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diff --git a/old/52977-0.txt b/old/52977-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 11dca25..0000000 --- a/old/52977-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2571 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Alumni Journal of the College of -Pharmacy of the City of New York, Vo, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Alumni Journal of the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York, Vol. II, No. 2, February, 1895 - -Author: Various - -Editor: Henry Kraemer - -Release Date: September 4, 2016 [EBook #52977] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALUMNI JOURNAL, COLLEGE PHARMACY, FEB 1895 *** - - - - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - - THE - Alumni Journal - - [Illustration] - - Entered at the New York Post Office as second - class matter. - - VOL. II. No. 2. - - February, 1895. - - Contents. - - - “THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF PHOTOGRAPHY,” 29 - By Prof. ARTHUR H. ELLIOTT, Ph.D., F.C.S. - - EDITORIAL--THE ABILITY OF CONSTRUCTION, 41 - - NEW LITERATURE, 43 - - THE MOST RECENT WORK, 47 - - NOTES HERE AND THERE, 48 - - ALUMNI ASSOCIATION, 48 - - COLLEGE NOTES, 49 - - SENIOR CLASS NOTES, 50 - - JUNIOR NOTES, 51 - - MEDICINE AND PHARMACY, 52 - By N. H. MARTIN, F.L.S., F.R.M.S. - - OFFICINAL OR OFFICIAL, 55 - - PUBLISHED BY - THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF THE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY - OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK - - - - - The Connecting Link - - [Illustration] - - between the crisis and the complete recovery from an acute - disease, that period known as convalescence, can often be - considerably shortened by a judicious attention to the - patient’s nutrition. The battle has indeed been won, but the - soldier is left prostrate upon the field. - - Liquid Peptonoids - - provides a valuable auxiliary for his up building because it - is a liquid food-agent possessing a powerful reconstructive - action while at the same time it is slightly stimulating in - its primary effects. It is entirely pre-digested and in an - absolutely aseptic condition. In convalescence, Doctor, give - your patient LIQUID PEPTONOIDS - - “_That so he might recover what was lost._” - (Henry VI.) - - THE ARLINGTON CHEMICAL CO., - Yonkers, N. Y. - - - - - THE - Alumni Journal - - PUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION - OF THE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK. - - Vol. II. New York, February, 1895. No. 2. - - - - -“THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF PHOTOGRAPHY.” - -BY PROF. ARTHUR H. ELLIOTT, PH.D., F.C.S. - - -The topic of my lecture this evening is one of my old hobbies, so that -if I am a little prolix sometimes you must pardon me. It is something -in which I have been more or less interested for the last twenty-five -years, and, like most of our hobbies, we sometimes drive them to death, -to the discomfort of other people. - -The fundamental ideas upon which photography is based are very -old--older than the Christian era, certainly. They depend upon two -facts: First--that light, in passing through a small opening, produces -an inverted image in a dark chamber. Imagine, for instance, that you -are in a dark chamber, outside of which is an object; that there is -in the chamber a small hole a sixteenth or an eighth of an inch in -diameter, and that you have in this dark chamber a piece of paper. -Upon that paper you will get a picture of the object opposite the -hole. That was known a long time ago. The other fact is that certain -salts of silver, notably the chloride, iodide and bromide of silver, -are sensitive to light and become blackened by light, was known to -the Egyptians. The action of light upon colored bodies must have been -known to the very earliest observers among men. The bronzing of the -human skin under the tropical sun must have been noted by every one; -and it is on record, in the most ancient annals of the human race, -that men--the fair men from the North--when they went to the tropics, -returned with tanned skins. Ptolemy, over two thousand years ago, noted -that beeswax was bleached in sunlight, and the old Greeks noted that -the gems which we call opal and amethyst lost their colors when exposed -to sunshine. These are some of the first and most rudimentary notions -upon the actions of light, and we have no definite statements about -making pictures without light. The Chinese have a tradition--and they -have a great many curious ones that are often founded on facts--that -the sun makes pictures upon the ice of lakes and rivers. - -A Frenchman, named Fontamen, wrote an imaginary voyage to a strange -country, and among other things he said that objects were reflected -upon the water and when the water was frozen the images were retained. -So this idea of certain surfaces being capable of receiving -impressions by means of light was very ancient. There was another -Frenchman, named Devique Delaroche, who made a still more curious -statement. In 1760 he wrote a book in which his hero is wrecked upon -a strange coast, and the spirits of that place showed him how to make -pictures, as he called it, “painted by nature.” It is not quite sure -what he means, but his words are something like these: “You know,” says -his guide, “that rays of light are reflected from different bodies and -form pictures. The spirits have sought to fix these pictures, and have -a subtle matter by which these pictures are formed in the twinkling of -an eye. They coat canvas with this peculiar matter, and hold it before -the object.” The manner of holding it is not stated. “The canvas is -then removed to a dark place and in an hour the impression is dry and -you have a picture, the more precious in that no art can imitate its -truthfulness.” These words were written one hundred and fifty years -ago. This, as far as we know, was purely imagination; yet the idea--the -germ of photography--was there. We shall presently see that this flight -of fancy on the part of Delaroche was very near the truth, and foretold -what has since become possible, and only a very short time after he -said it. - -As time went on and observations of men became more definite, we -obtain records of facts that were noted with regard to the action of -light upon certain chemical compounds. You know those old alchemists -had queer ideas, one in regard to their elixir of life, and another -that they could turn the baser metals into gold. They discovered a -material in the silver mines of the Hartz Mountains which they called -“luna cornea.” The word luna was at that time applied to silver. Luna -cornea was horn silver--what we know to-day as silver chloride. They -noted that when this was first brought from the mine it was white and -that after it had been exposed to the air and the sunlight it turned -black, and they also noticed that it was only the surface that turned -black--that if they scraped the surface off it was white underneath. -They also found that if they kept it in the mine it did not get black. -This observation was made about 1550 by Frobrishes, one of the early -workers in chemistry; but you must remember that they were not studying -the action of light upon this substance. Their sole object was the -turning of the baser metals into gold, and therefore they did not pay -much attention to this idea, although this fact was placed on record. - -Some time after this we learn that a German named Schultze made copies -of drawings with a mixture of chalk and silver nitrate spread on a -level surface. The time of this is doubtful, but it was probably about -the year 1700. He passed the light, as he says, through translucent -paper (made translucent with oil or wax), and objects placed upon -the paper left a white impression on the mixture of chalk and silver -nitrate--or, as he called it, “lunar caustic.” This was in about -1700, as I said. About fifty years after this time (and indeed it was -a little more, it was seventy years, in 1777) Scheele, the Swedish -apothecary’s assistant, took up the examination of this horn silver. It -seemed to him well worthy of study; and as the result of his work he -obtained the first germs that led to the art of photography. But before -Scheele could have prosecuted his researches, and before photography -could make any important advances, there were two other discoveries in -science--and in optics particularly--that had to be made. The first of -these was the decomposition of white light, by Sir Isaac Newton, by -which he obtained the prismatic colors; that is to say, the colors -that we know as violet, indigo, blue, green, and so on down to the -red. That was the first step. The next step was the discovery by -Baptiste Porter, an Italian, in Naples, which preceded the discovery -of Newton (it was about 1590), that a small opening in a dark chamber -produced an inverted image on the wall of the chamber. So that between -1590 and 1666 Baptiste Porter and Sir Isaac Newton paved the way for -the researches of Scheele upon the action of light upon this simple -substance, as they called it, “luna cornea” or chloride of silver. Now -Scheele, therefore, at his time, 1777, knew of the discovery of the -prismatic colors, or the decomposition of white light by Sir Isaac -Newton, and he made the experiment of submitting this horn silver -or silver chloride to the action of light after the light had been -passed through a prism and he found the light as we know it to consist -of violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. Placing the -silver chloride in this band of colors, he discovered the important -fact that in the red rays the silver chloride received no change--that -there was no change made in it. But, as he got along toward the other -end of the spectrum, and got into the green and the blue and the -indigo and the violet, he found that the color of the silver chloride -changed much more rapidly, and he found that the most active in its -effect upon the silver chloride were the blue and violet rays. In -addition to this fact he found that the light discolored the silver -chloride. Scheele still further proved that the silver chloride was -decomposed by the light, and that chlorine gas, or, as he called it, -dephlogisticated marine acid gas, was produced. He became acquainted -with this previously from his experiments on the mineral braunstein -with muriatic acid. So that when he perceived the odor of the chlorine -from the decomposition of the silver chloride, he recognized the -gas at once, and he says: “When this silver chloride turns black it -gives out chlorine,” and that was a very important fact. At the red -end of the spectrum he found there was little or no effect upon the -silver chloride. This was the principle of the camera obscura, and the -principle of the camera obscura is the principle of the photographic -camera to-day. Practically the photographic camera consists of a dark -box, with a hole at one end and at this end there is a place to receive -an image. Instead of having a lens there in the front of the camera, -as was formerly the practice, it is perfectly possible to get the -picture with a small opening, say an eighth or sixteenth of an inch -in diameter, and, furthermore, that is the most perfect picture you -can get in a camera--a picture without a lens. Now, that is a strange -statement, and perhaps in these days it may appear a little wild; -but (exhibiting a photo about 5 × 7) there is a picture made with an -opening not larger than a pinhole, and it is a good deal better than -many of the pictures taken by the amateurs to-day. This opening being -so small necessitates a good deal of time in the action of the light -upon the sensitive silver salts behind, and that is the object of -placing the lens there. By placing the lens here, instead of having -a small opening, you make a larger opening which collects the light -in the same manner, brings it to the focus and then the rays diverge -again and you get the picture. Now, the rays as they pass through the -opening without a lens, begin to diverge as soon as they are in the -camera, but with a lens there they are brought together first and then -cross and then you get the picture. That is the first step, then, in -photography, the production of images by the camera obscura--and that -is all the photographic camera consists of--a modification of it. Now, -when the facts ascertained by Scheele, _i.e._, the action of light upon -silver chloride--turning it black and producing gas (and by the way -Scheele never found out what this gas was and to-day it is a matter of -controversy and a problem among chemists)--with the facts ascertained -by Scheele, in regard to the action of light Thomas Wedgewood and -Vueder made pictures, in 1802. These pictures were very peculiar. They -spread upon paper and upon glass plates that had some gummy material -upon them silver chloride--as a precipitate, and then they set their -subjects up, so as to get a profile shadow with a strong light upon the -surface. Now, where the light passed, of course they got a black mark -upon the silver chloride, but the silhouette of the face was in white. -Now, that was very remarkable, because they got some very remarkable -pictures of which drawings were made. They were white silhouettes on a -black background, but remember that the pictures that were thus made, -the white silhouettes (if I may use the term) were made by the action -of some light. If you wanted to copy them you had to copy them out of -the light; otherwise the whole mass would get black, and that was the -difficulty. In other words, the white impression could only be examined -by candle or some other weak light, and they ultimately became shrouded -in darkness and were lost--so we have now none of those pictures. - -While they were experimenting in England, a man named Niepse, a -Frenchman, was at work upon the same subject--the action of light upon -various materials, but in a somewhat different direction. In 1813, or -probably before that time, he discovered that certain kinds of bitumen -were soluble in oil of lavender, and that when you exposed these -pieces of bitumen to some light the oil of lavender would not dissolve -them any more. He conceived the idea (how, is not on record), but he -thought that if he could coat plates