Door was near -burnt down several rush'd thro' the Flames and oblig'd the -Keeper to open the inner Door and going into Capt. <i>Porteous'</i> -Apartment, call'd, <i>Where is the Villain Porteous?</i> who said -I'm here, what is it you are to do with me? To which he -was answered, We are to carry you to the Place where you -shed so much innocent Blood and Hang you. He made some -Resistance, but was soon overcome, for while some set the -whole Prisoners at Liberty, others caught him by the Legs -and dragged him down Stairs, and then led him to the <i>Grass -Market</i>, where they agreed to Hang him without further -Ceremony.... After he had hung till suppos'd to be dead, -they nail'd the Rope to the Post, then formally saluting one -another, grounded their Arms, and on t'other Rapp of the -Drum retir'd out of Town."</p> - -<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">{47}</a></div> - -<h2>LORD CHESTERFIELD'S SPEECH ON THE BILL FOR -THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CENSORSHIP OF -STAGE PLAYS (1737).</h2> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>Parliamentary History</i>, 1812. Vol. x., pp. 327-331, -338, 339.</p> - -<p>My Lords; the Bill now before you I apprehend to be of a -very extraordinary, a very dangerous nature. It seems -designed not only as a restraint on the licentiousness of the -stage, but it will prove a most arbitrary restraint on the -liberty of the stage; and I fear it looks yet farther. I fear -it tends towards a restraint on the liberty of the press, which -will be a long stride towards the destruction of liberty -itself....</p> - -<p>... I am as much for restraining the licentiousness of the -stage, and every other sort of licentiousness, as any of your -lordships can be; but, my Lords, I am, I shall always be -extremely cautious and fearful of making the least incroachment -upon liberty; and therefore, when a new law is proposed -against licentiousness, I shall always be for considering it -deliberately and maturely, before I venture to give my -consent to its being passed. This is a sufficient reason for -my being against passing this Bill at so unseasonable a time, -and in so extraordinary a manner<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_14" id="Ref_14" href="#Foot_14">[14]</a></span>; -but I have many reasons -against passing the Bill itself, some of which I shall beg leave -to explain to your lordships.... By this Bill you prevent -a play's being acted, but you do not prevent its being printed; -therefore, if a licence should be refused for its being acted, -we may depend upon it, the play will be printed. It will be -printed and published, my Lords, with the refusal in capital -letters on the title page. People are always fond of what -is forbidden. <i>Libri prohibiti</i> are in all countries diligently -and generally sought after. It will be much easier to procure a -refusal, than ever it was to procure a good house, or a good -sale; therefore we may expect, that plays will be wrote on -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">{48}</a></span> -purpose to have a refusal; this will certainly procure a good -house, or a good sale. Thus will satires be spread and dispersed -through the whole nation, and thus every man in the -Kingdom may, and probably will, read for sixpence, what a -few only could have seen acted, and that not under the -expense of half-a-crown. We shall then be told, What! will -you allow an infamous libel to be printed and dispersed, -which you would not allow to be acted? You have agreed -to a law for preventing its being acted, can you refuse your -assent to a law forbidding its being printed and published? -I should really, my Lords, be glad to hear what excuse, what -reason one could give for being against the latter, after having -agreed to the former; for, I protest, I cannot suggest to myself -the least shadow of an excuse. If we agree to the Bill now -before us, we must, perhaps next session, agree to a Bill for -preventing any plays being printed without a licence. Then -satires will be wrote by way of novels, secret histories, dialogues, -or under some such title; and thereupon we shall be told, -What! will you allow an infamous libel to be printed and dispersed, -only because it does not bear the title of a play?...</p> - -<p>If poets and players are to be restrained, let them be -restrained as other subjects are, by the known laws of their -country; if they offend, let them be tried, as every Englishman -ought to be, by God and their country. Do not let us -subject them to the arbitrary will and pleasure of any one -man. A power lodged in the hands of one single man, to -judge and determine, without any limitation, without any -control or appeal, is a sort of power unknown to our laws, -inconsistent with our constitution. It is a higher, a more -absolute power than we trust even to the King himself; and, -therefore, I must think, we ought not to vest any such power -in his Majesty's lord chamberlain....</p> - -<p>... The Bill now before us cannot so properly be called a -Bill for restraining licentiousness, as it may be called a Bill -for restraining the liberty of the stage, and for restraining it -too in that branch which in all countries has been the most -useful; therefore I must look upon the Bill as a most dangerous -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">{49}</a></span> -encroachment upon liberty in general. Nay, farther, -my Lords, it is not only an encroachment upon liberty, but it -is likewise an encroachment upon property. Wit, my Lords, -is a sort of property: it is the property of those that have it, -and too often the only property they have to depend on. It -is, indeed, but a precarious dependence. Thank God! we, my -Lords, have a dependence of another kind; we have a much -less precarious support, and therefore cannot feel the inconveniences -of the Bill now before us; but it is our duty to -encourage and protect wit, whosoever's property it may be. -Those gentlemen who have any such property, are all, I hope, -our friends: do not let us subject them to any unnecessary -and arbitrary restraint. I must own, I cannot easily agree -to the laying of any tax upon wit; but by this Bill it is to be -heavily taxed, it is to be excised;<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_15" id="Ref_15" href="#Foot_15">[15]</a></span> -for if this Bill passes, it -cannot be retailed in a proper way without a permit; and the -lord chamberlain is to have the honour of being chief gauger, -supervisor, commissioner, judge and jury: but what is still -more hard, though the poor author, the proprietor I should -say, cannot perhaps dine till he has found out and agreed -with a purchaser: yet before he can propose to seek for a -purchaser, he must patiently submit to have his goods rummaged -at this new excise-office, where they may be detained -for fourteen days, and even then he may find them returned -as prohibited goods, by which his chief and best market will -be for ever shut against him; and that without any cause, -without the least shadow of reason, either from the laws of his -country, or the laws of the stage....</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_14" id="Foot_14" href="#Ref_14">[14]</a> -It had been rushed through the House of Commons at the very -end of the session.</p> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_15" id="Foot_15" href="#Ref_15">[15]</a> -Walpole's Excise Bill had been withdrawn under strong pressure -four years earlier (see p. 22). Hence the cogency of this allusion here.</p> - -</div> - -<h2>DEATH OF QUEEN CAROLINE (1737).</h2> - -<p class="center smcap">Her Character described by George II.</p> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Hervey's <i>Memoirs</i>. Vol. ii., pp. 531-533.</p> - -<p>During this time [of the Queen's fatal illness in 1737] the -King talked perpetually to Lord Hervey, the physicians and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">{50}</a></span> -surgeons, and his children, who were the only people he ever -saw out of the Queen's room, of the Queen's good qualities, -his fondness for her, his anxiety for her welfare, and the -irreparable loss her death would be to him; and repeated -every day, and many times in the day, all her merits in every -capacity with regard to him and every other body she had to -do with. He said she was the best wife, the best mother, the -best companion, the best friend, the best woman that ever was -born; that she was the wisest, the most agreeable, and the -most useful body, man or woman, that he had ever been -acquainted with; that he firmly believed she never, since he -first knew her, ever thought of anything she was to do or say, -but with the view of doing or saying it in what manner it -would be most agreeable to his pleasure or most serviceable -for his interest; that he had never seen her out of humour in -his life; that he had passed more hours with her than he -believed any other two people in the world had ever passed -together, and that he had never been tired in her company -one minute; and that he was sure he could have been happy -with no other woman upon earth for a wife, and that if she -had not been his wife, he had rather have had her for his -mistress than any woman he had ever been acquainted with; -that he believed she never had had a thought of people or -things which she had not communicated to him; that she had -the best head, the best heart, and the best temper that God -Almighty had ever given to any human creature, man or -woman; and that she had not only softened all his leisure -hours, but been of more use to him as a minister than any -other body had ever been to him or to any other prince; that -with a patience which he knew <i>he</i> was not master of, she had -listened to the nonsense of all the impertinent fools that -wanted to talk to him, and had taken all that trouble off his -hands, reporting nothing to him that was unnecessary or -that would have been tedious for him to hear, and never -forgetting anything that was material, useful, or entertaining -for him to know. He said that, joined to all the softness and -delicacy of her own sex, she had all the personal as well as -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">{51}</a></span> -political courage of the finest and bravest man; that not only -he and her family, but the whole nation, would feel the loss -of her if she died, and that, as to all the <i>brillant</i> and <i>enjouement</i> -of the Court, there would be an end of it when she was gone; -and that there would be no bearing a drawing-room when the -only body that ever enlivened it, and one that always enlivened -it, was no longer there. "Poor woman, how she -always found something obliging, agreeable, and pleasing to -say to somebody, and always sent people away from her better -satisfied than they came! <i>Comme elle soutenoit sa dignité -avec grace, avec politesse, avec douceur!</i>"</p> - -<h2>THE WAR OF JENKINS' EAR (1739).</h2> - - -<h3>I.<br /> -<span class="smcap">Rear-Admiral Charles Stewart's Letter to the Governor of the Havana and the Duke of Newcastle.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>English Historical Review.</i> Vol. iv., pp. 743, 742.</p> - -<div class="top"> -<div class="right1 small">12 <i>Sept</i>., 1731.</div> -</div> - -<p>... I have repeated assurances that you allow vessels to -be fitted out of your harbour, particularly one Fandino and -others, who have committed the most cruel piratical outrages -on several ships and vessels of the King my master's subjects, -particularly about the 20th April last [N.S.] sailed out of -your harbour in one of those Guarda Costas [Spanish revenue -cutters], and met a ship of this island [Jamaica] bound for -England; and after using the captain in a most barbarous -inhuman manner, taking all his money, cutting off one of -his ears, plundering him of those necessaries which were to -carry the ship safe home, without doubt with the intent that -she should perish in her passage; but as she has providentially -got safe home, and likewise several others that have met with -no better usage off the Havana, and the King my master -having so much reason to believe that these repeated insults -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">{52}</a></span> -on his subjects could never be continued but by the connivance -of several Spanish governors in these parts, is determined for -his own honour as well as for the honour of his Catholic -Majesty who he is now in the strictest friendship with, to -endeavour to put a stop to these piratical proceedings.</p> - -<div class="top"> -<div class="right1 small">12 <i>Oct</i>., 1731.</div> -</div> - -<p>... It is without doubt irksome to every honest man -to hear such cruelties are committed in these seas; but -give me leave to say that you only hear one side of the -question; and I can assure you the sloops that sail from this -island, manned and armed on that illicit trade, has (<i>sic</i>) -more than once bragged to me of their having murdered 7 or -8 Spaniards on their own shore.... It is, I think, a little -unreasonable for us to do injuries and not know how to bear -them. But villainy is inherent to this climate, and I should -be partial if I was to judge whether the trading part of the -Island [Jamaica] or those we complain of among the Spaniards -are most exquisite in that trade....</p> - -<p>I was a little surprised to hear of the usage Captain Jenkins -met with off the Havana, as I know the Governor there has -the character of being an honest good man, and don't find -anybody thinks he would connive or countenance such -villainies.</p> - - -<h3>II.<br /> -<span class="smcap">Account of the Examination of Jenkins before the House of Commons (1738).</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Samuel Boyse: <i>An Historical Review of the Transactions -of Europe</i>. Vol. i., p. 29. Reading, 1747.</p> - -<p>There was amongst the rest, one Instance that made so -much Noise at this time, it cannot well be omitted. One -Capt. <i>Jenkins</i>, Commander of a <i>Scotch</i> Vessel, was in his -Passage home boarded by a <i>Guarda Costa</i>, the Captain of -which was an <i>Irishman</i>. The <i>Spaniards</i>, after rummaging, -finding their Hopes disappointed, tearing off part of his ear, -and bidding him carry it to the <i>English King</i>, and tell him -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">{53}</a></span> -they would serve him in the same manner if they had him in -their Power: This Villainy was attended with other Circumstances -of Cruelty too shocking to mention. The Captain, on -his Return, was examined at the Bar of the House of Commons; -and being ask'd what his Sentiments were, when threaten'd -with Death? nobly reply'd, <i>That he recommended his -Soul to God, and his Cause to his Country</i>;—which Words, -and the Sight of his Ear, made a visible Impression on that -great Assembly.</p> - -<h2>THE OPPOSITION SUSPECTS WALPOLE OF DOUBLE-DEALING.</h2> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Memorial from the Earl of Stair to Alexander Earl of -Marchmont, December, 1739. Printed in <i>Papers of the -Earls of Marchmont</i>, 1831. Vol. ii., pp. 170-172.</p> - -<p>I shall take it for granted, that Great Britain has it in her -power to make a prosperous war against Spain, spite of all -the opposition that can possibly be made, even though France -should meddle in the quarrel, by taking the Havannah, which -can be done by raising troops in our colonies of America, -headed by a very few regular troops sent from Britain. I -mention the Havannah only, because <i>cela décide la guerre</i>. -The Havannah once taken, the body of troops can be employed -in several other expeditions, which may be very useful -and very practicable. I say nothing of the method of raising -these troops in America; that is a consideration of another -time and place. I shall only say, that by the means of our -colonies in America Britain should get the better of any -nation in a war in America. By a proper use made of our -colonies, I do not know what we are not able to do in America.</p> - -<p>This proposition is demonstrably true; but, I believe, it -is no less true, that Sir Robert has no such intention. The -disposition of raising men in America would appear; but as -no such disposition appears, we may conclude, that Sir -Robert's scheme is different. I am afraid, that it is to make -a treaty with Spain by the mediation of France. If that -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">{54}</a></span> -treaty should be apparently good, Great Britain will find -herself in the state of the horse in Horace's fable:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> - -<div class="verse quote">"Sed postquam victor violens discessit at hoste,</div> -<div class="verse">Non equitem dorso, non frenum depulit ore."</div> - -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>This being the case, as I am afraid it is, that we can neither -secure our constitution at home, nor make a prosperous war -abroad, whilst Sir Robert has the sole direction of our affairs, -foreign and domestic, there is a preliminary absolutely necessary -to the saving of the nation, and that is, the removing of -Sir Robert. The question is, How can that be done? I -shall freely tell my opinion, with great submission to better -judgments. In the first place, there must be a perfect union -amongst the leaders of the country party; they must make -one common cause of preserving their country, which indeed -stands in the utmost danger; all the operations must be -directed by one common council. Though there are many -great and able men on the side of their country, yet in my -opinion the great strength of the party is the people, who are -well-disposed to follow their leaders, to save themselves and -their country from impending slavery. If the leaders will -advise the communities to declare their sentiments on a very -few public points, and instruct their representatives in Parliament -accordingly, the strength of the country party will -very soon appear so very great, that it will very soon -put Sir Robert's gang out of countenance, and occasion -a great many of them to think of changing their side. -At the same time, it will be impossible for Sir Robert to -continue to deceive his Majesty, by pretending that either -the nation is of his side, or that by means of the Houses of -Parliament, which are with him, he can govern the nation -as he pleases. This method of proceeding appears to me a -certain one, which the leaders of the opposition have entirely -in their own power; I can see no objection to the using of it. -Does it hinder anything else? If there is any good to be -done by negociations, or other ways, does it hinder? On the -contrary, must not everybody feel, that the credit of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">{55}</a></span> -strength of the people must be very favourable to negociations -in either House of Parliament?</p> - -<p>I need say no more. In my opinion at this critical moment -Britain may not only be saved, but she may come out of this -war with safety and honour, nay, with great glory to her -deliverers. But if the opportunity of this session of Parliament -is neglected, to-morrow will be Sir Robert's and France's, -without any possibility of relief.</p> - -<h2>ADMIRAL VERNON'S VICTORY AT PORTOBELLO (1740).</h2> - -<h3>I. <i>ADMIRAL HOSIER'S GHOST.</i></h3> - -<p class="center"><i>To the Tune of, "Come and Listen to my Ditty."</i></p> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Original broadside of 1740 in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>[This ballad, by the Opposition poet and pamphleteer Richard -Glover, implies that Walpole would willingly have let Vernon and his -fleet perish in 1740 as Hosier and his fleet had perished in 1726.]</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="center">I.</div> -<div class="verse">As, near <i>Porto-Bello</i> lying,</div> -<div class="verse">On the Gently swelling Flood,</div> -<div class="verse">At Midnight, with Streamers flying,</div> -<div class="verse">Our triumphant Navy rode,</div> -<div class="verse">There, while <i>Vernon</i> sate all Glorious</div> -<div class="verse">From the <i>Spaniards</i> late Defeat,</div> -<div class="verse">And his Crew with Shouts victorious</div> -<div class="verse">Drank Success to England's Fleet;</div> -</div> - -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="center">II.</div> -<div class="verse">On a sudden, shrilly sounding,</div> -<div class="verse">Hideous Yells and Shrieks were heard;</div> -<div class="verse">Then, each Heart with fear confounding,</div> -<div class="verse">A sad Troop of Ghosts appear'd;</div> -<div class="verse">All in dreary Hammocks shrouded,</div> -<div class="verse">Which for winding Sheets they wore;</div> -<div class="verse">And with Looks by Sorrow clouded,</div> -<div class="verse">Frowning on that hostile Shore.</div> -</div> - -<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">{56}</a></div> - -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="center">III.