diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/52993-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/52993-0.txt | 6542 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 6542 deletions
diff --git a/old/52993-0.txt b/old/52993-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index d67d0cc..0000000 --- a/old/52993-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6542 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's A Collection of Chirurgical Tracts, by William Beckett - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: A Collection of Chirurgical Tracts - -Author: William Beckett - -Release Date: September 6, 2016 [EBook #52993] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A COLLECTION OF CHIRURGICAL TRACTS *** - - - - -Produced by Thiers Halliwell, deaurider and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - -Transcriber’s notes: - -Several features of this book are unusual: it has two slightly -different lists of contents which do not correspond precisely with the -text, and there is a preface midway through the book; it has confusing -page numbering (omitted from this transcription) which restarts in -successive sections of the text using mixed arabic and roman numerals; -the text displays an unusual mixture of italics, small capitals, -full capitals, and variable letter spacing (some of which do not -display correctly on handheld reading devices); much of the spelling -is archaic, and both spelling and punctuation are inconsistent. Some -obvious typesetting errors have been corrected but the spelling and -punctuation otherwise remains true to the original text. Illustrations -are only decorative, not informative. - -In this transcription paired underscores denote _italicised text_ and -a ^ (caret) indicates superscripted text. - -Footnotes have been positioned below the relevant paragraphs. - - - - -[Illustration] - - - - - A - - COLLECTION - - OF - - _Chirurgical Tracts_. - - - I. Of WOUNDS of the HEAD and BRAIN. - - II. NEW DISCOVERIES relating to the CURE of CANCERS. - - III. CHIRURGICAL REMARKS on several curious CASES. - - IV. The HISTORY and ANTIQUITY of the VENEREAL DISEASE. - - V. A NEW METHOD of curing CONSUMPTIONS by Specific Medicines. - - Written and Collected - - By _WILLIAM BECKETT_, - - Surgeon and _F. R. S._ - - _LONDON_: - - Printed for E. CURLL, in _Rose Street, Covent-Garden_. - And Sold by C. RIVINGTON in St _Paul’s Church-Yard_, - Mess. BIRT, WARE, LONGMAN, HITCH, WOOD and Company, - in _Amen Corner, Paternoster-Row_, J. CLARK, in - _Duck-Lane_, and J. HODGES, on _London-Bridge_. 1740. - - (Price Four Shillings.) - - - - - THE - - CONTENTS. - - - I. _Some Account of Mr_ BECKETT’s Life _and_ Writings. - _Addressed to Sir_ HANS SLOANE. - - II. Chirurgical Remarks _on_ Wounds _of the_ Head _and_ Brain. - - III. New Discoveries _relating to the_ Cure _of_ Cancers. - - IV. _The Case of Dr_ Keil _by Mr_ Rushworth _of_ Northampton. - - V. _Three curious Dissections by_ John Ranby, _Esq; Surgeon - to his Majesty’s Household_. - - VI. _A New Method of curing_ Consumptions _by Specific - Medicines, by_ Thomas Nevett, _Surgeon_. - - VII. _The Natural_ Secret History _of both Sexes_. _By_ Luke - Ogle, _Esq_; - - VIII. Laws _and_ Regulations _of the_ Stews _in_ England. - - IX. _The_ History _and_ Antiquity _of the_ Venereal Disease - _in Three Letters to Dr_ Douglass, _Dr_ Wagstaffe - _and Dr_ Halley. - -[Illustration] - - - - - To the HONOURABLE - - Sir _Hans Sloane_, Bart. - - PRESIDENT - - OF THE - - _Royal Society_, and _M. D._ - -SIR, - -It is with the greatest Satisfaction that I now lay before you the -Performance of those Commands, with which you were pleased to honour -me, of collecting the _Chirurgical Pieces_ which were singly published -by Mr BECKETT in his Life time. - -This Gentleman might be said to have been begotten in his Profession, -as being the Son of Mr ISAAC BECKETT, Surgeon of _Abington_ in -_Berkshire_, where he was born in the Year 1684. - -He received his Education under Mr PLEDWELL, then Master of the -excellent Free Grammar-School belonging to that Town, served four Years -of his Apprenticeship with his Father, and the three last with Mr -_Joseph Bateman_, of St _Thomas’s Hospital_ in _Southwark_. - -Mr BECKETT died, SIR, at his Sister’s House in _Abington_, _November_ -the 25th 1738, in the 54th Year of his Age, and lies interred in St -_Hellen_’s Church there. - -Of this his Native Place, he drew up a _Brief Account of it’s History -and Antiquities_.[1] - - [1] See Mr ASHMOLE’s Antiquities of _Berkshire_, 3 Vols. 8vo. p. 111 - of Vol. 1st. - -A faithful Account of his WRITINGS is prefixed to this Volume; your -Generous Patronage of which, he would himself have looked upon as the -greatest Honour and Friendship that could be conferred on his Labours, -and for which, I most humbly request your Acceptance of the Grateful -Acknowledgments of, - - SIR, - - _Your Obedient, - And Obliged, - Humble Servant_, - - _June 29, 1740._ E. C. - - - - - - - AN - - ACCOUNT - - OF THE - - WRITINGS - - OF - - _WILLIAM BECKETT_, - - Surgeon, and _F. R. S._ - - VIZ, - - -In the Year 1709, He Published, I. _Chirurgical Remarks, Occasioned -by the Death of a_ CHILD, _whose_ CASE was _printed_ in that Year by -_Daniel Turner_, Surgeon. To these Remarks Mr _Beckett_ subjoined, _An -Account of a_ Wound _of the_ Brain _by_ a Bullet; _with Reflections -thereon_. And at the End of this TRACT, Mr _Beckett_ gave an -_Advertisement_ that He had almost ready for the Press, _Annotations -and Practical Observations on the Learned and Ingenious Monsieur_ -GENDRON’s _Enquiries into the Nature, Knowledge and Cure of_ CANCERS. - -II. _In the Year_ 1711, He published NEW DISCOVERIES _relating to the -Cure of_ CANCERS. _Wherein the painful Methods of cutting them off, -and consuming them by Caustics are rejected, and that of dissolving -the Cancerous Substance_ is recommended; _with various Instances of -his Success in_ this Practice _on Persons reputed incurable. Also a -Solution of Four curious Problems concerning_ CANCERS, viz. I. Whether -the Cancerous Juice _is corrosive or not_. II. _Whether_ Cancers _are -contagious or not_. III. _Whether if the extirpating a_ Cancerous -Breast _happens to be successful, it ought to be looked upon as a -Consequence of performing the Operation better than our Predecessors_. -IV. _Whether a_ Salivation _will Cure a_ Cancer. - -_This Treatise came to a_ Second Edition _the following Year_ 1712: -_To which, besides some Corrections_, Mr BECKETT _added_ TWO _other -Problems with their Solutions_, viz. V. Whether _Cancers_ are curable -by _Caustics_. VI. Whether _Cancers_ are curable by _Internal -Medicines_. In this Piece all that he promised relating to GENDRON is -inserted. And to the present _Third Edition_ He subjoined, by way of -_Postscript_, a very valuable _Receipt_ for the Cure of _Cancers_, -which he informs us was communicated to him by his late eminent -Brother Surgeon Mr _Dobyns_ of _Snow-Hill_. He had it from Mr _Pain_ a -Gentleman of _Northamptonshire_, in whose Family it had been, in the -highest Esteem, for above 200 Years. Mr _Beckett_ likewise adds, that -he transcribed it from the Original _Manuscript_. - -At the End of the _Second Edition_ of his _Treatise_ on _Cancers_, -Mr _Beckett_ gave an _Advertisement_ that “He was then preparing -for the Press, _Chirurgical Collections_, which would consist of -His own _Observation_ of _uncommon Cases_, also, the most curious -things relating to Surgery, taken from the Performances of the -_German Eruditi_, in their _Acta Lipsiæ_, the _Miscellanea Curiosa_, -_Philosophical Transactions_. _Memoirs for the Curious_, _Voyages_, -_Travels_, _Natural Histories of Counties_, and many other things that -would afford useful Observations. In this Collection was to be a great -number of Figures of Cases, Instruments, Machines, _&c_. all curiously -engraven on Copper Plates. This Undertaking was wholly designed for -the Improvement of the Art of Surgery; and the _Introduction_ to it -was to give an Account of our famous _English_ Writers in _Physic_ and -_Surgery_, for many hundred Years past.” - -The great and deserved Practice which attended Mr _Beckett_’s _New -Method of curing Cancers_, obliged him to postpone the Publication -of his _Chirurgical Collections_, as above recited; and which, upon -a mature Deliberation, he changed into a much more extensive and -useful Design; and, by Mr _Innys_ at the West-End of St _Paul_’s, and -Mr _Hooke_ in _Fleet-street_, Booksellers, He published _Proposals -for printing by Subscription in 2 Volumes_ 4to, An Account of the -Lives, Characters, and Writings, _both Manuscript and Printed_, of -the most eminent _British_ Authors in _Physic_, _Surgery_, _Anatomy_, -_Pharmacy_, _Botany_ and _Chemistry_, from the Conquest to the Year -1721. To which was to be added, A large Collection of Records, -principally taken from the _Tower_, containing Grants of particular -Favours and Privileges to the most noted _Physicians_ and _Surgeons_ -by the Kings of this Realm for many hundred Years; whereby, besides -other curious Affairs not to be met with elsewhere, the Time in which -they lived was to be ascertained, as to several of them, has hitherto -remained absolutely undetermined. The whole faithfully collected and -reduced to the most exact Order of Time. - -This Work was proposed at the Price of one Guinea in Sheets. - -Between the Years 1717 and 1720, Mr _Beckett_ published in the -_Philosophical Transactions_, Three Letters concerning the _History of -the Antiquity of the Venereal Disease_. I. To Dr _Douglass_. II. To -Dr _Wagstaffe_. III. To Dr _Halley_. Proving _That Disease_ to have -been _known_ and _cured_ in _England_ long before the Discovery of the -_West-Indies_. - -Of these Pieces Dr _Astruc_, a _French_ Physician, full of the Vanity -peculiar to his Countrymen, seems doubtful as to their Proof, because -he had never seen the Manuscripts, nor rare printed Authorities, cited -by Mr _Beckett_; and treating of Dr _Turner_’s _Syphilis_, speaks -slightly of that Gentleman, because he is of the same Opinion with Mr -_Beckett_. - -From the Publication of a small Pamphlet consisting but of 24 Pages, -8vo, Intituled, “A _Letter_ from a Gentleman at _Rome_, to his Friend -in _London_, giving an Account of some very surprizing _Cures_ in the -_King’s-Evil_ by the _Touch_, (of the Chevalier _De St George_) lately -effected in the Neighbourhood of that City, 1721. Wherein is contained -the compleatest History of this _miraculous Power_, formerly practiced -by the _Kings_ of _England_, ever yet made public; the _Certainty_ of -_which_ is confirmed by the most eminent Writers of this Nation, both -_Catholics_ and _Protestants_, as, _Malmsbury_, _Alured_, _Brompton_, -_Polydore Virgil_, _Harpsfield_, &c. and Drs _Tooker_, _Heylin_, Mr -_Collier_, Mr _Echard_, &c. _Translated_ out of the _Italian_.” And the -following Motto prefixed by the Catholic Translator, _viz._ - -_King_ Edward the Confessor, _was the first that cured this Distemper, -and from him it has descended as an Hereditary Miracle upon All his -Successors_. To dispute the _Matter of Fact_, is to go to the _Excess -of Scepticism_, to _deny our Senses_, and to be _incredulous_ even to -_Ridiculousness_. See _Collier_’s Ecclesiast. History Vol. I. - -Mr _Beckett_ took an immediate Occasion to explode all these Legendary -Assertions, and fully proved the Truth of Mr _Collier_’s positive -_ipse dixit_ to lye on the other side of the Question, in two Letters -which he Published, I. To Dr _Steigerthal_, intituled “A Free and -Impartial Enquiry into the Antiquity and Efficacy of _Touching_ for -the _King’s-Evil_.” II. To Sir _Hans Sloane_ in “order to a compleat -Confutation of that supposed _supernatural Power_ descending from -_Edward the Confessor_ to the succeeding _Kings_ of _England_. Also, -A Dissertation concerning the ancient Method made use of, for the -curing _Diseases_ by _Charms_, _Amulets_, &c.” To which is added, _A -Collection of Records_. - -When in the Year 1722, it was feared that we should be visited -with the _Plague_ in _England_, after it had raged so violently at -_Marseilles_ in _France_; Dr _Mead_ published his _Preservative_ -against _Pestilential Distempers_. And, among several other _New_ -Pieces written, and _Old_ ones revived upon this Occasion, Mr _Beckett_ -voluntarily lent his helping Hand for the good of his Country, by -giving his Judgment, and Publishing (Anonymously) _A Collection of -Pieces_ Written during the _Plagues_, which happened in the two last -Centuries. - -Mr BECKETT’s _Chirurgical Observations_, made at St _Thomas_’s Hospital -_Southwark_; Published last Summer, were prepared for the Press by -Himself, and Inscribed to Sir _Hans Sloane_ and the _Royal Society_. - - - TO - - Sir HANS SLOANE. - -_Honoured Sir_, - -The last Paper Mr _Beckett_ ever wrote, was an Address to you for a -private Favour; in which he says, he likewise had reason to believe -that Dr _Mead_ would be his Friend. He therein acquainted you that he -had, “contracted such a Cold by sitting to write, with his Neck against -a North-Window, as he feared would be his Death; and if so, _adds he_, -it may be said I dye a Martyr to the _Improvement_ of the History of -_Physic and Surgery_.” Thus concluded his Paper which he did not live -to sign; it was found among his _Collections_ relating to the _Lives -of the British Physicians, Surgeons_, &c. He had copied fair, for the -Press, the greatest part of his Papers; and tho’ it was an _unfinished -Work_, yet from his Character, and the great Pains he had taken, I knew -it would be very acceptable to the Public. Accordingly I put it to the -Press, and intended to have published it in two Volumes in _Octavo_. -Young Dr _B_ * * * *, was recommended to me as a proper Editor: I sent for -him and shewed him the Papers; but soon found, that he was much too -young both in Character and Ability for such an Undertaking. I printed -one Sheet, in _Octavo_, (of which there were but two Copies taken off) -upon this, Dr _Milward_ informed me, that he had been for some Years -compiling _An Universal History of Physic_. He expressed his Desire -of purchasing Mr _Beckett_’s Papers, and being fully convinced, from -his Learning and Candour, that he would do Justice to the _Author_’s -Memory, I readily let him have them. And Sir, that you, might in some -measure be apprized of Mr _Beckett_’s PLAN, I have to this Volume -prefixed his Introduction to the Work. - - _I Remain, - Honoured Sir, - Your Most Obliged, - And Obedient, - Humble Servant_, - - E. CURLL. - - - - - INTRODUCTION - - TO THE - - HISTORY - - OF - - PHYSIC and SURGERY. - - _Concerning the Antient State of Learning, and the Antiquity of the - Practice of_ Physic _and_ Surgery. - - -_Britain_ has been very happy in furnishing the World, in very early -Times, with a great Number of famous and learned Men. Of the first -Sort were the _Druydæ_, who, it is said, had their Original and Name -from _Druys Sarronius_ the fourth King of the _Celts_, who died _Anno -Mundi_ 2069. Next the _Bardi_, who celebrated the illustrious Deeds of -famous Men, who had their Name from _Bardus Druydus_ the fifth King -of the _Celts_. _Cæsar_ assures us, (and a noble Testimony it is) -that the Learning of the _Druydi_, was first invented in _Britain_, -and from thence transferred to _France_; and that, in his Time, those -of _France_ came over hither to be instructed. A celebrated _German_ -Writer, as quoted by Mr _Ashmole_ in the Prolegomena to his _Theat. -Chem._ says, that when the World was troubled with Pannonic Invasions, -_England_ flourished in the Knowledge of all good Arts, and was able -to send her learned Men into other Countries to propagate Learning: -And instances in _Boniface_, a _Devonshire_ Man, and _Willeboard_, a -_Northern_ Man, which were sent into _Germany_ for those Purposes. -Mr _John Leland_, a famous Antiquary, in the Reign of King _Henry_ -VII, who was excellently well acquainted with our _British_ Authors, -assures us, upon his own Knowledge, that we have had a great Number -of excellent Wits and learned Writers, who, besides their great -Proficiency in Languages, were well acquainted with the Liberal -Sciences. And Bishop _Nicholson_, in his Historical Library says, I -think we may without Vanity affirm, that hardly any Kingdom in the -World has out-done _England_, either in the Number or Goodness of her -Authors; and that even in the darkest Ages our Lamps shone always -as bright as any of our Neighbourhood. When School-Divinity was in -Fashion, we had our _Doctores Subtiles_, _Irrefragabiles_, _&c._ -But as the History of the Learning of this Nation in general is not -my present Design, I shall confine myself more particularly to what -relates to Physic and Surgery. An Historical Account of the Antiquity -and Progress of which Faculties, with the successive Improvements -they have received, has not hitherto been attempted by any Hand. And -indeed the Difficulty which must attend an Undertaking of this Nature, -must be very great, by reason of the little Knowledge we are able -to get, in this Kind, from those Manuscripts which yet remain among -us. The ancient _Britains_, who went without Cloaths, may be very -well presumed to live without Physic; but external Accidents they -must be liable to, as well in their Wars as from other Causes; and -History informs us, they had Methods of Cure for such Misfortunes. The -_Saxons_, while they possessed _England_, had their Leeches, a sort of -Surgeons, but very little skilled in Methodical Practice. But under -the _Normans_ that Science began to be much more improved. About this -Time the _Monks_ and _Fryars_, and others in Religious Orders, out -of a pretended Charity to their suffering Fellow-Creatures, intruded -themselves into the Practice of Physic and Surgery, and continued it -many Years, notwithstanding the Decree of the Council of _Tours_ -in 1163, where Pope _Alexander_ III. presided; which forbids any -Religious Persons going out of their Cloisters, to hear the Lectures -in Law or Physic; and that it is absolutely forbidden, that any -Sub-Deacon, Deacon, or Priest, exercise any Part of Surgery in which -actual Cauteries or Incisions are required. Most of the Physicians who -practised in _England_ about this Time, were likewise well skilled in -the Mathematics and other Parts of Philosophy; but the Surgeons of -those Times were so much addicted to Astrology, as make some Parts of -their Writings very obscure. After this both Physic and Surgery began -to flourish much more, by the public Encouragement given very early by -many of our Kings to several of the Practitioners in both Faculties, -as will appear by the List of our Kings Physicians and Surgeons, to -be inserted in it’s proper Place. _Hector Boëtius_ informs us, that -_Josina_, King of _Scotland_, who lived above a hundred Years before -our Saviour, well understood the Nature of _Scotch_ Plants, and their -Use in Physic and Chirurgery; and _John Bale_, afterwards Bishop of -_Ossory_ in _Ireland_, assures us, he wrote a Book, _de Herbarum -Viribus_. _Buchanan_ relates, the _Scotch_ Nobility were anciently -very expert in Chirurgery, and it is particularly remarked of _James_ -IV, King of _Scotland_, _Quod vulnera scientissime tractaret_. It is -said, that when _Scribonius Largus_ attended the Emperor _Claudius_ -in his Expedition to _Britany_, he wrote a _British_ Herbal, or -Description of divers Plants in this Island. And our most learned and -famous King _Alfred_, is said to have written a Book upon Aristotle -_de Plantis_. _Cinfrid_, a famous Physician, is mentioned by that -early Writer _Venerable Bede_, in his _Histor. Ecclesiasticar._ page -307, 308. And _Ernulphus_, another eminent Physician, in the Time of -_Nigellus_, the second Bishop of _Ely_, is likewise recorded in the -_Anglia Sacra_, Vol. I. p. 625. Many more Particulars might, in all -Probability, have been met with relating to my present Design, had -not one very great Misfortune attended the Suppression of the Abbies, -which was the Destruction of a prodigious Number of Manuscripts. _John -Bale_, before-mentioned, though an utter Enemy to Popery and Monastic -Institution, remonstrates against this Piece of Barbarity, in pretty -strong Terms, to King _Edward_ VI. Covetousness, says he, was at that -Time so busy about private Commodity, that public Wealth was not any -where regarded. A Number of them, which purchased those superstitious -Mansions, reserved of those Library-Books, some to serve their Jacks, -some to scour their Candlestics, and some to rub their Boots, and some -they sold to the Grocers and Soap-sellers, and some they sent over Sea -to the Book-binders, not in small Numbers, but at Times whole Ships -full. Yea, the Universities of this Realm, are not all clear in this -detestable Fact: But cursed is the Belly which seeketh to be fed with -so ungodly Gains, and so deeply shameth his natural Country. I know, -says he, a Merchantman (which shall at this time be nameless) that -bought the Contents of two noble Libraries for forty Shillings Price; -a Shame it is to be spoken. This Stuff hath he occupied instead of -gray Paper, by the Space of more than these ten Years, and yet he has -Store enough for these ten Years to come. A prodigious Example is this, -and to be abhorred of all Men, which love their Nation as they should -do. Yea, what may bring our Nation to more Shame and Rebuke, than to -have it noised abroad, that we are Despisers of Learning? I judge this -to be true, and utter it with Heaviness, that neither the _Britons_, -under the _Romans_ and _Saxons_, nor yet the _English_ People under the -_Danes_ and _Normans_, had ever such Damage of their learned Monuments, -as we have seen in our Time. Our Posterity may well curse this wicked -Fact of our Age, this unseasonable Spoil of _England’s_ most noble -Antiquities. _Bale_’s Declaration upon _Leland_’s Journal, published -1549. And Dr _Thomas Fuller_, in his Church History, speaking of the -same Thing, tells us, Divinity was prophaned, Mathematics suffered -for Correspondence with evil Spirits, Physic was maimed, and a Riot -committed on the Law itself. However, notwithstanding this Devastation -which was then made among our Manuscripts, our Colleges, and some of -our Libraries, will furnish us with a great Number relating to almost -all Parts of Learning: Some of which, more especially the most ancient -ones, I shall here first give a Catalogue of, and then some more modern -ones, confining myself to those which more especially relate to Physic -and Chirurgery. And, first, we have in the _Norfolk_ Library, belonging -to the Royal Society, - -_Libellus de Arte Medicinali in Lingua Pictica conscriptus._ And in -Cottonian Library, - -_Præcepta nonnulla Medicinalia; partim & Divina ad dierum rationem -Saxonice. Galbe. A._ 2. 3. 1. - -_Exorcismi quidam & Medicinalia; partim Latine partim Saxonice. Galbe. -A._ 2. - -_Medicinalia quædam Saxonice & Latine Vitel. B._ 3. 4. - -_Herbarium, Latine & Hibernice ordine Alphabetico. Vitel. F._ 14. 34. - -_Tractatulus de Morbis, Latine & Hibernice mutilis initio & fine._ - -_Astronomica quædam & Medica Literis Saxonicis Membr. in Corpus Christi -Coll. in Oxon._ - -_S. Dustan de Lapide Philosophorum._ In the same College. - -_Tractatus Botanicus in Lingua Cambro-Britannica._ In Jesus Coll. Oxon. - -_Medicinales Quæstiones Magistri Henrici de Wynton super Isagogen -Joannitii._ In New College Library in Oxon. - -_Liber Phlebotomiæ._ By the same Author, in the same Library. - -_Tractatus de effectibus quatuor Qualitatum, secundum magistrum -Ursonem._ In New College Library. - -_Practica Chirurgiæ. Tho. Sculling, continens quatuor partes._ In New -College Library. - -_Guilielmi Scoti Medici Watlingtoniensis celeberrimi Liber de -differenciis Urinarum._ - -_Joannis Ketham Chirurgia parva._ - -_De Virtutibus Herbarum & notabila Chirurgica._ - -_Liber rerum Medicinalium quondam spectans ad Pharmacopolam Edw. IV. -Regis Angliæ in quo continentur Medicamina quam plurima pro Rege & -Magnatibus præparata._ In Mr _Hen. Worsley_’s Library. - -_William de Pine_, his Chyrurgery. - -Receipts and Observations for curing Emrods, Fistula’s, Leprosy, Aches -in the Joints, Tetters, Worms, Cramps, and _Noli me tangere_, in a very -ancient Hand. By _Robert Williams_ of _Cockwood_. - -A Treatise containing the whole Rules of Physic and Surgery, _M. S. -Vetus_. Formerly in Dr _Tyson_’s Library. - -Medicines of Master _Willeam du Jordyne_, given to King _Henry_, Regent -and Heuter of the Reume of _Fraunce_. In Mr _Thoresby_’s Library. - -A approbat Treite for the Pestilence, studied by the grettest Doctours -of Fysick amongs Thuniversitie of Cristen Nations yn the Time of St -_Tho._ of _Canterburie_. In the same Library. - -A Book of Surgery, wrote in the Year 1392. Divided into three Parts. -The first of Anatomy. The second of Wounds, Imposthumes, Dislocations, -and Fractures of Bones. The third, the Antidotary of Surgery. Formerly -in Dr _Tyson_’s Library. - -Friar _Theodore Chalk_’s Chirurgical Receipts, on Vellum. Dedicated to -Archbishop _Valentine_. - -Here beginnen gud Medicenes for all Yevels yat any man may have yat gud -Leches have drawn out of ye Bokes yet Galien Aschipeus Ypocras hadden. -For yai were the best Leches yat were in ye World. On Vellum, in my -Possession. - -I proceed now to give an Account of some of our early Writers, besides -those already mentioned. And first of _Maugantius_, who was by Birth a -_Briton_, a famous Physician and Mathematician; who, says _Leland_, for -his eminent Learning, was made President of a noble College (in those -Days) of two hundred Philosophers; which _Geofrey_ of _Monmouth_ extols -to the Skies, under the Name of _Legionum Urbs_; which _Bale_ supposes -to be _Chester_, excelling all other _British_ Cities, at that Time, -in Wealth and _Roman_ Structures. This Place being most pleasantly -situated, Astrologers, and other Artists, settled in it to observe -the Motions of the Stars, and undertook to forewarn Mankind from the -Comets, and certain Indications of the Planets, what should come to -pass. Hence _Maugantius_, said to be superior to all others in this -Art, being questioned by King _Vortiger_, whose chief Physician he was, -about the prodigious Conception of _Ambrose Merlin_, after a Recital -of various Philosophical Reasons, did, at length, it seems, give him -Satisfaction therein. This Person, who was the most renowned Scholar of -his Country, and who is said to have composed several Books, flourished -in the Year of Christ 470, when King _Vortiger_ was much distressed -by the invading _Anglo-Saxons_. I have before observed, that there -were several Dignitaries of the Papal Communion as well as those of -inferior Orders, besides the _Monks_, who very early took upon them -to practise Physic; and that they were absolutely forbid to exercise -that Profession, by the _Roman_ Assembly, in 1139. Of this Sort was -_Frabricius_, or _Faricius_, as he is sometimes written, who practised -Physic not long before this Time. He was the eighteenth Abbot of the -Monastery of _Abington_ in _Berkshire_; to whose Care _Godfrey de Vere_ -committed himself, to be cured of a grievous Disease he then laboured -under; and, as an Acknowledgment for the Care the Abbot had taken of -him, he bequeathed to the Abbey before-mentioned, the Church belonging -to his Estate, in the Village of _Kensington_, near _London_, with 240 -Acres of Land, _&c._ which was confirmed by the King; a Copy of which -Grant will be given in the Antiquities of that Town, and the History -of it’s Abbey. This Abbot departed this Life the VIIth of the Calends -of _March_, _Anno_ 1117. Soon after him flourished _Athelardus_, a -Monk of _Bath_, who was so diligent in searching out the Mysteries and -Causes of Natural Things, that he deserves to be equalled with some of -the ancient Philosophers. Having a very promising Genius, while very -young, and continuing, as he grew up, to improve his Parts, and fit -himself for great Affairs, he left his native Soil, and, with much -Alacrity, went to visit foreign Parts. In his Travels through _Egypt_ -and _Arabia_, having found many Things he sought after, he came Home -again with good Fruit of his Labours and Improvement of his Learning. -He was, without Dispute, in Philosophy, Astronomy, Physic, Mathematics, -and Rhetoric, no ordinary Proficient. Some of his Works he Dedicated -to _Richard_, Bishop of _Bayeux_: In the first Work he treats of the -Principles, Qualities, and Effects of Natural Things, against the -vain Opinions of the old Philosophers. In the Preface it appears, he -wrote in the Year 1130, under the Reign of _Henry_ I. I might here -enlarge upon the great Fame and Merits of _John Giles_, a Native of -St _Albans_, who made such Progress in the Study of Physic, that he -was made Professor of that Faculty at _Paris_ and _Montpelier_, and -Physician to _Philip_, King of _France_. After his Return to his own -Country, he was, according to _Matthew Paris_, consulted by _Robert -Grosthead_, the learned Bishop of _Lincoln_, in his last Illness; -of which he died in 1253. He has written, _De re Medica_, and _de -Prognosticis_, and some other Things. He flourished about the Year -1230, in the Reign of King _Henry_ III. _Hugh de Eversham_, deserves -in this Place to be remembred, who was a Man of great Learning, a -Physician by Profession, and perhaps the best of his Age. He was well -known in many Countries, being a great Frequenter of the Universities. -With the severer Studies of his Art, he mingled the pleasant Science -of the Mathematics, and particularly Geometry and Astronomy. This made -him known to many in _France_ and _Italy_, and among the rest, to Pope -_Martin_ IV, who invited him, by Letters, to come to him, and solve -some Questions in Physic, which were then newly started: Accordingly -he went without Delay, and performed what was required readily and -learnedly. He published _Super Opere Febrium Isaac_. _Medicinales -Canones_. _Problemata quædam_, and some other Things. He flourished the -Year 1281; when he was created Cardinal Presbyter of St _Laurence_, -by the said Pope _Martin_, in the Reign of _Edward_ I. He is said to -have died by Poison at _Rome_, _Anno_ 1287; although _Cicæonius_, to -palliate this Matter, says he died of the Plague. - - - - - _Chirurgical Remarks_ - - ON - - A WOUND of the HEAD - - RECEIVED - - By a CHILD from the Blow of a Cat-Stick in throwing at a COCK on - Shrove Tuesday, 1709. - - - Addressed to - - Mr _WILLIAM COWPER_, Surgeon. - -_SIR_, - -I do not question but you have had the Curiosity to read over a -very _remarkable Case in Surgery_, not only upon Account of the -Recommendation the Name of the Author[2] gives it, but partly because -I know you have been for a long time of opinion, That this Age wou’d -distinguish it self by the Advances that _Medicine_ has, and will -receive; I need not observe, to a Man of your Capacity, how just, -according to my Opinion, our Author has been in relating all the -Particulars of the Case he gives us the History of: Nor need I intimate -to you how peculiarly the Prescriptions were adapted to the several -alterations that were observable in that little Patient: I will only -take the freedom to make some Remarks on a considerable Circumstance, -which perhaps we shall find obstructed so methodical a Procedure, in -order for a Cure. - - [2] This CASE was published by Mr _Daniel Turner_, Surgeon. - -Our Author is of opinion, _That his Death was owing to the effused -Blood from some Vessel upon the_ Pia Mater, _which had been ruptured -by the Concussion or Shock of the said Vessel, from the Force of the -Blow; which Blood pent in (for want of a Discharge) had formed an -Abscess, thereby deluging the Surface of the Brain with Matter: And -this, tho’ continually draining off thro’ the Orifice in the upper -Membrane, yet some part thereof lying beyond the Elastic Power of the -said Membrane to raise up, and out of the Reach of Medicine to deterge -and mundifie, was at length imbibed by the Vessels, where missing the -Salutary Crisis, sometimes observed in the Empieme and Pleuritic Cases, -it was conveyed by the Circulation to the Heart, and at length, we are -to suppose, somehow effected the Nervous System, bringing on the fatal -Spasm._ - -Thus you see, _Sir_, how plain and consequential the Account of the -Child’s Death is; but even here, I hope, I shall do no Injustice to the -Author, if I inform you, I cannot perswade my self that the Matter was -imbibed by the Vessels, purely because _some part thereof lay beyond -the Elastic Power of the_ Dura Mater _to raise up, and out of the Reach -of Medicine to deterge and mundifie_, as our Author’s Words are; but -that it is reasonable to believe, that some part of it was reassumed -by the Vessels, when it could no longer discharge it self as before; -for if you will give your self the trouble of looking back to the 32d -Page, you will find, that no sooner was the _Orifice choaked up by a -caked Matter_, but the mischievous Effects of the Suppression of the -Discharge soon began to discover themselves by the Rigours the Child -was attended with; and we find our Author soon after fearful of such a -thing. - -By this we may see how circumspect we ought always to be, lest -we interrupt the Design of Nature when she is about to expel any -morbifick Matter, the ill Effects that attend it oftentimes discovering -themselves after different Manners; We look upon a continued Discharge -of Matter to be, as it were, a natural Evacuation, and that it’s -immediate Stoppage, without other Means, being made use of to divert -and evacuate it, to be succeeded by a greater Fulness and Distention of -all the Vessels, as is observable upon the Suppression of the _Menses_, -_Hemorrhoides_, or _insensible Transpiration_, there is this Difference -to be observed that the ill Accidents that attend the Stoppage of -the Discharge of Matter are not so much owing to the Distention and -Plenitude of the Vessels, but according to the ill Quality of it, -’tis disposed to render the Patient feverish more or less, which is -generally ushered in by Rigours, and sometimes succeeded by Spasmodic -Contractions. - -For a further Illustration of this, we will take the liberty to -relate the Case of a Man of about Forty Years of Age, who was for a -considerable time incommoded in his Business, by reason of a violent -Contusion he had received on the Upper-part of his Left Arm, a -little below the Shoulder: After some time it was succeeded by an -Apostemation, upon the opening of which I was informed, a considerable -Quantity of Matter discharged, which was not of any ill Colour or -Smell, the Matter continuing to make its Exit the same way for several -Weeks, at length formed a _Sinus_, which might be easily traced to the -Upper and Fore-part of the _Os Humeri_. The external Orifice of this -was endeavoured to be dilated, but it not only put the Patient to a -great deal of Pain, but pent in the Matter, and caused the contiguous -Parts to tumifie very much. About this time the Axillary Glands began -to swell and pain him, and by their Pressure on the Limphaticks the -whole Arm became Oedematous; soon after some part of the Matter -made it’s way out under the Arm, upon which it almost ceased to flow -from the _Sinus_ on the upper-part of it. In short, upon this the -Patient found himself very much indisposed, he lost his Appetite, was -attended with Shiverings, became feverish, and at length died violently -convulsed. - -On Dissection we found the Surface of the Lungs to be interspersed -with blackish Specks, the left Lobe adhered to the _Pleura_, and the -_Pericordium_ contained a much greater Quantity of Liquor than usual, -though its Colour was natural. The Right Auricle and Ventricle of -the Heart were very much distended, and the Diameter of the _Arteria -Pulmonaris_ considerably enlarged: on the Division of the Integuments -of the Abdomen, a very large Quantity of yellowish fœtid Matter -discharged it self, which was somewhat viscid; we found that the -Intestines floated in this, for the Abdomen was full of it. In the -lower-part of the Concave Side of the Liver there was a very large -Abscess discovered, which contained a Fluid of the same Colour and -Consistence with that which we took notice of before. There was an -Orifice in the lower part of the Abscess capable of admitting the -End of one’s Finger; by which, without doubt, Matter discharged it -self into the Abdomen. The Spleen was of a very odd Figure: On it’s -convex Side there were a Multitude of Streaks, that proceeded from all -Parts of it, and centered in one Point, which proceeded only from the -Disposition of the Fibres of it’s internal Membrane. It was almost full -of Blood, which in the middle was corrupted, and stank abominably. -After it was cleared from the contiguous Parts to which it adhered, and -taken out of the Body, it weighed four Pounds and a half. - -There might have been something more observable upon the Dissection -of this Body, but the short time that was allotted for it did not -give us an Opportunity of making that strict Enquiry as seemed to be -necessary. _Blancard_. in his _Anat. Pract. Rationalis_, _p. 252_. has -much such an Observation as this which we have related. See likewise -_Schenckius_, _Lib._ 3. _Obs_ 26. But I do not doubt, _Sir_, but you -have made some curious Remarks on Cases of this Nature, tho’ I am -pretty positive you will agree with me in this, That the immediate -Cause of the Death of the Person we have been speaking of, was the -giving a sudden Check to the Discharge of the Matter. It was the Work -of Nature in this Case (and what she was endeavouring to perform) to -disburden herself of those disproportionate and offensive Particles, -which by their Continuance in the Body would but have occasioned an -irregular Motion of the Fluids, and consequently a Discomposure -of it’s whole Frame: For the animal Body being nothing else but a -Congeries of Canals, filled with different Liquors, it must necessarily -suffer very much, and it’s Actions be irregular, if any Heterogeneous -Particles become incorporated therewith. We must here allow, that in -Discharges of Matter of a long Continuance, sometimes the Diameters of -the Fibres and Vessels may be so much enlarged, that the nutritious -Juices may be thrown out with the other, and so occasion a general -Emaciation: But this may be easily rectified at the Beginning, without -Detriment to the Patient, by making use of some spirituous and -moderately astringent Remedies, to recover the natural Tone of the -too lax Fibres and Vessels, and give the Matter a proper Consistence. -It is to be observed in such Cases as these are, that the Part from -whence the Matter discharges, if it be the Leg or Thigh, first loses -it’s former Fulness and Dimensions, tho’ soon after there appears an -Emaciation of the whole Body. Such an Abscess as we discovered in the -Liver of the Person before mentioned, we are inclined to believe might -have been found in the Child, had the Abdomen been dissected; for -several Authors have assured us, it has frequently been observed to be -the Consequent of Fractures of the Skull, tho’ I am apt to believe -it never happens, but when the Matter has received a Check in it’s -Discharge. - -I shall now take the Liberty to observe, that the imprudent Application -of Repellents to some Tumours, and inconsiderate Healing of old Ulcers, -with the unhappy Method of Procedure, in order to the Cure of some -Diseases, very often discover themselves, by their being succeeded by -very ill Effects. _Non tamen in omnibus Huxionibus repellentia adhibere -licet,_ (says _Sennertus_) _Partibus ignobilibus, præcipue iis, ad quas -natura interdum humores protrudere solet, ut sunt Glandulæ post aures, -& in collo, sub axillis, in inguinibus adhibenda non sunt, ne humor ex -iis repulsus ad partes principes & nobiles feratur._ - -The same Author informs us in his _Paralipom._ _ad lib._ 5. _Pract. -Med._ of a Boy, fourteen Years of Age, that died upon the Accession -of an Epileptic Fit, which was caused by the striking in of the Scab -by the imprudent Use of Liniments. And _Baglivi_ allows, that the -irregular Cure of the same Disease may be succeeded by a Spitting of -Blood, an Apoplexy, Dropsy, lingering Fevers, _&c._ The Healing of old -Ulcers, without having a Respect to those Circumstances that ought -to precede such an Undertaking, generally lays the Foundation for a -Train of mischievous Accidents; for the Patient soon begins to be -sensible of an Unactiveness of the whole Body, is sleepy, has a weak -Digestion, Head-ach, and is feverish, which is attended with very -profuse Night-Sweats; and these we have several times observed to be -the Forerunners of the Patient’s Death, though sometimes all these ill -Accidents may be prevented by an Imposthumation in some part of the -Body or other. - -Now to account for such remarkable Alterations, in such Subjects, -we are obliged to take notice, that here is the Suppression of the -Evacuation of a Humour, that had been constantly discharged for a long -time; and this, we have before observed, will cause a greater Fulness -and Distention of all the Vessels. Now the Quantity of the Blood being -very much encreased by the Addition of this viscid Juice, the Celerity -of its Motion must be considerably abated, upon which Account it will -enlarge the Diameters of the Vessels, by relaxing their Coats, and pass -with so great a Difficulty through the Capillary Vessels, that if it -arrive at any Part where the Fibres have lost their due Tensity and -Spring, it is disposed to stagnate, and produce an Imposthumation. If -this does not happen, as the Motion of the Blood continues to be very -languid, the Quantity of Spirits filtrated in the Brain will be less -upon two Accounts: _First_, Because as the Blood moves more slowly, -all the Parts of the Body through which it circulates, will receive a -much less Quantity of it in a given Time, than they must have done, -had it moved with a greater Celerity. _Secondly_, The Viscidity of the -Blood, together with it’s Motion diminished will lessen the Quantity of -Spirits, according to the 20th and 22d of Dr _Wainright_’s Propositions -of Animal Secretion. - -Now this being so, it is no wonder to observe such an Inactivity of the -Parts, Sleepiness, weak Digestion, _&c._ to attend a Person under such -Circumstances: For the Quantity of Spirits being so much diminished, -the Parts can never be sufficiently influenced by them to perform their -respective Functions with that Force as usual. To this we may add, that -they are in a great measure deprived of their Power and Spring, and -Sensation in general is not near so strong and lively. From hence it is -evident, that when Nature has found a Passage whereby she may disburden -herself of any excrementitious Humours, we ought for a considerable -time to give proper Internals, and make use of some other Method, as by -Issues, or such like, whereby we may divert the Course of the Matter, -which, if I may so say, has been so long together determined to pass -the same way. Beside this Advantage which will accrue by that Method, -there may be near the same Quantity of Humours evacuated; and so those -unhappy Accidents, will be prevented, and the Ulcer cured. - -I am perswaded, that it is not without a great deal of Difficulty -that we can sometimes divert the Tendency of Humours to a Part; and I -can bring several Instances of Sores that have been healed, where the -suppressed Matter has discovered it self, by an Aposthume near the -Place where the Sore was, a short time after it had been healed. - -_Fælix Wurtz_, who was a very judicious Surgeon, informs us, That it -sometimes happens, that in a little time after a Patient has been -cured of a Wound of the Head, he feels violent Pains there, which -indicates that Matter is collected in the Part. He adds, That many die -of it, by reason the Cause is not understood by some Surgeons. This -Remark proves, that the Wounds were not kept open long enough, or else -that the Surgeon acted imprudently in not making use of proper Means -to divert the Tendency of the Humours to that Part; not but it will -abundantly more easily happen to those Parts that are depending, and -where the Weight of the viscid Fluid will incline it to settle. - -I knew a lusty Fellow, about twenty five Years of Age, that had an -Ulcer on the internal Ancle of his left Leg near twelve Years: It had -been cured three or four times, but he always found himself very much -indisposed after it, till it broke out again, and the Matter had a -free Discharge: At length, upon his coming from Sea, it was healed -again, upon which he was seized with a violent Pain in his Head, Loss -of Appetite, which the next Day was succeeded by a violent Fever -and Looseness. His Physician ordered, among other Things, a large -Blister-Plaister, to be applyed to the Leg on which the Ulcer had been. -The Patient recovered; but what was very observable, was, that the Sore -the Blister-Plaister had made terminated in an ugly Ulcer, which would -not heal, though various Applications were made use of. If Nature had -been in this Case compelled, as it were, and forced to a Compliance in -the healing of this Ulcer, it is probable the Matter would have been -thrown upon another Part, and so occasioned a Disease there. - -By this we may see how cautious we ought to be not to proceed in -a Method contrary to the Dictates of Nature; for if we do, we -consequently disturb her regular Motions, upon which she oftentimes -commences a new Work, which, if it does not tend to the Subversion of -the whole Oeconomy, there ensues a Permutation of the Disease, by the -Translation of the Matter from one Part to another. - -It would be impossible to recount all the obscure Motions Nature makes -use of to accomplish such Ends: We will only mention some where the -Disease has been perfectly changed from what it was before by such -Methods. _Mear_ gives us an Instance of a Dropsie of the Breast, -which succeeded an ill-cured Hydrocele. _Hildanus_ observes, that an -inveterate Ulcer of the left Leg being unhappily healed up, the Patient -died of a Pleurisy some Months after. - -To this I may add an Observation of a Man that had an old Ulcer on -each Leg, which being attempted to be cured, as the Matter gradually -lessened, he was deprived of his Sight. There was no Alteration to -be observed in the Eyes of this Person, but only a Dilatation of the -Pupils, as is generally observed in a _Gutta Serena_, which was judged -to be his Case. In short, upon the running of the Sores, though he had -been perfectly blind, he effectually recovered his Sight again. - -I will not tire you, _Sir_, with the Recital of any more Cases of this -Nature. What has been hitherto said, I hope is sufficient to incline -you to believe, that the immediate Cause of the Death of the Child I -spoke of in the former part of the Letter was the Suppression of the -Matter, which had continued to discharge in such large Quantities so -long together. And that such a sudden Stoppage of a Discharge of Matter -may procure a Patient’s Death, though the Symptoms that proceed may be -different. I have likewise shewn the Difficulty there is in Diverting -the Tendency of the Matter to a Part, and mentioned how one Disease is -sometimes converted into another: But of what Use these Remarks may -be I leave you to judge. To me it seems reasonable enough to suppose, -that as a regular Method of Practice is not the Effect of a Man’s -Sagacity, but the Product of repeated Experiences, every thing that -occurs may tend, by a proper Application, to the Illustration of the -Art. What else has made some Men so famous for their Prognosticks? Had -not our great Master _Hippocrates_ a Respect to the Suppression of the -Discharge of Matter from Ulcers, when he expressed himself thus, _Ulcus -lividum & siccum, aut cum virore pallidum lethale est?