with this bitumen and then expose -them to light in a camera he could get a picture upon this bitumen, -and where the light had acted the bitumen would be insoluble in oil -of lavender. Where the light had not acted that he could dissolve it -out. He proceeded to do this, and succeeded in getting pictures upon -metal plates. He then, afterwards, etched the plates and thus got a -perfect drawing or picture. So he used it simply as a means to produce -a picture by etching. Now, understand, using the camera, he obtained -an impression upon metal plates coated with bitumen. After exposing -the plates in the camera he washed them in oil of lavender and then an -etching fluid, and cut the impression into the matter and then they -were printed. Some of these pictures are still in existence, they say. -I have never seen any of them. After a time the plates were cleaned, -and by the help of an etcher’s tools or an engraver’s tools they were -cut still deeper and made very good engraving plates; so that his -object was not simply to etch them but to produce plates for engraving. - -While this was going on Herschel made an important discovery in 1819, -and that was that chloride and bromide and iodide of silver were -not soluble when blackened by light. He found that after you had -exposed these materials to the light--this silver iodide, bromide -or chloride--and had washed all these with hypophosphite of sodium, -they would not dissolve. That was important. That made it possible to -preserve the silhouette pictures devised or discovered by Wedgewood -and Vueder. Therefore, after exposing the plates in the camera, as did -Niepse, the Frenchman, he washed them in a solution of hypophosphite -of sodium. That took off the chloride of silver that was not acted -upon by the light and he preserved the pictures. Some of the first -pictures that he made were rather curious. I have not one of his -original pictures; I wish I had, but I have a picture made in the same -manner. He took a piece of paper and saturated it with salt (he said -that he used Bristol drying paper, which was a peculiar paper, made at -that time in England). This was soaked in chloride of sodium or common -salt, and then it was dipped and had flowed over it nitrate of silver. -Therefore he had in the pores of the paper chloride of silver in very -intimate contact with the paper. Then he took such objects as ferns and -pieces of paper, cut it in various shapes, and laid it on the paper. -That produced such an effect as where the objects had laid they had the -white impression. If you took this out in the sunlight it would all -get black. But he made this important discovery and thus preserved the -picture. This was the first photograph made. We do that to-day, and -produce other pictures with various other compounds, but I will speak -of that later. - -In the year 1824 we hear of another Frenchman (now, remember this was -a long while ago, in 1819, and we had no photographs yet, although -you might call that a photograph (exhibiting the fern picture) yet -it is not). In the year 1824 we hear of another Frenchman who was -a scene-painter at a theatre in Paris, and he had been using the -camera obscura to obtain pictures from nature from which to paint -his scenery. That is to say he had a tent built something like that -(drawing figure on blackboard) with a lens something like that that -was part of a right angled prism, and this light coming from the -view, the image was formed in here and spread out upon a table from -which he could make a drawing. He used that and was much annoyed at -the time it took to get those pictures. He was very impatient, like -a great many other Frenchmen. He conceived the idea of “fixing these -pictures” as he called them. He did not want to have the trouble of -drawing them. He said: “If I could only find some way of getting that -fixed on the surface without the trouble of drawing it it would be -a great convenience.” This Frenchman was Louis Daguerre, really the -father of photography. Now he worked independently for some time, when -he met Niepse, the Niepse that had been working on bitumen and oil of -lavender, and they formed a kind of partnership in 1829. Now, remember, -1819 was the time that Sir John Herschel had discovered hypophosphite -of sodium and its action on these silver compounds. They formed a -partnership in order to work out “scene pictures” as they called them. -In the year 1833 Niepse died--got tired of the work pretty much, I -suppose--and Daguerre continued the work. What his early experiments -were we have very doubtful records of. Daguerre did not seem to keep -very good records. In the year 1839, little more than fifty years ago, -he communicated to the French government a method for making pictures -in the camera upon metallic plates. In other words he divulged the -secret of the first photographic picture we have--the daguerreotype. -This was such a great success and such a wonderful discovery that -the French government pensioned Daguerre for his life time, and by -an agreement with them the process became public property on August -10th, 1839. Now I have the good fortune to have here to-night the -daguerreotype apparatus. This is practically all the paraphernalia of -the daguerreotype. First of all was the camera (and you must pardon -the condition of it as it is almost forty years old). I know of no -other complete set in the United States, so this is rather a relic, -and it requires a good deal of care in handling it for it almost -falls to pieces (showing the apparatus). Here is where the lens was -put and in here is where the plate holder was put. They first had to -fix the lenses in the ordinary way with ground glass. Then they had -a plate-holder something like ours, that they put the metallic plate -in. Now having fixed it, the next thing to do was to present to the -sitter this metallic plate, and I have here one of just such plates. -Now, into this plate-holder are fitted “kits” as we call them to hold -different sized plates. Unfortunately part of this apparatus is lost; -_i.e._, to say all these little details of kits, but they could all be -made out of little pieces of wood. Now, the daguerreotype is this: They -take a silver-copper plate (a piece of copper plated with silver. When -they first did this, they used to solder upon copper plates a piece -of silver, then put it in a press and roll it out. After that time, -in latter years when the galvanic battery had been discovered and was -in common use, they electroplated it). Now, this particular plate was -put into a holder that was held like that. Now the small boy was given -one of the buffers or he was put at a wheel that had upon it a backing -of felt and on the front of it was chamois leather (it is now long -gone on this one--been rubbed off). This plate was then rubbed with a -great deal of dexterity and you had to be very careful that you did not -scratch it. That was the most important thing about them. It spoilt the -picture if you scratched them. They had to be perfectly smooth. As I -said, this was sometimes done by holding the plate on a wheel, but the -ordinary way was by using one of these buffers. The silver plate was -taken out by undoing this screw at the corner. Now, the first thing -to do with it, then, is to make it sensitive. It is merely a silver -surface now. It was made sensitive by placing it in one of these boxes -(showing it) called coating boxes. Now that plate was put into that -box (showing the same box), and see there is the lime in the box and -it is now probably forty years old, having never been disturbed. In -that lime was placed bromine, and it was then covered with a glass -cover that fits over this glass trough or dish--it is rather deep. -This was then placed with a little pressure--in order to keep the -box tight and not let the bromine fumes get all over the studio--and -they put the plate in here and pulled this over, so, leaving it there -a certain number of minutes, and by action of the bromine vapor it -becomes coated with bromide of silver. Then they either put some iodine -into this same box or they had an iodine box. After the plate was in -there a few minutes, they took it out and put it in there and gave it -a dose of bromine. It was found, and by whom I am not sure, that the -addition of a little iodine or a small proportion of iodide of silver -with iodine of silver gave better effects. So it was then taken out -and it was sensitive to light. Now, Daguerre discovered all that. This -was then put in the plate holder and exposed in the camera and he got -a picture. And it bothered him a great deal, for it faded. If he put -that hypophosphite of sodium on it that our friend Herschel discovered, -it cleaned the whole picture off. There was not enough of it. So he -watched and watched and was weary with making these pictures and having -them fade, until he went one day to a closet where he had a lot of -these pictures stored, and he was delighted to see that the picture -of a certain monument (I think it was) that he had made he thought on -that plate some time before, and it was a good picture and a permanent -picture. How it came about puzzled him a great deal. In looking around -the closet where these pictures were exposed--where these plates were -stored--he found that for some reason or other the bottle of mercury -had been broken, and he tried almost every imaginable material in the -closet, and at last it struck him it might be mercury. Well, he put -some mercury on the plate and he ruined it. “Well, no,” he says, “it -is not mercury but mercury in a very fine state. I wonder if it is the -_Vapor of Mercury_?” He tried it and found that it was. That led to -the development of the daguerreotype. Then all he did with a plate was -to put it into a vessel with a few drops of mercury, and underneath a -little spirit lamp. Then he would put the plate in and watch the heat -(some now have a thermometer) and he would just pick it up every once -in a while to see how it is developing. That process gave to him the -first picture, the daguerreotype, and those are to-day the handsomest -pictures ever made by photography. I have two or three of them which -are partly spoiled, but to-day they far surpass anything we have ever -since done in the science of photography. After the mercury process, -it was very easy to wash the plate off. The object of the development -was this: that where the light had acted there the mercury seemed to -take hold and bring out the picture. Where the light had not acted -you could dissolve the silver surface off with cyanide of potassium, -which was generally used. But, if you will look at this old-fashioned -daguerreotype, you will see that you had to look at them in a certain -light; otherwise, you could see nothing. - -Sometime afterwards a man named Fitsherbert, a Frenchman, conceived -the idea of changing this peculiar picture in silver plate into a gold -picture. In other words, he put into the plate a little chloride of -gold and produced a daguerreotype which can be seen pretty clearly by -looking squarely at it. - -The beginning of the daguerreotype flourished only a short time. While -Daguerre and others were working at the daguerreotype, Fox Talbot, a -rich Englishman, took up the subject from another point of view. He -conceived the idea of making a negative. Of course, every picture you -took by Daguerre’s method you had to make a sitting for it. Such are -the pictures up in the School of Mines of William Lloyd Garrison and -Daniel Webster. They had to sit right down in front of the box, and -copies could not be had. That was the trouble with the daguerreotype. -You had one picture for every sitting. To make the difference between -the positive and negative more clear, I have brought here to show you -to-night (producing them) some positives and negatives printed on the -same piece of paper. When the picture comes out of the camera and the -plate is developing (exhibiting it) that is what it looks like--where -the light struck all the light parts of the picture are black, and -where the light did not strike all the black parts of the picture are -white. If I take the same surface, containing the bromide of silver, -iodide of silver or chloride of silver, and place it underneath that -and expose it to the sunlight, where the light strikes through it will -produce black, just as in the original object, and when I get through -I get the positive. So there is a negative and there is a positive -from the same picture. Now, that was Fox Talbot’s idea. He says “If -I can do that, I can make pictures _ad libitum_.” With this object -in view he coated paper with silver chloride. He exposed it then in -the camera, fixed it in a solution of salt--common salt or iodide of -potassium--and when he got through the picture was a permanent one, -because the iodide of potassium dissolved out the white parts that were -not affected by the light. From this negative he obtained other prints. - -Now, various modifications of Fox Talbot’s process, were brought -out, and a man named LaGray, I think (or at least it was just about -the time he lived) conceived the idea of making these pictures more -transparent by waxing them. That was the first good negative we had. -It was a modification of Fox Talbot’s idea, only he waxed the paper. -Then about the same time it was found that a mixture of chloride of -iron and cyanide of potassium, when mixed together were acted upon by -light. Herschel discovered this, and that was the way we obtained the -blue print, which is far older than the photograph. Sir John Herschel -found that a mixture of chloride of iron and cyanide of potassium, when -exposed to sunlight made Prussian blue. So that if you take paper and -coat it with this mixture and then expose it under a negative you get a -blue picture. - -The trouble with these paper pictures was that you could not eliminate -the grain of the paper, and if you will examine these close enough you -will see that they are blurred. This one printed from that particular -negative is blurred--very much blurred. These sensitive silver -compounds are so sensitive that the grain of the paper produces an -impression. Now, in 1848, Niepse, a nephew of the first Niepse, thought -it would be a good idea to use glass plates coated with albumen. -He took chloride or iodide of silver, mixed it with white of egg, -spread