</div> -<div class="verse">On them gleam'd the Moon's wan Lustre,</div> -<div class="verse">When the Shade of <i>Hosier</i> brave</div> -<div class="verse">His Pale Bands was seen to muster,</div> -<div class="verse">Rising from their wat'ry Grave;</div> -<div class="verse">O'er the glimmering Wave he hy'd him,</div> -<div class="verse">Where the <i>Burford</i><span class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_16" - id="Ref_16" href="#Foot_16">[16]</a></span> rear'd her Sail,</div> -<div class="verse">With three thousand Ghosts beside him,</div> -<div class="verse">And in Groans did <i>Vernon</i> hail.</div> -</div> - -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="center">IV.</div> -<div class="verse">"Heed, oh heed our fatal Story!</div> -<div class="verse">"I am <i>Hosier's</i> injur'd Ghost;</div> -<div class="verse">"You, who now have purchas'd Glory</div> -<div class="verse">"At this Place, where I was lost;</div> -<div class="verse">"Tho' in <i>Porto-Bello's</i> ruin</div> -<div class="verse">"You now triumph, free from fears,</div> -<div class="verse">"When you think on our undoing,</div> -<div class="verse">"You will mix your Joy with Tears,</div> -</div> - -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="center">V.</div> -<div class="verse">"See these mournful Spectres sweeping,</div> -<div class="verse">"Ghastly, o'er this hated wave,</div> -<div class="verse">"Whose wan Cheeks are stain'd with <i>weeping</i>,</div> -<div class="verse">"These were English Captains brave;</div> -<div class="verse">"Mark those Numbers pale and horrid,</div> -<div class="verse">"Who were once my Sailors bold;</div> -<div class="verse">"Lo, each hangs his drooping forehead,</div> -<div class="verse">"While his dismal Fate is told.</div> -</div> - -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="center">VI.</div> -<div class="verse">"I by twenty Sail attended,</div> -<div class="verse">"Did this <i>Spanish</i> Town affright,</div> -<div class="verse">"Nothing then its wealth defended,</div> -<div class="verse">"But my Orders not to fight;</div> -<div class="verse"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">{57}</a></span></div> -<div class="verse">"Oh that in this rolling Ocean</div> -<div class="verse">"I had cast them with disdain,</div> -<div class="verse">"And obey'd my heart's warm motion</div> -<div class="verse">"To reduce the Pride of <i>Spain</i>.</div> -</div> - -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="center">VII.</div> -<div class="verse">"For resistance I could fear none.</div> -<div class="verse">"But with twenty Ships had done,</div> -<div class="verse">"What thou, brave and happy <i>Vernon</i>,</div> -<div class="verse">"Hast achiev'd with Six alone.</div> -<div class="verse">"Then the Bastimentos never</div> -<div class="verse">"Had our foul Dishonour seen,</div> -<div class="verse">"Nor the Sea the sad Receiver</div> -<div class="verse">"Of this gallant train had been.</div> -</div> - -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="center">VIII.</div> -<div class="verse">"Thus, like thee, proud <i>Spain</i> dismaying,</div> -<div class="verse">"And her Galleons leading home,</div> -<div class="verse">"Tho' condemn'd for disobeying,</div> -<div class="verse">"I had met a Traytor's Doom:</div> -<div class="verse">"To have fall'n, my Country crying</div> -<div class="verse">"He has play'd an <i>English</i> part,</div> -<div class="verse">"Had been better far than Dying,</div> -<div class="verse">"Of a griev'd and broken Heart.</div> -</div> - -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="center">IX.</div> -<div class="verse">"Unrepining at thy Glory,</div> -<div class="verse">"Thy successful Arms we hail,</div> -<div class="verse">"But remember our sad Story</div> -<div class="verse">"And let <i>Hosier's</i> wrongs prevail;</div> -<div class="verse">"After this proud Foe subduing,</div> -<div class="verse">"When your Patriot Friends you see,</div> -<div class="verse">"Think of Vengeance for my ruin,</div> -<div class="verse">"And for <i>England</i> sham'd in me."</div> -</div> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">{58}</a></div> - -<h3>II. <i>GREAT BRITAIN'S GLORY; OR, THE STAY-AT-HOME FLEET.</i></h3> - -<p class="center">A NEW BALLAD.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Tune of, "Packington's Pound."</i></p> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—First verse of original broadside in the British -Museum.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> - -<div class="verse">Come, ye Lovers of Peace, who are said to have sold</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Your Votes, that the War of Queen <i>ANNE</i> it might cease;</div> -<div class="verse">Come, ye lovers of war, who 'tis certain, of old,</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Would have hang'd, if ye could, all the lovers of peace;</div> -<div class="verse indent4">Come, you <i>Whigg</i> and you <i>Tory</i>,</div> -<div class="verse indent4">Attend to my Story,</div> -<div class="verse">For you ne'er heard the like, nor your Fathers before ye;</div> -<div class="verse">How <i>Britain</i>, Great <i>Britain</i>! is Queen of the main,</div> -<div class="verse">And her Navies in Port are the terror of Spain.</div> - -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_16" id="Foot_16" href="#Ref_16">[16]</a> -Admiral Vernon's ship.</p> - -</div> - -<h2>THE NEW MINISTERS (1742).</h2> - -<h3>I.<br /> -<span class="smcap">Hervey's Account of the Ministry</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Hervey's <i>Memoirs</i>. Vol. ii., p. 581.</p> - -<p>Their <i>sanctum sanctorum</i> is composed of my Lord Carteret, -Lord Winchilsea his adherent, the Duke of Newcastle and -his quibbling friend my Lord Chancellor [Hardwicke], Mr. -Pulteney, and Harry Pelham. Lord Carteret, Duke of Newcastle, -and Mr. Pulteney, while they act seemingly in concert -at this juncture, having distinct views and different interests -of their own to pursue, are all striving to deceive and overreach -one another; and each separately relating to their own -private friends what passes at these conferences conducive -to their own points, the whole of the conference, through -different channels, flows into the world. Lord Carteret, feeling -he has the strength of the closet and the confidence and -favour of the King, whilst he is making his court by foreign -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">{59}</a></span> -politics,<span class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_17" id="Ref_17" href="#Foot_17">[17]</a></span> -hates and detests Mr. Pulteney for all the trouble -he gives him in pursuing his points at home; and knowing -that the moment Mr. Pulteney goes into the House of Lords, -he will become an absolute nullity, he is ready to feed the -exorbitant appetite of his demands with any morsels it craves -for at present, provided in return he can gain that one point -of Mr. Pulteney's going into the House of Lords. On the other -hand, Mr. Pulteney, knowing he has at present the House of -Commons in his hands, and seeing too plainly that though he -has the power of the closet, he has none of the favour, and -that every point he carries there is extorted, not granted—carried -by force, not by persuasion—hates my Lord Carteret for -engrossing that favour which he proposed at least to share, -if not to engross himself; and whilst he is forcing seven or -eight of his followers into employment, proposes to remain -himself in the House of Commons in order to retain the same -power, in order to force a new batch of his friends, three or -four months hence, in the same manner upon the King, which -reduces the struggle between Lord Carteret and him to this -short point, that if Mr. Pulteney goes into the House of Lords, -Lord Carteret dupes him; if he does not, he dupes my Lord -Carteret. The Duke of Newcastle, whose envy is so strong -that he is jealous of everybody, and whose understanding is -so weak that nobody is jealous of him, is reciprocally made use -of by these two men to promote their different ends; and -being jealous of Lord Carteret from feeling his superior interest -with the King, and jealous of Mr. Pulteney from his superior -interest to his brother [Mr. Pelham] in the House of Commons, -is like the hungry ass in the fable between the two bundles of -hay, and allured by both without knowing which to go to, -tastes neither, and will starve between them. He wants Mr. -Pulteney's power in the House of Commons to be kept as a -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">{60}</a></span> -check and bridle upon Lord Carteret, who has outrun him so -far in the palace, and yet wants Mr. Pulteney out of the -House of Commons to strengthen his own power there by the -proxy medium of his brother. Thus stands the private contest -and seeming union among these present rulers, or rather -combatants for rule.</p> - -<h3>II.<br /> -<span class="smcap">On the Ministry of Lord Carteret, Feb., 1742.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>Sir Charles Hanbury Williams</i>, quoted by Horace -Walpole to Sir Horace Mann, Sept. 11, 1742; and also to be -found in Williams' <i>Collected Poems</i>.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> - -<div class="verse">O my poor country! is this all</div> -<div class="verse">You've gain'd by the long-labour'd fall</div> -<div class="verse indent4">Of Walpole and his tools?</div> -<div class="verse">He was a knave indeed,—what then?</div> -<div class="verse">He'd parts,—but this new set of men</div> -<div class="verse indent4">A'n't only knaves, but fools.</div> - -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<h3>III.<br /> -<span class="smcap">On Pulteney's Acceptance of a Peerage, July, 1742.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>A Collection of Poems, principally consisting of the -most celebrated pieces of Sir Charles Hanbury Williams</i>, -1763, p. 36. The names in the British Museum copy, from -which this and the following are transcribed, are filled in -by Horace Walpole, to whom this copy belonged.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> - -<div class="verse">I'm not the man you knew before,</div> -<div class="verse">For I am P[ultene]y now no more,</div> -<div class="verse indent4">My titles hide my name.</div> -<div class="verse">(Oh how I blush to own my case!)</div> -<div class="verse">My dignity was my disgrace,</div> -<div class="verse indent4">And I was rais'd to shame.</div> - -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_17" id="Foot_17" href="#Ref_17">[17]</a> -<i>I.e.</i>, by advancing the King's views in favour of Hanover and -encouraging the passion for war which Walpole had so long repressed. -Carteret attended George II. throughout the campaign of 1743, and -was even present—the last prime minister to take part in an action—at -the Battle of Dettingen. He spoke German well, which greatly -endeared him to the King.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">{61}</a></div> - -<h2>THE ORIGIN OF THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR (1741-1748).</h2> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Samuel Boyse: <i>Historical Review of the Transactions -of Europe</i>, 1739-45, pp. 69-73.</p> - -<p>The late Emperor, in order to preserve the Succession of his -hereditary Dominions entire, had obtain'd from the chief -Powers in <i>Europe</i>, the <i>Guarantee</i> of the <i>Pragmatic Sanction</i> of -which it is therefore necessary to give the Reader some -Account. <i>Leopold</i>, his Father, apprehensive of the Troubles -which the Failure of the Male Line in his Family might excite -not only in <i>Germany</i>, but in <i>Europe</i>, form'd the Design of -settling the Succession in the Female Line, as the only way -to prevent all Disputes, and keep his Dominions entire. He -communicated his Intentions to his Sons <i>Joseph</i> and <i>Charles</i> -(who both succeeded him) by whom this Regulation was -approved; and afterwards by his Ministers he had it ratify'd -in the Imperial Dyet. <i>Joseph</i>, his Successor, made no Alteration -in it, and died without Male Issue. <i>Charles</i> VI. seven -Years after his Accession, having no Male Heir, and seeing -that if the Male Line should end in him, the right of Succession -would remain in his Nieces, and not his Daughters, in order -to secure the Succession to his own Posterity, by confining -the Entail, had a new Instrument drawn up, which in 1720, -after being approved by his Council, was sworn to by all the -Estates of his hereditary Dominions. But foreign Courts, -foreseeing the Difficulties that might attend it, were averse -to intermeddle with it. In 1724 <i>Great Britain</i> and <i>France</i> -refused to guarantee it, tho' then Mediators between the -<i>Emperor</i> and <i>Spain</i>. This occasion'd the first Treaty of -<i>Vienna</i> in 1725, in which this Prince threw himself into the -Hands of <i>Spain</i>, and gave up <i>Naples</i> and <i>Sicily</i> on the sole -Condition of that Crown's guaranteeing the <i>Pragmatic Sanction</i>. -In 1726 he obtain'd the Guarantee of <i>Russia</i>, and some -Months after the Imperial Dyet confirmed it as a Publick -irrevocable Law. In 1731, by the second Treaty of <i>Vienna</i>, -we consented to give it our Sanction; and in 1732, the King -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">{62}</a></span> -of <i>Denmark</i>, and the <i>States General</i> follow'd our Example. -The Elector of <i>Saxony</i> in 1733 acquiesced in it, on account of -the Emperor's contributing to raise him to the Throne of -<i>Poland</i>, and by the last Treaty of <i>Vienna</i> in 1738, <i>France</i> -also confirm'd it, in Consideration of the Cession of <i>Lorrain</i>. -Yet both the Courts of <i>Paris</i> and <i>Madrid</i>, who had obtain'd -large Accessions of Territory for their Guarantees, were the -first to violate their Engagements; whereas <i>Great Britain</i>, -<i>Holland</i> and <i>Russia</i>, who got nothing by theirs, continued firm -to what they had promis'd.</p> - -<p>The only Princes who refus'd to acknowledge it at the -Emperor's Death, were the Electors of <i>Bavaria</i>, <i>Cologne</i>, and -<i>Palatine</i>. As to the two first, their Interests were too nearly -concern'd not to oppose a measure that defeated the Claim -of their House to so rich and powerful a Succession: As to the -latter, it is not well known what his Motives were, unless a -Disinclination to the <i>Austrian</i> Interests, which he discover'd -all his Life.</p> - -<p>The Emperor in 1736, had married the Archduchess <i>Mary -Teresa</i>, his eldest Daughter, to the Duke of <i>Lorrain</i>, for whom, -by the succeeding Treaty of <i>Vienna</i>, he obtain'd the Grand -Duchy of <i>Tuscany</i>. The eminent Services his august House -had received from this Prince and his Ancestors, very well -entitled him to this illustrious Alliance. Had this monarch -liv'd a little longer, it is thought he would have procured his -Son-in-Law the Dignity of King of the <i>Romans</i>, a Step that -would, in a great measure, have prevented the Confusions -that follow'd, and which almost brought his Family to the -Brink of Ruin. This fatal Neglect was owing to the Empress's -Youth, and the Hopes conceived she might still have a Male -Heir.</p> - -<p>The Emperor was no sooner dead, than pursuant to his -will, Mary Teresa, his eldest Daughter, was declared Queen -of <i>Hungary</i> and <i>Bohemia</i>, and peaceably invested in the -Sovereignty of all his hereditary Dominions. This Princess -immediately took care to notify her Accession to the different -Courts of <i>Europe</i>, by whom she was acknowledged, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">{63}</a></span> -especially by that of <i>France</i>, who on this occasion renew'd -its Assurance, in the strongest Terms, of performing its Guarantee -of the <i>Pragmatic Sanction</i>. But her Letters of Notification -to the Court of <i>Munich</i> were returned unopen'd, the Elector -declaring he could not acknowledge the Princess's Titles, -without Prejudice to his own Claim, as founded on the Will -of <i>Ferdinand I.</i>, which imported, "That the eldest Archduchess, -Daughter of the said <i>Ferdinand</i>, who should be -alive when the said Succession should be <i>open</i>, should succeed -to the two Crowns of <i>Hungary</i> and <i>Bohemia</i>, in case there be -no <i>Male Heir</i> of any of the three Brothers of that Emperor." -Now the Male Line of that House being extinct by the Death -of <i>Charles</i> VI., the Elector being descended from <i>Anne</i>, -second daughter to <i>Ferdinand I.</i> (the eldest dying issueless) -claimed the Succession as now <i>open</i> by the Terms of the Will. -On the other hand, the Court of <i>Vienna</i> maintain'd that the -Succession was not <i>open</i>, the last Words of the Will, according -to the original Copy in the <i>Austrian</i> Archives being "in case -there shall be no <i>lawful Heir</i> living of any of the Emperor's -three Brothers."</p> - -<p>It is easy to see, the Elector's Claim was to no less than the -<i>Whole</i> of the late Emperor's succession. The King of <i>Spain</i> -also publish'd his Pretensions to all the late Emperor's -Dominions, and made Preparations for invading <i>Italy</i>. In -short the new Queen beheld that Storm gathering, which -quickly overspread <i>Germany</i>, and which gave her but too -much Occasion for exerting that Magnanimity and Constancy -of Mind, which heighten her eminent Virtues, and have -render'd her justly the Admiration of her Enemies themselves.</p> - -<p>To these Claimants, whose Pretensions might have been -foreseen, appear'd a third no way expected, but whose Title -seem'd to be as well founded, as his Power to support it was -unquestionable. This was the young King of <i>Prussia</i>, who -claim'd the Principality of <i>Silesia</i>, as antiently belonging to -the <i>Brandenburgh</i> Family, from whom the House of <i>Austria</i> -had gain'd it by unjust means. As this Prince assembled a -numerous Army on the <i>Emperor's</i> Death, every one imagined -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">{64}</a></span> -it was to support the <i>Pragmatic Sanction</i>. But, instead of -this, in <i>November</i> he enter'd <i>Silesia</i>, at the head of 30,000 -Men, and soon made himself master of <i>Breslaw</i>, the Capital, -and the greatest Part of the Country, the <i>Austrians</i> being in -no Condition to oppose him. His Behaviour to the vanquish'd -was so generous, as easily won their Affections; the -rather, as the major Part of that People were of the reform'd -Communion, and had suffer'd on that Account much Persecution -from the House of <i>Austria</i>; whereas the Court of <i>Berlin</i> -had always declared and often interposed in their Favour.</p> - -<p>As soon as the King of <i>Prussia</i> had struck his Blow, he -caused, by his Ministers, the following verbal Proposals to be -laid before the Court of <i>Vienna</i>:</p> - -<p>I. <i>That he would guarantee the Queen's Dominions in</i> Germany -<i>with his whole Force. And for that End</i></p> - -<p>II. <i>He would enter into a close Alliance with the Courts of</i> -Vienna, Petersburgh, <i>and the Maritime</i> Powers.</p> - -<p>III. <i>That he would use his utmost Endeavours to get the -D. of</i> Lorrain <i>raised to the Imperial Throne</i>.</p> - -<p>IV. <i>That he would advance the Queen in ready Money two -Millions of Florins.</i></p> - -<p>V. <i>In Consideration of all which, he only desired the absolute -cession of Silesia.</i></p> - -<p>The Queen's Answer was strong and peremptory: She -thank'd the King for his Offers with regard to the D. of Lorrain; -but as the Election, by the Golden Rule, should be free, she -thought raising a War in Germany was no likely means of -contributing to that End. That as to the Offer of two Millions, -the contributions his Army had raised in Silesia amounted -to more: And, as to the cession of that Province, her Majesty -being resolved to maintain the Pragmatic Sanction, could -never consent to the Dismembring any Province belonging -to the Succession handed down to her, without violating her -Honour and her Conscience....</p> - -<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">{65}</a></div> - -<h2>THE '45.</h2> - -<h3>I.<br /> -<span class="smcap">Landing of the Young Pretender; the Raising of the Standard; Surrender of Edinburgh.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Robert Forbes: <i>The Lyon in Mourning</i>. Edited by -H. Paton for the Scottish History Society 1895. Vol. xx., -pp. 201-210.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Journal of the Prince's imbarkation and arrival, etc., the -greatest part of which was taken from Duncan Cameron -at several different conversations I had with him.</i></p> - -<p>After the battle of Fontenoy and taking of Tournay, among -other regiments the one commanded by Lord John Drummond -was garrisoned in Tournay, in which corps Duncan Cameron -(some time servant to old Lochiel at Boulogne in France) -served. When Duncan was in Tournay he received a letter -from Mr. Æneas MacDonald, banker in Paris, desiring him -forthwith to repair to Amiens, and if possible to post it without -sleeping, where he should receive orders about what he was -to do. Accordingly Duncan set out, and in a very short time -posted to Amiens, from whence Æneas, etc., had set out, -but had left a letter for Duncan, ordering him to follow them -to Nantes, to which place he set out without taking any rest, -where he found the Prince and his small retinue, consisting -of seven only, besides servants.