_ And this we -have known to be true in several Cases. - -Well then, does not this sufficiently prove, that where we have -Cause to fear a Suppression of the Discharge, we ought to remove any -Impediment that may embarass Nature in her Work, and advise a proper -Method to promote the precipitating the morbific Matter? For so shall -we, by joining our Forces with those of Nature, still keep her in due -Course; and that when she is grown languid, and departing from her -former Measures. - -You must excuse me, if I digress a little to take notice of an -Observation that some Authors have made, _viz._ That from a dangerous -Fracture of the Skull, after Death the Liver has been often found -impostumated. They have been likewise very sollicitous to know which -way the Matter could be conveyed to so remote a _Viscus_; but it would -be needless for me to offer what has been said in this Case, because -it seems to be evident enough, that a Part of it is reassumed by the -Vessels; which, with that should have been discharged from the Mass of -Blood, is by the Circulation deposited in that Part. But here we may -start a considerable Problem, which is, How comes it to pass that the -Morbific Matter if it’s Discharge is suppressed, is thrown upon the -Liver rather than any other Part? In order to the Solution of this, -we ought to consider, That the Spleen is subservient to the Liver in -performing its Office, by giving the Blood a Check in it’s Progress, -whereby it’s Velocity is lessened; otherwise so thick a Juice as the -Bile could not be separated from it. Now the Motion of the Blood being -rendered abundantly slower in this Part, it is no wonder that the -Morbific Particles separate themselves from it, while the Filtration is -carrying on, and by their Assemblage form an Abscess in the Part. - -You may perhaps expect, _Sir_, that I should make an Apology to excuse -the Length of my Letter; but I assure you, the Pleasure I have taken -in writing it would oblige me to make it of a larger Extent, if I -did not find I should be forced to take notice of some things, which -may perhaps have a Place elsewhere. I have only this to add, that if -through the little time I have taken to write it in, I have in any part -omitted to pay that Respect as is due to you, I shall very readily ask -your Pardon. In the mean time I must own my self to be, - - _Your very much obliged Servant_, - - _Southwark_, W^m. Beckett. - _Aug_. 22, 1709. - - - - - OF A - - Wound of the Brain - - By a _BULLET_. - - To the SAME. - - -If you remember, _Sir_, in the History of the _Child’s Case_, which -I have before mentioned, it was observed, that notwithstanding the -violent Pressure upon the Brain, by the depressed Pieces of the -fractured Skull; yet the little Patient laboured under no worse -Symptom, than a Head-ach, and was in a Condition to walk about the -Chamber. This was really very remarkable; but if you will be pleased to -give your self the Trouble of reading the following Account, I do not -question but you will meet with something much more surprizing. - -On _November_ the 4th, 1707, it happened, that during an Engagement -between a small _English_ Vessel and a _French_ Privateer, near -_Margate_, one of our Men was unfortunately wounded by a _Bullet_, -which past through the middle of the _Os Frontis_. The Surgeon aboard -the Ship immediately enlarged the Wound, by making an Incision through -the Integuments, but could not discover the Bullet; whereupon he -dressed him up, and the same Day being set ashore, he was dispatched -for _London_. On _Thursday_ the 6th Day of the same Month, he arrived, -having walked much the greater part of the way in that time, which -is about 66 Miles; the same Day his Surgeon endeavoured to extract -some Pieces of the Bone, which discovered themselves through that -Aperture which was made by the Bullet, but without Success; for they -consisted chiefly of the internal Table, which were much larger than -the Hole in the external: Upon this the Wound was immediately drest -up, and a second Attempt was made a Day or two after; but it proved -as successless as the former. In the mean time, the Patient continued -to be very hearty and well, and seemed to be no more indisposed than -if he had only received a slight Wound of the Head. The opening the -Skull with the Trepan was proposed, and which would probably have -been put in Practice in a Day or two’s time: But on the Sabbath-Day -Morning following, after he had rested well all Night, he was seized -with such violent convulsive Motions as were very surprizing; during -which he expired. The Body being laid on a Table to be dissected, all -it’s Parts appeared so prodigiously inflated, that the Person, when a -live, being one of the largest Stature, it seemed perfectly monstrous. -A Puncture being made in any Part through the Integuments, there was -nothing discharged but a subtile Matter or Air; immediately after which -the Part subsided, though before on a Compressure of the Fingers it -would receive such an Impression as is observed in Oedematous Tumours; -but it would suddenly return to it’s former State. The Surface of -several of the Parts appeared livid and vesicated. The Skull being -opened, the Bullet dropped out of the Brain, all the Fore-part of -which was corrupted, and abounded with a thick yellowish Juice, of a -very offensive Smell; there were two or three very large Pieces of the -inner Table of the Skull, with some smaller that were found among the -lacerated Membranes, and lodged in the corrupted Brain. - -This Case is so particular, that it may not be amiss if we make some -Reflections on it. - -We are very well assured, _Sir_, that it has been a Matter of very -great Surprize to several ingenious Men, to consider how the various -Operations of the Body have continued to be performed, when those Parts -which were so absolutely necessary to the Well-being of the Animal, -have been naturally or accidentally disordered to such a degree, as -to suffer a perfect Confusion of their Parts: And of this we find -Variety of Instances in those Authors, who have very obligingly applied -themselves to relate the Histories of deceased morbid Bodies. But that -the Brain it self, which is the very Source and Principle of all Animal -Functions, should, after it has undergone such a Violation as we have -observed, continue several Days without incommoding the Person in the -least respect, is really very remarkable; for if we do but consider -what an absolute Necessity there is for a constant Supply of Animal -Spirits, to empower the Parts to perform their mechanical Actions, and -at the same time reflect on the Disorder and Corruption of that Part, -whose Office it was to secrete a sufficient Quantity of those Spirits, -we might very reasonably expect a considerable Alteration in the whole -Body. One might very well think, that from the Deficiency of Spirits -that would ensue, the Parts could no longer continue to perform their -Actions, but must gradually lose their Power and Spring, and at length -become in a manner destitute of Motion: For we can scarce perswade -our selves, that Nature in this Case is so provident as to suffer -the _Cerebellum_ and _Medulla Spinalis_ to filtrate the Spirits in a -greater Quantity, that they might supply the Exigencies of the Body. - -There still remains some considerable _Phænomena_ to be accounted -for, as the convulsive Motions, the prodigious Inflation of the Body, -_&c._ As to the former, it may be perhaps accountable from the violent -Conflict we may imagine to have happened on the mutual Engagement of -the Juice that was found so plentiful in the corrupted Brain, and -that which had undergone no Alteration from it’s original Purity. Add -to this, that the Animal Spirits in the Nerves receiving some ill -Impressions by the Accession of some of those impure Particles, could -no longer sally out upon the Command of the Will to any particular -Part, but must consequently so irritate the Nerves, as to cause their -Extremities to contract themselves; upon which Account the Blood -becomes imprisoned in the muscular Fibres, which abridging their -Length by enlarging their Diameters, the Parts must necessarily suffer -involuntary Contractions: At the same time those minute Capillary -Extremities, which terminated in the Miliary Glands, were probably so -contracted, or crispt up, as perfectly to close the Orifices of the -excretory Ducts of those Glands, which are the only sudatory Pores: -By this means all that vast Quantity of Matter which is usually -discharged by insensible Transpiration, became imprisoned underneath -the Integuments of the Body, and so distended all its Parts to such -a prodigious Degree, as was observed. This Constipation of the -excretory Ducts, and crisping up of the Extremities of the Nerves, -might likewise have a considerable Effect on the small Branches of -the Arteries and Veins which accompanied them; for by this means the -Blood they contained might be obliged to stagnate in the Glands, which -must occasion an Enlargement of the Diameters of those minute Vessels; -and so the livid Colour which was extended on several Parts might be -probably procured: Besides this, the Blood being in such a comprest -State, some of its more fluid Parts might be exprest from it, which -lodging underneath the _Cuticula_, might make the Parts appear to be -vesicated; there is nothing more certain, than that Animal Bodies -perspire after Death; or that the perspirable Matter continues to pass -off as long as the Body retains any Warmth. This is confirmed by an -Experiment of Sir _Thomas Browne_, in his _Pseudodoxica Epidemica_, -where he tells us, That “upon exactly weighing and strangling a Chicken -in the Scales, upon an immediate Ponderation he could discover no -sensible Difference in Weight; but suffering it to lie 8 or 10 Hours, -till it grew perfectly cold, it weighed most sensibly lighter. The -like, says our Author, we attempted and verified in Mice, and performed -their Trials in Scales that would turn upon the 8th or 10th part of a -Grain.” - - _I am, Sir_, - - _Yours_, &c. - - W. B. - - - - - NEW - - DISCOVERIES - - CONCERNING - - CANCERS. - - ADDRESSED TO - - _Charles Bernard_, Esq; - - Serjeant-Surgeon, - - AND - - Surgeon in Ordinary, to Her Majesty Queen - - _ANNE_. - - -_SIR_, - -I look upon it as a peculiar Happiness, to live in an Age when Men of -our Profession consider, that as the Art is capable of receiving daily -Improvements; useful Discoveries, confirmed by Experiments, ought to -receive the joint Concurrence of their good Wishes; notwithstanding, -they may contradict an Opinion that has been almost universally -received. These we shall always find, are the Gentlemen who in -opposition to those Bigots whose Tempers discover them to be the -Votaries of a few opinionative Men, endeavour to guide their Judgments -by Reason, backed with judicious Observations, and whatever Arguments -are produced, will never go about to controul Matters of Fact. It is -a grand Truth that Necessity gave Being to _Physick_ and _Surgery_, -and Experience is the only Way to bring them to Perfection; but it is -much to be lamented by them that are Well-Wishers to those Arts that -the Persons which are perhaps capable of advancing them most, devote -themselves so much to speculative Fictions (the Effects of teeming -Brains) that some have pretended with a magisterial Air to dictate, -even to Experience itself. In such a Case it would be needless to go -about to offer Arguments sufficient to disengage their Inclinations, -Time only must discover to them their Error, when it makes them -sensible they have, to no Purpose, persisted in the Pursuit of -frivolous Niceties; for in reality, the Benefit of Mankind in general -is deduced from Practical Truths. The Thoughts of this are sufficient -to inspire every generous Soul with an ardent Desire of discovering -something that may be of so universal an Advantage: As for my own Part, -I was not animated to concern my self in the Undertaking I have engaged -in, by a Prospect of gaining that Honour that is often liberally -bestowed on those that mint new _Hypotheses_, or make new Discoveries; -my only Design was to inform my self, whether some of those Diseases, -which are generally reputed incureable, are not actually in themselves -curable, and by this means to wipe off a Reproach which has been cast -on Nature, when in reality it proceeds only from our own Weakness, and -the Infirmity of our Art. A diligent Application to those Distempers -which baffle us most, has been frequently recommended by very reputable -Authors, and some of those who have obliged us with the Histories of -_Diseased Persons_, have very often mentioned considerable Cures, which -have been happily performed after the Patients have been looked upon -by some as incurable. _Hippocrates_ tells us, _Lib._ 2 _Aph._ 52. _Si -Medico secundum rectam Rationem Facienti, Curatio non statim succedat, -non est tamen mutanda Methodus, quamdiu id restat quod à Principio -visum est._ I am fully persuaded that most Practitioners in _Surgery_ -have at some Time or other, by an industrious Application, been -successfull where Art could not warrant a Cure. As to the _Disease_ I -propose to make the chief Subject of this Letter, tho’ it be generally -branded with the Character of Incurable, I must freely own I never -could discover any thing essential to it in general that should make -it so; it is true, there are many _Diseases_ that are not to be cured, -where certain Circumstances are conjoined, which very much contribute -to the Misfortune; tho’ Others of the same _Class_ exempt from those -Adherents may, perhaps, be happily enough cured; Thus for Instance. In -_Cancers_ we have but little Reason to expect a Cure in a Person that -is old, if the _Cancer_ has been of many Years standing, and is firmly -fixed to the Ribs; but if the Patient be not so far advanced in Years -as to be uncapable of receiving the Benefit of Nature by the regular -Discharge of the _Menses_ and the _Cancer_ be loose; notwithstanding, -it be Ulcerated, over-spread with fungous Flesh, discharge a filthy -Matter, and smell very offensively; we do upon Experience affirm that -such a Patient may be cured. We must own we cannot be of the Opinion -of the _Paracelsians_, who affirm there is no _Disease_ but what is -curable in any Patient, for the Reason we have given; nor can we -with the _Galenists_, agree that the _Gout_, _Dead-palsie_, _Stone_, -_Cancer_, &c. are _Diseases_ absolutely incurable; because Experience -discovers the contrary. We find that Mr _Boyle_ is of the same Opinion, -and thinks it were no ill Piece of Service to Mankind, if a severe -Collection were made of the Cures of such Persons as have been judged -irrecoverable by the _Doctors_; that Men might no longer excuse their -own Ignorance by the Impotency of Nature, and bare the World in Hand, -as if the Art of _Physick_ and their Skill, were of the same Extent. -There seems to be one very effectual Way to rescue the medicinal Art -from the Aspersions of some bold Persons; and that is that of a certain -Number of regular Practitioners in _Physick_ and _Surgery_, each of -them should apply himself to the Study of one particular _Disease_: By -this means we should soon find they would be capable of surmounting -those Difficulties that have all along baffled the most Judicious of -the general Practicers. How odd, and disagreeable this Opinion may -seem to some Men I know not; but I assure you, _Sir_, I find it of -a very ancient Date; for _Herodotus_, a _Greek Historian_ informs -us, that before his Time, the _Physicians_ in _Egypt_ used to apply -themselves to the Study and Advancement of one _Disease_ in particular. -_Baricellus_, and _Lionardo di Capoa_, observe the same likewise, in -Relation to the Practice of _Physick_ in that Country. _Baglivi_, in -the Scheme he lays down for erecting of Colleges for the Improvement -of _Physick_, tells us, that every Fellow of his Literate Society -must have one _Disease_ allotted him for the Task of his whole Life; -and which elsewhere he says is not sufficient for the illustrating -the Province of one _Disease_; but that we lie under a Necessity of -taking in Materials from all Hands. But there is no Man that we know -of, has spoke more agreeably of this Matter than Dr _Harris_, in his -_Pharmacologia Anti-Empirica_, he owns that he took more than ordinary -Pains in one particular _Disease_, and assures us he verily believes if -learned Men, after a compleat Acquisition of the universal Method of -_Physick_, and a necessary Search into the Nature and Cures of those -manifold Infirmities and Diseases, which, with a kind of infinite -Variety, do afflict Mankind, would, with their utmost Vigour and -Resolution, prosecute the Knowledge of some one _Disease_ eminently -above others; they would, most certainly, find a particular Providence -attending and assisting them in so good and honest a Design. He adds, -a few Pages farther, that wherever a Man’s Thoughts are intent and -fixed, wherever his Genius does naturally incline, and all his Aims -and Application do continually tend, whether it be to pertinent or -insignificant Matters; whether it be to useful, or else meerly curious -Things; if he has but tolerable Parts, and Education corresponding, -he can hardly ever miss; it is hardly possible he should miss the -becoming Eminent, and in great Measure perfect, (I mean perfect (says -he) according to the Modulum of Human Capacity) in that one Point. -But there is one Thing to be recommended to the Consideration of -the Person, who takes upon him the Enquiry into the Nature of one -particular _Disease_, which perhaps he might be very liable to err in, -if not cautioned against; and that is, that he be not too bold and rash -in his Attempts; for, as _Galen_ says, _The_ Physician’s _Art is not -like that of an_ Artificer, _who may make what Experiments he pleases, -to satisfy his Curiosity; because if he spoils the Materials he works -on, no Body is endangered by the Miscarriage: In Corpore autem humane_ -(adds he) _ea tentare quæ non sunt Experientium comprobata Periculo -non vacat, cum temerariæ Experientiæ Finis sit totius Animantis -internecio_. I believe we shall find that one of the grand Reasons, -why Persons, generally speaking, have been so negligent in making any -Attempts on _Cancers_, has been the seeming Discouragement they have -all along met with from Authors. The Caution _Hypocrates_ has given us -in his Thirty eighth _Aphor. Sect._ 6. has scarce been omitted by any -one considerable Person that has wrote of this Subject, tho’ perhaps -the Sentence has often had an Exposition put upon it, contrary to the -Author’s Meaning; but of this, more in it’s proper Place. I proceed -now to give an Idea of _Cancers_ in the Breast from an external Cause; -and this I shall do without concerning my self with the Opinion of the -Ancients; for since we have been so happy as to live in an Age which -will be remarkable for the many surprising Discoveries which have been -made in _Anatomy_: We should be reckoned unworthy the Advantages we -enjoy, if we did not study to apply them to the Benefit of Mankind in -general. The more inquisitive and learned Part of the World, are at -this time very well assured that the Animal Body is an exquisitely -framed Machine, and that it’s Composure is little else than a Compages -of branching and winding Canals, which are kept to a moderate Degree -of Extention, by Fluids of different Natures; and that the Motions of -these were first determined by the divine Architect: Thus in a natural -State, the whole _Fabrick_ is governed by certain Laws impressed -on the Fluids; and we often find the unhappy Consequences of the -Discomposure of a Part, to discover themselves first by an Interruption -of the Motion of the animal Juices. Thus in a _Cancer_ of the Breast -which proceeds from a Blow or Bruise (as upon strict Enquiry we have -found they most commonly do) is it not probable that by such means a -Confusion of the true Order of the little Glandulous Grains and their -excretory Ducts may happen? and at the same time an extravasated -_Lympha_ may lodge in such a spungy Texture, which in time becoming -viscid, will coalesce with the Glandular Substance, and form a _Mass_ -considerably compact? Now this being so, it is reasonable to believe -that as the Lymphatic Juice continues its Motion till it arrives at -the indurated Part, its Passage must be embarrassed there; upon which, -it will soon be qualified for an Union with the remaining Part of the -glandulous Substance of the Breast; and so the whole be perfectly -changed from what it was before. This _Hypothesis_ is in a great -Measure grounded on Experiments; for if we express a Juice from some -of the _Cancerous Mass_, and hold some of it in a Spoon over a Fire, -there immediately flys off a small Vapour, and the Remainder hardens -not unlike the white of an Egg boiled; this shows it to have the -Properties of the _Lympha_; for the Chymical _Analysis_ of that Liquor -assures us it is a Composition of a great deal of fixt _Sulphur_, a -little _Volatile_, some _Phlegm_, and much _Volatile Alkalie_; to -which some add a little Earth: Now while the _Volatile Alkalie_ keeps -the Sulphur dissolved, the _Lympha_ remains in a State of Fluidity; -but when, by making the same Experiment, the _Volatile Alkalie_ is -evaporated, the Remainder hardens, and forms a pretty compact, whitish -Substance. From hence the judicious _SURGEON_ may easily deduce the -Reason why these Sort of Tumours can never be brought to Suppuration. -We shall not be so particular as to mention those _Cancers_ which -proceed from internal Causes, nor several other things which relate to -the former; for what we have here said, we look upon to be commonly -the Method of the Formation of them; and as such, we did endeavour -to calculate Remedies that should peculiarly operate on the _Mass_, -so as to dis-unite the firm Cohæsion of its Parts, and dispose them -to separate and come away, without any great Inconvenience to the -Patient; which is what we would _recommend_ with all the Earnestness -imaginable to those that are desirous of discovering a Method of curing -_Cancers_. We were before sensible that it was possible for one Body -to operate on another determinate Body, without being able to have -any such Effect on innumerable Others; as _Quicksilver_ will desolve -Gold, _Aqua-fortis_ Iron, _Vinegar_ the Shell of an Egg, _Oyl_ common -Sulphur, _&c._ which will not have any such Effect on several other -Bodies; for there is nothing more certain than that the Operations of -Dissolvents are so determined by the various Texture of the Bodies -on which they are employed, that a Liquor that is capable to corrode -a more hard and solid Body, may be unable to disunite the Parts of -one more soft and thin, if of a Texture indisposed to admit the small -Parts of the _Menstruum_. It may be expected I should say something in -relation to that which is generally looked upon to be the grand Cause -of the Incurableness of _Cancers_, I mean the acid Humour in the Blood. -But if those Gentlemen who are fond of entertaining this Opinion, do -but consider that _Cancers_ are often formed in a perfect State of -Health; and that during the Time the Cancerous Substance dissolves, -and comes away according to our Method, the Sides will run a digested -Matter, and heal by the Application of dry Lint only; they will be of -my Opinion, that neither the _Atrabile_ of the Ancients, the corrosive -_Alkalious_ Salt of the _Chymists_, nor the predominant _Acid_ of the -Rest of the Moderns, are capable of procuring those Alterations that -_Cancers_ are sometimes attended with. If we trace the Writings of our -Predecessors to their earliest Date, we shall find that many of them -have made Mention of the Roots of the _Cancer_, which they took to be -the large blew Veins that are often extended on its Surface; and the -entire Removal of these they thought to be absolutely necessary, or -the Patient could not be cured: But I believe there is no Body at this -Time that considers the _Mechanism_ of the Parts in such a Condition, -but will agree they are the necessary Consequents of it, and that -their Absence, or Presence is of no Importance; that the _Cancer_ is -sometimes attended with Adherents, or Appendices, which may very well -resemble Roots, we are assured; but these generally lay deep, and not -easily discovered; the most considerable One that ever we saw was very -near Five Inches long, and of an unequal Bigness, some Part of it did -not exceed the Largeness of a _Goose_’s Quill, but some others were -near as big as the Top of the Thumb, which resembled so many Knots in -it, it divided in the Middle, and continued separated about an Inch and -a Half, and then re-united, it was of a more tender Substance than the -Body of the _Cancerous Mass_, but of the same Colour, and was probably -the Juice that was last applied to the _Cancer_, which assumed a Form -agreeable to the Cavities it lodged it self in. Such Adherents as these -are, I am more inclined to believe, are the Cause of the unsuccessful -Attempts on _Cancers_, than any _Acid_ in the Blood; for I am of -opinion there are few Persons unacquainted with Medicines that are -capable of correcting its _Acidity_ when it happens; and had the Cure -of _Cancers_ depended on that, I am positive they would not at this -Time have had such ill Character. We have before shewed that _Cancers_ -have generally their Rise from a Blow or Bruise, and that when the Body -is in an healthful Condition, and the Blood and _Lympha_ temperate and -sweet: Now if there always is an _Acidity_ of the Blood when Persons -are afflicted with _Cancers_, the _Cancers_ must sometimes cause it, -and not the _Acid_ in the Blood the _Cancers_, as is the Opinion of -most of the Moderns. What has been hitherto said, is sufficient to -prove that if Men will be always so sluggish as to acquiesce in the -Dictates and Dogmatical Positions of their Predecessors, and not exert -their Faculties in endeavouring to undeceive themselves; we must no -longer expect our Art will receive any Advancements, but as Slaves -to their Opinions content our selves with what we know already. Were -not _Parisani_, _Riolan_ the Son, and _Plempius_, so much in the -Interest of the Ancients, that when our Country-man, the assiduous -_Harvey_, had discovered the Circulation of the Blood, they not only -opposed his plain Demonstrations, but engaged in vigorous Disputes -against him, tho’ at the last they were obliged shamefully to recant -their Follies. _Celsus_ tells us, _Vix ulla perpetua Præcepta Ars -Medicinalis recipit_; scarce any of the Precepts of the Medicinal -Art are perpetual. And shall we engage then in the List with a few -opinionative Men, that ground their Course of Practice on those Methods -only, in which they have been brought up, and implicitly assent to the -Conjectures of others. No certainly, this would be to strangle Truth, -and extinguish the Vigour of our Wits with precarious Authorities. -Consonant to this, Dr _Paxton_, in his lately published Treatise, -tells us, _Thus Men, out of a trifling Distrust of their own Parts, -will not use them; or out of Laziness of Temper, will not employ them, -chusing rather to be wise or learned, by being adorned with Others -Whimsies, than undergo any Labour, Fatigue, or Trouble of being really -so_. I believe there are some Men that would rather contradict their -Senses than deny the Authority of a darling Opinion: Of this, we have -a sufficient Proof in an Instance, related by an _Italian_ Author -before-mentioned. He tells us, _That a certain Publick Reader long -Time versed and grown Old in the Books of_ Aristotle _being one Day -present at a Dissection, and clearly seeing that the_ Vena Cava _takes -its Rise from the Liver, confessed with Astonishment what his Senses -discovered to him, but that he ought not therefore, by crediting his -Senses, to contradict his Master, who constantly affirms all the Veins -in Man’s Body to have their Original from the Heart; because, said he, -it is much more easy for our Senses to be sometimes deceived, than the -Great and Sovereign_ Aristotle. I here seriously confess, I have as -much Veneration for Antiquity as any Person whatsoever; but it would be -ridiculous, if, as One says, we should so far forego our own Judgments -as always to follow the Foot-steps of Others, and to be certain of -nothing our selves: For this would be to see with others Eyes, to hear -with others Ears, and to understand with other Men’s Intellects; so -that whenever we make Quotations from the Ancients to strengthen our -Opinions, we ought to do it judiciously, and fully consider, whether -their Notions of Things are consonant to the Experience of these Times. -To prove to you, _Sir_, that I have not proceeded to apply my self -to the Cure of so formidable a Disease, without a Precedent, I shall -instance to you that _Fuschius_, a learned _Italian Surgeon_, had such -a wonderful Reputation for it formerly, that some Authors say he was -distinguished by a particular Title, which discovered his Success. His -Method I have made use of, and tho’ by passing thro’ several Hands -(the Author being mentioned by few) it has been stampt with wonderful -Encomiums, I have not hitherto found it deserves it, notwithstanding I -did not omit the most minute Circumstance in preparing the Medicine, -or prosecuting the Directions; but in its proper Place, I shall take -particular Notice of this, and several other Remedies, that have been -recommended by some Authors, as substantial and extremely useful; -for if in One or Two Instances they have been crowned with Success, -by Degrees they are handed down as infallible in all Diseases of the -like Form. To the former Account I may add, that Monsieur _Alliot_, -_Physician_ to the Duke of _Lorrain_, has applied himself to the -Cure of this Disease very successfully, as a _Schedule_ he published -at _Paris_ some Years ago informs us; we are likewise assured by Mr -_Boyle_ that Dr _Haberfield_, one of the Principal _Physicians_ of -_Bohemia_, has had extraordinary Success in the Cure of _Cancers_; -and the Sieur _Gendron_, Doctor of _Physick_ in the University of -_Montpelier_, has done extreamly well on that Head; the latter of -these Gentlemen I cannot mention, without making an Apology for not -Publishing our Annotations on his Enquiries relating to _Cancers_ which -was promised at the latter End of our Chirurgical Remarks, Printed -above a Year ago; but I assure you, _Sir_, I was more inclined for some -Reasons to offer what is therein contained, with several Observations -made with the greatest Exactness, and to which, perhaps I may have an -Opportunity of making several Additions, in a particular Treatise, -so that the whole may conspire to finish a compleat Account of this -Disease. I had at first a Design of enlarging considerably on this -Subject in this Letter by adding various Things, but considering they -might better find a Place in what I just now mentioned, and that you -did not desire an exact History of the Disease, I resolved to omit -them. I shall now proceed to give you some Instances of the Success -of our Method, as being what you are most solicitous of, the Cases -I shall relate shall be each of them different from the other, for I -know you do not approve of that pompous Method of some Persons, that -enumerate abundance of Instances of Cures when perhaps there is no -great Difference in the Cases or the Method of treating them. - -The most considerable Case that offered it self during our first -Enquiries into the Nature of _Cancers_, was that of a Woman, who -about Four Years before received a Blow on one of her Breasts, upon -which it began to swell, grow painful, and after some time became all -over livid, and of so prodigious a Bigness and Weight, that she was -obliged to keep it suspended by a Napkin round her Neck: But in regard -our Method was not put in Practice till by other Applications it was -become ulcerated, we shall speak of it as such. The Patient, then, at -this time complained of a very violent Pain, which extended it self -to the Back and Shoulder, by the Communication of the Nerves (for -those of the Breast come from the fifth Pair of the Spine, and from a -_Plexus_ about the _Clavicels_.) To remedy this, she had taken no small -Quantity of _Hypnotic_ Medicines, which, without Doubt, destroy the -due Texture of the Blood, and so become prejudicial to the Patient, -and disadvantagious to the _Surgeon_ that proposes a Cure. But because -Persons generally find some Relief by Opiates, as they retard the -determined Motion of the Blood, straiten the Nerves, and check the -tumultuous and disorderly Influx of the Spirits; so, probably, in -these Cases, their Use will be continued. Besides the acute Pain, the -_Cancer_ was over-spread with fungous Flesh, its lower Part extreamly -hard, knotty, blackish, and its Basis seemed inclinable to fix; the -Matter which was discharged was thin, reddish, and stank abominably. -This was the Condition of this poor Woman, when we first applied our -grand Dissolvent; the Pain she was attended with the first and second -Day after was inconsiderable, nor did she complain of more afterwards, -than would have been procured by the most mild and easy Remedy the -Dispensatory affords. In four Days Time we found a very evident -Alteration for the Better; for the Consistence of the Matter was -changed, and the Surface of the _Cancerous Mass_ became somewhat soft, -we continued the Use of the same Medicine, and in a few Days more some -part of the _Cancer_ came away with the dressing. In short, in about -six Weeks time, the whole Substance was entirely gone, and nothing -remained to be done but to heal the Ulcer, which was effected in about -a Fortnight. During the time she was under Cure we gave her a proper -internal Medicine, not calculated to destroy the Acidity of the Blood, -but to dispose the whole _Cancerous Mass_, with its Appendices to come -away, which might otherwise, as the Seeds of the Disease, cause it to -spring again: Thus was this Patient, (after so great a Fatigue she had -undergone before she came to me) perfectly cured, and has continued so -to this Time, without any manner of Inconvenience as she lately told -me, it being a long time since she has been well. - -A Gentlewoman near fifty Years of Age, by some Accident received a Blow -on her left Breast, which in a few Days was succeeded by a considerable -Tumour, whereupon she applyed herself to a _Surgeon_, who immediately -let her Blood, ordered her to take the _Lap. Hibern._ in Posset-Drink, -and embrocated the Breast with _Ol. Succini_: By the use of these Means -the Swelling was much abated, a small Hardness only remaining, which -did not exceed a small Wallnut in Bigness; in this State, with very -little Pain, she continued above a Year; but being persuaded to apply -an _Emp. de Ran. cum Mer._ to it, it encreased very apparently, was -extreamly painful, and in Seven Months time became as big as a large -Egg: After this she made use of a Woman who was reputed Famous for -these Cases; but by One or Two of her Applications the Tumour became -as big again as before: In short it continued to encrease gradually -from that time, till the whole Breast, which was of a monstrous -Bigness, and which was judged not to weigh less than Eight Pound, in -time became entirely _Cancerous_. It was at this time that I saw it the -Skin was very livid, looking sleek and shining, and seemed ready to -open, as being scarce capable of longer containing such a prodigious -hard _Mass_ as laid concealed under it, and was in all Probability as -big as the Breasts of the _Ammonian_ Women, of which _Juvenal_ thus -speaks, _In Meroe, crasso majorem Infante Mamillam_. She had been with -various experienced and reputable _Surgeons_ before, among which was -One not long ago deceased, who was justly looked upon as an Ornament -of his Profession; but not one would willingly attempt a real Cure by -cutting it off, or any other Way: They only prescribed some palliating -Remedies to remove the Pain and prevent its Breaking. I was animated -by my former Successes, and prevailed with my self to undertake it, -not thinking I was at all blameable if my Success in so extraordinary -an Affair contradicted the Prognosticks of so many worthy Gentlemen; -and though it did, I shall at all times think my self obliged to pay -a Deference to them. I began the Cure by removing the Integuments -from the upper Part of the Cancerous Substance, but did not wait -for a Separation of the Slough the Escarotick made for fear of being -incommoded in my Procedure by a Fungus; For this Reason I mixed some -of our Dissolvent with a digestive Ointment, by which Means I had a -Part of the _Cancerous Mass_ came away with it, without any Trouble to -my Patient. I continued this Method of Dressing several Days longer, -with very little Alteration; but upon a Complaint of a Pain between -the Shoulders, I was obliged to change my Medicine, and foment the -_Cancer_ with an Infusion of some of those Herbs that contain many -_Volatile_ attenuating and active Particles. And here I cannot but -remark, by the by, that Applications to the pained Part would have been -of no Effect, as I have many times observed, and particularly in a -Woman which had a Cancerated Breast, that was violently afflicted with -a Pain in her Arm on the same Side, which would not be removed by any -of the Applications the Person that had the Care of her made use of -the affected Arm. To this I might subjoin a very pertinent Case from -_Galen_; but I fear I shall digress too far. The Pain of my Patient’s -Back being removed, I proceeded to apply the Dissolvent, which so -softened the Superficies of the _Cancerous Mass_ that in Three or Four -Days Time I could take off above a Quarter of a Pound of it with the -Edge or Back of my Incision Knife, and my Patient not so much as feel -me, this I continued to accustom my self to, because it would have -been more tedious to have waited for the coming away of the _Cancerous -Mass_ of it self. Sometimes I varied my Applications as I saw Occasion, -but, as my Patient confessed, I scarce put her to any more Pain during -the Time her Breast was dissolving (abating for the Pain of her Back) -than there is in the dressing of an Issue. The prodigious Bigness of -the _Cancerous Mass_ made the Cure the more tedious, for it was above -Three Months before all of it was entirely dissolved and gone; but this -being at length surprisingly and very happily effected the _Cancerous -Ulcer_ (the last Part of the _Cancer_ that came away left) was incarned -and cicatrized by an Infusion of vulnerary Herbs, to which was added -a small Quantity of Tincture of Myrrh: Thus was this Cure entirely -compleated and my Success in it confirmed that _French_ Proverb, which -says, _It is better to be condemned to die by the Doctor, than by the -Judge._ I did not make use of that internal Medicine I mentioned in the -former Case, because here I found no pressing Necessity for the Use of -it, but some other proper Physick was taken to dispose the Ulcer to -heal, as one would have done in any other Case. Upon the whole of this -Cure, I cannot say whether I had more Trouble with the _Cancer_, or -in endeavouring to oblige my Patient to a strict Observance of some of -the Non-Naturals she so often erred in. There is nothing can create a -greater Trouble to the _Surgeon_, than to find Patients negligent of -their Healths, by not endeavouring to prevent or regulate Miscarriages, -nor taking so much Care of themselves, as they expect the _Surgeon_ -should take of them. The Rules and Directions of _Physicians_ and -_Surgeons_, given to their Patients, we have Reason to believe were not -so often violated formerly; for in some Places they obliged themselves -very strictly to the Observance of them, and some Historians give us -an Account that _Selucus_ made a Law; that if any of the _Epizephyrian -Locrians_ drank Wine, contrary to the _Physician_’s Direction, though -they escaped the ill Consequents that might have attended it, Death was -their Punishment, because they did contrary to what was prescribed them. - -A Woman about Thirty Years of Age had been for a considerable Time -afflicted with a hard painful Tumour under her Tongue, for the Cure of -which she had applied her self to various Persons, but without Success. -When I saw her I found the Swelling to be hard, painful, of a livid -Appearance, and incommoded her so much in speaking, that she could -not pronounce her Words articulately. I was of the Opinion of some -Gentlemen that had seen it before me, _viz._ That it was undoubtedly -_Cancerous_, and as such I proceeded to cure it; but I met with more -Difficulties in this Case than I at first expected, for after I thought -the _Cancerous Substance_ had been entirely dissolved, and I had -reduced the Ulcer to a very narrow Compass, it began to swell again, -and in a short Time enlarged it self to almost the Bigness it was at -first: This put me upon a Necessity of making an Incision into the Body -of the Tumour, that I might commodiously come at the remaining Part, -and so dispose some little Dossels of Lint, armed with our Dissolvent, -that they might have their desired Effect, and this in every Respect -answered what we proposed; so that we proceeded immediately to incarn -the Ulcer, which we did by a Lotion prepared of an Infusion of some -vulnerary Herbs, and _Mel. Rosar_. Thus was this Woman perfectly cured, -and has continued well about a Year. - -Because I have always found greater Difficulty in treating _Cancers_ -of the Mouth and Lips than those of the Breast, I will here relate an -Instance of one upon the lower Lip that proved extreamly troublesome. -It sometimes happens that one, or more, of those Glands which are -spread on the Inside of the Cheeks and Lips, called _Buccales_ and -_Labiales_, receive some Damage by a Bite or Blow; upon which they -generally tumefy very much, become painful, and in Process of Time (if -proper Means are not made use of) may become _Cancerous_. Such was the -Case of a Woman about Thirty Years of Age, who having had a Blow on her -lower Lip, neglected it till it was considerably tumefied, grew very -painful, and became extreamly troublesome to her. The Circumference of -the Swelling when I saw it, which was many Months after the Blow was -received, was very much inflamed, and a small Quantity of _Icorous_ -Matter discharged from several small Pustules, which over-spread it; -the Middle, which was the Body of the _Cancer_, was hard, of a whitish -Colour, and moveable; it’s Sides being only connected to the contiguous -Parts by some small Filaments that were detached from it. The same -Thing Doctor _Gendron_ has discovered in an ulcerated _Cancer_ on the -Forehead of the Servant of a certain _Marquess_, as he observes in his -Third _Chapter_ of the Tract we have before mentioned. I began with my -Patient by applying cool and temperate Remedies, till the Inflammation -was considerably abated; after this I applied our Dissolvent, which -operated so mildly that my Patient was not sensible of near so much -Pain as before she was apprehensive of: In short, the Body of the -_Cancer_ was removed and a good digested Matter discharged from the -Sore. Now all the Difficulty was after what Manner we should proceed -to dispose the little _Cancerous_ Branches in the Skin to come away, -but this we effected after the following Manner; the Consistent of -the Medicine we before applyed, was such as was no way qualified for -rooting out the Cancerous Filaments, whereupon we were obliged to -procure it’s Dissolution in a proper Menstruum, though it required a -considerable Time to do it; by this means, we soon found, that what -before was ineffectual was now capable of effecting what we desired. -This being done, the Ulcer was incarned by a Sarcotick Infusion (for I -never use Ointments in these Cases) and cicatrized by the common drying -Plaisters. It is to be observed, that the Scar still continues hollow -(it having been healed near Two Years) and not like those that are the -Consequents of well ordered simple Ulcers. - -The following Observation contains an Account of one that was cured of -an incipient _Cancer_ in her Breast, by Internals. I was the rather -inclined to set down the whole Process of this Cure, because by -these, or such like Medicines, Persons under the same Circumstances -may perhaps be cured, though by some they may be thought incurable. -The Case is this; A Gentlewoman, Thirty Years of Age, of a thin -spare Habit of Body, by some Accident received a Blow upon One of her -Breasts, which put her to an immediate Pain, and that very acute; -but it lessened upon her being let Blood, and the Application of a -discutient Plaister: However, in a few Days, some of the glandulous -Grains of the Breast became indurated, and in Process of Time, by their -Increase, they were rendered painful. At this Time she sought out for -fresh Advice, and continued Two Months under the Care of a Person she -was recommended to; but Things not succeeding according to Expectation, -she became a Patient to Three or Four more. During this Time the Lump -continued to encrease but slowly, and at the Expiration of Six Months -it appeared to be a very hard painful Tumour in the Middle of the -Breast, but no bigger than a Hen-Egg; whereupon it was thought proper -to commence her Method of Cure by exhibiting the following _Pills_. ℞ -_Pill. Tartar. Quercetan._ ʒß. _Calomel_ gr. viii. _F. Pill._ N^{o.