it on plates, heated the plates, which, of course, coagulated -the albumen, and that fixed his film upon the glass plates. That was -quite a step. Now, we had gotten rid of the paper. By the way, I made -a little mistake there about the way he got the picture. He got the -picture by putting salt in the albumen and then coagulating it, and -then he dipped the plate into a solution of silver nitrate and in that -way got the precipitate in the film itself. This was important but -troublesome and not always successful. - -Now, a few years before another discovery was made. Remember that this -was in 1848 that Niepse worked with the albumen process. In 1840, -Schurben, a Swiss chemist, discovered gum cotton. This gum cotton is -a nitrated compound of cotton, made by the action of concentrated -sulphuric and nitric acids upon cotton. Sometime afterwards Maynard, -a Yankee, in Boston, discovered that this gum cotton was soluble in -alcohol, and ether, and then he found that by evaporating the substance -he got the thin film of collodion. Scott Archer, an Englishman, -conceived the idea of using this film as a vehicle for these -particularly sensitive silver salts for photographing. His method was -pretty much that which is followed to-day and that is still in use to -quite a large extent. - -In this process we have this series of operations: First, the plate -must be perfectly clean. That is essential. Any little spot upon it -will form a nucleus which will spread over the surface of the plate. -The plate is then coated with albumen and allowed to dry without -heating. It is then flowed with this collodion, and in the collodion is -put the chloride, iodide or bromide of silver, which you need. It is -generally the chloride, iodide or bromide of silver. This collodion is -afterwards dipped into a silver bath, and then we get the sensitized -silver surface, very thin and perfectly transparent. It is then ready -to go into the camera. It is put into the camera soaking wet with -nitrate of silver. It is exposed and then developed with a solution -of sulphate of iron with some acetic acid. After it is developed, the -developer is washed off, fixed with hypophosphite of sodium, dried, -varnished and we get the negative. - -Now, the curious part about this wet plate process is that it is -slow. The compounds are not very sensitive compared with the modern -compounds. In the second place it is essential to use it wet. If you -took the plate out of the silver bath where you sensitized it and -washed off the nitrate of silver adhering to it and put the plate in -the camera you would not get a picture. The silver nitrate is essential -to the production of the picture. It acts in this way: Where the light -has acted upon the sensitive silver compounds and you proceed to -develop the picture, when you mix the sulphate of iron and pour the -developer upon the plate, as the iron comes in contact with the nitrate -of silver, with which the plate is wet, it produces metallic silver, -which adheres to those parts of the picture which have been acted upon -by the light. That seems to be the philosophy, because if you wash the -nitrate off you cannot develop a picture upon such a plate. - -Now, this process of photography revolutionized the daguerreotype, -revolutionized photography and the daguerreotype became obsolete. I -think it displaced the daguerreotype in three years. This process -was such an advantage--collodion was such a nice substance to work -with--that it revolutionized the photography of those days, and the -daguerreotype fell out of existence. - -Now, when you take into consideration the time that people had to sit -for their pictures--five or six minutes--you can conceive how hard it -was to keep still. They had such queer contrivances to keep the head -straight, they screwed you up in various positions, and this was -particularly exasperating where they had to take pictures requiring a -good deal of time. Dr. Draper, who took some of these daguerreotypes, -and who I believe was the first photographer of these pictures, -desired to take a photo of his estimable lady. His studio was in the -old University Building in Washington Square. I believe Mrs. Draper -had to sit twenty minutes for that picture. In order to produce the -best effect he had a tank made in the top of the laboratory so as to -produce a blue light. Mrs. Draper was very patient while he was at -work with this, and unfortunately, Dr. Colton tells me, the result was -two pictures on the same plate. I should think it would. That was the -first effort ever made to take the human face with the daguerreotype. -Of course, with all that paraphernalia, with that slowness of action, -anything that worked within a minute was considered wonderful, and that -was practically what happened when Scott Archer discovered collodion. - -This wet plate process continued from 1851 to 1871, about twenty years. -I have the pleasure of showing you an amateur outfit for this process, -used in 1860 to take to the Rocky Mountains (exhibiting it). That is -an amateur outfit carried over the Rocky Mountains in 1860 to take -pictures. Here is the old tank that carried the water. Here are some of -the bottles of chemicals, and the way it was managed was this: This was -hooked up, on the end of these sticks. This was the black cloth used -as the developing room by the operator. Here is a little window with -yellow glass to develop the pictures. The plates and bromide of silver -was carried in these two boxes. That was carried on top of the mule and -the boxes on the sides of the mule, so that he had a pretty good mule. - -Now, to-day we do the same work with that apparatus (exhibiting -apparently a Kodak), and a great deal better work it is. - -In 1871 a more important revolution took place even than the wet plate -process or the daguerreotype. Many efforts had been made to overcome -the use of the wet plate--the plate wet with nitrate of silver, and -some of the efforts were very successful but usually troublesome. -The plate was kept moist in a variety of ways: by honey, by tea, -by infusion of tea, by beer, by coffee, and a multitude of all the -funniest concoctions you could think of, but the process was destined -to fail. - -In about 1870 it was conceived that you could make an emulsion of these -peculiar compounds of silver--these sensitive silver compounds--that -you could make an emulsion that you could pour upon the plate and -produce a picture just when you pleased, and it was found that by -mixing the chloride that produces the sensitive material in one portion -of your collodion and putting nitrate of silver into another portion of -the collodion, in certain proportions, you could produce a collodial -emulsion. They had to be mixed in just exactly the right proportions, -so as not to have an excess of nitrate of silver or an excess of -bromide. - -But that process failed and only lasted a few years; although I have -here one of the plate holders used by such a process. - -This was between the time of the wet plate process and the modern -dry plate, when they used collodial bromide emulsion. It was a kind -of a compromise between the wet plate and the dry plate. In 1871, -Dr. R. L. Maddox, of Bath, England, had the idea that he would use -gelatine, instead of albumen or collodion, as a vehicle to hold these -silver salts upon the glass surface, and he found, among other things, -something that surprised him--that when he put the silver salts in to -contact with this gelatine they became wonderfully more sensitive than -ever before. - -The idea is this: That you make a gelatine mixture of a certain -strength--the proportions required a certain amount of soft gelatine -and a certain amount of hard gelatine. Into that gelatine you pour, -with constant stirring; you pour a mixture at the same time--some -particular bromide, generally bromide of potassium and nitrate of -silver--in a very thin stream and keep it thoroughly stirred up. If -you go too fast, you will not get the right result; but the result is, -when you get through and do it right, you get a beautiful milky fluid, -and that fluid contains bromide of silver in a wonderful state of -suspension--very thin--and it remains suspended in this fluid. Now let -that set--this cream or “emulsion,” as they call it--and you have as a -result iodide of silver and iodide of potassium. You let the emulsion -set and it produces a jelly, that jelly is then cut up into shreds, -rubbed through a sieve or something of that kind to make it thoroughly -divided, and washed thoroughly with water. Having done that it can be -melted, and if you melt it and heat it to a certain temperature, there -does not seem to be any limit to the sensitiveness of the material. If -you use it cold it requires a second or two to produce a picture. If -you cook it, however, you will find that it will become more and more -sensitive to light, until it is actually possible to take a picture -of a projectile traveling four hundred metres per second. I have such -a picture. The only trouble is that some of the plates made are so -sensitive to light that we cannot get a light non-active enough to -develop them. Having these bromide plates then in the camera--this -sensitive material coated on these glass plates in the camera--you -have got to be very careful that the light does not get to them. The -consequence is that the plate holders are made with extreme care. - -The result of this gelatine-bromide of silver process is this: that we -can have plates in packages. We can put these emulsion plates and carry -them off where we please, and, what is still more important, we can put -the emulsion upon very thin material, and I have here (exhibiting them) -thin sheets of celluloid upon which this emulsion has been spread and -pictures taken. That is not all, either; they can make it still thinner -(producing small camera) they can put it on a roll and in this camera -is one of those rolls, and in that box I can take a hundred pictures -without reloading the instrument. The way it is done, I, when I want to -produce a new surface, simply wind the old one off with this winding -machine. There is an opening at the front of the camera. Press just -below this, so, and you have the picture. Now just wind the film off -and you are ready for the next picture. Now pull it again, and this is -so easy that some manufacturers say: “You simply push the button and we -do the rest for you.” That is nonsense, they don’t do the “rest” for -you. A friend of mine took one of these to Europe, and with it a dozen -rolls of film, all of which he used. When he returned he sent them to -the manufacturers and I think he got about twelve pictures back. Not -every time you press the button is a good picture produced. You have to -know a little bit about the science and use a little judgment. - -Such is the state of photography to-day that this material can be -spread upon any kind of transparent surface. In the case of plate, -they are put in holders like this, generally only two on each side, -and slipped into this frame in a dark room, in which no light can be -used except one emitted through a deep red chimney. (The professor -here exhibited such a chimney.) Then, the material that is used for -developing these pictures is somewhat different from the old method. We -use organic compounds, alkaline solutions, and organic matters capable -of taking up oxygen. These organic materials, in conjunction with some -alkali, are capable of taking up oxygen. They produce a disoxygenizing -action. After dipping, that gives you the negative. - -The prints are made in a variety of ways. The facility with which these -apparati can be used has led to an enormous variety. You can have an -apparatus something like that, or something like this, which is smaller. - -In the United States there are to-day probably about ten thousand -professional photographers and thirty or forty thousand amateurs, who -usually do nothing but spoil plates. To give you an idea of some of the -work done, not altogether by professionals, I have picked out from the -number of pictures I have a few samples of the work. Here is a picture -of a cattle ranch in Colorado. I have one a little larger of a horse -race, but this is about as large as they can be made. That will give -you an idea of the instantaneous effect. The distance between the foot -and the top of the mountains is about twelve miles, so that you can get -an idea of the capacity of the camera, of the sensitiveness of these -compounds. Here is a Mexican picture which shows the great beauties -of the Mexican flora--the cacti. Here is a study “King Lear” made by -Buffler, the photographer. That is about as large as you can get. It is -a pretty large plate to handle. Then there is another study “The Five -O’clock Tea” some ladies at tea, by the same man as “King Lear.” Here -is another study, “A Game of Sixty six.” Those are all silver prints, -made with chloride of silver, using glass negatives and producing the -positives by having the chloride of silver in albumen. The best vehicle -to-day for making positive prints is albumen with chloride of silver. - -It is found that if you take a mixture of gelatine and bichromate of -potassium, and put into the mixture some pigment and expose it under a -negative where the light acts, the gelatine is made insoluble and holds -the pigment, and where the light does not act the gelatine is still -soluble and can be washed away. Here is such a picture and it is very -interesting--“In Camp.” The shadows in that picture are on the white -paper underneath. - -Here are a couple of pictures of silver, two Bavarian pictures. This -one, of a little girl, is by Einlander of Cologne, instantaneously -taken without a head-rest, which is a very difficult piece of work. -This is the same idea, instantaneously taken. Here are two pictures -very interesting, which were in the exhibition at Chicago. They are -pictures in platinum, showing that we are not confined to simply silver -salts. We have here in this last picture one of the chlorides of -platinum, the platine chloride. It cannot be spoiled in any way. The -picture is good as long as the paper is good. - -Here is an example of a yacht picture. It is the English yacht Iris. It -is a fine picture. The yacht is travelling very fast. - -Here is a picture on the East River, made by Dr. Habershaw, showing the -work of