</p> - -<p>The seven were the Duke of Athol, Sir Thomas Sheridan, -Sir John Macdonald, Colonel Strickland, Captain O'Sullivan, -Mr. George Kelly (a nonjurant clergyman), and Æneas -MacDonald, banker at Paris, brother to Kinlochmoidart.</p> - -<p>As Duncan Cameron had been brought up in the island of -Barra, and knew the coast of the Long Isle well, in some part -of which the Prince intended to land first, so Duncan's business -was to descry to them the Long Isle.</p> - -<p>At Nantes the Prince and his few attendants waited about -fifteen days before the <i>Elizabeth</i> ship of war came, which -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">{66}</a></span> -was to be their convoy in the expedition. To cover the design -the better, Sir Thomas Sheridan passed for the father, and -the Prince for the son, for none knew the Prince to be in -company but the seven, some few others, and Mr. Welch -(an Irishman, a very rich merchant in Nantes) who was to -command the frigate of sixteen guns, on board of which the -Prince and the few faithful friends with the servants were to -imbark.</p> - -<p>After the Prince was on board he dispatched letters to his -father, and the King of France, and the King of Spain, advising -them of his design, and no doubt desiring assistance.</p> - -<p>The Prince when in Scotland, used to say that the 10th of -June was the day on which he stole off, and that he did not -mind it to be his father's birth-day till night was far spent. -From whence some have affirmed that to have been the day -of the embarkation, and others to have been the day when he -left Paris and began to be incog.</p> - -<p>They had not been above five or six days at sea till one -evening the <i>Lyon</i> ship of war appeared, and came pretty near -them and then disappeared. Next morning she came again -in view and disappeared. She continued to do so three or -four times, and the last time of her appearing she came -within a mile or so of them: when the captain of the <i>Elizabeth</i> -(a Frenchman) came on board the frigate, and told Mr. Welch -if he would assist him by keeping one side of the <i>Lyon</i> in play -at a distance, he would immediately put all things in order for -the attack. Mr. Welch, well knowing the trust he had on -board, answered him civilly, and told him it was what he -could not think of doing, and withal remarked to him it was -his humble opinion that he should not think of fighting unless -he should happen to be attacked, because his business was -to be convoy to the frigate in the voyage. However, he said, -as he pretended not to any command over him, he might do -as he thought proper.</p> - -<p>The French captain to all this replied, that from the <i>Lion's</i> -appearing and disappearing so often, it seemed as if she were -looking out for another ship to assist her, and if she should -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">{67}</a></span> -happen to be joined by any other, they no doubt would -instantly fall upon the <i>Elizabeth</i> and the frigate, and devour -them both: and therefore he behoved to think it the wisest -course to fight the <i>Lion</i> when single, because the <i>Elizabeth</i> -in that case was fit enough for the engagement, and would -bid fair enough to give a good account of the <i>Lion</i>. Upon -this the French captain drew his sword, took leave of Mr. -Welch and his company, went on board the <i>Elizabeth</i> with his -sword still drawn in his hand, and gave the necessary orders -for the attack.</p> - -<p>Immediately the <i>Elizabeth</i> bore down upon the <i>Lion</i> (each -of them consisting of about sixty guns, and therefore equally -matched), and begun the attack with great briskness. The -fight continued for five or six hours, when the <i>Lion</i> was obliged -to sheer off like a tub upon the water.</p> - -<p>About the time when the captain came on board the frigate, -the Prince was making ready to go on board the <i>Elizabeth</i> -for more air and greater conveniency every way, the frigate -being crowded with the gentlemen, the servants, and the crew. -His friends reckoned it very lucky that he had not gone on -board.</p> - -<p>The frigate all the time of the engagement lay at such a -small distance, that (as the Prince observed to several friends -in Scotland) the <i>Lion</i> might have sunk her with the greatest -ease. But he said it was their good fortune that the <i>Lion</i> -had despised them, and thought not the frigate worth the -while. Besides the <i>Lion</i> found enough of employment for all -her hands in playing her part against the <i>Elizabeth</i>.</p> - -<p>During the time of the fight the Prince several times -observed to Mr. Welch what a small assistance would serve to -give the <i>Elizabeth</i> the possession of the <i>Lion</i>, and importuned -him to engage in the quarrel. But Mr. Welch positively -refused, and at last behoved to desire the Prince not to insist -any more, otherwise he would order him down to the cabin.</p> - -<p>After the fight was all over, Mr. Welch sailed round the -<i>Elizabeth</i>, and enquired particularly how matters stood with -the captain and the crew. A lieutenant came upon deck from -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">{68}</a></span> -the captain, who was wounded in his cabin, and told Mr. -Welch that between thirty and forty officers and gentlemen -(besides common men) were killed and wounded, and that if -Mr. Welch could supply him with a mainmast and some -rigging, he would still make out the voyage with him.</p> - -<p>Mr. Welch replied that he could not furnish him with either -mainmast or rigging, and that although he should have -happened to be capable to serve him in these things, yet he -would not have made it his choice to lose so much time as it -would require to put the <i>Elizabeth</i> in some better order. He -desired to tell the captain it was his opinion he should without -loss of time return to France, and that he himself would do -his best to make out the intended voyage. The <i>Elizabeth</i> -accordingly returned to France, and the frigate continued her -course to the coast of Scotland. She had not been long -parted from the <i>Elizabeth</i> till the crew descried two ships of -war at some distance, which they could not have well got off -from, but that a mist luckily intervened, and brought them -out of sight.</p> - -<p>Two or three hours before landing, an eagle came hovering -over the frigate, and continued so to do until they were all -safe on shore. Before dinner the Duke of Athol had spied -the eagle: but (as he told several friends in Scotland) he did -not chuse then to take any notice of it, lest they should -have called it a Highland freit<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_18" id="Ref_18" href="#Foot_18">[18]</a></span> -in him. When he came upon -deck after dinner, he saw the eagle still hovering about in the -same manner, and following the frigate in her course, and -then he could not help remarking it to the Prince and his small -retinue, which they looked upon with pleasure. His grace, -turning to the prince, said, "Sir, I hope this is an excellent -omen, and promises good things to us. The King of birds is -come to welcome your royal highness upon your arrival in -Scotland."</p> - -<p>When they were near the shore of the Long Isle, Duncan -Cameron was sent out in the long boat to fetch them a proper -pilot. When he landed he accidentally met with Barra's -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">{69}</a></span> -piper, who was his old acquaintance, and brought him on -board. The piper piloted them safely into Eriska (about -July 21st), a small island lying between Barra and South -Uist. "At this time," said Duncan Cameron, "there was a -<i>devil of a minister</i> that happened to be in the island of Barra, -who did us a' the mischief that lay in his power. For when -he had got any inkling about us, he dispatched away expresses -with information against us. But as the good luck was, he -was not well believed, or else we would have been a' tane by -the neck."</p> - -<p>When Duncan spoke these words, "<i>a devil of a minister</i>," he -bowed low and said to me, "Sir, I ask you ten thousand -pardons for saying so in your presence. But, good faith, I -can assure you, sir (asking your pardon), he was nothing else -but the <i>devil of a minister</i>."</p> - -<p>When they landed in Eriska, they could not find a grain of -meal or one inch of bread. But they catched some flounders, -which they roasted upon the bare coals in a mean low hut -they had gone into near the shore, and Duncan Cameron -stood cook. The Prince sat at the cheek of the little ingle, -upon a fail<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_19" id="Ref_19" href="#Foot_19">[19]</a></span> -sunk, and laughed heartily at Duncan's cookery, -for he himself owned he played his part awkwardly enough.</p> - -<p>Next day the Prince sent for young Clanranald's uncle -(Alexander MacDonald of Boisdale), who lived in South Uist, -and discovered himself to him. This gentleman spoke in a -very discouraging manner to the Prince, and advised him to -return home. To which it is said the Prince replied, "I am -come home, sir, and I will entertain no notion at all of returning -to that place from whence I came; for that I am persuaded -my faithful Highlanders will stand by me." Mr. MacDonald -told him he was afraid he would find the contrary. The Prince -condescended upon Sir Alexander MacDonald and the Laird of -MacLeod as persons he might confide in. Mr. MacDonald -begged leave to tell him that he had pitched upon the wrong -persons; for from his own certain knowledge he could assure -him these gentlemen would not adhere in his interest; on the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">{70}</a></span> -contrary, they might chance to act an opposite part. And -seeing the Prince had been pleased to mention Sir Alexander -MacDonald's name, Boisdale desired he might run off an -express to him, and let his return be the test of what he had -advanced. He added withal, that if Sir Alexander MacDonald -and the Laird of MacLeod declared for him, it was his opinion -he might then land on the continent, for that he doubted not -but he would succeed in the attempt. But if they should -happen to refuse their assistance (which he still insisted would -be the case) then their example would prove of bad consequence, -and would tend only to make others backward and -to keep at home. And in that event he still thought it -advisable to suggest his returning back to where he came from.</p> - -<p>According to this advice the Prince did send a message to -Sir Alexander MacDonald, intimating his arrival, and -demanding assistance. Before the messenger could return, -Æneas MacDonald (anxious to have the honour of seeing the -Prince in the house of his brother, the Laird of Kinlochmoidart) -prevailed upon the Prince to set out for the continent, -and they arrived at Boradale in Moidart, or rather Arisaig, -upon July 25th, St. James's day, 1745. When the messenger -returned to the Prince he brought no answer with him, for -Sir Alexander refused to give any.</p> - -<p>It is worth remarking here that though MacDonald of -Boisdale had played the game of the government by doing all -he could to dissuade the Prince from making the attempt: -and after the standard was set up, by keeping back all -Clanranald's men (to the number of four or five hundred good -stout fellows) that lived in South Uist and the other isles, -yet his conduct could not screen him from rough and severe -treatment. For after the battle of Culloden he suffered in -his effects as well as others, and had the misfortune to be -made a prisoner and to be carried to London by sea, in which -expedition he had the additional affliction of having his -brother, the Laird of Clanranald, senior (who had never stirred -from his own fireside), and his lady to bear him company, -and none of them were released till the 4th July, 1747. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">{71}</a></span> -However, to do Boisdale justice, he was of very great use to -the Prince (as Donald MacLeod and Malcolm have both -declared) when wandering up and down through South Uist, -Benbicula, and other parts of the Long Isle, and exerted his -utmost power to keep him out of the hands of his enemies.</p> - -<p>After the Prince's arrival upon the continent [mainland] -some friends met to consult what was to be done, and I have -heard it affirmed by good authority the Keppoch honestly -and bravely gave it as his opinion that since the Prince had -risqued his person and generously thrown himself into the -hands of his friends, therefore it was their duty to raise their -men instantly merely for the protection of his person, let the -consequence be what it would. Certain it is that if Keppoch, -Lochiel, young Clanranald, etc., had not joined him, he would -either have fallen into the hands of his enemies or been forced -immediately to cross the seas again.</p> - -<p>The royal standard was set up at Glenfinnan (August 19th), -the property of Clanranald, at the head of Lochshiel, which -marches with Lochiel's ground, and lies about ten miles west -from Fort William. The Prince had been a full week before -this, viz. from Sunday the 11th at Kinlochmoydart's house, and -Lochiel had been raising his men who came up with them -just as the standard was setting up.</p> - -<p>The Prince stayed where the standard was set up two days, -and I have heard Major MacDonell frequently say in the Castle -of Edinburgh, that, he had never seen the Prince more cheerful -at any time, and in higher spirits than when he had got together -four or five hundred men about the standard. Major MacDonell -presented the Prince with the first good horse he -mounted in Scotland, which the Major had taken from Captain -Scott, son of Scotstarvet.</p> - -<p>On Friday, August 23d, the Prince lodged in Fassafern, -three miles down the Loch Eil, and about five miles from Fort -William. On sight of a warship which lay opposite to the -garrison, the Prince crossed a hill, and went to Moy or Moidh, -a village on the river Lochy belonging to Lochiel. There he -stayed till Monday, August 26th, waiting intelligence about -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">{72}</a></span> -General Cope; and that day he crossed the river Lochy, and -lodged in a village called Leterfinla, on the side of Loch Lochy. -At 12 o'clock at night, being very stormy and boisterous, he -learned that General Cope was at Garvaimor, whereupon the -men stood to arms all night. But the General had altered his -route, and by forced marches was making the best of his way -to Inverness, which (as was given out) happened by an express -from President Forbes advising the General not to attempt -going up the country to attack the Highlanders at the Pass -of Corierag (very strong ground) where they had posted -themselves, but to make all the haste he could to Inverness, -where he might expect the Monroes, etc., to join him, whereby -he would be considerably reinforced.</p> - -<p>Upon notice that the General was marching towards -Inverness, about six hundred of the Highlanders urged the -being allowed to follow him under cloud of night and promised -to come up with him, and to give a good account of him and -his command. But the Prince would not hear of such an -attempt, and desired them to wait for a more favourable -opportunity. It was with much difficulty that they could be -prevailed upon to lay aside the thoughts of any such enterprise. -This I had from the brave Major MacDonell.</p> - -<p>When the Prince was coming down the Highlands to meet -General Cope (as was supposed) he walked sixteen miles in -boots, and one of the heels happening to come off, the Highlanders -said they were unco glad to hear it, for they hoped -the want of the heel would make him march at more leisure. -So speedily he marched that he was like to fatigue them all.</p> - -<p><i>August 27th.</i> The Prince slept at Glengary's house, and next -night lay at Aberchallader, a village belonging to Glengary.</p> - -<p><i>August 30th.</i> The Prince and his army were at Dalnacardoch, -a publick house in Wade's Road, as appears from a letter -writ by the Duke of Athol to a lady desiring her to repair to -Blair Castle to put it in some order, and to do the honours of -that house when the Prince should happen to come there, -which he did the day following, August 31st. I saw the letter -and took the date of it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">{73}</a></span> -When the Prince was at Blair he went into the garden, and -taking a walk upon the bowling-green, he said he had never -seen a bowling-green before. Upon which the above lady -called for some bowls that he might see them; but he told her -that he had got a present of some bowls sent him as a curiosity -to Rome from England.</p> - -<p><i>September 2d.</i> He left Blair and went to the house of Lude, -where he was very cheerful and took his share in several dances, -such as minuets, Highland reels (the first reel the Prince -called for was, "This is not mine ain house," etc.), and a -Strathspey minuet.</p> - -<p><i>September 3d.</i> He was at Dunkeld, and next day he dined -at Nairn House where some of the Company happening to -observe what a thoughtful state his father would now be in -from the consideration of those dangers and difficulties he had -to encounter with, and that upon this account he was much -to be pitied, because his mind behoved to be much upon the -rack—the Prince replied that he did not half so much pity -his father as his brother. "For," said he, "the king has been -inured to disappointments and distresses and has learnt to -bear up easily under the misfortunes of life. But poor Harry! -his young and tender years make him much to be pitied, for -few brothers love as we do!"</p> - -<p><i>September 4th.</i> In the evening he made his entrance into -Perth upon the horse that Major MacDonell had presented -him with.</p> - -<p><i>September 11th.</i> Early in the morning he went on foot -attended by few and took a view of the house of Scoon; and -leaving Perth that day, he took a second breakfast at Gask, -dined at Tullibardine, and that night went towards Dumblain -and next day to Down.</p> - -<p><i>September 14th.</i> In the morning the Prince after refreshing -himself and his army at the Laird of Leckie's house, marched -by Stirling Castle and through St. Ninians. From Stirling -Castle a six-pounder was discharged four times at him, which -determined Lord Nairn, who was bringing up the second -division of the army, to go farther up the country in order to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">{74}</a></span> -be out of the reach of the canon of the Castle. When the -Prince was in St. Ninians with the first division, Mr. Christie, -provost of Stirling, sent out to them from Stirling a quantity -of bread, cheese, and ale in abundance, an order having come -before by little Andrew Symmer desiring such a refreshment. -Colonel Gardiner and his dragoons had galloped off towards -Edinburgh from their camp near Stirling Castle the night -before, or rather the same morning, when it was dark, September -14th, without beat of drum.</p> - -<p><i>September 16th.</i> The Prince and his army were at Gray's -Mill upon the Water of Leith, when he sent a summons to the -Provost and Town Council of Edinburgh to receive him quietly -and peacably into the city. Two several deputations were -sent from Edinburgh to the Prince begging a delay till they -should deliberate upon what was fittest to be done. Meantime -eight or nine hundred Highlanders under the command of -Keppoch, young Lochiel, and O'Sullivan, marched in between -the Long Dykes without a hush of noise, under the favour of a -dark night, and lurked at the head of the Canongate about the -Nether Bow Port till they should find a favourable opportunity -for their design, which soon happened. The hackney coach, -which brought back the second deputation, entered at the -West Port, and after setting down the deputies at their proper -place upon the street, drove down the street towards the -Canongate, and when the Nether Bow Port was made open to -let out the coach, the lurking Highlanders rushed in (it being -then peep of day) and made themselves masters of the city -without any opposition, or the smallest noise.</p> - -<h3>II.<br /> -<span class="smcap">Treatment of the Vanquished.</span></h3> - -<h4>1. <i>After Preston Pans.</i></h4> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>Lockhart Papers.</i> Quoted in Jesse, <i>Memoirs of the -Pretenders</i>, p. 187.</p> - -<p>(<i>a</i>) After the battle of Preston Pans,—when one of the -Prince's followers congratulated him on the victory which he -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">{75}</a></span> -had obtained, and, pointing to the field of battle, exclaimed, -"Sir, there are your enemies at your feet!"