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diff --git a/old/52977-h/52977-h.htm b/old/52977-h/52977-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 40abd06..0000000 --- a/old/52977-h/52977-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3953 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Alumni Journal of the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York, Vol. II. No. 2., by Various. - </title> - - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - -<style type="text/css"> - -a { - text-decoration: none; -} - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -h1,h2,h3 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tb { - width: 45%; - margin-left: 27.5%; - margin-right: 27.5%; -} - -hr.chap { - width: 65%; - margin-left: 17.5%; - margin-right: 17.5%; -} - -p { - margin-top: 0.5em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: 0.5em; - text-indent: 1em; -} - -table { - margin: 1em auto 1em auto; - max-width: 40em; -} - -td { - padding-left: 2.25em; - padding-right: 0.25em; - vertical-align: top; - text-indent: -2em; -} - -.blockquote { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -.border-double { - border-top: double; - border-bottom: double; -} - -.border-single { - border-top: thin solid black; - border-bottom: thin solid black; -} - -.center { - text-align: center; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.cover { - margin: auto; - max-width: 35em; -} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -.figleft { - float: left; - clear: left; - margin: 0 1em 1em 0; - padding: 0; - text-align: center; -} - -.footnotes { - border: dashed 1px; -} - -.footnote { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; - font-size: 0.9em; -} - -.footnote .label { - position: absolute; - right: 84%; - text-align: right; -} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: none; -} - -.move-up { - margin-top: -1.7em; -} - -.noindent { - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.larger { - font-size: 150%; -} - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - right: 4%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; -} - -.poetry-container { - text-align: center; - margin: 1em; -} - -.poetry { - display: inline-block; - text-align: left; -} - -.poetry .stanza { - margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; -} - -.poetry .verse { - text-indent: -3em; - padding-left: 3em; -} - -.right { - text-align: right; -} - -.smaller { - font-size: 80%; -} - -.smcap { - font-variant: small-caps; - font-style: normal; -} - -.smcapuc { - font-variant: small-caps; - font-style: normal; - text-transform: lowercase; -} - -.tdr { - text-align: right; -} - -.titlepage { - text-align: center; - margin-top: 3em; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -@media handheld { - -img { - max-width: 100%; - width: auto; - height: auto; -} - -.poetry { - display: block; - margin-left: 1.5em; -} - -.blockquote { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 5%; -} - -} - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Alumni Journal of the College of -Pharmacy of the City of New York, Vo, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Alumni Journal of the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York, Vol. II, No. 2, February, 1895 - -Author: Various - -Editor: Henry Kraemer - -Release Date: September 4, 2016 [EBook #52977] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALUMNI JOURNAL, COLLEGE PHARMACY, FEB 1895 *** - - - - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="Image of the front cover" /> -</div> - -<div class="cover"> - -<p class="center larger"><span class="smaller">THE</span><br /> -Alumni Journal</p> - -<p class="center">Entered at the New York Post Office as second -class matter.</p> - -<p class="noindent">VOL. II.</p> - -<p class="right move-up">No. 2.</p> - -<p class="center">February, 1895.</p> - -<h2 class="titlepage">Contents.</h2> - -<table summary="Contents"> - <tr> - <td><a href="#THE_RISE_AND_PROGRESS_OF_PHOTOGRAPHY">“THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF PHOTOGRAPHY,”</a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="smaller">By Prof. <span class="smcap">Arthur H. Elliott</span>, Ph.D., F.C.S.</td><td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#THE_ABILITY_OF_CONSTRUCTION">EDITORIAL—THE ABILITY OF CONSTRUCTION,</a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#NEW_LITERATURE">NEW LITERATURE,</a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#THE_MOST_RECENT_WORK">THE MOST RECENT WORK,</a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#NOTES_HERE_AND_THERE">NOTES HERE AND THERE,</a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Alumni_Association">ALUMNI ASSOCIATION,</a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#College_Notes">COLLEGE NOTES,</a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Senior_Class_Notes">SENIOR CLASS NOTES,</a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Junior_Notes">JUNIOR NOTES,</a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#MEDICINE_AND_PHARMACY">MEDICINE AND PHARMACY,</a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="smaller">By <span class="smcap">N. H. Martin</span>, F.L.S., F.R.M.S.</td><td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#OFFICINAL_OR_OFFICIAL">OFFICINAL OR OFFICIAL,</a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="titlepage">PUBLISHED BY<br /> -THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF THE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY<br /> -OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK</p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="cover"> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"> - -<p class="center larger">The<br /> -Connecting<br /> -Link</p> - -<img src="images/ape.jpg" width="300" height="350" alt="Cartoon of a chimp reading a paper entitled DARWIN THEORY" /> - -</div> - -<p class="noindent">between the crisis and the complete -recovery from an acute disease, -that period known as convalescence, -can often be considerably -shortened by a judicious attention -to the patient’s nutrition. -The battle has indeed been won, -but the soldier is left prostrate upon -the field.</p> - -<p class="center">Liquid Peptonoids</p> - -<p class="noindent">provides a valuable auxiliary for -his up building because it is a -liquid food-agent possessing a powerful -reconstructive action while -at the same time it is slightly stimulating -in its primary effects. It is -entirely pre-digested and in an absolutely -aseptic condition. In convalescence, -Doctor, give your patient -<span class="smcap">Liquid Peptonoids</span></p> - -<p class="center">“<i>That so he might recover what -was lost.</i>”</p> - -<p class="right">(Henry VI.)</p> - -<p class="center">THE ARLINGTON CHEMICAL CO.,<br /> -Yonkers, N. Y.</p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/h1.jpg" width="500" height="200" alt="Image of the words ‘The Alumni Journal’" /> -</div> - -<div class="cover"> - -<h1><span class="smaller">THE</span><br /> -Alumni Journal</h1> - -<p class="center">PUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION<br /> -OF THE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.</p> - -<div class="border-single"> - -<p class="noindent">Vol. II.</p> - -<p class="center move-up">New York, February, 1895.</p> - -<p class="right move-up">No. 2.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<h2 id="THE_RISE_AND_PROGRESS_OF_PHOTOGRAPHY">“THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF PHOTOGRAPHY.”</h2> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Prof. ARTHUR H. ELLIOTT, Ph.D., F.C.S.</span></p> - -<p>The topic of my lecture this evening -is one of my old hobbies, so that if -I am a little prolix sometimes you must -pardon me. It is something in which I -have been more or less interested for the -last twenty-five years, and, like most of -our hobbies, we sometimes drive them to -death, to the discomfort of other people.</p> - -<p>The fundamental ideas upon which -photography is based are very old—older -than the Christian era, certainly. -They depend upon two facts: First—that -light, in passing through a small -opening, produces an inverted image in -a dark chamber. Imagine, for instance, -that you are in a dark chamber, outside -of which is an object; that there is in -the chamber a small hole a sixteenth or -an eighth of an inch in diameter, and -that you have in this dark chamber a -piece of paper. Upon that paper you will -get a picture of the object opposite the -hole. That was known a long time ago. -The other fact is that certain salts of silver, -notably the chloride, iodide and bromide -of silver, are sensitive to light and -become blackened by light, was known -to the Egyptians. The action of light -upon colored bodies must have been -known to the very earliest observers -among men. The bronzing of the human -skin under the tropical sun must -have been noted by every one; and it is -on record, in the most ancient annals of -the human race, that men—the fair men -from the North—when they went to -the tropics, returned with tanned skins. -Ptolemy, over two thousand years ago, -noted that beeswax was bleached in sunlight, -and the old Greeks noted that the -gems which we call opal and amethyst -lost their colors when exposed to sunshine. -These are some of the first and -most rudimentary notions upon the actions -of light, and we have no definite -statements about making pictures without -light. The Chinese have a tradition—and -they have a great many curious -ones that are often founded on facts—that -the sun makes pictures upon the ice -of lakes and rivers.</p> - -<p>A Frenchman, named Fontamen, wrote -an imaginary voyage to a strange country, -and among other things he said that -objects were reflected upon the water -and when the water was frozen the -images were retained. So this idea of -certain surfaces being capable of receiving<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> -impressions by means of light was -very ancient. There was another Frenchman, -named Devique Delaroche, who -made a still more curious statement. In -1760 he wrote a book in which his hero -is wrecked upon a strange coast, and the -spirits of that place showed him how to -make pictures, as he called it, “painted -by nature.” It is not quite sure what he -means, but his words are something like -these: “You know,” says his guide, -“that rays of light are reflected from -different bodies and form pictures. The -spirits have sought to fix these pictures, -and have a subtle matter by which these -pictures are formed in the twinkling of -an eye. They coat canvas with this peculiar -matter, and hold it before the -object.” The manner of holding it is -not stated. “The canvas is then removed -to a dark place and in an hour -the impression is dry and you have a -picture, the more precious in that no art -can imitate its truthfulness.” These -words were written one hundred and -fifty years ago. This, as far as we -know, was purely imagination; yet the -idea—the germ of photography—was -there. We shall presently see that this -flight of fancy on the part of Delaroche -was very near the truth, and foretold -what has since become possible, and only -a very short time after he said it.</p> - -<p>As time went on and observations of -men became more definite, we obtain -records of facts that were noted with -regard to the action of light upon certain -chemical compounds. You know those -old alchemists had queer ideas, one in -regard to their elixir of life, and another -that they could turn the baser metals into -gold. They discovered a material in -the silver mines of the Hartz Mountains -which they called “luna cornea.” The -word luna was at that time applied to -silver. Luna cornea was horn silver—what -we know to-day as silver chloride. -They noted that when this was first -brought from the mine it was white and -that after it had been exposed to the air -and the sunlight it turned black, and -they also noticed that it was only the -surface that turned black—that if they -scraped the surface off it was white underneath. -They also found that if they -kept it in the mine it did not get black. -This observation was made about 1550 -by Frobrishes, one of the early workers -in chemistry; but you must remember -that they were not studying the action of -light upon this substance. Their sole -object was the turning of the baser metals -into gold, and therefore they did not pay -much attention to this idea, although -this fact was placed on record.</p> - -<p>Some time after this we learn that a -German named Schultze made copies of -drawings with a mixture of chalk and -silver nitrate spread on a level surface. -The time of this is doubtful, but it was -probably about the year 1700. He passed -the light, as he says, through translucent -paper (made translucent with oil or wax), -and objects placed upon the paper left a -white impression on the mixture of chalk -and silver nitrate—or, as he called it, -“lunar caustic.” This was in about -1700, as I said. About fifty years after -this time (and indeed it was a little more, -it was seventy years, in 1777) Scheele, -the Swedish apothecary’s assistant, took -up the examination of this horn silver. -It seemed to him well worthy of study; -and as the result of his work he obtained -the first germs that led to the art of photography. -But before Scheele could have -prosecuted his researches, and before -photography could make any important -advances, there were two other discoveries -in science—and in optics particularly—that -had to be made. The first of these -was the decomposition of white light, by -Sir Isaac Newton, by which he obtained -the prismatic colors; that is to say, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> -colors that we know as violet, indigo, -blue, green, and so on down to the red. -That was the first step. The next step -was the discovery by Baptiste Porter, an -Italian, in Naples, which preceded the -discovery of Newton (it was about 1590), -that a small opening in a dark chamber -produced an inverted image on the wall -of the chamber. So that between 1590 -and 1666 Baptiste Porter and Sir Isaac -Newton paved the way for the researches -of Scheele upon the action of light upon -this simple substance, as they called it, -“luna cornea” or chloride of silver. Now -Scheele, therefore, at his time, 1777, knew -of the discovery of the prismatic colors, -or the decomposition of white light by -Sir Isaac Newton, and he made the experiment -of submitting this horn silver or -silver chloride to the action of light after -the light had been passed through a prism -and he found the light as we know it to -consist of violet, indigo, blue, green, -yellow, orange and red. Placing the -silver chloride in this band of colors, he -discovered the important fact that in the -red rays the silver chloride received no -change—that there was no change made -in it. But, as he got along toward the -other end of the spectrum, and got into -the green and the blue and the indigo -and the violet, he found that the color of -the silver chloride changed much more -rapidly, and he found that the most -active in its effect upon the silver chloride -were the blue and violet rays. In addition -to this fact he found that the light -discolored the silver chloride. Scheele -still further proved that the silver chloride -was decomposed by the light, and that -chlorine gas, or, as he called it, dephlogisticated -marine acid gas, was produced. -He became acquainted with this -previously from his experiments on the -mineral braunstein with muriatic acid. -So that when he perceived the odor of -the chlorine from the decomposition of -the silver chloride, he recognized the gas -at once, and he says: “When this silver -chloride turns black it gives out -chlorine,” and that was a very important -fact. At the red end of the spectrum -he found there was little or no effect upon -the silver chloride. This was the -principle of the camera obscura, and the -principle of the camera obscura is the -principle of the photographic camera -to-day. Practically the photographic -camera consists of a dark box, with a -hole at one end and at this end there is -a place to receive an image. Instead of -having a lens there in the front of the -camera, as was formerly the practice, it -is perfectly possible to get the picture -with a small opening, say an eighth or -sixteenth of an inch in diameter, and, -furthermore, that is the most perfect -picture you can get in a camera—a -picture without a lens. Now, that is a -strange statement, and perhaps in these -days it may appear a little wild; but -(exhibiting a photo about 5 × 7) there is -a picture made with an opening not larger -than a pinhole, and it is a good deal better -than many of the pictures taken by -the amateurs to-day. This opening being -so small necessitates a good deal of -time in the action of the light upon the -sensitive silver salts behind, and that is -the object of placing the lens there. By -placing the lens here, instead of having -a small opening, you make a larger opening -which collects the light in the same -manner, brings it to the focus and then -the rays diverge again and you get the -picture. Now, the rays as they pass -through the opening without a lens, begin -to diverge as soon as they are in the -camera, but with a lens there they are -brought together first and then cross and -then you get the picture. That is the -first step, then, in photography, the production -of images by the camera obscura—and -that is all the photographic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> -camera consists of—a modification of it. -Now, when the facts ascertained by -Scheele, <i>i.e.</i>, the action of light upon -silver chloride—turning it black and -producing gas (and by the way Scheele -never found out what this gas was and -to-day it is a matter of controversy and -a problem among chemists)—with the -facts ascertained by Scheele, in regard to -the action of light Thomas Wedgewood -and Vueder made pictures, in 1802. -These pictures were very peculiar. -They spread upon paper and upon -glass plates that had some gummy -material upon them silver chloride—as a -precipitate, and then they set their subjects -up, so as to get a profile shadow -with a strong light upon the surface. -Now, where the light passed, of course -they got a black mark upon the silver -chloride, but the silhouette of the face -was in white. Now, that was very -remarkable, because they got some very -remarkable pictures of which drawings -were made. They were white silhouettes -on a black background, but remember -that the pictures that were thus made, -the white silhouettes (if I may use the -term) were made by the action of some -light. If you wanted to copy them you -had to copy them out of the light; otherwise -the whole mass would get black, -and that was the difficulty. In other -words, the white impression could only -be examined by candle or some other -weak light, and they ultimately became -shrouded in darkness and were lost—so -we have now none of those pictures.</p> - -<p>While they were experimenting in -England, a man named Niepse, a -Frenchman, was at work upon the same -subject—the action of light upon various -materials, but in a somewhat different -direction. In 1813, or probably before -that time, he discovered that certain -kinds of bitumen were soluble in oil of -lavender, and that when you exposed -these pieces of bitumen to some light the -oil of lavender would not dissolve them -any more. He conceived the idea (how, -is not on record), but he thought that if -he could coat plates with this bitumen and -then expose them to light in a camera he -could get a picture upon this bitumen, -and where the light had acted the -bitumen would be insoluble in oil of -lavender. Where the light had not acted -that he could dissolve it out. He proceeded -to do this, and succeeded in getting -pictures upon metal plates. He then, -afterwards, etched the plates and thus -got a perfect drawing or picture. So he -used it simply as a means to produce a -picture by etching. Now, understand, -using the camera, he obtained an impression -upon metal plates coated with bitumen. -After exposing the plates in the -camera he washed them in oil of lavender -and then an etching fluid, and cut the -impression into the matter and then they -were printed. Some of these pictures are -still in existence, they say. I have never -seen any of them. After a time the plates -were cleaned, and by the help of an etcher’s -tools or an engraver’s tools they were -cut still deeper and made very good engraving -plates; so that his object was -not simply to etch them but to produce -plates for engraving.</p> - -<p>While this was going on Herschel made -an important discovery in 1819, and that -was that chloride and bromide and iodide -of silver were not soluble when blackened -by light. He found that after you had -exposed these materials to the light—this -silver iodide, bromide or chloride—and -had washed all these with hypophosphite -of sodium, they would not dissolve. -That was important. That made it possible -to preserve the silhouette pictures -devised or discovered by Wedgewood and -Vueder. Therefore, after exposing the -plates in the camera, as did Niepse, the -Frenchman, he washed them in a solution<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> -of hypophosphite of sodium. That -took off the chloride of silver that was -not acted upon by the light and he preserved -the pictures. Some of the first -pictures that he made were rather curious. -I have not one of his original -pictures; I wish I had, but I have a -picture made in the same manner. He -took a piece of paper and saturated it -with salt (he said that he used Bristol -drying paper, which was a peculiar -paper, made at that time in England). -This was soaked in chloride of -sodium or common salt, and then it was -dipped and had flowed over it nitrate of -silver. Therefore he had in the pores of -the paper chloride of silver in very intimate -contact with the paper. Then he -took such objects as ferns and pieces of -paper, cut it in various shapes, and laid -it on the paper. That produced such -an effect as where the objects had laid -they had the white impression. If you -took this out in the sunlight it would all -get black. But he made this important -discovery and thus preserved the picture. -This was the first photograph made. We -do that to-day, and produce other pictures -with various other compounds, but -I will speak of that later.</p> - -<p>In the year 1824 we hear of another -Frenchman (now, remember this was a -long while ago, in 1819, and we had no -photographs yet, although you might call -that a photograph (exhibiting the fern -picture) yet it is not). In the year 1824 -we hear of another Frenchman who was -a scene-painter at a theatre in Paris, and -he had been using the camera obscura to -obtain pictures from nature from which -to paint his scenery. That is to say he -had a tent built something like that -(drawing figure on blackboard) with a -lens something like that that was part of -a right angled prism, and this light coming -from the view, the image was formed -in here and spread out upon a table from -which he could make a drawing. He -used that and was much annoyed at the -time it took to get those pictures. He -was very impatient, like a great many -other Frenchmen. He conceived the -idea of “fixing these pictures” as he -called them. He did not want to have -the trouble of drawing them. He said: -“If I could only find some way of getting -that fixed on the surface without the -trouble of drawing it it would be a great -convenience.” This Frenchman was -Louis Daguerre, really the father of -photography. Now he worked independently -for some time, when he met -Niepse, the Niepse that had been working -on bitumen and oil of lavender, and -they formed a kind of partnership in 1829. -Now, remember, 1819 was the time that -Sir John Herschel had discovered hypophosphite -of sodium and its action on these -silver compounds. They formed a partnership -in order to work out “scene -pictures” as they called them. In the -year 1833 Niepse died—got tired of the -work pretty much, I suppose—and Daguerre -continued the work. What his -early experiments were we have very -doubtful records of. Daguerre did not -seem to keep very good records. In the -year 1839, little more than fifty years ago, -he communicated to the French government -a method for making pictures in the -camera upon metallic plates. In other -words he divulged the secret of the -first photographic picture we have—the -daguerreotype. This was such a great -success and such a wonderful discovery -that the French government -pensioned Daguerre for his life time, and -by an agreement with them the process -became public property on August 10th, -1839. Now I have the good fortune to -have here to-night the daguerreotype apparatus. -This is practically all the paraphernalia -of the daguerreotype. First of -all was the camera (and you must pardon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> -the condition of it as it is almost forty -years old). I know of no other complete -set in the United States, so this is rather -a relic, and it requires a good deal of care -in handling it for it almost falls to pieces -(showing the apparatus). Here is where -the lens was put and in here is where the -plate holder was put. They first had to -fix the lenses in the ordinary way with -ground glass. Then they had a plate-holder -something like ours, that they put -the metallic plate in. Now having fixed -it, the next thing to do was to present to -the sitter this metallic plate, and I have -here one of just such plates. Now, into this -plate-holder are fitted “kits” as we call -them to hold different sized plates. Unfortunately -part of this apparatus is lost; <i>i.e.</i>, -to say all these little details of kits, but -they could all be made out of little pieces -of wood. Now, the daguerreotype is this: -They take a silver-copper plate (a piece -of copper plated with silver. When they -first did this, they used to solder upon -copper plates a piece of silver, then put -it in a press and roll it out. After that -time, in latter years when the galvanic -battery had been discovered and was in -common use, they electroplated it). Now, -this particular plate was put into a holder -that was held like that. Now the small -boy was given one of the buffers or he -was put at a wheel that had upon it a -backing of felt and on the front of it was -chamois leather (it is now long gone on -this one—been rubbed off). This plate -was then rubbed with a great deal of -dexterity and you had to be very careful -that you did not scratch it. That was the -most important thing about them. It -spoilt the picture if you scratched them. -They had to be perfectly smooth. As I -said, this was sometimes done by holding -the plate on a wheel, but the ordinary -way was by using one of these buffers. -The silver plate was taken out by undoing -this screw at the corner. Now, -the first thing to do with it, then, is to -make it sensitive. It is merely a silver -surface now. It was made sensitive by -placing it in one of these boxes (showing -it) called coating boxes. Now that plate -was put into that box (showing the same -box), and see there is the lime in the box -and it is now probably forty years old, -having never been disturbed. In that -lime was placed bromine, and it was then -covered with a glass cover that fits over -this glass trough or dish—it is rather -deep. This was then placed with a little -pressure—in order to keep the box tight -and not let the bromine fumes get all -over the studio—and they put the plate -in here and pulled this over, so, leaving -it there a certain number of minutes, and -by action of the bromine vapor it becomes -coated with bromide of silver. Then they -either put some iodine into this same box -or they had an iodine box. After the -plate was in there a few minutes, they -took it out and put it in there and gave -it a dose of bromine. It was found, and -by whom I am not sure, that the addition -of a little iodine or a small proportion of -iodide of silver with iodine of silver gave -better effects. So it was then taken out -and it was sensitive to light. Now, -Daguerre discovered all that. This was -then put in the plate holder and exposed -in the camera and he got a picture. And -it bothered him a great deal, for it faded. -If he put that hypophosphite of sodium on -it that our friend Herschel discovered, it -cleaned the whole picture off. There -was not enough of it. So he watched -and watched and was weary with making -these pictures and having them -fade, until he went one day to a closet -where he had a lot of these pictures -stored, and he was delighted to see that -the picture of a certain monument (I -think it was) that he had made he -thought on that plate some time before, -and it was a good picture and a permanent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> -picture. How it came about puzzled -him a great deal. In looking around the -closet where these pictures were exposed—where -these plates were stored—he -found that for some reason or other the -bottle of mercury had been broken, and -he tried almost every imaginable material -in the closet, and at last it struck -him it might be mercury. Well, he put -some mercury on the plate and he ruined -it. “Well, no,” he says, “it is not mercury -but mercury in a very fine state. I -wonder if it is the <i>Vapor of Mercury</i>?” -He tried it and found that it was. That -led to the development of the daguerreotype. -Then all he did with a plate was -to put it into a vessel with a few drops of -mercury, and underneath a little spirit -lamp. Then he would put the plate in -and watch the heat (some now have a -thermometer) and he would just pick it up -every once in a while to see how it is -developing. That process gave to him -the first picture, the daguerreotype, and -those are to-day the handsomest pictures -ever made by photography. I have two -or three of them which are partly spoiled, -but to-day they far surpass anything we -have ever since done in the science of -photography. After the mercury process, -it was very easy to wash the plate -off. The object of the development was -this: that where the light had acted there -the mercury seemed to take hold and -bring out the picture. Where the light -had not acted you could dissolve the silver -surface off with cyanide of potassium, -which was generally used. But, if you will -look at this old-fashioned daguerreotype, -you will see that you had to look at them -in a certain light; otherwise, you could -see nothing.</p> - -<p>Sometime afterwards a man named -Fitsherbert, a Frenchman, conceived the -idea of changing this peculiar picture in -silver plate into a gold picture. In other -words, he put into the plate a little chloride -of gold and produced a daguerreotype -which can be seen pretty clearly by -looking squarely at it.</p> - -<p>The beginning of the daguerreotype -flourished only a short time. While Daguerre -and others were working at the -daguerreotype, Fox Talbot, a rich Englishman, -took up the subject from another -point of view. He conceived the -idea of making a negative. Of course, -every picture you took by Daguerre’s -method you had to make a sitting for it. -Such are the pictures up in the School of -Mines of William Lloyd Garrison and -Daniel Webster. They had to sit right -down in front of the box, and copies -could not be had. That was the trouble -with the daguerreotype. You had one -picture for every sitting. To make the -difference between the positive and negative -more clear, I have brought here to -show you to-night (producing them) -some positives and negatives printed on -the same piece of paper. When the -picture comes out of the camera and the -plate is developing (exhibiting it) that -is what it looks like—where the light -struck all the light parts of the picture -are black, and where the light did not -strike all the black parts of the picture -are white. If I take the same surface, -containing the bromide of silver, iodide -of silver or chloride of silver, and place -it underneath that and expose it to the -sunlight, where the light strikes through -it will produce black, just as in the -original object, and when I get through -I get the positive. So there is a negative -and there is a positive from the -same picture. Now, that was Fox Talbot’s -idea. He says “If I can do that, -I can make pictures <i>ad libitum</i>.” With -this object in view he coated paper with -silver chloride. He exposed it then in the -camera, fixed it in a solution of salt—common -salt or iodide of potassium—and -when he got through the picture was a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> -permanent one, because the iodide of -potassium dissolved out the white parts -that were not affected by the light. -From this negative he obtained other -prints.