amateurs in this line. - -I could tell you a good deal more about this subject, but there is only -one other thing I would now like to mention. Some of you, I suppose, -have heard a great deal about taking photographs in colors. We are very -near it. They have produced in France, Germany and England pictures of -the spectrum in the silver salts: that is to say, with the colors of -the spectrum. They are very weak and have to be looked at in a certain -light. They are the result of interference of the thin films. We are -doing something more important. We are learning to make the whole -spectrum. For example, we can to-day get just as good an impression -upon silver salts with a red light as Scheele did with a violet light -in 1774. That leads to what is called ortho-chromatic photography, that -is photography that will give us every color in the spectrum. It has -been found possible to make pictures in certain colors. A long time -ago, the spectrum was separated into three colors, red, yellow and blue -of certain kinds. - -Now, if you take a picture in a red light of a certain character, and -another of the same subject in a yellow light of a certain character, -and another in a blue light of a certain character, you have three -negatives. You can make three negatives, one of the red light, one of -the yellow light and one of the blue light. Now, by taking pigments -and printing in a press like a lithographic press, you can make a red -positive from the red negative, and a blue positive from the blue -negative and a yellow positive from the yellow negative, and in that -way you may get three impressions, which is the result in the same -colors. You must not stop there, however. There is a certain amount -of shadow, and the result of it is that they have to what they call -“over-lay,” taking the three colors separately and superimposing them -in printing. Remember, the red parts of the picture are taken with the -red light. That is, suppose you put a red piece of glass in front of -your camera, then only the red parts of the picture pass through to the -sensitive plate. Then repeat the operation with the blue glass and the -yellow glass, and the result will be as above. - -Now I hope I have not bored you by any profuse details. I did not -intend to. I only tried to interest you in one of the most important -inventions of the Nineteenth Century. The steam engine, the telegraph, -the telephone and the photograph are four of the grand inventions which -the century has produced, and I think every intelligent person should -learn something about them. I am afraid that I have had too little time -to do the subject justice. You can understand how much more there is -behind this superficial view. I only have to thank you for your very -kind attention. - - - - - The - Alumni Journal - - Published under the auspices of the - - Alumni Association of the College of Pharmacy - - OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, - - 115-119 WEST 68th STREET. - - Vol. II. February 1, 1895. No. 2. - - THE ALUMNI JOURNAL will be published Monthly. - - Entered at New York Post Office as second-class matter - - SUBSCRIPTION: - - Per Annum, One Dollar - Single Copies, 15 Cents. - - All copy for publication, or changes of advertisements should - reach us on or before the 20th of the month previous to the - issue in which they are to appear. - - All matters relating to publication should be written on one - side of the paper only, and sent to the editor, - - HENRY KRAEMER, 115-119 West 68th Street. - - All communications relating to finances and subscriptions - should be addressed to - - A. HENNING, Treas., 115-119 West 68th Street. - - All communications relating to advertising should be addressed - to - - A. K. LUSK, 1 Park Row. - - EDITOR, - - HENRY KRAEMER, PH. G. - - ASSISTANT EDITORS, - - FRED. HOHENTHAL, PH. G. - K. C. MAHEGIN, PH. G. - - ASSOCIATE EDITORS, - - CHARLES RICE, PH. D. - CHARLES F. CHANDLER, PH. D., M. D., L.L.D., etc. - ARTHUR H. ELLIOTT, PH. D., F. C. S. - HENRY H. RUSBY, M. D. - VIRGIL COBLENTZ, A. M., PH. G., PH. D. - - - - -THE ABILITY OF CONSTRUCTION. - - -At this stage of the world’s history men of ability and even of genius -in a certain sense are not rare. The result is that in all of our -institutions of learning the requirements become more stringent and -by the time graduation arrives we see the survival of only the very -best men. We find the same classes of men throughout life that we find -in college--we find men of energy and slothfulness, men devoted to -pleasures and by nature politicians, men of ability of construction -and men of power in criticism. While at College the training to-day -is chiefly analytical and the result is that men are prone to examine -everything closely and some even learn to take delight in tearing -things to pieces. There are some men who are utterly ruined so far as -their inward happiness and that of those about them is concerned by -their critical tendencies. They do this to the detriment of their own -energies and abilities of construction and hence never or but seldom -build anything, but employ their days in tearing down what others have -built. The critic is necessary and essential in every department of -labor where human thought is allowed entrance. Criticisms that are -honest always help the builder and are a gain to posterity. - -It is questionable if it is desirable for the conscientious young man -to encourage in his life a too critical tendency. It is not necessary -to look at the bright side of the affairs of life, or even to look -upon men charitably, so to speak. It is sufficient for every young man -especially to look upon events of life as they are. It is decidedly -important for the man of aspiration to look upon life with its duties -when he has had sufficient rest and food and exercise. Wrongs may be -righted and errors corrected in but two ways: the thoughtful way and -the thoughtless way. The thoughtful way is always attendant of health -and with a broad minded and large hearted individual. It is not our -desire, however, to dwell too long upon the subject in the abstract -as we are anxious to reprint the closing words of Senator Henry Cabot -Lodge’s Phi Beta Kappa oration delivered last June at Harvard College. -He said in closing: - -“How then is a university to reach the results we ought to have -from its teachings in this country and this period? Some persons may -reply that it can be obtained by making the university training more -practical. Much has been said on the point first and last, but the -theory, which is vague at best, seems to me to have no bearing here. -It is not a practical education which we seek in this regard, but a -liberal education. Our search now and here is not for an education -which shall enable a man to earn his living with the least possible -delay; but for a training which shall develop character and mind along -certain lines. - -“To all her students alike it is Harvard’s duty to give that which -will send them out from her gates able to understand and to sympathize -with the life of the time. This cannot be done by rules or systems or -text-books. It can come from the subtile, impalpable, and yet powerful -influences which the spirit and atmosphere of the great university -can exert upon those within its care. It is not easy to define or -classify these influences although we all know their general effect. -Nevertheless, it is, I think, possible to get at something sufficiently -definite to indicate what is lacking and where the peril lies. It all -turns on the spirit which inspires the entire collegiate body, on the -mental attitude of the university as a whole. This brings us at once to -the danger which I think confronts all our large universities to-day, -and which I am sure confronts that university which I know and love -best. We are given over too much to the critical spirit and we are -educating men to become critics of other men instead of doers of deeds -themselves. - -“This is all wrong. Criticism is healthful, necessary, and desirable, -but it is always abundant and infinitely less important than -performance. There is not the slightest risk that the supply of -critics will run out, for there are always enough middle-aged failures -to keep the ranks full if every other resource should fail. Faith -and hope, and belief, enthusiasm, and courage are the qualities to -be trained and developed in young men by a liberal education. _Youth -is the time for action, not criticism._ A liberal education should -encourage the spirit of action, not deaden it. We want the men whom -we send out from our universities to count in the battle of life and -in the history of their time, and to count more and not less because -of their liberal education. They will not count at all, be well -assured, if they come out trained only to look coldly and critically -on all that is being done in the world and on all who are doing it. We -cannot afford to have that type, and it is the true product of that -critical spirit which says to its scholars: “See how badly the world is -governed; see how covered with dust and sweat the men who are trying to -do the world’s business, and how many mistakes they make; let us sit -here in the shade with Amaryllis and add up the errors of these bruised -grimy fellows and point out what they ought to do, while we make no -mistakes ourselves by sticking to the safe rule of attempting nothing.” -This is a very comfortable attitude, but it is one of all others which -a university should discourage instead of inculcating. Moreover, with -such an attitude of mind towards the world of thought and action is -always allied a cultivated indifference than which there is nothing -more enervating. - -“The time in which we live is full of questions of the deepest moment. -There has been during the century just ending the greatest material -development ever seen. The condition of the average man has been -raised higher than before, and wealth has been piled up beyond the -wildest fancy of romance. We have built up a vast social and industrial -system, and have carried civilization to the highest point it has ever -touched. That system and that civilization are on trial. Grave doubts -and perils beset them. Everywhere to-day there is an ominous spirit -of unrest. Everywhere is a feeling that all is not well, when health -abounds, and none the less dire poverty ranges by its side, when the -land is not fully populated and yet the number of unemployed reaches -to the millions. I believe we can deal with these doubts and rents -successfully, if we will but set ourselves to the great task as we -have to the trials and dangers of the past. But the solution will tax -to the utmost all the wisdom and courage and learning that the country -can provide. What are our universities, with their liberal education -to play in the history that is now making and is still to be written? -They are the crown and glory of our civilization, but they can readily -be set aside if they fall out of sympathy with the vast movements about -them. I do not say whether they should seek to resist or to sustain or -to guide and control these movements. But if they would not dry up and -wither they must at least understand them. - -“A great university must be in touch with the world about it, with its -hopes, its passions, its troubles, and its strivings. If it is not it -must be content. - - ‘For aye to be in the shady cloister mewed, - Chanting faint hymns to the cold, fruitless moon.’ - -“The university which pretends to give a liberal education must -understand the movements about it, see whether the great forces are -tending, and justify its existence by breeding men who by its teachings -are more able to render the service which humanity is ever seeking.” - - * * * * * - -Professor Fried. Aug. Flückiger died on Dec. 11, 1894, at Berne. He was -the foremost pharmacognosist and scientific pharmacist of his time. An -extended account of his life and works will appear in a later issue of -THE ALUMNI JOURNAL. - - - - -NEW LITERATURE. - - -Readers desiring any of the works contained in this list can obtain -them through B. Westerman & Co., 812 Broadway, Gustav E. Stechert, 810 -Broadway, or other foreign booksellers. - - -_Bacteriology._ - -_Mikrophotographischer Atlas der Bakterienkunde._--C. Fraenkel u. R. -Pfeiffer. 2 Aufl. 11, u. 12. Lfg. Berlin: August Hirschwald. - -_Mikrophotographischer Atlas der Bakterienkunde._--Itzgerott u. -Niemann, Leipzig: J. A. Barth. - - -_Botany._ - -_Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Bestandtheile von Cnicus benedictus_ -mit hauptsächliche Berücksichtigung des darin enthaltenen bitter -schmeckenden Korpers.--Karl Schwander. Inaug.--Diss. Univ. Erlangen. - -An examination of the constituents and particularly the better -principle of Cnicus benedictus. - -_Beitrag zur Kenntniss des Bitterstoffes von Citrullus -colocynthis._--Rud. Speidel. Inaug.--Dissert. Univ. Erlangen. - -_Weitere Beiträge zur Cheimischen Kenntniss einiger Bestandtheile aus -Secale cornutum._--Hans Zeeh. Inaug.--Diss. Univ. Erlangen. - -_Uebersicht der Leistungen auf dem Gebiete der Botanik in Russland -während des Jahres, 1892._--Zusammengestellt von A. Famintzin u. S. -Korshinsky unter Mitwirkung von Anderer. Aus dem Russ. ubers. von -F. Th. Köppen. Leipzig: Voss. A review of the history and events in -botanical works in Russia during 1892. - -_Atlas der officinellen Pflanzen._--A. Meyer u. K. Schumann. 1892-1894. -Leipzig: A. Felix. Darstellung und Beschreibung der in Arzneibuche für -das Deutsche Reich erwähnten Gewächse. Zweite verbesserte Auflage von -“Darstellung und Beschreibung sämmtlicher in der Pharmacopœia Borussica -aufgefuhrten officinellen Gewächse von O. C. Berg u. C. F. Schmidt.” - - -_Chemistry._ - -_A Text-Book of Organic Chemistry._--A. Bernthsen. Translated by G. -M’Gowan. 2d Eng. Ed. Revised and Extended by the Author and Translator, -London: Blackie. - -_Chemie médicale._--Corps minéreaux. Corps organiques. L. Garnier. -Paris: Rueff et ciè. - -_Nozioni di Fisicia. Chimica e Mineràlogia ad Uso delle Scuole -techniche e delle Preparatorie alle Normal._--M. Borzone. Torino. - -_Grundzüge der mathematischen Chemie._--Georg Helm. Leipzig: Wm. -Engelmann. The author discusses the transformation of energy by reason -of chemical action. - -_Kurzes Repetitorium der Chemie._--1. Theil Anorganische Chemie. 