—Charles is said -not only to have refrained from joining in the exultation of -the moment, but to have warmly expressed the sincerest compassion -for those whom he termed "his father's deluded -subjects." Previous to the battle, he had strongly exhorted -his followers to adopt the side of mercy; and when the victory -was gained, his first thoughts were for the unhappy sufferers, -and his first hours employed in providing for the comfort of -his wounded adversaries as well as his friends. His exhortations -and example produced the happiest effects. In the -words of one of his gallant followers,—"Not only did I often -hear our common clansmen ask the soldiers if they wanted -quarter, and not only did we, the officers, exert our utmost -pains to save those who were stubborn or who could not make -themselves understood, but I saw some of our private men, -after the battle, run to Port Seton for ale and other liquors -to support the wounded. As one proof for all, of my own -particular observation, I saw a Highlander, carefully and with -patient kindness, carry a poor wounded soldier on his back -into a house, where he left him with a sixpence to pay his -charges. In all this we followed not only the dictates of -humanity, but also the orders of our Prince, who acted in -everything as the true father of his country."</p> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>The MS. of Lord George Murray, Commander-in-Chief.</i> -Printed by Bishop Forbes in his <i>Jacobite Memoirs</i>, Edinburgh, -1834, p. 29.</p> - -<p>(<i>b</i>) His Royal Highness caused take the same care of -their wounded as of his own.... In the evening I went with -the officer prisoners to a house in Musselburgh, that was -allotted for them. Those who were worst wounded, were left -at Colonel Gardner's house, where surgeons attended them; -the others walked, as I did alongst with them, without a -guard, (as they had given me their parole;) and to some, who -were not well able to walk, I gave my own horses. It was a -new finished house that was got for them, where there was -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">{76}</a></span> -neither table, bed, chair, or chimney grate. I caused buy -some new thrashed straw, and had, by good fortune, as much -cold provisions and liquor of my own, as made a tolerable -meal to them all; and when I was going to retire, they -entreated me not to leave them, for, as they had no guard, -they were afraid that some of the Highlanders who had got -liquor, might come in upon them, and insult or plunder them. -I lay on a floor by them all night. Some of them, who were -valetudinary, went to the minister's house, and I sent an -officer with them, and they got beds: this was the quarter -designed for myself. Next morning, after his Royal Highness -went for Edinburgh, I carried these gentlemen to the house -of Pinkey, where they were tolerably well accommodated. -After I had returned to the field of battle, and given directions -about the cannon, and seen about the wounded prisoners, -to get all the care possible taken of them, and given other -necessary orders, I returned to Pinkey, where I stayed all -night. I got what provisions could possibly be had to the -common men prisoners, who were that night in the gardens -of Pinkey; and the night before, I had got some of their own -biscuit carried from Cokenny to Colonel Gardner's courts and -gardens, for their use.</p> - -<h4>2. <i>After Culloden.</i></h4> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Forbes: <i>Jacobite Memoirs</i>. Pp. 232, 233, 251, 252, -296-298.</p> - -<p>It is a fact undeniable, and known to almost everybody, -that upon Friday the 18th of April, which was the second day -after the battle, a party was regularly detached to put to -death all the wounded men that were found in and about the -field of battle. That such men were accordingly put to death -is also undeniable, for it is declared by creditable people, who -were eye-witnesses to that most miserable and bloody scene. -I myself was told by William Ross, who was then grieve<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_20" id="Ref_20" href="#Foot_20">[20]</a></span> -to my Lord President, that twelve wounded men were carried -out of his house, and shot in a hollow, which is within very -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">{77}</a></span> -short distance of the place of action.... Orders were given, -on the Friday, to an officer, Hobbie, or such a name, that -he should go to the field of battle, and cause carry there all the -wounded in the neighbouring houses, at a mile's distance, -some more, some less, and kill them upon the field, which -orders were obeyed accordingly. When these orders were -given at the knee, an officer who was well pleased told it to -his comrades; one of them replied, "D—n him who had taken -that order! He could not do an inhuman thing; though no -mercy should be shewn to the rebels."</p> - -<p>An officer was heard more than once say, that he saw -seventy-two killed, and, as he termed it, knocked on the head. -He was a young captain.... A little house into which a good -many of the wounded had been carried, was set on fire about -their ears, and every soul in it burnt alive, of which number -was Colonel Orelli, a brave old gentleman, who was either in -the French or Spanish service.... The Presbyterian minister -at Petty, Mr. Laughlan Shaw, being a cousin of this Kinrara's,<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_21" id="Ref_21" href="#Foot_21">[21]</a></span> -had obtained leave of the Duke of Cumberland to carry off his -friend, in return for the good services the said Mr. Laughlan had -done the government; for he had been very active in dissuading -his parishioners and clan from joining the Prince, and had -likewise, as I am told, sent the Duke very pointed intelligence -of all the Prince's motions. In consequence of this, on the -Saturday after the battle, he went to the place where his -friend was, designing to carry him to his own house. But as -he came near, he saw an officer's Command, with the officer -at their head, fire a platoon at fourteen of the wounded -Highlanders, whom they had taken all out of that house, and -bring them all down at once; and when he came up, he found -his cousin and his servant were two of that unfortunate -number. I questioned Mr. Shaw himself about this story, who -plainly acknowledged the fact, and was indeed the person who -informed me of the precise number; and when I asked him if -he knew of any more that were murdered in that manner on -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">{78}</a></span> -the same day, he told me that he believed there were in all two-and-twenty.</p> - -<p class="gap-above">[The next extract is one of the less sickening accounts of -the treatment of the prisoners whose lives were spared:]</p> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—A paper read by Mr. James Bradshaw, and delivered -by him to the Sheriff of Surrey, just before his execution on -Friday, November 28, 1746. Quoted by Jesse, <i>Memoirs of -the Pretenders</i>. Pp. 270, 274, 275. Bohn's edition.</p> - -<p>I was put into one of the Scotch kirks, together with a great -number of wounded prisoners, who were stripped naked, and -then left to die of their wounds without the least assistance; -and though we had a surgeon of our own, a prisoner in the -same place, yet he was not permitted to dress their wounds, -but his instruments were taken from him on purpose to prevent -it, and in consequence of this many expired in the utmost -agonies. Several of the wounded were put on board the -"Jean" of Leith, and there died in lingering tortures. Our -general allowance, while we were prisoners there, was half a -pound of meal a-day, which was sometimes increased to a -pound, but never exceeded it; and I myself was an eyewitness, -that great numbers were starved to death. Their -barbarity extended so far as not to suffer the men who were -put on board the "Jean" to lie down even on planks, but they -were obliged to sit on large stones, by which means their legs -swelled as big almost as their bodies. These are some few -of the cruelties exercised, which being almost incredible in a -Christian country, I am obliged to add an asseveration to the -truth of them; and I do assure you, upon the word of a dying -man, as I hope for mercy at the day of judgment, I assert -nothing but what I know to be true.</p> - -<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">{79}</a></div> - -<h3>III.<br /> -<i>ODE WRITTEN IN THE BEGINNING OF THE YEAR 1746.</i></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>The Poetical Works of William Collins; with the Commentary -of Langhorne.</i> London. Printed by Charles Whittingham -for John Sharpe, 1804.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">How sleep the brave, who sink to rest,</div> -<div class="verse">By all their country's wishes blest!</div> -<div class="verse">When Spring, with dewy fingers cold,</div> -<div class="verse">Returns to deck their hallow'd mould,</div> -<div class="verse">She there shall dress a sweeter sod</div> -<div class="verse">Than Fancy's feet have ever trod.</div> -</div> - -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">By fairy hands their knell is rung;</div> -<div class="verse">By forms unseen their dirge is sung;</div> -<div class="verse">There Honour comes, a pilgrim grey,</div> -<div class="verse">To bless the turf that wraps their clay;</div> -<div class="verse">And Freedom shall a while repair,</div> -<div class="verse">To dwell a weeping hermit there!</div> -</div> - -</div> -</div> - -<h3>IV.<br /> -<span class="smcap">An Adventure of Charles Edward.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>The Young Chevalier; or a General Narrative of all that -befel that Unfortunate Adventurer, from his Fatal Defeat to -His final Escape.</i> By a gentleman (1746). Pp. 75-78.</p> - -<p>Here it was [upon the coast of Glenelg] that the <i>Chevalier</i> -went through one of the oddest Adventures, that perhaps ever -happened to any Man; for at this place a Company of Militia -(the <i>Monroe's</i>, if I mistake not) were waiting, in hopes the -unhappy Fugitive might fall into their Hands: To make the -more sure of their Prize, they had with them a Blood-hound, -to trace him out. The Dog was within a Stone's throw of -them, and the Man not much farther off, when <i>McKinnon</i> -observed them, and particularly suspected the Animal. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">{80}</a></span> -Whereupon he advised his Passenger instantly to pull off all -his Cloaths, and enter the Water up to the Neck: "For," -said he, "if you go in with your Cloaths on, you may catch -your Death. In the mean time I will divert the smell of the -Dog, with these Fishes," he having some on a string in his hand. -The affrighted <i>Chevalier</i> instantly did as he was directed, and -<i>McKinnon</i> having hid the <i>Chevalier's</i> Cloaths in a Clift of a -Rock, began to amuse the Dog with his Fish. The Artifice -succeeded so well, as effectually to secure the <i>Chevalier</i>; but -the Animal would not quit the Fisherman till he was secured -by the Militia-Men, who kept him all Night, and Part of the -next Day. They examined him, but to no Purpose; and -upon his telling his true Name, <i>viz.</i> McLeod, they became -indifferent about him; and he representing that his Family -was starving, having nothing to subsist on but the Product of -his Industry as a Fisherman, they dismissed him. When he -left them, he set out, as if he intended a very different Course -to that he really intended, and afterwards struck into; for -when he judged himself out of their Reach, he turned into the -Road leading to the Place where he supposed the <i>Chevalier</i> -yet was. He found him there indeed, and employ'd in such -a Manner, as could not but strike even the rough Heart of the -hardy Fisherman, innur'd to all the Extremities of Wind and -Weather, Hunger and Cold. He found him seeking out -Muscles and other small Shell-Fish, upon the Craigs, and -breaking them between two Stones, eating the Fish as he -opened them, to satisfy the Cravings of an Appetite, never in -all Probability so Keen before. He told <i>McKinnon</i> "that he -had continued in the Water for several Hours, after he left -him; but at last ventured out, and put on his Cloaths; but -durst not offer to remove from that desert spot, judging it too -hazardous to go up into the Country, to which he was an -utter Stranger."... As soon as he set Eyes on <i>M'Kinnon</i>, -he fell down on his Knees, and with up-lifted Hands, thank'd -Heaven for returning him his Friend; which he did in these -Words, as near as could possibly be remember'd by the -Fisherman, who heard him, and who repeated them to the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">{81}</a></span> -Person from whom I had my Information. "O God," said -he, "I thank thee that I have not fallen into the Hands of -my Enemies; and <i>surely thou hast still something for me to -do</i>, since in this strange Place thou hast sent me back my -Guide."</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_18" id="Foot_18" href="#Ref_18">[18]</a> -Superstition.</p> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_19" id="Foot_19" href="#Ref_19">[19]</a> -A turf seat.</p> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_20" id="Foot_20" href="#Ref_20">[20]</a> -Bailiff.</p> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_21" id="Foot_21" href="#Ref_21">[21]</a> -A wounded Jacobite whose servant had refused to abandon him, -and had therefore been taken prisoner along with his master.</p> - -</div> - -<h2>TRIAL OF THE REBEL LORDS, 1746.</h2> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Walpole's <i>Letters</i>. Vol. i., p. 133. Bohn's edition.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Horace Walpole to Sir Horace Mann, Aug. 1, 1746.</i></p> - -<div class="top"> -<div class="right3"><span class="small smcap">Arlington Street</span>,</div> -<div class="right1"><small><i>Aug</i>. 1, 1746.</small></div> -</div> - -<p>I am this moment come from the conclusion of the -greatest and most melancholy scene I ever yet saw. You will -easily guess it was the trials of the rebel Lords. As it was the -most interesting sight, it was the most solemn and fine: a coronation -is a puppet-show, and all the splendour of it idle; but -this sight at once feasted one's eyes, and engaged all one's -passions. It began last Monday; three-quarters of Westminster -Hall were enclosed with galleries, and hung with -scarlet; and the whole ceremony was concluded with the -most awful solemnity and decency, except in the one point of -leaving the prisoners at the bar, amidst the idle curiosity of -some crowd, and even with the witnesses who had sworn -against them, while the Lords adjourned to their own House -to consult. No part of the royal family was there, which -was a proper regard to the unhappy men, who were become -their victims. One hundred and thirty-nine Lords were -present, and made a noble sight on their benches <i>frequent -and full</i>! The Chancellor [Hardwicke] was Lord High -Steward; but though a most comely personage, with a fine -voice, his behaviour was mean, curiously searching for occasion -to bow to the Minister that is no peer [Pelham], and consequently -applying to the other Ministers, in a manner, for their -orders; and not even ready at the ceremonial. To the -prisoners he was peevish; and instead of keeping up the -humane dignity of the law of England, whose character is -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">{82}</a></span> -to point out favour to the criminal, he crossed them, and -almost scolded at any offer they made towards defence. I -had armed myself with all the resolution I could, with the -thought of their crimes and of the danger past, and was -assisted by the sight of the Marquis of Lothian, in weepers for -his son, who fell at Culloden; but the first appearance of the -prisoners shocked me!—their behaviour melted me! Lord -Kilmarnock and Lord Cromartie are both past forty, but look -younger. Lord Kilmarnock is tall and slender, with an -extreme fine person: his behaviour a most just mixture -between dispute and submission; if in anything to be reprehended, -a little affected, and his hair too exactly dressed for -a man in his situation; but when I say this, it is not to find -fault with him, but to show how little fault there was to be -found. Lord Cromartie is an indifferent figure, appeared -much dejected and rather sullen: he dropped a few tears the -first day, and swooned as soon as he got back to his cell.</p> - -<p>For Lord Balmerino, he is the most natural brave old fellow -I ever saw; the highest intrepidity, even to indifference. At -the bar he behaved like a soldier and a man; in the intervals -of form, with carelessness and humour. He pressed extremely -to have his wife—his pretty Peggy—with him in the Tower. -Lady Cromartie only sees her husband through the grate, not -choosing to be shut up with him, as she thinks she can serve -him better by her intercession without; she is big with child, -and very handsome; so are her daughters. When they were -to be brought from the Tower in separate coaches, there was -some dispute in which the axe must go. Old Balmerino cried, -"Come, come, put it with me." At the bar, he plays with -his fingers upon the axe, while he talks to the gentleman-gaoler; -and one day, somebody coming up to listen, he took -the blade and held it like a fan between their faces. During -the trial a little boy was near him, but not tall enough to see; -he made room for the child, and placed him near himself. -When the trial begun, the two Earls pleaded guilty; Balmerino -not guilty, saying he would prove his not being at -the taking of the castle of Carlisle, as laid in the indictment. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">{83}</a></span> -Then the King's counsel opened, and Sergeant Skinner pronounced -the most absurd speech imaginable; and mentioned -the Duke of Perth, <i>who</i>, said he, <i>I see by the papers is dead</i>. -Then some witnesses were examined, whom afterwards the -old hero shook cordially by the hand. The Lords withdrew -to their House, and returning, demanded of the Judges, -whether, one point not being proved, though all the rest were, -the indictment was false? to which they unanimously -answered in the negative. Then the Lord High Steward asked -the Peers severally, whether Lord Balmerino was guilty! All -said, <i>Guilty upon honour</i>, and then adjourned, the prisoner -having begged pardon for giving them so much trouble. -While the Lords were withdrawn, the Solicitor-General -Murray [afterwards Lord Mansfield] (brother of the Pretender's -minister) officiously and insolently went up to Lord Balmerino, -and asked him, how he could give the Lords so much trouble, -when his Solicitor had informed him, that his plea could be -of no use to him? Balmerino asked the bystanders, who this -person was? and being told, he said, "Oh, Mr. Murray! I am -extremely glad to see you; I have been with several of your -relations; the good lady, your mother, was of great use to us -at Perth." Are you not charmed with this speech? how just -it was! As he went away, he said, "They call me Jacobite; -I am no more a Jacobite than any that tried me; but if the -Great Mogul had set up his standard, I should have followed -it, for I could not starve."</p> - -<p>[Gray, in a letter to Wharton, gives the last sentence as -follows: "My Lord (says he) for the two Kings and their -Rights I cared not a Farthing w<sup>ch</sup> prevailed; but I was -starving; and by God if Mahomet had set up his Standard in -the Highlands, I had been a good Musselman for Bread, and -stuck close to the Party, for I must eat."]</p> - -<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">{84}</a></div> - -<h2>TREATY OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (1748).</h2> - -<h3>I.<br /> -<span class="smcap">Lord Bolingbroke on the Preliminaries.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>The Marchmont Papers</i>, 1831. Vol. ii., pp. 314-319.