} -5. These were likewise continued twice a Week during the whole Cure; -after this, was ordered the following Infusion, ℞ _Vin. Rhenan._ ℔ii. -_Milleped._ ℥ii. _Ocul. Canc._ ℥ß _Croci._ ʒii. This was not to be -taken alone, but when it had stood Four and Twenty Hours, three or -four Spoons-full of it was to be mixed with a Draught of the ensuing -Dietetick-Drink, and taken in the Morning, and at Four of the Clock in -the Afternoon. ℞ _Rad. Sarsaparill._ ℥ii. _Chinæ_ ʒvi. _Fig. Sassafr._ -℥i. _Corn. Cervi_, ℥_Sem. Correand._ ℥ß. _Sant. Rub._ ʒii. _Coq. in -aq. Font. Congiis 4 per Horæ dimidium, deinde stent Clause super -Cineres Calidos per Horas_ xii; _postea ebulliant ad tertiæ Partis -Consumptionem_. By the Continuance of these Means about two Months, -and observing a regular Method of living, the Cure of this Patient was -effected; though by some she had been looked upon as incurable, unless -she would submit the cutting it out, which is not often attended with -Success. - -Perhaps, _Sir_, here you may object, that it is acting disengenuously, -and not like a Friend, to give you an Account of those Persons only -where I have succeeded. To this I answer, that excepting one Woman, -that was emaciated almost to the last Degree by the excessive Discharge -of a fætid Icorous Matter from her Breast, and an Abscess under her -Arm, and who was carried off by a violent Loosness, I never had a -Person miscarried under my Care, where I proposed a Cure. That poor -Woman I suffered my self to be persuaded to take care of, having but -little Prospect of effecting it, yet my Endeavours succeeded so well, -that had it been in our Power to put a Stop to her Loosness, I am of -opinion she might have been cured. - -What has been hitherto said, I do not question but is sufficient to -satisfy you, that this formidable _Disease_ is not so rebellious, but -that it may be sometimes conquered by Art; and I might here relate a -Case I have at this present Writing, wherein not only a Part of the -_Cancer_ was fixed, but there were hard _Cancerous_ Knots extended -to the Arm-pit; and yet this seems to be almost well; the Ulcer that -remains, and which heals daily, not being much broader than a Crown -Piece. But in regard the Patient is not entirely cured, I shall reserve -this Relation untill another Opportunity; though I will embrace the -present to assure you that I am, - - _SIR_, - - _Your very respectful Brother, - - and Humble Servant,_ - - W^m. Beckett. - - _Hatton-Garden, - July 12, 1711._ - - - - - _A Solution of some Curious_ Problems _concerning_ Cancers. - - -PROBLEM I. - -_Whether the Cancerous Juice is Corrosive, or not._ - -[Sidenote: _Vide_ Riolanus, _Cap._ 13. _Sect._ 2.] We cannot come to a -certain Knowledge of the Principles of the Juice which is lodged in the -Cancerous Substance, although it enjoyed the very same Properties, of -that which is discharged from an ulcerated _Cancer_, from the Account -which Authors have given of the latter; for they have differed very -much in determining the Nature of the Salts, with which they suppose -it abounds. _Helmont_, _Van Horne_, and most of those Gentlemen that -were Chymically inclined, were of Opinion they belonged to the Alkaline -Family, but a far greater Number than those, have thought they are -Acid. _Riolan_, the Father, in his Chirurgical Works, without giving -his Opinion what the constituent Parts of the purulent Matter are, -affirmed it to be as strong as Poison, and that no Death could be -devised too cruel for such a One as should give it to a Man. This -brings to my Remembrance a very unhappy Accident a Gentleman informed -me of that befel Mr _Smith_, one of the _Surgeons_ of St _Thomas_’s -_Hospital_, who being so curious as to taste the Juice of a cancerated -Breast presently after it was extirpated, found himself very strangely -affected by it, in a very short Time; he washed his Mouth with various -Things, but nothing could free him from that penetrating, malignant, -and nauseous Savour, he was continually attended with; in short, he -became consumptive, and in a few Months died a Martyr to the Art of -_Surgery_. I confess when I received this Account it did not a little -surprize me, because I had several times had the Curiosity to do the -very same Thing, at the _Hospital_ where that unfortunate Genman made -the Experiment. I never found any remarkable Sharpness in it, though it -was always attended with a very unpleasant Savour. I proceeded at first -very cautiously in making this Attempt; for I deluted some Drops of the -Juice in several Spoons-full of fair Water, till at length, not finding -any Inconvenience from it, I came to the Juice it self. We cannot -imagine the Death of that Gentleman before-mentioned, was procured -by the Action of any corrosive Salts, whether _Acid_ or _Alkaline_, -which would have caused a Corrosion of the Parts, but that it is only -accountable from the extraordinary Stench and Malignity of the Matter, -which impressing its Virulency on the Animal Juices must undoubtedly -disturb their regular Motions, and cause the utmost Confusion of the -whole Oeconomy. It must certainly be a very tragical Scene, to observe -how Nature, by so inconsiderale Means, confounds and insults, over the -Animal System; but still there is nothing we are more certain of, than -that her Method of Procedure is always consistent to the Rules she -acts by. Since the writing of this, looking over a little Tract which -informs us of the Rarities in _New-England_, I met with a Relation -which discovers to us the peculiar and odd Quality of the Juice of a -cancerated Breast, or Wolf, as our Author calls it. He tells us that an -indulgent Husband, by sucking his Wife’s sore Breast to draw out the -Poison, lost all his Teeth, but was attended by no other Inconvenience. -Now this does not prove that so strange an Effect should succeed the -sucking the Ulcer, because of the Corrosiveness of the Matter; for had -it been so, such tender Parts as the Gums, Lips, and Tongue, could not -have escaped so well as to have received no Damage by it. - - -Problem II. - -_Whether_ Cancers _are contagious, or not._ - -[Sidenote: Vid. _Zacut. de Prax._ Med. admirand. _Lib._ 1. _Obs._ 15.] -There has been a very great Disagreement in the Sentiments of our -Predecessors as to this Point; but _Zacutas Lusitanus_ proposes to -prove it by Reason and Experience. His Reasons are, _First_, because -in an ulcerated _Cancer_ there is a Cadaverous Stench and Rottenness, -which infects the Neighbouring Parts with it’s Virulency. _Secondly_, -Because a _Cancer_ is the same _Disease_ as an _Elephantiasis_, and -_Leprosy_ of a particular Part. To this, _Sennertus_ in his Posthumous -Works answers, that all corrupted and fætid Substances are not -contagious; for in a _Gangrene_ and _Sphacellus_, there is the greatest -Corruption and offensive Smell, yet we do not find that a Person is -killed by it: He adds, though a _Cancer_ has some Similitude to an -_Elephantiasis_, they are different _Diseases_. _Lusitanus_ deduces -his Experience from an Observation of a poor Woman, that having an -ulcerated _Cancer_ in her Breast, and lying with three Children, they -were affected after the same Manner by the Contagion. He says that -Two of them died, but the Third, which was of a stronger [Sidenote: -_Vid_ Sennert. _Paralipom. ad Part._ 1 _Cap._ 19.] Constitution, -had the _Cancer_ cut off by a _Surgeon_ and was cured. _Sennertus_ -is of Opinion that these Children did not contract the _Disease_ by -Contagion, but that it was by Hereditary Succession. We likewise find -that _Cardan_, _Lib. de Venen. Cap._ 12. is of Opinion that _Cancers_ -are not contagious. However, we will not make any particular Enquiry -into these Authors Reasons, when they so strenuously maintain this -Point; but only relate a remarkable History, which will prove the -contrary, if the _Cancerous_ Matter comes to an immediate Contract with -a soft and glandulous Part. The Relation I had (some time ago) from a -Gentleman not long since deceased, who, out of a pious Disposition, -had devoted himself for several Years last past, to be serviceable to -the greatest Objects of Charity. He informed me that a Tradesman’s -Wife in _Nottingham_, being so unhappy as to labour under a _Cancer_ -in one of her Breasts, her Husband was of Opinion he could relieve -her by sucking it; accordingly he put this Method in Practice, in -hopes without doubt he could effect a Cure, by drawing the _Cancerous_ -Matter out of the Nipple; he continued his Attempts for some Time, -but found it did not answer his Design; for though a small Quantity -of Matter was discharged [Sidenote: _Vide_ Galen. _in_ Aph. Hip. -Com. Lib. 6 Aph. 38.] this way, the _Disease_ still became worse, and -she terminated her Life soon after. Two Months were scarce expired -before the Husband of the Deceased came up to _London_, upon Account -of a swelling he had arose on the Inside of the upper Jaw; he applied -himself to some ingenious _Surgeons_ for Advice, who assured him he -must undergo the drawing of Several Teeth on that Side of the Jaw -which was affected, and have the Swelling, and Part of the Jaw-Bone -(if necessary) cut away; he went away very much disatisfyed with so -harsh a Proposal, and became a Patient to a Person, who undertook to -cure him with _Gargels_, and such inconsiderable Remedies; however, by -the Use of these Things he was of Opinion he became much better, and -thought he should be cured. Upon this he retired into the Country to -his Business, but in less than a Month’s Time he was obliged to come up -again, and have the former Method put in Practice. But the Event was -according to that Expression of _Galen_, _Quibus item sunt Cancri in -cavitate Corporis, aut Palato, sede utero, si secentur, aut urantur, -ulcera cicatrice induci non possunt_. For the Sore could never be -brought to cicatrize, but the _Cancer_ continu’d to spread, till it -had extended in self over most of the internal Parts of the Mouth, -and to the inner Part of the Nose: In this unhappy Condition, he lived -some time, but at last became so frightful an Object, and the Stench -that continually proceeded from the Parts was so offensive, that he -retired himself from the World, and finished his miserable Life in a -Garret. Since the finishing the _Solution_ to the foregoing _Problem_, -I met with a Surgeon (a Foreigner) who giving me an Account of the -present State of the Practice of _Surgery_ in the Country where he -lived, and relating some considerable Cases which had happened within -his own Knowledge, in answer to my Desire, among other things, told -me, without any particular Intimation from me, he knew a very odd -Accident, which happened upon a Woman’s having an ulcerated _Cancer_ -in her right Breast, which was, that she being poor, for want of other -Conveniences, suffered two Children she had to lie with her in that -Condition; at length one of them, a Girl about five Years old, began -to be afflicted with a small painful Tumour in one of her Breasts, -which encreasing to near the Bigness of an Egg, became Livid, and -entirely _Cancerous_; the Mother died some time after, and the Child -did not long survive her; but the other Child continued well. Several -Surgeons gave their Sentiments of this Case; some thought it to -be an Hereditary Indisposition; but considering the Mother had no -Appearance of a _Cancer_ before or at the Birth of the Child, I cannot -but readily embrace the Opinion of those Gentlemen, that were inclined -to believe that it was contracted by Contagion, seeing the Position -of the Child’s Body was such in Bed, that that Part of it which was -affected was almost always disposed to rub against the Dressings soaked -in Matter, (for I understand the Mother took but very little Care to -change them often.) Now it is not at all probable, that the malignant -_Effluvia_, which continually pass off from the _Cancerous Mass_, and -the putrefied Matter, can dispose a Person at any little Distance to -be affected with the like _Disease_, for then the other Child would -have became a Sufferer; but it may happen in some extraordinary Cases, -where the corrupted Fluid has attained an exalted Pitch of Malignity, -to communicate some of its more active Particles to the Blood and -Spirit; and so causing a very great Disorder in their Motions produce a -violent Fever, and Confusion of the whole Oeconomy, so as to occasion -a Person’s Death. But see a remarkable Case in _Tulpius_, _Lib._ 4. -_Obs._ 8. That there are several cutaneous _Diseases_ that may be -propagated by Contagion, if a Person lies with another, is by all -allowed of; and that the lying with a Person that has a _Cancer_ may -be attended by such a _Disease_, from the Proofs we have brought, I -suppose will be agreed to be equally as certain. But this cannot happen -unless the matter be very malignant, and be suffered, by the Negligence -of the Patient, to come to an immediate Contact, with a Part of the -Body of the other Person; for then, without doubt, it may contuminate -the Fluids, and incline them to assume a Viscidity, to which the -_Effluvia_ will immediately adhere, because they are best qualifyed for -a Union with those Substances that are viscous. To this we may add, -that in those Persons that are nearly related, the Malignity may be -more easily communicable because of their Analogy to each other; for -consonant hereto, _Diemerbroeck_ says in his Treatise of _the Plague_, -that _Kindred more easily receive the Infection from one another_. But -see more in that Author’s excellent Book where you have likewise some -curious Thoughts relating to Contagion. [Sidenote: Vide _Diemerbroeck_ -de _Pest_. Page 58.] - - -PROBLEM III. - -_Whether if the extirpating a_ Cancerous Breast _happens to be -successful, it ought to be look’d upon as a Consequence of Performing -the Operation better than our Predecessors._ - -[Sidenote: Vide _Ætius Tetrab._ 4. Ser. 4. _Cap._ 44.] By the Account -we receive from Authors we cannot be positively assured, whether there -was any particular established Method in the first Ages of this Art, -for the Performance of this Operation: This we are only assured of -that there are some Circumstances which relate to it, that have been -taken Notice of; the most considerable of which is, that the actual -Cautery was to be applied immediately after the Abscision; this they -advised, not only to put a Stop to the Flux of Blood, but likewise -to correct the ill Quality of it: It is to be observed, that they -ordered always, upon such an Occasion, Defensatives to be applied -to the contiguous Parts, to prevent their being inflamed; but for -as much as they were sensible the actual Cautery would procure an -Eschar, they recommended the Use of Digestives to separate it; after -which, they proposed to heal it as [Sidenote: Vide _Arceus_, lib. 2. -Cap 3. de _Curand. Vulnerib._] a common Ulcer. The very next Advance -this Operation received, that we have met with, was by that Accurate -Writer _Franciscus Arceus_, who obliged the World with an exact and -methodical Account of the whole Method of Procedure in extirpating -a _Cancer_ in the Breast; though this Author would only venture on -those that were not Ulcerated, those that were he looked upon as -incurable. We do not find that this Method was recommended to the -World by any remarkable Histories of Cures effected by it; whether it -proceeded from the Unsuccessfulness of the Attempts, or its Disuse, we -cannot determine. _Fabritius Hildanus_ likewise made a considerable -Step towards the Encouraging the Performing this Operation; and he -assures us, he has more than once done it with Success; he did not -only influence his Cotemporaries to revive an Operation, that was, -perhaps, almost grown out of Date, by the Histories of some Cases he -recites; but obliged them with the Figure of a Pair of Forceps, which -in this Operation are very convenient to engage the Breast, and thereby -prevent the Pain the Patients are sometimes put to, by piercing the -Breast with Needles armed with Silk to suspend it. There are several -Ways of performing the Operation, mentioned by later Practitioners, -but at this Time there are few that are willing to be concerned in -it. A very considerable Author speaking of extirpating a _Cancerous -Breast_, advises us to take care we do not cut the Pectoral Muscle in -the Operation: But we have seen a very remarkable Case of this Nature, -where a Part of that Muscle was cut away, and the Cartilages of the -two of the Ribs laid bare, and the Patient happened to be cured. -Now if our Predecessors had so great a Respect to the avoiding the -wounding of this Part, as to make their Incisions too superficial, -their Operations must be in all Probability unsuccessful; for we are -very well assured by Experience, that their actual Cauteries will have -no good Effect here, nor will they consume the remaining Part of the -_Cancerous Mass_. We have elsewhere shewed, that this Substance upon -boiling becomes hard and friable; and we will here take the Liberty to -give our Opinion of the Use of Cauteries in this Case. The _Cancerous -Substance_ we take to be nothing more than a Transformation of the -small glandulous Bodies, which form the Breast, and a Lymphatick Juice, -intimately incorporated therewith, into a hard, close, whitish, and -(by common Medicines) indissolvable _Mass_. In some Cases, perhaps, it -may receive some Addition from some Juices, which may distil from the -contiguous Fibres. This being granted, what Benefit, can we reasonably -imagine, will ensue on this painful Method? Will not the Fire, by -causing the more Fluid Parts of the _Mass_ to evaporate, actually dry -up, torrefy, and harden it; and so dispose it for displaying a Train -of mischievous Effects, on the contiguous Parts? and all this without -any very apparent Decrease of it too: Nay, the very reducing of it to -such a Consistence, which very much resembles a Piece of burnt Horn, -is sufficient to procure a perpetual Pain, seeing Medicines can hardly -soften it, so as to reduce it to its first State. - - -PROBLEM IV. - -_Whether_ Salivation _will Cure a_ Cancer. - -The extraordinary Success this Method has been attended with, in some -Cases of the greatest Difficulty, has so far recommended it to the -World, that it is at this Time become of so great Repute, that there -are few Persons but what will willingly embrace it, if proposed to -them, provided they have found former Methods prove ineffectual. We -once knew a Person, who laboured under an ulcerated _Cancer_ in her -Breast, advised to it, and who had certainly under-gone it, though -contrary to the Opinion of some Persons concerned, if in three or four -Days time she had not been reduced to such a weak Condition, that it -put an End to the Controversy. That a _Salivation_ has cured the most -malign and spreading Ulcers, and those that have been of several Years -continuance, notwithstanding their Edges have been high, inverted and -assumed the Consistence of a callous Body, we have found by several -Instances; but that it should cure a _Cancerous Ulcer_, an _Ulcer_ -which is chiefly seated in a transformed animal Substance, and which -has no Correspondence with the contiguous Parts, is what we cannot -believe. One of the principal Effects of _Mercury_, if prudently given, -is, that it attenuates the Juices, clears the Canals, destroys the -ill Quality of that Fluid that has a Hand in causing any Obstruction, -and renders the Juices temperate and sweet. By effecting this, it is, -that it cures so many different Diseases, which perhaps have not so -great a Diversity in their Causes, but have different Appearances, -which depend upon the Variety of Parts, where the Cause operates. -From hence any One may judge, that a Person who discovers a certain -Method of curing _Cancers_ by Medicines only, will find that it will -not consist in a Secret for purifying the Juices, which can have no -Effect on the _Cancerous Mass_, so as to procure it’s Dissolution; and -without a Remedy for which his Method will be always unsuccessful. -_Mercklin_, in his Treatise _de Transfus Sanguinis_, page 35, tells us -we have no Reason to believe we may have Success from Transfusion in a -_Cancer_, nor indeed would Injections succeed better; though, perhaps, -by this Means, it is possible so to alter the Fluids, that _Ulcers_, -not _Cancerous_, may be cured in a short Time, as it once happened -to a certain Person, who being under Cure for an inveterate Pox, had -some _Rosin_ of _Scammony_ infused in the Essence of _Guaiacum_, -injected into his Veins, which Vomited him excessively; but his -_Ulcers_ were healed in three Days Time. From what has been hitherto -said, it is evident, that a _Salivation_ can never cure a confirmed -_Cancer_, because it is not capable of procuring a Dissolution of that -hard Substance, which is the real _Cancer_ it self. The Glands we -have observed, with the extravasated _Lympha_, and its Vessels, are -perfectly changed to a different Substance to what they were before, -all which make a _Mass_ of such a Nature, that it will be impossible -to procure it’s Dissolution by any inward Means. If the _Cancer_ was -nothing more than a Coagulation of the Juices in the Vessels, or other -Canals, or Pipes, the Cure might be much more easily effected, but as -the _Cancer_ is conjoined with such Circumstances as we have mentioned, -we may affirm the Cure will be altogether impossible without the whole -Substance with it’s Appendices or Branches (which we have found they -often have) be taken away; or a perfect Dissolution of all of it be -procured by some external Remedy, which is capable of operating on it -after such a peculiar Manner, as to dissolve the _Cancerous Substance_, -without having any such Effect on the contiguous Parts. - - -PROBLEM V. - -_Whether Cancers are Curable by Causticks._ - -The Difficulty that those of our Predecessors who had Courage enough -to attempt the Cure of _Cancers_, must unavoidably meet with, obliged -them to enter upon several Methods of Practice, in order to be capable -of surmounting it; and there have not been wanting for these several -hundred Years last past, some Gentlemen in the Republick of Medicine -that have proposed to conquer this Rebellious Disease, by the use -of some particular Causticks, they have recommended. It is foreign -to my Design, to give an Account of the Composition of the several -Remedies, they have been big with the Expectation of Success from; I -shall only take notice of one or two not very pompous Preparations, -that by some Persons I know, have been looked upon as extraordinary -as any that have been transmitted to us. _Guido_, who I think I may -justly say is one of the best Authors of so ancient a Date, has been -very lavish of his Encomiums on _Arsnick_, and after him _Fallopius_, -_Rodericus a Castro_, _Ossenius_, _Penotus_, _Faber_, _Borellus_, -and others, have recommended it in some particular Preparations. -That of _Fuschius_, who is said to have cured abundance of Persons -of _Cancers_, in _England_, _Germany_, and _Poland_, having had the -most said in it’s Commendation, required our more particular Notice; -_Hartman_ calls it _Pul Benedictus_, which whether it deserves that -Title, we will leave to the Reader to judge, after we have faithfully -recounted the Effects of it. Its Preparation is as follows: ℞ _Arsenici -albi_ ℥i _subtilissime pulverisetur per dies 15 de die tertio in -tertium affundatur Aq. vitæ, ut cooperiat pulverem, post triduum Aq. -vitæ abjiciatur, ac nova affundatur, ac misceantur. Rad Dracunouli -Major, mense julio vel Agu. collect & in taleolas scissæ ac in loco -ventis perflatili exsiccatæ_ ℥ii. _Fuliginis Camini splendidi_ ℥iii -_redigantur omnia in subtilissimum pulverem super lapidem marmoreum, -& servetur in Vase bene clauso vitreo. Ante annum vero ad usum non -erit it a commodus_. This Powder I applied to a _Cancerated_ Breast -of a Woman, under thirty Years of Age, after having made a Sore by -applying one of the milder _Causticks_; the first Night it was made -use of, it caused a great deal of pain, and the next Day, the Breast -appeared very much tumefied and inflamed, a small quantity of Gleet, -having discharged on the Bolster: in short for fifteen Days she was -not free from pain, she had a _Fever_, was attended with frequent -_Vomitings_, _Faintings_, and several other Disorders. I could afford -her but very little Relief by Internals, or the most cool and temperate -Applications to the Breast; nor was it in my Power to remove the -dressing, it adhered so fast to the Sore. There was a Discharge of -a bloody ferous Juice for twelve Days in a moderate quantity, after -which the Matter thickened, and it began to smell somewhat offensive, -at the end of fifteen Days the Dressing dropped off, and with it came -away about two Ounces of the _cancerous Mass_. The Reader may easily -imagine that making so small a Progress in such a time, and that at -the Expence of so much Pain, I could easily prevail with my self to -desist from the Undertaking, for the second Application would have -been attended with the same Inconveniencies as the first, which to any -Persons that entertains such a concern for his Patients as he ought -to do, must be very fatiguing; in short, after this I made use of -that Remedy I had elsewhere mentioned, and which from its Effect was -properly enough called a _Dissolvent_, with this by the Blessing of -God the _Cancerous_ Substance was consumed in about three Weeks, and -a perfect Cure compleated in not many Days after, the Patient which I -saw lately continuing perfectly well, it being the first Case that ever -Providence directed me to the use of the Remedy in. _Hildan_ has an -Observation very pertinent to what we have before related; he tells us, -that the _Powder_ so much celebrated by _Penotus_, and which is much -the same with that just now mentioned, being applied to a _Cancer_, was -succeeded by such ill Symptoms, that it killed the Patient in a few -Days. We are informed in the communicated Observations of _Riverius_, -that a Foreigner extirpated a Cancer, that had began to Ulcerate in the -Breast of a Woman of fifty Years of Age, by the following Application: -℞ _Arsenici_ ʒi. _Salis Armoniaci_ ℥ii. _Sublimat. crud._ ℥iiii. _Aq; -Fortis_ ℥i. _These were to be distill’d to Dryness, then an equal -Weight of distill’d Vinegar put thereto, which was to be distilled -again, till the remaining Matter, became of the Consistance of a -Paste._ The Surgeon bathed the _Cancer_ with hot Wine, and rubbed it -with Cloths for some time to _irritate_ it, then he spread some of -his Composition on a Bolster six times less than the _Tumour_, and -applied it; in twenty four Hours time, it made an _Escar_ as large -as the Swelling, so that it wholly consumed the _Cancer_; after the -Separation of the _Escar_ he incarned the _Ulcer_ and cicatrized -it. It is very observable, that he did not engage in this painful -Process, without immediately causing a Fever, which was attended with -a _Vomiting_, _Loosness_, and much Provocation of _Urine_; which -Symptoms lasted two or three Days, for Nature was disordered by the -destructive Quality of a venemous Remedy. _Paracelsus_, _Faber_, and -some others, make mention of Arsnical Preparations, that procure but -little Pain in their Operation; I had a Design of making a Trial of -some of these Remedies, had I not in my Enquiries met with what was -very satisfactory to me, though after knowing what I have related, I -should have always cautiously avoided the use of any Remedy, in which -the _Arsnick_ had not undergone such a Preparation as I should have -approved of, because I am assured it may procure very mischievious -Symptoms, though in Substance, it do not so much as touch the Skin, -witness the _Amulets_, in which it has been the chief Ingredient, and -of which there have been such direful Accidents related by _Crato_, -_Massaria_, and _Zacutus Lucitanus_. I do not think it impossible, -but that _Arsnick_ may be prepared after such a manner as may, by -the addition of some convenient Body, or depriving it of its noxious -Particles, qualify it for effecting uncommon things in the Cure of -this Disease, without causing the Surgeon to repent the use of it. I -remember that _Helmont_ somewhere says one may easily enough correct -several sorts of Poisons, so that they shall not be deprived of their -Force, when we destroy their Virulency. Many Instances of this Nature -we meet with in Mr _Boyle_, and some others; but that which makes most -for my present purpose, is, what is mentioned by the last Honourable -Gentleman, of a very ingenious Man he knew, that was famous, as well -for his Writings, as for a Remedy to cure _ulcerated Cancers_ in Womens -Breasts, without any considerable Pain. He assured our Author that his -Medicine was indolent, and mortified the ulcerated Parts as far as -they were corrupted, without disordering the Party, and this Remedy it -seems partly by the Confession of the Gentleman, was reasonably enough -supposed to be a Dulcification of _Arsnick_; one would think that -the mention of this very Remedy, with Monsieur _Alliot’s_, and that -recommended in the preceeding Letter, should be sufficient to influence -the inquisitive of our Profession to farther Enquiries, which must be -certainly an Undertaking, worthy the noblest Spirits. To conclude, we -cannot say, but there are many Cancers that may be cured by Causticks, -but the Person that is to undergo it, may very well answer, as a -certain Patient did, who’s Thigh was to be cut off, _Non est tanto -digna dolore Salus_. _The Preservation of Life would be too dear bought -at the Price of so much Pain._ This puts me in Mind of what is related -of _Galienus_ the Emperor, who it seems had for a considerable time -been very grieviously afflicted with a _Sciatica_, a certain Physician -undertaking to cure him, performed indeed his Promise, but nevertheless -made him undergo a thousand painful Experiments; whereupon, the Emperor -one Day sent for, and thus said to him, _Take_ Fabatus _two Thousand -Sesterces, but withal, be informed I give them not for curing my_ -Sciatica, _but that thou may’st never cure me again_. - - -PROBLEM VI. - -_Whether Cancers are Curable by internal Medicines._ - -Though this _Problem_ at first View may seem to be too near allied -to that which proves the Impossibility of curing cancerous Tumours, -whether ulcerated or not, by Salivation; yet in regard there are -some Persons, that tell us the Disease is superable by some internal -Remedies, which operate after a quite different Manner, to those -generally given to procure a Salivation, we shall enquire into one of -the most considerable of them, related by a Person whose Memory we have -a very great Value for. And we shall the rather take Notice of this -particular Remedy, because we have elsewhere spoke of the Success of -it. It were no very difficult Matter for me to mention several internal -Medicines, out of our Chirurgical Writers, more especially those that -have been Favourers of Chemistry; but I shall purposely decline it, -because to speak freely, I suspect that most of the Remedies, though -much has been said in the Praise, have not been sufficiently examined -by those that recommended them. To this we may add, that had the -Authors of them considered the vast Difference there is to be observed -in Cancers, they would not have so suddainly and positively determined, -that their Medicines were of use in these Cases in general; seeing we -must have regard to absolutely different Intentions, in those that are -not ulcerated, and those that are, and those that are a hard Tumour, -and those that are flat, and likewise when they are conjoined with -Circumstances, which are often enough to be met with. The Honourable Mr -_Boyle_ in his _Usefulness of experimental Philosophy_, tells us, that -he was informed by credible Persons, of a certain _English_ Woman above -sixty Years of Age, who had lain long indisposed with a Cancer in her -Breast, in an Hospital in _Zeeland_, and was by Doctor _Harberfeld_, -with one single inward Remedy perfectly cured in three Weeks; the -Relation was made by a _Doctor of Physick_, who was an Eye Witness -of the Cure, and another Person who not only saw the Cure, but knew -the Woman before, and out of Charity, carried her to him that healed -her. Our Author was informed, that the _Chemical Liquor_ the Doctor -constantly made use of, does in the Dose of about a Spoonful or two, -work suddainly and nimbly enough by Vomit, but hath very quickly ended -it’s Operation, so that within an Hour, or less, after the Patient -has taken it, he is commonly well again, and very hungry. He adds, -that having some of the Liquor presented him, he found the Taste to be -offensive enough, and not unlike that of _Vitriol_, which by the Taste -and emetick Operation, was guessed to be it’s principal Ingredient. -The Relators assured our Author they had been in _England_, as well -as elsewhere partly Eye Witnesses, and partly Performers of wonderful -Cures by the help of it alone, under God, in the _King’s Evil_; -insomuch, that an eminent Gentleman of this Nation, hath been cured by -it, when _that Distemper_ had brought his Arm to such a pass, that the -Surgeons had appointed a time to cut it off. Now, who is there, that -upon reading this Account would not think the Doctor a very happy Man, -that was Master of so valuable a Secret; but alas! How satisfactory -would it be to the World if the hundredth part of the Remedies that -have been handed down to us, had a Power of effecting those things that -are ascribed to them, without being attended with any ill Consequences. -I assure you, Reader, I have made use of this very Remedy, for since -I mentioned it as the Doctor’s having great Success from it; I met -with the true Preparation of it, as it was communicated to Sir _Kenelm -Digby_ by Doctor _Havervelt_, or _Haberfield_, for the Cure of -_Cancers_, the _King’s Evil_, and old _Ulcers_. It is as follows. ℞ -_Dantzick Vitriol, calcine it till it be yellow, then grind it with -Salt, or Salt Petre, the ordinary proportion with this Sublime Mercury, -which Sublime once again by it self, then take only the Cristaline -part of it; of this take_ ℥i, _grind it to a Subtile Powder in a Glass -Mortar with a Glass Pestle._ Put this into a Glass Bottle, and pour -upon it a Quart of Fountain Water, stop the Bottle close, and let it -stand thus for some Days, shaking it often; after it is well settled -pour off the clear, and filtre it; take a Spoonful of this Liquor, -which put into a Vial, and put to it two Spoonfuls of fair Water; shake -the Vial well, and let the Patient Drink it in the Morning Fasting: As -to the quickness of its Operation, and the making the Patient Hungry, -I found it at first to agree with what Mr _Boyle_ says of it; but upon -giving it three or four times, the Patient would afterward complain of -a Languidness, which was ushered in by a Sickness at the Stomach; after -this, they would be attended with a Heat or Soreness of the Throat, -immoderate Thirst, convulsive Motions of the Stomach, _&c._ Some of -which Inconveniencies would continue for many Hours together. It was -upon Account of the Melancholy Reflections of bringing the Patients -into such Disorder, and their Unwillingness to endure such Fatigues, -that I had never Courage enough to proceed in this Method. I cannot but -say, upon the Alteration I found in a Patient of mine, from the use of -six Doses of this Medicine, that it may as well as some other churlish -Remedies, cure some flat ulcerated Cancers, where there is no Tumour -to dissolve, in Persons that are capable of often repeating it, which -I think is sufficient to put us upon farther Enquiries, that we may be -able to accomplish such Undertakings without bringing upon the Patient -such a Train of mischievous Accidents. - - -_POSTSCRIPT._ - -What follows is taken from a Manuscript which at this time 1714–15, -belongs to one of the Family of the _Pains_, that have for a long time -pretended to cure Cancers: In the Margin is this Note, (_Used by my -Father, and Grandfather, and Brothers, and known as a thing excellent -by long Practice in our Family of the_ Pains:) The Book was lent me by -my Brother _Dobyns_, who had it from one of the Family, a Patient of -his. - - -_The Red Caustick._ - -To eat all Superfluous Cancerous and Schirrous Matters gathered hard in -the Edges or Sides of any Ulcer or Cancer, breeding upon the Mouth, -Face, Nose or Valva. Take of Bole Armoniac one Ounce, of yellow Arsnic -three Ounces, powder them and searse them fine, pare an Apple or two -and take of the Pulp and put so much of it to the Powder (beating of -it together in a Mortar) as will make it of the stiffness of Dough, -then make it up into round Balls of the bigness of a Walnut, dry them -in a Chamber-Window till they be hard enough. When you use these Balls -shave a little off from them into your Hand, and moisten the same with -a little Spittle, and rub it well about the hard Foot of the _Noli -me Tangere_, and all over the Head of the same, and after that you -have gathered him up into the Ligature and knit him hard up (for it -seems they used a Ligature smeared with the Medicine) then apply your -Preparation before-mentioned, and lay fine Holland Raggs dipt in the -following Red Water, all over the said Caustic, and so let it lye till -it fall off its self. _Note_, The Quantity of Caustic laid on, ought -not to be much, and yet sufficient to work its effect. It worketh with -great Pain for twelve Hours or more, and after that by Fits, like the -Tooth-Ach; as the Pain worketh off it causes great Inflammation and -Swelling about those Parts it is applied to, but this does not continue -above four or five Days; so meddle not with it till the Caustick comes -off. Then you may for three or four Days dress the Inflammation with -Diachylon Plaister, or the Red Water warm. - - -_The Red Water for a Cancer._ - -Quench unslacked Lime in boiling Water, which let stand six Hours, the -clear Water poured off, put to the Fire again; to a Gallon and half of -which, put _Camphir_ ℥ß _Aloes Succatrine_ ℥ß. _Common Bole_ ℥ii _White -Copperas or Allum_ ℥ii all powdered, which boil in the Liquor a little -while: He sometimes gave a Pill made of Deflograted Red Precipitate, -which sometimes made them spit a little. - - -_The Musilage Plaister to dissolve Schirrous Knots in the Breast._ - -Take of the white and inward Bark of the Witch-Hasel half a Handful, -cut it short and stamp it, then take of the Roots of Marsh Mallows, -Holy-hock Roots two or three Roots, clean them and throw away the Pith, -stamp all together, then take of Fenugreek and Linseed of each two -Ounces powdered, put all in an Earthen-pot, then take a Pint of white -Wine or Water, heat it scalding hot, put it to the Things aforesaid, -cover it close, stirring it every Day for nine Days, then strain out -the Musilage Liquor with which you make the following Plaister. Take a -Pint of Salad Oyl, Cerus finely powdered 8 Ounces, boil them together, -constantly stirring them, a sufficient time, which you may know by its -coming clear off a Pewter Dish when dropt on, let it cool a little -and put in your Musilage, which stir till it be as white as you would -have it, and until almost all the Musilage be boiled away, then remove -it from the Fire and put to it four Ounces of _yellow Wax_, probably -_Galbanum_ may be better, which when dissolved and the Plaister cold, -work up for use. This Plaister is sometimes used with equal Parts of -_Galbanum_. - - - - - THE - - CASE - - OF - - Dr _JAMES KEIL_, - - Represented by - - _JOHN RUSHWORTH_. - - -I Should not have been induced to make these Papers publick, barely -on account of the rash Censures, that are frequently cast upon -the Practice of _Surgery_, not attended with Success; tho’ that -Consideration alone, in the Case of a Person of such Value and Eminency -in _Physick_, as Dr KEIL is known to have been, may be thought -sufficient to have moved me to it: But being certainly informed, That -several _Physicians_ and _Surgeons_ have before, and since his Death, -given themselves the Liberty to reflect, not only upon me for Using, -but also upon the Deceased for submitting to the Methods that were -taken with him; I think I shall not discharge my Duty, either to my -Friend, or to my Self, or indeed to the Profession, if I do not, as far -as I am able, endeavour to set what was done in a True Light. - -In order thereunto, it may be requisite to look back to the Time He -first mentioned any Disorder in his Mouth to me, which was in _August_ -1716. He then told me, He had preceived a Fulness in his Mouth for very -many Years; but in the last Three or Four Years it was much encreased, -and by the Bulk began to be troublesome to him, tho’ not in the least -painful: Upon examining it, I found the Tumour not only large, but also -to fluctuate, and therefore told him, until I was satisfied what was -contained in it, I could not come to a Resolution, as to the manner of -treating it; but, if he pleased, I would make an Incision into it, and -then would tell him what I thought was fit to be done; He was very well -satisfied, and resolved I should proceed accordingly. - -Upon Opening