2. -Aufl. Ernst Bryk. Wien: M. Breitenstein. - -_Grundzüge der Chemie und Mineralogie für den Unterricht an -Mittelschulen._--M. Zaengerle. 3. Aufl. Munchen: J. Lindauer. - - -_Hygiene._ - -_Text Book of Hygiene._--G. H. Rohe. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co. - -A comprehensive treatise on the principles and practice of preventive -medicine from an American standpoint. - - -_Materia Medica._ - -_Organic Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy._ Illustrated. By Prof. L. E. -Sayre: P. Blakiston & Co., Philadelphia. - -In these days of degenerate rivalry among educational institutions, -and particularly among the different classes of technical schools, -when their officers are wont to prefer the very poorest of text-books, -written by one of their own number, for the best of them should it -emanate from a rival institution, we have become accustomed to looking -upon publications of this sort as serving merely, like an electoral -vote, to count one among the general collection. It can scarcely be -expected that text-books written from such standpoints and with such -motives can have much permanent value, and the future educational -historian will doubtless look with amazement upon the trash of this -character which has been brought to light during the present era. In -the midst of this wearisome train of events it is refreshing to have -presented to us a new text-book, whose publication constitutes, as to -its main part, a real event in the history of pharmaceutical education. - -Prof. Sayre’s work on Pharmacognosy has a real reason for existence -in its scope, arrangement and execution. It is new and original, -and will stand by itself as a prominent American text-book. If it -possesses glaring and in some respects fatal defects, it at the same -time presents the merit of ingenuity in construction as well as in the -selection of subject matter, and it cannot fail to become a much-used -reference book, not only by the pharmaceutical profession for whom it -is intended but by physicians as well. It is perhaps unfortunate that -so many individuals, and nearly all of them students, should have been -given a free hand in the working out of the various departments, and -that their products have not been in all cases perfectly harmonized by -the master. It is also unfortunate that so many statements should have -been taken, without investigation, from other authors. A brief scrutiny -of the pages will suffice to reveal this composite origin, even if -one does not read the acknowledgments of the author in his preface. -Doubtless Prof. Sayre, while he has not greatly interfered with the -individuality of presentation of these different subjects, has taken -pains to verify the accuracy of the facts and conclusions recorded. -Should such prove upon closer investigation to be the case, the defect -referred to must doubtless be considered as one of style merely. - -The appearance of an American work on Pharmacognosy is of so much -importance that it is not inappropriate that it be analyzed with -some degree of fulness. The book consists of two parts with three -appendices. Part 1 is on “Pharmacal Botany,” while part 2 is upon -“Organic Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy.” It is impossible to review -this work fairly in the interest of the public as well as of the author -without recording the opinion that the eighty-two pages comprising Part -1 should never have been published, if we regard either the reputation -of the author or the welfare of students of pharmacy. - -Our American text-books on Pharmaceutical Botany, (not “Pharmacal -Botany,” as the author unhappily calls it, which would mean the Botany -of the Pharmacy, or of the place in which pharmaceutics are practiced,) -bears no evidence that any author has yet comprehended the needs -of pharmaceutical students in this direction, or has adjusted his -instruction so as to accomplish the object for which it was devised. -The idea invariably indicated by the writings, even if not intended -by the writers, is that as the application of botanical knowledge to -the practice of the pharmacy is limited, its teachings may therefore -be superficial, indefinite and vague. The true idea it seems to us is, -that it should be curtailed and limited only as to the portions of the -field covered; but these requisite portions should be taught with a -fulness of illustration, a clearness of presentation and a simplicity -of style, all the more marked because the student is deprived of the -enlightening effect contributed in other cases by those portions which -are here necessarily omitted. - -As a synopsis, or summary of knowledge, intended to guide the teacher -instructed in the subject, these eighty-two pages will answer fairly -well; but to enable a student who is proceeding _de novo_ to gain a -knowledge of structural botany for the purposes of pharmacognosy, -we can see nothing but failure. Herein we criticise the book, not -specifically the author. Publishers’ books are not always authors’ -books. It is doubtful if any publisher can be found willing to -publish as a business enterprise, a perfect text-book of Botany for -pharmaceutical students. - -When such appears, it will be as a labor of love, by one whose regard -for the subject is such as to lead him to donate his time and labor, -and whose means enable him to bear the burden of a financially -unsuccessful enterprise. - -The part of the work under criticism is a mere series of definitions, -illustrated in a highly unsuccessful manner, and frequently losing -sight of the requirement that a definition must include the whole of -the thing defined and nothing else. It is very naive to say: “All -organic matter containing a green coloring matter called chlorophyl, -belongs to the vegetable kingdom,” without directly stating that no -other class does, which statement would leave out the fungi, a part of -the definition of which is that they contain no such matter. To define -Morphology as treating--“Of the organs of plants and their relations -to each other,” is not to define it at all, as that would include the -whole of Organography, and does not even exclude Physiology, except by -virtue of the author’s preceding clause. Systematic botany, defined as -“That division which treats of the arrangement and classification of -plants,” does not suggest the vital characteristics of that subject. It -would be more philosophical to refer to the distinctive characteristics -of Phanerogams as the manner in which the embryo is produced within -a true seed, than to intimate that the embryo is entirely foreign to -cryptogamic reproduction. These definitions, taken from less than two -pages of matter, indicate to our mind a lack of the expenditure of -time requisite to bring forth a set of new definitions more perfectly -in accord with the fullest knowledge of to-day than any list which has -yet appeared; and yet when the instruction given in a new text-book is -chiefly limited to definitions, that is the very least that should have -been attempted. - -Some of the morphological definitions are actually at variance with -accurate descriptive usage, as that of primary and secondary roots, -duration, etc. To call a stem an “axis” and a root an “axis” of a -different kind, is to perpetuate a term at the expense of all regard -for that accuracy which is the most important element of scientific -language. Such subjects as venation are of prime importance to the -pharmacist, and so far from restricting the teachings to several of the -more important terms presented in ordinary text-books on botany, the -classification should be elaborated in its fullest details. Compare -the definition of classes, as “Plants resembling one another in some -grand leading feature,” and of orders or families, as “Plants that very -closely resemble each other in some leading particular,” with the clear -presentation of ranks in class characteristics, given by Agassiz a -generation ago, and which should, if anything, have been improved upon -in the light of modern knowledge and perfected usage. - -The subject of nomenclature, the recent agitation of which has done -more to expose and shatter erroneous practices in scientific thought -and custom than any other influence, and whose correct apprehension -is the very corner-stone of pharmacopœial definition, we do not see -anywhere treated. - -It is a pleasure to turn from a contemplation so depressing to the -spirits of one who has labored hopefully for years to secure a just and -rational treatment of his favorite study at the hands of Pharmaceutical -educators, to Part II. of Prof. Sayre’s book, a work so bright and -practical, so replete with new and helpful ideas in the teaching of -practical Pharmacognosy, and so full of information, both standard and -exceptional, though unhappily marred by many errors, as to secure for -it at once a prominent place upon the shelves of the “Handy Book Case.” - -The principle is here adhered to of making a single volume do duty as -a text-book of Pharmacognosy and of “Materia Medica,” as the latter -term is commonly used. We have never looked upon this method as being -practicable, but Prof. Sayre resorts to a most ingenious device never -before resorted to, by which it must be admitted that better results -have been obtained than have previously been reached. What might be -called a “Pharmacognostical Key,” or a synopsis of Pharmacognosy, is -presented separately in advance of the main body of Part II. Here -the drugs are numbered to correspond with the consecutive numbering -prominently displayed under the second arrangement, that by natural -orders, the proper method for retaining and displaying the natural -relationships of active constituents and medicinal properties. The -“Pharmacognostical Key” appears to us a failure in its practical -workings, owing to indefinite characterization, by reference to taste -only of the headings. If a drug is both bitter and aromatic, we have to -look for it both in Class I. and Class III. A bifurcating key is here -required, or better, we might take a combination of characters for each -heading. On the whole, this key, while elaborate and very full, and -subject to great improvement by a few trifling changes, we must regard -as inferior to that of Maisch’s text-book. Prof. Sayre very sensibly -omits all attempt to classify volatile oils, except by indicating their -sources. - -The arrangement of the matter of the second part is, first, a -brief description of the ordinal characters, followed by a list of -the drugs belonging to that order, those official in heavy-faced -capitals; then the drugs are taken up separately, the official names -and synonyms in the important languages presented, the definition, -botanical characteristics, sources, related, and similar articles, -description of drugs, with the more important characters printed in -heavier type, accompanied generally by a picture of the plant and of -the drug, gross and structural, important constituents, actions and -uses, and a synopsis of the official preparations. The doses of the -drugs are given, but not of the preparations, though the strengths of -the latter are stated. An unfortunate feature, as in Part I., is the -illustrations. They are not at all uniform in effect. While the method -followed has given exceptionally good results in some cases, yet in -many others they are very unsatisfactory, and this is more particularly -true from a scientific than from an artistic point of view. - -Valuable a contribution as is Part II., there is an evident -unfamiliarity with, or disregard of, the commercial aspects of drugs. -For instance, the important distinctions between Cassia vera and C. -lignea, and the subject of Batavian Cassia, a correct understanding of -which is a great aid in the economy of the drug store, are entirely -omitted. The distinctions between Coto and Paracoto are not clear, -and in the facts concerning commercial occurrence are reversed. Mace -is not, as described, a “membrane,” neither does it “invest the -kernel.” Moreover, nothing is said about Wild Mace, now so extensively -used as an adulterant that it is possible that it constitutes the -larger part of commercial Mace. “Reddish brown” boldo leaves are old -and worthless. The description of Piper longum is only partly true, -according to the variety under consideration, and the individual -parts are not “berries.” The part rubbed off from Piper album is not -correctly described as an “epidermis.” The important characteristics -distinguishing true from false cubebs is not given. - -Appendix “A” is a valuable contribution on the subject of insects -injurious to drugs. - -Appendix “B” is no less important, it being an account of the -contributions of organic chemistry to materia medica. - -Appendix “C” treats of “Pharmacal Microscopy” in such a fragmentary and -superficial way that it will scarcely be found of service to any one in -these days. - -H. H. RUSBY. - - -_Pharmacy._ - -_Einführung in die Maassanalyse._--M. Vogtherr. Für junge Pharmaceuten -zum Unterricht und zum Selbststudium. Unter Berücksichtigung des -Arzneibuches für das deutsche Reich und der Ergänzung desselben durch -die ständige Commission für die Bearbeitung dieses Arzneibuches. 2. -Aufl. Newied: Heuser’s Verlag. - -_Pharmaceutisk Haandboog for 1895._--E. P. F. Peterson. Kjobenhaven: F. -Host & Sons. - - -_Photo-Micrography._ - -See also Bacteriology. - -_Photo-Micrography._--H. van Heurick. Eng. Ed. Re-edited and augmented -by the author from the 4th French edition and translated by Wynne E. -Baxter. With Illus. London: Crosby, Lockwood & Son. - - -_Photography._ - -_Deutsches Photographen Kalender._--K. Schwier. Taschenbuch und -Almanach für 1895. 14. Jahr Weimar. - - -_Physics._ - -_Manual of Physico-Chemical Measurements._--W. Ostwald. Translated by -James Walker. London and New York: Macmillan. - -_A Laboratory Manual of Physics and Applied Electricity._--E. L. -Nichols. 2 vols. London and New York: Macmillan. - -_Anfangsgründe der Physik mit Einschluss der Chemie und Mathematischen -Geographie._--K. Koppe. 