</p> - -<p>Our true interests require, that we should take few engagements -on the Continent, and never those of making a land war, -unless the conjuncture be such, that nothing less than the -weight of Britain can prevent the scales of power from being -quite overturned. This was the case surely, when we arrived -in the Netherlands (1743) and when we marched into -Germany. The first did some good, and as it was managed, -some hurt. It divided the attention of France, and became -a reason the more for recalling the army of Maillebois. But -the fierce memorials, with which it was accompanied, and -which breathed an immediate and direct war against France, -frightened those, whom our arriving should have encouraged, -and gave much advantage to the French in the Seven -Provinces. The last, I mean our march to the Mayn [where -the English encamped in May, 1744] and vast diversion we -made by it, has had a full effect. The Bavarians are reduced -to a neutrality, and the French, who threatened Vienna, to -the defence of their own provinces. The defensive war the -Queen of Hungary made on that side, is therefore at an end, -strictly speaking; and your Lordship may think perhaps, that, -this being so the case, wherein alone Great Britain ought to -make war on the Continent, exists, no longer. It is, I own, -very provoking to see, that the French are able at any time -to invade their neighbours, to give law if they succeed, and -not to receive it if they fail, but to retire behind their barrier, -and defy from thence the just resentment of the enemies they -have made; and yet we ought to consider very coolly, how -far we suffer this provocation to have any share in determining -our conduct in the present circumstances. I have seen the -time, when the French would have given up the very barrier, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">{85}</a></span> -that secures them now. We would not take it then. Can we -force it now? I said once, that Bouchain had cost our nation -above six millions; and they who were angry at the assertion -[the Whigs] could not contradict it, since Bouchain was the -sole conquest of 1711, and since the expence of that year's war -amounted to little less. Are we able to purchase at such a -rate? or do we hope to purchase at a cheaper, when my Lord -Marlborough and Prince Eugene are no more?... We -shall have a very nice game to play, for if our friends, the -Austrians, would take advantage of too much facility to -continue the war, our enemies, the Spaniards and the French, -would certainly take advantage of too much haste to conclude -it. This reflection becomes the more important, because the -war we have with Spain, seems more likely to be determined -in Italy than in America; and somewhere or other it must be -determined to our advantage.... In all events, my dear Lord, -and whatever peace we make, it will become an indispensable -point of policy to be on our guard, after what has happened, -against the joint ambition of the two branches of Bourbon, -whom no acquisitions can satisfy, nor any treaties bind, and -who have begun to act in late instances, as the two branches -of Austria did in the last century. The treaty of quadruple -alliance, and a long course of timid unmeaning negociations, -unmeaning relatively to the interest of Great Britain, have -encouraged this spirit. A contrary conduct must check it; -and I will venture to say, that, the peace once made on terms -less exorbitant, than some sanguine persons would expect, -this may be done; and that vigor sufficient for this purpose -will be found on the whole less expensive, with prudent -management abroad, and honest economy at home, than the -pusillanimity of that administration, which has made us -despised by some of our neighbours, and distrusted by others, -till France had a fair chance for giving the law to all Europe. -But it is more than time that I should put an end to this -political ramble. I mean it for you alone, and I am used to -your indulgence. It is hardly possible, that you should write -in answer to this letter, that is to come to me in France. It -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">{86}</a></span> -seemed to me, by the little conversation I had with some of -your ministers when I was at London, that their way of -thinking was not very distant from mine, about foreign affairs -at least. Great Britain must have a peace, my Lord. Her -ability to carry on this war, as little as it is, is greater, in my -opinion, than that of France. But there are other invincible -reasons against it. I repeat, therefore, we must have a peace -as soon as possible. To have a good one, vigor in your -measures, and moderation in your views, are, I suppose, -equally necessary.</p> - -<h3>II.<br /> -<span class="smcap">The Articles of Peace.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Coxe's <i>Pelham Administration</i>. Vol. ii., p. 41, 42. The -Treaty is to be found at length in Tindal's Continuation of -Rapin's <i>History of England</i>. Vol. xxi., pp. 357-366.</p> - -<p>The following is an abstract of the articles of the definitive -treaty, in which the reader will recognize a general conformity -with the preliminaries.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Article I.</span> Renewal of peace between all the contracting -powers.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. II.</span> Restitution of all conquests, and the <i>status quo -ante bellum</i>, with the exceptions herein mentioned.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. III.</span> Renewal of the treaties of Westphalia, 1648; of -Madrid, between England and Spain, 1667, 1678 and 1679; -of Ryswick, 1697; of Utrecht, 1713; of Baden, 1714; of the -triple alliance, 1717; of the quadruple alliance, 1718; and of -the treaty of Vienna, 1738.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. IV.</span> Mutual restoration of prisoners, six weeks after -the ratification.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. V.</span> Mutual restitution of conquests, and specification -of the cessions assigned by Austria, to Don Philip, according -to the preliminaries.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. VI.</span> All the restitutions in Europe, specified in this -treaty, to be made within the term of six weeks after the -ratifications, and in particular all the Low Countries to be -restored to the Empress Queen, and likewise those Barrier -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">{87}</a></span> -Towns, the sovereignty of which belonged to the House of -Austria, to be evacuated, for the admission of the troops of -the States-General.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. VII.</span> Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla, to be delivered -to Don Philip, at the time that Nice and Savoy are restored to -the King of Sardinia.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. VIII.</span> Measures to be adopted for insuring the restitutions, -within the period appointed.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. IX.</span> The King of England engages to send two hostages -of rank to Paris, until Cape Breton, and all his conquests in -the West and East Indies, shall be restored.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. X.</span> The revenues and taxes of the conquered countries, -to belong to the powers in possession, until the day of the -ratification.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. XI.</span> All archives to be restored within two months, or -as soon afterwards as possible.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. XII.</span> The king of Sardinia to retain possession of all -the territories, conceded to him by the treaty of Worms, -excepting Finalé and Placentia; namely, the Vigevenasco, -part of the Pavesaeno, and the county of Anghiera.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. XIII.</span> The Duke of Modena to be restored to all his -dominions.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. XIV.</span> Genoa to be reinstated in all her possessions and -rights, and her subjects in the enjoyment of all the funds -belonging to them, in the Austrian and Sardinian banks.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. XV.</span> All things in Italy to remain as before the war, -with the exceptions contained in the preceding articles.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. XVI.</span> The Assiento Treaty, and the privilege of sending -the annual ship to the Spanish colonies, confirmed for four -years, according to the right possessed before the war.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. XVII.</span> Dunkirk to remain fortified on the side of the -land, in its existing condition; and, on that of the sea, to be -left on the footing of antient treaties.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. XVIII.</span> Certain claims of money, by the King of -England, as elector of Hanover, on the crown of Spain; the -differences concerning the abbey of St. Hubert, and the -boundaries of Hainault; and the courts of justice recently -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">{88}</a></span> -established in the Low Countries, as also the pretensions of -the elector-palatine, to be amicably adjusted by commissaries.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. XIX.</span> Confirmation of the guaranty of the Protestant -Succession of the House of Brunswick, in all its descendants, -as fully stipulated in the fifth article of the quadruple alliance.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. XX.</span> All the German territories of the King of England, -as elector of Brunswick-Lunenberg guarantied.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. XXI.</span> All the contracting powers, who guarantied -the Pragmatic Sanction of the 19th of April, 1713, now -guaranty the entire inheritance of Charles the Sixth, in -favour of his daughter, Maria Theresa, and her descendants, -excepting those cessions previously made by Charles the Sixth -or by Maria Theresa herself, and those included in the present -treaty.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. XXII.</span> Silesia and Glataz guarantied to the King of -Prussia.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. XXIII.</span> All the powers interested in this treaty jointly -guaranty its execution.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Art. XXIV.</span> Exchange of the ratifications to be made at -Aix la Chapelle, by all the contracting powers within a month -after the signatures.</p> - -<h3>III.<br /> -<span class="smcap">A Contemporary View of the Peace.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>Letters of Mary Lepel, Lady Hervey</i>, 1821, p. 126.</p> - -<div class="top"> -<div class="small right1"><i>May</i> 31<i>st</i>, 1748.</div> -</div> - -<p>... I am as glad of the peace, sir, as you can be, for without -it we were certainly undone; for which reason I am, I confess, -astonished that the French, who had the whole in their hands, -should give it us. There are four people who have certainly -had a narrow escape by it; for one campaign more, and the -Duke of Cumberland, with his little army, would have been -cut to pieces; the Prince of Orange would have been deposed, -and the Duke of Newcastle and Lord Sandwich would, or -should have been called to an account, which I fancy they -could not have made up and balanced to their advantage.</p> - -<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">{89}</a></div> - -<h2>LORD CHESTERFIELD'S ACT FOR THE REFORM OF THE CALENDAR (1751).</h2> - -<h3>I.<br /> -<span class="smcap">Historical Account of the Bill.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Anderson's <i>Origin of Commerce</i>, 1751. Vol. ii., pp. 283, -284-286.</p> - -<p>On Wednesday the twenty-second of May 1751, the ever-famous -Act of the British legislature, of the twenty-fourth -year of King George the Second, received the royal assent, -For regulating the Commencement of the Year, and for -correcting the Calendar now in Use,—<i>i.e.</i> For abolishing the -old stile, and establishing the new stile, already in use in most -parts of Christendom.</p> - -<p>Its preamble sets forth, "That the legal supputation of the -year in England, which begins on the twenty-fifth of March, -hath been attended with divers inconveniences," (strange -that this was not rectified long ago!) "as it differs from other -nations, and the legal method of computation in Scotland, -and the common usage throughout the whole kingdom; and -that thereby frequent mistakes in the dates of deeds and -other writings are occasioned, and disputes arise therefrom -and that the Julian Calendar, now in use throughout the -British dominions, hath been discovered to be erroneous, -by means whereof, the vernal equinox, which at the time of -the Council of Nice, in the year 325, happened on or about -the twenty-first of March, now happens on the ninth or -tenth of the same month: and the error still increasing, and, -if not remedied, would, in time, occasion the several -equinoxes and solstices to fall at very different times in the -civil year from what they formerly did, which might tend -to mislead persons ignorant of such alteration. And as a -method of correcting the calendar, so as that the equinoxes -and solstices may for the future fall on the same nominal -days on which they happened at the time of the said General -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">{90}</a></span> -Council, hath been established, and is now generally -practised by almost all other nations of Europe: and, as it will -be of general convenience to merchants, and other persons -corresponding with other nations and countries and will -tend to prevent mistakes and disputes concerning the dates -of letters and accounts, if the like correction be received and -established in his Majesty's dominions."</p> - -<p>"That, throughout all his Majesty's dominions in Europe, -Asia, Africa and America, the said old supputation shall not -be used after the last day of December 1751, and that the -first of January following shall be accounted the first day of -the year 1752, and so on, in every year after: and after the -said first of January 1752, the days of the month shall go on -and be reckoned in the same order, and the feast of Easter, -and other moveable feasts depending thereon, shall be ascertained -according to the same method they now are, until the -second of September in 1752, inclusive, and the next day shall -be accounted the fourteenth of September, omitting, for that -time only, the eleven intermediate nominal days: and the -following days shall be numbered forward in numerical order -from the said fourteenth of September, as now used in the -present calendar: and all acts and writings which shall be -made or executed upon or after the said first of January 1752, -shall bear date according to the new method of supputation; -and the two fixed terms of St. Hilary and St. Michael in -England, and the courts of the great sessions in the counties -palatine and in Wales, and the courts of general quarter -sessions, and general sessions of the peace, and all other courts -and meetings and assemblies of any bodies politic or corporate, -for the election of officers or members, or for officers entering -upon the execution of their respective offices, or for any other -purpose, which by law or usage, &c., are to be held on any -fixed day of any month, or on any day depending on the -beginning, or any certain day of any month, (excepting courts -usually holden with fairs or marts) shall, after the said second -of September, be held on the same nominal days and times -whereon they are now to be holden, but computed according -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">{91}</a></span> -to the new method of numbering, that is, eleven days -sooner than the respective days whereon the same are now -kept.</p> - -<p>"The years 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300, or any other -hundredth year, except every fourth hundredth, whereof the -year 2000 shall be the first, shall be deemed common years, -consisting of three hundred and sixty-five days; and the years -2000, 2400, 2800 and every other fourth hundredth years -from the year 2000, inclusive, and all other years which by the -present supputation are esteemed to be Bissextile, or leap-years, -shall for the future be esteemed to be Bissextile, or -leap-years, consisting of three hundred and sixty-six days, -as is now used with respect to every fourth year.</p> - -<p>"The feast of Easter, and the moveable feasts thereon -depending, shall be no longer observed according to the -method of supputation now used, or the table prefixed to -the book of Common Prayer: and the said table, and also the -column of golden numbers, as they are now prefixed to the -respective days of the month in the calendar, shall be left out -in all future editions of the said book: and the new calendar, -tables, and rules, annexed to the act, are to be prefixed in the -stead thereof: and, from and after the said second of September, -the fixed feasts, holy-days, and fasts, of the church -of England, and also the several solemn days of thanksgiving -and of fasting and humiliation, enjoined to be observed by -Parliament, shall be observed on the respective nominal days -marked for the celebration of the same in the new calendar; -that is to say, on the respective nominal days, and the feast of -Easter, and other moveable feasts thereon depending, shall be -celebrated according to the said annexed calendar; and the -two moveable terms of Easter and Trinity, and all courts, -meetings and assemblies, of any bodies, politic or corporate, -and all markets, fairs, and marts, and courts thereunto -belonging, which, by any law, statute, charter or usage, are to -be held and kept at any moveable time depending upon -Easter, or other moveable feast, shall, after the said second -of September, be held and kept on the same days and times -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">{92}</a></span> -whereon the same shall happen, according to the falling of -Easter by the new calendar.</p> - -<p>"The meetings of the Court of Sessions, and terms fixed -for the Court of Exchequer in Scotland; the April meeting of -the conservators of the great Level of the Fens, and the holding -and keeping of markets, fairs, and marts, for the sale of goods -or cattle, or for hiring of servants, or for other purposes, -which are fixed to certain nominal days of the month, or -depending on the beginning, or any certain day of any -month, and all courts kept with such fairs or marts; shall, -after the said second of September, be kept upon the same -natural days upon which the same would have been held if -this act had not been made; i.e. eleven days later than the -same would happen according to the nominal days of the new -supputation of time, by which the commencement of each -month, and the nominal days thereof, are brought forward -eleven days.</p> - -<p>"But this act shall not accelerate or anticipate the days for -the opening, inclosing or shutting up of grounds, common or -pasture, or the days and times on which a temporary and -distinct property and right in any such lands or grounds is -to commence: but they shall be respectively opened, and -inclosed, or shut up, and shall commence on the same natural -days and times, after the said second of September, as before -the making of this Act: that is, eleven days later than the -same would happen according to the new supputation of time.</p> - -<p>"Neither shall this act accelerate or anticipate the times -of payment of rents, annuities, or other monies, which shall -become payable in consequence of any custom, usage, lease, -deed, writing, or other contract or agreement, now subsisting, -or which shall be entered into before the said fourteenth of -September, or which shall become payable by virtue of any -act of Parliament. Not to accelerate the payment, or increase -the interest of any money which shall become payable as -aforesaid, or at the time of the delivery of any goods or other -things whatsoever, or the commencement, or determination of -any leases or demises of lands, &c., or other contracts or agreements, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">{93}</a></span> -annuity, or rent, or of any grant for a term of years, &c., -or the time of attaining the age of twenty-one years, or any -other age requisite by law, usage, or writing, for the doing any -act, or for any other purpose, by any persons now born, or -who shall be born before the said fourteenth of September; -or the time of the determination of any apprenticeship or -other service by indenture, or by articles under seal, or by -reason of any simple contract or hiring; but all these shall -commence, cease, and determine, at and upon the said natural -days and times on which they would have happened if this -act had not been made."</p> - -<h3>II.<br /> -<span class="smcap">Lord Chesterfield's own Account.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>Letters of the Earl of Chesterfield.</i> Edited by Lord -Mahon, 1845-53. Vol. ii., pp. 115, 116.</p> - -<div class="top"> -<div class="right3"><span class="smcap small">London</span>,</div> -<div class="right1"><small><i>March</i> 18, O.S. 1751.</small></div> -<div class="left1"><span class="smcap small">My dear Friend</span>,</div> -</div> - -<p class="ind">I acquainted you in a former letter that I had brought -in a bill into the House of Lords, for correcting and reforming -our present calendar, which is the Julian, and for adopting the -Gregorian. I will now give you a more particular account of -that affair, from which reflections will naturally occur to you -that I hope may be useful, and which I fear you have not made. -It was notorious, that the Julian calendar was erroneous, and -had overcharged the solar year with eleven days. Pope -Gregory XIII. corrected this error [in 1582]; his reformed -calendar was immediately received by all the Catholic Powers -of Europe, and afterwards adopted by all the Protestant -ones, except Russia [which still (1912) adheres to the old style.