it, there appeared to be nothing contained in it, but -Blood; not in the least altered in Colour, Consistence, or Smell, from -what is contained in the Vessels. The Tumour presently sunk very much, -and I dilated the Incision with my Probe-Scissers, and pressed in -some _Dossels_; and then told him, it was a fleshy Tumour, called a -_Sarcoma_, and that the Blood contained in it was only accidental; and -that the best way of extirpating it was by the actual _Cautery_; but I -let him know, that I feared it would be more troublesome to him, and -take longer Time to cure, than he seemed to expect. - -We presently sent for the best _Instrument-Maker_ the Country afforded, -and gave him Directions: But that Night: talking with him of his Case, -I desired him to consider, Whether it might not be thought a Slight, -by the Learned of both Professions, if I should Perform the Operation, -upon a Man of his Character, without a Consultation; there being no -Reason (but the Loss of his Time) to be in haste. At first he seemed -unwilling to lose so much Time, yet upon Consideration, he resolved for -_London_ the next Day, where several _Physicians_ and _Surgeons_ were -consulted; they all agreed, it was a simple _Sarcoma_, and that the -actual _Cautery_ was the properest, if not the only means of curing it. -This Account I received from the Doctor by Letter; as also, that the -_Surgeons_, upon probing, found the Bone bare, and from the ill Smell -concluded it was foul: “Which, said the Doctor it was impossible for -you to discover; because after I left _Northampton_, Two _Dossels_ of -the first Dressing dropt out.” I was very glad to hear That, for those -_Dossels_ lodging so long, in that warm Part, I was in hopes might -be the Occasion of the fœtid Smell; which the _Surgeons_, not being -acquainted with, might fairly be induced to take for that of a foul -Bone: Which I mentioned to the Doctor by the first return of the Post; -and also, that I was farther encouraged in that Hope, by considering -that the Blood, that was discharged at the first Opening, was not at -all altered, neither was any Smell perceived, until after the lodging -of those _Dossels_. - -Whether the Doctor ever mentioned this my Opinion, to the _Surgeons_ -in Town, I know not; but when he returned to me, to have the Operation -performed, he seemed discouraged by the Opinion the _Surgeons_ gave of -the Bones being foul. But I thought I might make bold to confirm him, -in my former Opinion, the ill Smell ceasing without the Assistance of -Medicines. The Consequence proved the Assertion: For when, by several -Applications of the _Cauteries_, I had removed the whole Tumor, it was -plain to me, the Bone was not affected; and the Part healed as smooth, -and with as much Ease, and in as short a Time, as ever I met any thing -of that Nature, and the Doctor continued well, without the least -Disorder or Complaint, a Year and about Eight Months. - -But then in _April_ 1718. He shewed me a small _Ulcer_, near that Part -of the Mouth that was before affected, and told me, He perceived it -began upon eating some hot Meat, that stuck to it: At first this healed -without much Trouble, but soon excoriated again; and then I could not -again perfectly skin it: For as soon as it was almost healed, it would -begin to excoriate a-fresh at the Edges, which is what is usual in -_Phagedænical Ulcers_. And tho’ I could digest it, and keep it easy, -yet it got ground of me, and spread towards the Teeth; and, near the -Root of One of the _Molares_, laid the Bone bare, which appeared to me -at the first not to be injured, but being long exposed became foul. It -not exfoliating in due Time, with the Tincture that is commonly used, -I proposed the touching of it with a small _Cautery_, I being able -very easily to come at it without making use of a _Cannula_; which, by -confining the Heat, very much injures the neighbouring Parts: The good -Effect of which Practice, of not making use of a _Cannula_, where you -can conveniently omit it, I had good Experience of in Doctor _KEIL_’s -former Case: For tho’ he had several _Cannulas_ made in _London_, by -the best Hand, yet after Twice using of them, I told the Doctor, That -if a Patient could be trusted, it would be much more easy to him, -and the Surgeon would see much better to use the _Cautery_, than when -obstructed by a _Cannula_. The Doctor was pleased with the Thought, -and pressed me, at the next making use of the _Cautery_, to do it -without the _Cannula_: The Advantage he had by it was, that it bore -four Burnings, and said, It gave him not the Pain, or Trouble he had -from but One before, and that the Parts were much less Disordered by it -afterwards. But to return: - -It will not I suppose be doubted, but that proper internal Means were -all along made use of: But the _Ulcer_ still appearing to me more -threatening, his Friends pressed him, and I more than any, that he -would go again to Town, and have the best Advice it could afford; and -I resolved to accompany Him, in the Beginning of _August_ 1718. And I -cannot forbear saying I was surprized, when, upon a Consultation, my -Brothers, _Palmer_ and _Brown_, made light of it; and, without so much -as hearing what I had to say, concluded, That it was chiefly owing to -the Bones being foul; and that by drawing a Tooth or Two which they -said were affected, and by Purging with _Mercurius dulcis_, all would -be well; and so they took their Leave. Says the Doctor to me, “What say -you to this?” I answered him, That I feared they would find themselves -again mistaken as to the _Surgery_ Part; and that as to the _Mercury_, -though a good Medicine, He knew he had taken it already several Times, -without any considerable Advantage. The Doctor smiled and said, “But -since I came so far for Advice, I will not only give them a Tooth, but -also try again what Effect _Mercury_ may have.” - -Another Meeting was ordered, and the Tooth-Drawer to be there: Upon -Drawing the Tooth, it appeared to be very sound. The First Dose he took -of _Mercury_, whether by Cold, or any other Accident, I know not, very -much disordered him. I could not conveniently be absent any longer, and -therefore the next Day returned into the Country, and do not know how -many more Doses the Doctor then took; but in a few Days I received a -Letter from him, in which he said, “I know nothing that has succeeded -right with me, since I came here: You know what State you left me in, -and I was a great deal worse for some Days afterwards; though I hope -the _Mercury_ has had no ill Effect, yet I should have been loath to -have been so swelled in those Parts, as I have been, willingly. The -old _Ulcers_ are not yet healed, they tell me indeed, there is no -Appearance of any new Ones, and that the _most effectual_ Methods, -which have been taken here, will _infallibly_ prevent every thing, -_&c_.” - -But by his next, which I soon received, I had the melancholy News -from him, That the _Ulcer_ was broke out again larger than ever, and -therefore that he would be down with me in a Day or two, and he came -accordingly, but in a worse State than ever before. And though it again -digested, and did as before near heal, yet the returns were quicker, -and upon every new Eruption it was larger and worse; and so continued -to be, notwithstanding all the good internal Methods continually used -by the concurring Advice of Dr _Mead_, Dr _Friend_, and several other -Eminent _Physicians_; which no doubt was owing to the malignant Nature -of it. - -And therefore in the Beginning of _February_ last, I could no longer -forbear expressing my Fears to the Doctor that it would terminate in a -raging _Cancer_. He was too sensible of it, and told me, “That since -I thought I could keep it within Bounds no longer, He was resolved to -try what a _Salivation_ would do:” And though I could say nothing as -to the Advantage he might expect from it, yet I frankly owned to him, -that if it was my own Case, I should be of his Opinion, that I might -make bolder with my self, than with any other Patient: But desired by -all means, he would first hear if his Friends, the _Physicians_ and -_Surgeons_ in _London_, had yet any other Method to propose, or else -would approve of that. He wrote to them, the Answer was long in coming, -which made the Doctor express himself to me with more Warmth, than I -ever knew him to do before: (For he was a Man of the greatest Command -of himself, as well as of the sweetest Temper) “What, says he, is not -their Silence enough? And will not you, whom I take for my Friend (for -fear of losing your Reputation) assist me in what I desire?” With -a great deal more to assure me of his Confidence in me, and of his -Opinion of my Ability to take Care of him in the Course. I am not so -vain, as to mention all his kind Expressions, yet if it be desired, by -any of his Friends, I will give them the Satisfaction of seeing the -Letters I had from him, when he was absent from me in _London_. - -At this Time his Brother, Doctor _John Keil_, came to him from -_Oxford_; and, as I understood afterwards, had seen Dr _Friend_ there, -who was for having him salivated at _London_: But the Doctor being -determined to the contrary, did not at that Time acquaint me with it, -but began his Course, which I desired might be in the mildest Method, -by small Doses of _Calomel_, encreased gradually, which Method pleased -him very well: But Dr _Friend_ (to whom Dr _John Keil_ constantly sent -an Account of our Proceedings) gave it as the Opinion of Mr _Palmer_ -and Mr _Brown_, that it should be done by _Unction_: I gave my Reason -to the Patient against it, but they still pressed it, notwithstanding -the ill Symptoms, that I thought, at that Time, forbad it; which -Symptoms they had been acquainted with. They still persisting, I -desired the Doctor would give me leave to write my Opinion my self to -Mr _Brown_, which I did hastily in the following manner. - - Good Brother, - - _I Have seen Dr_ Friend’s _Letter to Dr_ Keil; _and Dr_ Friend _I - understand has been so kind as to consult you, and several Others - in the Case; whose Judgments, though I have all due Regard for, - yet in the present Circumstances (though I give the Preference - to_ Unction _in some stubborn Cases) I dare not encourage it in - this: For my Reason at first, for beginning so mildly, was, that - in this uncommon Case, we might by degrees, make some Judgment of - the Effects of_ Mercury, _and then proceed accordingly: For had I - not been prevented by the Accidents you have, by Dr_ Friend, _been - acquainted with, I should have been very desirous to have gone at - least to the Heighth mentioned by Dr_ Friend. _But since I find, by - encreasing the Quantity of the Dose to a_ Scruple (_of which he has - taken four_) it has not affected the Glands at all, or made him - Spit the more; but his Stomach is much more oppressed by it, with - vast Quantity of Phlegm, viscous to a degree I have not met with, - and gives him more than common Disturbance, not to be relieved but - by often Vomiting, to which purpose the_ Turpith, _has answered - very well for the present: My great Fear is, all things considered, - that if I should proceed to_ Unction, _and it should produce the - same Effect, that it will be too many for him. If my Fears are too - great, my more than common Concern and Friendship is some Excuse - for me; as also I desire it may be to You, for this tedious Account - from_, Sir, - - Yours, _&c._ - Feb. 22d, 1718. - J. RUSHWORTH. - -I not receiving, in due Time, an Answer to this, and the Patient being -reduced to a great Weakness, and to so great a Disorder, that he could -not bear Talking to, I writ these few Lines for him to consider of. - - Dear Sir, - - _As your Case now stands, I must own my self a Coward: Though Dr_ - Friend _is much mistaken to think I am either unacquainted with, - or fear the common Accidents that often arise in Salivating: But - that irregular and uncommon Effects are, in extraordinary Cases, - produced by_ Mercury, Hale’_s Case is to me a sufficient Precedent, - of which I have formerly told you the Particulars; and though your - Friends in Town took no Notice of the unusual Disorder in your - Stomach, yet I should think myself Inexcusable if I should not. - And if, upon using an_ Unction, _any irregular Ferments should - again arise, weak as you now are, I should dread the Consequence. - In these Circumstances, I think it most prudent for me, to advise - you, to let what is already taken, go fairly off, and if you find - it not effectual, you may with much better Prospect, when you have - Strength, begin_ de Nova, _by_ Unction, _and have an Opportunity to - have it done by the_ infallible _Men_. - -Upon this the Doctor no longer, at present, pressed me to use the -_Unction_, and in a few Days, the Force of what he had taken being -somewhat spent, he began to get Strength, and the very great Slough -(which was one of the Accidents mentioned to Dr _Friend_) not only cast -off, but also healed, as did also the old malignant _Ulcer_, and all -the Parts of the Mouth looked very smooth and well; and the Doctor was -very chearful, and in great Hopes of gaining the Point. - -At this Time, it being eighteen Days since I wrote to Mr _Brown_, -I received a Letter from him, in which he mentioned nothing to the -Purpose. This, I must confess, did not a little warm me; and I the same -Night wrote to him again, but never received any Answer: Perhaps he -thought mine too hot; if so, if he desires it, both mine, and his that -occasioned it, shall be produced. - -The Doctor seeing what had been done to have so good Effect, and -hoping what was before advised by Mr _Palmer_ and Mr _Brown_, would -effectually prevent any return of his Disorder, resolved to use a -_Mercurial Unction_. He had now more Strength, and therefore I complied -with him; I began with a small Quantity, and encreased it every Time, -until I had used even a larger Quantity than had been proposed by Dr -_Friend_: But it not in the least affected the Glands, or made him -to spit near so much, as when he took the _Calomel_; neither did the -_Unction_ or _Calomel_ produce the Smell, which generally attends -_Mercurial_ Courses; and to my great Surprize and Concern, whilst he -was using the _Unction_, the _Ulcer_ broke out again. And by this we -were discouraged from proceeding any farther; and in due Time the -Doctor endeavoured to Purge this off, but he had always so untoward a -Constitution, that neither now, nor at any Time before, could he by -Purges have any regular Evacuation; which was, no doubt in his Case, -very Injurious to him. - -Now I perfectly desponded: But a Friend and Kinsman of the Doctor’s, -a _Surgeon_ of no small Reputation, assured him, that he had known, -when other Methods failed, a _Mercurial Fumigation_ had answered: And -what is it that a rational Man will not try to prevent the excruciating -Pains of a _Cancer?_ When the Doctor mentioned this to me, I confessed -I knew nothing of that Practice, and always had an ill Opinion of -the Fumes of _Mercury_: And he also owned to me, that he was wholly -unacquainted with it; but satisfied in his Friend, and therefore would -try it: He began the Course according to his Friend’s Directions; -I never pretended to order any thing afterwards; but however still -frequently visited my Good Friend, though with an aking Heart. The -Fumigation not only made him spit, whilst he was using it, but also -for some Hours afterwards; and the Patient continued to use it for -several Days, but without any good Effect upon the _Ulcer_. In about -ten Days after he had left off the Fumigation, a very hard Tumour began -to arise, upon the Muscles of the lower Part of the Face and Neck, and -increased very fast, and in a very short Time spread it self from Ear -to Ear: and, by the Bulk, in a great measure prevented his Swallowing, -and soon suffocated him. He was Chearful, and to all outward Appearance -tolerably easy to the last, and had what he now desired, a gentle -Release, _July 16, 1719_. - -And thus, to the Misfortune of Mankind, it is manifest to me, that -_Mercury_ is not adequate to this _Herculean_ Distemper: but however, -this Case, and That I mentioned before to the Doctor, gives me good -Reason to believe, that _Mercurials_ do at least blunt the Acrimony -of the Humour, and so procure Ease. For, though that Patient had -most acute Pains, before he entered into a _Mercurial_ Course, yet -afterwards he was easy all a long, as he told me; for I was called in -but a few Days before he died. These, and other melancholly Cases, -should not however, I think, wholly discourage _Surgeons_ from making -rational Attempts upon a Distemper, which I fear is more frequently -met with, than formerly, in this Part of the World: It is to be hoped, -there is in Nature a Specific that may answer; and happy will that Man -be who shall discover it. He will deserve to be placed next to the -Great _Hippocrates_, and also to be rewarded, by the Publick, equally -with him that shall find out the _Longitude_. - -I will not pretend to determine, how far the Fumigation might -contribute to the sudden growth of the Tumour mentioned, but I -should be very glad that the _Surgeon_ who recommended it, would be -so ingenuous, as to vindicate himself, by giving Instances of it’s -Innocency, and of the Advantages he has met with in the Practice of it. - -And now I heartily beg Pardon of the Friends of the Deceased, who shall -give themselves the Trouble of Reading this Account, that I could not -bring it into a narrower Compass. - - * * * * * - -Having truly related what was done, in the Case of Dr _Keil_, I hope -it may appear, that I have acted an honest, and not an unskilful Part -in it: If what was prescribed by others of greater Fame, when it came -to be tried, had not better Success, I presume I shall no longer be -blamed for it. No Man would willingly lose any Reputation, who is to -live by it. I question not, but the best _Surgeons_ in the World will -allow, there are Cases for which there is no Remedy: And he who frankly -owns thus much, no more loses any Reputation, than the Quack, that -promises greater Matters than he afterwards performs, gets any: And I -think they, who have censured me, would have done more ingenuously, if -they would rather have looked upon the present Case as incurable by any -_Surgeon_, than have thrown their Aspersions upon me, as not treating -it properly. - -_N. B._ The foregoing remarkable _Case_ of Dr _Keil_, was published -by Mr _Rushworth_ of _Northampton_, Surgeon at _Oxford_, in the Year -1719[3]. Under the _Imprimatur_ of _Robert Shippen_, Vice-Can. _Oxon._ - - [3] Mr _Rushworth_ died 1737, and it is here inserted in Justice to - his Memory. - - _Some_ curious Observations _made_ (_by my Friend_ John Ranby, - _Esq_; _Surgeon to his Majesty’s Household_, _and F. R. S._) _in - the_ Dissection _of_ Three Subjects, 1728. - -The _first_, a Man aged 70 Years, who died of a Suppression of Urine, -occasioned by a Stone stopping in the _Urethra_, just within the -_Glans_, of the bigness of a Horse Bean. This Appearance, with the -Symptoms that had attended this miserable Man, gave me reason to -expect something remarkable in the urinary Passages. The _Ureters_ and -_Pelvis_ were very much distended; which is common where great Numbers -of Stones have descended down them, from the Kidneys to the Bladder. -The Bladder contained about 60 Stones, the largest of which was about -the Size of a Walnut, the others smaller; and just within the Neck, was -a hard _Tumour_, as big as a Nutmeg, which almost closed the Orifice: -and indeed the Situation of this Tumour was such, that it not only made -the passing the _Catheter_ very difficult, and hindered our feeling the -Stones, by directing the Instrument upwards: but likewise would alone -produce the Symptoms of the Stone in the Bladder, by obstructing the -free Discharge of Urine through the _Urethra_, the inner Membrane of -which appeared as if lacerated in several Places, and the Tube filled -with a glutinous Matter tinged with Blood. On the back Part of the -_Vesiculæ Seminales_, near the _Prostata_, were several _Stones_, as -large as Peas, which closely adhered to the adjacent Membranes. - -The _second_, a Boy aged 10 Years, killed by a Blow on the Skull; whose -Spleen weighed two Pounds, and possessed almost all the left Side -of the abdominal Cavity. The Bladder, when distended to its greatest -Capacity, would not contain an _Ounce_. - -The _third_, a Man aged 25, who died of a Pocky Hectick, and some Days -before complained of a painful Swelling in the Testicle, which he said -came the Night before. I examined it, and found it to be a _Hernia -Aquosa_, and would have punctured it, if I had not felt (besides the -Water) a hard Body, which I could by no Means reduce. In a few Days -he died, which gave me an Opportunity of being satisfied. Opening -the _Scrotum_, and separating the common Membranes to the _Processus -Vaginalis_, it contained about 4 Ounces of Water, besides a great Part -of the _Omentum_; some Portions of which adhered to the Bottom of the -Cavity, and the _Albuginea_ that immediately covers the Testicle. - - * * * * * - -It has been likewise thought proper to preserve a _small Treatise_ -of curing _Consumptions_ by a new Method, of administring -_Specific-Medicines_, more especially _such_ as proceed from _Ulcers_ -of the _Lungs_. - -This excellent Piece was written by the late eminent Mr _Thomas -Nevett_, of _Fen-Church Street_, Surgeon. - - - - - A NEW - - METHOD - - Of Curing - - CONSUMPTIONS - - BY - - Specific Medicines. - - -INTRODUCTION. - -I Remember a remarkable Passage in some _Observations_ upon the -_Bermudus_ Berries, by a Doctor of Physic in the Country, addressed -to the Hon. _Robert Boyle_, Esq; who professeth he had been for 50 -Years an exact Observer of the _Methodus Medendi_; yet saith the -Doctor for my part I firmly believe, that (_Universal Evacuations_ -being premised) the greatest Cures wrought in the World, are by the -use of _Specifical Medicines_. The higher the Attainments of any have -been in Understanding, the more freely have they acknowledged that -the greatest part of those _things_ they _did know_, was the least of -those _things_ they _did not know_; such Men account it not shameful -to renounce an Errour, tho’ ever so ancient, when persuaded thereunto -by Truth and plain Demonstration: There are other narrow Spirits -(abundantly satisfied in their own Knowledge) who believe the _Art_ -of _Physic_ hath been taught by our Ancestors, in such an absolutely -perfect manner, as that nothing remains to the Industry and Diligence -of Posterity; it being too much their Humour to undervalue every -Medicine that they themselves are not Masters of, because they prefer -their private Interest to the public Good: But in the mean time where -is that cordial Love to Mankind, which is one of the Badges of true -Christianity? Nay, where is the Exercise of Reason? For how can a Man -give his Opinion against a thing that he never _heard of_ before, or at -least never _experienced_? I am sure, this unjustifiable Practice is -the way to put a stop to all useful Knowledge and Improvements: It is -therefore expected from the Ingenious and Candid Reader, that he should -adhere to the Cause of Truth, by whomsoever it is pleaded, weigh every -Invention, not in the deceitful _Balance_ of _Custom_, but in the just -and even _Scales_ of _Reason_; approve what is agreeable, and reject -what is contrary to it. - -That I who am by Profession a Surgeon, should in such a polite and -inquisitive Age, venture my Thoughts in public concerning a _Physical -Case_, may be to some matter of Admiration, and to others of severe -Censure; especially such as may think I have invaded their Province. As -for the latter, I am persuaded nothing that I can say will remove their -Prejudices; and for the former, I shall only tell them, that being -alarmed by some of the _Symptoms_ mentioned in the following Discourse, -whereby I plainly perceived the Constitution of my own Body inclined -to a _Consumptive State_, I strenuously applied my Mind to study the -Nature of this _Disease_, and to find out, if possible, some noble -Specific Medicines, which might indeed deserve that Name, and be able -to oppose the growth of so fatal a Distemper, which hath insensibly -flattered so many into the Chambers of Death. What I then laboured -for, and searched after, I have since (by the Blessing of God) found, -and with great Advantage experimented on my self and many others, and -now think fit to disclose for the good of All, not doubting but if a -more excellent Method and Medicine than hath hitherto been generally -administered, or prescribed, be treasured up in the Hands of any -Person whatsoever, he doth more faithfully perform the part of a just -Steward, by a due Improvement, than a close Concealment of it. And on -the same Account, I judge it more my Duty to serve my Native Country, -than mind the Clamours of censorious Critics; not at all questioning -but in a little time, the Efficacy of _these Medicines_ will at once -bring Health to the Patient, and Reputation to their Author: And the -World will be convinced of the _Power_ of these _Remedies_, by their -Effects; tho’ ignorant Persons may be apt to contemn and neglect, till -their Opinions be altered by _Experience_, and their Prejudices removed -by _Demonstration_. - - -_Of the Nature, Causes, and Symptoms of Consumptions._ - -I. A _Consumption_, in general, is a wasting of all the solid parts -of the Body, for want of a due Distribution, or Assimilation of the -Nutritious Juices. - -By some learned Men this is observed to be the _Endemical Distemper_ -of _England_; and indeed our _Weekly-Bills_ at once declare both the -Strength of the Disease, and the Weakness of the Medicines wherewith -it’s Cure hath been hitherto attempted. Besides, that which seems to -justify this Observation, is the pernicious Custom of the Inhabitants -of this island, who immoderately and unseasonably indulge their -Appetites with several sorts of Meats and Drinks, whereby the Tone -of the Stomach is so vitiated, as that it cannot perfectly ferment -and volatilize the Chyle, which is commonly the internal procatartic -Cause of most Distempers among us, and consequently of _Consumptions_ -from those Distempers, from whence comes a Colliquation of the Chyle -in _Lienteries_ and _Dysenteries_, tormenting _Cholic_ and _Iliac_ -Pains, hypocondriac Melancholly, hysteric Fits, scorbutic Twitches, -troublesome Catarrhs, sluggish Passage of the Chyle thro’ the milky -Veins, scrophulous Tumours and Inflammations of the mesenteric Glands, -spasmodic Contractions or Convulsions of the Nerves, preternatural -Fermentation of the Blood and Spirits, _Cachexies_, _Atrophies_, -Obstructions, Fevers hectical, inflammatory and putrid, Exulcerations -of the Lungs and _Marasmus_, with many other Diseases, whence come they -originally and for the most part, but from the Weakness, ill Habit and -Indisposition of the Stomach? - -Now the proper Action of the Stomach is Chylification; for tho’ -the Meat we take into our Mouths receives some Alteration there in -Mastication, by the fermenting Juice that flows from the salivatory -Glands, together with the acrimonious Particles, and fermentaceous -Spirits of Liquors which we drink, yet it is not turned into a thick -white Juice, ’till it hath passed down thro’ the _Oesophagus_, or -Gullet, into the Stomach, where by the help of it’s Fibres it is -closely embraced, and mixed with specific fermentaceous Juices, -separated by it’s inner Coat, and impregnated by the Saliva, then -by a convenient Heat there is made a mixture of all; for that the -fermentaceous Particles entering into the Pores of the Meat, do pass -thro’ agitate and eliquate it’s Particles, dissolving the whole -_Compages_, in which the purer parts were intimately united with the -Crass, and making them more fluid, so that they make another form of -Mixture, and unite among themselves into the resemblance of a milky -Cream, after which together with the thicker Mass with which they are -yet involved, by the Constriction of the Stomach they pass down to the -Guts, where by the Mixture of the Bile and Pancreatic Juice they are by -another manner of Fermentation quite separated from the thicker Mass, -and so are received by the Lacteal Vessels, as the thicker is ejected -by Stool. - -After the purer part of the Chyle hath been thus strained thro’ the -narrow and oblique Pores of the milky Veins, by the continual and -peristaltic Motion of the Intestines, it is yet farther attenuated -and diluted with a very thin and clear _Lympha_ from the Glands of the -Mesentery to expedite its passage thro’ those numerous Meanders into -the common Receptacle, from whence by the constant Supply of such like -_Lympha_ from the small Glands of the _Thorax_, it is safely conveyed -thro’ the _Ductus Chyliferus Thoracius_, subclavian Vein, and the _Vena -Cava_ into the Heart. - -The Chyle now mingled with the Blood, passeth with it thro’ the -Arteries of the whole Body, and returns again with the Blood by the -Veins to the Heart, undergoing many Circulations before it can be -assimilated to the Blood; for every time the new infused Chyle passeth -thro’ the Heart with the Blood, the Particles of the one are more -intimately mixed with those of the other, in it’s Ventricles, and -the Vital Spirit, and other active Principles of the Blood work upon -the Chyle, which being full of Salt, Sulphur and Spirit, as soon as -it’s _Compages_ is loosned by it’s Fermentation with the Blood, the -Principles having obtained the Liberty of Motion, do readily associate -themselves, and are assimilated with such parts of the Blood as are of -a like and suitable Nature. - -After the Chyle hath been thus elaborated, it becomes fit as well -to recruit the Mass of Blood, as to nourish the whole Body, seeing -it consists of divers Principles and Parts of a different Nature; -therefore, according to the various Use and Necessity of every part, -and also that it may conform and fashion it self to the different -Pores and Passages, it is severally appropriated; the most volatile -and subtil part is separated in the Brain, and adapted to refresh the -Animal Spirits, the glutinous to nourish the Body, and the sulphureous -to revive the native Heat: And in it’s Passage with the Blood thro’ -all the parts of the Body, all the Mass of Chyle that is capable of -being turned into Blood is sanguified; the serous and saline part -precipitated by the Kidneys, and evacuated by Sweats or insensible -Transpirations, the bilious is deposited in the Liver, and the rest of -its Excrements retire to the several Emunctories of the Body. - -Thus it comes to pass by the wonderful Sagacity of Nature, such -extraordinary Provision is made, that the purer part of the Chyle by -these ways and means is more purified; and when it is thus purified -and sublimed, it is more capable of reinforcing the Blood and Spirits, -as also of corroborating the Tone of every particular Part: Whereas -when the Chyle is sour and dispirited, the Blood necessarily becomes -vappid, the animal Spirits which reside in the System of the Nerves -are infected with a Morbid Disposition, and all parts of the Body -begin to flag and waste. For indeed there is no other way to recruit -the daily Expence of Blood and Spirits, but by a continual Influx -of laudable Chyle into the Blood-Vessels, which Chyle is made by -the Fermentative Juice of the Stomach, and this Fermentative Juice -supplied from the Mass of Blood, so that there plainly appears to -be a fixed Correspondence betwixt the Blood and the Chyle, and a -necessary Dependance all the Humours in the Habit of the Body have -on the Stomach; from whence it is reasonable to infer, That if the -Chilifying Faculty of the Stomach be depraved, the Blood and Humours -must necessarily sympathize therewith, and in a manner proportionable -to the Distemper of this part. - -II. The immediate Cause of a _Consumption_ of the _Lungs_ is store of -sharp, malignant, waterish Humours, continually distilling upon the -soft spungy Substance of the Lungs, stuffing, inflaming, impostumating, -and exulcerating them, whereby their Action, which is Respiration, or -a receiving-in and driving-out Air is depraved, as will more clearly -appear by the following Description of these Parts. It will not be -impertinent to our Discourse if we should usher in the Description of -the _Lungs_, with a short Account of the _Trachea_, _Aspera Arteria_, -or _Wind-pipe_. - -III. The _Trachea_ or _Aspera Arteria_ is a long Pipe, consisting of -Cartilages and Membranes, which beginning at the Throat or lower part -of the Jaws, and lying upon the Gullet, descends into the _Lungs_, -thro’ which it spreads into many Branchings, and is commonly divided -into two parts, the _Larynx_ and _Bronchus_; the _Larynx_ is the upper -part of the Wind-pipe, the _Bronchus_ is all the _Trachea_ besides the -_Larynx_, as well before as after it arrives at the _Lungs_. - -The Substance of the _Lungs_ is soft, spongy and rare, curiously -compacted of most thin and fine Membranes, continued with the -Ramifications of the _Trachea_ or Wind-pipe, which Membranes compose -an infinite number of little, round and hollow Vesicles, or Bladders, -so placed as that there is an open Passage from the Branches of the -_Aspera Arteria_, out of one into another, and all terminate at the -outer Membrane that investeth the whole _Lungs_: These little Bladders -by help of their muscular Fibres contract themselves in Expiration, and -are dilated in Inspiration, partly by the Pressure of the Atmosphere, -and partly by the elastic Power of the Air, insinuating it self -into these Vesicles thro’ the Windpipe and it’s several Branches: -Their Lobes are two, the right and left, parted by the _Mediastinum_, -each of which is divided into many lesser Lobules, according to the -Ramifications of the _Aspera Arteria_; they have all sorts of Vessels -that are common to them with other parts, as Arteries, Veins, Nerves, -Lympheducts, but peculiar to themselves they have their _Bronchia_, -or the Branches of the Wind-pipe, for bringing-in and carrying-out -Air so necessary to Life, that we cannot Live without it: And when we -consider their admirable Structure, (as well as the Structure of every -individual part of our Body) how ought we to adore the infinite Wisdom -of our Creator! Now when these small Vesicles or Bladders are replete -with extravasated _Serum_, or purulent Matter, the natural Tone of -the _Lungs_ is so weakned, that we cannot enjoy the Benefit of free -and full Respiration, hard, scirrhous Tumours and Tubercles are bred, -attended with a dry and troublesome Cough, Oppression of the Breast, -difficult and short Breathing, preternatural Heats, Exulcerations, and -other deplorable Symptoms, according to the Degrees of Obstruction, and -different Nature of the included Humours. - -IV. The external Procatartic Cause of a _Consumption_ of the _Lungs_ -is cold Particles of Air, constipating the Pores of the Body, whereby -the _Serum_ which ought to expedite the Motion, and temperate the Heat -of the Blood is separated from it, and thrown upon the Glands of the -_Larynx_, and the spungy Substance of the Lungs themselves: For as the -_Lympha_ helps the Motion of the _Chyle_, so the _Serum_ accelerates -the Circulation of the Blood, being carried about with it thro’ the -smallest Capillary Vessels and remotest parts of the Body, lest it -should be inflamed with a burning Heat, or stagnate by excessive -Thickness; during which circular Motion they are both called by the -same common Name, but when some Portion of _Serum_ is separated from -the Mass of Blood, and retreats to some one or more of the Emunctories; -according to their various Dispositions, it derives a Name from those -particular Parts on which it seizeth, as when it distils upon the Eyes, -we call it _Opthalmia_, when upon the Nose _Coryza_, and when upon the -_Thorax_ it goes by the proper Name of a _Catarrh_. - -Now forasmuch as there is nothing makes a Separation of the Blood -more commonly than the want of usual Transpiration, so nothing more -conduceth to the Preservation of Health, than that the Pores of the -Body should continually let out the hot Streams and Vapours that arise -from the Ebullition of the Blood; but when after taking Cold the Skin -and Habit of the Body are on a sudden stopped up, that the sulphureous -and waterish Excrements of the Blood cannot pass through the Pores, -they are again resorbed into the Mass of Blood, from whence proceeds -a feverish Disposition; unless they are carried off by Stool, or -precipitated by the Kidneys, are sometimes translated to the Glandulous -Parts of the _Lungs_, where by Degrees contracting more and more Heat -and Sharpness they inflame and exulcerate these tender Parts. - -Nevertheless tho’ a _Consumption_ of the _Lungs_ is sometimes thus -caused by taking Cold, yet this comes to pass but seldom, unless -in such Bodies whose Mass of Blood being rendered Cachectic, thro’ -frequent Influxes of dispirited Chyle, is pre-disposed to receive, -and unable to free it self from this New Influx of Catarrhous Rheum: -For suppose Two Persons in like manner deprived of the Benefit of -usual Transpiration, by some great Cold, which tho’ troublesome in -the beginning, because of a violent and continual Distillation of -Extravasated _Serum_ upon the Glandulous Coat of the Wind-pipe, -and other adjacent Glands, yet in the One of these it survives not -the accidental feverish Disposition of the Blood, occasioned by -the Stoppage of the Pores: For as soon as the Ferment ceaseth, the -separated Humours, partly for want of a new Influx of _Serum_, and -partly by the natural Heat of these Parts, are concocted into a thick -sort of Phlegm, and coughed up; after the Expectoration of which -separated _Serum_ the glandulous Parts presently recover their natural -Tone, without any Remains of a Tumour, Cough, Shortness of Breath, or -other Inconvenience; but in the other this feverish Ferment, occasioned -by taking Cold, is not transitory, but so habitually fixed by means -of some previous Indisposition, as to encrease the Effervescence and -Colliquation of the Blood and Spirits; from whence all the Glands which -are seated in the upper part of the _Larynx_, as also the glandulous -Coat of the Wind-pipe it self are overflown with a Deluge of hot -distempered Humours, the Substance of the _Lungs_ distended with hard -Tumours, the Branches of the Wind-pipe comprest, and the Wind-pipe it -self from these Swellings irritated to Cough, by a continual tickling, -which promotes a frequent spewing out of hot sharp Humours all along -the _Aspera Arteria_, till at length these Tubercles growing very -large, begin to inflame and suppurate; immediately upon the breaking -or opening of those Apostemes, sometimes such a Flood of corrupted -Matter is poured out of their Baggs or Cavities, into the Branches of -the _Trachea_, as compleatly suffocates and choaks the Patient; but at -other times this Purulent Matter, mixt with streaks of Blood, and some -thin Phlegm that is continually discharged from the glandulous Coat of -the Wind-pipe, is coughed up by degrees, and then this deplorable Case -requires Specific Medicines, to cleanse and heal these Ulcers. - -V. Such kind of _Consumptions_ whose Original is store of malignant -acrimonious Humours, which are most apt to inflame and putrify, may be -termed acute, when compared to others that proceed from Humours more -mild and benign. There may be likewise some difference made by omitting -Bleeding, and committing some egregious Errors in Diet, Exercise, -Passions of the Mind, or any other of the _Non-Naturals_: However, -all _Consumptions_ of the _Lungs_ ought to be reckoned in the Number -of Chronical Distempers, because they are contracted and augmented by -degrees, and no other way to be remedied; yet this doth not prove them -incurable in their own Nature, for Reason and Experience both teach the -contrary: And indeed I must confess, it was from the marvelous Success -of these Remedies that I first imbibed this Notion, _viz._ _Ulcers_ -of the _Lungs_ are in themselves curable. Sometimes a Fever or other -acute Distemper may be jugulated, when either Nature or Art carries -off the Morbific Matter by a sudden _Crisis_ or plentiful Evacuation, -but all hopes of dispatching a confirmed _Consumption_ of the _Lungs_ -instantly are groundless, seeing many inveterate Obstructions must be -removed, abundance of tough glutinous Humours attenuated and evacuated, -the whole Mass of Blood and Spirits rectified, the Habit of the Body -meliorated, and the Tone of several parts recovered, before we can -eradicate this fixed Distemper. - -What will be the Issue and Result of this _Consumptive-Disease_, may -rationally be prognosticated from it’s several Stages or Degrees: -For when the Mass of Blood by a continual Influx of sour dispirited -Chyle is reduced to a sharp and hectical State, and the _Serum_ which -is separated from this corrupted Blood only stuffs the Bladders and -Glandules which are dispersed thro’ the Body of the Lungs, this -Distemper may be said to be in it’s Infancy or beginning, (and if -sovereign Remedies were then presented, they might obtain an easy -Conquest) but the Increase is attended with a greater Distention of -the Glands and Bladders, as also an Inflammation of these Tubercles -tending to suppuration: For when the Animal Spirits which are necessary -to the natural Fermentation of the Blood are vitiated with unwholesome -Particles of a foggy and thick Air, and the Humour which for a long -time hath been contained in the Baggs or Cavities of the Lungs is -over-heated by some extraordinary Ebullition or Fermentation of the -Blood, with a total Suppression of Expectoration, the Cough becomes -more violent, the Fever inflammatory, and all parts more tabid. In -it’s further Progress or State all Symptoms advance apace towards -their Extremity, Suppuration now succeeds the Inflammation of these -Tubercles, for that the Purulent Matter is either breeding or already -made, the Inflammatory Hectic is changed into a putrid Intermitting -Fever, attended with an Universal Colliquation of the Nutritious Juices -and plentiful Separation of them from the Mass of Blood by all ways of -Evacuation that Nature affords; whence the Patients strength suddainly -decays, and in a short time he is reduced to the highest State of a -_Marasmus_, with an _Hippocratic_ Face. - -VI. Thus having demonstrated to the meanest Capacity the Power of this -prevailing Evil, with it’s efficient and material Causes, Reason it -self presently suggests nothing less than great and noble Medicines -can tame a Distemper so formidable. It is no less obvious to the -Understanding of every one that professeth any thing of Physic, that -the sooner the Cure is begun the better, the more moderate the Patient -is in the use of the Six _Non-Naturals_, the more likely to succeed; -the Spring-time is the best Season, Universals are to be premised, -extraordinary Symptoms and Circumstances peculiarly attended, and such -like things must run through the whole Course of Practice. - -No doubt but the Chalibeate Mineral Waters when impregnated with -the Volatile Salts and Spirits of a serene Air, pleasant Society, -delightful Recreations, Morning and Evening Walks, regular Diet, -Freedom from Business, vexatious Thoughts, Exercise[4], and the rest -may be serviceable: But if the _Jesuit_ were sentenced to perpetual -Exile, I think the Consumptive have no reason excessively to lament, -for I can tell them who hath a Febrifuge Antihectical, without a Grain -of the _Jesuit_, more excellent far than the _Peruvian_ Bark, because -it makes a safe, not a treacherous Peace, and can give a Reason of it’s -working so stupendiously, tho’ they who know not how a thing can be -done, think it impossible to be done. - - [4] Particularly that of _Riding_; relating to which, consult Mr - FULLER’s _Medicina Gymnastica_. - -For my part, I do not believe any Medicine can work a Cure in the way -of a Charm, yet they who either know or use no other (at least for the -most part) than ordinary Medicines, cannot conceive how such wonderful -Effects can be wrought, unless by Inchantment[5]. - - [5] See _Boyle_ on _Specific Medicines._ - -The common Method of Cure is by Bleeding to abate the Effervescence -or Colliquation of the Blood, and prevent the Tumour and Inflammation -of the Lungs, by Vomits to relieve the Stomach opprest with store of -ill Humours, and remove divers Obstructions of several Bowels and -small Vessels, by Stomach-Purges gently to carry down the peccant -Humours; and lastly by Diuretics and Diaphoretics with some mixture of -an Opiate, plentifully to carry off the Colliquated _Serum_ by Urine, -or the Pores of the Skin, without raising a fresh Catarrh by a new -Commotion of the Blood. After a