20. Aufl. Ausgabe B in 2 Lehrgängen. Für höhere -Lehranstalten nach den preuss. Lehrplänen von 1892. Bearbeitet von A. -Husmann. II. Th.: Hauptlehrgang. Essen: G. D. Baedeker. - -_Elementi di Fisica ad Uso delle Scuole secondarie._--F. Cintolesi. -Livorno. - -_Thermo Dynamics treated with Elementary Mathematics._--J. Parlseo. -London: S. Low & Co. - - - - -THE MOST RECENT WORK. - - -_A Seidlitz Powder._--A. Gunn made an examination of some powders and -found the blue powder to consist of magnesium sulphate and sodium -bicarbonate. The white powder consisted of tartaric acid. Evidently -there had been a mistake or else it was a bold attempt to cope with the -cutting system and its cheap prices. One wonders that the makers should -expect the unusual effect of trying to dissolve the contents of the -blue paper to pass unnoticed.--_Pharm. Jour. Trans._, 1894, 534. - -_Ointment of Mercuric Nitrate._--C. H. La Wall (_Amer. Jour. Pharm., -1894, 525_). The following fats have been suggested as a substitute -for the lard oil: Neatsfoot oil, lard, butter, peanut oil, almond oil, -caster oil, palm oil, bear’s oil, ox marrow, beef suet, stearic acid, -petrolatum, and almost all of the other fats from the animal and the -vegetable kingdoms, and even one from the mineral kingdom, appear to -have been experimented with in the vain hope of finding some fat or oil -which would make a good and durable ointment. - -Several writers have taken another course and have tried to preserve -the products obtained from former processes. One advises keeping the -ointment in a jar and covering it with a layer of glycerin to prevent -oxidation; others have tried the addition of camphor; still others have -given their attention to the mercurial portion of the ointment, and -suggest making the nitrate from the oxide of mercury instead of making -it from the metal. Some have even been skeptical as to the reliability -of any process, but those who have approximated the truth more nearly -are they who advise careful manipulation, especially as regards -temperature. - -The author employs the official ingredients and quantities and heats -the lard oil to 100° C., removes heat, and adds the nitric acid without -stirring and reapplies heat when effervescence ceases until all gas is -expelled. It is best to use a vessel of six times the capacity of the -quantity to be made to allow for the copious effervescence which takes -place. When the foregoing mixture has cooled to 40° C., the solution of -mercuric nitrate is added and the temperature is raised gradually to -60° C., and maintained until no further evolution of gas is noticed. If -it is then agitated until cold, as usual, the resulting product will -comply with the requirements of the Pharmacopœia. - -Ointment made by the U. S. P. method, which has become spongy, may -be remedied by elevating the temperature to 60° C. and cooling with -agitation. - -_Typical Bacilli._--_E. Klein_ [_Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci._, 1894, -1-9 (1 _pl_)] concludes from observations on the bacilli of anthrax -diphtheria, and tubercle, that these species are not such typical -bacilli as they are usually represented to be. For though under -many conditions their morphological characters are those of typical -bacilli, yet under others they revert to or assume forms indicating -their relationship to Saccharomyces or a still higher mycelia fungus. -In the case of anthrax, the typical bacilli may be represented by -oval and spherical bodies, some of which may contain vacuoles, and -under conditions (early stages of growth on plates composed of beef -bouillon, gelatin 10 per cent., pepton 1 per cent., salt 1 per cent.), -the colonies are composed of large spindle-shaped, spherical or -oval elements in which vacuolation is frequent. Similar appearances -are to be observed in colonies of the thrush fungus. From this it -is inferred that while _B. anthracis_ is a typical bacillus as a -pathogenic microbe, yet in its early stages of growth on gelatin -it may assume characters having much resemblance to _Saccharomyces -mycoderma_ or _Oidium_ and thus return temporarily to an atavistic -stage in its evolutionary history. With regard to _B. diphtheriæ_ -the author points out that the club-shaped expansions of one or both -ends are not to be regarded as due to involution, for both under -natural and artificial conditions where there is active growth these -expansions will be found, and have moreover a striking resemblance to -the ends of growing hyphæ. Their existence, therefore, is only to be -explained by their representing a relationship to a mycelial fungus. -In the case of the tubercle bacilli, preparations not unfrequently -show threads or filaments composed of unequal elements, some of them -being conspicuous for knob-shaped expansions, similar to those of -diphtheria. Such appearances occur not only in sputum but in artificial -cultivations e.g. glycerin agar after some weeks incubation at 37°. -All these preparations behave in the same way as _B. tuberculosis_ -when treated with appropriate staining reagents; and that they are not -involution forms is evident, as the unbranched nature of the filaments -and the existence of lateral bulgings prove that they are in an active -condition of growth. - -_Lysidin._--Ladenburg describes a compound obtained in the state of -hydrochloride by heating ethylene diamene hypochloride with sodium -acetate. The composition of the freebase is C₄H₈N₂ and is termed -_lysidin_. The aquems solutions dissolve uric acid and the application -of lysidin in the treatment of diseases arising from the secretion of -uric acid is being investigated. Grawitz describes it as a crystalline -body of a light red color, readily soluble in water and possesses a -peculiar taste. It is administered in doses from 15 to 80 grains daily, -dissolved in carbonic acid-water.--_Deutsche med. Wochenschr._, 1894, -786. - -_Gaseous Formaldehyde._--R. Cambier and A. Brochet prepare this -aldehyde for disinfection in two ways: 1. By the depolymerization of -trioxymethylene by heat, and, 2. Direct production by the incomplete -combustion of methylic alcohol. Formaldehyde possesses antiseptic -properties only when it is in the condition of a gas. On cooling, -ordinarily, it is spontaneously polymerized to an inert solid. If it is -allowed to cool, in the presence of much air this process does not take -place and hence the formaldehyde retains its bactericidal properties. -Experiments made at the bacteriological laboratory of Montsouris have -enabled the authors to sterilize the ordinary dust of rooms as well as -cultivations of various pathogenic micro-organisms.--_Compt. Rend._, -1894, _No._ 15. - - - - -NOTES HERE AND THERE. - - -_Soda Water._--In Byron’s “Don Juan” we find the following in Canto -II., 81, 186: - - Ring for your valet--bid him quickly bring - Some hock and soda water, then you’ll know - A pleasure worthy Xerxes, the great king; - For not the best sherbet sublimed with snow, - Nor the first sparkle of the desert spring, - Nor Burgundy, in all its sunset glow, - After long travel, _ennui_, love or slaughter, - Vie with that draught of hock and soda water. - -_The Essence of Rose Industry in Turkey._--The _Bulletin du Musée -Commercial_, in its issue for September 1st, states that the essence -of rose industry in Turkey, which was until quite recently one of -the principal resources of Eastern Roumelia and the principality of -Bulgaria, has within the last few years shown a decided decline, the -falling being the quantities and values of the exports during that -period:--1889, 2,767 kilos., valued at 1,542,544 francs; 1890, 3,163 -kilos., valued at 1,771,427 francs; 1891, 534 kilos., valued at 317,937 -francs; 1892, 439 kilos., valued at 267,379 francs. In 1893 the value -of the exports was only 143,185 francs. This decline is due largely to -the fact that in France, Germany, and in several other places in Turkey -besides Roumelia a development has taken place in the growing of roses, -so as to provide to some extent for the requirements of consumption in -these places.--_Brit. and Col. Drug._, 1894, 421. - - - - -Alumni Association. - - -Minutes of the Executive Board meeting held January 9, 1895. - -The meeting was called to order at about 8.30 P. M. by the President. -There were present Miss K. C. Mahegin and the Messrs. Graeser, Henning, -Ehrgott and Hoburg. - -On motion, the reading of the Minutes of the last Executive Board -meeting was dispensed with. - -Reports of Committees: - -The Letter-Box Committee reported progress, and that the “box” will be -up in a few days. - -Motion made and seconded that the Alumni Room Furnishing Committee be -discharged with the heartfelt thanks of the association, and that the -Secretary notify the chairman of said committee, Mr. Hohenthal, of this -action. Motion carried. - -The report of the Treasurer was very satisfactory, and was forthwith -adopted. - -The business manager of the JOURNAL reported it as being in a very -flourishing condition, which reassuring report was gladly adopted. - -After having duly notified the following gentlemen, they were to-night -dropped from membership in the Alumni Association, a motion, which -was seconded and carried having been made to that effect, and that -the Secretary request the return of their certificates of membership, -according to a clause in our Constitution to that effect. These -gentlemen are Messrs. George W. Snedeker, A. Zimmerman and A. T. -Halsted. - -The resignation of W. M. Rheineck was recently received, and since he -gave sufficient reason for so doing, his resignation was accepted with -regrets. - -The resignation of Mr. A. Henning as Business Manager of the JOURNAL -was also handed in this evening, and under the existing circumstances -it had to be accepted, with the sincerest regrets of the association. - -It was then regularly moved and seconded that the salary of the editor -of THE ALUMNI JOURNAL be increased on account of three extra issues of -the JOURNAL per annum. - -After a very interesting discussion of important business for an hour -or so, the meeting came to a pleasant termination. - -W. A. HOBURG, Jr., Sec’y. - - * * * * * - -The following list of names are of persons who have changed their -addresses and consequently the Treasurer of THE ALUMNI JOURNAL is -unable to supply them with the information that they are entitled to. -If these persons or any one knowing of their addresses will communicate -with Mr. A. Henning, this end will be attained: - -Adam Vogt, 787 8th avenue, city; A. Levy, 125 Grand street, city; G. -J. Wolston, Cortland, Cortland Co., N. Y.; H. W. Walp, 536 5th avenue, -city; Gustav Katz, Lenox avenue and 125th street, city; Alfred Miller, -537 9th avenue, city; Fred. T. Hartman, 703 3d avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.; -Thos. H. McDonald, Cairo, Ill.; A. J. Van der Bergh, 213 6th avenue, -city; C. E. W. Lewin, 106 2d avenue, city; Emil Th. F. Holthusen, 20 -Rutger street, city; Emil Buchler, 100 St. Marks Place, city; Frank K. -Burr, 821 7th avenue, city; A. W. Moschowitz, 1099 Broadway, city; L. -D. Huntoon, Port Oram, N. J.; Chas. E. Stammler, 172 Varick street, -city; Chas. H. Everest, 27 West 34th street, city; Edward Stone, 1501 -Broadway, city; Fred. Peiter, 301 3d avenue, city; Major C. Brown, -874 Broadway, city; Louis Hess, Scranton, Pa.; A. Zimmerman, 561 5th -avenue, city; Otto C. B. Groin, Denver, Col.; Jacobo Alvarado, Paso -del Norte, Mexico; G. S. Badger, 52 East 42d street, city; Frank A. M. -Schleiff, 242 East 27th street, city. - - * * * * * - - “We’ll learn the perfect skill, - The nature of each herb to know, - Which cures and which can kill.” - - - - -College Notes. - - -MARRIED.--Smith Ely Jelliffe, M. D., to Helena Dewey Leeming, both of -Brooklyn, by Rev. Dr. Kelsay, of Brooklyn, assisted by Rev. T. LaFleur, -of Montreal, Thursday, Dec. 20th, 1894. In the 6th Ave. Baptist Church, -Brooklyn, at 8 P. M. - - -’94 NOTES. - -Apropos of the New Year, it is seemingly proper that we should endeavor -to surpass our former records by carrying out such resolutions that we -may deem proper both for the welfare of ourselves and the gratification -of our associates. - -At the present time, I think one of the most important resolutions -should regard the memory of our Alma Mater. Therefore let me suggest -that the bonds of friendship that have hitherto existed, be not cast -asunder, but on the contrary, be more tightly strengthened. Let us in -the strife and turmoil of commercial life, pause, if but for a moment -and think of the pleasant days spent at college, the recollections of -which not even time can efface from our memories. - -To enable us carry out this resolution, our Alumni Association has -extended their characteristic hospitality by inviting us to their -monthly lectures, therefore why should we not show our appreciation -of their kindly feeling, by taking advantage of the opportunity, and -thus not only serving to further make these meetings enthusiastic and -successful ones, but also demonstrating to our fraternal friends that -sociability is not a lost art among us. - - * * * * * - -EX-SECY. INHOFF is at present in Colorado seeking the high altitude -of the Rocky Mts. as a substitute for the many panaceas, usually -recommended for obesity. Last reports were to the effect that the trip -was not taken in vain. - - * * * * * - -Despite the prevailing rain and cold winds, many of our “Gilded -Pharmacists” braved the elements in order to have Prof. Haubold give -them a few “pointers” on digestion. It is needless to say that they -were liberally rewarded, for, who would not enjoy the pleasure of an -“Iodine Sandwich with a test tube of genuine pancreatic juice on the -side,” handed him, particularly when the latter was the self-sacrifice -of a wandering specie of canine. - -Our class was represented by Messrs. Race, Burger, Ely, Hutchinson, -Struck, Pond, Krueder, Katz, Wurthiman and Stoezer, who did justice to -our familiar. Pento! Meta! Boraci! - - * * * * * - -EX-SEC’Y LINNIG has been advised by his physician to drink no more -water as its reaction on his cast iron constitution might result in an -incrustation commonly known as Rust. - -MOSE KATZ as bright and jovial as ever is still with Messrs. J. N. -Hegeman & Co., 3d Ave. and 31st St. He anticipates being present at -most if not all of the Alumni lectures this winter. - -FRED HILTZ left for Cleveland, Ohio, a few weeks ago. He anticipates -entering the Medical University of that city next year; subsequently he -will finish in the P. and S. College, this city under the guidance of -Harry W. Carter, Ph. D., A. M., of Brooklyn. - -JOHN P. WILCOX is located in Plainfield, N. J. - -One