—<span class="smcap">Ed</span>.], -Sweden and England. It was not, in my opinion, very -honourable for England to remain in a gross and avowed error, -especially in such company; the inconvenience of it was -likewise felt by all those who had foreign correspondences -whether political or mercantile. I determined, therefore, to -attempt the reformation; I consulted the best lawyers, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">{94}</a></span> -the most skilful astronomers, and we cooked up a bill for that -purpose. But then my difficulty began; I was to bring in this -bill, which was necessarily composed of law jargon and -astronomical calculations, to both of which I am an utter -stranger. However, it was absolutely necessary to make the -House of Lords think that I knew something of the matter, -and also to make them believe that they knew something of -it themselves, which they do not. For my own part, I could -just as soon have talked Celtic or Sclavonian to them as -astronomy, and they would have understood me full as well; -so I resolved to do better than speak to the purpose, and to -please instead of informing them. I gave them, therefore, -only an historical account of calendars, from the Egyptian -down to the Gregorian, amusing them now and then with -little episodes; but I was particularly attentive to the choice -of my words, to the harmony and roundness of my periods, -to my eloquence, to my action. This succeeded, and ever -will succeed; they thought I informed, because I pleased -them; and many of them said, that I had made the whole -very clear to them, when, God knows, I had not even attempted -it. Lord Macclesfield, who had the greatest share in forming -the bill and who is one of the greatest mathematicians and -astronomers in Europe, spoke afterwards with infinite knowledge, -and all the clearness that so intricate a matter would -admit of; but as his words, his periods and his utterance were -not near so good as mine, the preference was most unanimously, -though most unjustly, given to me....</p> - -<h2>SMOLLETT'S CHARACTER OF THE DUKE OF NEWCASTLE.<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_22" id="Ref_22" href="#Foot_22">[22]</a></span></h2> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—T. Smollett: <i>Humphrey Clinker</i>, 1831. Pp. 110, 124, 126.</p> - -<p>His eulogium was interrupted by the arrival of the old -duke of N——, who, squeezing into the circle, with a busy -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">{95}</a></span> -face of importance, thrust his head into every countenance, -as if he had been in search of somebody, to whom he wanted -to impart something of great consequence. My uncle, who -had been formerly known to him, bowed as he passed: and -the duke, seeing himself saluted so respectfully by a well-dressed -person, was not slow in returning the courtesy. He -even came up, and, taking him cordially by the hand,—"My -dear friend, Mr. A——," said he, "I am rejoiced to see you. -How long have you come from abroad? How did you leave -our good friends the Dutch? The king of Prussia don't -think of another war, ah? He's a great king, a great conqueror—a -very great conqueror! Your Alexanders and -Hannibals were nothing at all to him, Sir! corporals, drummers! -dross! mere trash—damn'd trash, heh?" His grace, -being by this time out of breath, my uncle took the opportunity -to tell him he had not been out of England, that his -name was Bramble, and that he had the honour to sit in the -last parliament but one of the late king, as representative for -the borough of Dymkymraig. "Odso!" cried the duke, "I -remember you perfectly well, my dear Mr. Bramble. You -was always a good and loyal subject—a staunch friend to -administration. I made your brother an Irish bishop." -"Pardon me, my lord," said the squire, "I once had a brother, -but he was a captain in the army."—"Ha!" said his grace, -"he was so—he was indeed! But who was the bishop then? -Bishop Blackberry—sure it was bishop Blackberry. Perhaps -some relation of yours?"—"Very likely, my lord!" replied -my uncle; "the blackberry is the fruit of the bramble: but -I believe the bishop is not a berry of our bush."—"No more -he is, no more he is, ha, ha, ha!" exclaimed the duke; "there -you give me a scratch, good Mr. Bramble, ha, ha, ha! Well, -I shall be glad to see you at Lincoln's Inn Fields. You know -the way; times are altered. Though I have lost the power, -I retain the inclination; your very humble servant, good -Mr. Blackberry." So saying, he shoved to another corner of -the room. "What a fine old gentleman!" cried Mr. Barton, -"what spirits! what a memory! he never forgets an old -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">{96}</a></span> -friend."—"He does me too much honour to rank me among -the number. Whilst I sat in parliament I never voted with -the ministry but three times, when my conscience told me -they were in the right: however, if he still keeps levee, I will -carry my nephew thither, that he may see, and learn to avoid -the scene; for I think an English gentleman never appears to -such disadvantage as at the levee of a minister. Of his grace -I shall say nothing at present, but that for thirty years he -was the constant and common butt of ridicule and execration. -He was generally laughed at as an ape in politics, whose office -and influence served only to render his folly the more notorious; -and the opposition cursed him as the indefatigable drudge of a -first mover, who was justly styled and stigmatized as the -father of corruption: but this ridiculous ape, this venal -drudge, no sooner lost the places he was so ill qualified to fill, -and unfurled the banners of faction, than he was metamorphosed -into a pattern of public virtue; the very people, who -reviled him before, now extolled him to the skies, as a wise -experienced statesman, chief pillar of the protestant succession, -and corner-stone of English liberty...."</p> - -<p>[Another day] Captain C—— entered into conversation -with us in the most familiar manner, and treated the duke's -character without any ceremony. "This wiseacre," said he, -"is still a-bed; and, I think, the best thing he can do is to -sleep on till Christmas; for when he gets up, he does nothing -but expose his own folly. Since Grenville was turned out, -there has been no minister in this nation worth the meal that -whitened his periwig. They are so ignorant they scarce know -a crab from a cauliflower; and then they are such dunces, that -there's no making them comprehend the plainest proposition. -In the beginning of the war, this poor half-witted creature -told me, in a great fright, that thirty thousand French had -marched from Acadia to Cape Breton. "Where did they -find transports?" said I. "Transports!" cried he, "I tell -you they marched by land."—"By land, to the island of -Cape Breton?"—"What! is Cape Breton an island?"—"Certainly."—"Hah! -are you sure of that?" When I -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">{97}</a></span> -pointed it out on the map, he examined it earnestly with his -spectacles; then taking me in his arms, "My dear C——," -cried he, "you always bring us good news. Egad, I'll go -directly, and tell the king that Cape Breton is an island."</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_22" id="Foot_22" href="#Ref_22">[22]</a> -This scene is, of course, fiction, but it was published only three years -after Newcastle's death, and that it is absolutely true to life every -student of the period admits.</p> - -</div> - -<h2>THE TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF ADMIRAL BYNG.</h2> - -<h3>I.<br /> -<span class="smcap">Horace Walpole to Sir Horace Mann.</span></h3> - -<div class="top"> -<div class="right3 small"><span class="smcap">Arlington Street</span>,</div> -<div class="right1 small"><i>January</i> 30, 1757.</div> -</div> - -<p>... All England is again occupied with Admiral Byng; he -and his friends were quite persuaded of his acquittal. The -court-martial, after the trial was finished, kept the whole -world in suspense for a week; after great debates and divisions -amongst themselves, and despatching messengers hither to -consult lawyers whether they could not mitigate the article -of war, to which a negative was returned, they pronounced -this extraordinary sentence on Thursday: they condemn him -to death for <i>negligence</i>, but acquit him of <i>disaffection</i> and -<i>cowardice</i> (the other heads of the article) specifying the testimony -of Lord Robert Bertie in his favour, and unanimously -recommending him to mercy; and accompanying their sentence -with a most earnest letter to the Lords of the Admiralty -to intercede for his pardon, saying, that finding themselves -tied up from moderating the article of war, and not being -able in conscience to pronounce that he had done all he could, -they had been forced to bring him in guilty, but beg he may -be spared. The discussions, and difference of opinions on -this sentence is incredible. The Cabinet Council, I believe, -will be to determine whether the King shall pardon him or -not: some who wish to make him the scapegoat for their own -neglects, I fear, will try to complete his fate, but I should -think the new Administration will not be biassed to blood by -such interested attempts. He bore well his unexpected -sentence, as he has all the outrageous indignities and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">{98}</a></span> -cruelties heaped upon him. Last week happened an odd -event, I can scarce say in his favour, as the World seems to think -it the effect of the arts of some of his friends: Voltaire sent him -from Switzerland an accidental letter of the Duc de Richelieu, -bearing witness to the Admiral's good behaviour in the -engagement.</p> - -<div class="top"> -<div class="right3 small"><span class="smcap">Strawberry Hill</span>,</div> -<div class="right1 small"><i>February</i> 13, 1757.</div> -</div> - -<p>... After a fortnight of the greatest variety of opinions, -Byng's fate is still in suspense. The court and the late ministry -have been most bitter against him; the new Admiralty most -good-natured; the King would not pardon him. They would -not execute the sentence, as many lawyers are clear that it is -not a legal one. At last the council has referred it to the -twelve judges to give their opinion: if not a favourable one, he -dies! He has had many fortunate chances; had the late -Admiralty continued, one knows how little any would have -availed him. Their bitterness will always be recorded against -themselves: it will be difficult to persuade posterity that all -the same of last summer was the fault of Byng! Exact -evidence of whose fault it was I believe posterity will never -have: the long-expected inquiries are begun, that is, some -papers have been moved for, but so coldly that it is plain -George Townshend and the Tories are unwilling to push researches -that must necessarily re-unite Newcastle and Fox.</p> - -<div class="top"> -<div class="right3 small"><span class="smcap">Arlington Street</span>,</div> -<div class="right1 small"><i>March</i> 3, 1757.</div> -</div> - -<p>I have deferred writing to you, till I could tell you something -certain of the fate of Admiral Byng: no history was ever -so extraordinary, or produced such variety of surprising turns. -In my last I told you that his sentence was referred to the -twelve judges. They have made law of that, of which no -one else would make sense. The Admiralty immediately -signed the warrant for his execution on the last of February—that -is, three signed: Admiral Forbes positively refused, and -would have resigned sooner. The Speaker would have had -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">{99}</a></span> -Byng expelled the House, but his tigers were pitiful. Sir -Francis Dashwood tried to call for the Court-martial's letter; -but the tigers were not so tender as that came to. Some of -the Court-martial grew to feel, as the execution advanced: -the City grew impatient for it. Mr. Fox tried to represent the -new ministry as compassionate, and has damaged their -popularity. Three of the Court-martial applied on Wednesday -last to Lord Temple to renew their solicitation for mercy. -Sir Francis Dashwood moved a repeal of the bloody twelfth -article [of Byng's indictment:] the House was savage enough; -yet Mr. Doddington softened them, and not one man spoke -directly against mercy. They had nothing to fear: the man -who, of all defects, hates cowardice and avarice most and -who has some little objection to a mob in St. James's-street, -has magnanimously forgot all the services of the great Lord -Torrington [the victor of Cape Passano, 1718]. On Thursday -seven of the Court-martial applied for mercy: they were -rejected. On Friday a most strange event happened. I was -told at the House that Captain Keppel and Admiral Norris -desired a bill to absolve them from their Oath of Secrecy, [as -members of the Court-martial on Byng] that they might unfold -something very material towards the saving the prisoner's life. -I was out of Parliament myself during my re-election, but -I ran to Keppel; he said he had never spoken in public, and -could not, but would give authority to anybody else. The -Speaker was putting the question for the orders of the day, -after which no motion could be made; it was Friday. The -House would not sit on Saturday, the execution was fixed for -Monday. I felt all this in an instant, dragged Mr. Keppel to -Sir Francis Dashwood, and he on the floor before he had taken -his place, called out to the Speaker, and though the orders -were passed, Sir Francis was suffered to speak. The House -was wondrously softened: pains were taken to prove to Mr. -Keppel that he might speak, notwithstanding his oath; but -he adhering to it, he had time given him till next morning to -consider and consult some of his brethren who had commissioned -him to desire the bill. The next day the King sent -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">{100}</a></span> -a message to our House, that he had respited Mr. Byng for a -fortnight, till the bill could be passed, and he should know -whether the Admiral was unjustly condemned. The bill was -read twice in our House that day, and went through the -Committee; Mr. Keppel affirming that he had something, in -his opinion, of weight to tell, and which it was material his -Majesty should know, and naming four of his associates, who -desired to be empowered to speak. On Sunday all was confusion -again, on news that the four disclaimed what Mr. -Keppel had said for them. On Monday, he told the House -that in one he had been mistaken; that another did not declare -off, but wished all were to be compelled to speak; and from -the two others he produced a letter upholding him in what -he had said. The bill passed by 153 to 23. On Tuesday it -was treated very differently by the Lords. The new Chief -Justice [Mansfield] and the late Chancellor [Hardwicke] -pleaded against Byng like little attorneys, and did all they -could to stifle truth. That all was a good deal. They prevailed -to have the whole Court-martial at their bar. Lord -Hardwicke urged for the intervention of a day, on the pretence -of a trifling cause of an Irish bankruptcy then depending -before the Lords, though Lord Temple showed them that -some of the Captains and Admirals were under sailing orders -for America. But Lord Hardwicke and Lord Anson were -expeditious enough to do what they wanted in one night's -time; and for the next day, yesterday, every one of the Court-martial -defended their sentence, and even the three conscientious -said not one syllable of their desire of the bill, which was -accordingly unanimously rejected, and with great marks of -contempt for the House of Commons.</p> - -<p>This is as brief and as clear an abstract as I can give you -of a most complicated affair, in which I have been a most -unfortunate actor, having to my infinite grief, which I shall -feel till the man is at peace, been instrumental in protracting -his misery a fortnight, by what I meant as the kindest thing -I could do. I never knew poor Byng enough to bow to—but -the great doubtfulness of his crime, and the extraordinariness -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">{101}</a></span> -of his sentence, the persecution of his enemies, who -sacrifice him for their own guilt, and the rage of a blinded -nation, have called forth all my pity for him. His enemies -triumph, but who can envy the triumph of murder?</p> - -<h3>II.<br /> -<span class="smcap">Thomas Potter to Mr. Grenville, September 11, 1756.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>Grenville Papers</i>, 1852. Vol. i., p. 173.</p> - -<p>This morning I heard the whole city of Westminster disturbed -by the song of a hundred ballad-singers, the burthen -of which was, "To the block with Newcastle, and the yard arm -with Byng."</p> - -<p>[This ballad is to be found as a single sheet broadside in the -British Museum in a volume lettered <i>Ballads and Broadsides</i>; -the first verse is as follows:—]</p> - -<p class="center small"><i>THE BLOCK AND YARD ARM</i>,</p> - -<p class="center small">A NEW BALLAD ON THE LOSS OF "MINORCA," AND THE DANGER OF OUR "AMERICAN" -RIGHTS AND POSSESSIONS.</p> - -<p class="center small"><i>To Tune of the "Whose e'er been at Baldock," &c.</i></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Draw nigh my good Folks whilst to you I Sing</div> -<div class="verse">Great Blak'ney<span class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_23" - id="Ref_23" href="#Foot_23">[23]</a></span> betray'd by N[ewcastle] and B[yng],</div> -<div class="verse">Before such a Story ne'er has been told</div> -<div class="verse">We're bought all, my Friends, by shining <i>French</i> gold.</div> -</div> - -<div class="stanza2"> -<div class="verse"><i>Chorus.</i></div> -<div class="verse">To the Block with N[ewcastle] and Yard Arm with B[yng].</div> -<div class="verse"><i>Terra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ring.</i></div> -</div> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_23" id="Foot_23" href="#Ref_23">[23]</a> -The Governor of Minorca, then eighty-five, "that gallant old -man," as Lady Hervey (<i>Letters</i>, p. 219) justly calls him, "who had -behaved like a hero of antiquity," had held out in Fort St. Philip for -five weeks after Byng's retreat.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">{102}</a></div> - -<h2>THE COALITION GOVERNMENT OF 1757.</h2> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—Baron FitzMaurice's <i>Life of William Earl of Shelburne</i>, -1875-76. Vol. i., pp. 85-87.</p> - -<p>[By the new Coalition] there was produced a strong Council -and a strong Government. The Cabinet Council was composed -of the Duke of Newcastle, Mr. Pitt, Secretary of State, -Lord Keeper Henley, Lord Hardwicke, Lord Mansfield, Lord -Granville, Lord Holdernesse, Lord Anson, and Lord Ligonier. -There were no party politics, and consequently no difference -of opinion. I have heard Lord Chatham say they were the -most agreeable conversations he ever experienced. The Duke -of Newcastle, a very good-humoured man, was abundantly -content with the whole patronage being left to him.... Lord -Hardwicke ... was kept in order by Lord Granville's wit, who -took advantage of the meeting of the balance of all parties to -pay off old scores, and to return all he owed to the Pelhams -and the Yorkes. He had a rooted aversion to Lord Hardwicke -and to all his family. I don't know precisely for what reason, -but he got the secret of cowing Lord Hardwicke, whose -pretensions to classical learning gave Lord Granville, who -really was a very fine classical scholar, a great opportunity. -To this was added his knowledge of civil law,<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_24" id="Ref_24" href="#Foot_24">[24]</a></span> -in which Lord Hardwicke was deficient, and above all, his wit; but whatever -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">{103}</a></span> -way he got the key, he used it on all occasions unmercifully. -In one of the short-lived administrations at the commencement -of the war, Lord Granville, who had generally dined, -turned round to say, "I am thinking that all over Europe they -are waiting our determination and canvassing our characters. -The Duke of Newcastle, they'll say, is a man of great fortune, -who has spent a great deal of it in support of the present family."<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_25" id="Ref_25" href="#Foot_25">[25]</a></span> -"Fox, they'll say, is an impudent fellow who has -fought his war through the House of Commons; as for me, -they know me throughout Europe, they know my talents and -my character; but I am thinking they will all be asking, <i>Qui -est ce diable de Chancelier?</i> How came he here?"</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_24" id="Foot_24" href="#Ref_24">[24]</a> -In illustration of this, and as a great statesman's verdict on a great -period, it seems not inappropriate to quote here the famous story of -Carteret's death, as told by Robert Wood in his <i>Essay on the Original -Genius of Homer</i>, 1776, pp. v.