</p> - -<p>Now, various modifications of Fox -Talbot’s process, were brought out, and -a man named LaGray, I think (or at -least it was just about the time he lived) -conceived the idea of making these pictures -more transparent by waxing them. -That was the first good negative we had. -It was a modification of Fox Talbot’s -idea, only he waxed the paper. Then -about the same time it was found that a -mixture of chloride of iron and cyanide -of potassium, when mixed together were -acted upon by light. Herschel discovered -this, and that was the way we obtained -the blue print, which is far older than the -photograph. Sir John Herschel found -that a mixture of chloride of iron and -cyanide of potassium, when exposed to -sunlight made Prussian blue. So that if -you take paper and coat it with this mixture -and then expose it under a negative -you get a blue picture.</p> - -<p>The trouble with these paper pictures -was that you could not eliminate the -grain of the paper, and if you will examine -these close enough you will see -that they are blurred. This one printed -from that particular negative is blurred—very -much blurred. These sensitive -silver compounds are so sensitive that -the grain of the paper produces an impression. -Now, in 1848, Niepse, a -nephew of the first Niepse, thought it -would be a good idea to use glass plates -coated with albumen. He took chloride -or iodide of silver, mixed it with white -of egg, spread it on plates, heated the -plates, which, of course, coagulated -the albumen, and that fixed his film -upon the glass plates. That was -quite a step. Now, we had gotten -rid of the paper. By the way, I made a -little mistake there about the way he got -the picture. He got the picture by putting -salt in the albumen and then coagulating -it, and then he dipped the plate -into a solution of silver nitrate and in -that way got the precipitate in the film -itself. This was important but troublesome -and not always successful.</p> - -<p>Now, a few years before another discovery -was made. Remember that this -was in 1848 that Niepse worked with the -albumen process. In 1840, Schurben, a -Swiss chemist, discovered gum cotton. -This gum cotton is a nitrated compound -of cotton, made by the action of concentrated -sulphuric and nitric acids upon -cotton. Sometime afterwards Maynard, -a Yankee, in Boston, discovered that this -gum cotton was soluble in alcohol, and -ether, and then he found that by evaporating -the substance he got the thin film of -collodion. Scott Archer, an Englishman, -conceived the idea of using this film as a -vehicle for these particularly sensitive silver -salts for photographing. His method -was pretty much that which is followed -to-day and that is still in use to quite a -large extent.</p> - -<p>In this process we have this series of -operations: First, the plate must be perfectly -clean. That is essential. Any -little spot upon it will form a nucleus -which will spread over the surface of the -plate. The plate is then coated with albumen -and allowed to dry without heating. -It is then flowed with this collodion, -and in the collodion is put the chloride, -iodide or bromide of silver, which -you need. It is generally the chloride, -iodide or bromide of silver. This -collodion is afterwards dipped into a silver -bath, and then we get the sensitized -silver surface, very thin and perfectly -transparent. It is then ready to go into -the camera. It is put into the camera -soaking wet with nitrate of silver. It is -exposed and then developed with a solution<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> -of sulphate of iron with some acetic -acid. After it is developed, the developer -is washed off, fixed with hypophosphite of -sodium, dried, varnished and we get the -negative.</p> - -<p>Now, the curious part about this wet -plate process is that it is slow. The -compounds are not very sensitive compared -with the modern compounds. In -the second place it is essential to use it -wet. If you took the plate out of the -silver bath where you sensitized it and -washed off the nitrate of silver adhering -to it and put the plate in the camera you -would not get a picture. The silver -nitrate is essential to the production of -the picture. It acts in this way: Where -the light has acted upon the sensitive -silver compounds and you proceed to -develop the picture, when you mix the -sulphate of iron and pour the developer -upon the plate, as the iron comes in contact -with the nitrate of silver, with -which the plate is wet, it produces -metallic silver, which adheres to those -parts of the picture which have been -acted upon by the light. That seems to -be the philosophy, because if you wash -the nitrate off you cannot develop a picture -upon such a plate.</p> - -<p>Now, this process of photography -revolutionized the daguerreotype, revolutionized -photography and the daguerreotype -became obsolete. I think it displaced -the daguerreotype in three years. -This process was such an advantage—collodion -was such a nice substance to -work with—that it revolutionized the -photography of those days, and the daguerreotype -fell out of existence.</p> - -<p>Now, when you take into consideration -the time that people had to sit for -their pictures—five or six minutes—you -can conceive how hard it was to keep still. -They had such queer contrivances to -keep the head straight, they screwed -you up in various positions, and -this was particularly exasperating where -they had to take pictures requiring a -good deal of time. Dr. Draper, who -took some of these daguerreotypes, and -who I believe was the first photographer -of these pictures, desired to take a photo -of his estimable lady. His studio was -in the old University Building in Washington -Square. I believe Mrs. Draper -had to sit twenty minutes for that picture. -In order to produce the best effect -he had a tank made in the top of the -laboratory so as to produce a blue light. -Mrs. Draper was very patient while he -was at work with this, and unfortunately, -Dr. Colton tells me, the result -was two pictures on the same plate. I -should think it would. That was the -first effort ever made to take the human -face with the daguerreotype. Of course, -with all that paraphernalia, with that -slowness of action, anything that worked -within a minute was considered wonderful, -and that was practically what happened -when Scott Archer discovered collodion.</p> - -<p>This wet plate process continued from -1851 to 1871, about twenty years. I -have the pleasure of showing you an -amateur outfit for this process, used in -1860 to take to the Rocky Mountains -(exhibiting it). That is an amateur outfit -carried over the Rocky Mountains in -1860 to take pictures. Here is the old -tank that carried the water. Here are -some of the bottles of chemicals, and the -way it was managed was this: This was -hooked up, on the end of these sticks. -This was the black cloth used as the developing -room by the operator. Here is -a little window with yellow glass to develop -the pictures. The plates and bromide -of silver was carried in these two -boxes. That was carried on top of the -mule and the boxes on the sides of the -mule, so that he had a pretty good -mule.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span></p> - -<p>Now, to-day we do the same work -with that apparatus (exhibiting apparently -a Kodak), and a great deal better -work it is.</p> - -<p>In 1871 a more important revolution -took place even than the wet plate process -or the daguerreotype. Many efforts -had been made to overcome the use of the -wet plate—the plate wet with nitrate of -silver, and some of the efforts were very -successful but usually troublesome. The -plate was kept moist in a variety of ways: -by honey, by tea, by infusion of tea, by -beer, by coffee, and a multitude of all the -funniest concoctions you could think of, -but the process was destined to fail.</p> - -<p>In about 1870 it was conceived that -you could make an emulsion of these -peculiar compounds of silver—these sensitive -silver compounds—that you could -make an emulsion that you could pour -upon the plate and produce a picture just -when you pleased, and it was found that -by mixing the chloride that produces the -sensitive material in one portion of your -collodion and putting nitrate of silver -into another portion of the collodion, in -certain proportions, you could produce a -collodial emulsion. They had to be -mixed in just exactly the right proportions, -so as not to have an excess of nitrate -of silver or an excess of bromide.</p> - -<p>But that process failed and only lasted -a few years; although I have here one of -the plate holders used by such a process.</p> - -<p>This was between the time of the wet -plate process and the modern dry plate, -when they used collodial bromide emulsion. -It was a kind of a compromise between -the wet plate and the dry plate. -In 1871, Dr. R. L. Maddox, of Bath, England, -had the idea that he would use -gelatine, instead of albumen or collodion, -as a vehicle to hold these silver salts -upon the glass surface, and he found, -among other things, something that surprised -him—that when he put the silver -salts in to contact with this gelatine they -became wonderfully more sensitive than -ever before.</p> - -<p>The idea is this: That you make a -gelatine mixture of a certain strength—the -proportions required a certain amount -of soft gelatine and a certain amount of -hard gelatine. Into that gelatine you -pour, with constant stirring; you pour -a mixture at the same time—some particular -bromide, generally bromide of -potassium and nitrate of silver—in a -very thin stream and keep it thoroughly -stirred up. If you go too fast, you will -not get the right result; but the result -is, when you get through and do it right, -you get a beautiful milky fluid, and that -fluid contains bromide of silver in a wonderful -state of suspension—very thin—and -it remains suspended in this fluid. -Now let that set—this cream or “emulsion,” -as they call it—and you have as a -result iodide of silver and iodide of potassium. -You let the emulsion set and it produces -a jelly, that jelly is then cut up into -shreds, rubbed through a sieve or something -of that kind to make it thoroughly -divided, and washed thoroughly with -water. Having done that it can be -melted, and if you melt it and heat it to -a certain temperature, there does not -seem to be any limit to the sensitiveness -of the material. If you use it cold it -requires a second or two to produce a -picture. If you cook it, however, you -will find that it will become more and -more sensitive to light, until it is actually -possible to take a picture of a projectile -traveling four hundred metres per -second. I have such a picture. The -only trouble is that some of the plates -made are so sensitive to light that we -cannot get a light non-active enough to -develop them. Having these bromide -plates then in the camera—this sensitive -material coated on these glass plates in -the camera—you have got to be very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> -careful that the light does not get to -them. The consequence is that the -plate holders are made with extreme -care.</p> - -<p>The result of this gelatine-bromide of -silver process is this: that we can have -plates in packages. We can put these -emulsion plates and carry them off where -we please, and, what is still more important, -we can put the emulsion upon very -thin material, and I have here (exhibiting -them) thin sheets of celluloid upon -which this emulsion has been spread and -pictures taken. That is not all, either; -they can make it still thinner (producing -small camera) they can put it on a roll -and in this camera is one of those rolls, -and in that box I can take a hundred -pictures without reloading the instrument. -The way it is done, I, when I -want to produce a new surface, simply -wind the old one off with this winding -machine. There is an opening at the -front of the camera. Press just below -this, so, and you have the picture. Now -just wind the film off and you are -ready for the next picture. Now -pull it again, and this is so easy that some -manufacturers say: “You simply push -the button and we do the rest for you.” -That is nonsense, they don’t do the -“rest” for you. A friend of mine took -one of these to Europe, and with it a -dozen rolls of film, all of which he used. -When he returned he sent them to the -manufacturers and I think he got about -twelve pictures back. Not every time -you press the button is a good picture -produced. You have to know a little bit -about the science and use a little judgment.</p> - -<p>Such is the state of photography to-day -that this material can be spread -upon any kind of transparent surface. In -the case of plate, they are put in holders -like this, generally only two on each -side, and slipped into this frame in a -dark room, in which no light can be -used except one emitted through a deep -red chimney. (The professor here exhibited -such a chimney.) Then, the material -that is used for developing these -pictures is somewhat different from the -old method. We use organic compounds, -alkaline solutions, and organic matters -capable of taking up oxygen. These -organic materials, in conjunction with -some alkali, are capable of taking up -oxygen. They produce a disoxygenizing -action. After dipping, that gives you -the negative.</p> - -<p>The prints are made in a variety of -ways. The facility with which these -apparati can be used has led to an enormous -variety. You can have an apparatus -something like that, or something -like this, which is smaller.</p> - -<p>In the United States there are to-day -probably about ten thousand professional -photographers and thirty or forty -thousand amateurs, who usually do -nothing but spoil plates. To give you -an idea of some of the work done, not -altogether by professionals, I have picked -out from the number of pictures I have a -few samples of the work. Here is a picture -of a cattle ranch in Colorado. I -have one a little larger of a horse race, -but this is about as large as they can -be made. That will give you an idea of -the instantaneous effect. The distance -between the foot and the top of the -mountains is about twelve miles, so that -you can get an idea of the capacity of -the camera, of the sensitiveness of these -compounds. Here is a Mexican picture -which shows the great beauties of the -Mexican flora—the cacti. Here is a -study “King Lear” made by Buffler, -the photographer. That is about as -large as you can get. It is a pretty large -plate to handle. Then there is another -study “The Five O’clock Tea” some -ladies at tea, by the same man as “King<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> -Lear.” Here is another study, “A Game -of Sixty six.” Those are all silver -prints, made with chloride of silver, -using glass negatives and producing the -positives by having the chloride of silver -in albumen. The best vehicle to-day for -making positive prints is albumen with -chloride of silver.</p> - -<p>It is found that if you take a mixture -of gelatine and bichromate of potassium, -and put into the mixture some pigment -and expose it under a negative where the -light acts, the gelatine is made insoluble -and holds the pigment, and where the -light does not act the gelatine is still -soluble and can be washed away. Here -is such a picture and it is very interesting—“In -Camp.” The shadows in that -picture are on the white paper underneath.</p> - -<p>Here are a couple of pictures of silver, -two Bavarian pictures. This one, of a -little girl, is by Einlander of Cologne, -instantaneously taken without a head-rest, -which is a very difficult piece of -work. This is the same idea, instantaneously -taken. Here are two pictures -very interesting, which were in the exhibition -at Chicago. They are pictures -in platinum, showing that we are not -confined to simply silver salts. We have -here in this last picture one of the chlorides -of platinum, the platine chloride. -It cannot be spoiled in any way. The -picture is good as long as the paper is -good.</p> - -<p>Here is an example of a yacht picture. -It is the English yacht Iris. It is a fine -picture. The yacht is travelling very fast.</p> - -<p>Here is a picture on the East River, -made by Dr. Habershaw, showing the -work of amateurs in this line.</p> - -<p>I could tell you a good deal more -about this subject, but there is only one -other thing I would now like to mention. -Some of you, I suppose, have heard a -great deal about taking photographs in -colors. We are very near it. They -have produced in France, Germany and -England pictures of the spectrum in the -silver salts: that is to say, with the colors -of the spectrum. They are very -weak and have to be looked at in a certain -light. They are the result of interference -of the thin films. We are doing -something more important. We are learning -to make the whole spectrum. For example, -we can to-day get just as good an -impression upon silver salts with a red -light as Scheele did with a violet light -in 1774. That leads to what is called -ortho-chromatic photography, that is -photography that will give us every -color in the spectrum. It has been -found possible to make pictures in certain -colors. A long time ago, the spectrum -was separated into three colors, red, yellow -and blue of certain kinds.</p> - -<p>Now, if you take a picture in a red -light of a certain character, and another -of the same subject in a yellow light of a -certain character, and another in a blue -light of a certain character, you have -three negatives. You can make three -negatives, one of the red light, one of -the yellow light and one of the blue light. -Now, by taking pigments and printing in -a press like a lithographic press, you can -make a red positive from the red negative, -and a blue positive from the blue -negative and a yellow positive from the -yellow negative, and in that way you may -get three impressions, which is the result -in the same colors. You must not stop -there, however. There is a certain amount -of shadow, and the result of it is that they -have to what they call “over-lay,” taking -the three colors separately and superimposing -them in printing. Remember, the -red parts of the picture are taken with -the red light. That is, suppose you put -a red piece of glass in front of your -camera, then only the red parts of the -picture pass through to the sensitive -plate. Then repeat the operation with -the blue glass and the yellow glass, and -the result will be as above.</p> - -<p>Now I hope I have not bored you by -any profuse details. I did not intend to. -I only tried to interest you in one of the -most important inventions of the Nineteenth -Century. The steam engine, the -telegraph, the telephone and the photograph -are four of the grand inventions -which the century has produced, and I -think every intelligent person should -learn something about them. I am afraid -that I have had too little time to do the -subject justice. You can understand -how much more there is behind this -superficial view. I only have to thank -you for your very kind attention.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/h1.jpg" width="500" height="200" alt="Image of the words ‘The Alumni Journal’" /> -</div> - -<div class="cover"> - -<p class="center larger"><span class="smaller">The</span><br /> -Alumni Journal</p> - -<p class="center">Published under the auspices of the</p> - -<p class="center larger">Alumni Association of the College of Pharmacy</p> - -<p class="center">OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK,</p> - -<p class="right">115-119 WEST 68th STREET.</p> - -<div class="border-double"> - -<p class="noindent">Vol. II.</p> - -<p class="center move-up">February 1, 1895.</p> - -<p class="right move-up">No. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Alumni Journal</span> will be published Monthly.</p> - -<div class="border-single"> - -<p class="center">Entered at New York Post Office as second-class matter</p> - -</div> - -<p class="center">SUBSCRIPTION:</p> - -<table summary="Prices"> - <tr> - <td>Per Annum,</td><td class="tdr">One Dollar</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Single Copies,</td><td class="tdr">15 Cents.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="border-single"> - -<p>All copy for publication, or changes of advertisements -should reach us on or before the 20th of the month previous -to the issue in which they are to appear.</p> - -</div> - -<p>All matters relating to publication should be written -on one side of the paper only, and sent to the editor,</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Henry Kraemer</span>, 115-119 West 68th Street.</p> - -<p>All communications relating to finances and subscriptions -should be addressed to</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">A. Henning</span>, Treas., 115-119 West 68th Street.</p> - -<p>All communications relating to advertising should be -addressed to</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">A. K. Lusk</span>, 1 Park Row.</p> - -<div class="border-double"> - -<p class="center smaller">EDITOR,</p> - -<p class="center">HENRY KRAEMER, <span class="smcap">Ph. G.</span></p> - -<p class="center smaller">ASSISTANT EDITORS,</p> - -<p class="center">FRED. HOHENTHAL, <span class="smcap">Ph. G.</span></p> - -<p class="center">K. C. MAHEGIN, <span class="smcap">Ph. G.</span></p> - -<p class="center smaller">ASSOCIATE EDITORS,</p> - -<p class="center">CHARLES RICE, <span class="smcap">Ph. D.</span></p> - -<p class="center">CHARLES F. CHANDLER, <span class="smcap">Ph. D.</span>, M. D., L.L.D., etc.</p> - -<p class="center">ARTHUR H. ELLIOTT, <span class="smcap">Ph. D.</span>, F. C. S.</p> - -<p class="center">HENRY H. RUSBY, M. D.</p> - -<p class="center">VIRGIL COBLENTZ, A. M., <span class="smcap">Ph. G.</span>, <span class="smcap">Ph. D.</span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<h2 id="THE_ABILITY_OF_CONSTRUCTION">THE ABILITY OF CONSTRUCTION.</h2> - -<p>At this stage of the world’s history -men of ability and even of genius in a -certain sense are not rare. The result is -that in all of our institutions of learning -the requirements become more stringent -and by the time graduation arrives we -see the survival of only the very best -men. We find the same classes of men -throughout life that we find in college—we -find men of energy and slothfulness, -men devoted to pleasures and by nature -politicians, men of ability of construction -and men of power in criticism. While at -College the training to-day is chiefly analytical -and the result is that men are -prone to examine everything closely and -some even learn to take delight in tearing -things to pieces. There are some men -who are utterly ruined so far as their inward -happiness and that of those about -them is concerned by their critical tendencies. -They do this to the detriment -of their own energies and abilities of -construction and hence never or but seldom -build anything, but employ their -days in tearing down what others have -built. The critic is necessary and essential -in every department of labor where -human thought is allowed entrance. -Criticisms that are honest always help -the builder and are a gain to posterity.</p> - -<p>It is questionable if it is desirable for -the conscientious young man to encourage -in his life a too critical tendency. It -is not necessary to look at the bright side -of the affairs of life, or even to look upon -men charitably, so to speak. It is sufficient -for every young man especially to -look upon events of life as they are. It -is decidedly important for the man of -aspiration to look upon life with its duties -when he has had sufficient rest and food -and exercise. Wrongs may be righted -and errors corrected in but two ways: -the thoughtful way and the thoughtless -way. The thoughtful way is always -attendant of health and with a broad -minded and large hearted individual. -It is not our desire, however, to dwell too -long upon the subject in the abstract as -we are anxious to reprint the closing -words of Senator Henry Cabot Lodge’s -Phi Beta Kappa oration delivered last -June at Harvard College. He said in -closing:</p> - -<p>“How then is a university to reach the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> -results we ought to have from its teachings -in this country and this period? -Some persons may reply that it can be -obtained by making the university training -more practical. Much has been said -on the point first and last, but the theory, -which is vague at best, seems to me to -have no bearing here. It is not a practical -education which we seek in this -regard, but a liberal education. Our -search now and here is not for an education -which shall enable a man to earn -his living with the least possible delay; -but for a training which shall develop -character and mind along certain lines.</p> - -<p>“To all her students alike it is Harvard’s -duty to give that which will send -them out from her gates able to understand -and to sympathize with the life of -the time. This cannot be done by rules -or systems or text-books. It can come -from the subtile, impalpable, and yet -powerful influences which the spirit and -atmosphere of the great university can -exert upon those within its care. It is -not easy to define or classify these influences -although we all know their general -effect. Nevertheless, it is, I think, -possible to get at something sufficiently -definite to indicate what is lacking and -where the peril lies. It all turns on the -spirit which inspires the entire collegiate -body, on the mental attitude of the university -as a whole. This brings us at -once to the danger which I think confronts -all our large universities to-day, -and which I am sure confronts that university -which I know and love best. We -are given over too much to the critical -spirit and we are educating men to become -critics of other men instead of doers -of deeds themselves.</p> - -<p>“This is all wrong. Criticism is healthful, -necessary, and desirable, but it is always -abundant and infinitely less important -than performance. There is not -the slightest risk that the supply of critics -will run out, for there are always enough -middle-aged failures to keep the ranks -full if every other resource should fail. -Faith and hope, and belief, enthusiasm, -and courage are the qualities to be trained -and developed in young men by a -liberal education. <i>Youth is the time for -action, not criticism.</i> A liberal education -should encourage the spirit of action, not -deaden it. We want the men whom we -send out from our universities to count in -the battle of life and in the history of -their time, and to count more and not less -because of their liberal education. They -will not count at all, be well assured, if -they come out trained only to look coldly -and critically on all that is being done in -the world and on all who are doing it. We -cannot afford to have that type, and it is -the true product of that critical spirit -which says to its scholars: “See how -badly the world is governed; see how -covered with dust and sweat the men who -are trying to do the world’s business, and -how many mistakes they make; let us sit -here in the shade with Amaryllis and add -up the errors of these bruised grimy fellows -and point out what they ought to -do, while we make no mistakes ourselves -by sticking to the safe rule of attempting -nothing.” This is a very comfortable -attitude, but it is one of all others which -a university should discourage instead of -inculcating. Moreover, with such an attitude -of mind towards the world of -thought and action is always allied a -cultivated indifference than which there -is nothing more enervating.</p> - -<p>“The time in which we live is full of -questions of the deepest moment. There -has been during the century just ending -the greatest material development ever -seen. The condition of the average man -has been raised higher than before, and -wealth has been piled up beyond the -wildest fancy of romance. We have built -up a vast social and industrial system,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> -and have carried civilization to the highest -point it has ever touched. That system -and that civilization are on trial. -Grave doubts and perils beset them. -Everywhere to-day there is an ominous -spirit of unrest. Everywhere is a feeling -that all is not well, when health abounds, -and none the less dire poverty ranges by -its side, when the land is not fully populated -and yet the number of unemployed -reaches to the millions. I believe we can -deal with these doubts and rents successfully, -if we will but set ourselves to the -great task as we have to the trials and -dangers of the past. But the solution -will tax to the utmost all the wisdom and -courage and learning that the country can -provide. What are our universities, with -their liberal education to play in the history -that is now making and is still to be -written? They are the crown and glory -of our civilization, but they can readily -be set aside if they fall out of sympathy -with the vast movements about them. I -do not say whether they should seek to -resist or to sustain or to guide and control -these movements. But if they would -not dry up and wither they must at least -understand them.</p> - -<p>“A great university must be in touch -with the world about it, with its hopes, -its passions, its troubles, and its strivings. -If it is not it must be content.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse">‘For aye to be in the shady cloister mewed,</div> -<div class="verse">Chanting faint hymns to the cold, fruitless moon.’</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>“The university which pretends to give -a liberal education must understand the -movements about it, see whether the -great forces are tending, and justify its -existence by breeding men who by its -teachings are more able to render the -service which humanity is ever seeking.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Professor Fried. Aug. Flückiger died on Dec. -11, 1894, at Berne. He was the foremost pharmacognosist -and scientific pharmacist of his -time. An extended account of his life and -works will appear in a later issue of <span class="smcap">The Alumni -Journal</span>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="NEW_LITERATURE">NEW LITERATURE.</h2> - -<p>Readers desiring any of the works contained in this -list can obtain them through B. Westerman & Co., 812 -Broadway, Gustav E. Stechert, 810 Broadway, or other -foreign booksellers.</p> - -<h3><i>Bacteriology.</i></h3> - -<p><i>Mikrophotographischer Atlas der Bakterienkunde.</i>—C. -Fraenkel u. R. Pfeiffer. 2 Aufl. -11, u. 12. Lfg. Berlin: August Hirschwald.</p> - -<p><i>Mikrophotographischer Atlas der Bakterienkunde.</i>—Itzgerott -u. Niemann, Leipzig: J. A. -Barth.</p> - -<h3><i>Botany.</i></h3> - -<p><i>Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Bestandtheile von -Cnicus benedictus</i> mit hauptsächliche Berücksichtigung -des darin enthaltenen bitter schmeckenden -Korpers.—Karl Schwander. Inaug.—Diss. -Univ. Erlangen.</p> - -<p>An examination of the constituents and particularly -the better principle of Cnicus benedictus.</p> - -<p><i>Beitrag zur Kenntniss des Bitterstoffes von -Citrullus colocynthis.</i>—Rud. Speidel. Inaug.—Dissert. -Univ. Erlangen.</p> - -<p><i>Weitere Beiträge zur Cheimischen Kenntniss -einiger Bestandtheile aus Secale cornutum.</i>—Hans -Zeeh. Inaug.—Diss. Univ. Erlangen.</p> - -<p><i>Uebersicht der Leistungen auf dem Gebiete -der Botanik in Russland während des Jahres, -1892.</i>—Zusammengestellt von A. Famintzin u. -S. Korshinsky unter Mitwirkung von Anderer. -Aus dem Russ. ubers. von F. Th. Köppen. Leipzig: -Voss. A review of the history and events -in botanical works in Russia during 1892.</p> - -<p><i>Atlas der officinellen Pflanzen.</i>—A. Meyer u. -K. Schumann. 1892-1894. Leipzig: A. Felix. -Darstellung und Beschreibung der in Arzneibuche -für das Deutsche Reich erwähnten Gewächse. -Zweite verbesserte Auflage von “Darstellung -und Beschreibung sämmtlicher in der -Pharmacopœia Borussica aufgefuhrten officinellen -Gewächse von O. C. Berg u. C. F. Schmidt.”</p> - -<h3><i>Chemistry.</i></h3> - -<p><i>A Text-Book of Organic Chemistry.</i>—A. -Bernthsen. Translated by G. M’Gowan. 2d -Eng. Ed. Revised and Extended by the Author -and Translator, London: Blackie.</p> - -<p><i>Chemie médicale.</i>—Corps minéreaux. Corps -organiques. L. Garnier. Paris: Rueff et ciè.</p> - -<p><i>Nozioni di Fisicia. Chimica e Mineràlogia -ad Uso delle Scuole techniche e delle Preparatorie -alle Normal.</i>—M. Borzone. Torino.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>Grundzüge der mathematischen Chemie.</i>—Georg -Helm. Leipzig: Wm. Engelmann. The -author discusses the transformation of energy by -reason of chemical action.</p> - -<p><i>Kurzes Repetitorium der Chemie.</i>—1. Theil -Anorganische Chemie. 2. Aufl. Ernst Bryk. -Wien: M. Breitenstein.</p> - -<p><i>Grundzüge der Chemie und Mineralogie für -den Unterricht an Mittelschulen.</i>—M. Zaengerle. -3. Aufl. Munchen: J. Lindauer.</p> - -<h3><i>Hygiene.</i></h3> - -<p><i>Text Book of Hygiene.</i>—G. H. Rohe. Philadelphia: -F. A. Davis Co.</p> - -<p>A comprehensive treatise on the principles -and practice of preventive medicine from an -American standpoint.</p> - -<h3><i>Materia Medica.</i></h3> - -<p><i>Organic Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy.</i> -Illustrated. By Prof. L. E. Sayre: P. Blakiston -& Co., Philadelphia.</p> - -<p>In these days of degenerate rivalry among -educational institutions, and particularly among -the different classes of technical schools, when -their officers are wont to prefer the very poorest -of text-books, written by one of their own number, -for the best of them should it emanate from -a rival institution, we have become accustomed -to looking upon publications of this sort as serving -merely, like an electoral vote, to count one -among the general collection. It can scarcely -be expected that text-books written from such -standpoints and with such motives can have -much permanent value, and the future educational -historian will doubtless look with amazement -upon the trash of this character -which has been brought to light during the -present era. In the midst of this wearisome -train of events it is refreshing to have presented -to us a new text-book, whose publication constitutes, -as to its main part, a real event in the -history of pharmaceutical education.</p> - -<p>Prof. Sayre’s work on Pharmacognosy has -a real reason for existence in its scope, arrangement -and execution. It is new and original, -and will stand by itself as a prominent American -text-book. If it possesses glaring and in -some respects fatal defects, it at the same time -presents the merit of ingenuity in construction as -well as in the selection of subject matter, and it -cannot fail to become a much-used reference -book, not only by the pharmaceutical profession -for whom it is intended but by physicians -as well. It is perhaps unfortunate that so many -individuals, and nearly all of them students, -should have been given a free hand in the working -out of the various departments, and that -their products have not been in all cases perfectly -harmonized by the master. It is also unfortunate -that so many statements should have -been taken, without investigation, from other -authors. A brief scrutiny of the pages will suffice -to reveal this composite origin, even if one -does not read the acknowledgments of the -author in his preface. Doubtless Prof. Sayre, -while he has not greatly interfered with the individuality -of presentation of these different -subjects, has taken pains to verify the accuracy -of the facts and conclusions recorded. Should -such prove upon closer investigation to be the -case, the defect referred to must doubtless be -considered as one of style merely.</p> - -<p>The appearance of an American work on -Pharmacognosy is of so much importance that -it is not inappropriate that it be analyzed with -some degree of fulness. The book consists of -two parts with three appendices. Part 1 is on -“Pharmacal Botany,” while part 2 is upon “Organic -Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy.” -It is impossible to review this work fairly in the -interest of the public as well as of the author -without recording the opinion that the eighty-two -pages comprising Part 1 should never have -been published, if we regard either the reputation -of the author or the welfare of students of -pharmacy.</p> - -<p>Our American text-books on Pharmaceutical -Botany, (not “Pharmacal Botany,” as the author -unhappily calls it, which would mean the -Botany of the Pharmacy, or of the place in -which pharmaceutics are practiced,) bears no -evidence that any author has yet comprehended -the needs of pharmaceutical students in this -direction, or has adjusted his instruction so as -to accomplish the object for which it was devised. -The idea invariably indicated by the -writings, even if not intended by the writers, is -that as the application of botanical knowledge -to the practice of the pharmacy is limited, its -teachings may therefore be superficial, indefinite -and vague. The true idea it seems to us is, -that it should be curtailed and limited only as -to the portions of the field covered; but these -requisite portions should be taught with a fulness -of illustration, a clearness of presentation -and a simplicity of style, all the more marked -because the student is deprived of the enlightening -effect contributed in other cases by those -portions which are here necessarily omitted.</p> - -<p>As a synopsis, or summary of knowledge, intended -to guide the teacher instructed in the -subject, these eighty-two pages will answer fairly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> -well; but to enable a student who is proceeding -<i>de novo</i> to gain a knowledge of structural botany -for the purposes of pharmacognosy, we can -see nothing but failure. Herein we criticise the -book, not specifically the author. Publishers’ -books are not always authors’ books. It is -doubtful if any publisher can be found willing -to publish as a business enterprise, a perfect -text-book of Botany for pharmaceutical students.</p> - -<p>When such appears, it will be as a labor of -love, by one whose regard for the subject is -such as to lead him to donate his time and labor, -and whose means enable him to bear the burden -of a financially unsuccessful enterprise.</p> - -<p>The part of the work under criticism is a -mere series of definitions, illustrated in a highly -unsuccessful manner, and frequently losing -sight of the requirement that a definition must -include the whole of the thing defined and -nothing else. It is very naive to say: “All organic -matter containing a green coloring matter -called chlorophyl, belongs to the vegetable -kingdom,” without directly stating that no -other class does, which statement would leave -out the fungi, a part of the definition of which -is that they contain no such matter. To define -Morphology as treating—“Of the organs of -plants and their relations to each other,” is not -to define it at all, as that would include the -whole of Organography, and does not even exclude -Physiology, except by virtue of the -author’s preceding clause. Systematic botany, -defined as “That division which treats of -the arrangement and classification of plants,” -does not suggest the vital characteristics of -that subject. It would be more philosophical -to refer to the distinctive characteristics of -Phanerogams as the manner in which the embryo -is produced within a true seed, than to intimate -that the embryo is entirely foreign to -cryptogamic reproduction. These definitions, -taken from less than two pages of matter, indicate -to our mind a lack of the expenditure of -time requisite to bring forth a set of new definitions -more perfectly in accord with the fullest -knowledge of to-day than any list which has -yet appeared; and yet when the instruction -given in a new text-book is chiefly limited to -definitions, that is the very least that should -have been attempted.</p> - -<p>Some of the morphological definitions are -actually at variance with accurate descriptive -usage, as that of primary and secondary roots, -duration, etc. To call a stem an “axis” and a -root an “axis” of a different kind, is to perpetuate -a term at the expense of all regard for that -accuracy which is the most important element -of scientific language. Such subjects as venation -are of prime importance to the pharmacist, -and so far from restricting the teachings to several -of the more important terms presented in -ordinary text-books on botany, the classification -should be elaborated in its fullest details. -Compare the definition of classes, as “Plants -resembling one another in some grand leading -feature,” and of orders or families, as “Plants -that very closely resemble each other in some -leading particular,” with the clear presentation -of ranks in class characteristics, given by -Agassiz a generation ago, and which should, if -anything, have been improved upon in the -light of modern knowledge and perfected -usage.</p> - -<p>The subject of nomenclature, the recent agitation -of which has done more to expose and -shatter erroneous practices in scientific thought -and custom than any other influence, and -whose correct apprehension is the very corner-stone -of pharmacopœial definition, we do not -see anywhere treated.</p> - -<p>It is a pleasure to turn from a contemplation -so depressing to the spirits of one who has labored -hopefully for years to secure a just and -rational treatment of his favorite study at the -hands of Pharmaceutical educators, to Part II. -of Prof. Sayre’s book, a work so bright and -practical, so replete with new and helpful ideas -in the teaching of practical Pharmacognosy, -and so full of information, both standard and -exceptional, though unhappily marred by many -errors, as to secure for it at once a prominent -place upon the shelves of the “Handy Book -Case.”</p> - -<p>The principle is here adhered to of making a -single volume do duty as a text-book of Pharmacognosy -and of “Materia Medica,” as the -latter term is commonly used. We have never -looked upon this method as being practicable, -but Prof. Sayre resorts to a most ingenious device -never before resorted to, by which it must -be admitted that better results have been obtained -than have previously been reached. -What might be called a “Pharmacognostical -Key,” or a synopsis of Pharmacognosy, is presented -separately in advance of the main body -of Part II. Here the drugs are numbered to -correspond with the consecutive numbering -prominently displayed under the second arrangement, -that by natural orders, the proper -method for retaining and displaying the natural -relationships of active constituents and medicinal -properties. The “Pharmacognostical Key”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> -appears to us a failure in its practical workings, -owing to indefinite characterization, by reference -to taste only of the headings. If a drug -is both bitter and aromatic, we have to look for -it both in Class I. and Class III. A bifurcating -key is here required, or better, we might take -a combination of characters for each heading. -On the whole, this key, while elaborate and -very full, and subject to great improvement by -a few trifling changes, we must regard as inferior -to that of Maisch’s text-book. Prof. -Sayre very sensibly omits all attempt to classify -volatile oils, except by indicating their -sources.</p> - -<p>The arrangement of the matter of the second -part is, first, a brief description of the ordinal -characters, followed by a list of the drugs belonging -to that order, those official in heavy-faced -capitals; then the drugs are taken up -separately, the official names and synonyms in -the important languages presented, the definition, -botanical characteristics, sources, related, -and similar articles, description of drugs, with -the more important characters printed in heavier -type, accompanied generally by a picture of -the plant and of the drug, gross and structural, -important constituents, actions and uses, and a -synopsis of the official preparations. The doses -of the drugs are given, but not of the preparations, -though the strengths of the latter are -stated. An unfortunate feature, as in Part I., -is the illustrations. They are not at all uniform -in effect. While the method followed has -given exceptionally good results in some cases, -yet in many others they are very unsatisfactory, -and this is more particularly true from a -scientific than from an artistic point of view.</p> - -<p>Valuable a contribution as is Part II., there -is an evident unfamiliarity with, or disregard -of, the commercial aspects of drugs. For instance, -the important distinctions between -Cassia vera and C. lignea, and the subject of -Batavian Cassia, a correct understanding of -which is a great aid in the economy of the drug -store, are entirely omitted. The distinctions -between Coto and Paracoto are not clear, and -in the facts concerning commercial occurrence -are reversed. Mace is not, as described, a -“membrane,” neither does it “invest the -kernel.” Moreover, nothing is said about -Wild Mace, now so extensively used as an adulterant -that it is possible that it constitutes the -larger part of commercial Mace. “Reddish -brown” boldo leaves are old and worthless. -The description of Piper longum is -only partly true, according to the variety under -consideration, and the individual parts are not -“berries.” The part rubbed off from Piper -album is not correctly described as an “epidermis.” -The important characteristics distinguishing -true from false cubebs is not given.</p> - -<p>Appendix “A” is a valuable contribution on -the subject of insects injurious to drugs.</p> - -<p>Appendix “B” is no less important, it being -an account of the contributions of organic -chemistry to materia medica.</p> - -<p>Appendix “C” treats of “Pharmacal Microscopy” -in such a fragmentary and superficial -way that it will scarcely be found of service to -any one in these days.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">H. H. Rusby.</span></p> - -<h3><i>Pharmacy.</i></h3> - -<p><i>Einführung in die Maassanalyse.</i>—M. Vogtherr. -Für junge Pharmaceuten zum Unterricht -und zum Selbststudium. Unter Berücksichtigung -des Arzneibuches für das deutsche Reich -und der Ergänzung desselben durch die ständige -Commission für die Bearbeitung dieses -Arzneibuches. 2. Aufl. Newied: Heuser’s -Verlag.</p> - -<p><i>Pharmaceutisk Haandboog for 1895.</i>—E. P. -F. Peterson. Kjobenhaven: F. Host & Sons.</p> - -<h3><i>Photo-Micrography.</i></h3> - -<p>See also Bacteriology.</p> - -<p><i>Photo-Micrography.</i>—H. van Heurick. Eng. -Ed. Re-edited and augmented by the author -from the 4th French edition and translated by -Wynne E. Baxter. With Illus. London: Crosby, -Lockwood & Son.</p> - -<h3><i>Photography.</i></h3> - -<p><i>Deutsches Photographen Kalender.</i>—K. -Schwier. Taschenbuch und Almanach für -1895. 14. Jahr Weimar.</p> - -<h3><i>Physics.</i></h3> - -<p><i>Manual of Physico-Chemical Measurements.</i>—W. -Ostwald. Translated by James Walker. -London and New York: Macmillan.</p> - -<p><i>A Laboratory Manual of Physics and Applied -Electricity.</i>—E. L. Nichols. 2 vols. London -and New York: Macmillan.</p> - -<p><i>Anfangsgründe der Physik mit Einschluss -der Chemie und Mathematischen Geographie.</i>—K. -Koppe. 20. Aufl. Ausgabe B in 2 Lehrgängen. -Für höhere Lehranstalten nach den -preuss. Lehrplänen von 1892. Bearbeitet von -A. Husmann. II. Th.: Hauptlehrgang. Essen: -G. D. Baedeker.</p> - -<p><i>Elementi di Fisica ad Uso delle Scuole secondarie.</i>—F. -Cintolesi. Livorno.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>Thermo Dynamics treated with Elementary -Mathematics.</i>—J. Parlseo. London: S. Low & -Co.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="THE_MOST_RECENT_WORK">THE MOST RECENT WORK.</h2> - -<p><i>A Seidlitz Powder.</i>—A. Gunn made an examination -of some powders and found the blue -powder to consist of magnesium sulphate and -sodium bicarbonate. The white powder consisted -of tartaric acid. Evidently there had -been a mistake or else it was a bold attempt to -cope with the cutting system and its cheap -prices. One wonders that the makers should -expect the unusual effect of trying to dissolve -the contents of the blue paper to pass unnoticed.—<i>Pharm. -Jour. Trans.</i>, 1894, 534.</p> - -<p><i>Ointment of Mercuric Nitrate.</i>—C. H. La -Wall (<i>Amer. Jour. Pharm., 1894, 525</i>). The following -fats have been suggested as a substitute -for the lard oil: Neatsfoot oil, lard, butter, -peanut oil, almond oil, caster oil, palm oil, -bear’s oil, ox marrow, beef suet, stearic acid, -petrolatum, and almost all of the other fats -from the animal and the vegetable kingdoms, -and even one from the mineral kingdom, appear -to have been experimented with in the -vain hope of finding some fat or oil which would -make a good and durable ointment.</p> - -<p>Several writers have taken another course -and have tried to preserve the products obtained -from former processes. One advises keeping -the ointment in a jar and covering it with a -layer of glycerin to prevent oxidation; others -have tried the addition of camphor; still others -have given their attention to the mercurial -portion of the ointment, and suggest making -the nitrate from the oxide of mercury instead -of making it from the metal. Some have even -been skeptical as to the reliability of any process, -but those who have approximated the -truth more nearly are they who advise careful -manipulation, especially as regards temperature.</p> - -<p>The author employs the official ingredients -and quantities and heats the lard oil to 100° C., -removes heat, and adds the nitric acid without -stirring and reapplies heat when effervescence -ceases until all gas is expelled. It is best to -use a vessel of six times the capacity of the -quantity to be made to allow for the copious -effervescence which takes place. When the -foregoing mixture has cooled to 40° C., the -solution of mercuric nitrate is added and -the temperature is raised gradually to 60° -C., and maintained until no further evolution -of gas is noticed. If it is then agitated until -cold, as usual, the resulting product will comply -with the requirements of the Pharmacopœia.</p> - -<p>Ointment made by the U. S. P. method, which -has become spongy, may be remedied by elevating -the temperature to 60° C. and cooling -with agitation.</p> - -<p><i>Typical Bacilli.</i>—<i>E. Klein</i> [<i>Quart. Jour. -Micros. Sci.</i>, 1894, 1-9 (1 <i>pl</i>)] concludes from -observations on the bacilli of anthrax diphtheria, -and tubercle, that these species are not such -typical bacilli as they are usually represented -to be. For though under many conditions their -morphological characters are those of typical -bacilli, yet under others they revert to or -assume forms indicating their relationship to -Saccharomyces or a still higher mycelia fungus. -In the case of anthrax, the typical bacilli may -be represented by oval and spherical bodies, -some of which may contain vacuoles, and under -conditions (early stages of growth on plates composed -of beef bouillon, gelatin 10 per cent., pepton -1 per cent., salt 1 per cent.), the colonies are -composed of large spindle-shaped, spherical or -oval elements in which vacuolation is frequent. -Similar appearances are to be observed in colonies -of the thrush fungus. From this it is inferred -that while <i>B. anthracis</i> is a typical bacillus -as a pathogenic microbe, yet in its early -stages of growth on gelatin it may assume -characters having much resemblance to <i>Saccharomyces -mycoderma</i> or <i>Oidium</i> and thus return -temporarily to an atavistic stage in its evolutionary -history. With regard to <i>B. diphtheriæ</i> -the author points out that the club-shaped expansions -of one or both ends are not to be regarded -as due to involution, for both under -natural and artificial conditions where there is -active growth these expansions will be found, -and have moreover a striking resemblance to -the ends of growing hyphæ. Their existence, -therefore, is only to be explained by their representing -a relationship to a mycelial fungus. In -the case of the tubercle bacilli, preparations not -unfrequently show threads or filaments composed -of unequal elements, some of them being -conspicuous for knob-shaped expansions, similar -to those of diphtheria. Such appearances occur -not only in sputum but in artificial cultivations -e.g. glycerin agar after some weeks incubation -at 37°. All these preparations behave in the -same way as <i>B. tuberculosis</i> when treated with -appropriate staining reagents; and that they are -not involution forms is evident, as the unbranched -nature of the filaments and the existence of -lateral bulgings prove that they are in an active -condition of growth.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>Lysidin.</i>—Ladenburg describes a compound -obtained in the state of hydrochloride by heating -ethylene diamene hypochloride with sodium -acetate. The composition of the freebase is -C₄H₈N₂ and is termed <i>lysidin</i>. The aquems -solutions dissolve uric acid and the application -of lysidin in the treatment of diseases arising -from the secretion of uric acid is being investigated. -Grawitz describes it as a crystalline body -of a light red color, readily soluble in water and -possesses a peculiar taste. It is administered in -doses from 15 to 80 grains daily, dissolved in -carbonic acid-water.—<i>Deutsche med. Wochenschr.</i>, -1894, 786.</p> - -<p><i>Gaseous Formaldehyde.</i>—R. Cambier and A. -Brochet prepare this aldehyde for disinfection -in two ways: 1. By the depolymerization of trioxymethylene -by heat, and, 2. Direct production -by the incomplete combustion of methylic -alcohol. Formaldehyde possesses antiseptic -properties only when it is in the condition of a -gas. On cooling, ordinarily, it is spontaneously -polymerized to an inert solid. If it is -allowed to cool, in the presence of much air -this process does not take place and hence the -formaldehyde retains its bactericidal properties. -Experiments made at the bacteriological laboratory -of Montsouris have enabled the authors to -sterilize the ordinary dust of rooms as well as -cultivations of various pathogenic micro-organisms.—<i>Compt. -Rend.</i>, 1894, <i>No.</i> 15.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="NOTES_HERE_AND_THERE">NOTES HERE AND THERE.</h2> - -<p><i>Soda Water.</i>—In Byron’s “Don Juan” we -find the following in Canto II., 81, 186:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse">Ring for your valet—bid him quickly bring</div> -<div class="verse">Some hock and soda water, then you’ll know</div> -<div class="verse">A pleasure worthy Xerxes, the great king;</div> -<div class="verse">For not the best sherbet sublimed with snow,</div> -<div class="verse">Nor the first sparkle of the desert spring,</div> -<div class="verse">Nor Burgundy, in all its sunset glow,</div> -<div class="verse">After long travel, <i>ennui</i>, love or slaughter,</div> -<div class="verse">Vie with that draught of hock and soda water.</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p><i>The Essence of Rose Industry in Turkey.</i>—The -<i>Bulletin du Musée Commercial</i>, in its issue -for September 1st, states that the essence of rose -industry in Turkey, which was until quite recently -one of the principal resources of Eastern -Roumelia and the principality of Bulgaria, has -within the last few years shown a decided decline, -the falling being the quantities and values -of the exports during that period:—1889, 2,767 -kilos., valued at 1,542,544 francs; 1890, 3,163 -kilos., valued at 1,771,427 francs; 1891, 534 kilos., -valued at 317,937 francs; 1892, 439 kilos., -valued at 267,379 francs. In 1893 the value of -the exports was only 143,185 francs. This decline -is due largely to the fact that in France, -Germany, and in several other places in Turkey -besides Roumelia a development has taken -place in the growing of roses, so as to provide -to some extent for the requirements of consumption -in these places.—<i>Brit. and Col. -Drug.</i>, 1894, 421.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="Alumni_Association">Alumni Association.</h2> - -<p>Minutes of the Executive Board meeting -held January 9, 1895.</p> - -<p>The meeting was called to order at -about 8.30 <span class="smcapuc">P. M.</span> by the President. There -were present Miss K. C. Mahegin and -the Messrs. Graeser, Henning, Ehrgott -and Hoburg.</p> - -<p>On motion, the reading of the Minutes -of the last Executive Board meeting was -dispensed with.</p> - -<p>Reports of Committees:</p> - -<p>The Letter-Box Committee reported -progress, and that the “box” will be up -in a few days.</p> - -<p>Motion made and seconded that the -Alumni Room Furnishing Committee be -discharged with the heartfelt thanks of -the association, and that the Secretary -notify the chairman of said committee, -Mr. Hohenthal, of this action. Motion -carried.</p> - -<p>The report of the Treasurer was very -satisfactory, and was forthwith adopted.</p> - -<p>The business manager of the <span class="smcap">Journal</span> -reported it as being in a very flourishing -condition, which reassuring report was -gladly adopted.</p> - -<p>After having duly notified the following -gentlemen, they were to-night dropped -from membership in the Alumni -Association, a motion, which was seconded -and carried having been made to -that effect, and that the Secretary request -the return of their certificates of membership, -according to a clause in our Constitution -to that effect. These gentlemen -are Messrs. George W. Snedeker, A. -Zimmerman and A. T. Halsted.</p> - -<p>The resignation of W. M. Rheineck -was recently received, and since he gave -sufficient reason for so doing, his resignation -was accepted with regrets.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p> - -<p>The resignation of Mr. A. Henning as -Business Manager of the <span class="smcap">Journal</span> was -also handed in this evening, and under -the existing circumstances it had to be -accepted, with the sincerest regrets of -the association.</p> - -<p>It was then regularly moved and seconded -that the salary of the editor of <span class="smcap">The -Alumni Journal</span> be increased on account -of three extra issues of the <span class="smcap">Journal</span> per -annum.</p> - -<p>After a very interesting discussion of -important business for an hour or so, the -meeting came to a pleasant termination.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">W. A. Hoburg</span>, Jr., Sec’y.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The following list of names are of persons -who have changed their addresses and consequently -the Treasurer of <span class="smcap">The Alumni Journal</span> -is unable to supply them with the information -that they are entitled to. If these persons or -any one knowing of their addresses will communicate -with Mr. A. Henning, this end will be -attained:</p> - -<p>Adam Vogt, 787 8th avenue, city; A. Levy, -125 Grand street, city; G. J. Wolston, Cortland, -Cortland Co., N. Y.; H. W. Walp, 536 5th -avenue, city; Gustav Katz, Lenox avenue and -125th street, city; Alfred Miller, 537 9th avenue, -city; Fred. T. Hartman, 703 3d avenue, Brooklyn, -N. Y.; Thos. H. McDonald, Cairo, Ill.; A. -J. Van der Bergh, 213 6th avenue, city; C. E. -W. Lewin, 106 2d avenue, city; Emil Th. F. -Holthusen, 20 Rutger street, city; Emil Buchler, -100 St. Marks Place, city; Frank K. Burr, 821 -7th avenue, city; A. W. Moschowitz, 1099 -Broadway, city; L. D. Huntoon, Port Oram, N. -J.; Chas. E. Stammler, 172 Varick street, city; -Chas. H. Everest, 27 West 34th street, city; -Edward Stone, 1501 Broadway, city; Fred. -Peiter, 301 3d avenue, city; Major C. Brown, -874 Broadway, city; Louis Hess, Scranton, Pa.; -A. Zimmerman, 561 5th avenue, city; Otto C. -B. Groin, Denver, Col.; Jacobo Alvarado, Paso -del Norte, Mexico; G. S. Badger, 52 East 42d -street, city; Frank A. M. Schleiff, 242 East 27th -street, city.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse">“We’ll learn the perfect skill,</div> -<div class="verse">The nature of each herb to know,</div> -<div class="verse">Which cures and which can kill.”</div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="College_Notes">College Notes.</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Married.</span>—Smith Ely Jelliffe, M. D., to Helena -Dewey Leeming, both of Brooklyn, by Rev. -Dr. Kelsay, of Brooklyn, assisted by Rev. T. -LaFleur, of Montreal, Thursday, Dec. 20th, -1894. In the 6th Ave. Baptist Church, Brooklyn, -at 8 P. M.</p> - -<h3>’94 NOTES.</h3> - -<p>Apropos of the New Year, it is seemingly -proper that we should endeavor to surpass our -former records by carrying out such resolutions -that we may deem proper both for the welfare -of ourselves and the gratification of our associates.</p> - -<p>At the present time, I think one of the most -important resolutions should regard the memory -of our Alma Mater. Therefore let me suggest -that the bonds of friendship that have hitherto -existed, be not cast asunder, but on the -contrary, be more tightly strengthened. Let -us in the strife and turmoil of commercial life, -pause, if but for a moment and think of the -pleasant days spent at college, the recollections -of which not even time can efface from our -memories.</p> - -<p>To enable us carry out this resolution, our -Alumni Association has extended their characteristic -hospitality by inviting us to their monthly -lectures, therefore why should we not show our -appreciation of their kindly feeling, by taking -advantage of the opportunity, and thus not only -serving to further make these meetings enthusiastic -and successful ones, but also demonstrating -to our fraternal friends that sociability is -not a lost art among us.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Ex-Secy. Inhoff</span> is at present in Colorado -seeking the high altitude of the Rocky Mts. as a -substitute for the many panaceas, usually recommended -for obesity. Last reports were to the -effect that the trip was not taken in vain.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Despite the prevailing rain and cold winds, -many of our “Gilded Pharmacists” braved the -elements in order to have Prof. Haubold give -them a few “pointers” on digestion. It is needless -to say that they were liberally rewarded, -for, who would not enjoy the pleasure of an -“Iodine Sandwich with a test tube of genuine -pancreatic juice on the side,” handed him, particularly -when the latter was the self-sacrifice -of a wandering specie of canine.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p> - -<p>Our class was represented by Messrs. Race, -Burger, Ely, Hutchinson, Struck, Pond, Krueder, -Katz, Wurthiman and Stoezer, who did -justice to our familiar. Pento! Meta! Boraci!</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Ex-Sec’y Linnig</span> has been advised by his -physician to drink no more water as its reaction -on his cast iron constitution might result -in an incrustation commonly known as Rust.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Mose Katz</span> as bright and jovial as ever is still -with Messrs. J. N. Hegeman & Co., 3d Ave. and -31st St. He anticipates being present at most -if not all of the Alumni lectures this winter.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Fred Hiltz</span> left for Cleveland, Ohio, a few -weeks ago. He anticipates entering the Medical -University of that city next year; subsequently -he will finish in the P. and S. College, this city -under the guidance of Harry W. Carter, Ph. D., -A. M., of Brooklyn.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">John P. Wilcox</span> is located in Plainfield, -N. J.</p> - -<p>One of our most successful graduates is <span class="smcap">Aug. -W. Brater</span>, who together with his brother is -conducting a cosy pharmacy on Park Ave., cor. -76th St. Brater is as energetic as ever and devotes -no little time in making an exquisite window -display, which is the admiration of the -neighborhood’s fair ones.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Arthur Bastedo</span> is indeed quite a genius, for -besides attending to his duties with Caswell & -Massy, he has found sufficient time to dissect -several times a week at the P. and S. College, -which will be an advantage to him when he -commences the study of medicine. Arthur has -also joined the Alumni Association and is such -an active member that he may be found at all -their meetings.</p> - -<p>Through the endeavors of <span class="smcap">J. Remington -Wood</span> (with a little bunch of whiskers on his -chin), we hope to have a reunion dinner before -commencement. His success on former committees -of this kind gives us every confidence -of his ability to make such an occasion a success -at this time.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Thos. E. Davies</span> is hospital steward of the -Eighth Battalion, N. G. S. N. Y., and a quite -popular one too. At their receptions and drills -the Red Cross of his uniform is always conspicuous. -He spent two weeks in State camp during -the summer, of which his reminiscences are -many as well as interesting. Mr. Davies has -just met with a severe loss in the death of his -Father.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Nelson S. Kirk, Ph. G.</span>,<br /> -9 E. 59th St.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="Senior_Class_Notes">Senior Class Notes.</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">D. M. Wells</span> on returning home one evening -found his room in a somewhat disjointed condition. -The bed was taken apart, pillows -tacked to the wall, and books, clothes, ladies’ -photos and old suspenders heaped up in artistic -fashion on the floor. He thought the place -was struck by lightning, but was informed that -it was the work of a couple of friends who had -called to see him.</p> - -<p>The servant girl has a gun loaded. So beware, -Cooley.</p> - -<p>Wells says home coming is not pleasant when -you have to climb through the transom to get -into your room.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>For the Johnson & Johnson excursion Brown -is going to have his whiskers trimmed, Manville -is having his voice scoured; Joe is going -to wear his new white hat; Gifford is going to -have his hair cut so as to disguise himself; -Morse and his extra eyes will be there too; -Clarey says I am going if my fair one does -too.</p> - -<p>Thum is going to have his trousers pressed -and his hair banged.</p> - -<p>Sherman is going to put glucose on his mustache -to swap for cold sores.</p> - -<p>Cooley says, no, thanks, I have had the grip -twice this year: no cold sores in mine.</p> - -<p>Dalton is going to try and keep awake during -the entire trip.</p> - -<p>The things which are troubling the students:</p> - -<p>First—Is New Brunswick a prohibition town?</p> - -<p>Second—Is there to be any acts between the -drinks?</p> - -<p>Third—How many slices of ham between -New Brunswick sandwiches?</p> - -<p>Messrs. Steihener, Scharnibon and Koerber -have been appointed by section one a committee -to furnish sauer kraut for that section while -on the excursion.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">All the boys they will be there,</div> -<div class="verse">Vanderbeck will comb his hair,</div> -<div class="verse">Kneuper will flirt with the ladies sweet,</div> -<div class="verse">While Ferguson cries, when do we eat?</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Roberts will bring in his tambourine,</div> -<div class="verse">Watling will sing when he is not seen;</div> -<div class="verse">Bricks will be placed in easy reach</div> -<div class="verse">In case he is discovered making such a breach.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Flick will make a mash I am sure,</div> -<div class="verse">While on that plaster hunting tour:</div> -<div class="verse">For who could resist such charming eyes,</div> -<div class="verse">When on them Flicky only tries.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Boenke will give a song and dance,</div> -<div class="verse">McClellan will go quietly off in a trance,</div> -<div class="verse">The Heffley boys will spin some jokes,</div> -<div class="verse">Which are rivals in age of the mighty Oaks.</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Mr. H. E. Cooley</span>, who had a slight attack -of the grip, is around again to the rejoicing of -his many friends.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The action of the class in requiring its candidates -for Valedictorian to enter a speaking -contest to determine their fitness, meets with -the general approval of all its members.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Manville</span> admitted that he was Hazy. How -about replacing that H with L.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>AN INSTRUCTIVE TRIP.</h3> - -<p>A very entertaining and instructive visit was -made by a number of students of the senior class, -on Saturday, Jan. 12th, to the Mineral Water -Works of Dr. Carl H. Schultz.</p> - -<p>The trip was arranged by the Pharmaceutical -Club, of 37th East 19th St., represented by Mr. -T. B. Dean, its corresponding secretary, which -seems to be especially active as regards our interest -and welfare and extends to us the fostering -care of a parental guardian. It is due to this -club’s hospitality and magnanimity that our -Glee Club has thrived so wonderfully.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dean kindly introduced us to Mr. Louis -Waefelaer, M. E., the assistant chemist of the -works (Dr. A. P. Hallock, Ph. D., the chief -chemist and Dr. Schultz being away at the time), -and Mr. Paul Dimmer, the foreman. These -gentlemen, starting at the beginning of the -works where the croton water enters by five -different mains, and followed the course of -the water through each step of the process, -whereby the water was filtered, then heated -to destroy organic as well as to drive off decomposing -and volatile organic matter as well -as other impurities and the filtered water there -distilled by the most practical and complete apparatus -conceivable; then the water was repeatedly -subjected to tests, for various impurities, -in their admirably equipped chemical laboratory, -which is also supplied with a room specially -devoted to bacteriological work, and a dark -room for spectrum analysis and photographic -investigation. Here also are prepared the solutions -used in making the various mineral waters -and where the finished product of the factory is -brought before being sent out in order to be -tested and to make doubly certain that it agrees -with the label bearing the analysis of contents, -which is placed on each siphon of water sent -out. Here also we quenched our thirst with -the products of the stills of this as well as with -the products of the stills of other factories.</p> - -<p>The carbonic acid gas used in charging the -waters also passes after generation through a set -of coolers, mashers and purifiers, to completely -remove all impurities, and is stored till required -for charging.</p> - -<p>The whole establishment, embracing nineteen -different departments, employs over 250 -men and 100 horses; the fountain, bottle and -siphon filling department has a capacity of -50,000 siphons or 10,000 gallons per day. The -elaborate machinery of the works is mainly the -invention of the proprietor, his deceased son -and staff; not the least important among which -is the invention of Mr. Paul Dimmer.</p> - -<p>Mr. Louis Waefelaer, the assistant chemist, -is a young mechanical engineer of high standing -and has sole charge of the mechanical department. -Every department is scrupulously -clean and neat, and the employees think Mr. -Schultz is one of the best and most liberal men -to work for, for he spares no expense in investigations -and experiments calculated to improve -the accuracy and purity of the products of his -works, and the safeguards against accident to -employees are both numerous and well devised. -Several other parties will be formed, from the -senior class, during the course of the term and -will visit and be shown the workings of this -“model establishment.”</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Class Reporters.</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="Junior_Notes">Junior Notes.</h2> - -<h3>IN MEMORIAM.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">B. C. Meaney</span>, entered into rest, Sunday, -January 6, 1895, in the 22d year of his age. This -brief announcement reminds us of the loss and -sorrow to so many near relatives and friends, -that after the few weeks that have elapsed since -their hearts were wrung with grief. We venture -to say something of him whose earthly -sojourn is ended.</p> - -<p>Possessed of a genial happy temperament, a -character so manly, conservative and refined, -that professors as well as students rendered to -him an involuntary tribute of respect. In the -three months that the junior class has been -organized, few students have become better -known or more popular than Mr. Meaney.</p> - -<p>Just before the college closed for the Christmas -vacation, he said to a friend, “I think this -will be the happiest Christmas I have ever had,” -and now who that knew him can doubt that -this strange prophecy has been fulfilled.</p> - -<p class="right">J. Y. C.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>CLASS MEETING.</h3> - -<p>The meeting was called on Tuesday, January 8, -1895, by the death of our classmate, Mr. B. C. -Meaney. A motion was made that we send flowers -to his late home, which was amended so as -to include the drawing up of resolutions of condolence, -and sending a copy of them to his -parents. Carried.</p> - -<p>The meeting then adjourned.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">F. H. Finley</span>, Sec.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Before vacation it was rumored that our friend -and professor, Dr. Jelliffe, was about to become -a benedict, and as the rumor has become verified, -we, the Class of ’96, send to him our hearty -congratulations and best wishes for a long and -happy life.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>There is one thing the Juniors should pay -more attention to, that is class meetings. If -each one who could would come, the difference -would quickly be seen. Try it.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The Juniors in pharmacognosy commenced -work with the compound microscope at the beginning -of the term.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>On exhibition every Tuesday afternoon, from -4.30 to 5, in Quiz, T.’s hand.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>We are sorry to hear our friend and classmate, -Mr. Quickburger, has been hurt, and hope it is -nothing serious. He was thrown from a cable -car against a post on Tuesday, and was picked -up insensible. The car was just making the -turn, which it does in a rapid manner, and it is -supposed he had no hold.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>A great many cases of mustaches have broken -out among the Juniors. In most cases, however, -it is only a light attack, and not at all serious.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>They say the back part of the Botany Quiz -room was very warm the other day; in fact, -some of the boys were nearly roasted.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Did I hand in that joke I heard in Quiz the -other day? If not, why not? It would have -helped to make the page interesting this month. -Two weeks no college. Reporter with one -week. He will do the best he can, but every -little helps.</p> - -<p>Remember, this page is for the Class, not individuals, -and every time you help make the -Junior page interesting you are doing the Class -a favor as well as the reporter.</p> - -<p>All communications for Junior notes should -be addressed to</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">J. Y. Cantwell</span>,<br /> -261 West 42d street.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="MEDICINE_AND_PHARMACY">MEDICINE AND PHARMACY.</h2> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> N. H. MARTIN, F. L. S., K. R. M. S., -President of the British Pharmaceutical Conference.</p> - -<p class="center">(<i>Continued, from December issue</i>)</p> - -<p>Doctor’s dispensing is stated by many -to be one of the chief if not the chief -cause of the ills from which pharmacy is -a sufferer, and demands in more or less -dignified terms are made that this iniquity -shall cease. I make no apology -for the existence of this condition of -things. Theoretically it is undoubtedly -better that dispensing shall be done by -the pharmacist, and prescribing by the -medical man, but when we pharmacists -claim this as a right, and accuse medicine -of unjustly usurping our functions, -it is well for us to remind ourselves that -medical men, although they may not -now as frequently as of old take the degree -of L. S. A., are the direct and legitimate -successors of the old apothecary -and that the dispensing of medicine was -their legitimate function. So much was -this the case that there being a doubt as -to whether it was traversed by our own -Act of 1868, the short Act of 1869 was -passed to preserve the right. Then again -it is deep rooted in the habits of the English -people to expect the doctor to supply -the medicine he has prescribed, and -any change can only come about by the -slow process of educating the patients -and by the exhibition of good will and -feeling between medicine and pharmacy. -Before it can happen universally there is -no doubt that pharmacy must have acquired -such a professional standing and -education as will enable it to perform its -delicate and confidential function with -the tact and reserve which is the outcome -of prolonged training. The mistake (a -very common one) which pharmacy is -making, is that it wants the reward before -it has made the effort and suitably -equipped itself for the service. I exhort -the pharmacist of the future to be unremitting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> -in his efforts to raise himself -and his calling to a professional status, -and then I predict for him that in the -natural course the dispensing of medicines -will come to him.