of our most successful graduates is AUG. W. BRATER, who together -with his brother is conducting a cosy pharmacy on Park Ave., cor. -76th St. Brater is as energetic as ever and devotes no little time in -making an exquisite window display, which is the admiration of the -neighborhood’s fair ones. - -ARTHUR BASTEDO is indeed quite a genius, for besides attending to his -duties with Caswell & Massy, he has found sufficient time to dissect -several times a week at the P. and S. College, which will be an -advantage to him when he commences the study of medicine. Arthur has -also joined the Alumni Association and is such an active member that he -may be found at all their meetings. - -Through the endeavors of J. REMINGTON WOOD (with a little bunch -of whiskers on his chin), we hope to have a reunion dinner before -commencement. His success on former committees of this kind gives us -every confidence of his ability to make such an occasion a success at -this time. - -THOS. E. DAVIES is hospital steward of the Eighth Battalion, N. G. S. -N. Y., and a quite popular one too. At their receptions and drills the -Red Cross of his uniform is always conspicuous. He spent two weeks in -State camp during the summer, of which his reminiscences are many as -well as interesting. Mr. Davies has just met with a severe loss in the -death of his Father. - -NELSON S. KIRK, PH. G., 9 E. 59th St. - - - - -Senior Class Notes. - - -D. M. WELLS on returning home one evening found his room in a somewhat -disjointed condition. The bed was taken apart, pillows tacked to the -wall, and books, clothes, ladies’ photos and old suspenders heaped up -in artistic fashion on the floor. He thought the place was struck by -lightning, but was informed that it was the work of a couple of friends -who had called to see him. - -The servant girl has a gun loaded. So beware, Cooley. - -Wells says home coming is not pleasant when you have to climb through -the transom to get into your room. - - * * * * * - -For the Johnson & Johnson excursion Brown is going to have his whiskers -trimmed, Manville is having his voice scoured; Joe is going to wear his -new white hat; Gifford is going to have his hair cut so as to disguise -himself; Morse and his extra eyes will be there too; Clarey says I am -going if my fair one does too. - -Thum is going to have his trousers pressed and his hair banged. - -Sherman is going to put glucose on his mustache to swap for cold sores. - -Cooley says, no, thanks, I have had the grip twice this year: no cold -sores in mine. - -Dalton is going to try and keep awake during the entire trip. - -The things which are troubling the students: - -First--Is New Brunswick a prohibition town? - -Second--Is there to be any acts between the drinks? - -Third--How many slices of ham between New Brunswick sandwiches? - -Messrs. Steihener, Scharnibon and Koerber have been appointed by -section one a committee to furnish sauer kraut for that section while -on the excursion. - - All the boys they will be there, - Vanderbeck will comb his hair, - Kneuper will flirt with the ladies sweet, - While Ferguson cries, when do we eat? - - Roberts will bring in his tambourine, - Watling will sing when he is not seen; - Bricks will be placed in easy reach - In case he is discovered making such a breach. - - Flick will make a mash I am sure, - While on that plaster hunting tour: - For who could resist such charming eyes, - When on them Flicky only tries. - - Boenke will give a song and dance, - McClellan will go quietly off in a trance, - The Heffley boys will spin some jokes, - Which are rivals in age of the mighty Oaks. - - * * * * * - -MR. H. E. COOLEY, who had a slight attack of the grip, is around again -to the rejoicing of his many friends. - - * * * * * - -The action of the class in requiring its candidates for Valedictorian -to enter a speaking contest to determine their fitness, meets with the -general approval of all its members. - - * * * * * - -MANVILLE admitted that he was Hazy. How about replacing that H with L. - - * * * * * - -AN INSTRUCTIVE TRIP. - -A very entertaining and instructive visit was made by a number of -students of the senior class, on Saturday, Jan. 12th, to the Mineral -Water Works of Dr. Carl H. Schultz. - -The trip was arranged by the Pharmaceutical Club, of 37th East 19th -St., represented by Mr. T. B. Dean, its corresponding secretary, which -seems to be especially active as regards our interest and welfare and -extends to us the fostering care of a parental guardian. It is due to -this club’s hospitality and magnanimity that our Glee Club has thrived -so wonderfully. - -Mr. Dean kindly introduced us to Mr. Louis Waefelaer, M. E., the -assistant chemist of the works (Dr. A. P. Hallock, Ph. D., the chief -chemist and Dr. Schultz being away at the time), and Mr. Paul Dimmer, -the foreman. These gentlemen, starting at the beginning of the works -where the croton water enters by five different mains, and followed the -course of the water through each step of the process, whereby the water -was filtered, then heated to destroy organic as well as to drive off -decomposing and volatile organic matter as well as other impurities and -the filtered water there distilled by the most practical and complete -apparatus conceivable; then the water was repeatedly subjected to -tests, for various impurities, in their admirably equipped chemical -laboratory, which is also supplied with a room specially devoted -to bacteriological work, and a dark room for spectrum analysis and -photographic investigation. Here also are prepared the solutions used -in making the various mineral waters and where the finished product -of the factory is brought before being sent out in order to be tested -and to make doubly certain that it agrees with the label bearing the -analysis of contents, which is placed on each siphon of water sent out. -Here also we quenched our thirst with the products of the stills of -this as well as with the products of the stills of other factories. - -The carbonic acid gas used in charging the waters also passes after -generation through a set of coolers, mashers and purifiers, to -completely remove all impurities, and is stored till required for -charging. - -The whole establishment, embracing nineteen different departments, -employs over 250 men and 100 horses; the fountain, bottle and siphon -filling department has a capacity of 50,000 siphons or 10,000 gallons -per day. The elaborate machinery of the works is mainly the invention -of the proprietor, his deceased son and staff; not the least important -among which is the invention of Mr. Paul Dimmer. - -Mr. Louis Waefelaer, the assistant chemist, is a young mechanical -engineer of high standing and has sole charge of the mechanical -department. Every department is scrupulously clean and neat, and the -employees think Mr. Schultz is one of the best and most liberal men to -work for, for he spares no expense in investigations and experiments -calculated to improve the accuracy and purity of the products of his -works, and the safeguards against accident to employees are both -numerous and well devised. Several other parties will be formed, from -the senior class, during the course of the term and will visit and be -shown the workings of this “model establishment.” - -CLASS REPORTERS. - - - - -Junior Notes. - - -IN MEMORIAM. - -B. C. MEANEY, entered into rest, Sunday, January 6, 1895, in the 22d -year of his age. This brief announcement reminds us of the loss and -sorrow to so many near relatives and friends, that after the few weeks -that have elapsed since their hearts were wrung with grief. We venture -to say something of him whose earthly sojourn is ended. - -Possessed of a genial happy temperament, a character so manly, -conservative and refined, that professors as well as students rendered -to him an involuntary tribute of respect. In the three months that the -junior class has been organized, few students have become better known -or more popular than Mr. Meaney. - -Just before the college closed for the Christmas vacation, he said to a -friend, “I think this will be the happiest Christmas I have ever had,” -and now who that knew him can doubt that this strange prophecy has been -fulfilled. - -J. Y. C. - - * * * * * - -CLASS MEETING. - -The meeting was called on Tuesday, January 8, 1895, by the death of our -classmate, Mr. B. C. Meaney. A motion was made that we send flowers to -his late home, which was amended so as to include the drawing up of -resolutions of condolence, and sending a copy of them to his parents. -Carried. - -The meeting then adjourned. - -F. H. FINLEY, Sec. - - * * * * * - -Before vacation it was rumored that our friend and professor, Dr. -Jelliffe, was about to become a benedict, and as the rumor has become -verified, we, the Class of ’96, send to him our hearty congratulations -and best wishes for a long and happy life. - - * * * * * - -There is one thing the Juniors should pay more attention to, that is -class meetings. If each one who could would come, the difference would -quickly be seen. Try it. - - * * * * * - -The Juniors in pharmacognosy commenced work with the compound -microscope at the beginning of the term. - - * * * * * - -On exhibition every Tuesday afternoon, from 4.30 to 5, in Quiz, T.’s -hand. - - * * * * * - -We are sorry to hear our friend and classmate, Mr. Quickburger, has -been hurt, and hope it is nothing serious. He was thrown from a cable -car against a post on Tuesday, and was picked up insensible. The car -was just making the turn, which it does in a rapid manner, and it is -supposed he had no hold. - - * * * * * - -A great many cases of mustaches have broken out among the Juniors. In -most cases, however, it is only a light attack, and not at all serious. - - * * * * * - -They say the back part of the Botany Quiz room was very warm the other -day; in fact, some of the boys were nearly roasted. - - * * * * * - -Did I hand in that joke I heard in Quiz the other day? If not, why not? -It would have helped to make the page interesting this month. Two weeks -no college. Reporter with one week. He will do the best he can, but -every little helps. - -Remember, this page is for the Class, not individuals, and every time -you help make the Junior page interesting you are doing the Class a -favor as well as the reporter. - -All communications for Junior notes should be addressed to - -J. Y. CANTWELL, 261 West 42d street. - - - - -MEDICINE AND PHARMACY. - -BY N. H. MARTIN, F. L. S., K. R. M. S., President of the British -Pharmaceutical Conference. - -(_Continued, from December issue_) - - -Doctor’s dispensing is stated by many to be one of the chief if not -the chief cause of the ills from which pharmacy is a sufferer, and -demands in more or less dignified terms are made that this iniquity -shall cease. I make no apology for the existence of this condition of -things. Theoretically it is undoubtedly better that dispensing shall -be done by the pharmacist, and prescribing by the medical man, but -when we pharmacists claim this as a right, and accuse medicine of -unjustly usurping our functions, it is well for us to remind ourselves -that medical men, although they may not now as frequently as of old -take the degree of L. S. A., are the direct and legitimate successors -of the old apothecary and that the dispensing of medicine was their -legitimate function. So much was this the case that there being a doubt -as to whether it was traversed by our own Act of 1868, the short Act -of 1869 was passed to preserve the right. Then again it is deep rooted -in the habits of the English people to expect the doctor to supply the -medicine he has prescribed, and any change can only come about by the -slow process of educating the patients and by the exhibition of good -will and feeling between medicine and pharmacy. Before it can happen -universally there is no doubt that pharmacy must have acquired such a -professional standing and education as will enable it to perform its -delicate and confidential function with the tact and reserve which is -the outcome of prolonged training. The mistake (a very common one) -which pharmacy is making, is that it wants the reward before it has -made the effort and suitably equipped itself for the service. I exhort -the pharmacist of the future to be unremitting in his efforts to raise -himself and his calling to a professional status, and then I predict -for him that in the natural course the dispensing of medicines will -come to him. - -Chemist’s prescribing is quite as loudly complained of by the doctors, -and when I read some of the letters and comments which appear in the -medical journals I am almost tempted to fear that for once medicine -is thinking more of its share of the pecuniary reward, than caring -for suffering humanity. There is, however, I am sorry to say, a -great deal too much prescribing by chemists, and some of it is of a -most reprehensible kind. I know a case where a chemist treated a man -suffering from rodent ulcer of the face for two years, all the time -buoying the man up with the hope that it was getting better, and that -he would cure it, until the face was so bad, and the ulcer had spread -to such an extent that when it came under the notice of the surgeon -nothing could be done for the patient. If that chemist had met the -man upon the highway, and robbed him, he would have been liable to -imprisonment, but having got the man into his shop he not only robbed -him of his money, but he rendered it impossible for the man ever -again to be restored to health. For the dishonor which such men bring -upon pharmacy, and for the irreparable injury which they inflict upon -suffering humanity I should like to give them several years of penal -servitude. But there are innumerable small accidents, and little -ailments to which humanity is liable, which quite legitimately come -within the province of pharmacy to treat, and the pharmacist, if he -is wise, is a much safer man to treat these than the clergy and the -laity, who are ever ready to prescribe for each other upon any and all -occasions. The best and wisest exponents of medicine admit this right -on the part of pharmacy, and welcome the service which is rendered -by it to sufferers. Pharmacy may make some mistakes, but I know it -frequently sends patients to medicine long before they or their friends -would think seriously enough of the case to do so. - -There