-vi.: "Being directed to call upon his -Lordship, a few days before he died, with the preliminary articles of -the Treaty of Paris, I found him so languid that I proposed postponing -my business for another time; but he insisted that I should stay, -saying it could not prolong his life to neglect his duty; and, repeating -the following passage out of Sarpedon's speech, dwelled with particular -emphasis on the third line, which recalled the distinguishing part he -had taken in public -affairs—<span title="Ô pepon">Ὦ πέπον</span>, etc. -His Lordship repeated the last word -[<span title="iomen">ἴομεν</span>] -several times with a calm and determined resignation; -and, after a serious pause of some minutes, he desired to hear the -Treaty read, to which he listened with great attention, and recovered -spirits enough to declare the approbation of a dying statesman (I use -his own words) on the most glorious War, and most honourable Peace, -this nation ever saw."</p> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_25" id="Foot_25" href="#Ref_25">[25]</a> -This was so true that Newcastle, after a public life of five and forty -years, died £300,000 the poorer for it.—<span class="smcap">Ed.</span></p> - -</div> - -<h2>THE ENGLISH IN INDIA (1757-1759).</h2> - - -<h3>I.<br /> -<span class="smcap">The Black Hole of Calcutta described by a Survivor.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>A Complete History of the War in India, from the Year -1749 to the Taking of Pondicherry in 1761.</i> Pp. 18-21.</p> - -<p>[The nabob of Bengal marched on Calcutta, which was -abandoned by the commanding officer and the principal -inhabitants.] Mr. Holwell, with a few gallant friends, and the -remains of a feeble garrison, bravely defended the fort to the -last extremity; but it was insufficient to protect an untenable -place, or to affect an ungenerous enemy. The fort was taken -on the twentieth day of June, 1756, and the whole garrison, -consisting of 146 persons, being made prisoners, were thrust -into a dungeon, called the Black-hole, from whence Mr. -Holwell, with twenty-one others, came out alive, to paint a -scene of the most cruel distress, which perhaps human nature -ever suffered or survived.</p> - -<p>When he came to England, in the year 1757, he published, -in a letter, an account of this shocking barbarity, in terms so -pathetic and moving as cannot fail drawing pity from the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">{104}</a></span> -most obdurate and savage breast. "Figure to yourself, says he, -if possible, the situation of one hundred and forty-six wretches, -exhausted by continual fatigue and action, thus crammed -together, in a cube of eighteen feet, in a close sultry night in -Bengal; shut up to the eastward and southward, the only -quarters from whence air could come to us, by dead walls, and -a door open only to the westward by two windows strongly -barred within; from whence we could receive scarce any the -least circulation of fresh air.</p> - -<p>"Such was the residence of those unhappy victims for the -space of twelve hours. When they had been in but a little -while, a profuse sweat broke out on every individual; and this -was attended with an insatiable thirst, which became the more -intolerable as the body was drained of its moisture. In vain -these miserable objects stripped themselves of their cloaths, -squatted down on their hams, and fanned the air with their -hats, to produce a refreshing undulation. Many were unable -to rise again from this posture, but falling down, were trod to -death or suffocated. The dreadful symptom of thirst was now -accompanied with a difficulty of respiration, and every individual -gasped for breath. Their despair became outrageous. -The cry of <i>water! water!</i> issued from every mouth; even the -jemmadar [the serjeant of the Indian guard] was moved to -compassion, at their distress. He ordered his soldiers to bring -some skins of water, which served only to enrage their appetite -and increase the general agitation. There was no other way -of conveying it through the windows but by hats, and this -was rendered ineffectual by the eagerness and transports of -the wretched prisoners; who, at sight of it, struggled and -raved even into fits of delirium. In consequence of these -contests, very little reached those that stood nearest the -windows; while the rest, at the farther end of the prison, -were totally excluded from all relief, and continued calling -on their friends for assistance, and conjuring them by all the -tender ties of pity and affection. To those who were indulged -it proved pernicious; for, instead of allaying their thirst, it -enraged their impatience for more. The confusion became -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">{105}</a></span> -general and horrid, all was clamour and contest; those who -were at a distance endeavoured to force their passage to the -windows, and the weak were pressed down to the ground, -never to rise again. The inhuman ruffians without derived -entertainment, from their misery; they supplied the prisoners -with more water, and held up lights to the bars, that they -might enjoy the inhuman pleasure of seeing them fight for the -baneful indulgence. The miserable prisoners perceiving that -water rather aggravated than relieved their distress, grew -clamorous for air; they insulted the guard, in order to provoke -them to fire upon them; and loaded the <i>Suba</i> [the nabob of -Bengal] with the most virulent reproach; from railing they -had recourse to prayers, beseeching Heaven to put an end to -their misery.</p> - -<p>"They now began to drop on all hands, but a steam arose -from the living and the dead as pungent and volatile as spirit -of hartshorn; so that all who could not approach the window -were suffocated. Mr. Holwell, being weary of life, retired, -as he had done once before, from the window, and went and -stretched himself by the reverend Mr. Jervas Bellamy, who, -together with his son, a lieutenant, lay dead in each other's -embrace. In this situation he was soon deprived of sense, and -lay, to all appearance, dead, till day broke, when his body was -discovered and removed by his surviving friends to one of the -windows, where the fresh air revived him, and he was restored -to his sight and senses."</p> - -<h3>II.<br /> -<span class="smcap">Clive to Pitt on England's Opportunity.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>Correspondence of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham.</i> -Edition of 1838-1840. Vol. i., pp. 387-392.</p> - -<div class="top"> -<div class="right3"><span class="smcap small">Calcutta</span>,</div> -<div class="right1"><small><i>January</i> 7, 1759</small>.</div> -<div class="left1"><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</div> -</div> - -<p class="ind">Suffer an admirer of yours at this distance to congratulate -himself on the glory and advantage which are likely to -accrue to the nation by your being at its head, and at the same -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">{106}</a></span> -time to return his most grateful thanks for the distinguished -manner you have been pleased to speak of his successes in -these parts, far indeed beyond his deservings.<span -class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_26" id="Ref_26" href="#Foot_26">[26]</a></span></p> - -<p>The close attention you bestow on the affairs of the British -nation in general has induced me to trouble you with a few -particulars relative to India, and to lay before you an exact -account of the revenues of this country; the genuineness -whereof you may depend upon, as it has been faithfully copied -from the minister's books.</p> - -<p>The great revolution that has been effected here by the -success of the English arms, and the vast advantages gained -to the Company by a treaty concluded in consequence thereof, -have, I observe, in some measure engaged the public attention; -but much more may yet in time be done, if the Company -will exert themselves in the manner the importance of their -present possessions and future prospects deserves. I have -represented to them in the strongest terms the expediency of -sending out and keeping up constantly such a force as will -enable them to embrace the first opportunity of further -aggrandizing themselves; and I dare pronounce, from a -thorough knowledge of this country government and of the -genius of the people, acquired by two years' application and -experience, that such an opportunity will soon offer. The -reigning Subah, whom the victory at Plassey invested with -the sovereignty of these provinces, still, it is true, retains his -attachment to us, and probably, while he has no other support, -will continue to do so; but Mussulmans are so little influenced -by gratitude, that should he ever think it his interest to break -with us, the obligations he owes us would prove no restraint: -and this is very evident from his having very lately removed -his prime minister, and cut off two or three of his principal -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">{107}</a></span> -officers, all attached to our interest, and who had a share in -his elevation. Moreover, he is advanced in years; and his -son is so cruel and worthless a young fellow, and so apparently -an enemy to the English, that it will be almost useless trusting -him with the succession. So small a body as two thousand -Europeans will secure us against any apprehensions from -either the one or the other, and in case of their daring to be -troublesome, enable the company to take the sovereignty upon -themselves.</p> - -<p>There will be the less difficulty in bringing about such an -event, as the natives themselves have no attachment whatever -to particular princes; and as, under the present government, -they have no security for their lives or properties, they -would rejoice in so happy an exchange as that of a mild for a -despotic government; and there is little room to doubt our -easily obtaining the mogul's sannud (or grant) in confirmation -thereof, provided we agree to pay him the stipulated allotment -out of the revenues. That this would be agreeable to him can -hardly be questioned, as it would be so much to his interest to -have these countries under the dominion of a nation famed for -their good faith, rather than in the hands of people who, a -long experience has convinced him, never will pay him his -proportion of the revenues, unless awed into it by the fear of -the imperial army marching to force them thereto.</p> - -<p>But so large a sovereignty may possibly be an object too -extensive for a mercantile company; and it is to be feared -they are not of themselves able, without the nation's assistance, -to maintain so wide a dominion. I have, therefore, -presumed, Sir, to represent this matter to you, and submit -it to your consideration, whether the execution of a design, -that may hereafter be still carried to greater lengths, be -worthy of the government's taking it in hand.</p> - -<p>I flatter myself I have made it pretty clear to you, that -there will be little or no difficulty in obtaining the absolute -possession of these rich kingdoms; and that with the mogul's -own consent, on condition of paying him less than a fifth of -the revenues thereof. Now I leave you to judge whether an -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">{108}</a></span> -income yearly of upwards of two millions sterling, with the -possession of three provinces abounding in the most valuable -productions of nature and art, be an object deserving the public -attention; and whether it be worth the nation's while to take -the proper measures to secure such an acquisition,—an acquisition -which, under the management of so able and disinterested -a minister, would prove a source of immense wealth to the -kingdom, and might in time be appropriated in part as a fund -towards diminishing the heavy load of debt under which we -at present labour.</p> - -<p>Add to these advantages the influence we shall thereby -acquire over the several European nations engaged in the -commerce here, which these could no longer carry on but -through our indulgence, and under such limitations as we -should think fit to prescribe. It is well worthy consideration, -that this project may be brought about without draining the -mother country, as has been too much the case with our -possessions in America. A small force from home will be -sufficient, as we always make sure of any number we please -of black troops, who being much better paid and treated by us -than by the country powers, will very readily enter into our -service.</p> - -<p>Mr. Walsh, who will have the honour of delivering you this, -having been my secretary during the late fortunate expedition, -is a thorough master of the subject, and will be able to explain -to you the whole design, and the facility with which it may -be executed, much more to your satisfaction, and with greater -perspicuity, than can possibly be done in a letter. I shall -therefore only further remark, that I have communicated it -to no other person but yourself; nor should I have troubled -you, Sir, but from a conviction that you will give a favourable -reception to any proposal intended for the public good.</p> - -<p>The greatest part of the troops belonging to this establishment -are now employed in an expedition against the French in -the Deccan: and, by the accounts lately received from thence, -I have great hopes we shall succeed in extirpating them from -the province of Golconda, where they have reigned lords -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">{109}</a></span> -paramount so long, and from whence they have drawn their -principal resources during the troubles upon the coast.</p> - -<p>Notwithstanding the extraordinary efforts made by the -French for sending out M. Lally with a considerable force the -last year, I am confident, before the end of this, they will be -near their last gasp in the Carnatic, unless some very unforeseen -event interpose in their favour. The superiority of our -squadron, and the plenty of money and supplies of all kinds -which our friends on the coast will be furnished with from this -province, while the enemy are in total want of everything, -without any visible means of redress, are such advantages as, -if properly attended to, cannot fail of wholly effecting their -ruin in that as well as in every part of India.</p> - -<p>May your zeal, and the vigorous measures projected for the -service of the nation, which have so eminently distinguished -your ministry, be crowned with all the success they deserve, -is the most fervent wish of him, who is with the greatest -respect, Sir,</p> - -<div class="foot"> -<div class="right3">Your most devoted humble servant,</div> -<div class="right1"><span class="smcap">Rob. Clive</span>.</div> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_26" id="Foot_26" href="#Ref_26">[26]</a> -Mr. Pitt, in his speech on the Mutiny Bill, in December, 1757, -after adverting to the recent disgraces which had attended the British -arms, said, "We have lost our glory, honour, and reputation everywhere -but in India: there the country had a heaven-born general, -who had never learned the art of war, nor was his name enrolled among -the great officers who had for many years received their country's -pay; yet was he not afraid to attack a numerous army with a handful -of men."</p> - -</div> - - -<h2>THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM.</h2> - -<p class="center"><i>September</i> 13, 1759.</p> - -<h3>I.<br /> -<span class="smcap">The Night Attack.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—The following passages rest on the same authority, that of -Professor Robison, who, as a youth, served as midshipman -in the same boat with Wolfe—or, according to another -account, commanded the boat next to his—on the eventful -night. The first quotation is taken from W. W. Currie's <i>Life -of James Currie</i>, 1831, vol. ii., p. 248; the second from Dr. -James Graham's <i>History of North America</i>, 1836, vol. iv., -p. 51.</p> - -<p>(<i>a</i>) "General Wolfe kept his intention of attacking Quebec -a most profound secret, not even disclosing it to the Second -in Command, and the night before the attack nothing was -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">{110}</a></span> -known. The boats were ordered to drop down the St. Lawrence." -(<i>b</i>) "Silence was commanded under pain of death, -which was indeed doubly menaced: and a death-like stillness -was observed in every boat, except the one which conveyed the -commander-in-chief, where, in accents barely audible to the -profound attention of his listening officers, Wolfe repeated -that noble effusion of solemn thought and poetic genius, -Gray's <i>Elegy in a Country Churchyard</i>, which had been recently -published in London, and of which a copy had been brought -to him, by the last packet from England. When he had -finished his recitation, he added in a tone still guardedly low, -but earnest and emphatic,—'Now, gentlemen, I would rather -be the author of that poem than take Quebec.'"</p> - -<h3>II.<br /> -<span class="smcap">The Battle.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North -America</i>, by Captain John Knox, 1769. Vol. ii., pp. 66-71, -77-79.</p> - -<p>Before day-break this morning we made a descent upon -the north shore [of the St. Lawrence], about half a quarter of -a mile to the eastward of Sillez; and the light troops were -fortunately, by the rapidity of the current, carried lower down, -between us and Cape Diamond; we had in this debarkation, -thirty flat-bottomed boats, containing about sixteen hundred -men. This was a great surprise on the enemy, who, from the -natural strength of the place, did not suspect, and consequently -were not prepared against, so bold an attempt. The chain of -sentries, which they had posted along the summit of the -heights, galled us a little, and picked off several men, and some -Officers, before our light infantry got up to dislodge them. -This grand enterprise was conducted and executed with great -good order and discretion; as fast as we landed, the boats put -off for reinforcements, and the troops formed with much -regularity: the General, with Brigadiers Monckton and -Murray, were a-shore with the first division. We lost nothing -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">{111}</a></span> -here, but clambered up one of the steepest precipices that can -be conceived, being almost a perpendicular, and of an incredible -height. As soon as we gained the summit, all was quiet, and -not a shot was heard, owing to the excellent conduct of the -light infantry under Colonel Howe; it was by this time clear -daylight. Here we formed again, the river and the south -country in our rear, our right extending to the town, and our -left to Sillez, and halted a few minutes. The general then -detached the light troops to our left to route the enemy from -their battery, and to disable their guns, except they could be -rendered serviceable to the party who were to remain there: -and this service was soon performed. We then faced to the -right, and marched towards the town by files, till we came to -the plains of Abraham, which Mr. Wolfe had made choice of, -while we stood forming upon the hill. Weather showery; -about six o'clock the enemy first made their appearance upon -the heights, between us and the town; whereupon we halted, -and wheeled to the right, thereby forming the line of battle.... -General Wolfe, Brigadiers Monckton and Murray, to our front -line; and the second was composed of the fifteenth, and two -battalions of the sixtieth regiment, under Colonel Burton, -drawn up in four grand divisions, with large intervals. The -enemy had now likewise formed the line of battle, and got -some cannon to play on us, with round and canister shot: -but what galled us most was a body of Indians and other -marksmen they had concealed in the corn opposite to the -front of our right wing, and a coppice that stood opposite to -our center, inclining towards our left: but the Colonel Hale, -by Brigadier Monckton's orders, advanced some platoons, -alternately, from the forty-seventh regiment, which, after a -few rounds, obliged these sculkers to retire.... About -ten o'clock the enemy began to advance briskly in three -columns, with loud shouts and recovered arms, two of them -inclining to the left of our army, and the third towards -our right, firing obliquely at the two extremities of our line, -from the distance of one hundred and thirty—until they came -within forty yards; which our troops withstood with the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">{112}</a></span> -greatest intrepidity and firmness, still reserving their fire, and -paying the strictest obedience to their officers: this uncommon -steadiness, together with the havoc which the grape-shot -from our field-pieces made among them, threw them into some -disorder, and was most critically maintained by a well-timed, -regular, and heavy discharge of our small arms, such as they -could no longer oppose; hereupon they gave way, and fled -with precipitation, so that, by the time the cloud of smoke -was vanished, our men were again loaded, and, profiting by -the advantage we had over them, pursued them almost to -the gates of the town, and the bridge over the little river, -redoubling our fire with great eagerness, making many -Officers and men prisoners. The weather cleared up, with a -comfortably warm sunshine: the Highlanders chased them -vigorously towards Charles's river, and the fifty-eighth to the -suburb close to John's gate, until they were checked by the -cannon from the two hulks; at the same time a gun, which the -town had brought to bear upon us with grape-shot, galled -the progress of the regiments to the right, who were likewise -pursuing with equal ardour, while Colonel Hunt Walsh, by a -very judicious movement, wheeled the battalions of Bragg -and Kennedy to the left, and flanked the coppice where a -body of the enemy made a stand, as if willing to renew the -action; but a few platoons from these corps completed our -victory. Our joy at this success is irrepressibly damped by -the loss we sustained of one of the greatest heroes which this -or any other age can boast of,—GENERAL JAMES WOLFE, -who received his mortal wound, as he was exerting himself at -the head of the grenadiers of Louisbourg.... After our late -worthy General, of renowned memory, was carried off -wounded, to the rear of the front line, he desired those who -were about him to lay him down; being asked if he would have -a surgeon? he replied, "it is needless; it is all over with me." -One of them then cried out, "they run, see how they run." -"Who runs!" demanded our hero, with great earnestness, -like a person roused from sleep. The Officer answered, "The -enemy, Sir; Egad, they give way every-where." Thereupon -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">{113}</a></span> -the General rejoined, "<i>Go one of you, my lads, to Colonel -Burton;—tell him to march Webb's regiment with all speed -down to Charles's river, to cut off the retreat of the fugitives from -the bridge</i>." Then, turning on his side, he added, "<i>Now, God -be praised, I will die in peace</i>": and thus expired....