</p> - -<p>Chemist’s prescribing is quite as loudly -complained of by the doctors, and -when I read some of the letters and comments -which appear in the medical journals -I am almost tempted to fear that for -once medicine is thinking more of its -share of the pecuniary reward, than caring -for suffering humanity. There is, -however, I am sorry to say, a great deal -too much prescribing by chemists, and -some of it is of a most reprehensible kind. -I know a case where a chemist treated a -man suffering from rodent ulcer of the -face for two years, all the time buoying -the man up with the hope that it was -getting better, and that he would cure it, -until the face was so bad, and the ulcer -had spread to such an extent that when -it came under the notice of the surgeon -nothing could be done for the patient. If -that chemist had met the man upon the -highway, and robbed him, he would have -been liable to imprisonment, but having -got the man into his shop he not only -robbed him of his money, but he rendered -it impossible for the man ever again to -be restored to health. For the dishonor -which such men bring upon pharmacy, -and for the irreparable injury which they -inflict upon suffering humanity I should -like to give them several years of penal -servitude. But there are innumerable -small accidents, and little ailments to -which humanity is liable, which quite -legitimately come within the province of -pharmacy to treat, and the pharmacist, -if he is wise, is a much safer man to treat -these than the clergy and the laity, who -are ever ready to prescribe for each other -upon any and all occasions. The best -and wisest exponents of medicine admit -this right on the part of pharmacy, and -welcome the service which is rendered by -it to sufferers. Pharmacy may make -some mistakes, but I know it frequently -sends patients to medicine long before -they or their friends would think seriously -enough of the case to do so.</p> - -<p>There should be no rivalries or jealousies -between medicine and pharmacy, -and the better qualified each of these may -be to exercise its own share of the duties -devolving upon both, the more will each -of them respect the rights and the work -of the other.</p> - -<p>Before I conclude, one word on the -principle upon which remuneration -should be based. This is a question of the -utmost importance to the English public, -as well as to the pharmacists. John Ruskin -says, “You do not pay judges large -salaries because the same amount of -work could not be purchased for a smaller -sum, but that you may give them -enough to render them superior to the -temptation of selling justice.” We cannot -err in applying this principle to pharmacy, -and deciding that the dispensing -chemist must be paid at a rate of remuneration -which will enable him to get -his living honestly and openly, and render -him superior to the temptation to increase -his profit and his income by tampering, -in ever so small a degree, with -the quality of the drugs he uses, and with -the health, and may be the lives, of dear -ones, and of men important to the community. -His remuneration should also -enable him to devote sufficient time and -care to every detail of his responsible -work, and eliminate a very real source of -danger which is unavoidable if the haste -and the bustle of trade methods are -adopted by pharmacy.</p> - -<p>The Conference has entered upon the -fourth decade of its existence, and, possibly, -I should have made a better and -wiser choice if I had addressed you upon -its past achievements, and its future prospects,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> -but the other matters upon which I -have touched seemed to me of greater -importance. Let me say, however, -briefly, that I think the record of this -Conference has been eminently an honorable -one, and that it has fulfilled, in a -high degree, the functions for which it -was called into existence. The story is -written in the Year Books, and another -phase of it is engraved in the hearts and -memories of many of us who have been -members almost from the beginning, and -who have attended a large number of its -meetings. It has added to our knowledge, -enlarged our experience, and -broadened our intellectual grasp of pharmacy; -and last, but not least, it has been -the means of bringing together, introducing -to each other, and cementing friendships -between men who practice a common -avocation in districts as wide apart -as Inverness and Cornwall. In this latter -function the excursion on the last day -has played no inconsiderable part. -Amongst the critics of the Conference -there are some persons who affect to -sneer at the excursion as if it were sheer -frivolity, and was at variance with the -avowed scientific objects of the Conference. -I beg to differ, and to claim for -the excursion day a very high place in -the work of the Conference. It affords -the opportunity, as no other arrangement -could do so well, for men to meet; and I -am quite sure that my own experience is -by no means singular when I tell you -that many, very many, of the best friends -I have in pharmacy were first known to -me through the opportunity of one of the -Conference excursions; and further I -could not exaggerate to you the benefit -which I have received from the numerous -conversations and informal discussions -which always takes place on these days. -But it is with societies, as with individuals, -they tend to decay, and already, -more than once we have the alarm: the -Conference is on its last legs! I do not -believe it, as I feel sure it fulfils a purpose -in the realm of pharmacy which is too -important for the Conference to be left to -decay, and if we neglect the trust which -has been handed down to us, our successors -will revive it. I would ask every -member of the Conference to get, at least, -one other member to join, and I do not -think he can use a stronger argument, -than that, apart from the opportunity of -attending and taking part in this annual -scientific gathering of pharmacy, the -Year Book, which he will receive, is -worth many times the subscription. The -Year Book of Pharmacy should find a -place on the desk of every chemist and -druggist in this land. In it he will find -abstracts of papers from a larger number -of sources than he can possibly consult -for himself, and many of these papers -may be of great value to him.</p> - -<p>There is no occasion to disguise the -fact that we do not get as many or possibly -as good papers sent to the Conference -as we should like, but when we consider -the needs of a weekly press and the number -of small societies which absorb in the -aggregate a large number of papers, our -experience need cause us neither surprise -nor alarm. I should like, however, to -ask many of those who are doing original -work and writing papers in connection -with pharmacy to consider whether there -is any place so suitable for them to be -read as at these meetings.</p> - -<p>The authors may feel certain of a larger -audience to listen to their papers and a far -more capable set of men to discuss them -than can be found at any other time or -place. In provincial towns the papers -are read to a few local men, and the discussion -is taken part in by fewer still, -and even at the monthly meetings at -Bloomsbury Square the discussions have -a great tendency to fall into the hands -of very few men. However capable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> -these men may be, they cannot possibly -have the wide and varied experience of -the aggregate of the men who attend -this Conference. I would, therefore, -venture to urge thoughtful pharmacists -to contribute papers to this Conference, -and I should like them to come in such -numbers that we may be compelled to -add another day or two to our meeting.</p> - -<p>I mentioned just now the friends whom -we have met at these Conference -meetings, and before I close I must -briefly allude to those we have lost. -The first name that will occur to you, I -am sure, is that of our genial botanist, -the late Professor Bentley, who was president -at Nottingham in 1866 and Dundee -in 1867. Many of us knew him first and -best at Bloomsbury Square as our dear -and honored teacher, but to many others -the Conference must have been the means -of their meeting him, and by all was he -respected and beloved. He reached a -good ripe age, and of him it might be -said—as of many other men who have -lived and been true to themselves and -their calling—“He has done his work -well and earned his rest.” The next, an -even greater loss to us as a Conference, -because of his younger age and the promise -there was in him of greater achievements -for pharmacy, is our late treasurer, -Mr. R. H. Davies, I, with many others, -made his acquaintance through this Conference, -and I feel, as I am sure many of -you do, that I have lost a personal friend -with whom intimacy would have ripened -year by year into stronger bonds.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="OFFICINAL_OR_OFFICIAL">OFFICINAL OR OFFICIAL.</h2> - -<p>In the <i>Pharmacentische Rundschau</i> for -January, 1895, is found an interesting -discussion on the use of the words officinal -and official by Theodore Husemann, -of Göttingen, and Charles Rice, of New -York. It would be interesting to our -readers to give the views of both of these -well-known writers in full. At present, -however, we reprint in full the views of -Dr. Rice:</p> - -<p>“In compliance with a request by the -editor of this journal, the writer presents -a few facts, as well as his personal views, -regarding the use of the words “official” -and “officinal” when applied to -drugs and medicinal preparations.”</p> - -<p>It should be stated at the outset that -the writer accepts the ordinary derivation -of the two words, and the meanings -assigned to them in accordance with their -origin. Nor does he deny that it has -been customary, up to within a few decades, -to apply the English word “officinal” -quite generally in the sense of -“pharmacopœial.” Yet, within the memory -of most readers of the <i>Rundschau</i>, -voices arose in favor of a change, the -word “official” being proposed to replace -“officinal” in the special sense of -“pharmacopœial.” It is evident that -some cause arose which produced the -feeling that such a change was necessary -and the cause is not far to seek. In those -countries in which the exercise of pharmacy -is under the control of the government, -and where the stock of a pharmacist, -so far as it is used in physicians’ -prescriptions, contains comparatively few -remedies besides those directed by the -Pharmacopœia, the two meanings of the -word “officinal,” viz: 1, the original -one “pertaining to an ‘officina;’ pertaining -to or kept in a drug store,” and, -2, the more modern one, “pharmacopœial; -authoritative,” practically cover -each other. This is particularly the -case in Germany, where the word “officinell,” -and in France, where “officinal” -is in general use in the second -sense mentioned above. It is different -in this country, where the pharmacist is -compelled to carry a large stock of non-pharmacopœial -preparations, many of -which are prescribed by physicians.</p> - -<p>The two meanings of the word “officinal” -have two widely differing boundaries. -They may be likened to two concentric -circles. In the first mentioned -sense (“kept in a drug store”) the word -occupies the area of the larger circle; in -the second sense (“pharmacopœial”) -usually that of the inner, smaller circle. -In some parts of this country the inner -circle—to continue the simile—is much -smaller in proportion to the outer than -in others. In some it may attain an -area of perhaps three-fourths or four-fifths -of the larger; in others it may -even outgrow the former outer circle. -Only in rare cases will the peripheries of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> -the two circles coincide. Since the two -meanings long ago ceased to cover each -other, the necessity arose to use different -words to express the two different meanings, -and it was therefore, proposed to -employ the closely related word “official” -in the sense of “pharmacopœial,” -and to use the word “officinal” only in -the general sense “kept in a drug store,” -which is, indeed, in accordance with its -original meaning and origin. Those -who object to the use of “official” in -the sense of “pharmacopœial” say that -<i>officialis</i> means “governmental; pertaining -to an office or official, etc.” That it -is, therefore, correct to say, for instance: -“The official preparations for the reception -of the President are completed,” but -incorrect to say: “He made all the official -preparations in his own laboratory.” -There is, however, no danger of any misunderstanding -in these two sentences, -indeed, much less danger than would be -“officinal.”</p> - -<p>Professor Husemann, in his letter, -brings within the space of his discussion -the terms “medicamenta magistralia,” -and “formulæ magistrates.” He shows, -himself, that while the word <i>officinalis</i><a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> -was, in more recent times, applied to -drugs and preparations of an authoritative -character or origin, it was formerly -used in its broader sense “what is at any -time to be had in a drug store,” in which -sense it was the opposite of <i>magistralis</i> -(magistral, or magisterial), or that which -is not kept ready made, but has to be -prepared or compounded extemporaneously. -It will be noticed that there is a -much better logical correspondence between -the terms</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p><i>Medicamenta magistralia</i> = medicines -whose composition is fixed or prescribed -by the <i>magister</i> (a person), that is the -attending physician, and</p> - -<p><i>Medicamenta officialia</i> = medicines -whose composition is fixed or prescribed -by an <i>official</i> (a person), that is the Committee -of Revision as a body—</p> - -</div> - -<p>than there would be between the former -and <i>medicamenta officinalia</i>, which term -refers to the <i>shop</i> and not to the <i>person</i> of -authority.</p> - -<p>As to the word “unofficinal,” this -means properly “not pertaining to, not -kept by or dealt in by a pharmacist.” If -used in this strictly literal sense, however, -its scope or applicability will become -more and more contracted in the -course of time, as it may eventually -become difficult to mention articles to -which the word may justly apply. It -should be abandoned altogether. “Unofficial” -much better expresses the idea -sought to be conveyed by it. A few -examples will show the use and meaning -of the several words: Fleming’s tincture -of Aconite is not official (or “Unofficial;” -not “unofficinal,”) but it is -officinal. Tinctura Opii Deodorati is -official, and ought to be everywhere -officinal.</p> - -<p>Concerning the right of any person, or -body of men, to coin a new word, or to -use one already in existence, for the purpose -of expressing a new idea, or removing -an ambiguity, there can be no question, -provided only that the selected word be -appropriate and in harmony with the -genius of the language. Of course, its -acceptance by the public at large, or by -the profession, for the use or benefit of -which it was coined or selected, cannot be -enforced. Yet, if it is found to answer -its purpose, and if its superiority over the -term formerly used in place of it is recognized, -it will gradually and surely come -into general use.</p> - -<p>The judgment of the writer is that the -employment of the word “official” in the -sense of “pharmacopœial” is justifiable -on linguistic grounds, and that it is, -moreover, fully justified by the condition -of pharmacy in this country, where a -clear distinction between “all sorts of -medicines,” and “pharmacopœial medicines” -has become necessary. Of course, -the Committee of Revision,” which hoped -to settle the controversy by an “official” -vote, according to which the word “official” -was hereafter to be used in place -of “officinal,” when applied to pharmacopœial -preparations or directions -(see U. S. Pharm., 1890, p. xxxvi.), did -not mean thereby to encroach upon the -ordinary meaning of the word, which -appears, for instance, on the title page of -the Pharmacopœia in the sentence: -“Official from January 1, 1890.”</p> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Professor Husemann did not find this word in <i>Du -Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infinæ Latinitatis</i>. It is, -however, contained in the latest edition (by Favre; Niort -1883-87), Vol. VI. p. 37.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Alumni Journal of the College of -Pharmacy of the City of New York, Vo, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALUMNI JOURNAL, COLLEGE PHARMACY, FEB 1895 *** - -***** This file should be named 52977-h.htm or 52977-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/9/7/52977/ - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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