should be no rivalries or jealousies between medicine and -pharmacy, and the better qualified each of these may be to exercise its -own share of the duties devolving upon both, the more will each of them -respect the rights and the work of the other. - -Before I conclude, one word on the principle upon which remuneration -should be based. This is a question of the utmost importance to the -English public, as well as to the pharmacists. John Ruskin says, “You -do not pay judges large salaries because the same amount of work could -not be purchased for a smaller sum, but that you may give them enough -to render them superior to the temptation of selling justice.” We -cannot err in applying this principle to pharmacy, and deciding that -the dispensing chemist must be paid at a rate of remuneration which -will enable him to get his living honestly and openly, and render him -superior to the temptation to increase his profit and his income by -tampering, in ever so small a degree, with the quality of the drugs he -uses, and with the health, and may be the lives, of dear ones, and of -men important to the community. His remuneration should also enable him -to devote sufficient time and care to every detail of his responsible -work, and eliminate a very real source of danger which is unavoidable -if the haste and the bustle of trade methods are adopted by pharmacy. - -The Conference has entered upon the fourth decade of its existence, -and, possibly, I should have made a better and wiser choice if I had -addressed you upon its past achievements, and its future prospects, -but the other matters upon which I have touched seemed to me of greater -importance. Let me say, however, briefly, that I think the record of -this Conference has been eminently an honorable one, and that it has -fulfilled, in a high degree, the functions for which it was called -into existence. The story is written in the Year Books, and another -phase of it is engraved in the hearts and memories of many of us who -have been members almost from the beginning, and who have attended a -large number of its meetings. It has added to our knowledge, enlarged -our experience, and broadened our intellectual grasp of pharmacy; -and last, but not least, it has been the means of bringing together, -introducing to each other, and cementing friendships between men who -practice a common avocation in districts as wide apart as Inverness and -Cornwall. In this latter function the excursion on the last day has -played no inconsiderable part. Amongst the critics of the Conference -there are some persons who affect to sneer at the excursion as if it -were sheer frivolity, and was at variance with the avowed scientific -objects of the Conference. I beg to differ, and to claim for the -excursion day a very high place in the work of the Conference. It -affords the opportunity, as no other arrangement could do so well, for -men to meet; and I am quite sure that my own experience is by no means -singular when I tell you that many, very many, of the best friends I -have in pharmacy were first known to me through the opportunity of one -of the Conference excursions; and further I could not exaggerate to -you the benefit which I have received from the numerous conversations -and informal discussions which always takes place on these days. But -it is with societies, as with individuals, they tend to decay, and -already, more than once we have the alarm: the Conference is on its -last legs! I do not believe it, as I feel sure it fulfils a purpose -in the realm of pharmacy which is too important for the Conference to -be left to decay, and if we neglect the trust which has been handed -down to us, our successors will revive it. I would ask every member of -the Conference to get, at least, one other member to join, and I do -not think he can use a stronger argument, than that, apart from the -opportunity of attending and taking part in this annual scientific -gathering of pharmacy, the Year Book, which he will receive, is worth -many times the subscription. The Year Book of Pharmacy should find a -place on the desk of every chemist and druggist in this land. In it he -will find abstracts of papers from a larger number of sources than he -can possibly consult for himself, and many of these papers may be of -great value to him. - -There is no occasion to disguise the fact that we do not get as many or -possibly as good papers sent to the Conference as we should like, but -when we consider the needs of a weekly press and the number of small -societies which absorb in the aggregate a large number of papers, our -experience need cause us neither surprise nor alarm. I should like, -however, to ask many of those who are doing original work and writing -papers in connection with pharmacy to consider whether there is any -place so suitable for them to be read as at these meetings. - -The authors may feel certain of a larger audience to listen to their -papers and a far more capable set of men to discuss them than can -be found at any other time or place. In provincial towns the papers -are read to a few local men, and the discussion is taken part in by -fewer still, and even at the monthly meetings at Bloomsbury Square the -discussions have a great tendency to fall into the hands of very few -men. However capable these men may be, they cannot possibly have the -wide and varied experience of the aggregate of the men who attend this -Conference. I would, therefore, venture to urge thoughtful pharmacists -to contribute papers to this Conference, and I should like them to come -in such numbers that we may be compelled to add another day or two to -our meeting. - -I mentioned just now the friends whom we have met at these Conference -meetings, and before I close I must briefly allude to those we have -lost. The first name that will occur to you, I am sure, is that of -our genial botanist, the late Professor Bentley, who was president -at Nottingham in 1866 and Dundee in 1867. Many of us knew him first -and best at Bloomsbury Square as our dear and honored teacher, but to -many others the Conference must have been the means of their meeting -him, and by all was he respected and beloved. He reached a good ripe -age, and of him it might be said--as of many other men who have lived -and been true to themselves and their calling--“He has done his work -well and earned his rest.” The next, an even greater loss to us as a -Conference, because of his younger age and the promise there was in -him of greater achievements for pharmacy, is our late treasurer, Mr. -R. H. Davies, I, with many others, made his acquaintance through this -Conference, and I feel, as I am sure many of you do, that I have lost a -personal friend with whom intimacy would have ripened year by year into -stronger bonds. - - - - -OFFICINAL OR OFFICIAL. - - -In the _Pharmacentische Rundschau_ for January, 1895, is found an -interesting discussion on the use of the words officinal and official -by Theodore Husemann, of Göttingen, and Charles Rice, of New York. It -would be interesting to our readers to give the views of both of these -well-known writers in full. At present, however, we reprint in full the -views of Dr. Rice: - -“In compliance with a request by the editor of this journal, the writer -presents a few facts, as well as his personal views, regarding the use -of the words “official” and “officinal” when applied to drugs and -medicinal preparations.” - -It should be stated at the outset that the writer accepts the ordinary -derivation of the two words, and the meanings assigned to them in -accordance with their origin. Nor does he deny that it has been -customary, up to within a few decades, to apply the English word -“officinal” quite generally in the sense of “pharmacopœial.” Yet, -within the memory of most readers of the _Rundschau_, voices arose -in favor of a change, the word “official” being proposed to replace -“officinal” in the special sense of “pharmacopœial.” It is evident that -some cause arose which produced the feeling that such a change was -necessary and the cause is not far to seek. In those countries in which -the exercise of pharmacy is under the control of the government, and -where the stock of a pharmacist, so far as it is used in physicians’ -prescriptions, contains comparatively few remedies besides those -directed by the Pharmacopœia, the two meanings of the word “officinal,” -viz: 1, the original one “pertaining to an ‘officina;’ pertaining to -or kept in a drug store,” and, 2, the more modern one, “pharmacopœial; -authoritative,” practically cover each other. This is particularly the -case in Germany, where the word “officinell,” and in France, where -“officinal” is in general use in the second sense mentioned above. It -is different in this country, where the pharmacist is compelled to -carry a large stock of non-pharmacopœial preparations, many of which -are prescribed by physicians. - -The two meanings of the word “officinal” have two widely differing -boundaries. They may be likened to two concentric circles. In the -first mentioned sense (“kept in a drug store”) the word occupies the -area of the larger circle; in the second sense (“pharmacopœial”) -usually that of the inner, smaller circle. In some parts of this -country the inner circle--to continue the simile--is much smaller in -proportion to the outer than in others. In some it may attain an area -of perhaps three-fourths or four-fifths of the larger; in others it -may even outgrow the former outer circle. Only in rare cases will the -peripheries of the two circles coincide. Since the two meanings long -ago ceased to cover each other, the necessity arose to use different -words to express the two different meanings, and it was therefore, -proposed to employ the closely related word “official” in the sense -of “pharmacopœial,” and to use the word “officinal” only in the -general sense “kept in a drug store,” which is, indeed, in accordance -with its original meaning and origin. Those who object to the use of -“official” in the sense of “pharmacopœial” say that _officialis_ means -“governmental; pertaining to an office or official, etc.” That it is, -therefore, correct to say, for instance: “The official preparations for -the reception of the President are completed,” but incorrect to say: -“He made all the official preparations in his own laboratory.” There -is, however, no danger of any misunderstanding in these two sentences, -indeed, much less danger than would be “officinal.” - -Professor Husemann, in his letter, brings within the space of -his discussion the terms “medicamenta magistralia,” and “formulæ -magistrates.” He shows, himself, that while the word _officinalis_[1] -was, in more recent times, applied to drugs and preparations of an -authoritative character or origin, it was formerly used in its broader -sense “what is at any time to be had in a drug store,” in which sense -it was the opposite of _magistralis_ (magistral, or magisterial), or -that which is not kept ready made, but has to be prepared or compounded -extemporaneously. It will be noticed that there is a much better -logical correspondence between the terms - - _Medicamenta magistralia_ = medicines whose composition is - fixed or prescribed by the _magister_ (a person), that is the - attending physician, and - - _Medicamenta officialia_ = medicines whose composition is - fixed or prescribed by an _official_ (a person), that is the - Committee of Revision as a body-- - -than there would be between the former and _medicamenta officinalia_, -which term refers to the _shop_ and not to the _person_ of authority. - -As to the word “unofficinal,” this means properly “not pertaining to, -not kept by or dealt in by a pharmacist.” If used in this strictly -literal sense, however, its scope or applicability will become more -and more contracted in the course of time, as it may eventually become -difficult to mention articles to which the word may justly apply. It -should be abandoned altogether. “Unofficial” much better expresses the -idea sought to be conveyed by it. A few examples will show the use and -meaning of the several words: Fleming’s tincture of Aconite is not -official (or “Unofficial;” not “unofficinal,”) but it is officinal. -Tinctura Opii Deodorati is official, and ought to be everywhere -officinal. - -Concerning the right of any person, or body of men, to coin a new word, -or to use one already in existence, for the purpose of expressing a new -idea, or removing an ambiguity, there can be no question, provided only -that the selected word be appropriate and in harmony with the genius -of the language. Of course, its acceptance by the public at large, -or by the profession, for the use or benefit of which it was coined -or selected, cannot be enforced. Yet, if it is found to answer its -purpose, and if its superiority over the term formerly used in place of -it is recognized, it will gradually and surely come into general use. - -The judgment of the writer is that the employment of the word -“official” in the sense of “pharmacopœial” is justifiable on linguistic -grounds, and that it is, moreover, fully justified by the condition -of pharmacy in this country, where a clear distinction between -“all sorts of medicines,” and “pharmacopœial medicines” has become -necessary. Of course, the Committee of Revision,” which hoped to -settle the controversy by an “official” vote, according to which the -word “official” was hereafter to be used in place of “officinal,” when -applied to pharmacopœial preparations or directions (see U. S. Pharm., -1890, p. xxxvi.), did not mean thereby to encroach upon the ordinary -meaning of the word, which appears, for instance, on the title page of -the Pharmacopœia in the sentence: “Official from January 1, 1890.” - - [1] Professor Husemann did not find this word in _Du Cange’s - Glossarium Mediæ et Infinæ Latinitatis_. It is, however, contained - in the latest edition (by Favre; Niort 1883-87), Vol. VI. p. 37. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Alumni Journal of the College of -Pharmacy of the City of New York, Vo, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALUMNI JOURNAL, COLLEGE PHARMACY, FEB 1895 *** - -***** This file should be named 52977-0.txt or 52977-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/9/7/52977/ - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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