</p> - -<p>The Sieur de Montcalm died late last night when his wound -was dressed, and he settled in bed, the Surgeons who attended -him were desired to acquaint him ingenuously with their -sentiments of him, and, being answered that his wound was -mortal, he calmly replied, "he was glad of it"; his Excellency -then demanded,—"whether he could survive it long, and -how long?" He was told, "about a dozen hours, perhaps -more, peradventure less." "So much the better," rejoined -this eminent warrior; "I am happy I shall not live to see the -surrender of Quebec."... Some time before this great man -departed, we are assured he paid us this compliment,—"Since -it was my misfortune to be discomfited, and mortally wounded, -it is a great consolation to me to be vanquished by so brave -and generous an enemy: If I could survive this wound, I would -engage to beat three times the number of such forces as I -commanded this morning with a third of their number of -British troops."</p> - -<h2>"THE HEAVEN-BORN MINISTER": HORACE WALPOLE'S HOMAGE TO PITT.</h2> - -<h3>I.<br /> -<span class="smcap">In the Great Year.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>Works of Horace Walpole, Earl of Oxford</i>, 1798. Vol. ii., -P. 375.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>To the Rt. Hon. William Pitt.</i></p> - -<div class="top"> -<div class="right1"><small><i>November</i> 19, 1759.</small></div> -<div class="left1"><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</div> -</div> - -<p class="ind">On my coming to the town I did myself the honour of -waiting on you and lady Hesther Pitt, and though I think -myself extremely distinguished by your obliging note, I -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">{114}</a></span> -should be sorry for having given you the trouble of writing -it, if it did not lend me a very pardonable opportunity of -saying what I much wished to express, but thought myself -too private a person, and of too little consequence to take the -liberty to say. In short, sir, I was eager to congratulate you -on the lustre you have thrown on this country; I wished to -thank you for the security you have fixed to me of enjoying -the happiness I do enjoy. You have placed England in a -situation in which it never saw itself—a task the more difficult, -as you had not to improve, but recover. In a trifling book -written two or three years ago, I said (speaking of the name -in the world the most venerable to me), "Sixteen unfortunate -and inglorious years since his removal have already written his -eulogium" [in the account of Sir Robert Walpole in the -<i>Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors</i>]. It is but justice to -you, sir, to add that that period ended when your administration -began.</p> - -<h3>II.<br /> -<span class="smcap">Character of William Pitt, described by Walpole in the Light of Subsequent History.</span></h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>Memoirs of the Reign of George II.</i>, 1847. Vol. iii., -pp. 84, 85, 86, 176.</p> - -<p>Pitt was now arrived at undisturbed possession of that -influence in affairs at which his ambition had aimed, and which -his presumption had made him flatter himself he could exert -like those men of superior genius, whose talents have been -called forth by some crisis to retrieve a sinking nation. He -had said the last year to the Duke of Devonshire. "My Lord, -I am sure I can save this country, and no one else can." It -were ingratitude to him to say that he did not give such a -reverberation to our stagnating Councils, as exceedingly altered -the appearance of our fortune. He warded off the evil hour -that seemed approaching; he infused vigour into our arms; -he taught the nation to speak again as England used to speak -to Foreign Powers; and so far from dreading invasions from -France, he affected to turn us into invaders. Indeed, these -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">{115}</a></span> -efforts were so puny, so ill-concerted, so ineffectual to any -essential purpose, that France looked down with scorn on -such boyish flippancies, which Pitt deemed heroic, which -Europe thought ridiculous, and which humanity saw were -only wasteful of lives, and precedents of a more barbarous -warfare than France had hitherto been authorized to carry on. -In fact, Pitt had neither all the talents he supposed in himself, -nor which he seemed to possess from the vacancy of great -men around him....</p> - -<p>Pitt's was an unfinished greatness: considering how much -of it depended on his words, one may almost call his an -artificial greatness; but his passion for fame and the grandeur -of his ideas compensated for his defects. He aspired to -redeem the honour of his country, and to place it in a point -of giving law to nations. His ambition was to be the most -illustrious man of the first country in Europe; and he thought -that the eminence of glory could not be sullied by the steps -to it being passed irregularly. He wished to aggrandize -Britain in general, but thought not of obliging or benefiting -individuals....</p> - -<p>Posterity, this is an impartial picture. I am neither -dazzled by the blaze of the times in which I have lived, nor, if -there are spots in the sun, do I deny that I see them. It is a -man I am describing, and one whose greatness will bear to -have his blemishes fairly delivered to you—not from a love of -censure in me, but of truth; and because it is history I am -writing, not romance.</p> - -<h2>DEATH OF GEORGE II. (1760).</h2> - -<p class="center"><i>Horace Walpole to Sir Horace Mann.</i></p> - -<div class="top"> -<div class="right3"><span class="smcap small">Arlington St.</span>,</div> -<div class="right1"><small><i>October</i> 28, 1760</small>.</div> -</div> - -<p>... This is Tuesday; on Friday night the King went to bed -in perfect health, and rose so the next morning at his usual -hour of six; he called for and drank his chocolate. At seven, -for everything with him was exact and periodic, he went into -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">{116}</a></span> -the closet.... Coming from thence, his <i>valet de chambre</i> -heard a noise; waited a moment, and heard something like a -groan. He ran in, and in a small room between the closet -and bedchamber he found the King on the floor, who had cut -the right side of his face against the edge of a bureau, and -who after a gasp expired. Lady Yarmouth was called, and -sent for Princess Amelia; but they only told the latter that -the King was ill and wanted her. She had been confined -some days with a rheumatism, but hurried down, and saw -her father extended on the bed. She is very purblind and -more than a little deaf. They had not closed his eyes; she -bent down close to his face, and concluded he spoke to her, -though she could not hear him—guess what a shock when she -found the truth. She wrote to the Prince of Wales, but so -had one of the <i>valets de chambre</i> first. He came to town, and -saw the Duke [of Cumberland] and the Privy Council. He -was extremely kind at the first—and in general has behaved -with the greatest propriety, dignity, and decency. He read -his speech to the Council with much grace, and dismissed the -guards on himself to wait on his grandfather's body. It is -intimated that he means to employ the same ministers, but -with reserve to himself of more authority than has lately been -in fashion. The Duke of York and Lord Bute are named of -the cabinet council. The late King's will is not yet opened. -To-day everybody kissed hands at Leicester House, and -this week, I believe, the King will go to St. James's. The -body has been <i>opened</i>; the great ventricle of the heart had -burst. What an enviable death! In the greatest period of -the glory of this country, and of his reign, in perfect tranquillity -at home, at seventy-seven, growing blind and deaf, to -die without a pang, before any reverse of fortune, or any -distasted peace, nay, but two days before a ship-load of bad -news: could he have chosen such another moment?</p> - -<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">{117}</a></div> - -<h2>APPENDIX<br /> -LONDON IN 1725-1736.</h2> - -<h3>DEFOE'S DESCRIPTION OF LONDON IN 1725.</h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>A Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain</i>, 1724-7. -Vol. ii., pp. 94-97.</p> - -<p><i>London</i>, as a City only, and as its Walls and Liberties live -it out, might, indeed, be viewed in a small Compass; but, -when I speak of <i>London</i>, now in the Modern Acceptation, you -expect I shall take in all that vast Mass of Buildings, reaching -from <i>Black Wall</i> in the <i>East</i> to <i>Tothill Fields</i> in the <i>West</i>; and -extended in an unequal Breadth, from the Bridge, or River, -on the <i>South</i>, to <i>Islington North</i>; and from <i>Peterburgh House</i> -on the Bank Side in <i>Westminster</i>, to <i>Cavendish Square</i>, and -all the new Buildings by, and beyond <i>Hanover Square</i>, by -which the City of <i>London</i>, for so it is still to be called, is extended -to <i>Hyde Park Corner</i> in the <i>Brentford Road</i>, and almost -to <i>Maribone</i> in the <i>Acton Road</i>, and how much farther may it -spread, who knows? New Squares, and new Streets rising -up every Day to such a Prodigy of Buildings, that nothing in -the world does, or ever did, equal it, except old <i>Rome</i> in -<i>Trajan's</i> time, when the walls were Fifty Miles in Compass, -and the Number of Inhabitants Six Millions Eight Hundred -Thousand Souls.</p> - -<p>It is the Disaster of <i>London</i>, as to the Beauty of its Figure, -that it is thus stretched out in Buildings, just at the pleasure -of every Builder, or Undertaker of Buildings, and as the Convenience -of the People directs, whether for Trade, or otherwise; -and this has spread the Face of it in a most straggling, -confus'd Manner, out of all Shape, uncompact, and unequal; -neither long nor broad, round or square; whereas the City of -<i>Rome</i>, though a monster for its Greatness, yet was, in a manner, -round, with very few Irregularities in its Shape.</p> - -<p>At <i>London</i>, including the Buildings on both Sides the Water, -one sees it, in some Places, Three Miles broad, as from St. -<i>George's</i> in <i>Southwark</i>, to <i>Shoreditch</i> in <i>Middlesex</i>; or Two Miles, -as from <i>Peterburgh House</i> to <i>Montague House</i>; and in some -Places, not half a Mile, as in <i>Wapping</i>; and much less, as -in <i>Redriff</i> [Rotherhithe].</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">{118}</a></span> -We see several Villages, formerly standing, as it were, in the -County and at a great Distance, now joyn'd to the Streets by -continued Buildings, and more making haste to meet in the -like Manner; for Example, 1. <i>Deptford</i>, This Town was formerly -reckoned at least Two Miles off from <i>Redriff</i>, and that -over the Marshes too, a Place unlikely ever to be inhabited; -and yet now, by the Encrease of Buildings in that Town itself, -and by the Docks and Buildings-Yard on the River Side, -which stand between both the Town of <i>Deptford</i>, and the -Streets of <i>Redriff</i> (or Rotherhith as they write it) are effectually -joyn'd, and the Buildings daily increasing; so that <i>Deptford</i> -is now more a separated Town, but is become a Part of the -great Mass, and infinitely full of People also; Here they have, -within the last Two or Three Years, built a fine new Church, -and were the Town of Deptford now separated, and rated by -itself. I believe it contains more People, and stands upon -more Ground, than the City of <i>Wells</i>.</p> - -<p>The Town of <i>Islington</i> on the <i>North</i> side of the City, is in -like Manner joyn'd to the Streets of <i>London</i>, excepting one -small Field, and which is in itself so small, that there is no -Doubt, but in a very few years, they will be intirely joyn'd, -and the same may be said of <i>Mile-End</i>, on the <i>East</i> End of -the Town.</p> - -<p><i>Newington</i>, called <i>Newington Butts</i>, in <i>Surrey</i>, reaches out -her Hand <i>North</i>, and is so near joining to <i>Southwark</i>, that it -cannot now be properly called a Town by itself, but a Suburb -to the Burrough, and if, <i>as they now tell us is undertaken</i>, St. -<i>George's Fields</i> should be built with Squares and Streets, a -very little Time will shew us <i>Newington</i>, <i>Lambeth</i>, and the -<i>Burrough</i>, all making but one <i>Southwark</i>.</p> - -<p>The Westminster is in a fair Way to shake Hands with -Chelsea, as St. <i>Gyles's</i> is with <i>Marybone</i>; and Great <i>Russel -Street</i> by <i>Montague House</i>, with <i>Tottenham Court</i>: all this is -very evident, and yet all these put together are still to be -called <i>London</i>: Whither will this monstrous City then extend? -and where must a Circumvallation or Communication Line of -it be placed?</p> - -<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">{119}</a></div> - -<h3>THE PRESENTMENT OF THE MIDDLESEX GRAND -JURY, JANUARY SESSION (1735-1736).</h3> - -<p class="center small"><b>Source.</b>—<i>Distilled Spirituous Liquors the Bane of the Nation</i>, 1736.</p> - -<p>We the Grand Jury for the County of <i>Middlesex</i> taking -notice of the vast number of <i>Brandy</i> and <i>Geneva-Shops</i>, <i>Sheds</i>, -and <i>Cellars</i>, of late set up and opened, for the retailing of <i>Gin</i> -and other <i>Spirituous Liquors</i>, which being sold at a very low -Rate, the Meaner, though Useful, Part of the Nation, as Day-Labourers, -Men and Women Servants, and common Soldiers, -nay even Children, are enticed and seduced to taste, like, and -approve of those pernicious <i>Liquors</i> sold for such small Sums -of Money, whereby they are daily intoxicated and get drunk, -and are frequently seen in our streets in a Condition abhorrent -to reasonable Creatures.</p> - -<p>It is visible, that by this destructive Practice, the strength -and Constitution of Numbers is greatly weakened and -destroyed, and many are thereby rendered useless to themselves -as well as to the Community, many die suddenly by -drinking it to Excess, and infinite Numbers lay the Foundation -of Distempers which shorten their Lives, or make them -miserable, weak, feeble, unable and unwilling to Work, a -Scandal and Burthen to their Country.</p> - -<p>But it does not stop here; the unhappy Influence reaches -to the Posterity of those poor unhappy Wretches, to the -Children yet unborn, who come half burnt and shrivelled into -the World, who as soon as born, suck in this deadly spirituous -Poison with their Nurse's Milk; the barbarous Mothers also -often giving the detestable spirits to poor Infants in their -Arms; so that, if the Infection spreads, as it lately has done, -it must needs make a general Havock, especially among the -laborious Part of Mankind, who are seen manifestly to degenerate -from the more manly and robust Constitutions of preceding -Generations.</p> - -<p>The natural Consequences of which will be, that his Majesty -will lose Numbers of his Subjects, the Publick the Labour and -Industry of her People, the Soldiery will be greatly weakened -and enfeebled, and Masters will every Day have greater -Reason to complain of bad and dishonest Servants, especially -whilst that scandalous Custom prevails amongst Chandlers -and other lower Trades, of giving Drams, making them -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">{120}</a></span> -uncapable of doing their Business, saucy to their Superiors, -and in the End tempts them to cheat and rob their Masters, -to supply themselves with large quantities of this destructive -Liquor.</p> - -<p>We therefore the Grand Jury aforesaid, do present all such -<i>Brandy</i> and <i>Geneva-Shops</i>, <i>Sheds</i> and <i>Cellars</i>, where <i>Gin</i> and -other <i>Spirituous Liquors</i> are sold and vended by Retail, as -publick Nuisances, which harbour, entertain and shelter the -indolent, dissolute, and incorrigibly Wicked, that they are a -high Grievance, and of the greatest ill Consequence to all our -Fellow Subjects, as most plainly appear by the daily Meetings -and Associations of Numbers of loose and disorderly Persons -of both Sexes in these Places, where after they have drank of -this most pernicious Liquor, they are ready for, and actually -do spirit up each other to perpetrate and execute the most -bold, daring, and mischievous Enterprizes, and shaking off -all Fear and Sham, become audaciously impudent in all -manner of Vice, Lewdness, Immorality, and Profaneness, in -Defiance of all Laws, Human and Divine.</p> - -<p>We therefore earnestly hope, that the Magistrates will -unanimously and vigorously put the Laws already made, and -which have any relation to the rooting out this pernicious -Custom, in full Execution: That they will punish severely all -Transgressors of them, and use their utmost Endeavours to -put some stop to the bold Encroachments of this terrible -Destroyer of our Fellow-Creatures, which we apprehend will -greatly conduce to the Honour and Glory of God, to the -Safety, Happiness, Welfare, and Benefit of the Nation in -general, and of every Family in particular, and will be a -Means to secure the Health and Strength of our Posterity.</p> - -<p>If the Laws already made should not be found sufficient to -put a stop to a Custom so universal, and yet plainly, so -destructive; As it is now become a National Concern, and the -ill Consequences arising therefrom universally felt and confessed, -we do not doubt but it will be thought worthy the -most serious Consideration of the Legislature, and of his most -gracious Majesty, the most tender Father of his People.</p> - -<p>[Here follow the signatures of the Grand Jury.]</p> - -<div id="box"> - -<h2>BELL'S ENGLISH HISTORY SOURCE BOOKS</h2> - -<p class="center">Scope of the Series and Arrangement of Volumes.</p> - -<ol> - - <li>Roman Britain to 449.</li> - <li> 449-1066.</li> - <li>1066-1154.</li> - <li>1154-1216.</li> - <li>1216-1307.</li> - <li>1307-1399.</li> - <li>1399-1485.</li> - <li>1485-1547. <i>Ready Immediately.</i></li> - <li>1547-1603. <i>Now Ready.</i></li> - <li>1603-1660.<span class="ditto">"</span></li> - <li>1660-1714.<span class="ditto">"</span></li> - <li>1714-1760.<span class="ditto">"</span></li> - <li>1760-1801.<span class="ditto">"</span></li> - <li>1801-1815.<span class="ditto">"</span></li> - <li>1815-1837.</li> - <li>1837-1856.</li> - <li>1856-1876.</li> - <li>1876-1887.</li> - <li>1887-1901.</li> - <li>1901-1912.</li> - -</ol> - - <p class="center"><i>The volumes are issued in uniform style.<br /> - Price 1s. net each.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p class="print-pub">BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD</p> - -<p> </p> -<hr /> -<p> </p> - -<div id="tnote"> -<p>Transcriber's Note.</p> - -<p>Apparent typographical errors have been corrected.</p> - -<p>Two occurrences of unpaired doublel quotation marks were left unchanged.</p> - -<p>Notices of other books in the series have been moved to the end of the -text.</p> -</div> - -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WALPOLE AND CHATHAM (1714-1760)***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 53005-h.htm or 53005-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/3/0/0/53005">http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/0/0/53005</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed.</p> - -<p>Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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