due Administration of these universal -Evacuations, (which in their respective Seasons are highly necessary) -the frequent Use of Pectoral Apozems and Pulmonary Linctuses is next -enjoined, to retund the Acrimony of the Humours which ouze out of the -Wind-pipe, by their mucilaginous and incrassating Quality, and so -mitigate the troublesome Cough. How far serviceable to this end and -purpose the neatest Forms of such Dispensations that I ever yet saw may -be, I will not dispute, only this I must take leave to say, because to -me (as also to the unprejudiced I humbly conceive) it seems evident -that such fulsom Ingredients of which they are compounded, are more -apt to spoil a weak than recover a lost Stomach, and consequently not -the fittest Medicines Consumptive Persons may have recourse to: For -how many by woful Experience have found the constant and frequent use -of such Anti-Stomachics led them from one Degree of this Malady to -another, ’till their decaying Appetite hath been quite overthrown, (and -consequently their hectic Heat inflamed) their Bodies so emaciated, as -to render them uncapable of necessary Evacuations, and they themselves -at last given over to a Milk Diet, Asses Milk, some Chalibeate Mineral -Waters, or such like Liquids, to which the poor distressed Stomach -ecchoes aloud, _Miserable Comforters all_! If therefore I can, as I -have Reason to believe, with Medicines less offensive in Quantity, and -more useful in Quality, restore the lost Appetite, and do the same, if -not greater Service towards the Concocting and Expectorating that load -of separated _Serum_ with which the Pipes of the Lungs are stuffed, -(which will easily be perceived by the Patient in a few Weeks with due -Care and Management) I think I have gained a great Point, forasmuch as -the Recovery of the Stomach may reasonably be looked upon as an Earnest -of the Cure. - -The Medicines I do here recommend to my Countrymen as Specific -in the Cure of _Consumption_ of the _Lungs_, arising from the -fore-mentioned Causes, have a peculiar Faculty of warming, comforting -and strengthening weak Stomachs, attenuating and gently carrying off -that load of Tartareous Matter which is lodged in their rugous Coat, -depraving both Appetite and Digestion. In their Passage thro’ the -whole Circumference of the Guts, they likewise dissolve that crusted -Slime and Filth which hinders the Pressure of the Chyle into the Milky -Vessels by the Peristaltic Motion of their Spiral Fibres: Thus having -removed these Fundamental Obstructions, they hasten together with the -Chylous Mixture, which by this time is somewhat Invigorated towards the -Relief of the Sanguineous Mass, presently upon their Conjunction the -Blood revives, and by degrees becomes brisk and vigorous, able to cope -with, and give some check to the preternatural hectic Heat, stop the -Influx of the Rheum into the Glandulous Substance of the Lungs, concoct -that which is already collected, and release the Animal Spirits, -intangled with a vitious disposition of the Nervous Juice. Having -gained these Advantages, things begin to look with another manner of -Aspect, the Habit of the Body grows firmer, the Mind chearfuller, the -Countenance fresh and brisk, the emaciated Parts gather Flesh and -Strength, the Lungs and Glands of the _Larynx_ recover their natural -Tone, and the whole Constitution improves towards a State of Health. -Moreover, These _Anti-Phthisics_ are really impregnated with such -Volatile Spirits and Salts, that as Lightning they penetrate the -remotest Corners of the Body, exterminating the very Seeds and Roots -of this grievous Disease, powerfully and effectually, yet pleasantly -and securely, if plentifully taken in the manner of a Diet: For thus -in time they chear up the drooping Animal Spirits, fortify the System -of the Nerves, and so influence the whole Sanguineous Mass, as that -the Blood it self becomes the most precious of all natural Balsoms, -marvellously cleansing the putrid _Ulcers_ of the _Lungs_, and finally -reducing them to a perfect _Cicatrix_. - -Wherefore let none be deceived by the flattering Nature of this -Distemper in the beginning, nor give themselves over for lost in the -highest State, because these reviving Cordials are calculated for -the weakest Constitutions, seeing at the same time they offend the -Diseased Matter on the one Hand, they support Nature from sinking -under any Evacuations on the other. It is therefore my Advice to the -_Consumptive_, or _Consumptively-inclined_, and their Interest (by way -of Prevention) to acquaint themselves in time with these Sovereign -Antidotes. Better Counsel I cannot give to the best of my Friends, if -they are desirous to save themselves a great deal of Pain and Misery, -as well as Charges, and render their Lives comfortable to themselves -and serviceable to others. - -The Warmness of these Medicines, which is the only Objection that -ever I met with in the use of them, is so far from being a real -Discouragement, as that upon serious and judicious Considerations, -it becomes a Notable Argument to enforce the taking of them; for -otherwise they would be too weak to engage the Original Cause of -hectic, burning and putrid Fevers; whereas by this active Principle -of Heat, they work so effectually upon the whole Mass of Chyle, as -to separate the sharp and dispirited from the nutritious Particles -thereof, thoroughly insinuate themselves into all the Avenues of the -Adversary, cut and divide the tough viscous Humours which distemper -the Veins, Arteries and Nerves, destroy the Acidity of the Nervous -Juice, recover the Natural Temper of the Animal Spirits, sweeten the -Mass of Blood, by separating the Impurities thereof by the Cutaneous -Glands, gently forcing a Transpiration of the Feverish Particles of -the whole, and so banish that Preternatural Heat which is Proof to -all common Remedies. And that Diseases which carry in their outward -Appearance a shew of preternatural Heat are thus to be treated with -warm Medicines, is indeed observable to every discerning Eye: For -the most malignant Fevers are attacked and conquered by the briskest -and warmest _Alexipharmics_ and the most violent _Erysipelas_, or -St _Anthony_’s _Fire_, is discussed and breathed out by strong -and spirituous Fomentations, but are both of them exasperated by -refrigerating or cooling Medicines, and their preternatural Heat more -and more increased, till the one at length terminates in the _cold -sweats of Death_, and the other in a compleat _Mortification_. - -To multiply Encomiums of this kind is remote from my intended Brevity, -therefore take this remarkable one for all: The Efficacy of _Specific -Medicines_ may be experienced from Mr _Boyle_’s unparalelled Treatise, -herein referred to, and from the full Descriptions I have given any -Chymist of Eminence, upon consulting each respective Patient’s Case, -can effectually prepare them. But I would more particularly recommend -for this Purpose the Skilful Mr _Boyle Godfrey_, in _Covent-Garden_. - - THO. NEVETT. - - - - -[Illustration] - - A - - MODEST DEFENSE - - OF - - _PUBLICK STEWS_ - - Price 2_s._ 6_d._ - -[Illustration] - - - - - THE NATURAL - - SECRET HISTORY - - OF - - _BOTH SEXES_: - - OR, - - A Modest Defense - - OF - - _PUBLIC STEWS_. - - With an Account of the Present State - of WHORING in these Kingdoms. - - By _LUKE OGLE_, Esq; - - THE FOURTH EDITION. - - _LONDON_: - - Printed in the YEAR M.DCC.XL. - - - - -[Illustration] - - TO THE - - SOCIETIES - - FOR - - _Reformation of Manners_. - - -GENTLEMEN, - -The great Pains and Diligence You have employ’d in the Defence of -Modesty and Virtue, give You an undisputed Title to the Address of this -Treatise; tho’ it is with the utmost Concern that I find myself under a -Necessity of writing it, and that after so much Reforming, there should -be any Thing left to say upon the Subject, besides congratulating -You upon Your happy Success. It is no small Addition to my Grief to -observe, that Your Endeavours to suppress Lewdness have only serv’d -to promote it; and that this _Branch_ of _Immorality_ has _grown_ -under Your Hands, as if it was _prun’d_ instead of being _lopp’d_. But -however Your ill Success may grieve, it cannot astonish me: What else -could we hope for, from Your persecuting of poor strolling Damsels? -From your stopping up those _Drains_ and _Sluices_ we had to let out -Lewdness? From your demolishing those _Horn-works_ and _Breast-works_ -of Modesty? Those _Ramparts_ and _Ditches_ within which the Virtue -of our Wives and Daughters lay so conveniently _intrench’d_? An -Intrenchment so much the safer, by how much the Ditches were harder -to be fill’d up. Or what better could we expect from Your Carting of -Bawds, than that the Great Leviathan of Leachery, for Want of these -Tubs to play with, should, with one Whisk of his Tail, overset the -_Vessel_ of Modesty? Which, in her best Trim, we know to be somewhat -_leaky_, and to have a very unsteady _Helm_. - -An ancient Philosopher compares Lewdness to a wild, fiery, and -headstrong young Colt, which can never be broke till he is rid into a -Bog: And _Plato_, on the same Subject, has these Words; _The Gods_, -says he, _have given us one disobedient and unruly Member, which, like -a greedy and ravenous Animal that wants Food, grows wild and furious, -till having imbib’d the Fruit of the common Thirst, he has plentifully -besprinkled and bedewed the Bottom of the Womb_. - -And now I have mentioned the Philosophers, I must beg Your Patience for -a Moment, to hear a short Account of their Amours: For nothing will -convince us of the irresistible Force of Love, and the Folly of hoping -to suppress it, sooner than reflecting, that those venerable _Sages_, -those Standards of Morality, those great _Reformers_ of the World, -were so sensibly touch’d with this tender Passion. - -_Socrates_ confess’d, that, in his old Age, he felt a strange tickling -all over him for five Days, only by a Girl’s touching his Shoulder. - -_Xenophon_ made open Profession of his passionate Love to _Clineas_. - -_Aristippus_ of _Cyrene_, writ a lewd Book of ancient Delights; he -compar’d a Woman to a House or a Ship, that was the better for being -used: He asserted, that there was no Crime in Pleasure, but only in -being a Slave to it: And often used to say, I _enjoy_ Lais, _but_ Lais -_does not enjoy me_. - -_Theodorus_ openly maintain’d, that a wise Man might without Shame or -Scandal, keep Company with common Harlots. - -_Plato_, our great Pattern for chaste-Love, proposes, as the greatest -Reward for public Service, that he who has perform’d a signal Exploit, -should not be deny’d any amorous Favour. He writ a Description of the -Loves of his Time, and several amorous Sonnets upon his own Minions: -His chief Favorites were _Asterus_, _Dio_, _Phædrus_, and _Agatho_; but -he had, for Variety, his Female Darling _Archeanassa_; and was so noted -for Wantonness, that _Antisthenes_, gave him the Nick-name of _Satho_, -i. e. _Well-furnish’d_. - -_Polemo_ was prosecuted by his Wife for Male-Venery. - -_Crantor_ made no Secret of his Love to his Pupil _Arcesilaus_. - -_Arcesilaus_ made Love to _Demetrius_ and _Leocharus_; the last, he -said, he would fain have open’d: Besides, he publickly visited the two -_Elean_ Courtezans, _Theodota_ and _Philæta_, and was himself enjoy’d -by _Demochares_ and _Pythocles_: He suffer’d the last, he said, for -Patience-sake. - -_Bion_ was noted for debauching his own Scholars. - -_Aristotle_, the first _Peripatetic_, had a Son call’d _Nichomacus_, -by his Concubine _Herpilis_: He lov’d her so well, that he left her -in his Will a Talent of Silver, and the Choice of his Country-Houses; -that, as he says, the Damsel might have no Reason to complain: He -enjoy’d, besides the Eunuch _Hermias_, others say only his Concubine -_Pythais_, upon whom he writ a Hymn, call’d, _The Inside_. - -_Demetrius Phalereus_, who had 360 Statues in _Athens_, kept _Lamia_ -for his Concubine, and at the same time was himself enjoy’d by _Cleo_: -He writ a Treatise, call’d, _The Lover_, and was nick-nam’d by the -Courtezans, _Charito_, _Blespharus_, i. e. _A Charmer of Ladies_; and -_Lampetes_, i. e. _A great Boaster of his Abilities_. - -_Diogenes_, the _Cynic_, us’d to say, that Women ought to be in -common, and that Marriage was nothing but a Man’s getting a Woman in -the Mind to be lain with: He often us’d Manual Venery in the public -Market-place, with this Saying. _Oh! that I could assuage my Hunger -thus with rubbing of my Stomach!_ - -But what Wonder if the old _Academics_, the _Cyrenaics_, and -_Peripatetics_, were so lewdly wanton, when the very _Stoics_, who -prided themselves in the Conquest of all their other Passions, were -forc’d to submit to this? - -_Zeno_, indeed, the Founder of that Sect, was remarkable for his -Modesty, because he rarely made Use of Boys, and took but once an -ordinary Maid-Servant to Bed, that he might not be thought to hate -the Sex; yet, in his _Commonwealth_, he was for a Community of Women; -and writ a Treatise, wherein he regulated the Motions of getting a -Maidenhead, and philosophically prov’d Action and Reaction to be equal. - -_Chrysippus_ and _Apollodorus_ agree with _Zeno_ in a Community of -Women, and say, that a wise Man may be in Love with handsome Boys. - -_Erillus_, a Scholar of _Zeno_’s, was a notorious Debauchee. - -I need not mention the _Epicureans_ who were remarkable for their -Obscenity. - -_Epicurus_ used to make a Pander of his own Brother; and his Scholar, -the Great _Metrodorus_, visited all the noted Courtezans in _Athens_, -and publicly kept the famous _Leontium_, his Master’s _Quondam_ -Mistress. Yet, if you will believe _Laertius_, he was every Way a good -Man. - -But what shall we say of our Favourite _Seneca_, who, with all his -_Morals_, could never acquire the Reputation of _Chastity_? He was -indeed somewhat Nice in his Amours, like the Famous _Flora_, who was -never enjoy’d by any Thing less than a Dictator or a Consul; for he -scorn’d to intrigue with any Thing less than the Empress. - -Now, if those Reverend School-Masters of Antiquity, were so loose in -their Seminals, shall we, of this Age, set up for Chastity? Have our -_Oxford Students_ more Command of their Passions than the _Stoics_? Are -our Young _Templars_ less Amorous than _Plato_? Or, is an _Officer_ of -the Army less Ticklish in the Shoulder than _Socrates_? - -But I need not waste any Rhetoric upon so evident a Truth; for plain -and clear Propositions, like Windows painted, are only the more Obscure -the more they are adorn’d. - -I will now suppose, that you have given up the Men as Incorrigible; -since You are convinc’d, by Experience, that even Matrimony is not able -to reclaim them. Marriage, indeed, is just such a Cure for Lewdness, -as a Surfeit is for Gluttony; it gives a Man’s Fancy a Distaste to -the particular Dish, but leaves his Palate as Luxurious as ever: for -this Reason we find so many marry’d Men, that, like _Sampson_’s Foxes, -only do more Mischief for having their Tails ty’d. But the Women, You -say, are weaker Vessels, and You are resolv’d to make them submit; -rightly judging, if You cou’d make all the Females Modest, it would -put a considerable Stop to Fornication. It is great Pity, no doubt, -so Fine a Project should Miscarry: And I would willingly entertain -Hopes of seeing one of these _Bridewell_ Converts. In the mean Time -it would not be amiss, if You chang’d somewhat your present Method of -Conversion, especially in the Article of Whipping. It is very possible, -indeed, that leaving a Poor Girl Penny-less, may put her in a Way of -living Honestly, tho’ the want of Money was the only Reason of her -living otherwise; and the stripping of her Naked, may, for aught I -know, contribute to Her Modesty, and put Her in a State of Innocence; -but surely, _Gentlemen_, You must all know, that Flogging has a quite -contrary Effect. This Project of pulling down Bawdy-houses to prevent -Uncleanness, puts me in Mind of a certain Over-nice Gentleman, who -cou’d never fancy his Garden look’d sweet, till he had demolish’d a -Bog-house that offended his Eye in one Corner of it; but it was not -long before every Nose in the Family was convinc’d of His Mistake. If -Reason fails to Convince, let us profit by Example: Observe the Policy -of a Modern Butcher, persecuted with a Swarm of Carnivorous Flies; when -all his Engines and Fly-flaps have prov’d ineffectual to defend his -Stall against the Greedy Assiduity of those Carnal Insects, he very -Judiciously cuts off a Fragment, already blown, which serves to hang -up for a Cure; and thus, by sacrifising a Small Part, already Tainted, -and not worth Keeping, he wisely secures the Safety of the Rest. Or, -let us go higher for Instruction, and take Example by the Grazier, who -far from denying his Herd the Accustom’d Privilege of Rubbing, when -their Sides are Stimulated with sharp Humours, very Industriously -fixes a Stake in the Center of the Field, not so much, you may imagine, -to Regale the Salacious Hides of his Cattle, as to preserve his Young -Trees from Suffering by the Violence of their Friction. - -I could give You more Examples of this Kind, equally full of -Instruction, but that I’m loth to detain You from the Perusal of the -following Treatise; and at the same Time Impatient to have the Honour -of Subscribing Myself - - _Your Fellow-Reformer, - - and Devoted Servant,_ - - PHIL-PORNEY. - - - - -[Illustration] - - PREFACE. - - -Lest any inquisitive Reader should puzzle his Brains to find out why -this _Foundling_ is thus clandestinely dropt at his Door, let it -suffice him, that the _Midwife_ of a Printer was unwilling to help -bring it into the World, but upon that Condition, or a much harder, -that of my openly _Fathering_ it. I could make many other reasonable -Apologies, if requisite: For, besides my having follow’d the modest -Example of several other pious _Authors_, such as that of Εικων -Βασιλικη, of the _Whole Duty of Man_, &c. who have studied rather their -Country’s Publick Good, than their own Private Fame; I think, I have -also play’d the Politick Part: for should my _Off-spring_ be defective, -why let it fall upon the Parish. On the other hand, if accidentally -it prove hopeful, ’tis certain I need be at no further Trouble. There -will then be _Parents_ enough ready to own the _Babe_, and take it upon -themselves. Adoption amongst the _Machiavellian_ Laws of the _Muses_ -is strictly kept up, and every day put in Practice: How few of our now -bright _Noblemen_ would otherwise have _Wit_? How many of our present -thriving _Poets_ would else want a _Dinner_? ’Tis a vulgar Error to -imagine Men live upon their own Wits, when generally it is upon others -Follies; a Fund that carries by much the best Interest, and is by far -upon the most certain Security of any: The _Exchequer_ has been shut -up, the _Bank_ has stopt Payment, _South-Sea_ has been demolish’d, -but _White’s_ was never known to fail; and indeed how should it, -when almost every Wind blows to _Dover_, or _Holyhead_, some fresh -_Proprietor_ amply qualified with sufficient _Stock_. - -I am in some pain for the Event of this _Scheme_, hoping the _Wicked_ -will find it too Grave, and fearing the _Godly_ will scarce venture -beyond the Title-Page: And should they, _even_, I know they’ll object, -’tis here and there interwoven with too ludicrous Expressions, not -considering that a dry Argument has occasion for the larding of Gaiety -to make it the better relish and go down. Besides, finding by the exact -Account tack’d to that most edifying _Anti-Heidegger_ Discourse,[6] -that eighty six Thousand Offenders have been lately punish’d, and -that four hundred Thousand religious Books have been distributed -about _Gratis_ (not to mention the numberless Three-penny Jobs -daily publish’d to no Ends, or Purpose, but the _Author_’s;) I say, -finding all these Measures have been taken, and that Lewdness still -so much prevails, I thought it highly proper to try this Experiment, -being fully convinc’d that opposite Methods often take place. Own, -_Preferment-Hunter_! when sailing on with the Tide avails nothing, -does not tacking about steer you sometimes into that snug Harbour, an -Employment? Speak _Hibernian Stallion_! when a meek fawning Adoration -turns to no Account, does not a pert assuming Arrogance frequently -forward, nay, gain the critical Minute? And say, [7] _Mesobin!_ where -a Purge fails, is not a Vomit an infallible _Recipe_ for a Looseness? - - [6] The Bp. of _L----n_’s Sermon against Masquerades. - - [7] An able Member of the College of Physicians. - -To conclude; when my Arguments are impartially examin’d, I doubt not -but my Readers will join with me, that as long as it is the Nature -of Man (and _Naturam expellas furca licet usque recurret_) to have a -Salt _Itch_ in the Breeches, the _Brimstone_ under the Petticoat will -be a necessary Remedy to _lay_ it; and let him be ever so sly in the -Application, it will still be found out: What avails it then to affect -to conceal that which cannot be concealed, and that which if carried -on openly and above-board, would become only less detrimental, and of -consequence more justifiable? - -Be the Success of this Treatise as it happens, the Good of Mankind is -my only Aim; nor am I less hearty or zealous in the Publick Welfare of -my Country, than that Noble Pattern of Sincerity, Bishop _B----t_, who -finishes his Preface with the following Paragraph. _And now, O my G--, -the G-- of my Life, and of all my Mercies, I offer this Work to Thee, -to whose Honour it is chiefly intended; that thereby I may awaken the -World to just Reflections on their own Errors and Follies, and call on -them to acknowledge thy Providence, to adore it, and ever to depend on -it._ - - - - -[Illustration] - - A - - _Modest Defence, &c._ - - -There is nothing more idle, or shows a greater Affectation of Wit, than -the modern Custom of treating the most grave Subjects with Burlesque -and Ridicule. The present Subject of _Whoring_, was I dispos’d, -would furnish me sufficiently in this kind, and might possibly, if -so handled, excite Mirth in those who are only capable of such low -Impressions. But, as the chief Design of this Treatise is to promote -the general Welfare and Happiness of Mankind, I hope to be excus’d, -if I make no farther Attempts to please, than are consistent with -that Design. The Practice of _Whoring_ has, of late Years, become so -universal, and its Effects so prejudicial to Mankind, that several -Attempts have been made to put a Stop to it; and a certain _Society_ -of Worthy _Gentlemen_ have undertaken that Affair with a Zeal truly -commendable, tho’ the Success does but too plainly make it appear, that -they were mistaken in their Measures, and had not rightly consider’d -the Nature of this Evil, which we are all equally sollicitous to -prevent, however we may differ in our Opinions as to the Manner. And -tho’ the Method I intend to propose, of erecting _Publick Stews_ for -that purpose, may seem at first sight somewhat ludicrous, I shall, -nevertheless, make it appear to be the only Means we have now left -for redressing this Grievance. As this Redress is the whole Scope and -Design of this Treatise, I hope to be acquitted of my Design, when -I have prov’d the following Propositions: That _publick Whoring_ is -neither so criminal in itself, nor so detrimental to the _Society_, as -_private Whoring_; and that the encouraging of _publick Whoring_, by -erecting _Stews_, will not only prevent most of the ill Consequences of -this Vice, but even lessen the _Practice_ of _Whoring_ in general, and -reduce it to the narrowest Bounds which it can possibly be contain’d -in. But before we proceed, it is requisite that we examine what those -mischievous Effects are which _Whoring_ naturally produces, that we may -the better judge whether or no they will be prevented by this Scheme. - -The greatest Evil that attends this Vice, or could well befall Mankind, -is the Propagation of that infectious Disease, called the _French-Pox_, -which in two Centuries, has made such incredible Havock all over -_Europe_. In these Kingdoms it so seldom fails to attend _Whoring_, -now-a-days mistaken for _Gallantry_ and _Politeness_, that a hale, -robust Constitution is esteem’d a Mark of Ungentility; and a healthy -young Fellow is look’d upon with the same View, as if he had spent -his Life in a Cottage. Our Gentlemen of the Army, whose unsettled way -of Life makes it inconvenient for them to marry, are hereby very much -weaken’d and enervated, and render’d unfit to undergo such Hardships -as are necessary for defending and supporting the Honour of their -Country: And our Gentry in general seem to distinguish themselves -by an ill State of Health, in all probability the Effect of this -pernicious Distemper: for the Secrecy which most People are obliged to -in this Disease, makes the Cure of it often ineffectual; and tho’ the -Infection itself may possibly be remov’d, yet for want of taking proper -Methods, it generally leaves such an ill Habit of Body as is not easily -recover’d. ’Tis to this we seem to owe the Rise of that Distemper, the -_King’s-Evil_, never known till the _French Disease_ began to prevail -here. But what makes this Mischief the more intolerable, is, that the -Innocent must suffer by it as well as the Guilty; Men give it to their -Wives, Women to their Husbands, or perhaps their Children; they to -their Nurses, and the Nurses again to other Children; so that no Age, -Sex, or Condition can be intirely safe from the Infection. - -Another ill Effect of this Vice, is, its making People profuse, and -tempting them to live beyond what their Circumstances will admit of; -for if once Men suffer their Minds to be led astray by this unruly -Passion, no worldly Consideration whatever will be able to stop it; -and Wenching as it is very expensive in itself, without the ordinary -Charges of Physic or Children, often leads Men into a thousand other -Vices to support its Extravagance: Besides, after the Mind has once got -this extravagant Turn, there naturally follows a Neglect and Contempt -of Business; and Whoring of itself disposes the Mind to such a sort of -Indolence, as is quite inconsistent with Industry, the main Support of -any, especially a trading, Nation. - -The murdering of Bastard Infants is another Consequence of this Vice, -by much worse than the Vice itself: and tho’ the Law is justly severe -in this Particular, as rightly judging that a Mind capable of divesting -itself so intirely of Humanity, is not fit to live in a civiliz’d -Nation: yet there are so many ways of evading it, either by destroying -the Infants before their Birth, or suffering them afterwards to die -by wilful Neglect, that there appears but little Hope of putting any -Stop to this Practice, which, besides the Barbarity of it, tends -very much to dispeople the Country. And since the Prosperity of any -Country is allow’d to depend, in a great measure, on the Number of its -Inhabitants, the _Government_ ought, if it were possible, to prevent -any Whoring at all, as it evidently hinders the Propagation of the -Species: How many thousand young Men in this Nation would turn their -Thoughts towards Matrimony, if they were not constantly destroying that -Passion, which is the only Foundation of it? And tho’ most of them, -sooner or later, find the Inconvenience of this irregular Life, and -think fit to confine themselves to One, yet their Bodies are so much -enervated, by the untimely or immoderate Increase of this Passion, -together with the Relics of Venereal Cures, that they beget a most -wretched, feeble, and sickly Offspring: We can attribute it to nothing -else but this, that so many of our ancient Families of Nobles are of -late extinct. - -There is one thing more we ought to consider in this Vice, and that -is the Injury it does to particular Persons and Families; either by -alienating the Affections of Wives from their Husbands, which often -proves prejudicial to both, and sometimes fatal to whole Families; or -else by debauching the Minds of young Women, to their utter Ruin and -Destruction: for the Reproach they must undergo, when a Slip of this -nature is discover’d, prevents their marrying in any Degree suitable -to their Fortune, and by degrees hardens them to all Sense of Shame; -and when they have once overcome that, the present View of Interest as -well as Pleasure, sways them to continue in the same Course, till at -length they become common Prostitutes. - -These are the several bad Effects of Whoring; and it is an unhappy -Thing, that a Practice so universal as this is, and always will be, -should be attended with such mischievous Consequences: But since few -or none of them are the necessary Effects of Whoring, consider’d in -itself, but only proceed from the Abuse and ill Management of it; our -Business is certainly to regulate this Affair in such sort as may -best prevent these Mischiefs. And I must here beg pardon of those -worthy _Gentlemen_ of the _Society_, if I can’t conceive how the -Discouragement they have given, or rather attempted to give, to publick -Whoring, could possibly have the desired Effect. If this was a Vice -acquired by Habit or Custom, or depended upon Education, as most other -Vices, there might be some Hopes of suppressing it; and then it would, -no doubt, be commendable to attack it, without Distinction, in whatever -Form or Disguise it should appear: But alas! this violent Love for -Women is born and bred with us; nay, it is absolutely necessary to our -being born at all: And however some People may pretend, that unlawful -Enjoyment is contrary to the Law of _Nature_, this is certain, that -Nature never fails to furnish us largely with this Passion, tho’ she is -often sparing to bestow upon us such a Portion of Reason and Reflection -as is necessary to curb it. - -That long Course of Experience which most of these _Gentlemen_ have had -in the World, and which is of so great Use in other Cases, may probably -occasion their Mistake in this; for Age is very liable to forget the -violence of youthful Passions, and, consequently, apt to think them -easier curb’d: whereas if we consider the true Source of Whoring, and -the strong Impulse of Nature that way, we shall find, it is a Thing not -to be too violently restrain’d; lest, like a Stream diverted out of -its proper Channel, it should break in and overflow the neighbouring -_Inclosures_. - -History affords us several Instances of this Truth; I shall mention -but one, and that is of Pope _Sixtus_ the Fifth, who was so strictly -severe in the Execution of Justice, if such Severity may be call’d -Justice, and particularly, against Offenders of this kind, that he -condemned a young Man to the Galleys, only for snatching a Kiss of a -Damsel in the Street: yet notwithstanding this his _Holiness_’s Zeal, -he never attempted once to extirpate Whoring intirely: But like a true -_Pastor_ separated the clean Sheep from the unclean, and confin’d all -the Courtezans to one Quarter of the City. It is true, he did attempt -to moderate this Vice, and banish’d as many Courtezans as he thought -exceeded the necessary Number; but he was soon convinc’d of the Error -of his Computation, for _Sodomy_, and a thousand other unnatural Vices -sprung up, which forc’d him soon to recal them, and has left us a -remarkable Instance of the Vanity of such Attempts. - -Let us now proceed to the Proof of our Proposition, in the first Part -of which, it was asserted, That publick Whoring is neither so Criminal -in itself, nor so Detrimental to the _Society_, as private Whoring. - -Publick Whoring consists in lying with a certain Set of Women, who -have shook off all Pretence to Modesty; and for such a Sum of Money, -more or less, profess themselves always in a Readiness to be enjoy’d. -The Mischief a Man does in this Case is intirely to himself; for with -respect to the Woman, he does a laudable Action, in furnishing her with -the Means of Subsistence, in the only, or at least most innocent way -that she is capable of procuring it. The Damage he does to himself, -is either with regard to his Health, or the Expence of Money, and may -be consider’d under the same View as Drinking, with this considerable -Advantage, that it restores us to that cool Exercise of our Reason, -which Drinking tends to deprive us of. Indeed was there a Probability -of a Woman’s Amendment, and of her gaining a Livelihood by some -honester Method, there might be some Crime in encouraging her to follow -such a Profession: But the Minds of Women are observ’d to be so much -corrupted by the Loss of Chastity, or rather by the Reproach they -suffer upon that Loss, that they seldom or never change that Course -of Life for the better; and if they should, they can never recover -that good Name, which is so absolutely necessary to their getting a -Maintenance in any honest Way whatever; and that nothing but meer -Necessity obliges them to continue in that Course, is plain from this, -That they themselves in Reality utterly abhor it: And indeed there -appears nothing in it so very alluring and bewitching, especially to -People who have that Inclination to Lewdness intirely extinguish’d, -which is the only thing could possibly make it supportable, - -The other Branch of Whoring, viz. _Private_, is of much worse -Consequence; and a Man’s Crime in this Case increases in proportion to -the different Degree of Mischief done, if you consider his Crime with -regard to the _Society_; for as to personal Guilt, Allowance ought to -be made for the Increase of Temptation, which is very considerable in -the Case of debauching _Married Women_; upon account of the Safety to -the Aggressor, either with Respect to his Health, or the Charge, and, -if that affects him, the Scandal of having a Bastard. On the other -hand, the Injury done, is very considerable, as such an Action tends -to corrupt a Woman’s Mind, and destroy that mutual Love and Affection -between Man and Wife, which is so necessary to both their Happiness. -Besides, the Risque run of a Discovery, which at least ruins a Woman’s -Reputation, and destroys the Husband’s Quiet; nay, where Virtue does -not intirely give way, if it warps but ever so little, the Consequence -is shockingly fatal: for tho’ the good Man, suspicious of the Wife’s -Chastity, the Wife of the Gallant’s Constancy, and the Gallant of the -Husband’s Watchfulness, by being a Check upon each other, may keep the -Gate of Virtue shut; yet then even all Parties must be attended with a -never-ceasing Misery, nor to be imagin’d, but by those who too fatally -_feel it_. - -The Crime of debauching young _Virgins_ will appear much greater, if -we consider that there is much more Mischief done, and the Temptation -to do it much lessen’d by the fear of getting Children; which, in -most Circumstances of Life, does a Man a deal of Prejudice, and keeps -at least three Parts in four of our sober Youth from gratifying this -violent Passion. Besides, the Methods that are necessary to be taken, -before a Man can have such an Action in his Power, are in themselves -Criminal; and it shows a certain Baseness of Mind to persuade a Woman, -by a thousand solemn Vows and Protestations, into such a good Opinion -of you, and Assurance of your Love to her, that she trusts you with -all that is dear and near to her; and this with no other View but the -Gratification of a present Passion, which might be otherwise vented, -than at the certain Expence of her Ruin, and putting her under the -Necessity of leading the Life of a _Publick Courtezan_. - -From this general Consideration of Whoring, it is evident, that tho’ -all the several Species of it proceed from the same Cause, our natural -Love and Passion for Women, yet they are very different in their -Natures, and fully as distinct Crimes as those which proceed from our -Love to Money, such as Murder, Shoplifting, _&c._ And I hope I have -said enough to prove, that the Publick Part of it is by far the least -Criminal, and least Detrimental to the _Society_; which of itself -is a sufficient Motive for the _Legislature_ to confine it to that -Channel. I shall now proceed farther, and show, as I before propos’d, -that the encouraging of Publick Whoring, will not only prevent most of -the mischievous Effects of this Vice, but even lessen the Practice of -Whoring in general, and reduce it to the narrowest Bounds which it can -possibly be contain’d in. - -When I talk’d of encouraging publick Whoring, I would be understood -to mean, not only the erecting _Publick Stews_, as I at first hinted, -but also the endowing them with such Privileges and Immunities, and at -the same time giving such Discouragement to private Whoring, as may be -most effectual to turn the general Stream of Lewdness into this common -Channel. - -I shall here lay down a Plan for this Purpose, which, tho’ it may well -serve to illustrate this Point, and make good the Proof of my present -Argument, would doubtless receive infinite Improvement by coming -through the Hands of a _National Senate_, whose august Body, being -compos’d of _Spirituals_ as well as _Temporals_, will, I hope, take -into Consideration this Important Affair, which so nearly concerns both. - -The Plan I would propose, is this: Let a hundred or more Houses be -provided in some convenient Quarter of the City, and proportionably -in every Country-Town, sufficient to contain two thousand Women: If a -hundred are thought sufficient, let a hundred _Matrons_ be appointed, -one to each House, of Abilities and Experience enough to take upon -them the Management of twenty Courtezans each, to see that they keep -themselves neat and decent, and entertain Gentlemen after a civil and -obliging Manner. For the encouragement of such _Matrons_, each House -must be allow’d a certain Quantity of all sorts of Liquor, Custom -and Excise free; by which Means they will be enabled to accommodate -Gentlemen handsomely, without that Imposition so frequently met with in -such Houses. Besides the hundred abovemention’d, there must be a very -large House set apart for an Infirmary, and Provision made for two able -Physicians, and four Surgeons at least. Lastly, there must be three -Commissioners appointed to superintend the whole, to hear and redress -Complaints, and to see that each House punctually observes such Rules -and Orders as shall be thought necessary for the good Government of -this Community. For the better Entertainment of all Ranks and Degrees -of Gentlemen, we shall divide the twenty Women of each House into four -Classes, who for their Beauty, or other Qualifications may justly -challenge different Prices. - -The first Class is to consist of eight, who may legally demand from -each Visitant Half a Crown. The second Class to consist of six, whose -fix’d Price may be a Crown. The third Class of four, at half a Guinea -each. The remaining two make up the fourth Class, and are design’d -for Persons of the first Rank, who can afford to pay a Guinea for the -Elegancy of their Taste. To defray the Charges of this Establishment, -will require but a very moderate Tax: For if the first Class pays but -forty Shillings Yearly, and the rest in Proportion, it will amount to -above 10,000 _l._ a Year, which will not only pay the Commissioners -Salaries, Surgeons Chests, and other Contingencies, but likewise -establish a good Fund for the Maintenance of Illegitimate Orphans and -superannuated Courtezans. - -For the better Government of this _Society_, it will be necessary that -the Mistress have an absolute Command in her own House, and that no -Woman be suffer’d to go abroad without her Leave. No Woman must be -suffer’d to lie in, within the House; nor any young Children admitted -under any Pretence. No Musick or Revelling to be allow’d in any Room, -to the Disturbance of the rest. No Gentlemen disorderly or drunk, to be -admitted at an unseasonable Hour, without the Consent of the Mistress: -And, in case of Violence, she must be empower’d to call the Civil Aid. - -For the _Society_’s Security in Point of Health, it must be order’d, -That if any Gentleman complains of receiving an Injury, and the Woman, -upon Search, be found tainted, without having discover’d it to the -Mistress, she shall be stripp’d and cashier’d. But if a Woman discovers -her Misfortune before any Complaint is made against her, she shall -be sent to the _Infirmary_, and cured at the Publick Charge. No Woman -that has been twice pox’d shall ever be re-admitted. _Note_, That three -Claps shall be reckon’d equivalent to one Pox. - -But as no _Society_ ever fram’d a compleat Body of Laws at once, till -overseen Accidents had taught them Foresight, we shall refer the -farther Regulation of these Laws, with whatever new ones shall be -thought necessary, to the _Wisdom_ of the _Legislature_, - -The _Publick Stews_ being thus erected and govern’d by good and -wholesome Laws, there remains nothing to compleat this Project, but -that proper Measures be taken effectually to discourage all other Kinds -of Whoring whatsoever. And here it is to be hoped, that those worthy -_Gentlemen_ of the _Society_, who have hitherto distinguish’d their -_Zeal_ to so little Purpose, will now exert themselves where they have -so good a Prospect of Success; for altho’ a poor Itinerant Courtezan -could not by any Means be persuaded to starve at the Instigation of -a _Reforming_ Constable, yet a little _Bridewell_ Rhetorick, or the -Terrors of a Transportation, will soon convince her that she may -live more comfortably and honestly in a _Publick Stew_. If there are -any so foolish as to love Rambling better, or who are not qualify’d -to please Gentlemen according to Law, they ought to be transported; -for _Bridewell_, as it is now manag’d, only makes them poorer, -and consequently lays them under a greater Necessity than ever of -continuing Prostitutes. - -Let us now suppose, for Brevity sake, that the _Publick Stews_ are -as much as possible favour’d and encourag’d, and that all the other -Branches of this Vice have the utmost Rigour of the Laws exerted -against them. - -It now remains for me to show what Benefit the _Nation_ would receive -thereby, and how this Project would prevent or in any Degree alleviate -those Mischiefs which I have mention’d to be the necessary Consequences -of this Vice. As for any Objections that may be rais’d against me, -either _Christian_ or _Moral_, I shall refer them to the Close of this -Discourse. - -First then, I say, the _Nation_ would receive a general Benefit by -having such a considerable Number of its most disorderly Inhabitants -brought to live after a regular civiliz’d Manner. There is, one Year -with another, a certain Number of young Women who arrive gradually, -Step by Step, at the highest Degree of Impudence and Lewdness. These -Women, besides their Incontinence, are commonly guilty of almost the -whole Catalogue of immoral Actions: The Reason is evident; They are -utterly abandon’d by their Parents, and thereby reduc’d to the last -Degree of Shifting-Poverty; if their Lewdness cannot supply their -Wants, they must have Recourse to Methods more criminal, such as -_Lying_, _Cheating_, _open Theft_, &c. Not that these are the necessary -Concomitants of Lewdness, or have the least Relation to it, as all -_lewd Men of Honour_ can testify; but the Treatment such Women meet -with in the World, is the Occasion of it. - -Those Females, who either by the Frigidity of their Constitutions, -a lucky Want of Temptation, or any other Cause, have preserv’d -their Chastity; and the Men, in general, Chaste or Unchaste, are so -outrageous against these Delinquents, that they make no Distinction: -all of them are branded with the same opprobrious Title, they are all -treated with the same Contempt, all equally despis’d; so that let -them be guilty of what other Crimes they please, they cannot add one -Jot to the Shame they already undergo. Having thus remov’d the Fear -of worldly Reproach, which is justly esteem’d the greatest _Bulwark_ -of _Morality_, it is no wonder if these Women, insensible of Shame, -and prick’d on by Want, commit any Crimes, where they are not deter’d -by the Fear of corporal Punishments. But the Case now will be quite -alter’d; these Women, as soon as they have attain’d a competent -Share of Assurance, and before they are pinch’d with the Extreme of -Poverty, will enter themselves in some of the abovementioned Classes of -profess’d Courtezans; where, instead of being necessarily dishonest, -they will have more Inducements to Honesty than any other Profession -whatsoever. The same Money defends, as well as it corrupts a _Prime -Minister_: A _Churchman_ takes Sanctuary in a Gown, and who dare accuse -a Mitre of _Simony_? Accuse a _Colonel_ of Injustice, he is try’d by -his Board of _Officers_, and your Information is false, scandalous, -and malicious. A _Lawyer_ cheats you according to Law; and you may -thank the _Physician_, if you live to complain of him. _Over-reaching_ -in Trade, is _prudent Dealing_; and _Mechanick Cunning_, is stiled -_Handicraft_. Not so fares the poor Courtezan; if she commits but one -ill Action, if, for Instance, she should circumvent a Gentleman of a -_Snuff-Box_, she can hardly escape Detection; and the first Discovery -ruins her; she is banish’d the _Publick Stews_, mark’d out for Infamy, -and can have no better Prospect than a Transportation. On the other -hand, the Motives to Honesty will be as great here as any where: It -is natural for Mankind to regard chiefly the good Opinion of those -with whom they converse, and to neglect that of Strangers: Now in -this Community, Lewdness not being esteem’d a Reproach, but rather a -Commendation, they will set a Value on their good Name, and stand as -much upon the Puncto of Honour, as the rest of Mankind; being mov’d by -the same commendable Emulation, and deter’d by greater, or at least -more certain Punishments. Besides this Reformation in Point of Honesty, -the Publick will receive another Benefit in being freed from those -nocturnal Disorders, Quarrels and Brawlings, which are occasion’d by -vagrant Punks, and the Number of private Brothels dispers’d throughout -the City, to the great Disturbance of its sober Inhabitants. - -We have already mention’d the _French Disease_ as one of the worst -Attendants upon Lewdness, and with good Reason; for in the Enjoyment -of this Life, Health is the _sine qua non_: _i. e._ the greatest -Happiness. And this Distemper has one Thing in it peculiarly -inveterate, as if it came out of _Pandora’s_ worst Box; there is -no other Disorder, but what at some Age, or in some particular -Constitution, will abate of itself without the Application of -Medicines; but this is such a busy restless Enemy, that unless -resisted, he is never at a Stand, but gathers Strength every Day, -to the utter Disquiet of the Patient. Now it is so evident that the -_Publick Stews_, when well regulated, will prevent the Spreading of -this Plague, that a prolix and tedious Proof of it would look like -Declaiming. As this Disease has its Spring and Source entirely from -publick Whoring, and from thence creeps into private Families; so -it likewise receives continual Supplies and Recruits thro’ the same -Channel: When this Source is once dry’d up the Nation will naturally -recover its pristine Health and Vigour: And this cannot fail to happen, -if due Care be taken to keep the _Stews_ free from Infection; for what -young Fellow will be so industriously mad, as to take Pains to run -his Head into an Apothecary’s Shop, when he may with so much Ease and -Conveniency, and without the Fear of a _Reforming Officer_, both secure -his Health and gratify his Fancy with such a Variety of Mistresses. - -’Tis true, the keeping of the _Publick Stews_ so very safe, will appear -a difficult Task, at first Sight; but not so if we consider the Case -a little nearer. This Disease is propagated reciprocally from the -Woman to the Man, and from the Man to the Woman; but the first is the -most common for several Reasons: We are not like Cocks or Town-Bulls, -who have a whole Seraglia of Females entirely and solely at their -Devotion; on the contrary, one industrious Pains-taking Woman, who lays -herself out that Way, is capable of satisfying several rampant Males; -insomuch, that a select Number of Women get a handsome Livelihood by -being able to oblige such a Number of Customers. Now, if but a few of -these Women are unsound, they can infect a great many Men; whereas -these Men have neither Power nor Inclination to infect the like Number -of Women. I say, Inclination; for a Woman, to raise Money for the -Surgeon’s Fee, may counterfeit Pleasure when she really receives Pain; -nay, she may even venture to complain of being hurt: for the Man will -attribute the Pain he gives her, either to her Chastity, or his own -Vigour; not dreaming, perhaps, that he has molested a _Shanker_. This -a Female may do, as being only passive in the Affair, but a Man must -have real Fancy and Inclination before he is qualify’d to enter upon -Action: And how far this Fancy to Woman may be cool’d by a stinging -_Gonorrhœa_, I leave the experienc’d Reader to judge; and whether a Man -won’t rather employ his Thoughts upon his _round Diet_, _i. e._ Pills, -how to digest 2 at Night, and 3 in the Morning; what Conveyance to find -out when poach’d Eggs grow nauseous, and how to preserve his Linnen -from being speckled; with a Thousand other Particulars that occur to a -Man in this Distress: but these are sufficient, with the Assistance of -a _Cordee_, to _bridle_ any moderate Passion. So that from the whole -we may safely draw this Conclusion; That since the Men are so seldom -guilty of transgressing in this Kind, the spreading of this Distemper -must be owing to the Neglect of Cure in the Women. Now the _Publick -Stews_ will be so regulated, that a Woman cannot possibly conceal -her Misfortune long; nay, it will be highly her Interest to make the -first Discovery; so that whatever Damage the _Society_ may sustain at -first, when Claps are most current, it will be soon repair’d, and this -Distemper, in Time, entirely rooted out. But of this enough. - - * * * * * - -The next Thing that comes to be consider’d in this Vice, is the Expence -it occasions, and the Neglect of worldly Business, by employing so much -of our Time and Thoughts; for let a Man have ever so much Business, -it can’t stop the Circulation of his Blood, or prevent the Seminal -Secretion: for Sleeping or Waking, the _Spermaticks_ will do their -Office, tho’ a Man’s Thoughts may be so much employ’d about other -Affairs, that he cannot attend to every minute Titillation. A Man of -Pleasure, indeed, may make this copulative Science his whole Study; -and, by Idleness and Luxury, may prompt Nature that Way, and spur up -the Spirits to Wantonness: but then his Constitution will be the sooner -tired; for the Animal Spirits being exhausted by this Anticipation, -his Body must be weaken’d, and his Nerves relax’d; neither will his -irregular effeminate Life assist them in recovering their former Force. -Besides, those Parts which more particularly suffer the Violence of -this Exercise, are liable to many Accidents; and Men of Pleasure, -though otherwise pretty healthy, are often troubled with Gleets and -Weaknesses, either by a former Ulceration of the _Prostrates_, or -else some violent Over-straining, which occasions this Relaxation. -These Men, ’tis true, will talk very lusciously of Women; but, -pretend what they please, they can never have that burning Desire -which they had formerly, when their Vessels were in full Vigour. The -Truth is, their Lust lies chiefly in their Brain, kept alive by the -Impression of former Ideas, which are not so easily rubb’d out as -the Titillation which created them; and this Passion comes to be so -diminished, that, in Time, it changes its Residence from the _Glans -Penis_ to the _Glandula Penealis_. A Man of Business, on the contrary, -or one who leads a sober regular Life, will seldomer be attack’d by -these wanton Fits, but then they will come with double the Violence; -for though it is a common received Opinion, that the longer a Man -refrains, the better he is able to refrain, yet it is only true in -one Sense, and amounts to no more than this: That if a Man has been -able, for such and such Reasons, to curb this Passion, for Instance, -a Month, he will, if the same Reasons hold, and without an additional -Temptation, be able to curb it a Month longer; but, nevertheless, -he may have Desires much stronger than a Man who, for want of these -Motives to Abstinence, gratifies them every Day. If there are some -Men of a particular Constitution, whose puny Desires may be easily -block’d up with the Assistance of _three small Buttons_: or else -endow’d with such an extraordinary Strength of Reason, that they can -master the most _rampant_ Sallies of this raging Passion; I heartily -congratulate their happy Conquest, but have nothing more to do with -them at present, the _Publick Stews_ not being design’d for such: I -am here speaking of those Men of Business, who, notwithstanding their -Abstinence or the Regularity of their Lives, are sometimes prevailed -upon to quench these amorous Heats; and, I say, in such Men the Passion -is much stronger than in Men of Pleasure, and that their Abstinence -contributes to heighten the Violence of the Desire, and make it the -more irresistible: for the Fancy not being cloy’d with too frequent -Enjoyment, presently takes fire; and the _Spermaticks_, not being -weaken’d with forc’d Evacuations, are in their full Vigour, and give -the Nerves a most exquisite Sensation: so that upon the least toying -with an alluring Wench, the Blood-Vessels are ready to start; and to -use _Othello_’s Words, _The very Sense aches at her._ - -Now, what shall this Man do, when he has once taken the Resolution to -make himself easy? He must either venture upon the Publick, where, -it is Odds, he may meet with a Mischance that will either drain his -Pocket, and make him unfit for any Business, at least without Doors; -or else he must employ both his Time and Rhetoric, and perhaps too his -Purse, in deluding some modest Girl; which, besides the Loss of Time in -carrying on such an Intrigue, is apt to give the Head such an amorous -Turn as is quite inconsistent with Business, and may probably lead a -Man into After-Expences, which at first he never dreamt of. - -Now to remedy all these Inconveniences, the _Publick Stews_ will be -always ready and open, where a Man may regulate his Expences according -to his Ability, from Half a Crown to a Guinea; and that too without -endangering his Health: And besides, which is chiefly to be consider’d, -if a Man should be overtaken with a sudden Gust of Lechery, it will be -no Hindrance to him even in the greatest Hurry of Business, for a ready -and willing Mistress will ease him in the twinkling of an Eye, and he -may prosecute his Affairs with more Attention than ever, by having his -Mind entirely freed and disengag’d from those troublesome Ideas which -always accompany a wanton Disposition of the Body. But to proceed: - -Another ill Consequence of Whoring, is the Tendency it has to dispeople -a Nation; and that both by the Destruction of Illegitimate Infants, and -by ruining young Men’s Constitutions so much, that, when they marry, -they either beget no Children, or such as are sickly and short-liv’d. -The first of these, indeed, is almost unavoidable, especially in modest -Women, who will be guilty of this Cruelty as long as Female Chastity -carries that high Reputation along with it, which it really deserves: -However, in common Women, it may and will be, in a great measure, -prevented by this Scheme; for every profess’d Courtezan, that is -legally licens’d, will have an Apartment allotted her in the Infirmary -when she is ready to lie in, and will be obliged to take Care of her -Child; by which means a considerable Number of Infants will be reared -up, that otherwise might probably have perish’d. Besides, there are -a great many ordinary Girls, such as Servant-Maids, who are chiefly -mov’d to this Action, by the fear of losing their Services, and wanting -Bread. Now this handsome Provision that is made for them, will be a -great Inducement for such to enter themselves in the _Stews_, rather -than commit such an unnatural Action, especially when the Discovery is -Death. - -Let us now consider the Affair of Matrimony. Since the World is now -no longer in a State of Nature, but form’d into several Societies -independent of one another, and these Societies again divided into -several Ranks and Degrees of Men, distinguish’d by their Titles and -Possessions, which descend from Father to Son; it is very certain that -Marriage is absolutely necessary, not only for the regular Propagation -of the _Species_, and their careful Education, but likewise for -preserving that Distinction of Rank among Mankind, which otherwise -would be utterly lost and confounded by doubtful Successions. And -it is no less certain and indisputable, that all Sorts and Kinds of -Debauchery whatever are Enemies to this State, in so far as they impair -the natural Vigour of the Constitution, and weaken the very Springs of -Love. - -This necessary Passion is, indeed, of such a ticklish Nature, that -either too much or too little of it is equally prejudicial, and the -_Medium_ is so hard to hit, that we are apt to fall into one of the -Extremes. We are naturally _furnish_’d with an extraordinary _Stock_ -of Love; and, by the _Largeness_ of the Provision, it looks as if -Nature had made some Allowance for _Wear and Tear_. If young Men were -to live intirely chaste and sober, without blunting the Edge of their -Passions, the first Fit of Love would turn their Brains Topsy-turvy, -and we should have the Nation pestered with Love-Adventures and Feats -of Chivalry: By the time a _Peer’s_ Son came to be Sixteen, he would be -in danger of turning Knight-Errant, and might possibly take a Cobler’s -Daughter for his _Dulcinea_; and who knows but a sprightly young -_Taylor_ might turn an _Orlando Furioso_, and venture his Neck to carry -off a Lady of Birth and Fortune. In short, there are so many Instances -every day of these ruinous disproportion’d Matches, notwithstanding our -present Intemperance, that we may justly conclude, if the Nation was in -a State of perfect Sobriety, no Man could answer for the Conduct of his -Children. - -It must, indeed, be confess’d, as Matters now stand, the Excess of -Chastity is not so much to be fear’d as the other Extreme of Lewdness, -tho’ there are Instances of both; and many Fathers, now living, would -gladly have seen their Sons fifty times in a _Stew_, rather than see -them so unfortunately married. The other Extreme is equally, or rather -more dangerous, as it is more common; for most young Men give too great -a Loose to their Passions, and either quite destroy their Inclination -to Matrimony, or make their Constitutions incapable of answering the -Ends of that State. - -To avoid therefore these two dangerous Extremes, we have erected the -_Publick Stews_, which every considerate Man must allow to be that -Golden Mean so much desired: For, in the first Place, we avoid the -Inconvenience of too strict a Chastity. When a Man has gained some -Experience by his Commerce in the _Stews_, he is able to form a pretty -good comparative Judgment of what he may expect from the highest -Gratifications of Love; he finds his Ideas of Beauty strangely alter’d -after Enjoyment, and will not be hurry’d into an unsuitable Match by -those romantick chimerical Notions of Love, which possess the Minds of -unexperienced Youth, and make them fancy that Love alone can compleat -the Happiness of a married State. But this will be so readily granted, -that I shan’t insist upon it farther. - -In the next Place, the _Publick Stews_ will prevent the ill Effects -of excessive Lewdness, by preserving Men’s Constitutions so well, -that although they may defer Matrimony some time for their special -Advantage, yet they will have a sufficient Stock of Desire left to -perswade them, one time or other, to quit the Gaiety of a Single Life: -and when they do marry, they will be able to answer all the Ends and -Purposes of that State as well, and rather better, than if they had -lived perfectly chaste. - -This may seem a bold Proposition, but the Proof of it is nevertheless -obvious. However, to proceed methodically, there are three Ways -by which lewd young Men destroy their natural Vigour, and render -themselves Impotent: First, By Manufriction, _alias_ Masturbation. -Secondly, By too frequent and immoderate Enjoyment. And, Lastly, By -contracting Venereal Disorders, as Claps or Poxes. - -The first lewd Trick that Boys learn, is this Manual Diversion; and -when they have once got the knack of it, they seldom quit it till -they come to have actual Commerce with Women: The Safety, Privacy, -Convenience, and Cheapness of this Gratification are very strong -Motives, and chiefly persuade young Men to continue the Practice of it. - -If these Pollutionists were so abstemious as to wait the ordinary -Calls of Nature, this Action, however unnatural, would be no more -prejudicial, when prudently managed, than common Copulation; but, -instead of this, they are every Day committing _Rapes_ upon their own -Bodies; and though they have neither real Inclination nor Ability to -attack a Woman, yet they can attack themselves, and supply all these -Defects by the Agility of their Wrists; by which means they so weaken -their Genitals, and accustom them to this violent Friction, that, tho’ -they have frequently Evacuations without an Erection, yet the common -and ordinary Sensation which Females afford to those Parts, is not able -of itself to promote this Evacuation: so that they are impotent to all -Intents and Purposes of Generation. - -To put a Stop therefore to these clandestine Practices, and prevent -young Men from laying _violent Hands_ upon themselves, we must have -Recourse to the _Publick Stews_, which cannot fail to have the desired -Effect: For which of these private Practitioners can be so brutish, as -to prefer this boyish solitary Amusement before the actual Embraces of -a fine Woman, when they can proceed with the same Convenience, Safety, -and Privacy in the one, as well as the other. - -In the next Place, Men are often weaken’d, and sometimes contract -almost incurable Gleets by too frequent and immoderate Enjoyment. This -seldom or never happens but in private Whoring, when some particular -Mistress has made such a strong Impression upon a Man’s Fancy, that he -exerts himself in an extraordinary Manner beyond his natural Ability, -and thereby contracts a Seminal Weakness, which is generally more -difficult to cure than a virulent Running. Now this Danger will be -pretty well remov’d by the Encouragement given to _Publick Whoring_, -which, as I shall show more particularly hereafter, will divert Men’s -Minds, and turn their Thoughts very much from private Intrigues: And -it will be readily granted me, that no such Excess is to be fear’d in -_Publick Stews_; where a Man only acting out of a general Principle of -Love to the whole Sex, will be in no Danger of proceeding any farther -than he is prompted by Nature, and the particular Disposition of his -Body at that Time. - -As for the third Cause of Impotency, the Venereal Disease, we have -already prov’d that this Institution of the _Stews_ is the best and -surest Remedy against it; and shall only observe here how happily -this Project provides against the various ill Effects of Lewdness, in -whatever Light we consider them. - -Thus, I think, the first Part of my Proposition pretty well clear’d, -_viz._ That the _Publick Stews_ will preserve Mens Constitutions so -well, that they will have a sufficient Stock of corporal Ability, and -consequently Inclination left to persuade them, sooner or later, to -enter into the Marriage-State. - - * * * * * - -I say farther, that these Men, having thus preserv’d their -Constitution, will answer all the Intents and Purposes of that State, -rather better than if they had lived perfectly chaste. - -When a Man and a Woman select one another out of the whole Species, -it is not merely for Propagation; nay, that is generally the least -in their Thoughts: What they chiefly have in View, is to pass the -Remainder of their Lives happily together, to enjoy the soft Embraces -and mutual Endearments of Love; to divide their Joys and Griefs; to -share their Pleasures and Afflictions; and, in short, to make one -another as happy as possible. As for Children, they come of Course, and -of Course are educated according to their Parents Abilities. - -Now all these Enjoyments depending upon the mutual Affection of these -two, Man and Wife; whenever this Affection fails, either in the Woman -or the Man, that Marriage is unhappy, and all the good Ends and Designs -of this State entirely frustrated. To give the Women their Due, they -must have the Preference in Point of Constancy; their Passions are not -so easily rais’d, nor so suddenly fix’d upon any particular Object: -but when this Passion is once rooted in Women, it is much stronger and -more durable than in Men, and rather increases than diminishes, by -enjoying the Person beloved. Whether it is that Women receive as much -Love as they part with, and that the Love they receive is not entirely -lost, but takes Root again by Conception; whereas what a Man parts with -never affects him further, than just the Pleasure he receives at the -time of parting with it: or whether this Difference is owing to the -different Turn of Mens Fancies, which are more susceptible of fresh -Impressions from every handsome Face they meet, or perhaps that their -Heads are so much employ’d in worldly Affairs, that they only take Love -_en passant_ to get rid of a present Uneasiness, whereas Women make it -the whole Business of their Lives: Whatever the Reason is, I say, it is -experimentally true, that a Woman has but a very _slippery Hold_ of a -Man’s Affections after Enjoyment. Let us see therefore which of these -two, the chaste or the experienc’d Man, will be least liable to this -Failure of Affection, and consequently which of the two will make the -best married Man. - -The first great Cooler of a Man’s Affections after Marriage, is the -Disparity of the Match. When a Man has married entirely for Love, -and to the apparent Detriment of his worldly Affairs, as soon as the -first Flash of it is over, he can’t help reflecting upon the Woman as -the Cause, and, in some Sense, the Author of his Misfortunes; This -naturally begets a Coldness and Indifference, which, by Degrees, turns -to an open Dislike. Now it is these sorts of Marriages that chaste Men -are always in danger of falling into, as I have already proved; neither -is there any effectual Way to convince a Man of this Folly, and secure -him against it, but by giving him some Experience in Love-Affairs. -Again, as chaste Men seldom marry for any thing but sheer Love, so they -have framed to themselves such high extravagant Notions of the Raptures -they expect to possess in the Marriage-Bed, that they are mightily -shocked at the Disappointment. A chaste unexperienc’d Man is strangely -surprized, that those bewitching Charms should make such a faint -Impression upon him after a thorow Perusal; he can scarce believe that -the Woman is still possessed of the same Charms which transported him -formerly; he fancies he has discover’d abundance of little Faults and -Imperfections, and attributes his growing Dislike to this Discovery, -not dreaming that this Alteration is entirely in himself, and not in -the Object of Desire, which remains still the same. The Truth is, when -a Man is full fraught with Love, and that his Pulse beats high for -Enjoyment, this peccant Love-Humour falls down upon the Eye, which may -be observ’d at such a time to be full brisk and sparkling: ’Tis then -the Beauty of every Feature is magnified. and _Parthenope_ is no less -than a Goddess. But when this dazzling Humour is drawn downwards by -a Revulsion, as in the Case of Marriage, a Man’s Eyes are perfectly -open’d; and though they may look languid, sunk, and environ’d with -blueish Circles, yet he actually sees much better than before; for -_Parthenope_ will now appear to him a Mortal, such as she really is, -divested of all those false Glosses and Appearances. - -The chaste Man is surprized at this Change; he is apt to lay the Fault -upon the Woman, and generally fixes his Affections on some other -Female, who, he imagines, is free from those Faults: then farewel happy -Wedlock. The experienc’d Man, on the contrary, has try’d several Women; -he finds they all agree in one Particular, and that after a Storm of -Love there always succeeds a Calm: When he enters into Matrimony, he is -prepar’d against any Disappointments of that Nature, and is ready to -make Allowance for those Faults and Imperfections which are inseparable -from Human Kind. This is so true, that Women have establish’d a Maxim, -that Rakes make the best Husbands; for they are very sensible how -difficult it is to monopolize a Man’s Affections; that he will have -his Curiosity about those Affairs satisfied one time or other: And -tho’ this Experience is useful before Marriage, it is very dangerous -afterwards. - -Besides, to compleat the Happiness of the Marriage-State, or indeed to -make it tolerably easy, there must be some Agreement in the Temper, -Humour, and Disposition of the two Parties concern’d. If, for Instance, -the Man can’t endure the Sight of a _Metropolis_, and the Woman can’t -enjoy herself out of it; if the Man is grave, serious, and an Enemy -to all jocular Merriment, when his Wife is a profess’d Lover of Mirth -and Gaiety, these two can never agree: Differences will arise every -Day, and Differences in Wedlock are as hard to reconcile as those in -Religion: We may guess at the Reason from a parallel Instance. - -After the Revocation of the Edict of _Nantz_, several Protestant -Gentlemen were shut up in the _Bastile_ at _Paris_, where they liv’d -constantly together for a considerable Time: They made an Observation, -during their Stay there, That whenever the least Difference or Dispute -happen’d amongst them, it was never reconciled till some time after -their Enlargement; because, said they, altho’ we were Yoke-Fellows -in Affliction, yet never being out of one another’s Company, our -Animosities were always kept up warm, for want of a little Absence to -cool them. It is the same Case with Matrimony; and People ought to be -particularly careful to chuse a Wife as nearly of their own Temper as -possible. - -Now this Consideration never enters into the Head of a chaste -unexperienc’d Man, he is so infatuated with personal Love, that he -imagines his whole future Happiness depends upon the Possession of such -a Shape, or such a Composition of Features; when he is disappointed -in this, how much will it add to his Chagrin, to find himself yoked -for Life to a Woman whose Temper is quite opposite to his own, and -consequently whose Satisfaction is quite inconsistent with his? We -may guess the Sequel; separate Beds, separate Maintenance, and all -the whole Train of Conjugal Misfortunes. In short, let us consider -Matrimony under what View we please, we shall still find that the -experienc’d Man will make the best Husband, and answer all the Ends -of Marriage much better than a Man who lives perfectly chaste to his -Wedding-Day. - -Thus, we see, by this happy Regulation of the _Publick Stews_, that -Whoring, instead of being an Enemy to Matrimony, will advance and -promote the Interest of it as much as possible. - - * * * * * - -We come to the last great Point propos’d, _viz_. that this Project of -the _Publick Stews_ will prevent, as much a possible, the debauching -of modest Women, and thereby reduce Whoring to the narrowest Bounds in -which it can possibly be contain’d. - -To illustrate this Matter, we must step a little back to consider the -Constitution of Females, while they are in a State of Innocence; and -when we have taken a View of the Fortifications which Nature has made -to preserve their Chastity, we shall find out the Reason why it is so -often surrender’d, and be the better able to provide for its Defence. - -Every Woman, who is capable of Conception, must have those Parts -which officiate so framed, that they may be able to perform whatever -is necessary at that Juncture. Now, to have those Parts so rightly -adapted for the Use which Nature design’d them, it is requisite that -they should have a very quick Sensation, and, upon the Application of -the _Male-Organ_, afford the Woman an exquisite Pleasure; for without -this extravagant Pleasure in Fruition, the recipient Organs could never -exert themselves to promote Conception as they now do, in such an -extraordinary Manner: The whole _Vagina_, as one continu’d _Sphincter_, -contracting and embracing the _Penis_, while the _Nymphæ_ and adjacent -Islands have their particular Emissions at that critical Minute, -either as a Vehicle to lubricate the Passage, or else to incorporate -with the Masculine Injection: Add to this, that the _Fallopian Tubes_ -put themselves in a proper Posture to receive the impregnating Fluid, -and convey it, as is suppos’d, to the _Ovaria_. Now it is hard to -imagine, that so many alert Members, which can exert themselves in such -a lively Manner on this Occasion, should be at all other Times in a -State of perfect Tranquillity; for, besides that Experience teaches us -the contrary, this handsome Disposition would be entirely useless, if -Nature had not provided a prior Titillation, to provoke Women at first -to enter upon Action; and all our late Discoveries, in Anatomy, can -find out no other Use for the _Clitoris_, but to whet the Female Desire -by its frequent Erections; which are, doubtless, as provoking as those -of the _Penis_, of which it is a perfect Copy, tho’ in Miniature. - -In short, there requires no more to convince us of the Violence of -Female Desire, when raised to a proper height, but only to consider, -what a terrible Risque a Woman runs to gratify it. Shame and Poverty -are look’d upon as Trifles, when they come in Competition with -this predominating Passion. But altho’ it must be allow’d, that -all Women are liable to these amorous Desires, yet, the Variety of -Constitutions will make a considerable Difference; for as in some Men -the _Olfactory_, _Auditory_, or _Optick_ Nerves, are not so brisk and -lively as in others, so there are some Women who have the Nerves of -their _Pudenda_ more lively, and endow’d with a much quicker Sensation -than others. Now, whether this Difference is owing to the Formation -of the Nerves, or to the different Velocity of the Blood circulating -thro’ those Parts, or whether it is owing to the different Quantity, or -perhaps Acrimony, of that Fluid which is separated from the Blood by -the _Nymphæ_, and other titillating Glands: I say, from whencesoever -this Difference proceeds, according to the Degree of this Sensation, -we may venture to pronounce a Woman more or less in their own Nature -Chaste. - -To counterballance this violent natural Desire, all young Women have -strong Notions of Honour carefully inculcated into them from their -Infancy. Young Girls are taught to hate a _Whore_, before they know -what the Word means; and when they grow up, they find their worldly -Interest entirely depending upon the Reputation of their Chastity. This -Sense of Honour and Interest, is what we may call artificial Chastity; -and it is upon this Compound of natural and artificial Chastity, that -every Woman’s real actual Chastity depends. - -As for Instance, some Women are naturally more Chaste, or rather, to -speak properly, less Amorous than others, and at the same time have -very strict Notions of Honour. Such Women are almost impregnable, and -may be compar’d to Towns strongly fortify’d both by Art and Nature, -which, without Treachery, are safe from any sudden Attacks, and must be -reduc’d by long and regular Sieges, such as few Men have the Patience -or Resolution to go thro’ with. - -Other Women, again, have the same Value for their Reputation, and -stand as much upon the Puncto of Honour; but then they are naturally -of a very sanguine amorous Disposition. A Woman of this Class may not -unjustly be compar’d to a Town well garrison’d, but whose mutinous -unruly _Inhabitants_ are strongly inclin’d to revolt and _let in_ the -Enemy. Such Women, it’s true, by extraordinary Care and Vigilance -may suppress these Mutinies; and Honour may for a long while keep -Inclination under, but yet they are never perfectly safe; there are -certain Times and Seasons, certain unguarded Hours, when Honour and -Interest are lull’d asleep, and Love has got the entire Ascendant. -Besides, altho’ we allow Love and Honour to be pretty equal Combatants, -nay even granting, that in a _Pitch’d Battle_, when they have muster’d -up all their Forces, Honour will have the Advantage, and quell -Inclination; yet, in the Course of a long _Civil War_, it is Odds but -Love one Time or other obtains a Victory, which is sure to be decisive: -for Inclination has this unlucky Advantage over Honour, that, -instead of being weaken’d, it grows stronger by Subjection; and, like -_Camomile_, the more it is press’d down and kept under, the sturdier it -grows; or, like _Antæus_, it receives fresh Vigour from every Defeat, -and rises the brisker the oftener it is thrown. Whereas Honour once -routed never rallies; nay, the least _Breach_ in Female Reputation is -irreparable; and a _Gap_ in Chastity, like a _Chasm_ in a young Tree, -is every Day a _Widening_. Besides, Honour and Interest require a -long Chain of solid Reasoning before they can be set in Battle-Array: -Whereas Inclination is presently under Arms, the Moment Love has -pitch’d his _Standard_: For, as we find that the least wanton Glance -of a Lady’s Eye quickly alarms a Man’s Animal Spirits, and puts the -whole Body Corporate into an unruly Ferment; so, doubtless, the Female -Imagination is at least equally alert: and in such a sudden Scuffle -betwixt Love and Honour, it is ten to one but the Enemy _enters_; for -the _Gate_ of Chastity, like the _Temple_ of _Janus_, always stands -_open_ during these Conflicts. It must indeed be granted, that if the -Loss of Honour was immediately to succeed the Loss of Chastity, the -Virtue of these Women would be much stronger than it is; but they -flatter themselves with the Hopes of Secrecy, and fancy that they have -found out an Expedient to purchase Pleasure without the Expence of -Reputation; by this Means Honour is reconciled to Inclination, or at -best made to stand Neuter; and then the Consequence is very obvious. -In short, a wanton Woman of Honour may withstand a great many Attacks, -and possibly defend her Chastity to the very last; but yet she is every -Day in danger of being surpriz’d, and at best will make but a very -precarious Defence. - -A third Sort of Women, the very Reverse of the preceding, have neither -Honour nor Inclination; that is to say, they have neither the one nor -the other to an equal Degree with the rest of the Sex. These Kinds of -Women, who put a slighter Value than ordinary upon their Characters, -are generally, in their Circumstances, either above the World or below -it; for when a Woman has her Interest and Fortune depending upon her -Reputation, as all the middle Rank of Womankind have, she is a Woman of -Honour of course. Interest, indeed, is inseparable from Female Honour, -nay, it is the very Foundation of it; and Honour and Interest, when -they are consider’d as Guardians to Chastity, are synonimous Terms. The -bare Puncto of Honour, when abstracted from Interest, would prove but -a small Rub to Women in their eager Pursuit of Pleasure: Thus we see -the Conduct of a Maiden Lady, how much more circumspect it is whilst -her Fortune in Marriage is depending, than afterwards, when that Point -of Interest is secured by a Husband; for all marry’d Women are above -the World, in so far as they are out of the Reach of any Suspicions or -Surmises, or even a Probability of Incontinence; and since they are not -liable to be detected by Pregnancy, there’s no other Sort of Conviction -able to prejudice them, but downright ocular Demonstration: Which seems -to be the Reason why so many of them take such Liberties, as if they -were of _Falstaff_’s Opinion, when he said, _Nothing but Eyes confutes -me_. Female Honour, therefore, being so nearly ally’d and closely -annex’d to worldly Interest, we must confine this Class of Women to -two Sorts: First, those whose Fortunes are independent, and above -being influenc’d by the Censure of the World; and, secondly, those -who are far below the World, that they either escape its Censure, or -else are incapable of being hurt by it. The first Sort lie under this -Disadvantage, that let their natural Chastity be ever so great, the -smallest Spark of Desire is capable of being blown up and rais’d to a -considerable Pitch; whereas, when a Woman is once arriv’d to Maturity, -that Portion of Honour which she has acquir’d, is with Difficulty -preserv’d, and at best is incapable of any Improvement. The second Sort -are equally liable to have their Passions rais’d, however low they may -be naturally, and besides lie under this farther Disadvantage, that -tho’ they cannot promote their Interest by preserving their Chastity, -yet, if they have the least Spark of Beauty, they will find their -Account sufficiently in parting with it. The Virtue, indeed, of this -Class of Women, seems chiefly to depend upon the Degree of Beauty which -they stand possess’d of; for if they have Charms sufficient to provoke -young Men to be at any tolerable Pains and Cost, their Chastity can -never hold out long, but must infallibly surrender. - -The fourth and last Kind of Women we shall mention, are those who have -a very moderate Share of Honour, join’d to a very amorous Constitution. - -The Virtue of these Women is entirely defenceless; and, as soon as -a Man has removed that little timorous Coyness, which is natural to -young Women in their first Attempts, he may proceed with Confidence, -and conclude the Breach to be practicable; for whatever Resistance he -meets with afterwards, will only enhance the Pleasure of Conquest. Most -Women, indeed, let them be ever so fully resolv’d to comply, make as -great a Shew of Resistance as they can conveniently counterfeit; and -this the Sex would pass upon the World for a kind of innate Modesty: -but it is very easily accounted for. - -As soon as Women have entertain’d any Degree of Love, they make it -their whole Study to raise and maintain an equal Degree of Passion in -the Men; and they are very sensible how far the bare Appearance of -Modesty will prevail to render them amiable. The Pain they suffer in -smothering their Desires, is fully recompenced by that secret Pleasure -which a Lover’s Eagerness gives them, because they esteem it a Proof -both of the Sincerity and Violence of his Passion. A Woman is not, -without some Reason, afraid, lest a Man’s Love should diminish after -Enjoyment, and would gladly bribe his After-Love, by the great Value -she seems to put upon her Chastity before she makes him a Present of it. - -Besides, not to mention the actual Pleasure a Woman receives in -Struggling, it is a Justification of her in the Eye of the Man, and a -kind of _Salvo_ to her Honour and Conscience, that she never did fully -comply, but was in a manner forced into it. This is the plain natural -Reason why most Women refuse to _surrender_ upon _Treaty_, and why -they delight so much in being _storm’d_. - -Having thus taken a cursory View of the Sex, in their several Classes, -and according to their several Circumstances, we may conclude, -preferring Truth to Complaisance, that by far the greater Part of -Womenkind hold their Virtue very precariously; and that Female Chastity -is, in its own Nature, built upon a very _ticklish_ Foundation. - -_Hudibras_ has ludicrously plac’d the Seat of Male-Honour, in the -Posteriors, whereby it is secur’d from any Attack in Front; but Female -Honour, notwithstanding the apparent Safety of the Situation, like a -Debtor’s House upon the Verge of two Counties, is liable to be attack’d -both Ways; _à parte_ ante, & _à parte_ post, - -That the Seat of Honour in Females has this double Aspect, like _Janus -bifrons_, and consequently that it is two Ways accessible, has already -been taken Notice of by almost all the _Writers_ upon this Subject; but -it is worth remarking here, that _Lycurgus_ had an Eye to it when he -modelled the _Spartan_ Petticoat; for tho’ the Warmth of the Climate -obliged the Women to be very open in that Part of their Dress, insomuch -that, if we believe _Plutarch_, in his Comparison of _Numa_ and -_Lycurgus_, the Habit which the Maidens of _Laconia_ wore came but to -their Knees, and was open on both Sides, so that as they walked their -Thighs appear’d bare; yet this wise _Law-giver_ would not permit them -to make the least Aperture, either in the fore or hind Part of that -Garment; rightly judging, that those two sacred _Avenues_ to a Maid’s -Honour ought to be guarded with the utmost Caution. - -For this same Reason the upright Posture of the Body has always -been esteem’d the most decent; and it has ever been the Mode, in -all Countries, for Ladies to cursey instead of bowing: for, tho’ a -Female-Bow, might seem a modest and coy Reclension of the Body, with -regard to the Person saluted, yet it would occasion a very indecent -Projection to those who should happen to be behind; especially since -that dangerous Fashion of _Postern-Plackets_ has crept into the -_European_ Petticoat. - - * * * * * - -But to return to our present Argument, the Design of which was to prove -the following _Syllogism_. - -The only way to preserve Female Chastity, is to prevent the Men from -laying Siege to it: And this Project of the _Publick Stews_ is the only -Way to prevent Mens laying Siege to it: Therefore this Project is the -only Way to preserve Female Chastity. - -The former Part of the Proposition is, I hope, sufficiently proved. -It is, indeed, evident, from the bare Consideration of the Nature of -Females, that if the Men are suffer’d to go on, as they now do, in -the Pursuit of Pleasure, there is no possible Way can be found out, -effectually, to secure the Virtue of any one Woman of any Rank, or in -any Station of Life. If a Woman is handsome, she has the more Tryals to -undergo; if homely, and for that Reason seldom attack’d, the Novelty of -the Address makes the greater Impression: If she is married, it is odds -but there’s a Failure at home, and habitual Pleasures are not easily -foregone, especially when they may be enjoy’d with Safety: If a Maid, -her unexperienc’d Virgin-Heart is capable of any Impression: If she is -rich, Ease and Luxury make the Blood run mad; and Love, if high-dieted, -is ungovernable: If poor, she will be the easier bribed, when Love and -Avarice jointly must be gratified. - -In short, to sum up all, there is in the Passion of Love a certain -fatal _Crisis_, to which all Womenkind are capable of being wrought-up: -The Difference of Virtue consisting only in this, that it is very hard -to work a virtuous Woman up to this _Crisis_, and requires a very -unlucky Concurrence of Circumstances: Whereas a Woman without a good -Stock of Virtue, must have an unaccountable Series of good Fortune if -she escapes. But, virtuous or not virtuous, when this Passion is once -rais’d to the _critical_ Height, it is absolutely irresistible. - -Since therefore Female Virtue cannot effectually be secured, but by -preventing the Men from laying Siege to it, it remains for us to -examine, if this Prevention can be effected by any other Method than -that of erecting the _Publick Stews_, and whether or no when erected, -they will have the desired Effect. - -That young Men, in a good State of Health, have their Desires towards -Women much stronger, and more violent, than for the Enjoyment of any -thing else in this Life, is a Truth not to be contested. And it is -likewise as certain, that young Men will gratify these Desires, unless -the _Legislature_ can affix such a Penalty to the Commission of the -Fact, that the Apprehension of the Penalty may give their Minds more -Uneasiness, than refraining from the Gratification. - -Now there are but three Things which Men fear in this Life, _viz._ -Shame, Poverty, and Bodily Pain, and consequently but three Sorts of -Punishments, which the _Legislature_ can inflict. The first of these, -indeed, might be omitted; for Shame is so very little in the Power -of the Laws, that it hardly deserves the Name of a Penalty. If the -Pillory, and such like infamous Punishments, are more terrible for the -Shame that attends them, than for the bodily Pain, it is not because -such a Posture of a Man’s Body, with his Neck through a Hole, is in -itself ignominious, or that any Law can make it so; but because it -publishes to the World, that a Man has been prov’d to commit such a -certain Action, in its own Nature scandalous, which he is asham’d to -have thus publickly made known. The truth is, “Honour and Dishonour -being only the different Opinions of Mankind, as to the Good or Evil -of any Action; and these Opinions in the Mind arising, as Dr. _Clarke_ -well observes, from the natural Fitness or Unfitness of the Actions -themselves, cannot be alter’d or determin’d by any _Secular Force_.” -And that they are entirely out of the Power of the _Legislature_, is -evident in the Instance of _Duelling_; where a Man often receives -Honour for a _Breach_ of the Law, nay is forced to _break_ it in -_Defence_ of his Honour. - -The utmost Scandal, therefore, which the Laws can affix to any -Action, is to make a full and open Publication of the Fact: Now it is -evident that this Publication cannot have a sufficient Influence over -Mens Minds to deter them from Wenching, a Crime which meets with so -favourable a Reception in the Eye of the World, that young Men are not -asham’d to boast of it. - -We must have Recourse then to a Fine, or Corporal Punishment, or -perhaps both. If it is a Fine, it must be one of these three sorts; -either a certain determinate Sum for every Offence, or, to make it -fall more equally, such a certain Portion of a Man’s whole Substance, -or else it must be such a Sum as the Jury shall think sufficient to -repair the Woman’s Damages. The first is impracticable because of its -Inequality, with regard to Mens different Fortunes. The second would -punish none but Men of Fortune. And the third, in many Cases, would -be impossible; for Women are often ruin’d by such as have it not in -their power to make them amends. But granting that a Fine could be -so happily contriv’d as to affect all Men equally in their several -Stations of Life; and let us suppose this Fine considerable enough, for -so it must be, to deter any moderate-spirited Man: yet still we lie -under a manifest Dilemma as to the Point of Proof; for if the Proof -is to depend upon the Evidence of Eye-Witnesses, none but Fools will -be convicted; and let a Man be ever so indiscreet, he that swears to -_rem in re_ must have good Eyes, and be a good Swearer withal. If, on -the other hand, a Man is to be convicted upon the sole Evidence of the -Woman, we run into greater Inconveniences: for either a Woman is to -be recompenced for the Injury she has received, or not; if not, there -is no modest Woman of common Sense, but will chuse much rather to -conceal her Weakness, than expose it in publick Court so much to her -own Prejudice; and this too upon the sole Motive of doing Prejudice to -a Man, for whom, in all Probability, she still retains an Affection: So -that no Man would be accus’d but by such sort of Women as the Law can -never intend to favour or countenance. - -And if the Woman is to receive this Fine, either in Part or the Whole, -by way of Reparation, not to mention its being an actual Encouragement -to transgress, this Recompence would only be a Means to promote a -Multitude of false Accusations; for what Man could live with so much -Circumspection, that a Woman might not often have an Opportunity to -accuse him of such a Fact, with very probable Circumstances, when there -is no Opportunity of detecting the Fallacy. This Difficulty, indeed, -is not to be got over; and the Objection lies equally strong against -all sorts of Corporal Punishment, Death itself not excepted. For if -there are so many false Indictments for _Rapes_, where a Woman receives -no Benefit by the Prosecution, where she is liable to such cross -Examinations, and where the Possibility of the Fact is so much doubted, -that a Woman is generally discountenanc’d, and must bring a Number of -probable concurrent Circumstances before she can gain Credit: I say, -if notwithstanding these Discouragements, there are so many malicious -Prosecutions for _Rapes_, that the Benefit of the Law in general is -much disputed, what may we expect in the present Case, where a Woman -has nothing to do but acknowledge that she was over-persuaded, and -then all Difficulties vanish? Besides, if such a Law was made, setting -aside that the Remedy would be worse than the Disease, it is much to be -question’d if it prov’d any Remedy at all: For what Fine can we propose -as sufficient to deter Men, when there are so many that squander away -their whole Fortunes upon this sole Gratification? And what Corporal -Punishment, on this side Death, can we find out equivalent to a _Pox_, -which they every day run the Risque of? - -But no such Law, as yet, has been so much as propos’d, altho’ Whoring -has been a very obvious Mischief ever since Laws were in Being; -therefore, without farther Argument, considering the Wisdom of our -_Legislature_, that such a Law never has been made, ought to be -sufficient Reason for us to judge it impracticable. - -Since the Torrent of Lewdness, then, is too strong to be opposed by -open Force, let us see if we can find out an Expedient to divert it by -Policy, and prevent the Mischief tho’ we can’t prevent the Crime. - -Most _Authors_, who have writ of Government, have chose to express -their Sentiments by comparing the Public Body with the Body Natural; -and Mr. _Hobbes_, in his _Leviathan_, has carry’d the _Allegory_ as far -as it will go. To make Use of it in the present Instance, we may look -upon _Whoring_ as a Kind of Peccant Humour in the Body-Politic, which, -in order to its Discharge, naturally seizes upon such external Members -as are most liable to Infection, and at the same time most proper to -carry off the Malignity. If this Discharge is promoted by a Licence for -_Publick Stews_, which is a Kind of legal Evacuative, the Constitution -will certainly be preserv’d: Whereas, if we apply Penal Laws, like -violent Astringents, they will only drive the Disease back into the -Blood; where, gathering Strength, and at last assimilating the whole -Mass, it will break out with the utmost Virulence, to the apparent -Hazard of those sound Members, which otherwise might have escaped the -Contagion. As we may observe in a _Clap_, where Nature of her own -Accord expels the noxious Humour thro’ the same Passages by which it -was at first receiv’d; but if we resist Nature in this Discharge, and -repel the Venom by too hasty an Application of _Styptics_, the Disease -then turns to a _Pox_, seizes the Vitals, and, to use _Solomon_’s -Words, _like a Dart, strikes thro’ the Liver_. But, leaving _Allegory_ -as more proper for _Rhetoric_ or _Poetry_, than such serious Debates, -since this Project of the _Public Stews_ is the only Expedient now left -for the Preservation of Female Chastity, the Question is, Whether or no -this Expedient will really answer the End propos’d? - -To prove the Affirmative, requires no more but that we look into -ourselves, and examine our own Passions; for Love ever was and will -be the same in all Men, and in all Ages. The first amorous Emotions -that young Men feel, are violent; they are plagued with a Stimulation, -which raises a vehement Desire: The Passion is strong, but then it is -general; it is Lust, not Love: And therefore the natural Impatience -of _Lust_ will prompt them to take the speediest way for present -Gratification, and make them prefer the ready and willing Embraces -of a Courtezan, before the doubtful and distant Prospect of enjoying -a modest Damsel, whose Coyness will cost so much Pains, as well as -Time, to overcome; and, when overcome, may probably occasion a future -Uneasiness, and give them more Trouble after Enjoyment than they had -before. - -Besides this, if their first Affections should happen to be engaged -to a particular Object, which is very rare; and that this particular -Object was in their Power to compass, which is still rarer; yet there -is naturally in Young-Men a certain secret Shame, which attends -their first Sallies, and prevents their declaring a private Passion, -’till it grows so violent, that they are forced to give it Vent upon -the Publick; and by that means, get into a regular Method of making -themselves easy, without doing their Modesty any Violence. - -But tho’ the natural Bent of Men’s Minds inclines them to an easy -Purchase of Pleasure in their first Amours, yet publick Whoring lies -at present under so many Disadvantages; the Publick Women, for want of -good Regulation, are so infamous in their Principles and Practice; the -Places of Resort so vile, and so scandalously imposing in the common -Expence, and lying under the Lash of the _Civil_ Power, so pester’d -with the mercenary Officiousness of _Reforming Constables_; and which -is worst of all, the Plague of _Claps_ and _Poxes_ is so inevitable, -that Men contrary to their Inclinations are often forc’d to enter upon -private Intrigues, either without trying the Publick, or after meeting -with some Misfortunes in the Tryal. - -Now if we see daily so many Young Men, who prefer the publick Commerce -under all these Disadvantages, what Success may we not expect from this -happy Establishment of the _Stews_, when the Young Women’s Behaviour -will be regulated after a civil decent Manner; when the Houses of -Entertainment will be so Commodious, and the Expence of Accomodation -so reasonable; when the horrid Dread of _Claps_ is entirely remov’d; -and when the Laws, instead of disturbing such Assemblies, will be -employ’d in their Protection, to give them the greater Countenance and -Encouragement; surely we may hope for a thorough Reformation. - -But if these Considerations should not prove fully effectual, and -some Men should be so obstinate as to persist in private Whoring, -notwithstanding these Inducements to the contrary; we must then have -Recourse to _Legal_ Force, and drive those who are too resty to be led: -For tho’ the Laws can’t prevent Whoring, they may yet regulate it; the -_Quid_ is not in their Power, but the _Quomodo_ is. A Man must eat, -but he may be directed how to eat. The strongest Curb can’t stop an -unruly Horse, but the weakest will serve to turn him: And the smallest -Stream is not to be obstructed, tho’ we can change the Course of the -greatest River. So Love, tho’ ever so unruly and headstrong in the -general, changes the particular Object of its Passion with the smallest -Circumstance; and legal Penalties are no trifling Dissuasives, when the -Laws don’t command Impossibilities. - -This Argument indeed, of Compulsion, is in a manner supernumerary, and -thrown in, as it were, _ex abundanti_: For _the Publick Stews_ under -this regular Oeconomy, will have so much the Advantage of private -Whoring, whether we regard the Ease and Conveniency of Enjoyment, or -the Beauty and Variety of Mistresses, that Men’s natural Inclinations -will sway them sufficiently without this superfluous Constraint. If -there is any Fear of Success, the Danger lies on the other Side; and -indeed we have some Colour of Reason to apprehend, lest the whole -Body of Lewdness being turn’d upon the Publick, there should want a -sufficient Supply of young Women to recruit the _Stews_; which, by that -Means, may run into a sudden Dis-repute, and lose a Character that will -be difficult to retrieve. But however plausible this Objection may seem -at first Sight, we shall find, upon a nearer View, that it only serves -to make the Excellence of this Scheme the more manifest. - -As there is constantly in the Nation, a certain Number of young Men, -whose Passions are too strong to brook any Opposition: Our Business is -to contrive a Method how they may be gratify’d, with as little Expence -of Female Virtue as possible. But the Difficulty lies in adjusting this -Matter, and gaging our young Men’s Affections so exactly, that the -Modesty of one Woman may not be sacrifis’d, more than is absolutely -necessary for the Preservation of the rest. - -The Gallants of this Age, indeed, are not quite so sturdy as that -rampant _Roman_ Emperor who deflower’d ten _Sarmatian_ Virgins in one -Night; but what we want in Constitution, we make up in the Niceity of -our Palates; as a squeamish Stomach requires the greatest Variety of -Dishes: And some of our Youth are grown such perfect _Epicures_ in -Venery, that they can relish nothing but _Virgins_: They destroy, it is -true, a great deal of Beauty, by browsing only upon the Buds. - -But we ought not to judge of these Men’s Abilities by the Number of -Women they debauch, no more than we should measure the Goodness of a -certain curious Gentleman’s Appetite by his bespeaking several Dozen -of young Pigeons, when he only regal’d upon the Rumps: Neither is it -intirely from a Wantonness of Fancy, or a luxurious Taste of Pleasure, -that Men indulge themselves in making this Havock, but chiefly for -their own personal Safety. Young Girls are so giddy, thoughtless, and -unexperienc’d, and withal so fond of the Sport, at their first setting -out, that they seldom escape a Taint; and a Man is not safe in being -constant: Nay, some Men are afraid of venturing even after themselves. -By this Means several likely Women, that might do the Publick signal -Service, are in a short Time render’d useless: And, by a modest -Computation, we are put to the Expence of as many virtuous Women in one -Year, as might reasonably serve the Nation six. - -Now, the _Publick Stews_ will regulate this Affair so precisely, and -with such critical Exactness, that one Year with another, we shall not -have one Woman employ’d in the Publick Service more than is absolutely -necessary, nor one less than is fully sufficient. - -When this Project is first set on foot, the vast Choice and Variety -there is at present of these Women, will give us an Opportunity of -making a very beautiful Collection; and will, doubtless, for some -Time, occasion a considerable Run upon the Publick; so that _Private -Whoring_, the only Nursery of our Courtezans, may probably remain too -long neglected: For the whole Body of our incontinent Youth, like a -standing Army, being employ’d in constant Action, there cannot well be -spar’d a sufficient Detachment to raise the necessary Recruits. - -But however true this may be, we shall thereby suffer no Inconvenience; -for if the Supplies of young Women, which we may reasonably expect from -the Northern and Western Parts of these Kingdoms, or from such Places -as are remote and out of the Influence of this _Scheme_: I say, if -these Supplies should not prove sufficient to answer the Greatness of -the Demand, and that the Reputation of the _Stews_ upon this Account, -should begin to flag, why then the worst Accident that can befal, is a -gradual Relapse into our former State of _Private Whoring_; and this -no farther than is just necessary and to recruit the _Stews_, and -thereby make them retrieve their former Character: For every Woman -who is debauch’d more than is barely necessary, only brings so much -additional Credit and Reputation to the _Stews_, and in some measure -atones for the Loss of her own Chastity, by being a Means to preserve -that of others; so that whenever the Tide of private Lewdness runs too -high, and exceeds the just and ordinary Bounds, it must of Course, by -encouraging the _Publick Stews_, immediately suffer a proportionable -Ebb: That is to say, it must be reduced again so low, that there will -remain but just a sufficient Quantity to supply the _Stews_; which is -as low, as in the Nature of the Thing is possible. - -I might here lavish out Encomiums, and take Occasion to dwell upon -those many Advantages that will accrue to the _Nation_ by this -admirable Scheme; but shall only take Notice of this peculiar -Excellence, which it has above all other Schemes, that it necessarily -executes itself. - -But since the Necessity of debauching a certain Number of young Women, -is entirely owing to the Necessity of supplying the _Public Stews_; a -Question may very reasonably arise, whether this Project might not be -vastly improv’d, even to the total Extirpation of _Private Whoring_, -by an Act _for encouraging the Importation of foreign Women_. This, I -must confess, deserves a serious Debate: for, besides the Honour of our -Females, which would be preserv’d by such an Act, it might bring this -farther Advantage; That whereas most of our estated Youth spend a great -Part of their Time and Fortunes in travelling Abroad, for no other End, -as it seems by most of them, but to be inform’d in the _French_ and -_Italian_ Gallantry; they would then have an Opportunity of satisfying -their Curiosity in Foreign Amours, without stirring out of _London_. -But I shall leave the Decision of this Matter to abler Pens, well -knowing, that a Truth of this Nature, which carries so much the Air of -Novelty, will require much better Authority than mine to warrant it. - -Let it suffice for the present, that I have fully prov’d what I at -first propos’d in this Treatise: That _Public Whoring_ is neither so -criminal in itself, nor so detrimental to the _Society_, as _Private -Whoring_; and that the encouraging of _Publick Whoring_, by erecting -_Stews_ for that Purpose, will not only prevent most of the mischievous -Consequences of this Vice, but even lessen the Quantity of _Whoring_ in -general, and reduce it to the narrowest Bounds which it can possibly be -contain’d in. - -After what has been said, it may, perhaps, appear somewhat odd to -talk of Religious Objections, as if either Christianity or Morality -could possibly object against a _Scheme_, which is entirely calculated -for the Welfare and Happiness of Mankind. But since a great many Men -amongst us have entertained such whimsical Notions of Religion, as to -imagine, that in some Cases, a Law may be unjust and wicked, tho’ it -evidently promotes the Publick Good: as if the right Enjoyment of this -Life was inconsistent with our Happiness in the next: I say, since many -Men of Understanding have suffer’d themselves to be possess’d with -this mistaken Principle, I shall, as briefly as may be, answer such -Objections as can, with any Colour of Reason, be offer’d. - -First then, I expect to be attack’d with that old moral Precept, of -_Not doing Evil that Good may come of it_. This may be answer’d with -another old Saying, equally authentic, and more applicable to the -present Purpose, that _of two Evils we ought to chuse the least_. The -Case is this: A private Member of a _Society_, may, doubtless, commit -a Crime with a Design to promote the Good of that _Society_, which was -partly the Case of _Felton_ against the Duke of _Buckingham_; and this -evil Action may possibly answer the Goodness of the Intention, but -is universally condemn’d as an unwarrantable Presumption; and falls -justly under the Censure of doing a certain Evil, for the Prospect -of an uncertain Good. But as to the _Legislature_, there is a wide -Difference; for they, and they only, are intrusted with the Welfare of -the _Society_: This Publick Welfare is, or ought to be, the whole End -and Scope of their Actions; and they are fully impower’d to do whatever -they judge conducive to that End. If their Intentions come up to this, -they are certainly in their Consciences acquitted: But as to the World, -their Actions, that is, their Laws, are judg’d good or bad, just or -unjust, according as they actually prove beneficial or detrimental to -the _Society_ in general: And therefore it is the grossest Absurdity, -and a perfect Contradiction in Terms, to assert, That a _Government_ -may not commit Evil that Good may come of it; for, if a Publick Act, -taking in all its Consequences, really produces a greater Quantity of -Good, it must, and ought to be term’d a good Act; altho’ the bare Act, -consider’d in itself, without the consequent Good, should be in the -highest Degree wicked and unjust. - -As for Instance: A Ship performing Quarantine, and known to be -infected, is sunk by a Storm; some of the Crew, half drown’d, recover -the Shore; but the Moment they land, the _Government_ orders them to -be shot to Death. This Action, in itself, is no less than a downright -unchristian and inhuman Murther; but since the Health and Safety of the -Nation is secured by this severe Precaution, it is no Wonder, if we -allow the Action to be not only justifiable, but in the strictest Sense -of Morality Just. - -Another Objection, or rather the same set in a stronger Light, is, That -altho’ the Welfare and Happiness of the Community is, or ought to be, -the only End of all Law and Government, yet since our spiritual Welfare -is the _Summum Bonum_ which all Christians should aim at, no Christian -Government ought to authorize the Commission of the least known Sin, -tho’ for the greatest temporal Advantage. - -To this Objection, I answer, That it is universally allow’d as one of -the greatest Perfections of the Christian Religion, that its Precepts -are calculated to promote the Happiness of Mankind in this World -as well as the next; if so, then it is a direct Arraignment of the -Lawgiver’s infinite Wisdom, _i. e._ a Contradiction to assert, that, in -Matters of Law and Government, the Publick Breach of any Gospel Precept -can possibly be for the temporal Good of any _Society_ whatever: And -therefore we may with Confidence affirm, that no sinful Laws can be -beneficial, and _vice versa_, that no beneficial Laws can be sinful. -Now we have already given sufficient Proof of the Benefit the _Public_ -would receive by licensing the _Stews_, and therefore ought to conclude -such Licence lawful; but lest the apparent Wickedness of the _Stews_, -should be objected against this general Reasoning, it is fit that we -examine this Matter a little nearer. - -_Fornication_ is, no doubt, a direct Breach of a _Gospel_-Precept, -and is therefore a Sin; but this Sin, barely as such, concerns the -_Government_ no more than the Eating of _Black-puddings_, equally -prohibited in the same[8] Text. The Reason is this: The Sin consists -in a full Intention to gratify a Lustful Desire; which Intention the -_Legislature_ cannot possibly prevent: Penalties indeed may deter Men -from gratifying their Desires, at the Expence of the Public, but will -rather increase than lessen the Desires themselves. If it is argu’d, -that the Sin of the Intention is aggravated by being put in Execution, -so much the better for our Purpose; for then the Argument stands thus: - - [8] Acts, c. 15. v. 29. _That ye abstain from Meats offered to Idols, - and from Blood, and from Things strangled, and from Fornication: from - which if ye keep yourselves, ye do well. Fare ye well._ - -Since the Sin of the Intention is entirely out of the _Legislature_’s -Power, the utmost they can do, with regard to this Sin, is, to prevent -its being aggravated by actual Commission. - -But the _Public Stews_, as we have already prov’d, will prevent as much -as possible this actual Commission. - -Therefore the _Publick Stews_ will prevent as much as possible this SIN. - -Another Branch of this Objection, without which the Objection itself -would be of no Force, is, that the authorizing of _Public Stews_ is a -Public Encouragement for People to Whore. - -If by People are meant those in the _Stews_, I hope it will be thought -no Crime to encourage such People, rather to confine themselves to the -Practice of one Vice, than live by committing a Thousand; especially -when that one Vice is what they would really practise, whether they -were encourag’d or not. - -But if any imagine that this particular Licence would be a general -Encouragement to the whole _Nation_, they are certainly mistaken. For, -as to the Men, they are already as bad as they can be; if any Thing -cures them, it must be _Satiety_: Let them have full and free Leave to -take a Surfeit of unlawful Love, and they will soon learn to prefer -the Chaste Embraces of Innocence before the bought Smile of Harlots -loveless, joyless, unindear’d casual Fruition. - -It is a right Observation, that Restraint does but whet a Man’s -Passions instead of curing them. - -_Exuperat magis, ægrescitque medendo._ Æn. 12. And a late ingenious -_Author_, who study’d Mankind, speaking on this Subject, has these -Words: _To put down_ Publick Stews, _is not only to disperse -Fornication into all Parts, but, by the Difficulty, to excite wild and -wanton People to this Vice._ - -It was observ’d at _Rome_, that in the full Liberty of Divorces, there -was not a single Instance of one in fifty Years: And that _Cato_ long’d -for his Wife again as soon as she was in another’s Possession. - -The Master of Love says positively, - - _Quod licet ingratum est, quod non licet acrius urit_. - -And _Martial_ speaking to a married Rake, _B_. 3. _Ep_. 68. says, - - _Cur aliena placet tibi, quæ tua non placet uxor? - Nunquid Securus non potes arrigere?_ - - I pr’ythee tell me why a Wife - Thy am’rous Fancy never warms? - What! without Danger o’thy Life, - Cannot thy Cod-pice stand to Arms? - -And again, _B_. 1. _Ep_. 74. - - _Nullus in urbe fuit tota, qui tangere vellet - Uxorem gratis, Cæciliane, tuam - Dum licuit: sed nunc, positis custodibus, ingens - Turba fututorum est. Ingeniosus Homo es._ - - There’s no Man, _Cæcil_, in the Town, - Would, _gratis_, have enjoy’d thy Spouse; - But how thou art so jealous grown, - Lord! what a Croud about the House! - You’ve lock’d her up, t’increase her Value; - In short, you are a cunning Fellow. - -The _Public Stews_ will not encourage Men to be lewd, but they will -encourage them to exercise their Lewdness in a proper Place, without -disturbing the Peace of the _Society_, and with as little Detriment to -themselves as possible. And, as to the Women, there’s not the least -Shadow of Encouragement: For no modest Woman ever lost her Maiden-head -with the dismal Prospect of becoming a _Public Courtezan_: And if a -Woman is not modest, the licensing of the _Public Stews_ is no more an -Encouragement for her to practise, than the allowing a certain Number -of Hackney-Coaches every _Sunday_ is an Encouragement for the rest to -ply; when the very Licence, to some, expresly implies a Prohibition of -the rest. - -Having now sufficiently proved the Institution of the _Public Stews_ -to be a Political Good, and answer’d all the religious Objections -against it; I shall conclude with observing, That I have the Authority -of _Italy_, the most Politic Nation in the World, to back me in the -first Part of my Argument; and the Opinion of _Holland_, one of the -strictest Reformed Churches, to vindicate me in the second; and that -we ourselves enjoy’d the Benefit of this Institution till we were -depriv’d of it by the over-hasty Zeal of our first Reformers in the -sixteenth Century. - -The _Public Stews_ were antiently kept in _Southwark_, by an express -Licence from the Government, and open Permission both Civil and -Ecclesiastical, for they paid regular Taxes to the _Lord-Mayor_ of the -_City_, and to the Bishop of the _See_. - -We do not find that they were ever molested ’till the 25th of _Edward_ -the Third, when, in the Parliament at _Westminster_, at the Request -of the _Londoners_, says _Daniel_, an Act passed, obliging all Common -Whores to distinguish themselves, by wearing Hoods striped with divers -Colours, or Furs, and their Gowns turn’d _inside_ out. - -This, indeed, was but a Trifle to what they suffer’d thirty Years after -by _Wat Tyler_’s Rebellion. - -In the fifth of _Richard_ the Second, _Wat_ marched up from -_Dartworth_, with a true Spirit of Reformation, fully resolv’d to -burn and destroy every thing that oppos’d him: If the Archbishop’s -Palace at _Lambeth_ could not escape, there was little Mercy to be -expected for the _Stews_[9]; besides, Whoring was not the least of -_Wat_’s Grievances: He began his Rebellion by killing a Collector of -the Poll-Tax for being a little too brisk upon his Daughter; and his -Antipathy to the _Stews_ was still increased, by the _Lord-Mayor_’s -shutting the City-Gates, and denying him Entrance; for he could not -revenge the Affront more effectually, than by _cutting off so large a -Branch of his Lordship’s Revenue_. - - [9] On the Feast of _Corpus Christi_, or the 13th of _June_, the - Commons of _Kent_ brake down the STEW-HOUSES near _London-Bridge_, - at that Time in the hands of the Frowes of _Flanders_, who had farmed - them of the Mayor of _London_. STOW’s Chron. p. 285. - -In short, every thing concurred to the Destruction of the _Stews_, and -demolish’d they were. - -This Action, however, lost _Tyler_ his Life; for _William Walworth_, -then Lord-Mayor, was the very Man who struck him first off his Horse -in _Smithfield_: For which the King knighted him, gave him 100 _l._ -Pension, and added the Dagger to the City-Arms. - -Whilst Whoring was in this unsettled Condition, the _Bishop_ thought it -a good Opportunity to ingross the whole Profit of licensing Courtezans, -which occasion’d them fresh Trouble; for _John Northampton_, who -succeeded _Walworth_, either piqued at the Bishop’s invading his -Right, or out of a real Reforming Principle, for he was a Follower -of _Wickliff_, commenced a severe Persecution. He had his Spies and -Constables in every Street, to apprehend Strollers; and such Women -as were neither handsome nor rich enough to bribe his Officers, were -carried through the Streets in great Pomp, with their Hair shorn, and -Trumpets and Pipes playing before them. All this he did contrary to the -express Commands of the Bishop, who had several Bickerings with him -upon that Head. - -This great Reformer _John Northampton_ was, from his troublesome -Temper, nick-nam’d _Cumber-Town_; and as he succeeded _Tyler_ in the -Work of Reformation, so he had like to have met with as bad a Fate: For -two Years after he was found guilty of High Treason, without making -the least Defence; had his Goods confiscated, and was condemned to -perpetual Imprisonment 100 Miles from _London_: Accordingly he was sent -to _Tentagil-Castle_ in _Cornwall_. - -This dreadful _Cumber-Town_ being removed, the _Stews_ had Leisure to -re-settle themselves under the Protection of the Church; and enjoyed an -almost uninterrupted Tranquillity for 150 Years. - -We find, indeed, an Act passed at _Westminster_, in the 11th of _Hen._ -VI. that no Keepers of _Stews_, or _Whore-Houses_ in _Southwark_, -should be impannelled upon any Jury, or keep a Tavern in any other -Place. - -But the most sensible Blow they ever felt, was the Invasion of -the _French-Pox_. The _Spaniards_ had brought it from the Islands -of _Florida_ to _Naples_, and the Army of _Charles_ VIII. when he -conquer’d that Kingdom in the Year 1495, transmitted it into _France_, -from whence it had a very quick Passage into _England_; for there was -an Act passed in the latter end of _Henry_ VII’s Reign, for expelling -out of the _Stews_ all such Women as had the Faculty of _Burning_ Men. - -However, we find they still continued in good Repute in the Reign of -_Henry_ VIII.[10] and yielded a considerable Revenue to the _Bishop_ of -_London_; for _Bucer_, in one of his Books against _Gardiner_, taxes -him with it as _an heinous Crime, that he should receive most of his -Rents out of the Public Stews_. - - [10] In the latter end of _March_ (Anno Reg. _Hen._ VIII. 36) “the - _Stewes_ on the Bank-side of the _Thames_, in _Southwark_, was put - down, by the King’s Commandment, which was proclaimed by sound of - Trumpets, no more to be privileged, or used as a common Bordell, but - the Inhabitants of those Houses, to keep good and honest Rule, as in - all other Places of the Realm. STOW’s Chron. p. 591. - -After this terrible Accusation, we may easily guess what Quarter our -_Stews_ met with at the Reformation. But now _Bucer_ has got his Ends; -the _Stews_ are destroy’d; those public Nusances are demolish’d; -Whoring is attack’d on all hands without Mercy; and what then? Why, -truly, by mere Dint of _Reforming_, we have reduced Lewdness to that -pass, that hardly one Bachelor in the Kingdom will lie with a Woman, if -he is sure that she’s not found; and very few modest Women will suffer -a Man to get them with Child, unless he makes a Promise to marry. - -In short, the Truth is, we are at this present Writing as _bad_ as we -can be; and I hope I have fairly shown how we may be _better_. - - - - -[Illustration] - - APPENDIX. - - -NUMBER I. - -_RICHARD RAWLINSON_, L. L. D. and R. S. S. in his Account of -_Southwark_,[11] informs us, that next to the _Bear-Garden_ on the -Bank-Side was formerly the BORDELLO, or STEWES, so called from several -Licensed Houses for the Entertainment of Lewd Persons, in which were -Women prepared for all Comers. They were subject to several Laws and -Regulations, and their Manner of Life and Privileged Places, received -several Confirmations from the Crown. - - [11] See _Aubrey’s_ Natural History and Antiquities of _Surrey_, - _8vo._ Vol. v. p. 221. - -In 1162, King _Henry_ II, in a _Parliament_ held at _Westminster_, -passed an Act, confirming several Ordinances, Statutes, and old Customs -observed in that Place, amongst which the following are remarkable: - - * * * * * - -That no _Stew-Holder_ or his Wife, should lett or stay any single Woman -to go and come freely at all Times when she listed. - -No _Stewholder_ to keep any Woman to board, but she to board abroad at -her Pleasure. - -To take no more for the Woman’s Chamber than _fourteen_ Pence. - -Not to keep open his Doors upon the Holy-days. - -Not to keep any single Woman in his House on the Holy-days, but the -_Bailiff_ to see them voided out of the Lordship. - -No single Woman to be kept against her Will, that would leave her Sin. - -No _Stew-Holder_ to receive any Woman of Religion, or any Mans Wife. - -No single Woman to take Money to lie with any Man, except she lye with -him all Night, till the Morrow. - -No Man to be drawn or enticed into any _Stew-House_. - -The _Constables_, _Bailiffs_, and others, were every Week to search -every _Stew-House_. - -No _Stew-Holder_ to keep any Woman that hath the perillous Infirmity of -_Burning_, nor to sell Bread, Ale, Flesh, Fish, Wood, Coal, or any sort -of Victuals. - - * * * * * - -Anno 1345, Stews were licenced by King _Edward_ III. Anno 1381, these -Stew-Houses belonged to _William Walworth_, Lord-Mayor of _London_, -who let them out to some _Flemish_ Women, and soon after they were -plundered by _Walter Tyler_, and the rebellious _Kentishmen_, when -probably they were put down, and again suffered, and afterwards -confirmed by _Henry_ VI. In 1506, King _Henry_ VII. for some Time shut -up these Houses, which were in Number _Eighteen_, and not long after -renewed their Licence, and reduced them to _Twelve_; at which Number -they continued till their final Suppression by Sound of Trumpet, in -1546, by King _Henry_ VIII, whose tender Conscience startled at such -scandalous and open Lewdness. The single Women who were Retainers to, -or Inmates in, these Houses, were excommunicated, not suffered to -enter the Church while alive, or if not reconciled before their Death, -prohibited Christian Burial, and were interred in a Piece of Ground -called the _Single-Women’s Church-Yard_, set a-part for their Use only. -These Houses were distinguished by several Signs painted on their -Fronts, as, a _Boar’s-Head_, the _Crane_, the _Cardinal’s Hat_, the -_Swan_, the _Bell_, the _Castle_, the _Cross-Keys_, and the _Gun_. - -[Illustration] - - -[Illustration] - -NUMBER II. - - _An Attempt to prove the Antiquity of the_ Venereal Disease, - _long before the Discovery of the_ West-Indies; _in a Letter to - Dr._ JAMES DOUGLASS, _M. D._ - -_SIR_, - -The Undertaking I am at present engaged in, is to prove that the -_Venereal Disease_ was known among us, much earlier than the _Æra_, -which has been generally assign’d for its Rise by modern Authors; for -it is believed it was not known, at least in _Europe_, till about the -Year 1494. Notwithstanding which, I determine to make it evident, that -it was frequent among us some Hundreds of Years before that Date. I -could mention several Physicians and Surgeons of Eminence, who have -been of the same Sentiments, particularly, the Learned Dr. _Charles -Patin_, who has written a curious Dissertation to prove the _Antiquity -of this Disease_, which is sufficient to excuse me from the Imputation -of having started a Novelty, or being at the trouble of quoting -antient Authorities before taken notice of, from the most ancient -Writers of Medicine; as _Hippocrates_, _Galen_, _Avicen_, _Celsus_, -&c. and even the _Holy Scriptures_. I shall therefore lay aside all -those foreign Aids and Assistances, and trace out the Symptoms of the -Disease, as they naturally arise, from the _first_ Infection to the -_last_ destructive Period, and shew that, by searching into our own -Antiquities, we may be furnished with Instances of the Frequency of -the Distemper among us, in all its respective Stages, before ever our -Modern Authors dream it had its Appearance in _Europe_, - -I shall begin with the _first_ Degree of this Disease, and prove -from authentic Evidences, it was anciently call’d the _Brenning_ or -_Burning_; and that this Word has been successively continu’d for many -Hundreds of Years, to signify the same Disease we now call a _Clap_; -and that it was not discontinu’d till that Appellation first began to -have its Rise. The most likely Method to accomplish my Design, will be -first to examine those Records that relate to the _Stews_, which were -by Authority allowed to be kept on the _Bank-Side_ in _Southwark_, -under the Jurisdiction of the Bp. of _Winchester_, and which were -suppressed the _37th_ of _Hen._ VIII. For it is impossible but, if -there were any such Distemper in being at that Time, it must be pretty -common among those lewd Women who had a Licence for entertaining -their Paramours, notwithstanding any Rules or Orders which might be -establish’d to prevent its Increase: But if we shall find that there -were Orders establish’d to prevent the Spreading of such a Disease, -that Persons might be secure from any contagious Malady after their -Entertainment at those Houses (which were anciently 18 in Number, but -in the Reign of _Hen._ VII. reduced to 12) we may then securely depend -upon it, that it was the Frequency of the Disease that put those who -had the Authority, under a necessity of making such Rules and Orders. -For the same Powers, who granted a Liberty for keeping open such lewd -Houses, must find it their Interest to secure, as much as possible, -all Persons from receiving any Injury there; lest the Frequency of -such Misfortunes should deter others from frequenting them, and so the -original Design of their Institution cease; from the entire sinking -of the Revenues. Now I find that, as early as the Year 1162, divers -Constitutions relating to the Lordship of _Winchester_, (being also -confirmed by the King) were to be kept for ever, according to the old -Customs that had been Time out of Mind. Among which these were some, -_viz._ 1. _No Stew-holder to take more for a Woman’s Chamber in the -Week than 14 d._ 2. _Not to keep open his Doors upon Holy Days._ 3. -_No single Woman to be kept against her Will, that would leave her -Sin._ 4. _No single Woman to take Money to be with any Man, except -she lie with him all Night till the Morning._ 5. _No Stew-holder to -keep any Woman that hath the perilous Infirmity of Burning._ These and -many more Orders were to be strictly observed, or the Offenders to be -severely punished. Now we are assured, there is no other Disease that -can be communicated by _Carnal-Conversation_ with Women, but that which -is _Venereal_, by reason that only is contagious; and its evident the -_Burning_ was certainly so: For, had it been nothing else but some -simple Ulceration, Heat, or Inflammation, there would have been no -Contagion; and that affecting only the Woman, could not be communicated -by any _Venereal Congress_, and so not infer a Necessity of her being -comprehended under the restraining Article. These Orders likewise -prove the Disease was much more ancient than the Date above-mentioned; -because they were only a Renewal of such as had been before established -Time out of Mind. - -But to confirm this farther, I find that in the Custody of the Bp. -of _Winchester_, whose Palace was situate on the _Bank-side_, near -the _Stews_, was a Book written upon Vellum, the Title of which runs -thus: _Here begynne the Ordinances, Rules, and Customs, as well for -the Salvation of Mannes Life, as for to aschew many Mischiefs and -Inconvenients that daily be lik there for to fall out, to be rightfully -kept, and due Execution of them to be done unto any Person within -the same._ One of the Articles begins thus: _De his qui custodiunt -Mulieres habentes Nephandam infirmitatem._ It goes on, _Item, That no -Stew-holder keep noo Woman wythin his House, that hath any Sickness -of_ BRENNING, _but that she be put out upon the peyne of makeit a -fine unto the Lord of a hundred Shillings_. This is taken from the -Original Manuscript, which was preserv’d in the Bishop’s Court, -suppos’d to be written about the Year 1430. From these Orders we may -observe the Frequency of the Distemper at that Time; which, with -other Inconveniences, was _dayly like there for to fall out_: and the -Greatness of the Penalty, as the Value of Money then was, that is laid -on it, proves it was no trifling or insignificant thing. - -But the bare Proof of there having been anciently such a Disease as was -called the _Burning_, may be thought to be insufficient, unless we were -perfectly assured what it was, and how it was in those Times described: -I shall therefore do it from an unquestionable Authority, which is that -of _John Arden_, Esq; who was one of the Surgeons to King _Richard_ II. -and likewise to King _Henry_ IV. In a curious Manuscript of his upon -Vellum, he defines it to be, a certain inward Heat and Excoriation of -the _Urethra_; which Description gives us a perfect Idea of what we now -call a _Clap_; for frequent Dissections of those who laboured under -that Disease, have made it evident, that their _Urethra_ is excoriated -by the Virulency of the Matter they receive from the infected Woman; -and this Excoriation or Ulceration is not confined to the _Ostiola_ or -Mouths of the _Glandulæ Muscosæ_ as has been lately thought, but may -equally alike attack any Part of the _Urethra_ not beyond the reach of -the impelled malignant Matter. The Heat before described, which these -Persons are sensible of, as well now as formerly, is a Consequent of -the excoriated _Urethra_; for the Salts contained in the Urine must -necessarily prick and irritate the nervous _Fibrillæ_, and excite a -Heat in those Parts of the _Urethra_ which are divested of its natural -Membrane; which Heat will always be observed to be more or less, as the -Salts are diluted with a greater or less Quantity of Urine; a thing I -have often observed in Persons who have laboured under this Infirmity -in hot Weather, when the perspirable Matter being thrown off in greater -Quantities, the Salts bear a greater Proportion to the Quantity of -Urine, and thereby make its Discharge at that Time so much the more -painful and troublesome. - -Thus we see this very early and plain Description of this Disease among -us, to be entirely conformable to the latest and most exact Anatomical -Discoveries. Here is no Tone of the _Testicles_ depraved, according to -_Trajanus Petronius_; no Exulceration of the _Parastatæ_, according -to _Rondeletius_; no Ulceration of the _Seminal Vessels_, according -to _Platerus_; no Seat of the Disease in the _Vesiculæ Seminales_, -or _Prostatæ_, according to _Bartholin_; nor in those Parts and the -Testicles at the same Time, according to our Countryman _Wharton_ and -others, who have falsly fixed the Seat of this Disease, and whose -Notions, in this respect, are now justly exploded; but a single and -true Description of it, and its Situation, about 150 Years before any -of those Gentlemen obliged the World with their learned Labours. - -Having, I hope, sufficiently made it appear, the _Burning_ was a -Disease very early among us, and given the Description of it, I shall -proceed to say something of the ancient Method that was made use of -to cure it. We are not to expect the Measures our Predecessors, in -those early Times, made use of, should be calculated for the removing -any Malignity in the Mass of Blood, or other Juices, according to the -Practice in Venereal Cases at this Time; because they looked upon the -Disease to be entirely local, and the Whole of the Cure to depend -upon the Removal of the Symptoms: Hence it was they recommended such -Remedies as were accommodated to the taking off the inward Heat of -the Part, and cure the Excoriations or Ulcerations of the _Urethra_. -The Process for the accomplishing of this, I shall set down from the -before-mentioned _John Arden_, who wrote about the Year 1380, His -Words are as follow: _Contra Incendium. Item contra Incendium Virgæ -Virilis interius ex calore & excoriatione, fiat talis Syringa (i. e. -_Injectio_) _lenitiva. Accipe Lac mulieris masculum nutrientis, & -parum zucarium, Oleum violæ & ptisanæ, quibus commixtis per Syringam -infundator, & si prædictis admiscueris lac Amigdalarum melior erit -medicina._ There is no doubt but this Remedy, being used to our -Patients at this Time, would infallibly take off the inward Heat of -the Part, and cure the Excoriations or Ulcerations of the _Urethra_, -by which means what issued from thence would be entirely stopt: and -this was all they expected from their Medicines, forasmuch as they were -entirely unacquainted with the Nature of the Distemper; and did not in -the least imagine, but if the Symptoms that first attack’d the Part -were removed, the Patient was entirely cured. - -I shall now, as a farther Confirmation of what I have advanced, -proceed to prove, that by this _Brenning_ or _Burning_ is meant the -_Venereal Disease_, by demonstrating that succeeding Historians, -Physical and Chirurgical Writers, and others, have all along with -us in _England_ used the very same Word to signify the Venereal -Malady. In an old Manuscript, I have, written about the Year 1390. is -a Receipt for _Brenning of the Pyntyl, yat Men clepe ye Apegalle; -Galle_ being an old English Word for a running Sore. They who know -the _Etymology_ of the Word _Apron_, cannot be ignorant of this. And -in another Manuscript, written about 50 Years after, is a Receipt for -_Burning_ in that Part by a Woman. _Simon Fish_, a zealous Promoter -of the _Reformation_ in the Reign of _Hen._ VIII. in his Supplication -of Beggars, presented to the King, in 1530, says as follows, _These -be they_ (speaking of the _Romish Priests_) _that corrupt the whole -Generation of Mankind in your Realm, that catch the Pockes of one -Woman and bear them to another; that be_ Burnt _with one Woman and -bear it to another; that catch the Lepry of one Woman and bare it -unto another_. But to make this Matter still more evident, I am to -observe, that _Andrew Boord, M. D._ and Romish Priest, in the same -Reign, in a Book he wrote, entitl’d _The Breviary of Health_, printed -in 1546, speaks very particularly of this sort of _Burning_; one of his -Chapters beginneth thus, _The 19th Chapiter doth shew of_ BURNING _of -an Harlot_; where his Notion of communicating the _Burning_ is very -particular. He adds, that if a Man be _Burnt_ with an _Harlot_, and do -meddle with another Woman within a Day, he shall _Burn_ her; and as an -immediate Remedy against the _Burning_, he recommends the washing the -_Pudenda_ 2 or 3 times with White Wine, or else with Sack and Water; -but if the Matter have continued long, to go to an expert Surgeon for -Help. In his 82d _Chapter_, he speaks of _two_ sorts of _Burning_, the -_One_ by _Fire_, and the _Other_ by a _Woman_ thro’ carnal Copulation, -and refers the Person that is _Burnt_ of a _Harlot_ to another Chapter -of his for Advice, what to do, _yf he get a Dorser or two_, so called -from its Protuberancy or bunching out: For I find about that Time the -Word _Bubo_ was mostly made use of, to signify that sort of Swelling -which usually happens in pestilential Diseases. - -From hence it appears, the _Burning_, by its Consequents, was -_Venereal_; since every Day’s Experience makes it evident, that the ill -Treatment of the first Symptoms of the Disease, either by astringent -Medicines, or the removing them by cooling and healing the excoriated -Parts, will generally be attended with such Swellings in the Groin, -which we rarely observe to happen from any other Cause whatsoever. - -I shall give a few more Instances of this Disease being call’d the -_Burning_, and conclude. In a Manuscript I have of the Vocation of -_John Bale_ to the Bishoprick of _Ossory_ in _Ireland_, written by -himself, he speaks of Dr. _Hugh Weston_ (who was Dean of _Windsor_ -in 1556. but deprived by Cardinal _Pole_ for Adultery) as follows; -“At this Day is lecherous _Weston_, who is more practised in the Art -of _Brech-Burning_ than all the _Whores_ of the _Stews_. And again, -speaking of the same Person, he says, “He not long ago _brent_ a -_Beggar_ in St. _Botolph_’s Parish. The same Author says of him -elsewhere, “He had ben _sore Bitten_ with a _Winchester Goose_, and -was not yet healed thereof; which was a common Phrase for the Pox at -that Time, because the _Stews_ were under the Jurisdiction of the -Bishop of _Winchester_. _Mich. Wood_, in his _Epistle_ before _Stephen -Gardiner_’s Oration _de vera Obedientia_, printed at _Rhoan_, 1553. -gives another Evidence of the _Burning_. And _William Bullein_, a -Physician in the Reign of Queen _Eliz._ in a Book he publish’d, call’d -_The Bulwark of Defence, &c._ printed in 1562. bringing in _Sickness_ -demanding of _Health_ what he should do with a Disease call’d the -_French Pockes_, _Health_ answers, “_He would not that any should fishe -for this Disease, or to be bold when he is bitten to thynke thereby -to be helped, but rather to eschewe the Cause of thys Infirmity, and -filthy rotten Burning of Harlots._ - - _London_, Feb. 4. WILLIAM BECKETT, - 1717–18. - -[Illustration] - - -[Illustration] - -NUMBER III. - - _A Second Letter on the same Subject to_ WILLIAM WAGSTAFFE, M. D. - -_SIR_, - -Before I engage farther, in proving that the _Venereal Disease_, when -it came to be confirmed, was frequently known among us some hundreds -of Years before the Siege of _Naples_: I shall endeavour to refute -the Opinion of those Persons, who believe it to have had its Rise -there, if any such shall remain. True indeed it is, that there have -not been wanting several modern Authors, who have asserted it; but I -determine to make it appear to be an Error as inconsiderately, and -hastily received, as started by some Chimerical Author; who, because -several Writers about that time, observing the Disease to begin in -the _Pudenda_, separated it from another, with which it was before -confounded, must likewise take upon him to assert its being a _new_ -Distemper, and to assign a certain Time and Place for its Rise. Now -one might with all the Reason in the World expect, that if the Disease -had its Original there, it must have been so certainly and infallibly -known, that there could have been no doubtful or uncertain Opinions -about it, but that the Physicians, who resided _in_ or _near_ the -Place, and those more especially, who interested themselves so far -as to write of it, must have, all of them to a Man, agreed upon the -Certainty of a thing, the Knowledge of the Truth of which was so easily -attainable. But on the contrary, _Nicholas Leonicenus_, who was the -first _Italian_ Physician, that wrote of this Disease, and who lived at -the very time, when _Naples_ was besieged, is so far from acknowledging -it to have had its Rise there, from the _French_ Soldiers Conversation -with the _Italian_ Women, and so little did he know of its true Cause, -that he does not allow it to be the Consequent of impure Embraces. -About this time it was likewise, that Pope _Alexander_ the VIth engaged -_Gaspar Torella_ to write of this Distemper. This Pope was in League -with _Alphonsus_ King of _Naples_, against _Charles_ VIII. King of -_France_, to prevent his passing thro’ _Italy_, when he went to besiege -_Naples_; yet this Author is so far from allowing it to have had its -Original there, that he tells us, the Astrologers were of opinion, that -it proceeded from I know not what particular Constellations. Nor does -_Sebastianus Aquilanus_, who lived at that time, allow it to be any -other than an ancient Disease; or _Antonius Scanarolius_, who wrote in -1498, which was but 4 or 5 Years after that Siege. Nor do several other -Authors, then living, say one Word about this _Neapolitan_ Story. But -it seems _Ulricus de Hutten_, a _German_ Kt. no Physician, positively -affirms this Disease to have had its Rise there; but how he should come -to know this, who lived at such a distance from the Place, and they, -who were Physicians residing as it were upon the Spot, be ignorant of -it, will be as much credited, as his following inconsistent Relation, -which will sufficiently prove, how little care he took to be apprised -of the Truth of what he wrote. This very Author tells us, the Disease -was unknown till the Year 1493, or thereabouts; that he himself had -it, when he was a Child, and so consequently that it was hereditary, -or from the Nurse. He Wrote his Book of this Distemper at _Mentz_, -where it was printed by _John Scheffer_ in 4_to_, 1519. Now if we -allow him to be but 27 Years of Age, when he wrote, (for he cannot be -suppos’d to be less, who before this took upon him to cure his Father -of the _Venereal Disease_, without the Assistance of any Physician or -Surgeon,) he must have had the Distemper upon him, according to his own -Account, before ever it was in being. Thus we may see, how Persons may -be impos’d upon by a hasty and inconsistent Writer, no way qualified -for such an Undertaking, and greedily receive in Falshoods instead of -Truths, if they will not be at the Pains of consulting the Original -Writings of our Predecessors, the only sure Method of overthrowing such -chimerical and imaginary Notions. - -I have in my former Letters, to Dr. DOUGLASS, sufficiently I think -proved that the _first_ Degree of the _Venereal Disease_ was very -common among us some hundreds of Years before it is commonly said to -have been known in _Europe_; there will be no Reason for any body to -conceive we were at that time in any measure Strangers to it, when it -came to be confirmed; more especially, when we consider the Methods -of Treatment in those Times, which consisting principally in topical -Applications, many of their Patients could not possibly escape having -it confirmed on them. Now when it was in this confirmed State, the -Writers of those early times looked upon it as an _entirely new_ -Disease, and not a Consequent of any Evil before contracted, because -they were not apprised, that the _first_ Symptoms being removed, and -the Disease to Appearance cured, it should afterwards discover it self -in such a manner, as should not seem to have the least Analogy with the -Symptoms, that first attack’d a part which had been for a considerable -time free from any Misfortune. But because the Symptoms are the only -true Characteristicks, whereby we are infallibly able to know one -Disease from another, it may be expected, that I produce sufficient -Authorities to demonstrate they were all of them known and described by -ancient Physical and Chirurgical Writers, just as they appear to be in -the _Venereal Disease_ at this Day, if I would prove that _Disease_ to -be of a much more ancient Date, than is generally thought; and if I do -this, I cannot but think it will be satisfactory, since we can have no -other way of coming to a Knowledge of any one Distemper, than by its -Symptoms. The Method of laying down the exact Succession of them, will -be impossible to be reduced to any certain and infallible Rule, there -being so great a Variety of Causes, that obstruct such a Regularity; -for which Reason, I shall take notice of them in such Order as they -most generally appear, which was upon no account to be expected from -our antient Writers, insomuch as they mention every particular Symptom -by it self, not knowing but that they were independent of each other, -and that each of them was a distinct Disease. However, the proving -these Symptoms were in being in these _early_ times, will be as strong -an Argument to prove the Antiquity of this Distemper, as if they had -been register’d in the most exact Order of Succession, because we -shall, upon the strictest Examination, find they are peculiar to the -_Venereal Malady_ only. I have, I hope, sufficiently made it appear -in my former Letter, that the _first Degree_ of this _Disease_ was -anciently known among us by the name of _Brening_, or _Burning_; -and that it was the same Thing with what we now call a _Clap_, The -Symptoms, which are usually its Concomitants, are the _Phymosis_, -and _Parahphymosis_, both which are accurately described, and proper -Remedies, for them set down by _John Arden_, Esq; in another Manuscript -of his, curiously written upon Vellum, and beautifully illuminated. -The imprudent Method of Cure of this _first Degree_ of the _Venereal -Malady_, is sometimes attended with a Caruncle in the _Urethra_, which -was a Disease very common among us anciently: For not to mention other -_early_ writers, _Arden_ gives us the Case of a certain Rector, who had -such a _Substance_, like a Wart, growing in the _Penis_, which he says -_frequently happens_, and of another which had such an _Excrescence_ -as big as a _small Strawberry_, which (says he) _proceeded from the -corrupted Matter remaining in the_ Urethra. And indeed there is not any -Symptom of the _Venereal Disease_, that I find so often mentioned as -this of the _Caruncle_, insomuch that it seems to have been more common -in those _early Times_, than at _this Day_. But this must be certainly -owing to the smooth and oily Remedies they were continually injecting, -which, by their relaxing and softning the Fibres of the Part, must -necessarily dispose the Contexture of small Blood Vessels, lodged at -the bottom of the little Ulcerations, to fill with nutritious Juices, -and to extend themselves so, as to form such fungous Excrescences; -and so solicitous were they for removing these Inconveniences, that -they made use of several Ways by Corrosives and other Methods, to -accomplish this end; and a very early Writer among us, has given a very -methodical and curious Tract on this Subject, wherein he recommends the -removing them by the _medicated-Candle_, which we use at this Day, and -lays down divers other Instructions, in relation to it, which makes it -probably the best Discourse on this Subject, that was ever yet written. -He takes notice of those _contumacious-Ulcers_, which happen upon the -_Glans_ and the neighbouring Parts, which we now call _Shankers_; and -the great Trouble our ancient Authors found in attempting their Cure, -sufficiently discover them to have had their Original from a Venereal -Infection. These several Symptoms of the _Venereal-Malady_ our _early_ -Writers are very full in their Accounts of, and others, when the -_Disease_ was in a more confirmed State, to which they appropriated -particular Names, perhaps more significant and expressive than those -imposed by _modern_ Authors. Thus the _Buboes_ in the _Groin_ they -called _Dorsers_, which I have given a Reason for before; and the -_Venereal-Nodes_ on the _Shin-Bones_ they termed the _Boon-haw_, which -gives us a perfect Idea, not only of the Part affected, but after what -manner it was diseased; for the old English Word _Hawe_, signified -a Swelling of any Part. Thus for instance, a little Swelling upon -the _Cornea_, was anciently called the _Hawe_ in the _Eye_; and the -Swelling that frequently happens on the Finger, on one side the Nail, -was called the _White-Hawe_, and afterwards _Whitflaw_. The _Process_ -this Author recommends, for the Cure of the _Boon_ or _Bone-Hawe_, -is by making use of a Plaister, which had a Hole cut in the midst, -to circumscribe it; and applying a _Caustic_ of unslacked Lime, and -black Soap incorporated together; which Plaister and Bandage were to -be secured on the part 4 Hours, and longer, if that was not found -sufficient: After this he proceeds to the separating the _Slough, -&c._ This Practice of his seems to have been found out by accident. -For he tells us, when he was a young Practitioner, he having applyed -both the Natural and Artificial _Arsenic_ to the Leg of a Man, who -was his Patient, it so mortified the Flesh, as surprized him; but by -proper Digestives, the _Eschar_ coming off, and leaving the Bone bare, -he scraped it with an Instrument for several Days, and drest it with -Incarnatives, designing to have ingendred Flesh on it; but this proving -unsuccessful, he continued to scrape it, till he observed it move under -the Instrument; after which having separated it, he found the Sore -covered with new Flesh, and that the Bone was 4 Inches in length, 2 in -breadth, and very thick, upon the Removal of which the Patient was -soon cured. Thus it’s probable this Observation of this great Man led -our Predecessors to practice the very same Method; and we do at _this -Day_ in our Hospitals treat the _Venereal Nodes_ on the _Shins_ exactly -as is here described, where we observe the same Appearances, he so -long before took notice of; and it is not in the least to be doubted, -but the _Boon-Haw_ and our _Venereal Nodes_ are the same _Disease_. By -the Appearance of some of the last of these Symptoms, we infallibly -judge the Patient has had the Infection upon him a considerable -time, and that the _Disease_ is making its gradual Advances, to the -corrupting and destroying the whole Frame of the Body. That this was -the Conclusion of the Miseries of those Persons, who gave themselves up -to the deceitful-Delights and Entertainments of lewd-Women, in those -_early-times_ as well as _now_, I cannot better prove than by those -remarkable Instances you quoted from a MS. in _Lincoln_-Colledge, in -_Oxon_, Viz. _Novi enim ego Magister_ Thomas Gascoigne, _licet -indignus sacræ Theologiæ Doctor, qui hæc scripsi & collegi, diversos -viros, qui mortui fuerunt ex putrefactione membrorum suorum genitalium -& corporis sui; quœ corruptio & putrefactio, ut ipsi dixerunt, causata -fuit per exercitium copulæ carnalis cum mulieribus. Magnus enim dux in -Anglia, scil._ J. de Gaunt, _mortuus est ex tali putrefactione -membrorum genitalium, & corporis sui, causatâ per frequentationem -mulierum. Magnus enim fornicator fuit, ut in toto Regno Angliæ -divulgabatur, & ante mortem suam jacens sic infirmus in lecto, eandem -putrefactionem Regi; Angliæ Ricardo secundo ostendit, cum idem Rex -eundem Ducem in suâ infirmitate visitavit; & dixit mihi qui ista novit -unus fidelis sacræ Theologiæ Baccalaureus. Willus etiam longe vir -maturæ ætatis & de civitat. Londonii, mortuus est ex tali putrefactione -membrorum suorum genitalium, & corporis sui, causatâ per copulam -carnalem cum Mulieribus, ut ipsemet pluries confessus est ante mortem -suam, quum manu sua propria eleemosynas distribuit, ut ego novi, anno -Dni. 1430._ Now what those Instances mentioned from _Arden_, or these -from _Gascoigne_, who was then Chancellor of _Oxford_, could possibly -be, but _Venereal-Cases_, I would be obliged to any body to inform me. -Certain it is, no _Disease_ was ever known to be gotten by the carnal -Conversation of Women, which first attacked the _Genitals_, causing a -Corruption and Putrefaction of them, and afterward of the whole Frame -of the Body, but that which is _Venereal_. For nothing is more commonly -known at this Day, than that after the Venereal-Engagement with an -impure Woman, the _Penis_ is the Part where the Scene is first laid for -the succeeding Tragical Appearances; and there, and in the Neighbouring -Parts, do the Symptoms of the Disease, as its Retainers, always first -assemble, till the malignant Poison taint the Blood and other Juices; -which being convey’d over the whole Frame of the human Fabric, if not -check’d, soon brings about its total Corruption. - -We do not indeed find the _Disease_ mentioned by _Gascoigne_, -was distinguish’d by any particular Name: But great Numbers must -unavoidably die of the _Venereal-Malady_ at that time, from the -imperfect Knowledge of those who had the Treatment of the first Degrees -of it. It must necessarily follow, therefore, that when the whole -Frame of the Body had receiv’d a Taint from the _Venereal-Poison_, -so as to occasion its breaking-out in Scabs and Ulcers, almost all -over its Surface, it must generally be called by the Name of some -particular Disease, whose Appearances had somewhat of an Affinity to -it. Now if we examine the Nature of all the Diseases, that attack the -Human Body, we shall not find the _Venereal-Malady_, when it arrives -at this State, to bear a greater Similitude to any than the Leprosy, -as it is described by the Ancients: Nay, so great was the Analogy -betwixt these Diseases supposed to be, that _Sebastianus Aquilanus_ -has endeavoured to prove from _Galen_, _Avicen_, _Pliny_, &c. that the -_Pox_ is only one Species of the _Leprosy_; and _Jacobus Cataneus_, -a Writer almost as early as the Rise of the Name of the _Pox_, tells -us, ’tis not only possible there may be a Transition from one of these -Diseases into the other; but that he saw _two_ Persons in whom the -_Pox_ was changed into the _Leprosy_: That is, from having great -_Pocks_ or _Pustules_ on the Surface of their Bodies, from whence -the _Pox_ is denominated, to have become Ulcerous or Scabby. This -particular State of the Disease anciently put the Surgeons to a great -deal of Trouble: For they finding that these Ulcers were of a very -contumacious and rebellious Nature, were obliged to make use of great -Numbers of Remedies, in order to conquer the evil Disposition of -them. But they observed that all of them were useless, unless Mercury -was joined with them. Now the dressing each particular Ulcer being -so very tedious, they ordered the Patients to daub the Ointments -over the Parts which were ulcerated; which done, they were wrapt in -Linnen Cloths till the next dressing: But after a few Days they were -extreamly surprised, to find their Mouths began to be sore, and that -they spit very profusely; but they tell us to their Astonishment, -that in a little time the Sores became healed, and the Patients -cured. And by this Accident it was the Method of _Salivating_ by -_Unction_ was first discover’d, which is in so much use among us at -this Day. From these and some other Instances I have given of the -Industry and Application of our Predecessors, and with what Sagacity -they applied every accidental Hint, to the relieving their distressed -Fellow-Creatures from the Misfortunes they laboured under; we ought -to be led to the highest Esteem and Veneration of them; and so much -the more most certainly forasmuch as they were principally our own -Country-Men, who, I can prove, not only from several Persons coming -from _Foreign-Parts_ to be cured of their Diseases _here_, but for -other Reasons, that they excelled most of their Cotemporaries in the -Divine Art of Healing. Now altho’ those _Foreign-Authorities_, I -before mentioned, might be looked upon as sufficient to convince any -one, how our Ancestors blended these _two_ Diseases together; yet -I shall prove from our own Writers, long before those, that altho’ -the _Pox_ was not only among us, but in distant Nations, anciently -confounded with the _Leprosy_; yet, so exact were our Writers in their -Observations of the Infectious Nature of one Species of that Disease, -and describing the Symptoms, as was sufficient to lead any Person -to the distinguishing between them, so as to separate _one_ Disease -from the _other_. I shall therefore _first_ enquire into the manner -how the _Leprosy_ was sometimes said to be gotten in those early -Times, and then examine the Symptoms of the Disease, that attacked -the Patient. _John Gadisden_, a very learned and famous _English_ -Physician, who flourished about 1340, in an excellent Work of his, he -entitles _Rosa Anglica_, speaking _de Infectione ex Coitu Leprosi, -vel Leprosæ_, says as follows, _Primo notandum quod ille qui timet de -excoriatione & arsura Virgæ post coitum statim lavet Virgam cum aqua -mixta aceto, vel cum urina propria, & nihil mali habebit_; and in -another Place speaking _de Ulcere Virgæ_, he says, _Sed si quis vult -membrum ab omni corruptione servare, cum a Muliere recedit, quam forte -habet suspectam de immunditie, lavet illud cum aqua frigida mixta cum -aceto, vel urina propria, intra vel extra preputium_. He likewise -speaking still of the _Leprosy_, recommends a Decoction of Plantain -and Roses in Wine, to be made use of by the Woman immediately after -the _Venereal-Encounter_; upon which he tells us she will be secure. -From hence it is evident some of their _Leprous Women_ (as they call’d -them) were capable of communicating an infectious Malady to those that -had carnal Conversation with them; which proves, the _Pudenda_ of -the Women must be diseased, for as much as we are absolutely assured -Infections of that Nature only happen when a sound Part comes to an -immediate Contact with a diseased one; for the Symptoms always first -display themselves in those Parts, thro’ which the Virulency is first -conveyed. Now in a true _Leprosy_ we never meet with the mention of any -Disorder in those Parts, which, if there be not, must absolutely secure -the Person from having that Disease communicated to him by Coition with -_Leprous-Women_; but it proves there was a Disease among them, which -was not the _Leprosy_ altho’ it went by that Name; and that this could -be no other than _Venereal_, because it was infectious; for there is -no other Disease that is capable of being communicated this way but the -_Venereal-Disease_, seeing the _Pudenda_ are only in that Distemper so -diseased as to become capable of communicating their Contagion. I find -the learned _Gilbertus Anglicus_, who flourished about 1360, reasoning -concerning the manner how it is possible a Man should be infected by a -_Leprous-Woman_; where if we allow him to call the _Malignant Matter_, -which is lodged in the _Vagina_ [_the Womans seed_] we shall find he -acurately describes the very first _Venereal-Infection_, by part of -the virulent Matters being received into the _Urethra_; from whence by -the Communication of the _Veins_ and _Arteries_, it is conveyed into -the whole Body, after which (_says he_) ensues its total Corruption. -Let us now examine the Symptoms of one sort of their Leprosy, for -it must be necessarily divided into different Species, when another -Distemper was blended with it, in which we observe such a _diversity_ -of _appearances_; and this I shall the rather do in this Place, because -it will furnish us with the next Succession of Symptoms after those -already mentioned, as the _Venereal-Ozænas_, the Ulcers of the Throat, -the Hoarsness, the proof of its being communicable from the Nurse to -the Child, by _Hereditary-succession, &c._ All which we find to be true -in the _Venereal-Disease_ at this Day. Our Country-Man _Bartholomew -Glanvile_, who flourished about 1360, in his Book _de Proprietatibus -Rerum_, translated by _John Trevisa_ Vicar of _Barkley_ in 1398, tells -_us, some_ Leprous-Persons _have redde Pymples and Whelkes in the -Face, out of whom oftene runne Blood and Matter: In such the Noses -swellen and ben grete, the virtue of smellynge falyth, and the Brethe -stynkyth ryght fowle_. In another place he speaks of _unclene spotyd -glemy and quyttery, the Nose-thrilles ben stopyl, the wason of the -Voys is rough, and the Voys is horse and the Heere falls_. Among the -Causes of this sort of _Leprosy_, he reckons lying in the Sheets after -them, easing Nature after them; and others which the first Writers on -the _Pox_ looked upon to be capable of communicating that Contagion: -Also, _says he, it comyth of fleshly lykeng by a Woman, after that a_ -Leprous-Man _hathe laye by her; also it comyth of Fader and Moder; -ann so thys Contagyon passyth into the Chylde as it ware by Lawe of -Herytage. And also when a Chylde is fedde wyth corrupt Mylke of a -Leprous Nouryce._ He adds, _by what ever Cause it comes, you are not -to hope for Cure if it be confyrmyd; but it may be somewhat hidde and -lett that it distroye so soone._ Thus we see how our Author, under -the Name of _one_ Species of the _Leprosy_, gives a Summary of the -Symptoms of the _Pox_, and the several ways whereby it is at this time -communicated. Now when these _two_ Diseases were anciently blended -together, and passed under the Name of the _Leprosy_ only, it must -be the real Cause why that _Disease_ seemed to be so _rife_ formerly; -for _two_ Distempers passing under _one_ Name must necessarily make -it more taken notice of and much more frequent; not but that much the -greater Number of those who were formerly said to be _Leprous_ were -really _Venereal_, seems to be very evident; for since that _Disease_ -has been separated from the _Leprosy_, it has drawn off such vast -Numbers, that the _Leprosy_ is become as it were a perfect Stranger -to us. Those who are acquainted with our English History well know -the great Provision which was anciently made throughout all _England_ -for _Leprous-Persons_, insomuch that there was scarce a considerable -Town among us but had a _Lazar-House_ for such diseased. In a Register -which belonged to one of these Houses, I find there were in _Hen._ the -VIIIth’s time 6 of them near _London_, (_viz_,) at _Knight’s-Bridge_, -_Hammersmith_, _Highgate_, _Kingsland_, the _Lock_, and at _Mile-end_, -but about 40 Years before I find but 4 mentioned: and in 1452 in the -Will of _Ralph Holland_, Merchant-Taylor, registred in the Prerogative -Office, mention is made but of 3, which, with his Legacies to them, -are as follow. _Item lego Leprosis de Lokes, extra Barram Sti Georgii -20s. Item lego Leprosis de Hackenay_ (which is that at _Kingsland_) -_20s. Item lego Leprosis Sti Egidii extra Barram de Holborn 40s_, -from which it is worth while to note, that the _Lock_ beyond St. -_Georges_ Church, and that at _Kingsland_, are at this time applyed -to no other use than for the Entertainment and Cure of such as have -the _Venereal-Malady_. Some of our learned Antiquaries have been much -concerned to know the Cause why the _Leprosy_ shou’d be so common in -those early times, and so little known among us now: But I believe the -Reason will be impossible to be assigned, unless we allow, according to -the Proofs which I have already brought, that the _Venereal-Disease_ -was so blended with it, as to make up the Number of the diseased. It -seems to have been the same thing with them in _France_ as with us: For -_Mezeray_ tells us, that the House of the _Fathers_ of the _Mission_ -of St. _Lazarus_, was formerly an _Hospital_ for _Leprous-People_, but -that Disease being ceased in this last Age (since the _Pox_ has been -separated from it) these _Lazar-Houses_ have been converted to other -Uses; and it may not be perhaps foreign to my purpose to take notice -that the Writ _de Leproso amovendo_ contained in the _Register of -Writs_ was (according to _Coke_ upon _Littleton_) to prevent Leprous -Persons associating themselves with their Neighbours, who appear to be -so by their Voice and their Sores; and the Putrefaction of their Flesh; -and by the Smell of them. Well then, let us examine what Method was to -be taken to prevent this noysom and filthy Distemper, the Leprosy; -why truly that which would infallibly prevent their getting the _Pox_ -after the usual Method, and that was Castration. It is certain that -_Eunuchs_ are rarely or never troubled with the Leprosy, according to -_Monsieur le Prestre_, a Councellor in the Parliament of _Paris_, who -has these Words, _Antipathia vero Elephantiasis veneno resistit: Hinc -Eunuchi & quicunque sunt mollis, frigidæ & effeminatæ naturæ nunquam -aut raro Lepra corripiuntur, & quidem quibus imminet Lepræ periculum -de consilio medicorum sibi virilia amputare permittitur_. (Cent. I. -Cap. 6. de Separatione ex causa Luis Venerea.) And _Mezeray_ says, he -has read in the Life of _Philip_ the _August_, that some Men had such -Apprehensions of the _Leprosy_, (that shameful and nasty Distemper) -that to preserve themselves from it, they made themselves _Eunuchs_. -Now it is highly probable that those Persons who submitted to such -a painful Operation, having before observed, that those who gave -themselves up to a free and unrestrained use of Women, fell at length -under such unhappy circumstances; and so found the only measures to -preserve themselves from it was to be disabled for such engagements, -which sufficiently proves this Species of the _Leprosy_ was infectious; -and for the reasons before assigned could be no other than _Venereal_; -for how the true _Leprosy_ should be prevented by such means will be, -I believe, impossible for any Person to determine. There yet remains -one very considerable Symptom of the _Venereal-Malady_ for me to -take notice of, because it is looked upon to be the most remarkable -in that Disease, which, is the falling of the Nose; but since it has -been already proved, that this Disease when it had arrived to such -a pitch as to discover it self by those direful Symptoms, as are -the immediate forerunners of this, was by the Ancients confounded -with the _Leprosy_, and called by that Name, it must be among the -Symptoms of that _Disease_ we are the most likely to meet with it, -if any such thing as the falling of the Nose was known among them. -Now the most likely Method of coming to a certain Knowledge of the -Infallible Symptoms of the _Leprosy_ of the Ancients in its more -confirmed State, is to consult the Examinations those unhappy Persons -were obliged to undergo, before they were debarred the Conversation -of Human Society, and committed to close confinement: But this being -a thing some Ages since laid aside, no Author that I know of having -the particular History of it, I shall do it as briefly as I can from -what Remains I have met with in Records, and other scattered Papers. -First then, after the Persons appointed to examine the Diseased had -comforted them, by telling them this Distemper might prove a Spiritual -Advantage; and if they were found to be _Leprous_, it was to be looked -upon as their Purgatory in this World; and altho’ they were denied -the World, they were chosen of God: the Person was then to swear to -answer truly to all such Questions as they should be asked; but the -Examiners were very cautious in their Inquiries, lest a Person who was -not really _Leprous_ should be committed, which they looked upon to be -an almost unpardonable Crime: They considered the Signs as _Univocal_, -which properly belonged to that Disease, or _Equivocal_, which might -belong to another, and did not, upon the appearance of _one_ or -_two_ Signs, determine the Person to be a _Lazar_; and this I find -to be the Case of the Wife of _John Nightingale_ Esq; of _Brentwood_ -in _Essex_, who in the Reign of _Edw._ the IVth, _An._ 1468, being -reported to be a _Lazare_, and that she did converse and communicate -with Persons in public and private Places, and not (according to -custom) retire herself, but refused so to do, was accordingly examined -by _William Hattecliff_, _Roger Marcall_, and _Dominicus de Serego_ -the Kings Physicians; but they upon strict Inquiry adjudged her not -to be _Leprous_, by reason the Appearances of the Disease were not -sufficient: Some of the Questions put to the _Leprous-Persons_, which -will more fully confirm what I have before advanced, I shall now give -as I transcribed them from an Ancient Book of Surgery, _yf there were -any of his lygnage that he knew to be_ Lazares _and especially their -Faders and Moders; for by any other of their Kynred they ought not to -be_ Lazares, _then ought ye to enquire yf he hath had the Company of -any lepress Woman, and yf any_ Lazare _had medled with her afore him; -and lately because of the infect matter and contagyous filth, that she -had received of him. Also his nostrils be wyde outward, narrow within -and gnawn. Also yf his lips and gummes are foul stynking and coroded, -Also yf his voice be horse, and as he speaketh in the nose._ Now the -Signs which are here mentioned, were looked upon to be _Univocal_: -And these were they who made the _Examiners_ principally determine -the Persons to be _Leprous_; but what Determinations any one would -immediately give from such Symptoms now, no Person is surely ignorant -of. But even these certain appearances would not always satisfy some -Persons, if we may believe _Fælix Platenus_ in his _Medicinal_ and -_Chirurgical_ Observations, _Lib._ 3. who tells us, some did not look -upon them to be so, till they had an horrible aspect, were _hoarse_ and -_Noses_ fell. Likewise in the _Examen Leprosorum_ printed in the _De -Chirurgia Scriptores Optimi_, the Author speaking of the _Signs_ of -the _Leprosy_ relating to the _Nose_, begins thus, _Si nares exterius -secundum exteriorem partem ingrossentur, & interius constringantur, -& coarctentur, secundo si appareat cartilaginis in medio corosio, et -casus ejus significat Lepram incurabilem_. And the before mentioned -_John Gadisden_ in his Chapter _de Lepra_ says as follows, _Signa -confirmationis etiam incurabiliter sunt corrosio cartilaginis quæ est -inter foramina & casus ejusdem_. Thus, Sir, have I proved we had a -Distemper amongus some hundreds of Years before the _Venereal-Disease_ -is said to have been known in _Europe_, which was called the _Burning_; -that this _Burning_ was _Infectious_, and that it was the _first -Degree_ of the _Venereal Disease_; that this being common at that -time, from their Method of Treatment; the _Pox_ must be unavoidable: -That it had exactly the same Appearances it has now, altho’ they were -generally called by _different_ Names, that the Ancients confounded it -with the _Leprosy_; that the vast Numbers of _Leprous-Persons_ among -us, before the _Venereal-Disease_ was separated from it, and the small -Number we observe at this Time, is a flagrant Proof of the former; that -in describing the _Symptoms_ of the _Leprosy_, they give us those of -the _Venereal Malady_; and, by mentioning how it is communicated, they -describe the Ways by which the _Pox_ is gotten at this Day; that such -Remedies were by them recommended to prevent the _first_ Attack of the -_Leprosy_, as are at this Time in Use to prevent the _first_ Symptoms -of the _Pox_; and that the falling of the _Nose_, which has been look’d -upon to be the most remarkable Symptom of the _Venereal-Disease_, was -commonly observed in what they called the _Leprosy_ in former Ages. - - _I am, Sir, - Yours_, &c, - WILLIAM BECKETT. - - - - - _New BOOKS_, - - Printed for E. CURLL, in _Covent-Garden_. - - -I. THE SCHOOL of _VENUS_: Or, The _LADY’s_ MISCELLANY. Being A -COLLECTION of ORIGINAL POEMS, TRANSLATIONS, TALES, and NOVELS, relating -to LOVE and GALLANTRY. - - VENUS! thy Empire o’er the World extends! - To thy soft Charms the whole Creation bends! - On Earth, in Streams, thro’ all the rolling Main, - The leafy Forest, and the grassy Plain; - Thy kindling Warmth, the various Nations find, - And rush with Joy to _generate their kind_. DRYDEN. - -Adorn’d with Cuts, by _Hogarth_. Price 6 _s._ - -II. The ALTAR of LOVE: Or, The Art of Kissing, in all its Varieties. -Being a curious Collection of Poems, and other Miscellanies. Design’d -for the Improvement of both Sexes. The chastest Ear will be equally -entertain’d, and forewarn’d, by a Recital of the alluring Wiles of the -Fair Sex; at the same Time that the dishonourable Attacks of Mankind -are expos’d, in order to preserve the Ladies Reputation. For, herein, -from the Court to the Cottage, the Affair of intriguing Gallantry is -fully trac’d through its most intricate Labyrinths, Price 6 _s._ - -III. A NEW MISCELLANY of Original Poems, Translations, and Imitations. -Publish’d by _Anthony Hammond_, Esq; written by the most eminent -Hands, _viz._ Mr _Prior_, Mr _Hughes_, Mr _Pope_, Lady _Mary Wortley -Montague_, Mrs _Manley_, Mrs _Fouke_, Mrs _Centlivre_, Mr _Amhurst_, -&c. Price 5 _s._ - -IV. The WORKS of the justly celebrated WILLIAM WALSH, Esq; in Prose -and Verse. With some Account of the Author and his Writings; and his -Character by Mr _Pope_. Price 4 _s._ - -V. COURT TALES: Or, MODERN AMOURS. Being the ADVENTURES of some Persons -of the First Rank. Faithfully related from the AUTHOR’s own Knowledge -of each Transaction. Written by Mrs _Grainger_. - - When Am’rous CHARLES _Britannia_’s Scepter bore, - Such were our Pleasures in the Days of yore, - The Nightly Scene of Joy the _Park_ was made, - And Love, in Couples, peopled ev’ry Shade: - But since at COURT the _Rural-Taste_ is lost, - What mighty Sums have _Velvet-Couches_ cost? GAY. - -The Second Edition. Price 2 _s._ 6 _d._ - -VI. Select TALES and NOVELS in Verse. Translated from the _French_ -of _La Fontaine_. By Mr _Congreve_, Mr. _Topham_, Mr _Harrison_, Mr -_Fenton_, Mr _Rowe_, Mr _Prior_, Mr _Cobb_, Mr _Humphreys_. Adorn’d -with Cuts. The Second Edition. Price 5 _s._ - -VII. The WORKS of Monsieur VOITURE, Addressed to Mrs. _Blount_, -by Mr. _Pope_. Containing, I. Letters and Characters of the most -eminent Persons in the Court _France_. With explanatory Notes by -Monsieur _Richelieu_. II. _Alcidalis_ and _Zelida_: A Romance written -for the Entertainment of _Mademoiselle De Rambouillet_. III. The -_Metamorphoses_ of _Ladies_ into various _Flowers_. IV. Poems on -several Occasions. Translated by the most eminent Hands. 2 Volumes -_Duodecimo_. Price 6 _s._ sewed up in Blue Paper: or, 7 _s._ neatly -Bound. - -Major PACK’s Character of VOITURE and his Writings, viz. - -Monsieur VOITURE is, I own, the only Author in the World who can -_always_ put me into _good Humour_. The inimitable Turns of his Wit, -even upon the most Barren Subjects; his Droll-Mirth, his Quotations so -happily applied, free from any of that Pedantry so offensive in most -Others, who mingle the learned Languages with their own; his Skill -in that hardest Part of Good-Breeding, _Complimenting the Ladies_, -(where he never runs into _Common Place_;) and _Flattering the Great_ -(where he never descends into _Servility_ or _Meanness_.) In short, -the _Generosity_ as well as _Gaiety of his_ SOUL, runs through all -he writes, and makes one not only read him with _Admiration_ but -Affection.] - -_Essay_ on _Study_; Pag. 106. of _the Second Edition_. 8 vo. - -_Lettres Muscovites_: or, _Muscovian Letters_. Containing an Account -of the _Form_ of _Government_, _Customs_, and _Manners_ of that _Great -Empire_. Written by a Person of Distinction, and Printed at _Paris_ -1735. Translated by _William Musgrave_, Esq; Price 5 _s._ - -VIII. The _Northern Worthies_, or, the LIVES of PETER the Great, Father -of his Country, and Emperor of All _Russia_; and of his Illustrious -Empress CATHARINE, the late CZARINA. Likewise of PETER II, and of the -Accession and Conduct of the present CZARINA. Translated from the -_French_ Original of Monsieur _Fontenelle_. Price 2 _s_ 6 _d._ - -IX. _Post-Office-Intelligence_: or, _Universal Galantry_. Being a -Collection of _Love-Letters_, written by Persons in all Stations, from -most Parts of the Kingdom. Publish’d from their Originals return’d into -_the General Post-Office in London_, the Parties to whom they where -directed being either dead or remov’d from their usual Places of Abode. -Price 3 _s._ - -X. The Works of the justly celebrated _William Walsh_, Esq; in Verse -and Prose. Consisting of his Defence of the Female Sex. Letters amorous -and gallant, Satires, Pastorals, Epigrams, &c. With some Account of his -Life and Character by Mr. _Dryden_ and Mr. _Pope_. Price 4 s: - -XI. Philomela; or, The Poetical Works of Mrs. _Elizabeth Rowe_ late of -_Frome_ in _Somersetshire_. With some Account of her Life, Writings, -Last Will and Testament. Letters to Lady _Hartford, &c._ with her -Character by Dr. _Watts_. Price 4 _s._ - -XII. The whole Works of Major _Richardson Pack_, (late of _Bury St. -Edmonds_ in _Suffolk_) together with his Remains, Life, Last Will, and -Testament. Price 9 s. - -XIII. A New Miscellany of Original Poems, Translations, and Imitations. -By the most eminent Hands. Collected and published by _Anthony Hammond_ -Esq; Price 5 s. - -XIV. The Poetical Works of the late ingenious Mr. _William Pattison_ of -_Sidney College, Cambridge_. Two Vols. Price 12 s. - -XV. The Poetical Works of _Nicholas Rowe_, Esq; (including his -Translation of _Calipædia_) Price 4 s. - -XVI. Poems on several Occasions, by Mr. _Addison_. With his -_Dissertation_ on the Roman Poets. Price 5 s. - -XVII. Mr. _Philip_’s Poems, viz. 1 Blenheim. 2. The Splendid Shilling. -3. Ode to Lord _Bolingbroke_. 1 s. 6 d. - -XVIII. The LIFE and _Posthumous Works_ of _Arthur Maynwaring_, Esq; -containing several _Original Pieces_ and _Translations_, in PROSE and -VERSE. With an Abstract of all his Political Tracts. Price 5 _s._ - -XIX. The LIFE and WORKS of _Walter Moyle_, Esq; published by himself. -Price 5 _s._ - -XX. Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Amours of the late _William -Congreve_, Esq; interspers’d with Essays, Letters, and a Novel, -intitled _Adventures of three Days_: All written by himself. Also a -true Copy of his last Will and Testament. Price 5 _s._ - -XXI. The Life of that eminent Trgedian Mr. _Thomas Betterton_. Price 3 -_s_ 6 _d._ - -XXII. Archbishop’s _Tillotson_’s Life, (in _Folio_ to perfect his -Works,) Written by Dr. _Young_, Dean, and Dr. _Burnet_, Bishop of -_Salisbury_. Price 3 _s._ - -XXIII. The Life of Mrs. _Manley_ (Author of the _Atalantis_) Written by -herself. With a Key. Price 1 _s_ 6_d._ - - -_FINIS._ - - - -Corrections: - - Opporunity —> Opportunity - dedeparted —> departed - Subscripton —> Subscription - cosiderable —> considerable - themseves —> themselves - Releif —> Relief - Contract —> Contact - the to —> to the - thickned —> thickened - swell —> smell - Sypmtoms —> Symptoms - lacreated —> lacerated - apppears —> appears - Dictinction —> Distinction - accont —> account - Risqne —> Risque - Mischeif —> Mischief - abstemions —> abstemious - Speices —> Species - Expence —> Experience - Circnmstances —> Circumstances - disconntenanc'd —> discountenanc'd - accure —> accrue - hereditay —> hereditary - Iches —> Inches - ovt —> out - ths —> the - Farnce —> France - Hnmour —> Humour - Liqour —> Liquor - articutately —> articulately - recieve —> receive - Mischeifs —> Mischiefs - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Collection of Chirurgical Tracts, by -William Beckett - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A COLLECTION OF CHIRURGICAL TRACTS *** - -***** This file should be named 52993-0.txt or 52993-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/9/9/52993/ - -Produced by Thiers Halliwell, deaurider and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - |