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Markham, K.C.B.--a Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <style type="text/css"> - -a { - text-decoration: none} - -#coverpage { - text-align: center; - max-width: 600px; - margin: 2em auto} - -body { - padding: 4px; - margin: auto 10%} - -p { - text-align: justify} - -.small { - font-size: small} - -.medium { - font-size: medium} - -.large { - font-size: large} - -.x-large { - font-size: x-large} - -h1, h2 { - page-break-before: always} - -h1, h2, h3 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; - font-weight: normal} - -.ph1 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; - font-weight: normal; - font-size: xx-large} - -.hang { - text-indent: -2em; - padding-left: 2em} - -hr { - border-top: 4px double #004200} - -hr.tb { - width: 45%; margin: 2em 27.5%; clear: both} - -ul {list-style-type: none} - -.index { - list-style: none} - -.ifrst { - font-weight: bold; - margin: 2em auto auto auto} - -.indx { - font-weight: bold; - margin-left: 0em; - padding-left: 3em; - text-indent: -3em} - -.isub1 { - margin-left: 1em; - padding-left: 3em; - text-indent: -3em} - -/* Tables */ -.table { - display: table; - margin: auto} - -table { - margin: 2em auto} - -th { - padding-top: 10px} - -.toc td { - text-indent: -2em; - padding-left: 2.5em; - padding-right: 0.5em} - -.toc .tdr { - vertical-align: bottom; - text-align: right} - -.tdl { - text-align: left} - -.tdr { - text-align: right} - -.tdc { - text-align: center} -/* End Tables */ - -.copy { - font-size: small; - text-align: center} - -.smcap { - font-variant: small-caps} - -.caption { - text-align: center} - -/* Images */ -img { - border: none; - max-width: 100%} - -.figcenter { - clear: both; - margin: 2em auto; - text-align: center; - max-width: 600px} - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnotes { - margin: 2em auto; - border: 4px double #004200} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-weight: normal; - font-size: x-small; - line-height: .1em; - text-decoration: none; - white-space: nowrap /* keeps footnote on same line as referenced text */} - -.footnote p:first-child { - text-indent: -2.5em} - -.footnote p { - margin: 1em; - padding-left: 2.5em} - -.label { - width: 2em; - display: inline-block; - text-align: right; - text-decoration: none} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - color: #004200; - position: absolute; - right: 5px; - font-weight: normal; - font-size: small; - text-align: right; -} /* page numbers */ - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote { - background-color: #E6E6FA; - border: #004200 double 4px; - color: black; - margin: 2em auto; - padding: 1em} - -/* Poetry */ - -.poetry { - margin: auto; - text-align: center} - -.poem { - margin: auto; - display: inline-block; - text-align: left} - -.poem .stanza { - margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em} - .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's The Story of Majorca and Minorca, by Clements R. Markham - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Story of Majorca and Minorca - -Author: Clements R. Markham - -Release Date: August 16, 2016 [EBook #52812] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF MAJORCA AND MINORCA *** - - - - -Produced by Jana Srna, Bryan Ness, Wayne Hammond and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive/Million Book Project) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div id="coverpage"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_i">i</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ii">ii</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">iii</span></p> - -<h1>THE STORY OF MAJORCA AND MINORCA</h1> - -<p class="ph1"> -THE STORY OF<br /> - -MAJORCA AND MINORCA<br /> - -<span class="small">BY</span><br /> - -<span class="large">SIR CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, K.C.B.</span><br /> - -<span class="small table">AUTHOR OF<br /> -‘RICHARD III: LIFE AND CHARACTER’ ‘THE LIFE OF THE GREAT LORD FAIRFAX’<br /> -‘EDWARD VI: AN APPRECIATION’ ETC.</span><br /> - -<span class="medium"><i>WITH TWO MAPS</i></span><br /> - -<span class="large table">LONDON<br /> -SMITH, ELDER, & CO., 15 WATERLOO PLACE<br /> -1908</span><br /> - -<span class="copy">[All rights reserved]</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">iv</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">v</span></p> - -<h2 id="PREFACE">PREFACE</h2> - -<p>The story of the Islands of Majorca and Minorca -has never been told in our language in a condensed -form, although the interest is great from -an historical point of view, and the materials -sufficient, though not perhaps abundant. It is -so closely connected with the history of Aragon -and the recovery of the Sicilies from the intruding -Angevins that the two cannot be altogether -separated. The most that can be done is, as far -as practicable, to treat the Aragonese and -Sicilian events from a Majorcan point of view. -This has been attempted. The stirring events -of the conquest of Majorca by Jayme I., the -latter part of the reign of his son, and the reigns -of Sancho and Jayme III., as well as the adventures -and death of Jayme IV., the last of his race, -all belong strictly to Majorcan history, as do -the chapters on Balearic navigators and the -revolt of the ‘Comunidades.’ The story fills a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">vi</span> -gap in the history of Mediterranean countries -which may not be altogether unacceptable to -students. This has been one object of the writer.</p> - -<p>Another object has been to supply more detailed -information respecting the events of former -times in the islands, for the use of the considerable -number of visitors who resort to them. The -interest of the scenery and of many localities -cannot fail to be much increased by a detailed -knowledge of the historical associations connected -with them.</p> - -<p>My principal authorities have been the autobiography -of Jayme I., the Chronicle of Muntaner, -Desclot, Zurita, and the histories of Dameto and -Mut, edited by Bover. My thanks are due for -much courtesy and assistance from the Count of -Montenegro, H.M. Consul Don Bartolomè Bosch -y Cerda, and Señor Albareda of the Grand Hotel -at Palma, and to Mr. Gilbert Ogilvy for having -kindly made sketches for me of the memorial -chair at Alfavia.</p> - -<p>The story of Minorca necessarily embraces an -account of the several British occupations, and of -some of the operations of the British fleet with -Minorca as a base.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>September 1908.</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">vii</span></p> - -<h2 id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2> - -<table class="toc"> - <tr class="small"> - <th colspan="2" class="tdr">Page</th> - </tr> - <tr class="small"> - <td><a href="#PREFACE"><span class="smcap">Preface</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">v</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#PART_I">PART I</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><i>MAJORCA</i></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">Of King Jayme I. of Aragon, and how he resolved to conquer Majorca and drive out the Moors</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">Tells how King Jayme won a victory over the Moors of Majorca, and gives some account of the Moorish capital</td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">Tells how En Jayme besieged and took the capital, conquered the whole island, and became the first Christian King of Majorca</td> - <td class="tdr">25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">King Jayme’s last visits. Settlement of the island—Acts and death of Jayme I.</td> - <td class="tdr">39</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">Tells how the King of Aragon took up Conradin’s glove, how the Pope’s curses went home to roost, and how En Pedro kept his tryst</td> - <td class="tdr">54<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">viii</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">Tells how the Queen of Aragon went to Sicily with her sons, how Admiral Lauria won new victories, and how more of the Pope’s curses went home to roost</td> - <td class="tdr">76</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">Tells how young Federigo held Sicily against all odds, how the Catalan Company went to the east, and how Jayme II. of Majorca was restored to his island home</td> - <td class="tdr">96</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">Tells how King Jayme II. at last reigned in peace, and how his page, Raymondo Lulio, attained the crown of martyrdom</td> - <td class="tdr">107</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">The career of Prince Fernando of Majorca, and tells how the orphan was taken home to its grandmother</td> - <td class="tdr">120</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">King Sancho of Majorca</td> - <td class="tdr">136</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">King Jayme III. of Majorca</td> - <td class="tdr">141</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">Relates the adventures of Jayme and Isabel, describes the memorial chair, and records the end of the Majorcan dynasty</td> - <td class="tdr">151</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">Relates the story, so far as it concerns Majorca, of the last Kings of Aragon</td> - <td class="tdr">160<span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">ix</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">CHAPTER XIV</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">The Majorcans as navigators</td> - <td class="tdr">170</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_XV">CHAPTER XV</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">The ‘Comunidades’</td> - <td class="tdr">180</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVI">CHAPTER XVI</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">The Majorcan historians—War of Succession—Families ennobled—Cotoners, Raxa, and Cardinal Despuig—Country houses</td> - <td class="tdr">190</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVII">CHAPTER XVII</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">The Marquis of Romana and the patriot Jovellanos</td> - <td class="tdr">201</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII">CHAPTER XVIII</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">Conclusion</td> - <td class="tdr">213</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#PART_II">PART II</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><i>MINORCA</i></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#II_CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">Minorca—Its prehistoric remains—Mago the Carthaginian</td> - <td class="tdr">219</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#II_CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">Conquest by Alfonso III.—Barbary pirates</td> - <td class="tdr">230</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#II_CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">British occupation</td> - <td class="tdr">242</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#II_CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">Minorca as a base</td> - <td class="tdr">253</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#II_CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">Minorca under British rule</td> - <td class="tdr">263<span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">x</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#II_CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">Minorca twice lost</td> - <td class="tdr">272</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><a href="#II_CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang">Third occupation—Loss of British rule</td> - <td class="tdr">282</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#INDEX"><span class="smcap">Index</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">291</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">MAPS</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang"><a href="#MAJORCA"><span class="smcap">Majorca</span></a><span style="float: right"><i>to face p.</i></span></td> - <td class="tdr"> 218</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="hang"><a href="#MINORCA"><span class="smcap">Minorca</span></a><span style="float: right"><i>to face p.</i></span></td> - <td class="tdr">290</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">1</span></p> - -<p class="ph1">THE STORY<br /> -<span class="medium">OF</span><br /> -MAJORCA AND MINORCA</p> - -<p class="ph1" id="PART_I">PART I<br /> - -<span class="large smcap"><i>Majorca</i></span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I<br /> - -<span class="medium table">Of King Jayme I. of Aragon and how he resolved to conquer -Majorca and drive out the Moors</span></h2> - -<p>Majorca has a very interesting history under its -Aragonese princes, and a history which has been -well told by those princes themselves and by a -loyal vassal who was a diligent seeker after truth. -But to understand it we must turn first to the -gorges of the Pyrenees and the ports of Catalonia.</p> - -<p>By the middle of the eighth century the Moors -had overcome Spain up to the Pyrenees, and -established their rule and their religion in all -parts of the country. But there they had to -stop. They could not subdue the mountaineers -of Asturias and the Basque provinces. Strong in -their almost inaccessible valleys in the southern -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">2</span> -slopes of the Pyrenees, the ancestors of the nobles -of Aragon also held their Moslem enemies at bay. -Wild as those valleys were, they were beautiful -and productive. Evergreen oaks clothed the lower -slopes, succeeded by pine forests, and still higher -up are the bushes and trees of box so characteristic -of the Pyrenees. The mountaineers had -their flocks and herds, crops of barley and oats, -and abundance of timber. But there was a long -struggle before them.</p> - -<p>The little kingdom of Navarre was founded -by Garcia Jimenes as early as 758, and Louis, the -son of Charlemagne, drove the Moors out of -Barcelona and established a Christian country -there about fifty years afterwards. At length the -kingdom of Aragon was founded by Ramiro I., a -son of the King of Navarre, and Buesca was taken -from the Moors and became the first capital of -Aragon. Then the great Alonso, surnamed ‘El -Batallador,’ having firmly established his power -in the plains, drove the Moors out of Zaragoza in -1118, which was thenceforth the capital of Aragon.</p> - -<p>The marriage of Petronilla, the heiress of -Aragon, with Raymond Berenger, the Count of -Barcelona, raised the kingdom to a position of -importance among the nations of the Middle -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span> -Ages. The Counts of Barcelona during three -centuries had ruled over a maritime people of -great energy. These rulers were, for the most -part, capable men, whether in war or peace. The -Berengers were great warriors. It is related -that the first of the family passed his hand, -covered with blood, down the face of his golden -shield after a battle, and ever afterwards the -arms of Barcelona, granted by the Emperor -Charles the Bald in 873 and eventually adopted -by Aragon, were <i>or four pales gules</i>.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">1</a> The old -arms of Aragon were a cross of St. George between -four Moors’ heads. They were quartered with -those of Barcelona after the union; but latterly -those of the Counts of Barcelona only were used. -Sicily was <i>per saltire</i> the arms of Aragon (Barcelona) -above and below, imperial eagles dexter and -sinister. As rulers of a maritime and commercial -people, the Counts were not found wanting. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span> -Count Raymond, called the ‘Old,’ gave the -Catalans a code of laws and began the cathedral -at Barcelona, and his successors fostered the -rising importance of Catalan enterprise.</p> - -<p>Aragon, like England, was a constitutional -monarchy, with the ‘Fueros de Sobrarbe’ as its -Magna Charta. The King could do nothing, in -peace or war, without the counsel of the nobles, -called ‘Ricos Hombres,’<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">2</a> and there was a court -of appeal in the ‘Justicia Mayor.’ The Parliament -was composed of the ‘Ricos Hombres’ and -the ‘Syndicos’ of the towns. Next in rank to -the ‘Ricos Hombres’ were the ‘Infançones,’ -equivalent to ‘Hidalgos’ in Castille. The prefix -‘En’ was used in Aragon as equivalent to ‘Don’ -in Castille. The Catalan language, allied to the -Provençal, was spoken by the people, and written -by lawyers, chroniclers, and troubadours. It was -extended to Valencia and the Balearic Isles, and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span> -claims great antiquity. It was the language of -an enterprising commercial people, and was well -adapted to be a vehicle for romantic and national -songs.</p> - -<p>The exact identity of duration of the two -dynasties of Plantagenets and Aragonese sovereigns -invites comparison. The heiress Petronilla -was the contemporary of our Empress Maud; and -Ferdinand, the last male of his race, was the -contemporary of our last Plantagenet, Richard III. -They were neighbours, the Pyrenees only separating -Gascony of the Plantagenets from Aragon and -Catalonia. They were cousins through Eleanor -of Provence. They were more than cousins, for -Raymond, the husband of Petronilla, chose our -Henry II. for the guardian of his children, and -the greatest of our kings, Edward I., was the -trusted umpire selected by Pedro III. of Aragon, -and the intended father-in-law of his son. Both -families were composed of remarkable men, renowned -for chivalry, bravery, and, in more -instances than was the case in most dynasties, -for wisdom as rulers.</p> - -<p>Pedro II. of Aragon reigned from 1196 to -1213. He and his cousin En Nuño de Sans -fought at the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa side -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span> -by side with the kings of Castille and Navarre. -It was the great conflict which finally settled the -preponderance of Christians over Moors. After -that famous victory the expulsion of the latter -was only a question of time. Pedro married the -heiress of Montpellier and became the Lord of -that barony, as well as of Roussillon and -Cerdaña. This brought him in contact with Simon -de Montfort; and the King of Aragon appears to -have made an agreement with Simon by which -he gave his only son Jayme to be brought up at -Carcassonne with a view to his eventual marriage -with a daughter of De Montfort. Afterwards a -war broke out between Aragon and Carcassonne, -and Pedro was slain in a battle near the castle of -Muret.</p> - -<p>The heir of Aragon was at Carcassonne, in -the power of his father’s enemy, and was only six -years of age. He was born on February 8, 1208. -Simon de Montfort at first refused to give him up; -but, owing to the intervention of the Pope, he was -restored to his subjects, and arrived at Montpellier -in safety with his cousin Ramon Berenguer -of Provence, who was the same age. This companion -of Jayme was the future grandfather of -Edward I. of England. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span></p> - -<p>Jayme I. of Aragon, surnamed the Conqueror, -was among the greatest sovereigns in an age of -great sovereigns, the age of Edward I. of England, -of St. Louis of France, of St. Fernando of Castille, -of Frederick II. of Germany. Accepted by his -Parliament and guarded by his nobles during his -minority, Jayme entered upon his duties as ruler -of a free people with every advantage. His person -is described by Desclot. He was very tall—over -six feet—with broad shoulders, small waist, and -well-proportioned limbs. He had a fair rosy complexion, -blue eyes, and auburn hair. He was -strong and active, very expert in all exercises on -foot or horseback, valiant and well-practised in -arms. He was courteous and affable to all classes -of people, and he was as merciful as he was brave. -There is one charming incident which throws a -very pleasant light on his character. It is related -in his own journal. His tent had been pitched -in one place for a considerable time, and when the -camp was moving it was found that a swallow had -built its nest between the tent-poles. The King -ordered that the tent was to remain pitched and -guarded until the young swallows could fly, saying -that the mother-bird had put herself under his -protection, and that he could not disappoint her. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span> -Jayme, when a boy, was married to a princess of -Castilla and had a son by her named Alonso, -who died young. But the mother of his other -children was Violante, daughter of King Andrew -of Hungary and sister of St. Isabel.</p> - -<p>The first great enterprise undertaken by King -Jayme was the expulsion of the Moors from the -Balearic Islands, which they had possessed for -five hundred years.</p> - -<p>Majorca, with its satellites Minorca and Iviça, -forms a very fine possession. The largest of the -islands, with its fifty miles of extent and area -covering 1,300 square miles, is nearly square, -with its two large bays of Palma and Alcudia on -either side and a projection to the south-west; -but the grace and beauty of its outline should -have saved it from being called a ‘quadrilateral -trapezoid.’ A fine range of mountains, mainly of -Jurassic limestone (lias), occupies the western and -northern sides of the island, with peaks rising to -near 5,000 feet. The ‘Puig Galatzo,’ in sight -from Palma, is 3,500, and the ‘Puig Major,’ -farther north, 4,700 feet in height. The mountainous -part contains lovely valleys, with much -terrace-cultivation of oranges and olives, many -flowering shrubs, and with the higher slopes clothed -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span> -in forests of Aleppo pines. From this deep green -vegetation perpendicular cliffs and peaks of white -marble stand out against the deep blue sky. -There are lower hills near the south coast, but -the rest of the island is a most fertile <i>huerta</i> or -garden, covered with almond and apricot trees, -and crops or pasture beneath them. In the early -spring the whole is one vast sea of almond-blossom. -Ancient olive and carob trees take the place of -almonds near the skirts of the mountains. On -the northern side of the mountains, especially -at Miramar, with the sea far below and the -white peaks shooting up into the sky, the scene -is a perfect dream of loveliness.</p> - -<p>The Arab conquerors fully appreciated the -beauty and advantages of Majorca, with its -inheritance of Carthaginian and Roman traditions, -ruins, and aqueducts. For does not the -chronicler Ask-shakandi describe the island as -‘one of the most fertile and best cultivated -countries that God ever made, and the most -abundant in provisions of all kinds’? while the -poet Ibn-al-labneh tells us that to its capital -‘the ringdove lent the prismatic colours of his -collar, and the peacock his beautiful variegated -plumage’! -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span></p> - -<p>It was in 716 that Abdallah, the son of Musa, -overran the Balearic Islands, and they became -part of the empire of the Beni Umiyyah. During -this period they were fully occupied by Moors and -Arabs. When the great Cordovan empire fell to -pieces, a man of remarkable courage and ability -was governor of the town of Denia, on the Valencian -coast. This was Mujahid ibn Al Amíri, -surnamed Abu-l-jayush, or the father of the army. -He was a Cordovan, and a freed man of Abdu-r-rahman, -son of the great conqueror Almanzor. -Mujahid retained possession of Denia, and made -himself Amir of the Balearic Islands in 1015. He -was an undaunted warrior, an experienced sailor, -and his large fleet dominated the eastern Mediterranean. -His son Ali, surnamed Al Muhtadi, -succeeded him in 1045, and was in close alliance -with the Christian Count of Barcelona, Raymond -Berenger I. A remarkable grant has been preserved -by which Ali ordered that all the Christian -clergy of Denia and the Balearic Islands were to -be under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Barcelona. -It is a proof of the liberal and tolerant spirit which -actuated the Spanish Muhammadan princes. Ali -was dethroned by one of this officers named -Mubashir, who reigned until 1114, and from that -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span> -time, though the islanders throve and their capital -was enriched, the rulers became aggressive and -piratical. They were kept in check to some -extent by the fleets of the republic of Pisa; but -they made raids on the Catalonian coast, and even -sacked Barcelona on one occasion and killed its -Count. No Christian ship was safe, and at last -the cup of their iniquity was full. King Jayme -resolved that Majorca must be conquered and that -the Moorish must be replaced by a Catalan population. -It was time. The chroniclers call the Moor -who was then ruling at Majorca ‘Sheikh Bohibe,’ -but his real name appears to have been Abu -Yahye ibn Ali Imran At-tinmeleli.</p> - -<p>King Jayme, by keeping a journal, had an -immense advantage over other sovereigns. His -autobiography is deeply interesting in itself: its -truthfulness is self-evident, and it checks and -sometimes disproves the tales of careless chroniclers. -It was printed at Valencia in 1474 in Catalan, the -language in which it was written; was printed in -Spanish for Philip II. in 1557; and Mr. Forster’s -English translation, edited by Don Pascual -Gayangos, was published in 1883. Here we have -a detailed narrative of the conquest of Majorca at -first hand. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span></p> - -<p>The young King was only in his twentieth year -when the great enterprise was undertaken. He -ruled over a free people, and it was necessary to -call together the Ricos Hombres, the prelates, and -the procurators of towns, and to submit his project -for their approval. They assembled in the old -palace of the Counts of Barcelona. Their assent -was unanimous and enthusiastic. The Archbishop -of Tarragona, too old to go himself, promised to -equip one hundred knights and one thousand -infantry. Then up rose En Berenguer de Palou, -the Bishop of Barcelona, who was not to be outdone. -He declared that he would go himself with -130 knights, one thousand soldiers, and a galley, -and that he would not return until the conquest -was complete. Other prelates—canons, abbots, -and monks—followed these examples, down to the -sacristan of Gerona, who promised to equip ten -knights. The most able and experienced general -among the nobles was the King’s cousin En Nuño -Sans, the Count of Roussillon, and he spoke in the -names of the principal Ricos Hombres, who were -En Guillem de Moncada, Viscount of Bearne by -marriage, a very great vassal; Ponce Hugo, Count -of Ampurias; Ramon de Moncada; Bernardo de -Santa Eugenia de Torrella; Jofre, Viscount of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span> -Rocaberti; Hugo de Mataplana—all promising to -equip knights and foot soldiers according to their -means. The young son of a German count, named -Carroz, and many other volunteers, also followed -the King.</p> - -<p>Ramon de Plegamans, a wealthy merchant of -Barcelona, contracted to supply arms, siege -equipage, and provisions; and the thoroughness -with which this was done impresses the reader, -more than the numbers of troops, with the wealth -and resources of the great Catalonian seaport. -As many as 143 vessels were assembled, including -25 full-sized ships, 18 undecked ‘taridas,’ and -100 flat-bottomed boats. The largest ship came -from Narbonne, and had three decks. The army -consisted of 15,000 infantry and 1,500 cavalry. -All the latest machines for hurling stones and -protecting the besiegers were provided by the -enterprising Plegamans.</p> - -<p>The vessels were assembled at the small ports -of Salou and Cambrils, near Tarragona, and the -expedition sailed on September 1, 1229. The -King’s orders were that the ship of Captain -Nicolas Bonet, with En Guillermo de Moncada on -board, should lead, and that young Carroz should -command the rear ship. The King was in a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span> -galley belonging to Montpellier, his birthplace. -There was a light wind from the shore, but before -evening it began to blow hard from the south-west, -with a very heavy sea. The ships were -close-hauled, and making such bad weather that -the pilot wanted to put back. The King would -not hear of it. Towards sunset of the following -day the land was in sight, and next morning the -fleet was off Pollenza, the north-east extreme of -Majorca. But suddenly a strong ‘Provençal’ -wind sprang up, and the ships were in great danger -of being driven on shore. By advice of an experienced -sailor, they stood along the north-west -coast of the island until the south-west extremity -was reached at a place called Palomera. The -King’s galley arrived first, and was followed by -the rest of the fleet, not one being missing. There -was a consultation with En Nuño and the Moncadas, -when it was agreed that the galleys should examine -the south-west coast for a good place to -land, while the rest of the fleet remained at -anchor. The King landed on a rock between the -island of Dragonera and the main, called Pantaleu, -where he passed the following Sunday. The -Moors had discovered the hostile fleet, and lined -the shore with a strong force of horse and foot. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span></p> - -<p>At midnight the fleet was got under way, -with all lights out, and in profound silence. The -main portion anchored in the bay of Santa Ponza, -and the rest in a neighbouring roadstead called -Porrasa. Thence the coast runs south to Cape -Calafiguera, and sweeps round the bay of Palma. -Here King Jayme landed with his army. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II<br /> - -<span class="medium table">Tells how King Jayme won a victory over the Moors of Majorca; -and gives some account of the Moorish capital</span></h2> - -<p>The little bay of Santa Ponza was alive with -boats from the ships, pulling to the shore. The -first to land was a young Catalan ensign named -Bernardo de Riudemeya, who waved his pennon -as a sign for the others to follow him. As a reward -the King granted him the estate of Santa Ponza in -fee-simple. He was followed by 700 men and the -chief officers, including En Nuño, En Ramon de -Moncada, En Bernardo de Santa Eugenia de -Torrella, Bernardo de Champans, the Master of -the Temple, and his knights, making about 150 -horse. A reconnaissance by Ramon de Moncada -found an advanced guard of Moors about a mile -away, which was attacked and put to flight. -When the King landed, he heard that this encounter -was proceeding, so he galloped off to the scene of -action with forty attendant knights. Seeing a -body of 400 Moorish infantry on a spur of the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span> -hills, he attacked them furiously, put them to -flight, and returned well pleased. He found his -nobles in some alarm for his safety, and he was -seriously taken to task for running such risks -when so much depended on his life. Guillem de -Moncada told him that he ought to recollect that -the lives of all of them depended upon his safety.</p> - -<p>The rest of the cavalry had arrived in the -rear squadron and had been landed at Porrasa, -where it was ascertained that the Moorish Amír -with a large army was at Porto Pi, a small harbour -between Porrasa and the capital of the island. -This news was brought to the King at midnight, -and he called a council of war, when it was determined -to give the troops a good night’s rest -before the expected battle. At dawn Jayme and -his nobles heard Mass, and a sermon was preached -by the Bishop of Barcelona. All prayed fervently, -and were resolved upon victory. The King and -most of his friends had received the Sacrament -before starting, at Salou; but En Guillem de -Moncada had delayed until this moment, desiring -to do so on the very eve of battle.</p> - -<p>Then the Moncadas, Mataplana, and some -other knights, with 5,000 men, commenced a -rapid advance against the enemy, apparently -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span> -without orders. The Count of Ampurias followed -with his men. A desperate fight was commenced, -the Moors being in overwhelming numbers. Seeing -the danger, the King galloped forward with a -single knight, named Rocafort, in hopes of being -in time to make the vanguard halt until the rest -of the army could come up. He sent back -Rocafort, when he heard the clang of arms; with -an urgent message to En Nuño to bring up supports, -as the vanguard was surrounded. Jayme -was in extreme anxiety. He was heard to say to -himself, ‘En Nuño delays much. The Holy -Virgin preserve us!’ An experienced veteran, -En Nuño saw that all was in order before he led -the main body of the army into battle.</p> - -<p>In about an hour En Nuño came to where the -King was, who had galloped forward without -arming himself. Bertran de Naya, one of his -servants, brought the royal accoutrements, and -Jayme put on his quilted coat, his coat of mail, -and iron cap in the field. He told the general -that the vanguard was engaged with the whole -force of the enemy, and a rapid advance was -made to the scene of action. Here the King met -a knight named En Guillem de Mediona, who had -great fame as a jouster in tournaments. He was -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span> -coming out of the battle. He said he had been -wounded by a stone on the lip. In a severe tone, -King Jayme said that it was not seemly to retire -owing to so slight a hurt. Mediona blushed with -shame, turned his horse’s head and galloped into -the thick of the fight, where he found a soldier’s -death.</p> - -<p>The King had been delayed by the necessity -of putting on his armour. He then advanced up -a hill which to this day is called ‘El Collado del -Rey,’ attended by only twelve soldiers. On reaching -the summit he found En Nuño marshalling -his forces for the battle, and close at hand the -vast army of the Moors, with the Amír’s red-and-white -banner, the staff surmounted by a human -head. The King, full of martial ardour, wanted -to charge at once, but was restrained by En Nuño. -Both armies joined battle, and, after a long -contested engagement, the Moors broke and fled. -The rout was so complete that the Amír took -refuge in the mountains instead of returning to his -capital. The Aragonese troops were too tired to -continue the pursuit, and soon very sad news was -brought respecting the fate of the vanguard.</p> - -<p>The Bishop of Barcelona had to announce to -the King that both En Guillem de Moncada, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span> -Viscount of Bearne, and En Ramon Moncada were -slain, and that nearly all their men were cut to -pieces before the main body of the army arrived -on the field. Hugo de Mataplana was also among -the slain. Young Jayme burst into tears at the -loss of so many dear friends and comrades. The -whole army mourned with their King. But they -were now in sight of the beautiful city, the capture -of which would be the crown of their enterprise. -The King was dead tired and nearly famished, for -he had eaten nothing all day. Going down a -mountain spur, in company with En Nuño, they -came upon a tent pitched under the pine-trees, -amidst brushwood consisting of tree heaths, -lentisco, and wild lavender. There was the smell -of a good dinner in preparation, and here the -tired warriors appeased their hunger, their host -being En Oliver de Termens, a gallant Frenchman -of Roussillon. When the King rose from an -excellent meal he said, ‘Ben dinat,’ which in -Catalan means ‘well dined.’ The spot retains the -name to this day. Long the property of the -Caro family, from which sprang that gallant -Marquis de la Romana who brought the Spanish -troops from Denmark to join in the War of Independence, -the historical spot has been much -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">21</span> -changed in recent times. A stately castle with -towers at the angles, surrounded by gardens and -orange-groves, has taken the place of En Oliver’s -tent where the young King dined so well 680 -years ago. It was built in recent years by the -Hungarian Marquesa de la Romana, who afterwards -sold it. The castle of Bendinat is now -owned by the Marquis de la Torre.</p> - -<p>The interment of the great lords who were -slain in the vanguard was conducted with all the -pomp that was possible. A stone pillar surmounted -by an iron cross now marks the spot. On one side -is the date, September 12, 1229; on another the -date of erection, 1884; and on a third the arms -of Barcelona impaling those of Moncada (<i>gules, -four bezants in pale</i>). It is on the left-hand side -of the road, just halfway between Palma and -Andraix, under the shade of a fine old pine-tree.</p> - -<p>The scene of these military operations is -exceedingly beautiful. The spurs from the main -chain of mountains by the western sea are well -covered with pine and ilex forests, and rise one -behind the other. From them spurs covered with -olives and carob-trees and an undergrowth of -bright green crops and grass slope down to the -sea. Some of the spurs form a lower chain, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span> -called the Sierra de Burguesa, overlooking Porto -Pi and the capital.</p> - -<p>The exposed bay of Palma, fifteen miles across, -has the little harbour of Porto Pi on the west side, -and the city of Mallorca, afterwards called Palma, -in its centre. In Moorish times the city was an -important commercial port, with a great fleet of -piratical galleys. It had a strong wall and ditch, -and eight gates. The bed of a mountain torrent -formed the moat on the west side. On the sea-face -there were three gates: one leading to the -mole, called ‘the Gate of Chains’; another to the -west, called <i>Balbelet</i>, leading from the <i>Dar-as-Sanâá</i> -or arsenal, corrupted by the Catalans into -‘<i>Atarazana</i>.’ In the east of the sea-wall was -the <i>Hicolbelet</i>. On the right of the Gate of Chains, -within the walls, stood the Moorish palace, which -appears to have been a small town in itself, called -<i>El Medînah</i>, and by the Spaniards to this day -<i>Almudaina</i>. On the east side there was a gate -near the south-east angle, since closed up. Near -the north-east angle was the <i>Belalcofol</i>, called by -the Spaniards ‘<i>Pintada</i>.’ On the north side was -the <i>Barbolet</i>, now the <i>Puerto de Jesus</i>. The Moors -had two gates on the side of the torrent, facing -west, the <i>Belalbelet</i>, since closed, and the gate -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span> -of Porto Pi, now called <i>Catalina</i>. Altogether -there seem to have been eight gates in the Moorish -walls. Besides the <i>Almudaina</i> there was a strong -castle near the south-east angle of the town, -which was given to the Knights Templars, and -near the centre stood the chief mosque. Of other -public buildings in Moorish times there is no notice.</p> - -<p>The city of the Moors, owing to its wealth -and importance, must have contained many fine -and richly furnished houses; but such an active -energetic people as the Catalans very soon replaced -them with churches, convents, and houses in their -own style, and there is but one vestige left. Walking -down a street at the back of the cathedral, -called ‘Serra,’ to the sea-face, the shrubs and -flowers of a garden show themselves over a high -wall. A flight of steps leads to the garden, and in -one corner an archway opens on the ruins of a -Moorish bath, though nothing is left but the bare -brickwork. There is a dome supported by twelve -pillars, with capitals apparently from the ruins of -a Roman temple, the pillars about eight feet high, -and the conventional leaf capitals not exactly -fitting them. Round the dome there is a vaulted -passage, with recesses for piping. This is all that -remains to bear witness of the Moorish palaces -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span> -and houses, with their wealth of arabesque work -and bright colouring, their marble pillars and -pavements, their cool gardens and fountains and -luxurious baths. All is now a dream of the long-buried -past. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III<br /> - -<span class="medium table">Tells how En Jayme besieged and took the capital, conquered -the whole island, and became the first Christian King of Majorca</span></h2> - -<p>The rout of the Moorish army removed any -obstacle to the commencement of the siege of the -capital. The western side of the walls faced the -Catalans as they approached from the hills above -Porto Pi, but it was defended by a torrent-bed. -After a careful reconnaissance, it was resolved to -deliver the main attack on the north-east side, at -the <i>Belalcofol</i> gate, called by the Spaniards -‘<i>Pintada</i>.’ Accordingly the King formed his -camp facing this gate and about a mile distant, -at a place still called ‘El Real,’ or ‘the camp.’ -It was surrounded by a ditch and strong palisades, -for it appears that the infantry went to sleep on -board the ships every night, leaving only the -knights and artillery in the camp.</p> - -<p>Mallorca was very strongly fortified, the walls -being of great thickness, with towers at intervals. -It was therefore determined to batter down the -walls and make a breach with the artillery so -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span> -efficiently provided by the zealous contractor, -Ramon de Plegamans. The King mentions four -kinds of artillery for hurling rocks against the walls, -which he calls <i>trebuchets</i> or catapults, <i>almajanachs</i>, -<i>algarradas</i>, and <i>fonebols</i>, the latter being the stone -balls themselves, not the machines. These were -the latest things in siege artillery; but the King -was not content with them and ordered a still -larger machine to be constructed out of the yards -and masts of the ships, as well as <i>mantellos</i> for the -protection of the workmen. The Moors had similar -artillery within the walls, one of their machines -with such a range as to reach the Christian camp.</p> - -<p>The zealous ardour of the Catalan army was -stimulated and kept alive not only by the example -of the young King, but also by the fiery -eloquence of a friar preacher named Miguel Fabra. -All worked alike, from the King himself to the -meanest labourer. But although a continual -watch was kept round the walls, the Amír succeeded -one dark night in effecting an entrance -with a number of his followers.</p> - -<p>The Moors were not without supporters outside -the town, who were ready to harass the -Christians. One of the principal Moslem chiefs -in the mountains was Fatih-billah (‘Conqueror -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span> -by the grace of God’), a word corrupted by the -Spaniards into ‘Infantilla.’ About two Spanish -leagues<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> from the town there was an abundant -spring, with a channel leading from it, bearing a -copious supply of good water. The Christian camp -was pitched by the side of this channel. The place -where the spring rises is called Canet, near the foot -of the mountains. The actual spring was on a -wooded hill sloping down to a beautiful little -valley, with the main range of the mountains on -the other side. Fatih-billah hoped to do irreparable -injury to the besiegers by cutting off their -water-supply. So one night he went to Canet -with 500 footmen and 100 horse, occupied the -hill where the spring rises, and began to turn the -water into another channel. Directly this was -known at the camp, the King despatched a much -larger force under En Nuño and Torrella, which -surprised the Moors at their work. There was a -desperate encounter on the hillside; Fatih-billah -was killed, his men were cut to pieces, and the -spring remained in possession of the Catalans. -How changed is now the scene! The large -country house of the descendants of Torrella -dominates the valley of Canet, with its beautiful -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span> -gardens and woods of fir-trees and heath beyond. -The hillside is terraced for olive-trees and carobs; -and a few years ago a stalactite cave was discovered -there, several hundred yards in length, the -entrance to which is close to the spot where the -battle between En Nuño and Fatih-billah must -have been fought. The cave was then unknown. -It would easily have held the whole of the Moorish -force, and the Catalans would have been unaware -of their proximity. The discovery appears to -have been made owing to a perforation in the -roof of the cave which made a hole in a field above.</p> - -<p>This was the last attempt to molest the -besiegers from outside, or by sallies in force. -Nevertheless the King caused a tower called ‘El -Torre de las Lanoveras,’ between the capital and -Porto Pi, to be fortified, and a guard to be -stationed there, so as to keep a close watch on -the movements of the enemy.</p> - -<p>The Catalans received important assistance -from the friendship of a very influential Moor -named Benahabet, who was anxious to be on the -winning side. He was highly connected, was -Governor of Pollenza and Inca, and owner of the -beautiful country seat of Alfavia. He sent a -messenger declaring that he would place a third -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span> -of the island in the power of King Jayme. Soon -afterwards he came himself with a very large -supply of fresh provisions, and was received into -the King’s grace. The supply was renewed every -week. Benahabet suggested that, as the towns -in his jurisdiction had submitted, two principal -Christian officers should be sent to bear rule over -them and to administer justice. Two such -officers—one a native of Barcelona, the other of -Montpellier were appointed with the title of -‘Baile,’ or Judge.</p> - -<p>The besiegers continued to work hard at the -approaches and mines, both sides receiving much -injury from the stone-hurling artillery. Seeing -the rapid progress of the Christians, the Amír -made a request that the King would send some one -to treat with him. En Nuño went, with a dozen -attendant knights and an interpreter. The Amír -offered to pay all the expenses of the expedition -if the Christians would depart; but the King -positively refused to consider any such terms. -The Amír then prayed for a second interview, and -pitched a sumptuously furnished tent near Porto -Pi. Hostilities were suspended, and En Nuño -came again. The Amír made a dissertation on -the impossibility of taking so strong a place, and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span> -merely offered the same terms. When this was -again refused, he offered five besants for each -man, woman, and child, and to surrender the -town, if he was allowed a number of ships sufficient -to take all his people to Barbary. En Nuño came -back with this offer, but the relations and friends -of the Moncadas insisted that the place should be -taken without any treaty or agreement. At first -En Jayme was inclined to accept the Moor’s offer, -but eventually he gave way to the strong feeling -of his nobles, and all negotiations were broken off.</p> - -<p>As soon as he found that there was no hope -from negotiation, the Amír resolved upon a -desperate defence. He addressed his people, -urging them to defend their religion, their liberty, -and their homes to the death. He met with a -determined response, and the resistance became -more fierce and desperate than ever. The Count -of Ampurias conducted the mining operations, -and eventually at least forty yards of the wall -fell in. The breach was defended with such -furious valour that the besiegers were forced to -retire, while the Moors hastily built up another -wall. A few days afterwards, on the Saturday -after St. Andrew’s,<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a> another piece of the wall, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span> -with a tower, fell in heaps. With the accord of -the army, the King then resolved to deliver the -assault on the following Sunday morning. Still -the resistance was so resolute, the furious struggles -for positions so prolonged, that it was the last day -of December before the general assault could be -given.</p> - -<p>At dawn the troops heard Mass and received -the Sacrament. The King made a speech to -animate the men, with whom he promised to -conquer or die. They advanced to the ruined -walls, where the ‘<i>Puerta Pintada</i>’ stood, and 300 -footmen rushed over the breach, followed by -cavalry. The Moorish Amír was at the head of -his bravest warriors, and soon a desperate battle -was raging in the street now called ‘San Miguel.’ -Mounted on a white horse, and armed at all points, -the gallant Moor courted death, and kept shouting -to his men, ‘Stand firm! Stand firm!’ The -brave defenders died in heaps where they stood, -but the impulse of the Catalans was irresistible, -and they reached the front of the chief mosque, -leaving heaps of dead behind them.</p> - -<p>This mosque was turned into the first Christian -place of worship, and is now the church of San -Miguel. The figure-head of the King’s galley -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span> -was a Virgin and Child. It was placed in the -church of San Miguel, where it remains to this -day.</p> - -<p>Here there was a pause. The Moors still -fought hard to prevent a further advance into -their city, while stones and timber were hurled -upon the assailants by women and children on -the roofs. So long as their Amír led them the -Moors continued the struggle, but at last he -retired in despair. Then the inhabitants began -to pour out of the gates now called Jesus and -Catalina, and fled towards the mountains. The -dead could be counted by thousands. The King -placed himself at the head of his troops and led -them through the town until he reached the -‘Almudaina’ palace on the sea-face. Those -within it surrendered on condition that their -lives were spared.</p> - -<p>The house in which his brave antagonist the -Amír Abu Yahye had taken refuge was pointed -out to King Jayme. He went there, accompanied -by his cousin En Nuño. When he entered the -room, the Amír, who was in a white burnous and -quilted coat, stood up and tendered his submission. -The King received it with courtesy, promised the -Amír his life, and treated him with consideration, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span> -giving him in charge to two of his nobles. En -Jayme found the Amír’s son, a boy aged about -fourteen, in the ‘Almudaina.’ He adopted the -young Moorish prince, converted him, and eventually -granted him a considerable estate in Aragon, -where he married the fair Eva de Roldan and -became Baron of Hillueca and Gotor.</p> - -<p>Having placed a strong guard over the treasury -in the ‘Almudaina,’ the King, quite worn out by -the fatigue of so many days of anxiety and fighting, -retired to rest in the Moorish palace. On the -following morning the city was given up to sack, -and the spoils were enormous, consisting of great -quantities of gold and silver in many shapes, rich -clothing, arms, horses, and a thousand other forms -of riches. The soldiers were well repaid for their -labours. The sacking of the town was allowed to -proceed for eight days continuously. As many as -180 Christian captives were found and liberated. -Efforts were then made to bury the dead, but they -were ineffectual, and a terrible pestilence broke -out. One of the first victims was the Count of -Ampurias; many other leading nobles perished, -and great ravages were made among the soldiers -before the pestilence subsided.</p> - -<p>The Catalan force had been much reduced by -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span> -losses during the siege, by some having returned -home, and by the pestilence, and no reinforcements -had arrived. Yet the King insisted upon -attacking a large body of Moors who had taken -refuge in the mountains. Fortunately, the impregnable -castle of Alaro, which he left on his -right as he advanced, had been secured by his -ally Benahabet, and was not in the hands of the -Moors. The King led his men to the skirts of -the mountains, at a place called Buñola, where -he appears to have sustained a serious reverse. -The Catalans fed before the mountaineers, and -never stopped until they reached Benahabet’s -town of Inca, near the centre of the island. The -King followed the fugitives with only forty attendant -knights, and sternly upbraided them for their -cowardice. He then returned to Palma with his -beaten troops.</p> - -<p>Soon afterwards a welcome reinforcement -arrived, which, however, only consisted of fifteen -well-armed knights. But their leader was a man -of exceptional importance. Hugo de Folch Alguer -was Master of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem -in Aragon and Catalonia, and was a veteran for -whom the King had a great regard. His request -for a grant of land for his Order was opposed at -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span> -first by the nobles who had borne the heat and -burden of the day. It speaks much for the tact and -conciliatory skill of the young King that he eventually -succeeded in making the grant to the Master -with the consent and approval of all concerned in -the division of the land.</p> - -<p>En Jayme then resolved to lead an expedition -against the Moors who had taken refuge in the -hills towards the south-east angle of the island. -Accompanied by En Nuño, the Bishop of Barcelona, -and the Master of the Hospitallers, the King -advanced to the site of Manacor, now the centre -of a vine-growing district. Here the news came -that many Moors were concealed, with their -riches, in almost inaccessible caves near the -south coast.</p> - -<p>On the coast near Manacor is the <i>Cueva del -Drach</i>, one of the largest stalactite caves in -Europe, with several subsidiary caves and an -underground lake, over which the myriads of -stalactites present a fairy-like scene. Farther to -the eastward the caves of Arta are of still greater -extent, nearly 300 yards long, in three vast vaulted -halls, roofed by magnificent stalactites, some of -them assuming marvellous shapes. The approach -to the entrance, where there is a splendid view -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span> -over the sea, has now been made easy enough. In -the thirteenth century it was extremely difficult -and perilous. The young King led an assault on -the caves of Arta, but, unable to face the hail -storm of missiles on so narrow and dangerous a -path, his men were repulsed. A retreat was unavoidable, -and En Jayme went to dinner. The -Master of St. John, with his knights, then endeavoured -to set fire to some huts built round -the entrance of the caves. The plan was to -send two knights on to the heights above the -entrance, whence they were to shower down -darts made with artificial fire, so as to burn the -huts and fill the cave with suffocating smoke. -Two brothers named Antonio and Perote Moix -volunteered for this dangerous service. The plan -was successful, and the Moors, from fear of -suffocation, offered to surrender if no succour -reached them in eight days. Meanwhile the -Catalans were suffering from want of provisions. -The King himself, with En Nuño and a hundred -followers, only had seven loaves of bread amongst -them for a whole day. The rest of the army fed -on corn stored in the farms. The young son of -Ramon de Moncada, who secured the bread, -received for his arms ‘<i>on a field gules seven loaves or</i>.’ -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">37</span></p> - -<p>On Palm Sunday, 1230, the Moorish fugitives -in the various caves surrendered, to the number -of 1,500 men, women, and children, with an -immense quantity of wheat and barley, cows and -sheep, and jewels of gold and silver. En Jayme -returned in triumph to Palma, where his satisfaction -was increased by the arrival of a large reinforcement. -Soon afterwards some of the Moors in -the western mountains submitted to the conqueror.</p> - -<p>The King busied himself with the political -settlement of the land, dividing the estates among -his nobles and knights, and granting very extensive -privileges to the Catalan settlers. He then -resolved to return to his Continental dominions. -En Bernardo de Santa Eugenia, Lord of Torrella, -was appointed the first Governor and Captain-General -of the kingdom of Majorca. His descendants -still enjoy the <i>quinta</i> of Canet and other -estates granted to him. His brother was the first -Bishop. The Moorish prisoners were made to -labour on the public works. Those who had submitted -voluntarily were allowed to retain houses -and lands, paying rent and cultivating the ground. -Some became Christians. Soon many settlers -arrived with their wives, while many wives of the -soldiers joined their husbands. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span></p> - -<p>At length the day came for the King to depart. -He was much beloved, and there was general -mourning. He made a farewell speech, and the -knights who had gone through so many dangers -and hardships with him were affected to tears. -With only two galleys King Jayme embarked at -the port of Palomera on October 28, 1230, and -landed near Tarragona. He was received with -great rejoicings by all classes of the people. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">39</span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV<br /> - -<span class="medium table">King Jayme’s last visits—Settlement of the island—Acts and -death of Jayme I., first King of Majorca</span></h2> - -<p>The settlement of the country was continued -under Bernardo de Torrella, though there were -still about two thousand Moors holding out in the -mountains under a chief called by the Spaniards -Xoarp. Soon alarming news arrived that the -King of Tunis was preparing to reconquer Mallorca -with a large army, and that he had collected a -great number of ships to transport it. The -tidings were sent to the King, and were confirmed -by Plegamans, who was a newsagent as well as a -contractor. En Jayme resolved to go in person -to defend his island, in spite of the remonstrances -of many of his councillors, who deprecated his -exposure to so many dangers. The old Archbishop -of Tarragona went so far as to try and hold him -round the waist when he was getting into the boat -at Salou.</p> - -<p>This time the King brought with him a cousin -to be Viceroy of Mallorca, in the person of the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span> -Infante Pedro of Portugal. This prince’s mother -was Aldonza, sister of Alonso II. of Aragon and -wife of Sancho, King of Portugal; so that Pedro -was a first cousin of King Jayme’s father—the same -relation as En Nuño. He married the Countess of -Urgel, the greatest heiress in Aragon, and acquired -a position of importance in the country. The -Countess had died without children, and Pedro -received Mallorca on condition that he surrendered -all his rights in the county of Urgel. He seems to -have been a weak man, fond of his ease, and all -real power remained with Torrella and others -trusted by the King.</p> - -<p>En Jayme, accompanied by En Nuño and the -Portuguese prince, sailed from Salou, and in two -days his little fleet was anchored in the port of -Soller, where the joyful news was received that -the King of Tunis had abandoned his intended -invasion, at all events for that year. The port of -Soller is on the north side of the island, about two -miles from the town, which is in the midst of a -lovely valley surrounded by magnificent mountain -peaks. Rich in the products of its harvests, Soller -was even then a place of trade, and En Jayme -found a Genoese vessel loading in its port. The -King must have been struck by the wonderful -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span> -beauty of this side of his island, which he had not -seen before. Suliar (Soller) in Arabic means a -shell, like the golden shell at Palermo. It is -now, and probably was then, golden with orange -and lemon gardens; the higher slopes of the -mountains covered with pine and carob trees, -and the grand peaks raising their heads into the -sky. The loftiest peak in the island, ‘Puig Mayor -d’en Torrello’ (4,700 feet) is not in sight, being -concealed by the second highest, the ‘Puig de -Massonella’ (4,400 feet), on which the King -probably saw patches of snow. To the north-east -is a striking peak, called ‘Puig de L’Ofre’ -(3,500 feet), and to the south the ‘Teix’ of -Valdemosa (3,400 feet). In the division the King -gave two-thirds of the Soller valley to the Count -of Ampudia, and one-third to Gaston de Moncada, -whose father was slain in the battle of Santa -Ponza. In riding from Soller to Palma King -Jayme had to cross a mountain saddle 2,000 feet -high, whence he had glorious views of the Soller -valley on one side, and of the fertile ‘garden’ of -Palma on the other. At the end of the descent is -the estate of Alfavia, the enchanting country seat -of Jayme’s Moorish ally, Benahabet. The estate -had been granted to En Nuño, but the Moorish -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span> -owners were allowed to retain it on paying a quit-rent. -Here the King probably rested before -riding across the ‘<i>huerta</i>,’ or garden, to Palma, -where he was received with transports of joy by -the people.</p> - -<p>The King was unable to remain long away -from his Continental dominions. He left the -Infante Pedro of Portugal as Viceroy, Bernardo -de Torrella and a knight named Pedro Maza being -the real governors.</p> - -<p>There were still over two thousand insurgent -Moors in the recesses of the mountains, and their -leader refused to surrender to anyone but the -King himself. On this being represented to En -Jayme, he resolved to pay a third visit to his -island kingdom, and sailed from Salou with three -galleys in May 1232. He landed at Porto Pi, and -was joyfully received by his loyal subjects, who -were able to show him great progress in the public -works at Palma. The cathedral had been traced -out on a site facing the sea, close to the east wall -of the Almudaina, and the royal chapel, which -was to be the apse containing the high altar, was -actually finished. Between the long lancet windows -there are marble statues of saints and angels -on corbels and under richly carved canopies, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span> -placed there at the cost of the Oleza family. This -chapel and one on either side were to form the -eastern ends of the nave and two aisles, not yet -commenced. The King was much pleased at the -progress that had been made.</p> - -<p>The time had now come for the submission of -the other Balearic islands; but first the King -received the surrender of the Moorish mountain -chief, he and his followers being allowed to retain -their homes, paying rent to their overlords. -A few obstinate fanatics refused the terms, and -had to be starved out.</p> - -<p>The Master of the Templars in Majorca, Friar -Ramon Serra, was the first to suggest to the King -that his galleys should be sent to Minorca, demanding -immediate submission and threatening that -the King would himself come with a large army -to punish any disobedience. The three knights, -Torrella, Maza, and Serra himself, were accordingly -ordered to proceed to Minorca with an -interpreter, and the King’s demand written in -Arabic. The Moorish Alcaide and headmen of -the town received the knights with much respect. -The letter was read to them, and they asked for -time to deliberate. This was granted. On that -very evening the King, with only six knights, was -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span> -stationed on Cape Pera, the eastern extreme of -the island of Majorca, near Arta, with Minorca -clearly in sight. As soon as the sun set they fired -some immense piles of <i>lentisco</i> bushes, to make the -Minorcans believe that a great army was encamped -there. When the chief men of Minorca saw the -fires, they hurried to the Catalan knights to inquire -what they were. ‘It is the great army,’ they -were told, ‘that will come directly the King hears -of a refusal of his demands.’ Next day they -submitted, surrendered all their strong places, and -declared that they trusted in the clemency of the -King. Meanwhile En Jayme remained on the -Cape of Pera, continuing the stratagem of the -bonfires for four days, when the news of the -submission of Minorca without bloodshed was -brought and gave him great satisfaction. Iviza -and Formentera submitted in the following year.</p> - -<p>The King was in Majorca during July and -August 1232. He granted very liberal <i>Fueros</i> to -the people and completed the settlement of the -island. The final document in which the distribution -of lands among the conquerors is recorded -was signed on July 1, 1232. The lands were -divided into <i>jovadas</i>, and these were subdivided -into <i>cuarteradas</i>, a <i>cuarterada</i> being a certain -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span> -portion of squared land, with each side forty -<i>brazas</i> in length. A <i>braza</i> was the length of King -Jayme’s arms from finger-tips to finger-tips, and, -as he was over six feet, this was a good fathom. -The length of each side of a <i>cuarterada</i> was therefore -eighty English yards. A <i>jovada</i> was originally -the portion of land that a yoke of bullocks -could plough in one day; but in the Majorca -division it was counted at sixteen <i>cuarteradas</i>. -The Arabic names were used, <i>rahal</i> being a house -or property near a town; <i>alqueria</i> a farm, a word -still in use; <i>beni</i> preceding a place-name meaning -‘the house of.’ As many as 573 <i>rahales</i> and -<i>alquerias</i> were thus granted by the King, the -grantees paying certain dues to the four great -feudatories, En Nuño, Count of Roussillon, the -Count of Ampurias, Gaston de Moncada, and the -Bishop of Barcelona. But this only includes half -the grants, the rest having been made by the great -feudatories themselves to their own followers. -Altogether upwards of fifteen hundred farms must -have been distributed. There was also a division -of the mills, and of the rights to running water. -The number of farms gives an idea of the flourishing -condition of the island in the time of the -Moors. They were succeeded by an equally -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span> -energetic and intelligent race of farmers and -artisans.</p> - -<p>The Knights Templars received the strong -castle near the south-eastern angle of the city -walls, afterwards called the Temple, and a great -number of farms. The Knights Hospitallers also -acquired very considerable landed property.</p> - -<p>On a small island the population, under circumstances -like the conquest of Mallorca, is soon -changed. A great number of the Moors perished, -many escaped to Muhammadan Spain or Africa, -many were taken away by their new masters. -There is certainly no trace of Moorish blood -among the present inhabitants.</p> - -<p>The government of Majorca, according to the -<i>Fueros</i> of King Jayme I., granted in 1240, consisted -of six persons, elected annually, called -<i>Jurados</i>, who formed the municipal authority. -The president, called <i>Jurado en cap</i>, belonged to -the class of nobles; two were citizens liable for -military service, two were of the merchant class, -and one of the labouring class. Until 1447 the -<i>Jurados</i> were co-opted, but afterwards a sort of -ballot was adopted. There was a General Council -of 143 deputies, the <i>Jurado en cap</i> presiding. The -deputies consisted of a fixed number of representatives -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">47</span> -of the capital and other towns, and of -knights, merchants, and artisans. There was one -judge, called the <i>Bayle General</i>, until the institution -of the Audiencia in 1576.</p> - -<p>This was a remarkably liberal constitution for -the thirteenth century, and indicates the trust -and reliance felt by King Jayme in the loyalty -and good sense of his people. In this, as in other -respects, we are reminded of our own Edward I., -his parliaments and legislation.</p> - -<p>The conquest of Majorca was a matter of the -greatest importance to the island, but it was only -a brief episode in the long reign of more than sixty -years. En Jayme showed ceaseless activity in -the work of government, consulting assemblies of -his people, framing laws and granting privileges, -and settling complicated disputes. Popular representation -was strengthened under Jayme I. -He sometimes met the Cortes of Aragon in the -capital or one of the towns, and the Council of -Catalonia separately; at other times the representatives, -for special reasons, met in one assembly, -usually at Monzon. In one case the meeting was -called a parliament, in the other ‘Cortes Generales.’ -Mr. Hallam, in his ‘Middle Ages,’ has given a -good general account of the Aragonese Constitution. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">48</span> -En Jayme frequently visited the whole of -his dominions, and thus became intimately acquainted -with his people and their needs. In -1238, nine years after the conquest of Majorca, -King Jayme found it necessary, owing to the -frequent and audacious inroads of the Moors, to -undertake the conquest of the rich and important -kingdom of Valencia. The capital city was taken -at Michaelmas, and a Christian population substituted; -but it was a much longer military operation -to reduce the numerous strongholds up to the -frontier of Murcia. The work was finally completed, -and King Jayme, well named ‘El Conquistador,’ -granted <i>Fueros</i> to his new kingdom of -Valencia, and a representative assembly, or Cortes.</p> - -<p>It now becomes necessary to allude to the -King’s children and family relations. By his -wife Violante of Hungary Jayme I. had eight -children. Pedro, his successor in Aragon, Catalonia, -and Valencia, was born in 1243. In July 1262, at -the age of nineteen, he was married to Constance, -daughter of Manfred, King of Sicily, son of the -Emperor Frederick II., by Beatrice, daughter of -Amadeo, Count of Savoy. The marriage took -place at Montpellier. The second son was Jayme, -who was to succeed his father as King of Majorca, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span> -as well as to the possessions in the south of France. -King Jayme married his second son to Esclaramunda, -sister of the Count of Foix, the most -powerful nobleman in Gascony. The third son, -Fernando, did not turn out well. Of the daughters, -Violante married Alonso X., King of Castille, in -1248; Isabel became the wife of King Philip III. -(<i>le Hardi</i>) of France; and Constance of the Infante -Don Manuel of Castille. Maria was a nun, and -Leonor, the youngest, died in childhood.</p> - -<p>The Infante Pedro of Portugal died childless -in 1244, and was buried in the cathedral at Palma. -En Nuño, the King’s cousin and most able general, -also dying childless, left all his vast possessions -to the master he had served so long and so -well. He was Count of Roussillon, Cerdaña, and -Conflent.</p> - -<p>After the marriages of his children, the last -great enterprise of En Jayme was undertaken at -the earnest request of his son-in-law, Alonso X. -of Castille. This was the conquest of the Muhammadan -kingdom of Murcia, in which his son Pedro -took a prominent part. The campaign was a -complete success, and King Jayme honourably -handed over to Alonso X. the prize he had won -at great cost and no little trouble. He also made -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span> -some liberal grants in the south of Valencia to his -other son-in-law, the Infante Manuel.</p> - -<p>Jayme was happy in his two sons Pedro and -Jayme, both brave, accomplished, and dutiful. -He determined to provide for both. Pedro was -to succeed his father as King of Aragon, King of -Valencia, and Count of Barcelona. He thus, by -the addition of Valencia, gave to his heir far more -extensive dominions than he had himself inherited. -To his second son, Jayme, he gave the kingdom -of Majorca, the counties of Roussillon, Cerdaña, -and Conflent in the Pyrenees, inherited from -En Nuño, and the barony of Montpellier, the -inheritance of his mother. He declared his resolution -to make this division on January 19, 1248, -and his act was recognised and confirmed by the -Cortes in 1251, and again in 1262. Pedro could -have no cause for complaint, because he succeeded -to all that his father had inherited and a great -deal more. The division was confirmed many -years before the death of King Jayme, so that -both his sons had ample time to become reconciled -to an arrangement which was perfectly fair and -just in itself. Young Jayme, indeed, assumed his -position in Majorca as heir-apparent, and ruled -there under his father for several years. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span></p> - -<p>One of the last acts of En Jayme was to attend -a Papal Council at Lyons, where he was magnificently -fêted. This led to his contemplating the -command of a crusade, and his fourth and last -visit to Majorca was undertaken to raise recruits; -but it came to nothing. The great King died at -Valencia on July 27, 1276, in his seventieth year, -after a reign of sixty-four years. He was buried -with great pomp, but amidst the heartfelt sorrow -of his people, in the monastery of Poblet, near -Tarragona. Here his body rested in peace for -560 years. But in 1835 a vile mob sacked and -destroyed the monastery. The King’s coffin was -eventually taken to the cathedral of Tarragona. -It has found a final resting-place at Valencia, -where his sword is also preserved.</p> - -<p>King Jayme I. of Aragon, ‘El Conquistador,’ -was a remarkable man—one of the greatest men -of the thirteenth century. In his long reign he -consolidated his dominions, while preserving the -autonomy of each part which possessed a separate -history and separate interests. He rendered the -national assemblies more popular. He granted -privileges most liberally to his subjects, encouraging -agriculture and commerce. He gave an impulse -to municipal government by the appointment of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span> -<i>jurados</i> and by instituting the ‘Council of One -Hundred’ at Barcelona, a model for a popular -magistracy. By the publication of his ‘Libro del -Consulado de Mar,’ the first code of maritime law -of its kind, he formed a pattern which was adopted -by all other naval Powers. He compiled the -<i>Fueros</i> of Aragon and Valencia, and granted -those of Huesca on the model of the famous -<i>Fueros</i> of Sobrarbe. He was a patron of learning; -and the arts, especially architecture, flourished -under his fostering care. He founded the university -of Lerida. In his warlike undertakings he -planned all his operations with such care and -forethought that he was always successful. The -institutions perfected by King Jayme were so -thoroughly based on the interests and genius of -the people, that they lasted, with modifications, -for more than four centuries. Just, affable, and -sympathetic, the memory of Jayme the Conqueror -is enshrined in the hearts of the descendants of -his people, and when the seventh centenary of his -birth came round, on February 8, 1908, it was -seen that the great King is not forgotten. In -Majorca, on the day of St. Silvester, the day on -which Palma was taken, there was an annual -procession in which the bishop and the authorities -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span> -joined, with En Jayme’s banner borne before them; -followed by a high Mass in the cathedral, when -all the people prayed for the soul of their beloved -King. Relics of King Jayme, consisting of his -saddle, a stirrup, and a helmet, were long preserved -at Palma. They are now in the royal -armoury at Madrid; and the procession which revived -old memories and aroused patriotic feelings -has itself become a thing of the past. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V<br /> - -<span class="medium table">Tells how the King of Aragon took up Conradin’s glove; how -the Pope’s curses went home to roost; and how En Pedro kept -his tryst</span></h2> - -<p>For fifty years after the death of Jayme I. we have -the guidance of that delightful old chronicler En -Ramon Muntaner, who had seen many years of -active service in the field before he took up his -pen to record the events of which he had personal -knowledge. He was born in his father’s house -at Peralada, near the frontier of Catalonia and -Roussillon, and thought he could just remember -the great King Jayme having been his father’s -guest for one night. But he left his home when -only eleven years of age, having been born in 1275, -the year before the death of the ‘Conquistador.’ -After knocking about the world for half a century -and doing much faithful and honourable service -by sea and land, the old warrior retired to a farm -in the ‘garden’ of Valencia, called Xiluella. -There, in the year 1335, and at the age of sixty, -he tells us that a vision appeared to him when he -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">55</span> -was sleeping on his couch. It was revealed to -him that it was God’s will that he should arise and -write the story of his life and of the great marvels -he had witnessed, that they might be made -manifest. So the veteran wrote his story for the -honour of God, of His blessed Mother, and of the -House of Aragon. Muntaner is the Froissart of -Catalonia.<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">5</a></p> - -<p>Transparently honest and trustworthy, the -warrior-historian is a sure guide through the very -complicated events in which Jayme II., the first -separate King of Majorca, and his sons were more -or less concerned during those fifty years of which -Muntaner treats.</p> - -<p>Pedro III. succeeded to the kingdoms of -Aragon and Valencia and the county of Barcelona. -His brother Jayme was present at the coronation -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span> -at Zaragoza. Jayme then proceeded to Majorca, -and was crowned King in the cathedral. He had -practically ruled the Balearic islands for several -years before his father’s death, and was very -popular with the islanders. He also took possession -of his Continental dominions of Roussillon, -Cerdaña, Conflent, and Montpellier.</p> - -<p>The two brothers appear to have had very -different dispositions. Pedro was ambitious, bold -almost to rashness, and enterprising. Jayme was -more inclined to a life of quiet and peace. Both -had been devotedly loyal to their great father -during his life. Circumstances almost forced upon -Pedro a very glorious career of successful warfare -in a good cause. The same circumstances placed -Jayme in a position of extreme difficulty as -regarded his relations with his brother.</p> - -<p>Jayme I. was scarcely in his grave when the -troubles commenced in the south of Italy and -Sicily with which the House of Aragon became -so closely connected. They arose entirely from -the malignant hatred of the Popes for that great -and enlightened Emperor, Frederick II., King of -Sicily, and from their unscrupulous ambition. -When the Emperor was succeeded by his son -Manfred, the papal enmity was transferred to him; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span> -and the Pope appealed to all the Christian kings -to drive him from his dominions. St. Louis of -France refused to perpetrate this iniquity, being -a friend of the late Emperor. King Edward of -England refused, his aunt having married -Frederick II. The King of Castille refused. -Above all, the King of Aragon denounced the -scheme, his wife Constance being a daughter of -Manfred.</p> - -<p>Still the Pope succeeded in his wicked design -in an unexpected way. The Kings of England, -France, and of the Romans, and Charles of Anjou, -brother of the King of France, had married four -sisters, the daughters of the Count of Provence.<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">6</a> -All were queens except the wife of Charles of -Anjou, and she was the eldest. This filled her -with envy and jealousy, and she tormented her -husband until he bethought him of a way to make -her a queen by doing the Pope’s dirty work and -becoming the papal King of Sicily. So, without -his brother’s knowledge or consent, he went to -Rome, and made the offer on condition that the -treasure of the Church was placed at his disposal. -The compact was made, the Pope crowned Charles, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span> -and he raised an army to invade the territory of -King Manfred.</p> - -<p>Muntaner says truly that Manfred was one of -the most valiant kings in the world. He assembled -his army and met the invading host under Charles -of Anjou near the frontier of his dominions. The -battle raged fiercely, and Manfred would have -been victorious had not bribes, applied with the -help of the treasure of the Church, turned the -scale. There was treachery. The gallant King -was slain, his army was scattered, and the Pope’s -<i>protégé</i> was enabled to occupy Naples and overrun -Sicily, which was occupied by the licentious -soldiery of Charles of Anjou. The papal nominee -used his success with unrelenting cruelty. The -wife and children of Manfred were shut up in a -dungeon. Conradin, the nephew and heir, came -from Germany with a small force, but was defeated -and taken prisoner. Charles caused him to be -beheaded at Naples, and, as is well known, the -young prince, when on the scaffold, threw his -glove into the crowd, praying that some one -would take it to King Pedro of Aragon, who -would avenge his wrongs.</p> - -<p>Pedro III. took up Conradin’s glove to some -purpose. His death was the last success of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">59</span> -Charles of Anjou. The Pope had cursed the -family of the good Emperor. Never did curses -more persistently come home to roost.</p> - -<p>The Catalans were fast becoming an important -naval power in the Mediterranean, and their King -fostered its growth with care. He established -arsenals and dockyards at Barcelona, Tortosa, -Cullera, and Valencia, and ordered smaller yards -to be formed at every port where there was -anchorage for his galleys. Cullera and Tortosa -were his principal dockyards. The men were so -well trained, the galleys and arms were kept in -such a state of efficiency, that Pedro was well able -to take up Conradin’s glove and to avenge the -death of Manfred, the father of his beloved wife -Constance.</p> - -<p>The call soon came. The King of Aragon -was moved to anger when he heard of the death -of his father-in-law and of young Conradin. -Before taking any steps against the usurper, he -thought it well to secure himself from attacks on -the side of France. His brother of Majorca -was also anxious for his Continental dominions. -St. Louis of France had been succeeded in 1270 -by his son Philip <i>le Hardi</i>, who had married Pedro’s -sister. An interview was arranged between the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span> -Kings of France, Aragon, and Majorca at Toulouse. -The negotiation which followed was so far -satisfactory that Philip solemnly swore never -to interfere in the affairs of Montpellier, and -professed warm friendship for both the Aragonese -Kings.</p> - -<p>At this juncture the tyranny of the French -led to the ‘Sicilian Vespers.’ The people rose -throughout Sicily while Charles of Anjou prepared -to wreak vengeance upon them, collecting a large -army and fleet. The Sicilians turned to the King -of Aragon, whose wife was the heir to their King, -for help in their sore need, and their appeal was -not in vain. He was engaged in some successful -operations on the coast of Barbary, with a large, -well-appointed fleet, when the message reached -him. Pedro did not hesitate. He would take -up Conradin’s glove and defend the right. With -a fair wind, he caused his fleet to shape a course for -Sicily.</p> - -<p>The King of Aragon landed at Trapani on -August 28, 1282. The whole population of Sicily -was overjoyed. The march from Trapani to -Palermo was a triumphal procession. Pedro was -crowned King of Sicily at Palermo, and immediately -afterwards he marched to Messina, to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span> -resist any attempt to invade the island on the -part of the French forces of Charles of Anjou.</p> - -<p>Charles arrived before Messina with his army, -where he received envoys from the King of Aragon. -They told him, in the name of their master, that -he was a usurper; that he knew well that he had -no right to the kingdom, which belonged to the -Queen of Aragon and her sons as heirs of King -Manfred, and demanded that he should leave it. -Charles replied defiantly, and Pedro, calling all the -able-bodied men of Sicily to arms, prepared to -advance to Messina and attack the usurper, who -was besieging the town, by sea and land.</p> - -<p>It is here necessary to give some account of a -peculiar body of light infantry which formed an -important part of the Aragonese army, and was -now destined to take a very active lead in sending -the Pope’s curses home to roost.</p> - -<p>The origin of these troops, called <i>Almogavares</i>, -is said by Desclot and others to be as follows: -After Spain was overrun by the Arabs, many of -the fugitive inhabitants took refuge in fastnesses -of the mountains, whence they made incursions -into the open country, their necessities obliging -them to make no distinction between friends and -enemies. In course of time these outlaws were -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span> -organised into tribes, and generations of men who -were always leading lives of danger and hardship -produced a race of most formidable fighting -soldiers. The Kings of Aragon transformed these -fierce wanderers into a new military organisation. -They became fanatically loyal troops, while retaining -their old customs and habits. They were -divided into companies, each under a captain, -named <i>almogadan</i>. They also had officers named -<i>adalid</i>,<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">7</a> who were guides for the routes, and who -also had authority to judge of what occurred in -the forays, and to divide the spoils. The dress of -an <i>almogarave</i> consisted of a smock, breeches, -leather gaiters, hide sandals called <i>abarcas</i>, a sort -of knapsack on the back to hold a day’s food, -and a belt round the waist with a dagger, and -a small bag containing flint and steel. The -<i>almogarave</i> never shaved and never cut his hair, -which was confined in a net. His arms were a -short lance and a few darts slung on his back. In -an ambush or night-attack they first made innumerable -sparks with their flints and steels in -all directions, then rushed furiously upon their -enemy with the war-cry of ‘<i>Desparte ferres!</i>’<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">8</a> and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">63</span> -shouts of ‘<i>Al mugabar</i>.’ This word may be allied to -the Hebrew ‘<i>muhavar</i>,’ which means a companion.</p> - -<p>The <i>almogavares</i> were an exceedingly formidable -body of light infantry. Pedro sent 2,000 -to Messina by forced marches, while he followed -with the main strength of his army. Arriving at -Messina, they were received into the town, but -the inhabitants were in despair at their ragged -and wild appearance, and feared that men like -these could never cope with the soldiers of Charles. -Their answer was, ‘We will show you what we are -like’; and at dawn they sallied out of Messina -and attacked the besieging army with such fury -that it was thrown into confusion. Charles of -Anjou thought the whole Aragonese army was -upon him. He hastily ordered his troops to embark, -and fled to the opposite coast; but his rearguard -was cut to pieces and all his baggage was -captured. The galleys of Aragon then attacked -the usurper’s fleet off Nicotera, capturing many -vessels and driving the rest on shore. A body of -<i>almogavares</i> was next taken over to the coast of -Apulia, where they defeated a French force at -Catona, the Comte d’Alençon, brother of the King -of France, being among the slain. Thus was -Sicily permanently delivered from the yoke of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span> -Charles of Anjou, and restored to its rightful heir, -the daughter of Manfred. King Pedro himself -crossed the Strait of Messina and captured several -towns in Apulia, including Reggio.</p> - -<p>Charles of Anjou, beaten in every encounter, -sent a challenge to the King of Aragon, proposing -that their quarrel should be settled by one combat, -a hundred on each side. Pedro consented, and it -was arranged that the battle should take place -at Bordeaux, King Edward I. of England being -the umpire.</p> - -<p>Before returning to Aragon to prepare for this -duel, En Pedro made a very important appointment. -En Roger de Lauria had been brought up -with the King as a boy, and his mother was for -many years in attendance on Queen Constance. -En Roger had since proved himself to be a valiant -and enterprising commander and an expert sailor. -The King appointed him Admiral of Catalonia, -Valencia, and Sicily; and he was by far the greatest -admiral of the thirteenth century. When it was -known that En Roger had received his <i>bâton</i> -there was great rejoicing in the fleet and in the -city of Messina, a week of holidays, dancing, and -festivity, ending with a General Council, when the -King delivered a farewell speech. Next to En -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span> -Roger de Lauria, the most trusted naval captains -were En Ramon Marquet and En Berenguer -Mallol. Leaving the kingdom of Sicily in peace -and well ordered, King Pedro sailed from Trapani -with his two captains and only four galleys, -arriving safely at Barcelona. The rest of the -great fleet remained under the command of En -Roger.</p> - -<p>The beaten usurper went crying to Pope Martin -for more curses against the rightful heirs of Sicily, -and for more treasure from the coffers of Holy -Church. The requests of Charles of Anjou were -promptly complied with. The King of Aragon -was excommunicated, a crusade was declared -against him, and more funds were supplied to the -papal King, who then left Rome and proceeded -to his nephew of France. Pedro III., with all his -bishops and a loyal and united people at his back, -cared nothing for the Pope’s curses. The Pope -further gave orders to his Legate to absolve King -Philip of France from all the promises he had -ever made to the Aragonese kings; and to call -upon him to engage in an iniquitous crusade -against his neighbour and brother-in-law.</p> - -<p>The first act of hostility was the equipment of -a fleet at Marseilles with the object of seeking out -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span> -and destroying the galleys commanded by En -Roger de Lauria. The Provençal Admiral Cornut -had with him twenty-two well-armed galleys, and -shaped a course to Malta, where he encountered the -fleet of Lauria, numbering only eighteen sail. The -two fleets, in order of battle, rammed each other, -and then came to close quarters. The Catalans -were well trained in the use of the crossbow. -Every shot told, and before long the decks of the -Provençal ships were cleared. The admiral of the -Marseilles fleet, with his friends and officers, -perished in the thick of the fight. All the twenty-two -galleys became prizes to Lauria, and the -glorious news was at once sent to Syracuse, -spreading joy and gladness throughout the island. -The castle and town of Malta surrendered, and -both Malta and Gozo were transferred from -the possession of Charles of Anjou to that of the -Aragonese rulers of Sicily. The return of the -fleet to Sicily was the occasion of great rejoicing. -En Roger was received as a hero at Syracuse, -Aci Reale, Taormina, and most of all at Messina, -where the victorious fleet finally anchored. Such -was the next reply to the Pope’s curses.</p> - -<p>Very earnest requests had been made by both -parties to King Edward of England to act as -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">67</span> -umpire for the proposed duel, for he was known -to be the most upright and just prince in Christendom. -Both Pedro and Charles had sworn to be -on the spot on the day appointed. But it came -to the knowledge of King Edward that his cousin -of France and his papal uncle were not playing -the game. Instead of a hundred knights, they -were coming to the neighbourhood of Bordeaux -with an army of twelve thousand men, intending -to kill En Pedro and all who came with him. -Edward therefore resolved not to come, for he -would be unable to ensure fair play; and he sent -to tell the King of Aragon that, under the circumstances, -he was absolved from his oath. En Pedro -then set out upon the wildest and most romantic -adventure that ever was undertaken even in that -age of romance. The French King and his uncle -of Anjou had actually come to Bordeaux with a -large army; had set out the field of combat, with -a stand at one end for the King of England as -umpire, and a chapel at the other. The English -Seneschal of Bordeaux received them with courtesy, -but told them the reason why his master would not -be present. In spite of the warnings from King -Edward and of his own intelligence, En Pedro -was determined that nothing should prevent him -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span> -from keeping his oath to be at the appointed place -on the appointed day. He knew that his own -people would never consent to his entering upon -such a madcap adventure. Whatever was done -must be done in profound secrecy. Pedro had an -envoy in Bordeaux, named Gilbert de Cruilles, -who was empowered to treat with the English -Seneschal; but even he was not in the secret at -first, though he constantly sent reports of the -French proceedings.</p> - -<p>The King of Aragon went to Jaca, in the heart -of the Pyrenees, with a few attendants, and sent -for a horse-dealer of his acquaintance, upon whose -secrecy and probity he could rely. This merchant, -named Domingo de la Figuera, was a man of -considerable influence, carrying on an extensive -trade in horses between Bordeaux and Navarre, -Castille, and Aragon. He knew intimately every -road and path in the Pyrenees, every man who -frequented them, and every post and tavern. -The King explained his wild scheme to En Domingo. -The horse-dealer was to provide twenty-seven -horses, nine to be stationed along the road from -Jaca to Bordeaux, nine on the route from Bordeaux -to Navarre, and nine for a return journey -in Castille. En Domingo was to ride post as -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span> -master, while the King and a young knight named -Bernardo de Peratallada, son of the envoy Gilbert -de Cruilles, were to follow as his servants, suitably -dressed, with light saddle-bags. They were to -ride at a great pace all day, stopping at an inn at -dusk. At early dawn they were to mount fresh -horses, which were to be ready saddled. The -King was to act as a squire, holding the stirrup of -En Domingo when he mounted, serving him at -table, while En Bernardo fed the horses; and then -the King and En Bernardo were to sup together at -a table apart, before lying down to sleep. En -Domingo was to post the horses at proper distances -in charge of men on whom he could rely, -but who were not to be in the secret. En Domingo -undertook to arrange all these details, and a day -was fixed for departure which would bring them -to Bordeaux on the eve of the appointed time. -Not a soul was in the secret save the King himself, -En Domingo, and En Bernardo.</p> - -<p>All being settled, the King went to Zaragoza -to pass a few days with his wife and children, -taking a tender farewell of them on his departure; -but they little knew why he took leave of them -with more affection than usual and to what risks -he was about to expose himself. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span></p> - -<p>All being prepared, the three companions -started from Jaca. The King wore strong gaiters, -a doublet of canvas, and over all a very old and -shabby smock, with a cap, and a kind of hood -concealing his face. En Bernardo was dressed in -the same way; while En Domingo rode as their -master in a handsome dress and broad hat, fine -gauntlets, and with a smart saddle-cloth. En -Bernardo carried a great sack, containing six -loaves of bread to be eaten during the day, without -stopping. At the first inn the people asked En -Domingo why he came so late, to which he replied -that it was to keep the horses out of the sun; and -while he conversed with people outside, the King -got the supper ready and En Bernardo fed the -horses. The King then held the ewer of water -for En Domingo’s hands, served him at table, -and when En Bernardo came in, he and the King -had their suppers together at another table, then -lying down and sleeping until dawn. Fresh horses -were ready, and they went off at a gallop. On -the third evening they were within a league of -Bordeaux, where they stopped at a house whose -owner was a friend of En Domingo. Here they -had supper and rested for the night. At dawn -they were mounted again and riding to the field, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span> -it being the actual day appointed for the duel. -The master of the house went to Gilbert de -Cruilles, who was lodged near, to tell him what had -happened, and both rode off to the field, where, to -his amazement, Gilbert saw the King and his own -son. En Pedro took him aside and told him to -go at once to the English Seneschal of Bordeaux -and tell him that a knight from the King of -Aragon had arrived and wished for speech with -him; and to ask him to bring with him his notary, -six knights whom he could trust, and no one else.</p> - -<p>En Gilbert went at once to the Seneschal, who -was with the King of France, and delivered his -message. The Seneschal then told the King that -a knight of Aragon had come who desired to speak -with him. ‘Go,’ said the King, ‘and afterwards -come and tell me what he had to say.’ So the -Seneschal went at once, with the best notary at -the English Court and with six knights of distinction. -He found the King on the field, who saluted -him courteously, saying: ‘Sir Seneschal, I am -here on the part of the King of Aragon, this being -the day on which he and King Charles have sworn -to encounter each other in this field. I therefore -ask you whether the King can come in safety, in -the event of his appearing this day?’ The -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span> -Seneschal replied, in the name of the King of -England, that he could in no way guarantee his -safety; for he knew for a certainty that, if he -came, he, and all who came with him, would be -killed, that being the intention of the King of -France and his uncle Charles, who were here with -twelve thousand armed horsemen. ‘Very good,’ -replied En Pedro. ‘Let this be written down by -the notary and witnessed’; and the Seneschal -gave the order for this to be done. The notary -wrote it down, and when he came to the name of -the Aragonese knight the Seneschal asked him for -it. ‘Can all here be trusted?’ asked En Pedro. -‘Certainly,’ was the answer, ‘on the faith of the -King of England.’ ‘Then, Seneschal, you know -me,’ said the King of Aragon, and he threw back -his hood. The Seneschal recognised him at once, -and went down on his knee, saying, ‘Oh, sir, -what is this that you have done?’ ‘I have -come here,’ replied the King, ‘to keep my oath; -and I desire that all you have told me and all -I do may be written down in full by the notary, -certifying that I have come this day in person, -and that I have searched out all the field.’ He -then rode down the field and to every part of it, -in the presence of the witnesses, and while the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">73</span> -notary was writing. After he had galloped up -and down several times, he dismounted at the -chapel and offered up thanks to God that he had -been enabled to keep his oath. They then all -rode back to the house of the host of the previous -night, and the King dismounted and went in to -thank and take leave of his hostess, who was -overcome by the honour when she heard who her -guest was. En Pedro sent a request through the -Seneschal to the King of England that his host -might receive a suitable reward. He also requested -that fair copies of the notary’s statement might -be drawn up, one to be delivered to the Seneschal -for transmission to the King of England, and the -other to Gilbert de Cruilles for the King of Aragon. -The perilous return journey was then commenced, -the Seneschal accompanying the party for about -a league. On taking his leave he told En Domingo -on no account to return by the way he came, nor -even by Navarre, because the King of France had -sent orders in all directions to seize anyone in the -service of the King of Aragon.</p> - -<p>The travellers took the road to Castille, travelling -with great speed, not a single arrangement -made by En Domingo failing them in their need. -They went by Soria and crossed the Aragonese -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span> -frontier at Moanquels. On reaching Calatayud -the King found that the news of his gallant adventure -had preceded him, and the people were in -transports of joy. At Zaragoza there were processions -headed by the bishops and clergy, in -spite of the Pope’s excommunication, to offer up -thanks for their chivalrous King’s safety.</p> - -<p>When the Seneschal considered that the King -of Aragon was safe, he went to King Philip of -France and his uncle Charles of Anjou and told -them all that had taken place. On hearing such -news they made the sign of the cross more than -a hundred times, and were dumfounded. Then -they went to the field to see the marks of King -Pedro’s horse’s hoofs; and Philip expressed admiration -at the chivalrous daring of his brother-in-law. -Next day he broke up his camp and -marched away to Toulouse, with his uncle of -Anjou.</p> - -<p>During four days there were festivities at -Zaragoza, joined in by the Queen and her children, -when the two faithful companions of the King, -En Bernardo and En Domingo, were fêted and -richly rewarded. Then En Gilbert de Cruilles -arrived from Bordeaux with the attested copy of -the notary’s statement, and with the news of the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">75</span> -astonishment and departure of the French King -and his uncle of Anjou: how they kept watch all -night, expecting to be attacked, and how they -went to look at En Pedro’s horse’s hoof-marks; -which gave rise to much laughter at Zaragoza. -In this way did the brave and chivalrous King of -Aragon keep his tryst. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI<br /> - -<span class="medium table">Tells how the Queen of Aragon went to Sicily with her sons, how -Admiral Lauria won new victories, and how more of the Pope’s -curses went home to roost</span></h2> - -<p>The connection of Majorca and its Princes with -the operations of the Aragonese in Sicily was so -intimate that their story would not be clear -without some account of the recovery of Manfred’s -kingdom for his descendants. We now come to -a time when Jayme II. of Majorca was placed in a -most difficult and embarrassing dilemma, owing -to the position of his Continental possessions -between France and Aragon.</p> - -<p>After his return from the perilous journey to -Bordeaux, Pedro III., with the concurrence of -the Cortes of Aragon and Catalonia, came to a -very important decision. His queen, daughter -and heir of King Manfred, was to proceed to her -Sicilian possessions and thus ensure the loyalty -and devotion of the people who had been delivered -from the tyranny of Charles of Anjou by her -husband. She was to be accompanied by her -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span> -two younger sons, Jayme and Federigo. The -latter was quite a young boy, there being an -interval of seven years between the two brothers. -The eldest son, Alfonso, was to remain with his -father. As a measure of State policy it was wise -and judicious. But the separation was a sacrifice -to duty and a cause of grief and anxiety both to -En Pedro and to Queen Constance. They never -saw each other again.</p> - -<p>A fleet was fitted out at Barcelona with great -care, and every known appliance for ensuring a -safe voyage was brought into requisition. Even -the use of compasses is mentioned by Muntaner. -The discovery has usually been attributed to one -Flavio Gioia of Amalfi and to the year 1302. But -here we have evidence of their use a quarter of a -century earlier; while at about the same time -Raimundo Lulio of Majorca (I quote from a note of -Antonio de Borafull) wrote these words in his work -‘De Contemplatione’: ‘Sicut acus per naturam -vertitur ad septentrionem dum sit tacta a magnete.’ -The ships, thus quite exceptionally provided and -well manned with Catalan crossbowmen, were to -be under the guidance of those trusty sea-captains, -Ramon Marquet and Berenguer Mallol.</p> - -<p>There were religious services, but En Pedro -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span> -felt the parting with his beloved Constance so -deeply that he could not go with her to the ship. -He shut himself up alone for several hours. It -was his brother Jayme, the King of Majorca, who -accompanied the Queen and his two nephews to -the ship and saw them safe on board. The two -brothers spent that evening together, and next -day the King of Majorca set out for Perpignan. -Up to this time En Pedro and En Jayme were -on friendly terms. After a successful voyage the -Queen and her sons arrived at Palermo. They -were received with extraordinary enthusiasm, and -messengers with the joyful news were sent all over -the island. This return to the home of her childhood, -with such a reception, must have been a -cause of delight for the daughter of Manfred, -though not unmixed with sorrow. For one of -her sisters still lingered in a dungeon at Naples, -while the rest of her family had been relieved by -death. A vessel was at once sent back to Barcelona -with news of the safe arrival. The Queen had a -wise and loyal councillor in John of Procida, and -by his advice she assembled the Parliament of -the kingdom at Palermo. A letter was read from -Pedro III., announcing that he had sent his -beloved wife to take her place as rightful Queen of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span> -Sicily. All the members swore allegiance to her -and her sons amidst a scene of enthusiasm which -was quite unanimous. The proceedings terminated -with a blessing from the Queen and a prayer -for the well-being of the representatives and of -the people they represented, who returned to -their homes. The Queen and her sons then -proceeded by land to Messina.</p> - -<p>In the Admiral Roger de Lauria Sicily had a -defender whose invariable success since the battle -of Malta had filled his enemies with dread. The -young Prince En Jayme also gained a victory at -sea, and reduced the two castles still held by -Charles’s garrisons, Augusta and Cefalu.</p> - -<p>The admiral was ready to sail from Messina -in June 1284 with forty armed galleys, besides -smaller vessels. With this force he gained one of -his most brilliant victories. He shaped a course -for Naples, and formed in line of battle about -two bow-shots from the mole, as a defiance and a -challenge. Charles of Anjou was intriguing at -Rome, but his eldest son and heir was in Naples, -and ready to accept the challenge. His followers -were not equally willing. The name of Roger de -Lauria was one of dread, and the Neapolitans -held back. The younger Charles was furious. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span> -He embarked himself, and shame obliged his -officers to follow. A fleet of thirty-eight galleys -and many smaller vessels was got ready, and came -forth to encounter the terrible Roger de Lauria. -A battle raged in the Bay of Naples from nine in -the morning until dusk, but as usual victory -attended on the banners of the admiral of Aragon. -The Prince’s galley was surrounded and boarded -by En Roger himself, to whom Charles, after a long -and brave resistance, was forced to surrender. -The admiral said to the usurper’s son: ‘You must -do two things. If not, be sure that the death of -Conradin will be avenged.’ The Prince answered -that he would do anything to save his own life. -‘The first thing,’ continued the admiral, ‘is that -you order the daughter of King Manfred to be -released from her prison and brought safely on -board my galley.’ This demand was complied -with. The long-imprisoned princess was taken -from the Castel del Novo and brought safely on -board the flagship, where the admiral joyfully -received the sister of his Queen, kneeling before -her and treating her with all honour and respect. -‘The second thing,’ continued he to Charles, ‘is -that you deliver up to me the town and castle of -Ischia.’ This also was done. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span></p> - -<p>The victorious fleet then returned to Messina -with the released princess and the captive prince. -Never had there been seen such rejoicings in -Messina as greeted the admiral on his return. The -Queen and her sons went on board the galley to -receive their long-imprisoned relation. It was a -most affecting scene. The two sisters embraced -each other, weeping for joy mingled with sorrow. -Since they had seen each other their father Manfred -and their cousin Conradin had been killed; their -mother and all the rest of their family had died -in prison. The crowd of spectators was equally -moved when the sisters, with the young princes, -walked together from the landing-stage to the -palace. Charles was sent to the castle of -Matagrifone.</p> - -<p>The Sicilian Parliament met at Messina soon -afterwards and decreed the death of the younger -Charles, as a reprisal for the death of Conradin. -He would certainly have been executed if the -young Prince En Jayme had not interfered, preferring -the more generous course of returning good -for evil. Charles was confined for some time in -the castle of Cefalu, and eventually removed, by -order of King Pedro, to a prison at Barcelona.</p> - -<p>The Pope’s curses kept coming home to roost, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span> -but this failed to divert him from his vindictive -course. His <i>protégé</i>, Charles of Anjou, was at -Rome when the disastrous news arrived, and must -have felt that retribution was overtaking him. -The usurper hurried back to Naples, but died -at Foggio on January 7, 1283. The Pope was -furious, and was more liberal than ever with his -curses. He placed the kingdom of Aragon under -an interdict, decreed the dethronement of En -Pedro, declared a crusade against him, made Charles -of Valois, the younger son of France, King of -Aragon, ordering him to be crowned, and called -upon the King of France to attack Aragon with -all his forces by land and sea. He further absolved -Philip of France from keeping his oaths and -treaties made with his brother-in-law of Aragon. -A papal Legate was to accompany the invading -army.</p> - -<p>En Pedro sent an embassy to Rome, consisting -of grave and learned counsellors. In a dignified -speech their spokesman remonstrated with the -Pope and his cardinals. They were, however, -obdurate, and all the answer they would give -was that the Holy See could do no wrong. -Finally the ambassadors made a solemn appeal -from an unjust vicegerent to St. Peter himself and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span> -to God, who would defend the right, and so -departed.</p> - -<p>En Pedro prepared to defend his country, -confident in the loyalty of his people and the -justice of his cause. He had an interview with -his nephew Sancho, the usurping King of Castille, -who promised to give him all the assistance in -his power. He also discussed the situation with -his brother of Majorca. They were several days -together at Gerona. The position was a most difficult -one. If Jayme opposed the advance of the -French army through his Continental dominions -their permanent loss to the house of Aragon would -be inevitable. If he offered no opposition he -would be giving an advantage to his brother’s -enemy. The brothers chose what appeared to be -the least of two evils. En Jayme was to allow -the French army to march across his territories, -and to avoid any action which would furnish a -pretext for their annexation.</p> - -<p>Philip (<i>le Hardi</i>) can hardly have had any heart -in the enterprise which was forced upon him by -the Pope. His eldest son, who had a strong -feeling of regard and admiration for his uncle -En Pedro, openly disapproved. When his younger -brother, Charles of Valois, talked of himself as -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span> -King of Aragon, Philip said to him: ‘You, little -brother, are not fit to take the place of our uncle. -You are scarcely fit to be king of what is under -your cap. You will never be King of Aragon.’ -There was an angry quarrel, and their father had -to separate them. But Charles got the name of -King Cap, ‘<i>le roi du chapeau</i>.’ Nevertheless, it -was generally believed that little Aragon would -have no chance against the whole power of France, -and that the campaign could have but one result, -and would be over in a few weeks. The oriflamme -was unfurled, and a great army, led by the King of -France and accompanied by the Cardinal Legate, -advanced to the Catalonian frontier. A formidable -fleet was also equipped, to overpower the -naval forces of Aragon and to keep up the supplies -for the army in the bay of Rosas. In April 1285 -King Philip encamped with his army at Perpignan. -The French were constantly harassed by night -attacks from the Aragonese; and at last, after -a fortnight of hesitation, Philip determined to -attempt a passage into Catalonia by the hill of -Panisars. Here he was attacked on all sides, -suffering very serious losses. Then young Philip -turned to his brother and said: ‘See now, pretty -brother, how glad your subjects are to see you!’ -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span> -His father overheard the sneer and was very angry. -‘Hold your tongue, Philip. They will be made -to repent what they are doing.’ ‘Ah, Sire,’ -answered his son, ‘I mourn for your honour and -for the evil that is being done you. The Pope -and cardinals have brought this upon you, and -have made my brother king of the wind, while -they take their pleasure, caring little for the -danger and evil with which you are menaced.’ -The King was silent, for he knew very well that -his son had merely spoken the truth. But it was -too late to repent and turn back.</p> - -<p>Following the advice of some monks, Philip -got possession of another pass, known as the -‘Collado de Masona,’ and his army was thus -enabled to invade Catalonia. The little town of -Peralada was taken after a brave resistance, and -siege was laid to the city of Gerona. But the -French army was harassed by incessant attacks, -and was entirely dependent for supplies on the -navy which guarded the transports conveying -provisions from Marseilles and Cette to the bay of -Rosas. Here was the weak point.</p> - -<p>En Pedro received information from the -gallant sea-captains Marquet and Malliol, who were -ever on the watch, that the French King had -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span> -160 galleys; that his admiral kept sixty well-armed -in the port of San Felio; that another -fifty cruised between San Felio and the bay of -Rosas; while twenty-five plied between those -ports and Marseilles with provisions. Another -twenty-five remained in the bay of Rosas, under -the command of a brave knight, M. de Lodève. -The proposal of the Catalan captains was to -watch for an opportunity when the other cruisers -were out of sight, and to fall upon the twenty-five -French galleys in Rosas Bay at early dawn. The -King approved of their daring scheme, and at -the same time he sent to Sicily for the Admiral -Roger de Lauria to come with sixty galleys and -attack the rest of the French fleet.</p> - -<p>Marquet and Malliol set out on their enterprise -with eleven galleys and two small vessels. -But never were crews better disciplined or more -carefully trained. They made sail for the Cape of -Creus, where they ascertained that the twenty-five -French galleys were in Rosas Bay. As soon -as the Catalans came in sight, M. de Lodève sent -fifteen galleys to dispute their entrance into the -bay; while he intended to manœuvre with the -rest so as to cut off their retreat, that none might -escape. Marquet and Malliol formed in close -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span> -order to prevent the enemy from dividing their -line, and ran on with a view of boarding. Their -trust was in their crossbowmen. The Catalans -considered that no one was a crossbowman unless -he was so familiar with every part of his weapon -that he could make it or repair it. Each man -carried a box containing all the tools necessary; -and the Catalans were so constantly trained in -the use of the crossbow that no other people could -compete with them.</p> - -<p>The Catalan captains manœuvred so as to -secure the greatest advantage for their special -weapon. Every shot told; while the French, -with swords and lances, were unable to return the -attack, being shot down when they attempted to -board. When the French decks were nearly -cleared, Marquet and Malliol ordered the trumpets -to be sounded as a signal for his galleys to separate -under oars and attack the enemy on their broadsides. -Then began an unequal combat, the -Catalans boarding at the sword’s point, while -the French had already suffered so severely as -only to be able to offer a feeble resistance. The -whole of the twenty-five galleys were captured, -with a loss of upwards of four thousand on the -part of the French, and of barely a hundred on -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span> -the Catalan side. This naval battle was a combination -of consummate seamanship with consummate -gunnery practice, the one of little avail without the -other.</p> - -<p>M. de Lodève had sent a boat to apprise fifty -French galleys cruising in the offing of the approach -of the Catalans, and they made sail for Rosas -Bay. The winds were light and baffling, and the -Catalans, with their prizes, were only sighted -after the battle was over. The French admiral -could not overtake his victorious enemy, but he -stationed twenty-five more galleys in Rosas Bay, -and returned to San Felio.</p> - -<p>As soon as the Admiral Roger de Lauria -received his orders he left Messina with sixty-six -well-armed galleys in search of the French fleet, -steering for a rendezvous at the island of Cabrera. -Here he received tidings from the Captains Marquet -and Malliol that there were eighty-five French -galleys in Rosas Bay. They informed the Admiral -that they would join him, with sixteen galleys, -off a cape known as Aygua Freda, near some small -islets called the Formigueras.<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">9</a> Admiral Lauria -ordered that each galley should have three lights -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">89</span> -ready—one in the bows, another amidships, and a -third at the stern. If the French fleet approached -at night, all were to be suddenly lighted, that the -enemy might believe each light to be on a separate -vessel. Towards dawn the French fleet approached, -and all the lights suddenly appeared between the -fleet and the shore. Before it was broad daylight -Lauria had entirely defeated his adversary, -capturing fifty-four galleys, driving fifteen on -shore, and putting twenty-five Genoese auxiliaries -to flight. Marquet and Malliol completed the -rout by capturing the remaining French galleys -in Rosas Bay, and taking or destroying all the -stores and provisions for the French army. The -admiral proceeded to Barcelona, having by this -great naval victory obtained complete command -of the sea.</p> - -<p>There was nothing left for the great French -army but an ignominious flight. The Cardinal -Legate said that the Aragonese must be devils. -King Philip told him that they were nothing of -the kind, but brave and loyal soldiers, defending -their King against an unjust invasion; and he -expressed his regret that he had ever undertaken -it at the Pope’s urgent call. The Cardinal remained -silent. En Pedro assembled his army on the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span> -hill of Panisars to intercept the retreat. The -French King raised the siege of Gerona and fell -back on Peralada with the remnant of his forces. -Many had died of sickness, while the losses in -numerous harassing encounters had been most -serious. The King of France was very ill, anxiety -and regret hastening his end. Feeling that he -was dying, he sent for his son, and said: ‘You -were wiser than I. Had I followed your advice -I should not now be on my death-bed; nor would -the many brave men have been lost who have -died and will die in this war. Send a message to -your uncle of Aragon and ask him to allow my -body to pass with yourself and your brother. -For I am certain that it rests with him whether a -single Frenchman shall ever return, dead or alive.’ -The dying King then obtained a promise from his -son that he would be a friend and protector of -his brother Charles. The King died on September -30, 1285, in the house of a knight named -Vilanova, about two miles from Peralada. When -En Pedro received the message from the young -King Philip he sent orders that the late King’s -body was to be allowed to pass with its escort, -and requested his brother of Majorca to meet it -with a body of cavalry and protect it from attacks. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">91</span> -For Lauria and his sailors were watching on one -side, and bands of wild <i>almogavares</i> on the other. -But safety could only be assured to those who -passed with the corpse and the oriflamme. The -Count of Foix with five hundred horsemen went -first, then the young King and his brother with -the oriflamme, following their father’s body. The -Cardinal Legate came close behind, careful of his -own safety. He said that the rest would go to -Paradise. The Aragonese could no longer be -restrained, and fell furiously on the remainder of -the retreating host and on the baggage. The -Cardinal was so terrified that he died of fright a -few days afterwards; while the King of Majorca -escorted his nephew, the young King of France, -with his brother Charles and the body of the late -King, through his dominions.</p> - -<p>The victorious King En Pedro, after making -liberal grants to the towns of Peralada and Gerona, -returned to Barcelona with his principal nobles. -On the same day the Admiral Roger de Lauria -arrived with the fleet, and there was great rejoicing.</p> - -<p>This time the Pope’s curses went home to roost -with a vengeance. En Pedro was firmer on his -throne than ever. Sicily was safe. The Pope’s -<i>protégé</i> was in prison at Barcelona. The Pope’s -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">92</span> -King of Aragon was only king of what was under -his own cap. The Pope’s machinations were -scattered to the winds.</p> - -<p>Yet the papal intrigues continued to cause -trouble and dissensions.</p> - -<p>Jayme II., the King of Majorca, was obliged, -owing to the exigencies of the times, to reside in -his Continental dominions. By his wife, Esclaramunda, -sister of the Count of Foix, he had four -sons, Jayme, Sancho, Fernando, and Felipe, and -two daughters named Isabel and Sancha. Isabel -was the wife of the Infante Juan Manuel, brother -of the King of Castille. Sancha married King -Robert of Naples. Jayme and Sancho were at -Paris, detained by the King of France, practically -as hostages. Fernando’s age was then about -eight, the elder brothers ten and twelve.</p> - -<p>There had been an understanding between the -brothers Pedro and Jayme during the war, and -communications had passed between them respecting -the safe passage of the French King’s body, -and on other matters. Soon after the final rout -of the French strange tidings reached En Pedro -from his agents in Italy. He was assured that -the Pope would induce the King of France to -seize Majorca, and that Jayme would be forced -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">93</span> -to give his consent, because his two sons were in -the French King’s power in Paris, and Montpellier, -Roussillon, and Conflent would otherwise be taken -from him. En Pedro resolved to prevent this. -He did not see how, in the face of these threats, -his brother could refuse, and he must therefore -act promptly; but he sent a letter to his brother -Jayme explaining the motives of his action. The -force destined for Majorca was placed under the -command of the King’s eldest son, Alfonso, and -consisted of knights, men-at-arms, and two -thousand <i>almogavares</i>.</p> - -<p>The King of Aragon was incensed with his -nephew Sancho IV., the usurping King of Castille, -because he had broken his promise and given -him no help whatever in the war with France. -Fernando, the eldest son of Alfonso X., had died -before his father, leaving two sons, Alfonso and -Fernando, known as the ‘Infantes of La Cerda.’ -The next son, Sancho, had usurped the throne, -and the ‘Infantes de La Cerda’ had escaped into -Aragon. En Pedro was having them educated -in the castle of Jativa in Valencia. He was -so angry with Sancho that he contemplated -setting up the eldest Infante as a claimant for the -throne of Castille. Having taken leave of his son -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">94</span> -on the eve of his departure for Majorca, En Pedro -commenced a journey to Jativa to see the Infantes -of La Cerda. He was feeling unwell when he -started, and on reaching the town of Villafranca de -Panales he was in a high fever. His son was on -board, but had not sailed, when he got the news. -He hurried to Villafranca, but his father ordered -him to return to his ship and make sail at once. -Receiving his father’s blessing, the young Prince -departed and embarked at the port of Salou. He -landed with his forces at Porrasa, and no resistance -was made to his occupation of the capital of -Majorca. En Pedro was dying. He had made -his will and received the Sacraments, but neither -wife nor sons were at his bedside. He died on -November 11, 1285, and was buried in the abbey -of Santa Creus, about twenty miles from Villafranca. -His great admiral, Roger de Lauria, died -a few years afterwards, and his body was laid to -rest near that of the King he had served so well. -In 1835 a vile mob of ruffians destroyed the -church and scattered the remains to the winds. -By his wife Constance he left four sons and two -daughters. The eldest succeeded him as Alfonso III. -The second succeeded his brother as Jayme II. -Federigo, the third, was King of Sicily. The -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">95</span> -fourth was Pedro. Of the daughters, Isabel was -Queen of Portugal, and Violante of Naples.</p> - -<p>Pedro III., if not equal in all respects to his -father, was a great king. Fortune smiled upon -him. He was happy in all relations of life. His -career was one long romance. Chivalrous to -recklessness, he was at the same time prudent -and circumspect—a rare combination. Even in -his wild gallop into imminent peril at Bordeaux -he thought out every part of the enterprise down -to the minutest detail. He was invariably well -served, and invariably successful. This cannot -be ascribed to luck. A king who succeeds in all -he undertakes must have rare gifts of head and -heart to plan out the details of his undertakings -and to secure the sympathy and devotion of those -who serve him. Pedro was thus gifted, while his -administrative ability ensured the prosperity of -his country. Under him Aragon became a great -naval Power, and Sicily was freed from a foreign -yoke. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">96</span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII<br /> - -<span class="medium table">Tells how young Federigo held Sicily against all odds, how -the Catalan Company went to the east, and how Jayme of -Majorca was restored to his island home</span></h2> - -<p>The news of the King’s death was at once sent to -Majorca and to Sicily. Alfonso was only in his -twenty-second year—an impulsive, quick-tempered -youth, intolerant of opposition, but not guilty of -the cruelties imputed to him by some writers. He -refused to surrender the Balearic Islands to his -uncle again, and there was trouble about it during -the five years that his reign lasted. He returned -at once to Barcelona and went to mourn at his -father’s grave in the church of Santa Creus, previous -to the coronation at Zaragoza. His brother -Jayme was crowned King of Sicily at Palermo, -and in a successful campaign subdued all the -mainland of Calabria.</p> - -<p>Through the intervention of King Edward I. -of England, negotiations were set on foot to -reconcile the King of Aragon with France and -the Pope; to make a compromise with his uncle, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">97</span> -of Majorca, and for a marriage between -Alfonso III. of Aragon and the Princess Eleanor -of England, a daughter of Edward I. by his second -marriage. Young Alfonso spent some time with -Edward I. and the intended bride at Bordeaux. -He was induced to liberate Charles II. of Naples -on receiving his three sons and twenty nobles -of Provence in exchange. The other important -questions were in a fair way of solution through -the tact and diplomatic skill of the wise King -Edward, when a sudden stop was put to the -negotiations by the wholly unexpected death of -Alfonso. A neglected tumour on his thigh brought -on a fever of which he died at Barcelona when -only in his twenty-seventh year.</p> - -<p>The Count of Ampudia and other great nobles -at once proceeded to Sicily to announce his accession -to Jayme. The new king embarked at -Trapani, landed at Barcelona, and was crowned -at Zaragoza as Jayme II. of Aragon. Sicily -remained under the rule of Queen Constance and -her son Federigo, who had now attained to years -of discretion and gave promise of becoming a very -able and resolute leader of men.</p> - -<p>History is rarely quite symmetrical. One -would have wished to see the noble policy of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">98</span> -En Pedro continued as firmly and resolutely by -his son. But this was not to be. Jayme II. of -Aragon was weak, and fell under papal influences. -There was a new Pope, and Boniface VIII. was -more diplomatic. Jayme first abandoned his -cousins of La Cerda, and made an alliance with -the usurping Sancho of Castille. He next made -his peace with France and the Holy See, and -acknowledged Charles II. of Naples as King of -the Sicilies. The treaty was signed at Anagni, -under the supervision of Pope Boniface. Jayme -was to marry Blanche of Anjou, to give up all -prisoners, and, worst shame of all, Sicily was to -be handed over to the Pope again. In return the -excommunication was taken off, and, in defiance -of all right, Corsica and Sardinia were to be handed -over to Jayme if he could drive out the Genoese -and Pisans who possessed those islands; but he -was to hold them in fief of the Pope.</p> - -<p>Sicily was abandoned without the assent of -En Federigo, who was now grown up and was a -prince to be reckoned with. He sent Sicilian -envoys to remonstrate with his brother, but without -avail. He then resolved to resist the iniquity -and to defy his brother and the Pope. He had -against him the King of Aragon and his forces, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">99</span> -France and Naples, and the whole influence of -the papacy. He had no ally. Yet he defied them -all, and swore that Sicily should be free. Many -of the Catalonian nobles who revered the memory -of his father rallied round the gallant young -prince. He was a true son of En Pedro. Volunteers -flocked to his standard. Above all, the -<i>almogavares</i> were staunch to a man. En Federigo -was proclaimed King of Sicily.</p> - -<p>The Pope gave Jayme II. the titles of Gonfalonier, -Admiral, and Captain-general of the Church; -and, in addition to his marriage with Blanche of -Anjou, he married his sister, the granddaughter -of King Manfred, to the French heir of Naples.</p> - -<p>Jayme II. received the standard of the Church -at Rome, collected eighty-three galleys, and sailed -to form a junction with the forces of Naples and -overwhelm his brother. En Federigo had an -able admiral in Conrad Doria, while Blasco de -Alagon commanded the land forces. The allies -made their first attack on Syracuse, where they -suffered disastrous defeats both by sea and land. -Charles of Naples then sent a force of 1,200 men, -in fifty galleys, under the command of his son, -the Prince of Tarentum, to effect a landing at -Trapani. En Federigo, with some of his Catalan -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span> -supporters, Moncadas and Entenzas, was ready -to defend the coast. The gallant young King -of Sicily led on the <i>almogavares</i>, who shouted -‘Dispierto hierro!’ and fell with such fury on -the invaders that they broke and fled. En -Federigo himself fought his way straight for his -enemy’s standard, and encountered the Prince of -Tarentum. After a short combat the Prince was -unhorsed, and would have been killed if Federigo -had not protected him. He was taken prisoner -and sent to the castle of Cefalu.</p> - -<p>Charles and the Pope appealed to France for -help, dispatching ambassadors with an urgent -request that the King would send his brother -Charles of Valois, ‘the Cap King,’ with a large -force to invade Sicily. Accordingly he came to -Naples with four thousand men, landed at Termini -in Sicily, and besieged Sciacca. His people were -decimated by disease, the siege had to be raised, -and the expedition was a complete failure.</p> - -<p>En Federigo had the rare gift, of surrounding -himself with the ablest and most efficient men. -Among these was the famous Roger de Flor. The -good Emperor Frederick II. had a German falconer -named Richard de Flor, who married the daughter -of a rich proprietor at Brindisi. When Prince -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">101</span> -Conradin came to regain his right, Richard fought -for him and was killed in the battle. All his -property was confiscated and his widow was left -penniless, with two boys to support, Jacobo and -Roger. A ship belonging to the Knights Templars, -and commanded by a Serjeant Friar named -Vassayll, was wintering at Brindisi when Roger -was about eight years old. The little fellow went -up and down the rigging with such agility that -Vassayll took a fancy for him, and persuaded his -mother to let him go to sea and learn a sailor’s -duties. By the time he was twenty he had become -a very expert seaman, and the Master of -the Temple conferred on him the mantle of the -Order. He was then given the command of a -large ship called the <i>Falcon</i>. Friar Roger de Flor -soon acquired renown as a very able naval commander. -He was captain of another ship, called -the <i>Oliveta</i>, when he entered the harbour of Messina -and offered his services to En Federigo. He was -most cordially received, and he swore allegiance to -the young King of Sicily, with all his crew. His -first service was to capture several large Neapolitan -vessels laden with wheat and other supplies, with -which the garrisons of Syracuse, Augusta, and -Lentini were to be provisioned. He also captured -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span> -much treasure, enabling him to make liberal -presents to the nobles and to pay the wages of -the garrisons. For these services the King made -him Vice-Admiral of Sicily.</p> - -<p>The Neapolitans were besieging Messina by -land and sea, led by Robert, the heir of Charles II. -When the town was almost at the point of starvation, -Friar Roger de Flor, the Vice-Admiral, manned -ten galleys, loaded them with corn, and waited at -Syracuse for a fair wind. It came on to blow very -fresh from the south, and he made sail in the -night, reaching the <i>faro</i> of Messina just before -dawn. By that time it was blowing very hard -and a heavy sea was raging in the strait, with -many cross-currents. The besieging ships saw -the galleys, but feared to raise their anchors in -such a sea. Friar Roger, with sails split and top -masts sprung, led all the ten galleys safely into -the harbour. Next day Duke Robert raised the -siege.</p> - -<p>Jayme II. of Aragon was half-hearted in -this papal war against his young brother. He -obtained a grant from the Cortes of Catalonia, -and sailed for Sicily with fifty-six galleys. -Federigo put to sea with only forty vessels, and -there was a long-contested fight off Cape Orlando, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">103</span> -a most fratricidal and unnatural strife. Jayme -had with him Almenany, Cabrera, and other great -Aragonese names. Round Federigo were Blasco -de Alagon, Hugo Count of Ampurias, Gombau de -Entenza, and others. It was a drawn battle, and, -in spite of the prayers of Charles of Naples and of -Pope Boniface, Jayme returned to Barcelona to -fight no more. He must have been ashamed of -the part he had been taking.</p> - -<p>Very tardily the Pope came to see that all his -curses in a bad cause were of no avail, and that -they persistently came home to roost. He at -length consented that his <i>protégé</i> of Naples should -negotiate with En Federigo, and acknowledge -him as King of Sicily. Charles of Naples met -the King of Sicily at Calatabellota, and agreed to -acknowledge him as king, and to give him his -daughter Leonor for his wife. In return Federigo -consented to evacuate Calabria. The marriage -took place at Messina in May 1302.</p> - -<p>A very large army remained in Sicily without -employment. Friar Roger de Flor conceived the -idea of offering his services to the Emperor of the -East and of enlisting the Aragonese and Catalonian -soldiers to fight against the Turks. Berenger de -Entenza, Berenguer Rocafort, and many other -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">104</span> -Aragonese nobles and knights agreed to accompany -the renowned Templar, and more than -four thousand <i>almogavares</i> enlisted. An envoy -was sent to Constantinople, and the Emperor -Andronicus, with his son Michael, agreed to the -terms proposed, including the scale of pay. Friar -Roger was to be a Grand Duke and to marry the -Emperor’s niece; while liberal allowances were -promised to his companions. Among them was -our good and faithful chronicler Ramon Muntaner -himself. En Federigo furnished ten galleys to -transport the company of adventurers, provisioning -them well, and supplying his faithful Admiral -Friar Roger de Flor with necessary funds. The -whole party which finally sailed for the East consisted -of 1,500 cavalry, 4,000 <i>almogavares</i>, 1,000 -other foot-soldiers, besides wives and children. -There were twenty-six sail of vessels, and all -embarked well pleased with the liberality of the -good King of Sicily and with the prospect before -them. At first the Emperor received them with -much cordiality, and the company landed near -Cyzicus on the Asiatic side, gaining some victories -over the Turks. Friar Roger was rewarded with -the title of Cæsar, which had not been conferred -during four hundred years, and the company went -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">105</span> -into winter quarters at Gallipoli. Michael, the -Emperor’s son, had conceived an intense feeling -of jealousy on account of the great honours conferred -on Friar Roger. He sent an invitation to -him to come to Adrianople, where he and all his -companions were massacred. Another massacre -was perpetrated at Constantinople; but the -treacherous Greeks were defeated with great -slaughter when they attacked the company at -Gallipoli. The company made several retaliatory -incursions, Muntaner being left in charge -at Gallipoli; but there were disputes between the -leaders, Entenza and Rocafort, and much need -of proper guidance and of a leader acknowledged -by all. At this time a Prince of Majorca began -to take a part in the affairs of the company and of -Greece; but before narrating his adventures we -must return to the island itself and to its restoration -to its rightful King.</p> - -<p>King Jayme of Majorca had been unjustly -deprived of his islands by his nephew Alfonso III., -and, while constantly protesting, he was obliged -to remain at Montpellier and Perpignan. But -after he had made his peace with the Pope, Jayme -of Aragon sought an interview with his uncle of -Majorca, greeted him affectionately, and restored -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span> -to him the Balearic Islands. Both the King of -Majorca and the King of Aragon, uncle and -nephew, were Jayme II., which might cause some -confusion. For the next twelve years Jayme, -the uncle, reigned peacefully in Majorca. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">107</span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII<br /> - -<span class="medium table">Tells how King Jayme II. at last reigned in peace, and how his -page Raimondo Lulio attained the crown of martyrdom</span></h2> - -<p>King Jayme II. of Majorca returned to his island -dominions in 1294 with fifteen years of life before -him, which he devoted to the restoration of prosperity -to Majorca. He was now advanced in -years, and was far better fitted for peaceful administration -and the work of promoting the good -of his people than for steering safely through the -entanglements and difficulties caused by the war -between his brother and his brother-in-law of -France.</p> - -<p>His wife, Esclaramunda of Foix, was still by -his side, and his children were taking their places -in the world. His eldest son, Jayme, had adopted -a religious life and had become a Franciscan friar. -His second son, Sancho, was therefore to be his -successor, and was recognised as the heir by -the Cortes of Gerona in 1302. The third son, -Fernando, was one of the ablest and most valorous -soldiers of that chivalrous age, with honour bright -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">108</span> -as his sword. The youngest son, Felipe, entered -holy orders. The two daughters married well—Isabel -to the Infante Juan Manuel of Castille, and -Sancha to Robert, King of Naples.</p> - -<p>Majorca had suffered during the usurpation of -young Alfonso. Her commercial interests had -been neglected, and the foreign rule had been -tyrannical. At the same time the population -was increasing, and there was need for the foundation -of towns as centres of trade and protection -in the different districts. The companions of -Jayme I., forming the nobility of the island, held -large estates. The twenty most prominent names -were:</p> - -<table> - <tr class="small"> - <th colspan="2">Surnames</th> - <th>Later titles</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">10</a></td> - <td>Berga</td> - <td class="tdc">——</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">10</a></td> - <td>Burgues</td> - <td class="tdc">——</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">10</a></td> - <td>Canet</td> - <td>Viscount of Canet, 1322</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Caro</td> - <td>Marquis of Romana, 1739</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Cotoner</td> - <td>Marquis of Ariañy, cr. 1717</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">10</a></td> - <td>Dameto</td> - <td>Marquis of Bellpuig, 1625</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Despuig</td> - <td>Count of Montenegro, 1658</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Fortuñy</td> - <td class="tdc">——</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">10</a></td> - <td>Morey</td> - <td class="tdc">——</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Oleza</td> - <td class="tdc">—— -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">109</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">11</a></td> - <td>Puigdorfila</td> - <td class="tdc">——</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">11</a></td> - <td>Rocaberti</td> - <td>Count of Campofranco, 1718</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Sureda</td> - <td>Count of Desbrull, 1717</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">11</a></td> - <td>Santa Cilia</td> - <td class="tdc">——</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">11</a></td> - <td>Sant Marti</td> - <td class="tdc">——</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Togores</td> - <td>Count of Ayamans, 1634</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Torrella</td> - <td class="tdc">——</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Truyolls</td> - <td>Marquis of La Torre, 1728</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Villalonga</td> - <td class="tdc">——</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Zaforteza</td> - <td class="tdc">——</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">11</a></td> - <td>Gual</td> - <td class="tdc">——</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>With the aid and consent of these nobles and of -the Jurados, Jayme II. founded several towns -which have continued to flourish to this day. -One of the first was Felanitx, on the plain to the -east of the capital. The next was Santañi, on the -estate of Sant Marti; and the King, owing to the -want of water, caused large cisterns to be constructed. -Binisalem, near Inca, was founded, and -is now a centre of apricot cultivation. Porreras, -Sineu, and Manacor were also founded; the latter -is now a flourishing town and a centre of the vine -industry. Lluchmayor, the scene of his grandson’s -fatal overthrow, was also founded by this King. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">110</span> -These towns formed markets and homes for the -farmers of the surrounding districts.</p> - -<p>King Jayme next established a coinage, which -for its purity and accuracy of weight was very -highly esteemed in all the Mediterranean commercial -marts. Gold coins began to be issued in -1310, but none are now known to exist. The -silver reals and double reals are handsome coins. -They are excessively rare. The silver coinage -began to be issued in 1300. The Mint-master was -Bernardo de Oleza, whose arms were gules a rose -argent. The rose appears on each side of the -crowned head, and in the four angles of the cross -on the reverse of the silver money.<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">12</a></p> - -<p>The representatives of the people agreed to -pay a tax, called <i>fogatje</i>, for the support of the -mint, assessed on all houses having hearths.</p> - -<p>A pure currency is a great aid to commerce, -and the trade of Majorca increased rapidly under -the auspices of En Jayme. Shipbuilding progressed, -and the rich and fertile soil began to -yield abundant crops. The cultivation of olive-trees, -though many of them now present such an -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">111</span> -extraordinarily antiquated appearance, was introduced -into the island by the Catalans, and not by -the Arabs.<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">13</a> The raising of stock also received -much attention from the King, who in this -as in other measures for the prosperity of -the island, was well supported by his ‘Ricos -hombres.’</p> - -<p>The ‘Almudaina,’ or alcazar of the Moors, is -a huge bastille on the right of the landing-place. -The lofty walls still stand, enclosing a large space, -with square towers at intervals. The exterior has -undergone considerable modern alterations, but -it is still quite easy to make out the appearance of -the original building. King Jayme II. brought -artists and expert artificers from Perpignan to -convert this ancient alcazar of the Almudaina -into a palace. The royal apartments were decorated -with paintings and bas-reliefs, the beautiful -oratory of Santa Ana was built as the royal chapel, -pleasant balconies were erected, and gardens were -laid out in the courts and on the terraces. The -sculptor François Camprodon was employed to -adorn the halls and gardens with statues. A code -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">112</span> -of palace etiquette was drawn up, and the Majorcan -Court was ceremoniously conducted, while at -the same time it was a home of pleasure and -festivity.</p> - -<p>To the east of the Almudaina there was a -space, said to have been occupied by a garden in -Moorish times, on a high platform overlooking the -Mediterranean. No finer site could be found for -a cathedral. The Capilla Real had been finished -in the time of the Conqueror, but during the -usurpation work had been stopped. Funds were -raised under Jayme II. and the construction of -this beautiful edifice was continued. All the stone -came from the quarries of Santañi, on the south -coast of the island. The cathedral presents -rather a curious appearance from the sea, owing -to the crowd of flying buttresses and the absence -of windows, which are only allowed to give full -light through stained glass in the apse. The -nave is very lofty, with eight arches on each side, -between seven high and slender pillars supporting -a finely vaulted roof. There is a clerestory with -windows blocked, but no triforium. The aisles -are lower and rather narrow, with side chapels. -The lofty and slender pillars rising to the vault, -less than three feet in diameter, give a peculiarly -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">113</span> -solemn effect which is alike pleasing and imposing.<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">14</a> -The Bishop’s palace, built round a courtyard, is to -the east of the cathedral, and also overlooks the sea.</p> - -<p>The King’s eldest son had devoted his life to -religion and had become a Franciscan monk. -Out of affection for him Jayme II. founded a -large Franciscan monastery. A fine church rose -up in due time, with a very picturesque cloister of -two storeys, other buildings used as schools, and -a large library with a richly carved wooden ceiling. -All came to ruin on the expulsion of the monks in -1835.</p> - -<p>En Jayme also planned and commenced one -of the finest military works of his time. The -castle of Belver is a beautiful object from the -sea, standing on the summit of a pine-clad hill, -with a background of more distant mountains. -It is elliptical in shape, with a large courtyard in -the centre. The accommodation is spacious. On -the ground floor there is a series of vaulted -chambers suitable for barracks, guard rooms, or -prisons. Above there is a vaulted gallery opening -on numerous large rooms, also vaulted, including -a large hall and a chapel. The roof is -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">114</span> -flat and paved. Standing by itself there is a tall -tower, called ‘el Torre de Homenaje,’ connected -with the roof by an arch. The whole is surrounded -by a deep moat. Pedro Salva, the -architect, was a native of Majorca. The hill on -which the castle stands, 450 feet above the sea, is -entirely covered with pine-trees (<i>Pinus Halepensis</i>), -with an undergrowth of <i>lentisco</i>-bushes, wild -lavender, and a purple cistus. Between the -bushes the ground is covered with asphodel and -the leaves of an arisarum.</p> - -<p>En Jayme brought architects, sculptors, and -decorators to Majorca, as well as troubadours and -musicians, and he encouraged native talent. But -the great ornament of his reign was an eminent -philosopher and theologian. Ramon Lull, or -Raimundo Lulio of Barcelona, was one of the -companions of Jayme I., and received two <i>alquerias</i> -or farms at the partition. He was married to -Heril de Cataluña, and their son Raimundo was -born in the capital of Majorca in about the year -1235. His parents wished him to learn to read, -but he cared for nothing but arms, and became a -page to En Jayme. He neglected his duties to -the Prince and gave up nearly all his time to -rather scandalous love affairs. His parents thought -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">115</span> -that the only cure was marriage, and they married -him to a girl named Catalina Labots; but this only -appeared to increase his devotion to other married -women. His conversion was miraculous. He had -a celestial vision in the garden of the bishop’s -palace, and another in his own house, when he -heard the words, ‘Raimundo, follow me!’ He -sold all his property, only reserving a small -portion for his wife and children, and in 1266 he -embarked for Barcelona to visit the shrines of -Montserrat and Santiago. He then returned home -to cause edification by his example in the same -place where his former life had been so scandalous. -He was well past his thirtieth year.</p> - -<p>Lulio then began to learn Arabic from a slave, -with the intention of preaching to the Moors; -but one day he flogged his teacher for blaspheming -God, who retaliated by stabbing Lulio in the -breast. The new convert then left the abodes of -man and went up an isolated hill called Randa, -well in sight from the anchorage off the capital of -Majorca. Here his life was a continual succession -of prayers, penitence, and tears. He was favoured -with more celestial visions. His mind seems to -have been filled with zeal for the conversion of -unbelievers; and he also developed some crude -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">116</span> -philosophical ideas in his solitude. Jayme II. -was at this time at Montpellier, and, hearing of -the miraculous conversion of his former page, he -sent for him. En Jayme was struck by the -earnestness, the eloquence, and the ability of the -new convert. When Lulio entreated the King to -establish a school in Majorca for teaching Arabic, -with a view to preaching to the infidels, he consented. -He made a grant of money sufficient to -sustain thirteen monks, and assigned for their -college a farm in a lovely spot on the north coast -of the island, overlooking the sea, called Miramar. -Here Lulio studied, and wrote his theories and -ideas; but his plan did not succeed, and the -college was a failure.</p> - -<p>Lulio went to Rome, and then to Paris, where -he read his system and argued some points with -the famous Duns Scotus and his disciples. In -1290 he was at Montpellier and Genoa, whence he -embarked for Tunis. Here he preached the faith -of Christ openly, was beaten, and eventually -banished. He travelled through Armenia and the -holy Land; and afterwards wandered over Europe, -preaching a crusade to recover Jerusalem. Another -year found him at Paris once more, reading his -system, which at length received the approbation -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">117</span> -of the University. In 1314 Lulio was again -travelling through Egypt and the Holy Land; -and two years afterwards we find him in England, -studying physics as then understood. During the -intervals of travel he diligently wrote books on -every imaginable subject. He reached his -eightieth year, and longed for martyrdom. So -he embarked in a vessel bound for Tunis, and -went thence to Bugia. He preached Christ openly -and persistently until he was taken out of the -town and stoned. Some Genoese begged for the -martyr’s body, and conveyed it to Majorca. The -date of the martyrdom was June 29, 1315. Lulio -was buried in the church of San Francisco. The -effigy of the martyr rests sideways and rather -high up on the wall of a transept; above it two -angels are bearing up his soul, below are the -arms of Lulio and Majorca, at the sides angels in -niches.</p> - -<p>The philosophy of Lulio is part of the intellectual -history of his century, and can have no -place here; but this meagre sketch of his life -and acts is sufficient to show that he was one of -the most remarkable men of his time. Majorca -has good reason to be proud of him. His works -were read and taught in the Franciscan monastery -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">118</span> -and elsewhere, and his statue at Palma is a sufficient -proof of the appreciation of his countrymen.</p> - -<p>Raimundo Lulio survived his old master by -four years. Jayme II. continued to maintain -an excellent understanding with his nephew and -namesake of Aragon, affording him assistance in -ships and men in his conquest of Corsica and -Sardinia. He died in his palace of Almudaina on -May 28, 1371, and was succeeded by his second -son, Sancho. Among many adherents, his most -faithful friend through all his troubles was his -secretary, Guillermo de Puigdorfila. This noble -Majorcan was possessed of a large fortune, which -he devoted to the service of his master, and was -his most trusted councillor to the last. His -descendants continued to flourish in Majorca for -540 years, the last male dying in 1846.</p> - -<p>Jayme II. was buried in the Royal chapel of -the cathedral at Majorca, and in 1779 Charles III. -of Spain erected a monument to his memory, in -doubtful taste. On a parchment at the lid of the -shroud it is recorded that: ‘Here is Jayme -(Jacma) of worthy memory, King of Majorca, -Count of Roussillon and Cerdaña, Lord of Montpellier, -who departed this life in this city on the -28th of May, vigil of Pentecost, 1311, son of en -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">119</span> -Jayme, King of Aragon, who delivered this city -from the heathens.’ The body is well preserved -as a mummy. Jayme II. of Majorca was an -excellent king for peaceful times, and in the last -fifteen years of his life his administration was -most useful and serviceable to his country. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">120</span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX<br /> - -<span class="medium table">The career of Prince Fernando of Majorca; and tells how the -orphan was taken home to its grandmother</span></h2> - -<p>Fernando, the third son of King Jayme II. of -Majorca, was a splendid type of a chivalrous -knight, trained to arms from early youth, eager -to win renown, but placing honour and his word -before all earthly considerations. He was very -young when he left his home in Majorca to fight -for his gallant cousin, Federigo of Sicily. After -the peace with Naples, Fernando still remained -with his cousin. Then news came of the murder -of Friar Roger de Flor, and of the critical position -of the Catalan company at Gallipoli, which place -they had held for several years, making occasional -raids into Roumania. The King of Sicily proposed -to his cousin Fernando that he should -assume command of the company in the name -of Federigo as over-lord. Fernando accepted the -charge. He arrived at Gallipoli with four galleys, -and announced that he came only as lieutenant -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">121</span> -and representative of the King of Sicily. Ramon -Muntaner, our worthy chronicler, who was in -charge at Gallipoli, received the young Prince in -the capacity announced in the diplomas he brought -from King Federigo as chief and commander of -the company. En Rocafort, with the greater -part of the forces, was besieging a town called -Nona, sixty miles from Gallipoli, and he requested -the Prince to join him. The other two chiefs of -the company, En Berenguer de Entenza and -En Ferrar Ximenes, remained at Gallipoli; but -the Prince, with Muntaner, proceeded to Nona, -where he was received with great honour. Rocafort -was at enmity with Entenza and Ximenes, -and secretly wished to get rid of the Prince so -as to have sole command of the company. He -therefore intrigued with all the chiefs and officers, -persuading them to accept the Prince as their -lord, but not as a representative of the King of -Sicily. They all agreed, and Rocafort knew what -the Prince’s answer, as a man of honour, must -necessarily be. When the Prince announced his -decision, he was entreated to remain until they -reached Salonica, to which place the company -intended to march, it being represented to him -that he might compose the differences between -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">122</span> -Rocafort and the other leaders. The Prince consented -to remain with them for a short time with -that object.</p> - -<p>Gallipoli was to be abandoned, and the duty -of destroying the castle there and bringing away -the wives and children of the company was entrusted -to Muntaner. He did this, and brought -the people to Cristopol, at the entrance of the -Salonica territory, in thirty-six vessels, consisting -of galleys, armed <i>leños</i>, and armed boats.</p> - -<p>The whole company, including Entenza and -Ximenes with their troops, then began their march -to Salonica. On the second day there was an -affray in which Entenza was killed, Rocafort pretending -that his men mistook Entenza’s men for -enemies. Ximenes fled. The Prince, who now -saw through the designs of Rocafort, was in a -very difficult position, when his four galleys most -opportunely arrived at the part of the coast where -the company was encamped. A council was called, -and the Prince told Rocafort and his party plainly -that if they would not receive him as vicegerent -of the King of Sicily, he would leave them. Rocafort -induced the leaders to declare that they -would receive him only as their lord, independent -of any one else. Prince Fernando therefore embarked -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">123</span> -and went with his four galleys to the -island of Thasos.</p> - -<p>Rocafort’s ambition led to his ruin, for his -own people became tired of his tyranny and -greed. He wanted to make himself King of -Salonica, but there was a mutiny; he was delivered -over to the commander of some Venetian galleys -and taken to Naples with his brother. The -Venetians gave him up to King Robert of Naples, -who put him and his brother into a dungeon in -the castle of Aversa, where they were left to die -of starvation. The company took service under -the French Duke of Athens.</p> - -<p>Thasos is by far the most beautiful island in -the Archipelago. It has pleasant meads, wooded -glens, and picturesque mountain scenery. There -are many remains of ancient Greece, and on a -green hill rise the ruins of a fine old castle built -by the Genoese. In this delightful retreat Prince -Fernando rested for a few days after the troubles -and anxieties caused by his brief connection -with the company. He was joined by Ramon -Muntaner with his followers, who was devoted to -the House of Aragon.</p> - -<p>In returning to Sicily they were attacked off -Negropont by a superior force of Venetians, and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">124</span> -the Prince was taken prisoner. He was delivered -over to King Robert of Naples, who kept him -in captivity until, through the intervention of the -King of France, he was allowed to return to his -home in Majorca.</p> - -<p>The next enterprise in which Prince Fernando -was engaged was against the Moors of Granada. -The King of Aragon agreed with Fernando IV. -(‘the Summoned’<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">15</a>) of Castille to carry on this -war from two different directions. One was to -attack Almeria, while the other besieged Algesiras, -and there was a promise that neither should retire -without the consent of the other. The object -was to divide the Moslem forces. The Prince of -Majorca went with his cousin of Aragon to the -siege of Almeria. This seaport town, very beautifully -situated at the entrance of a fertile valley -backed by mountains, was a place of great commercial -importance in the days of the Beni Omeyya -Khâlifas, and here they had their naval dockyard. -Almeria continued to flourish under the -Kings of Granada, and at one time it had kings -of its own. The siege lasted for nine months, and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">125</span> -the Aragonese brought with them all the artillery -of the day to batter the walls. Prince Fernando -was well fitted out by his father. He had under -his command a hundred Majorcan knights, many -foot soldiers, with galleys and <i>leños</i> to convey -the horses, provisions, and artillery. During the -siege Fernando proved himself to be a good knight -by his valorous deeds—‘One of the best knights -in the world,’ Muntaner says. Among other -combats, he had three hand-to-hand fights with -Moorish warriors, and won the palm of a good -knight in each encounter, in sight of both armies.</p> - -<p>Fernando IV. (the Summoned One) broke his -word, raised the siege of Algesiras, and retreated. -This liberated a large Moorish force, which was -at once sent to Almeria. It was done without -informing the King of Aragon, who suddenly -found himself confronted by the whole power of -Granada. On the eve of St. Bartholomew a great -Moorish army suddenly attacked the besiegers. -The King of Aragon was surprised, but not dismayed. -He ordered Prince Fernando to remain -near the town with his contingent, at a place -called the ‘Esperonte’<a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">16</a> of Almeria, to attack and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">126</span> -drive back the besieged, if they sallied out to fall -upon the Aragonese rear while they were engaged -with the Moorish army in front. This was a most -honourable post, and Fernando held it gallantly. -The ‘Esperonte’ faced the seashore. While the -battle was raging a son of the Moorish King of -Guadix sallied forth at the head of a large force -with loud shouts and war-cries. Fernando was -well prepared. His men were formed to resist -attack. The Moor was one of the most famous -warriors of Granada. He was well in front, -scimitar in hand, shouting, ‘Ani ibn es-Sultan.’ -‘What does he say?’ asked Fernando. ‘He says -that he is the King’s son,’ replied the interpreter. -‘If he is a King’s son, so am I,’ answered the -Prince; and, putting spurs to his horse, he -attacked the Moor. Before he could reach him -he had killed six of the enemy with his own hand, -breaking his lance on the sixth. He then drew -his sword and closed with the Moorish King’s son. -The Moor struck such a wonderful blow that he -cut off a quarter of the Prince’s shield, and again -shouted ‘Ani ibn es-Sultan.’ But the Prince delivered -such a blow that he cut open the Moor’s head -down to his teeth, and he fell dead. His followers -were routed, and few escaped back into the town. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">127</span></p> - -<p>Meanwhile the great Moorish army was entirely -defeated. The King of Aragon returned victorious -to his tent, to hear of the great service performed -by his cousin and of his deeds of derring-do, -equalling, says Muntaner, those of the famous -Roland. The King then raised the siege and -returned to Barcelona for three reasons. The -winter was approaching, the Castillian King had -broken faith, and he of Aragon had gained a -greater success by the liberation of many Christian -captives which he made a condition of his truce, -than if he had taken Almeria. Prince Fernando -joined his father and mother at Perpignan, who -rejoiced at his safe return.</p> - -<p>En Fernando remained at home until he -heard that Robert of Naples, who had married -his sister Sancha, was making war on the King of -Sicily. Ever true to his cousin En Federigo, the -young Prince assembled his knightly followers, -and, with a good contingent of Majorcans, he -joined his cousin of Sicily. En Federigo was -delighted to see him, for they had not met since -En Fernando set out to join the company. The -King granted the Majorcan prince the city of -Catania for his life, and two thousand <i>onzas</i> a -year from his treasury. The cousins lived very -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">128</span> -happily together until King Robert of Naples -landed an army at Palermo and besieged Trapani. -Prince Fernando was sent to occupy Mount St. -Julian, where once stood the famous temple of -Venus, whence his <i>almogavares</i> gave a very bad -time to the besieging host. The King of Sicily -fitted out a large fleet of galleys to prevent any -escape, and then joined Prince Fernando on -Mount St. Julian, to attack the besiegers with a -superior force. At this critical juncture the -Dowager Queen of Naples, sister of Jayme II. of -Aragon, intervened, and a truce was arranged, -Robert of Naples surrendering all he had gained -and evacuating Sicily.</p> - -<p>During the rest of his life Prince Fernando -was connected with the affairs of Greece. Long -before, the Duke of Burgundy and the Comte de la -Marche, grandsons of the King of France, had -invaded the Morea, driven out the Grecian rulers, -founded the city of Patras, and established the -French dukedom of Athens and principality of -the Morea. The Catalan company finally put -an end to the Athens dukedom by killing the -Comte de Brienne and all his nobles. In the -Morea, Louis, the fifth in descent from the Duke -of Burgundy, died without male heirs, but left two -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">129</span> -daughters. One inherited the Morea, and the -other the Barony of Matagrifon. One was married -to Felipe, a younger son of Charles of Anjou, and -the other to his friend the Count of Andria. -Felipe was recognised as Prince of the Morea, and -his friend as Baron of Matagrifon. Philip died -childless, and his widow married a Comte de -Nevers. The Count of Andria died, leaving a -daughter Isabel, who was unjustly deprived of -her inheritance. Her mother thought that there -was no knight in Christendom who would be -more likely to take up the cause of an injured -and dispossessed princess than En Fernando of -Majorca.</p> - -<p>The mother, with her beautiful daughter, -came to Messina, where they were hospitably -received by the King of Sicily. Muntaner says -that Isabel was the fairest, the rosiest, the most -discreet maiden he had ever seen. The marriage -of En Fernando with the fair Isabel of Andria -took place at Messina, and, after several days of -festivity, the Prince took his bride to Catania. -Muntaner was then in command of the island of -Gerbes, on the African coast, but he at once -complied with a request that he should join -En Fernando. He arrived at Catania a few days -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">130</span> -before the Princess gave birth to a fine boy. He -brought with him great store of wedding presents, -consisting of richly embroidered dresses, slippers -of finely dressed leather, cloth of various colours, -and jewels. He spread them all out before the -Prince and Princess, to their great delight. The -birthday was on the first Saturday in April 1315. -The child received the name of Jayme in the -cathedral of St. Agatha at Catania.</p> - -<p>There was a melancholy termination to the -bright prospect which seemed to open before the -young married pair. En Fernando had no sooner -completed his preparations to sail for the Morea -with a well-equipped force and recover his wife’s -dominions, than Isabel was seized with a fever -and died a month after the birth of her child. -She died in her husband’s arms, who was thus -plunged in grief and was long inconsolable. He -buried his bride under a monument near the tomb -of St. Agatha.</p> - -<p>In sorrow the bereaved Prince commenced -his campaign. He was joined at Messina by the -faithful Ramon Muntaner, whose guidance as a -chronicler we are soon to lose. He had been -governor of the Isle of Gerbes for seven years, but -resigned that important appointment to share -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">131</span> -the fortunes of his beloved Prince. En Fernando -told Muntaner that he owed more to him than -to any other man on earth; but that he was now -going to ask him the greatest favour of all. The -little child at Catania was most in need of a valiant -defender. The Prince entreated Muntaner to give -up the campaign in the Morea and to convey his -motherless boy safely to its grandmother at -Perpignan. He would have letters to her, to -the King of Majorca, and to the Prince’s procurator, -En Berenguer Despuig, and he would be -supplied with well-fitted galleys for the voyage. -With a heavy heart Muntaner undertook the -charge, and took leave of the Prince who had won -his devoted affection.</p> - -<p>Prince Fernando then made sail for the Morea -with a strong force of cavalry and of <i>almogavares</i>. -He landed near Clarencia, a small seaport on the -coast, south-west of Patras, and, after a feeble -resistance, captured the town. The people swore -allegiance to him, for Clarencia was part of his -wife’s inheritance. He then proceeded with the -conquest of the rest of the Morea, and when he -seemed well established he sent envoys to the -King of Cyprus, asking for the hand of his niece -Isabella. The marriage took place at Clarencia, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">132</span> -and there was a son, named Fernando, born after -his father’s death.</p> - -<p>Louis of Burgundy, who had married Mahault -of Hainault, Princess of Achaia, set out to dispute -the possession of the Morea with Prince -Fernando in 1315. Landing at Patras, he advanced -towards Clarencia, and Fernando came -out to meet him. There was a battle at a place -called Esfero on July 7, 1316, when the gallant -young Prince was slain. He had sent for reinforcements, -but his impetuosity prevented him from -waiting for them. Muntaner received the sad -news in Majorca, and declared that this was the -greatest loss the House of Aragon had ever sustained. -‘For,’ he added, ‘this was the best and -most valiant knight to be found among the sons -of kings in that age, the most just, and the one -who best knew how to order his actions.’ The -body was conveyed to Perpignan, and arrived -just after his mother’s death. The widow returned -to Cyprus, where her child was born.</p> - -<p>But we must return to the orphan boy at -Catania. Having selected a galley of Barcelona -for the voyage, Muntaner chose an excellent -person as head nurse, a native of the Ampurdan, -named Na Ines de Adri, who was experienced in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">133</span> -nursing, having had twenty-two children herself. -He also engaged a very robust young woman of -Catania as wet-nurse, and several maids. These -particulars are mentioned to show with what care -the old soldier entered upon his new duties. He -took with him attested proofs signed by those -who were present at the birth and baptism. On -the day appointed for sailing Muntaner left the -city with the infant in his arms, followed by -more than two thousand people. As he was -embarking, a messenger arrived from King -Federigo with two dresses of cloth of gold as a -present to his little cousin. On August 1, 1315, -Muntaner made sail from Catania. On arriving -at Trapani he received tidings that four galleys -were waiting for him, to seize the infant and thus -dispose of the heir to Clarencia and Matagrifon. -Muntaner therefore took more armed men on -board and waited to join a fleet of twenty-four -Catalan vessels. He then put to sea. After a -few days a storm raged so furiously that seven -ships sank and the rest were in great danger. -At length he let go his anchor in the port of Salou. -The child had never been out of his arms during -the whole time that the storm lasted, either by -night or day, the nurse being dreadfully seasick; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">134</span> -nor could any of the other women stand on their -legs.</p> - -<p>En Pedro de Rocaberti, the Archbishop of -Tarragona, sent good horses to Salou, and the -party went by easy stages to Barcelona, where -the King of Aragon received them with much -hospitality, kissing and blessing the little child. -Muntaner caused a litter to be made at Barcelona -for the nurse and child, which was borne on the -shoulders of twenty men; and so by very easy -stages they reached Perpignan in twenty-four -days. They proceeded to the castle, where the -Queens of Majorca then resided. When they -reached the gates Muntaner took the child in his -own arms and with great joy brought it into the -presence of its grandmother, who, with its aunt-in-law, -the reigning Queen, was seated to receive -it. ‘God,’ he exclaims, ‘does not give a greater -joy than that which my lady the Queen, its grandmother, -then felt on seeing the child so well -nurtured, with its face wreathed with smiles, and -its body wrapped in cloth of gold.’ Muntaner -knelt and kissed the hands of the two Queens, -making the child do the same. He declared that -this was the infant Jayme, son of the Prince En -Fernando and of Isabel his wife. Its grandmother -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">135</span> -then took it in her arms and kissed it many times. -Soon afterwards the King of Majorca, who had -been in France, arrived at Perpignan, and very -joyfully received his nephew, making all the usual -rules and regulations for his being brought up as -if he was his own son.</p> - -<p>It must have been a great relief to En Ramon -Muntaner to have performed this last and most -responsible duty for his beloved Prince. He had -been recruiting for him in Valencia and was in -Majorca, preparing to join him, when the sad news -of his death arrived. The kind old grandmother, -En Fernando’s mother, Esclaramunda de Foix, -died in the sane year. Alas! the good Muntaner -had preserved a life destined in the years to come -to more than the usual share of sorrow, misfortune, -and disaster. The child became the unhappy -Jayme III., last reigning King of Majorca, Count -of Roussillon, Cerdaña, and Conflent, and Lord of -Montpellier. He was also Lord of Clarencia in -the Morea and of Matagrifon.</p> - -<p>Besides little Jayme, Prince Fernando had three -illegitimate sons, named Fernando, Pagano, and -Sancho. They came to Majorca, and were ever the -loyal and devoted brothers and friends of their -young master Jayme, in prosperity and in adversity. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">136</span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X<br /> - -<span class="medium table">King Sancho of Majorca</span></h2> - -<p>Sancho, the second son of Jayme II., succeeded -as King of Majorca on June 4, 1311. He was a -just and peace-loving sovereign, beloved by his -people, always on excellent terms with his cousins -of Aragon, and he reigned prosperously for thirteen -years. Majorca was a feudatory of Aragon, with -the duty of assisting in the wars of the suzerain; -and the King was required to attend the Cortes -of the Aragonese kingdom to arrange the nature -and amount of aid to be contributed to the feudal -overlord.</p> - -<p>As a boy Sancho had suffered imprisonment -with his brothers Felipe and Fernando, when -they were captured by the young tyrant -Alfonso III., first at Torrella de Monguin, then at -Gerona, and finally at Barcelona, where they were -released on Alfonso’s death. The misfortunes of -his boyhood were not continued in after-life. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">137</span> -His reign was prosperous. On his accession he -swore to maintain the privileges and freedom -of his people; and the commerce of the island -made great progress under his fostering care.</p> - -<p>Sancho married Maria, daughter of the Angevin -King of Naples, but had no children by her. They -both adopted the infant son of the chivalrous -younger brother Fernando. The King of Majorca -was in a position calling for much tact and diplomatic -skill on the one hand, and for energetic -defensive measures on the other. He had to be -well prepared against attacks of pirates from the -coasts of Barbary, to preserve his Continental -dominions from French encroachments, and to -maintain a good understanding with his cousin -of Aragon.</p> - -<p>A fleet of armed ships was equipped for defence -against piratical attacks, half by the King and -half by the Jurados. It consisted of four galleys, -two galleots, and several smaller vessels. Later, -the <i>atalayas</i>, or watch-towers, were built along the -coasts, which gave notice of the approach of an -enemy by fire-signals. In 1316 King Sancho proceeded -from Perpignan to Avignon for an interview -with the Pope respecting French claims on -the Barony of Montpellier. The negotiations were -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">138</span> -transferred to Paris, and a satisfactory settlement -was arrived at. With Aragon Sancho continued -to maintain the most friendly relations. When -the conquest of Sardinia and Corsica was resolved -to be undertaken, he attended personally at the -Cortes held at Gerona in June 1322 as a feudatory -of Aragon. The result was that Majorca contributed -twenty new galleys to the expedition, -two hundred mounted knights, besides a contingent -of foot soldiers. King Jayme II. of Aragon -was so much pleased with this evidence of good -will on the part of his cousin of Majorca that he -expressed his satisfaction by exempting King -Sancho from the duty of personal attendance at -the Cortes of Aragon.</p> - -<p>King Sancho built a castle for his residence -in the lovely ravine of Valdemosa, in the mountains -on the north-west coast, to the west of Soller. -From Palma the way is across the fertile <i>huerta</i>, or -garden, for eight miles, when the hilly region is -entered. There is terraced cultivation up the -mountain-sides with orange-trees and olives; -higher up, woods of Aleppo pines; and above them -the marble cliffs rise perpendicularly, their irregular -outline standing out against the blue sky. The -castle stood across the highest part of the pass, a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">139</span> -picturesque line of masonry rising from the groves -of orange and lemon trees. The first Alcaide, or -Castellan, of the castle of Valdemosa was Martin -de Muntaner, a relation of the chronicler. Here -King Sancho held his court, and here he enjoyed -hawking and other sports of the field. He had -a special breed of falcons, which was famous all -over Europe, and he introduced partridges into -the island. Beyond Valdemosa the scenery increases -in beauty as the sea on the north side of -the island comes in sight. Here was the college -founded by Jayme II. at the request of Raimundo -Lulio, but soon abandoned. King Sancho suffered -from asthma, and he found relief in the climate of -Miramar, passing much time in the building which -had been erected for an Arabic college. Far -below is the sea, the steep slopes descending to -it being covered with flowering shrubs and Aleppo -pines, while behind the marble cliffs shoot up -into peaks and ridges. His infirmity increasing, -Sancho was advised to try the climate of his -Continental dominions. The heat was very great -in the summer of 1324, and he retired to the cooler -air of the Pyrenees. There he died in the little -village of Santa Maria de Formiguera, in the -county of Cerdaña, on September 4, 1324. The -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">140</span> -King’s body was conveyed to Perpignan, where it -was interred in the church of San Juan.</p> - -<p>Sancho left a will in the custody of his friend -Bernardo Truyolls. In it he declared his infant -nephew Jayme to be his heir, and appointed his -brother, the priest Felipe, to be Regent during the -minority. His widow, daughter of Charles II. -of Naples, married secondly Jayme, Lord of -Ezerica, son of another Jayme, the illegitimate -son of Jayme I. (the Conqueror).</p> - -<p>Sancho was a wise and just sovereign, and -secured a period of peace and prosperity for the -islands and the islanders he loved so well.</p> - -<p>There is a very rare gold coin of King Sancho, -a two-real piece, and a <i>dobler de potin</i>, the two -latter resembling those of Jayme II. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">141</span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI<br /> - -<span class="medium table">King Jayme III. of Majorca</span></h2> - -<p>The little child who was brought home with such -care and through so many dangers from Catania -now succeeded his uncle Sancho as Jayme III., -King of Majorca, Count of Roussillon, Conflent, and -Cerdaña, Lord of Montpellier, and, in his own -right, as the heir of his mother, Lord of Clarencia -in the Morea<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">17</a> and of Matagrifon.</p> - -<p>Jayme had a happy childhood, and there was -no premonition of the sorrows and calamities of his -after-life. His clerical uncle Felipe was accepted -as Regent by the Ricos Hombres of Majorca and -the Cortes of Aragon, and, after some demur, by -Roussillon and Cerdaña. The young King received -a good education under the supervision of En -Felipe, and was brought up with his elder half-brothers -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">142</span> -Fernando, Pagano, and Sancho, who -trained him in martial exercises. Among his -dearest friends was Arnaldo de Santa Cilia. This -noble and loyal Majorcan was the son of Pedro -Juan Santa Cilia, a knight of the conquest, -whose original home was a castle of the same -name on the banks of the river Ter, near Vich in -Catalonia. Pedro Juan married Leonor Ben-nasser, -the baptized heiress of the Arab chief Benahabet, -who helped King Jayme in the conquest. Through -her the Santa Cilias became the owners of the -beautiful country seat of Alfavia.</p> - -<p>The Regent Philip continued the wise policy of -his brother. He took the boy King to Barcelona -to do homage to King Jayme II. of Aragon, and -furnished a strong contingent to his suzerain for -the Sardinian war. He also negotiated a marriage -between Jayme III. of Majorca and Constance, -the young granddaughter of the King of Aragon, -daughter of his heir Alfonso (who succeeded as -Alfonso IV. in 1327) by Teresa de Entensa of -Urgel.</p> - -<p>Jayme III. was an amiable and gallant -prince, always loyal and correct in all his dealings -with his suzerain and beloved by his subjects. -Of his elder half-brothers, Fernando appears to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">143</span> -have retired to Italy. But Pagano and Sancho -were his tutors in arms, counsellors, staunch and -loyal friends through life. Pagano was married -to Blanca, daughter of Ramon Sabellos, and -Sancho to Sauria, daughter of Ferrario Rossello.</p> - -<p>All went well until the accession, in 1335, of -Pedro IV., son of Alfonso IV. and brother of -Constance, the wife of Jayme III. of Majorca. -She had another brother, Jayme, Count of Urgel, -a far better man. Pedro was an odious character. -Jayme III. came to Barcelona with his wife -Constance, and did homage to his brother-in-law -for his Balearic and Continental dominions, -proceeding thence to Perpignan. There he was -joined by Pedro, and the two Kings went together -to Avignon—Pedro to do homage to the Pope for -the new conquests of Sardinia and Corsica.</p> - -<p>On his return to Aragon Pedro soon began to -show himself in his true character. From the -first he coveted the Balearic Islands, and resolved -to seize them in defiance of right and justice. -With such a man, a hatred of his unfortunate -brother-in-law and cousin, who stood in the way -of his ambition, was the inevitable consequence of -his greed.</p> - -<p>Pedro IV. combined the evil qualities of our -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">144</span> -two Henry Tudors. He had all the avarice and -cunning meanness of the father and the heartless -cruelty of the son, together with his love of display -and magnificence. Hence he was called ‘Pedro -the Ceremonious.’ He soon began to seek for -excuses for his contemplated usurpation. His -first accusation was that the King of Majorca -allowed French money to circulate in his Continental -dominions, which he alleged to be derogatory -to his suzerainty. He then wrote letters to -the Jurados of Majorca, accusing their King of -contumacy. Their reply was that their King -had done nothing opposed to the dignity, honour, -or rights of the King of Aragon; but, on the -contrary, that he had complied with all his obligations -loyally and faithfully, and that they would -stand by him as devoted subjects. This reply was -dated June 18, 1342.</p> - -<p>Jayme III. had returned to Majorca, and his son, -also named Jayme, was born in the Almudaina -in 1334. Isabel, his daughter, followed in 1338, -just when the dark clouds were gathering around -their father’s horizon.</p> - -<p>Pedro found that the accusation about the -currency was absurd and untenable. He therefore -deliberately concocted an infamous lie, declaring -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">145</span> -that his brother-in-law intended to kidnap him at -Barcelona and carry him off to a dungeon in -Majorca. He added that God, Who never failed -those that trusted in Him, had, by reason of -the piety and goodness of the Ceremonious one, -disclosed the treason.</p> - -<p>A fleet was prepared at Barcelona for the -conquest of Majorca, and on February 21, 1343, -Pedro published what he called the sentence, -declaring the King of Majorca to be contumacious -and guilty of treason against his suzerain, and -that he was therefore deprived of all his dominions. -Jayme III., through his procurator Pedro Pascual, -published a complete refutation of the false statements -in the so-called sentence, and a well-reasoned -proof of his rights. Pedro’s aunt Sancha, the -Queen of Naples, entreated him to refrain from -hostilities and to let the questions be settled by -arbitration.</p> - -<p>All was of no avail. On May 10, 1343, Pedro -embarked with 110 sail of vessels, 29 being war-galleys, -arriving on the coast of the island on -the 23rd. King Jayme had hastily collected some -troops to resist this unjust invasion. But they -were quickly routed by the vastly superior force -of the invaders, and the unfortunate King took -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">146</span> -ship and retired to Perpignan. There was a -great slaughter, and the city had no alternative -but submission. The usurper entered in triumph, -declaring Majorca and its dependent islands to -be annexed to the crown of Aragon. Nicolas de -Marin, the loyal castellan of Belver, held out for -a short time, but he was forced to capitulate. -A cruel persecution of all the friends of the King -of Majorca was then commenced. The Queen -and her two children were captured, and kept in -close imprisonment at Barcelona.</p> - -<p>In July Pedro returned from Majorca, assembled -troops at Gerona, and prepared to attack his -brother-in-law’s Continental dominions. He advanced -to Figueras, where he received a letter -from the unfortunate Jayme asking for an interview. -The only reply was a threat that Perpignan -should be destroyed. But the town was faithful, -though Jayme was scarcely able to maintain the -troops that remained loyal to him. At last, in -January 1344, poor Jayme humbled himself to -the extent of entreating mercy from his coldblooded -and relentless brother-in-law. He submitted -entirely, in the hope of some feeling of -generosity or pity on the part of the usurper of -his dominions. But of any such feeling the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">147</span> -Ceremonious one was quite incapable. He seized -upon Perpignan, and sent the King of Majorca -to Berga, where he was offered a pension on condition -that he abandoned all his rights of every -description. The object of Pedro was to drive -his brother-in-law to despair and exterminate his -family.</p> - -<p>Jayme was indeed in despair. His wife, in -spite of her entreaties, was not allowed by her -unfeeling brother to join him. But the imprisonment -of the two innocent children was more than -some noble Catalans could stand. They broke -into the prison, killed the jailer, and contrived -that Prince Jayme and his sister should escape -to their father. At the same time there was a -revulsion of feeling in favour of the persecuted -King. The French Court interceded in his favour, -and he received letters and messages from Majorca -inviting him to return. He still retained the -Barony of Montpellier. He sold it to King Philip -of France for 120,000 <i>escudos de oro</i>, with which -he raised troops and equipped vessels for the -invasion of Majorca. The King of France and -the Queen of Sicily assisted him, especially with -ships. King Jayme collected eight galleys and -many smaller vessels, on board of which he embarked -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">148</span> -3,000 infantry and 400 cavalry. His half-brothers, -Pagano and Sancho, faithful to the end, -were with him. There, too, was his young son -Jayme, just escaped from the dungeon at Barcelona. -Carlos de Grimaldi, of the noble Genoese -family, was one of his chief commanders. He -had been granted the towns of Soller and Alcudia, -while his brother Ayto was to have the estate of -Buñola, both with the title of Count. Thus the -ill-fated King sailed from the coast of Provence -on his last disastrous attempt to regain his -kingdom.</p> - -<p>En Gilabert de Centelles was then Governor -of Majorca for the usurper, and he had a large -force under his command. King Jayme landed -with his little army on the south coast of the -island, and advanced with some hope of success. -But Centelles had an overwhelmingly superior -force of 20,000 infantry and 800 cavalry. The -hostile armies met near the town of Lluchmayor, -to the south-east of Palma. The King led a small -squadron of cavalry and some French infantry -in the van, and was the first to encounter the -enemy. But there was a panic, and his troops -fled in confusion. With only a few faithful -knights he fought valorously until, covered with -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">149</span> -wounds, he fell from his horse. When on the -ground a brutal soldier cut off his head. He had -reigned for twenty-five years, from 1324 to 1349, -the first eleven years happily and in peace, the -last fourteen bowed down by calamity and sorrow. -Jayme III. was a prince of many virtues. He -was conscientiously religious, well versed in the -learning of his time, animated and eloquent, and -devoted to the interests of his subjects. His -wife Constance was faithful to him throughout his -misfortunes, though long separated from him by -the heartless cruelty of her brother. His young -son loved him with a passionate fondness, which -led to his giving up his whole life to avenge -his father’s death. His half-brothers fought by -his side at Lluchmayor, and their wives were -thrown into prison. Sancho, the youngest, lead a -daughter named Esclaramunda, who married Antal, -Count of Foix, and was buried in the cathedral -of Palma.</p> - -<p>For more than a hundred years the Aragonese -Kings of Majorca had ruled over the islands well -and prosperously and to the great good of the -inhabitants. They were an exceptionally noble -and high-souled race, worthy of their descent from -the ‘great Conquistador.’ -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">150</span></p> - -<p>The body of Jayme III. is said to have been -buried at Valencia. Born at Catania on April 5, -1315, his age was thirty-four and some months. -The fatal battle of Lluchmayor was on August 25, -1349. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">151</span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII<br /> - -<span class="medium table">Relates the adventures of Jayme and Isabel, describes the memorial -chair, and records the end of the Majorcan dynasty</span></h2> - -<p>Never did sovereign ascend a throne under such -appalling circumstances as did Jayme IV., the -last King of Majorca. The young Prince was -little more than fifteen years of age, yet he fought -by his father’s side and was severely wounded. -He was carried to Belver Castle by the side of -his father’s corpse. As soon as he was well enough -to be moved, he was again taken to Barcelona -and thrown into prison, where his uncle, the -Ceremonious one, intended him to rot and die. -The intercessions of his relations and of the Pope -were all useless.</p> - -<p>There were people in Catalonia to whom this -tormenting of children was hateful and intolerable. -The escape was no easy task. The guards were -carefully chosen, and changed every week. The -prison was a disgrace to Pedro IV. as a place for -the confinement of an innocent relation. The -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">152</span> -boy had to sleep in a sort of iron cage, and the -guards never left him by night or day. Jayme de -San Clemente, an official of the cathedral, was -shocked at the treatment of the young Prince. -He and a few friends succeeded in getting impressions -of the keys of the castle doors and in making -false ones; and they had the aid of some merciful -officials within. The rescuers killed Nicolas -Rovira, the captain of the guard, and liberated -the prisoner, who escaped out of Barcelona. -It does not appear where he was during the next -two or three years, but probably in some safe -refuge with his mother and sister. The brother -and sister were devoted to each other.</p> - -<p>In 1362, the year when her second husband -died, a handsome youth appeared at the court of -Queen Juana of Naples. She fell in love with -him, and they were married in the same year. -This was Jayme IV., King of Majorca, who thus -became also King of Naples. Juana committed -many crimes, especially as regards her first husband; -but all may be condoned in consideration -of her unchanging loyalty and generosity to young -Jayme. The exiled King told his wife from the -first that his life must be devoted to the recovery -of his dominions and to avenge the cruel treatment -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">153</span> -of his father. With these objects he opened communications -with Pedro of Castille, who was at -enmity with his namesake, the Ceremonious one -of Aragon. Jayme, supported by funds supplied -by his Queen, joined the Black Prince, and distinguished -himself by his valour in the battle of -Najara.</p> - -<p>Soon afterwards the cause of Pedro of Castille -became hopeless. His illegitimate brother Henry -of Trastamara, aided by the Ceremonious tyrant -of Aragon, advanced into Spain with an army -and besieged the castle of Burgos, which had been -occupied by Jayme and his troops. The King of -Majorca made a gallant defence, but at last he -was obliged to surrender. His odious uncle of -Aragon tried to get his unfortunate nephew into -his clutches again; but love was ready to make -greater sacrifices than hatred. The Queen of -Naples ransomed her husband for sixty thousand -<i>doblas</i>.</p> - -<p>In March 1369 Jayme was safe in the territory -of the Count of Foix. Thence he proceeded to -Avignon and began to collect troops, intending to -invade Roussillon, which had been unjustly occupied -by the usurper. His whole heart was devoted -to what he considered the duty of avenging his -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">154</span> -father’s death. He looked upon his uncle Pedro -as a usurper and murderer, and his hatred -for the Ceremonious one was intense. Friends -represented to him that he should be satisfied -with the kingdom of Naples and a devoted wife. -But he answered that he was bound to avenge his -father. When it was represented to him that -attacks with inadequate forces on so powerful an -enemy could only lead to his own destruction, he -replied that he could not die in a better cause.</p> - -<p>The Companies were then overrunning France. -Young Jayme enlisted Englishmen, Frenchmen, -and Provençals, the funds being supplied by his -Queen. He advanced with his little army to -Narbonne, and thence to Toulouse. His beloved -sister Isabel, who had become the wife of the -Marquis of Monserrat, joined her brother when he -invaded his own territory of Roussillon. The town -of Perpignan was too strong for attack, and the -Ceremonious one was making great preparations -for the defence of Catalonia. His army was -assembled in the Ampurdan to oppose an entry -by the Pass of Panizas. The young King of -Majorca therefore crossed the Pyrenees, entering -by the Puig-cerdan Pass, and occupied the county -of Urgel. His uncle of Aragon resorted to a way -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">155</span> -more in accordance with his nature than a fair -fight. He poisoned his nephew. The secret -crime was perpetrated at Valderan, near Urgel. -Jayme died in his sister’s arms, rendering up a -life which had been devoted to the memory of -his unhappy father. It was in January 1375 -that the last King of Majorca and King Consort -of Naples expired within his own rightful dominions -of Cerdaña. His body was buried in the Franciscan -monastery of Soria. His sister Isabel returned -into Gascony, and died in 1379, the last of her -race.</p> - -<p>Pedro IV., the Ceremonious, after a turbulent -reign of fifty years, occupied chiefly in unjust -quarrels with his relations and neighbours, at last -died in 1396. His sons, Martin and Juan, were -rightful heirs to Majorca, the family of their -Majorcan cousins having become extinct. His -daughter Leonor, wife of Juan I. of Castille, was -the mother of Henry III. of Castille, and also of -Fernando (surnamed of Antequera from having -taken that town from the Moors), who, when the -male line of Aragon failed on the death of King -Martin, became King of Aragon.</p> - -<p>An ancient and most touching memorial of -Jayme IV. and his sister Isabel is still preserved -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">156</span> -at Alfavia by the descendants of their true and -faithful friends of the Santa Cilia family. The -estate was held by the Santa Cilia family for five -generations, when the heiress Leonor married -Gabriel de Berga. The heiress of Berga married -Zaforteza, and Don Josè Burguez Zaforteza is -now the owner of Alfavia and guardian of the -relic.</p> - -<p>The country seat of Alfavia, at the foot of the -mountain pass leading to the valley of Soller, is -surrounded by enchanting scenery. In front there -are two fir-clad mountain-peaks, with just a peep -between them of the garden of Palma, the cathedral, -and the blue Mediterranean. All round there are -precipitous mountains, the lower slopes in terraces -planted with lemon and orange trees. The -beautiful garden is famous for a long pergola -covered with flowing creepers, having a fountain -in each arch on either side. The entrance to the -courtyard is by a wide and lofty passage, and the -first compartment of its roof is a reminder of the -Moorish origin of the house. It is a dome in the -style of the roofs at the Alhambra, the colours -still visible. Round the margin, or cornice, there -is an Arabic inscription, which has been thus -translated: -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">157</span></p> - -<p>‘Precept is of God: power is of God: mercy is -of God: God is most great, there is no God but -Him: wealth consists in God.’</p> - -<p>On the walls of the passage the coats-of-arms -are painted of the families which have owned -Alfavia since Moorish times:</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">I.</td> - <td>Ben nassar (<i>or a lion rampant gules</i>).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">II.</td> - <td>Santa Cilia (<i>argent three bars gules</i>).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">III.</td> - <td>Berga (<i>azure five crescents or</i>).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">IV.</td> - <td>Burgues (<i>or twelve crescents azure</i>).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">V.</td> - <td>Zaforteza (<i>gules three fleurs-de-lys or</i>).</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>But the great treasure of Alfavia is the memorial -of the unfortunate brother and sister, Jayme IV. -and Isabel. It consists of a solid oaken armchair -of the fourteenth century, designed and carved -for Arnaldo de Santa Cilia in loving memory of -his ill-fated friends. The workmanship and the -costumes of the figures carved on it are the evidence -of its date. The carvings represent the sorrows -of the two unfortunate children of Jayme III. -On each end of the back there are lions séjant. -On the back, facing the seat, two figures are carved, -a prince and a lady, in costumes of the fourteenth -century. They are seated at a table, supposed -to be a chessboard, but the surface is smooth. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">158</span> -A small dog is under the table. Over them there -is a tree with three branches, and foliage at the -end of each. On each branch, among the foliage, -there is a bird of evil omen or of mourning—crows -and owl—symbolising the sorrows of the two -young people beneath them. Below the seat -there are two fierce bloodhounds facing each other, -one killing a rabbit.</p> - -<p>At the back of the chair the carving is still -more symbolical. A laurel-tree rises out of a -tomb, and among its foliage there is a crowned -head, intended for that of Jayme III. On either -side of the tree stand the same prince and princess, -the prince with a hawk on his wrist. Both -point their hands down to the tomb, in which -there is the same crowned head.</p> - -<p>In a lower compartment there is a fierce -hound chasing a rabbit; and beneath that again -there is a rabbit sitting up and looking back -behind a mound, a second mound with a rabbit -looking out of it, and the hindquarters of another -going into its hole. On the sides of the chair -there are niches with arches, and under two of -them on either side are armed figures in iron caps, -shirts of mail, swords, and shields. One is crowned -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">159</span> -and has a long mantle, and a bird with wings -displayed is carved on his shield.<a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">18</a></p> - -<p>The whole composition is very curious and -most interesting, alike a touching memorial of -the brother and sister, the last of their race, and -a very precious relic of antiquity.</p> - -<p>The descendants of the second son of Jayme -the Conqueror have left a goodly record. To -them Majorca owed her rights and liberties, the -settlement of her people, the founding of her -towns, and all the beginnings of her future prosperity. -Devoted to the good of their people, -honourable and true to their word, wise in counsel, -steadfast in adversity, they produced also knights-errant -of the most chivalrous type, like En Fernando -and like young Jayme IV., the last of his race. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">160</span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII<br /> - -<span class="medium table">Relates the story, so far as it concerns Majorca, of the last -Kings of Aragon</span></h2> - -<p>The extinction of their reigning dynasty was a -great calamity to the people of Majorca, especially -during the prolonged life of the Ceremonious one. -At last he died in 1387. His sons were very -different in all respects. Juan I., surnamed the -Huntsman, succeeded as King of Aragon, and he -was also the legitimate heir to the Balearic Islands. -A pestilence in Catalonia led him to visit Majorca. -He and his Queen were in different galleys, -and were separated during bad weather. Juan -landed at Soller on July 16, 1394, and proceeded -to the castle of Valdemosa. The Queen, reached -Palma safely. They were united at the castle of -Belver, where they spent six pleasant months. -Devoted to the chase, Juan went about over the -island hawking the partridges introduced by King -Sancho. He also imported deer. Returning to -Aragon, he was unfortunately killed in the forest -of Foxà, near his castle of Uriols, when hunting -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">161</span> -a she-wolf. He only had a daughter named -Violante, who became Queen of Naples, mother -of Louis, Duke of Calabria.</p> - -<p>Juan I. was succeeded by his brother King -Martin, an excellent prince, surnamed ‘the -Humane.’ At this time San Vicente Ferrer of -Valencia was flourishing and striving to create a -religious revival, and his zeal made an impression -on the minds of King Martin and many of his -subjects. In 1413 San Vicente went to Majorca, -where his preaching aroused the people to make -great demonstrations of their religious fervour. -It is even said that the saint wrought a miracle -by bringing down abundant rain during a season -of drought. The Catholic zeal of King Martin -led him to grant Sancho’s castle of Valdemosa -to the Carthusians for a monastery on June 15, -1399. Large donations for the building of the -church were received from Majorcan nobles, and -the courtly apartments of King Sancho were -converted into cells, a refectory, and a cloister. -The Cartuja of Valdemosa continued to flourish -on this beautiful site for more than four centuries. -The church is a fine edifice, containing the richly -carved stalls of the Carthusians, a profile in relief -of King Martin, and a remarkably good statue, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">162</span> -carved in wood, of St. Bruno. After the suppression -and the expulsion of the Carthusians in -1834 their cells were let to families from Palma -and others for the summer. A large portion forms -the summer residence of Don Juan Sureda, who -has converted the refectory into a charming ballroom, -with a stage and proscenium at one end for -private theatricals. Georges Sand, with the composer -Chopin, occupied two of the cells. Georges -Sand afterwards wrote a book on her winter residence -in Majorca in 1835, animadverting on the -country and the people. But her strictures are -unfair and, to a great extent, untrue, and have -been ably refuted by a native author. To this -day the Cartuja on its ridge, surrounded by -orange-groves, is a beautiful object in the ascent -from the garden of Palma to Valdemosa, still -looking more like the castle of King Sancho than -a Cartuja. Apartments are shown as having -been the residence of King Martin, but he never -visited the island personally.</p> - -<p>Martin died in 1410 without legitimate children, -and there were several claimants to the -succession. The Count of Urgel represented the -male line, as the grandson of Jayme, brother of -Pedro IV. Fernando of Antequera, brother of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">163</span> -the King of Castille, was a nephew of King Martin -through his mother, Leonor. Louis of Calabria -was a grandson of Juan I. and grand-nephew of -King Martin. Alfonso, Duke of Gandia, was a -nephew of Alfonso IV. and first cousin of Pedro IV. -There was also Fadrique, Count of Luna, an -illegitimate son of King Martin. Altogether five -claimants. Elected delegates from Aragon, Catalonia, -Valencia, and Majorca were assembled to -examine the claims. There was a strong feeling -in favour of the Count of Urgel, as representing -the male line; but Fernando de Antequera was -chosen, it is supposed through the influence of -San Vicente Ferrer. Fernando I. only reigned for -four years, from 1412 to 1416, and was succeeded -by his son Alfonso V., who devoted a long reign -of forty-two years chiefly to the conquest of -Naples. He was surnamed ‘the Magnanimous.’</p> - -<p>The Majorcans gave King Alfonso assistance -in soldiers and in ships, and many of their knights -served in the King’s campaigns. Both the Government -and private persons co-operated with Barcelona -in fitting out armed ships for the protection -of trade against the Barbary pirates. Among the -Majorcan nobles who equipped such vessels the -foremost was En Salvador Sureda, who also -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">164</span> -appeared at this time as a knight of chivalry -under the following circumstances.</p> - -<p>A Catalan knight named Francisco de Valseca, -who was famous for his prowess in all jousting -exercises, came to Palma to take part in a tournament -in 1442. He ran a lance with Salvador -Sureda, and censured his opponent for the way -in which he had gained an advantage. Sureda -replied that he had used his lance and run the -course as became a knight, and that he was ready -to encounter his adversary again as often as he -liked and at any place he might appoint. Valseca -did not hear these words because his vizor was -down, and he was not told of them until after his -return to Barcelona. He then promptly sent a -trumpet to Sureda, challenging him to a combat. -The two knights sent a joint request to the King, -Alfonso V. of Aragon, that he would appoint -lists and preside at the encounter. The King -consented, naming his city of Naples as the place -and summoning the combatants to appear there -on a certain day. The royal missive was sent -to Sureda, who, on August 23, 1443, sent his -trumpet, named Agustin de Luna, with two letters—one -of thanks to the King; the other, with -a copy of the royal letter, to Valseca. The trumpet -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">165</span> -sailed from Porto Pi and duly delivered the letters. -The day appointed was January 5, 1444.</p> - -<p>Both knights proceeded to Naples and made -their appearance on the appointed day. En -Salvador Sureda wore a crimson surcoat embroidered -with gold, and his horse was similarly -caparisoned. His device was a small falcon’s -cage, with the motto ‘dentro está quier le cage.’ -He was preceded by three knights richly dressed, -and three pages with the helmet and plumes. The -route along which he came was kept by several -friends, bearing the well-known Majorcan names -of Dameto, Zaforteza, Bosch, Mari, and Vivot. -In advance of all was a herald, with trumpets -and minstrels and the Sureda standard, which -was a cork-tree on a golden ground. Valseca also -came splendidly accoutred and similarly attended.</p> - -<p>At each end of the lists there were tents for -the combatants, and on the side a very richly -ornamented pavilion for King Alfonso and his -young son Fernando, of whom the King was very -fond. Ten knights, called the ‘ten faithful ones,’ -guarded the lists, and two others, nominated by -the King, were named ‘preservers of peace.’ At -least twenty thousand spectators were present.</p> - -<p>There was complete silence, until a clarion -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">166</span> -sounded and the two knights came out of their -tents and mounted. On a second blast of the -clarion the two knights put their lances in rest -and commenced their furious careers. At that -moment the King threw his warder down, as our -poor Richard II. had done some fifty years before, -but with very different consequences. The ‘ten -faithful ones’ then rushed between the combatants -and wrested their lances from them. -Their astonishment was mingled with anger not -immediately appeased. Young Fernando then -came down from the pavilion and called the two -knights, who had dismounted. He told them -that the King his father was unwilling that either -knight should be killed, both being so distinguished -and both having sufficiently proved their -fortitude, resolution, and valour. Valseca and -Sureda both placed themselves under the orders -of the King. The young Prince took a position -himself between the two, and, taking a hand of -each, he led them up to King Alfonso, at whose -feet they knelt and did homage. The King -obliged them to make friends, conferred several -benefits on them, and the day ended in rejoicing -and festivities. The standard of Sureda was hung -in the cathedral of Palma. There it remained -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">167</span> -until 1819, when it was burnt at the fire of the -ancient chapel of San Pedro.</p> - -<p>Alfonso V. had achieved the conquest of -Naples, though he lost his brother Pedro during -the siege. When he died, in 1458, his illegitimate -son Fernando succeeded as King of Naples, -followed by his sons Alfonso and Federigo. On -their deaths Naples became part of the vast -dominions of Fernando of Aragon and Castille. -Thus Alfonso V. restored all the dominions of -King Manfred to his descendants.</p> - -<p>The conqueror of Naples was succeeded as -King of Aragon by his brother Juan II., a very -different man. Juan had married Blanche, the -heiress of Navarre, by whom he had a son Carlos, -Prince of Viana, and a daughter Leonor. Juan II. -began to persecute his son in 1450, before his -accession, and when he was only King of Navarre -by right of his wife. Carlos, when he came of age, -felt that he was the rightful King of Navarre, and -not his father. He took up arms, was defeated, -and taken prisoner. He was confined in the -castle of Monroy, but he escaped to Naples, and -after the death of his uncle Alfonso he took refuge -in Sicily. Juan II. sent an envoy to induce the -Prince of Viana to come to Majorca, where he -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">168</span> -landed in August 1459, and was very cordially -received by the people. Juan II. published an -order that all the castles in Majorca were to be -delivered over to the Prince; but he sent a secret -order at the same time that some of the strongest, -including the castle of Belver, were not to be given -up, and that Carlos was to be detained if he entered -Belver. Knowing that the word of his father -could not be depended upon, and fearful of arrest, -the Prince resolved to proceed to Barcelona and -seek an interview. He landed on March 20, 1460, -and his father pretended to be reconciled, fearing -insurrections in his son’s favour; but the Prince -of Viana died, under very suspicious circumstances, -in the following year. His sister Leonor then -became Queen of Navarre, and by her marriage -with Gaston de Foix the title descended to -Henry IV., and again became merged in the -crown of France.</p> - -<p>Juan II. had married secondly Juana Henriquez, -daughter of the Admiral of Castille, and by her he -had a son Fernando, and a daughter Juana, Queen -of Naples. After a reign of twenty years Juan II. -died, and was succeeded by his son Fernando II. -in 1479. The marriage of Fernando with Isabella -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">169</span> -of Castille united the two kingdoms, and Majorca, -with the other islands, became a part of the -kingdom of Spain. But Majorca retained her -constitution and privileges during the sway of -the Austrian dynasty. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">170</span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_XIV">CHAPTER XIV<br /> - -<span class="medium table">The Majorcans as navigators</span></h2> - -<p>The intelligence and energy of the Catalans of -Barcelona and Majorca, combined with their -industry and perseverance, raised the kingdom -of Aragon to a very important position as a maritime -Power in the Mediterranean. Long the rivals -of the Genoese, the Catalans at one time gained -complete ascendency. Their fleets dominated the -western half of the great inland sea, with Sicily, -Sardinia, Corsica, Malta, and the Balearic Islands -either under the sovereignty or in close alliance -with the Kings of Aragon. Their trading vessels -frequented the Levant and the Ægean Sea, and -Catalan consulates and factories were established -in Macedonia, in Greece, and on the islands. -Voyages were even undertaken beyond the Pillars -of Hercules.</p> - -<p>The seamen of Majorca were as energetic and -expert as those of the mainland, and Palma had -a great dockyard and arsenal where galleys of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">171</span> -thirty benches were built. But the success of the -Catalans depended more on their skill and superior -knowledge of navigation than on the size and -number of their ships. In the middle of the -fourteenth century the marine service of Majorca -consisted of 30,600 sailors, manning 460 vessels, -of which twenty-four were of the largest size, -and the others were used for carrying merchandise.<a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">19</a> -Palma could fit out a contingent of large ships -as part of the armed fleet of Aragon, and the -safety of trade was provided for both by the -Government and by private enterprise. Salvador -de Sureda was not the only Majorcan notable who -fitted out a ship at his own expense to resist the -incursions of Barbary pirates.</p> - -<p>The natives of Majorca were for a long time -the leading geographers, inventors of instruments, -and constructors of marine charts in Europe. -They used the magnetic needle long before its -supposed discovery by Gioia of Amalfi, and they -could find the polar distance. The rudeness of -their instruments increases the merit of the results -obtained with them. Their <i>portolani</i>, or marine -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">172</span> -charts, were far more accurate than any of the -maps even of a later period. They were in constant -use before 1359, when every galley was -ordered to carry two charts for navigation.<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">20</a> -Several Catalan <i>portolani</i> have been preserved. -The most interesting, though not the oldest, is -now in the possession of the Count of Montenegro -at Palma. It was drawn in 1439 by Gabriel de -Valseca, who in his own hand wrote the following -inscription on it: ‘gabriell de ualsequa la feta en -Malorcha an MCCCCXXXVIIII.’ It once belonged -to Amerigo Vespucci, as an inscription on -the back testifies: ‘questa ampia pelle di geografia -fue pagata de Amerigo Vespucio CXX -ducati di oro di marco.’ It was bought at Florence -in the eighteenth century by Cardinal Despuig, -to form part of the library of his nephew, the -Count of Montenegro. A facsimile was made for -the Spanish Government at the time of the -Columbus anniversary, and now hangs in the -museum of the Ministry of Marine at Madrid.</p> - -<p>A curious accident happened to this priceless -geographical document in 1839. Georges Sand -obtained leave to see it. Up to that time the -stiff parchment had been rolled up in a tin case. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">173</span> -It was brought out and spread on a table. The -famous novelist, to keep it down, took up an -inkstand and placed it on the edge of the map. -But the parchment, which had been rolled up for -centuries, was too strong. It flew back and the -ink was upset. Georges Sand, horrified at what -she had done, ran straight out of the house. -Luckily the injury was not serious, and is confined -to the part outside the Mediterranean. -The precious map now has a room to itself in the -Montenegro palace at Palma. It is framed and -glazed on both sides, and kept in a locked case -covered with crimson velvet.</p> - -<p>The outline of the Mediterranean is almost -exactly correct. The lines of the Valseca <i>portolano</i> -placed over the coast-lines of a modern chart -correspond very nearly, especially the western -part. Italy is slightly out in longitude. The -Valseca <i>portolano</i> includes Great Britain, Ireland, -Jutland, the Euxine and Persian Gulf, and the -Red Sea painted bright red. The chart is covered -with rhumb-lines. The Nile is separated into -two, one taken through Abyssinia and the other -away to the Niger region. There are kings on -their thrones, and every country has its arms -painted on flags. The golden shield of Aragon, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">174</span> -with its four pales gules, flies over Aragon, -Majorca, Sardinia, and Sicily. It is interesting -to see the south of Spain painted green, for the -Moors were still at Granada. There are several -legends in minute handwriting on the map. -Majorca may well be proud of having in her -island in this priceless map the most valuable and -interesting geographical document of the fifteenth -century. Next to it comes the <i>mapa mondi</i> of -Jayme Cresques, also of Catalonian origin, and -now in the Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris.</p> - -<p>The fame of the geographers of Majorca, for -their profound knowledge as navigators and skill -as cartographers, spread over Europe. When -Prince Henry founded his celebrated school for -pilots at Sagres, as an essential part of his plans -for the discovery of the African coast, he found -no one more competent to direct it than ‘Maestro -Jacome de Mallorca,’ a most able navigator and -constructor of nautical instruments. But the -Majorcan sailors did not confine themselves to -these important studies, nor to cruises in the -Mediterranean. They undertook voyages beyond -the Pillars of Hercules in very early times. On -August 10, 1346, Jayme Ferrar set sail from Palma, -passed through the Straits, and coasted along -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">175</span> -Africa as far as the mouth of the Rio del Oro, five -degrees south of that Cape Nun which the Portuguese -did not round until 1419.</p> - -<p>The commercial prosperity of Majorca, derived -from the enterprise of her sailors, led to the building -of the <i>Lonja</i>, or Exchange, which is still one of -the chief architectural ornaments of Palma. The -architect was Guillem Sagrera, who also built the -Castel Nuovo at Naples for Alfonso V.; and the -work was undertaken by the principal merchants -of Palma. Finished in 1450, it consists of a lofty -hall with a groined roof supported by six tall -slender pillars. The doorway is very richly -carved in the style of the north door of the cathedral, -and at each angle of the edifice there is a -statue of a saint under a stone canopy: San -Nicolas in the angle facing Porto Pi, in the opposite -niche San Juan Bautista, in the angle looking -towards the Ataranza (arsenal) Santa Catalina, -and Santa Clara looking towards the Almudaina.<a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">21</a> -Here was the centre of commercial transactions -during the Middle Ages, while the wharves outside -formed an active and busy scene, the ceaseless -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">176</span> -ebb and flow of Mediterranean trade. The -commercial ventures were not without danger, -the piratical States of Barbary continuing their -raids and depredations quite into modern times.</p> - -<p>Barbarossa infested the seas and caused such -havoc that the Emperor Charles V. undertook -punitive expeditions to Tunis in 1535 and to -Algiers in 1541. On the latter occasion he landed -at Alcudia, and proceeded thence to Palma on -October 13. He was received with great demonstrations -of joy by all the chief people of the -island, Nicolas Cotoner and Pedro Juan de Santa -Cilia, bearers of most ancient names, walking -by his horse to the cathedral, where Mass was -said. The Emperor was received in the Almudaina, -and Leonardo Zaforteza superintended the -arrangements for lodging the other guests. Charles -departed on the 18th, taking with him a hundred -Majorcan knights who joined his expedition. But -the elements were against them, and the invasion -of Algiers ended in failure.</p> - -<p>The Moors were not slow to retaliate. Two -years afterwards five hundred of them landed at -Pollenza, but were repulsed with heavy loss. -Several other descents were made on the island -by Dragut and his subordinate corsairs, and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">177</span> -there was much hard fighting, with slaughter on -both sides, but serious loss of unfortunate people -carried off into slavery. It was in September 1552 -that Valdemosa was attacked by the crews of the -Algerine galleots. About five hundred Moors landed -in the night and entered the town without opposition. -Loading themselves with spoils and taking -four hundred captives with them, they began their -retreat to the ships. Raimondo Gual had command -of only thirty-five men at Valdemosa. -Open resistance would have been futile; still, he -watched his opportunity. In a narrow pass, since -called ‘Pàs dels Mòros,’ he made a sudden attack -on the retreating pirates, who were panic-stricken, -and very few escaped. No quarter was given to -them. Their banner was hung up in the parish -church. Valdemosa was again unsuccessfully -attacked by the Moors in 1582.</p> - -<p>Next it was the turn of the town of Andraix, -at the south-west end of the island, which was -attacked by twenty-four piratical vessels in 1553. -The inhabitants fled, some taking refuge in a -small castle. Don Jorge Fortuñy, a neighbouring -proprietor, put himself at the head of a small body -of cavalry, and his name alone led the invaders to -make a hasty retreat to their ships. But Andraix -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">178</span> -was attacked and pillaged in 1555, and again in -1578.</p> - -<p>In 1561 a piratical expedition was fitted out -at Algiers, consisting of twenty-two vessels, under -the command of a renegade named Ochali, to -attack the town of Soller. Measures were taken -for its defence, and troops arrived under a commander -named Miguel Angelats. Fearing the -fortress at the port of Soller, the pirates landed at -a place called ‘Coll de la Illa’ 1,700 men in two -divisions. One division marched to the port, -while the other advanced by the bridge of <i>Binibaci</i> -to attack the town. Angelats had left the town, -leading his troops to oppose the landing, but was -too late. Thus the Moors entered and pillaged -Soller without opposition. But the Majorcans -returned with all speed and, in a desperate fight, -completely routed the pirates, who lost at least -five hundred of their number. Don Guillem de -Rocafull, the Viceroy of Majorca, hurried across -the island with succour, and found that the victory -was already won.</p> - -<p>There were other piratical raids on the island, -showing the great need for vigilance and for a -protecting fleet. But the maritime power was -not so strong or efficient in the sixteenth century -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">179</span> -as it had been in the more flourishing times when -the Aragonese kings reigned and so successfully -promoted the maritime eminence of their subjects. -Nevertheless, the sailors of Majorca continued to -maintain the fair fame of their ancestors, and -have done so to the present day. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">180</span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_XV">CHAPTER XV<br /> - -<span class="medium table">The Comunidades</span></h2> - -<p>The rising of the people of Spain against their -rulers coincided in point of time with the accession -of the Austrian dynasty in the person of -Charles V. In the Castilles it was a very noble -attempt of the towns, under the leadership of -patriots such as Padilla, to preserve the constitutional -liberties of the people. It failed, but the -best feeling of the country will always look back -to it with approval and with pride. The picture -of the execution of Padilla now has an honoured -place in the hall of the Cortes at Madrid, and the -story of the Comunidades of Castille has occupied -the pen of one of Spain’s most accomplished -historians.</p> - -<p>But in the risings of so-called Comuneros in -Valencia and in Majorca there is no such noble -story to tell. These were mere insurrections of -artisans and peasantry, goaded on by the violent -harangues of leaders as ignorant as themselves, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">181</span> -without fixed aims or objects, and influenced only -by envy and jealousy of those who were placed -above them. From Valencia the contagion spread -to Majorca in 1521. The people, called <i>pageses</i>, -and inhabitants of the country towns, complained -that the nobles, living in their palaces at Palma, -oppressed them with taxes and misgoverned the -country. The insurrection began with a meeting -of artisans in a house near the church of San -Nicolas in Palma, where an inflammatory speech -was addressed to them by a man named Juan -Crespi. The movement rapidly spread, and came -to the notice of the Viceroy, Don Miguel de Gurrea. -He called a meeting of officials, but the only -result was the arrest of a shoemaker named Pedro -Begur and three others. The Viceroy had no -sufficient force at his command, and the arrests -only infuriated the mob, who flew to arms and -liberated the prisoners. The Viceroy then rode -through the streets with some attendants, calling -on the rioters to disperse, and promising to listen -to their complaints. The insurgents then occupied -the public buildings, seized all the arms they -could find, and chose Juan Crespi to be their -captain. This was in the end of January 1521. -Crespi’s title was ‘Instador del beneficio comun’; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">182</span> -and the Viceroy, to gain time, actually issued a -decree conferring it upon him. In February both -the Viceroy and the insurgents sent letters to the -King, giving different versions of what had taken -place. In March the insurgents had organised -a force of 1,800 men and had got possession of all -the gates of the city. Many of the nobles were -killed, and the rest escaped to Alcudia, a fortified -town. The Viceroy escaped to the island of -Iviça.</p> - -<p>The Jurados, consisting of Juan de Puigdorfila, -Jayme Marti, and two others, were allowed -to remain in office nominally; but fifteen ‘Conservadores’ -were elected by the insurgents to -introduce the reforms they demanded. In April -a reply came from the King to the ‘Instador’ -and the ‘Conservadores,’ ordering them to obey -the Viceroy, who would do them justice. They -declared the letter to be a forgery, and proceeded -to acts of violence, beheading all who openly -opposed them. The movement spread to the -country towns, and the loyal people were in a -state of terror. Some of the nobles had taken -refuge in the castle of Belver, under the protection -of Pedro Pax, the castellan. On July 29 -the insurgents began the siege of the castle, which -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">183</span> -was gallantly defended until all the ammunition -was expended. The place was then taken by -assault. The insurgents beheaded the castellan -and several others. The castle was gutted and -left in charge of three men to guard it.</p> - -<p>There is a long list of nobles who were put to -death at Palma, including a Cotoner, five Puigdorfilas, -and a Despuig. Pedro Juan Zaforteza -took refuge in Valdemosa, whence he escaped, in -the disguise of a friar, to Alcudia, where the rest -of the nobles had taken refuge. In November -1521 the insurgents formed an army of six -thousand men, including cavalry, and six siege -pieces, to lay siege to Alcudia. The town was -surrounded on November 20, 1521, the besiegers -being busy constructing scaling ladders and a -battery for their artillery. The nobles made a -very resolute sally, capturing the battery with -its guns and stores, which disheartened the besiegers, -upwards of a hundred being killed. -Antonio Sureda especially distinguished himself -in this sally, and the hopes of the besieged rose -high. Pedro Pax, son of the castellan of Belver, -was chosen to command at Alcudia. He found -that provisions were running short, and resolved to -attack the enemy with his whole force, numbering -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">184</span> -1,080. The battle was long contested, but at -last the insurgents broke and fled, thus raising -the siege. Their provisions and stores were captured, -and the scaling ladders and other siege -appliances were burnt.</p> - -<p>In August Charles V. sent Dr. Francisco -Ubaque as Regent to restore order, the Viceroy -being still in the island of Iviça. He landed at -Alcudia. The insurgents were then in occupation -of the neighbouring town of Puebla. They resumed -the siege of Alcudia in September, but -they were again repulsed after a very desperate -attempt to carry the place by assault.</p> - -<p>The Emperor was at Brussels, and at last he -was induced to attend to the deplorable condition -of Majorca. An expedition was ordered to -be fitted out in the Catalonian ports to restore -order and punish the delinquents. Four large -galleys, thirteen ships, and several smaller vessels -were fitted out, and 1,200 men were embarked -under the command of Don Francisco Carroz and -Don Juan Velasco. The expedition first went to -Iviça to embark the Viceroy, Don Miguel de -Gurrea or Urrea.</p> - -<p>On October 15 the fleet entered the port of -Pollenza. The rescuers were received with great -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">185</span> -joy at Alcudia, where the Viceroy proclaimed a -general pardon to those who laid down their arms -and returned to obedience. Many came in, surrendering -under the terms of the proclamation; -but others held out. At Palma there was great -confusion, the Bishop, Dr. Pont, working incessantly -to induce the people to submit.</p> - -<p>At Pollenza the insurgents made a desperate -resistance and there was great slaughter, no -quarter being given. Very few escaped to the -mountains. On November 5 the Viceroy, with -all the chief officers and three thousand soldiers, -left Alcudia and advanced to Puebla, where they -only found two labourers and a priest. Other -towns were found without inhabitants. At Inca -the people came out with their priests to meet the -Viceroy, singing a <i>Te Deum</i>. On March 1, 1523, -the Viceroy invested Palma with his army. Priamo -de Villalonga had held out in the castle of the -Templars, then called the Royal Castle, for many -months. He was now relieved, and this disastrous -insurrection approached its end.</p> - -<p>The last act of this melancholy drama was -performed and described by young Don Alonzo -Enriquez de Guzman in his very entertaining -autobiography. He was ordered by the Viceroy -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">186</span> -of Valencia to take command of five hundred -men, and to sail from Murviedro, to reinforce the -army that was employed in re-establishing order -in Majorca. But the five hundred men refused -to embark until they had received their arrears -of pay. After a great deal of trouble he at length -persuaded them to go on board, and they sailed -to join the army in Majorca in nine small vessels. -Arriving off Palma at nightfall, Don Alonzo, a -young man in his twenty-third year, but with an -amount of self-assurance beyond his age, announced -the arrival of a very important reinforcement. -The report was spread that his force consisted of -five thousand men. Captain Crispin, the leader -of the rebels, came out of the town with a guard -of fifty men and sought speech with Don Alonzo. -He besought the young commander to mediate -between him and the Viceroy and induce him to -consent to a deputation being sent to the Emperor. -He proposed that, while the deputies were going -and coming, Don Alonzo should remain in the city -with thirty men, Crispin promising to deliver the -place to whomsoever the King should command.</p> - -<p>Don Alonzo, with the approval of the Viceroy, -agreed to this and entered the city, the Viceroy’s -army being encamped outside. After a month -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">187</span> -the deputies returned, reporting that the Emperor -had listened to them every day for two hours -during eight days, and that they were very well -satisfied. Nine days afterwards an order came to -Don Alonzo from the Emperor, and another from -the Viceroy, which were delivered to him through -the closed gates. The Emperor instructed him -to obey the Viceroy. The order of the Viceroy -was that he should seize the person of Crispin -and those of the thirteen members of his Council, -and open the gates at four o’clock that afternoon, -being March 7, 1522. If the people would not let -him do so, he was to come out himself.</p> - -<p>The orders came to Don Alonzo at ten in the -forenoon. He at once proceeded to the Plaza de -Cort, where he found Crispin with his guards and -five of his councillors. He told them that he had -received orders to deliver up the city to Don -Miguel de Urrea, the Viceroy, and expressed a -hope that they would keep faith and give evidence -to the Emperor that they were honest men. -Crispin replied that he would be the first to obey -the orders of his Majesty. The rest all said the -same.</p> - -<p>Don Alonzo then went to dinner in the Almudaina, -and each man departed to his own house. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">188</span> -After dinner he called an assembly, ordering no -one to bring his arms. Then, with many kind -words, he put Crispin and all his councillors in -irons. This manœuvre having been safely accomplished, -he formed processions, with all the women -and children barefooted on one side and all the -men barefooted on the other, and made them go -to the gates and open them, with loud cries for -mercy. The Viceroy and Don Juan de Velasco -entered at the head of their troops, Don Alonzo -meeting them with the keys of the city, and saying: -‘The gates are now open, and the desires of the -people are turned to serve the King and your -Lordship. They seek for pardon.’</p> - -<p>The Viceroy did not answer. He entered the -city and executed what he called justice. Crispin -was cut into four quarters, as were all his thirteen -councillors. The number of persons who were -hanged and quartered was 420.</p> - -<p>Such is the account of the surrender of Palma -given by an eyewitness and actor in the sanguinary -drama.<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">22</a> One side seems to have been every bit as -bloodthirsty as the other. Time alone could heal -the wounds. Don Alonzo was sent to Iviça with -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">189</span> -his five hundred men, where he did good service -against Barbarossa and his pirates.</p> - -<p>From the first rising to the restoration of order, -the troubles had lasted for more than two years.</p> - -<p>Don Miguel de Gurrea or Urrea, the Viceroy, -who had shown so much prudence at the commencement -when he was powerless, and so much courage -as soon as he had troops at his disposal, sent the -keys of the kingdom to the Emperor. Keys -finely worked in gold were sent in their place, -which the descendants of Gurrea preserve to this -day. Alcudia received the title of ‘the most -faithful city.’</p> - -<p>The principal nobles who valorously resisted -the rebellion and restored order were Priamo de -Villalonga, Alfonso Torrella, Salvador Sureda, -Jayme Oleza, Matias Fortuñy, Mateo Togores, -Albertin Damato, Antonio Gual, Zaforteza, -Despuig, Cotoner—all names which appear in the -annals of their country, from generation to generation, -down to this day.</p> - -<p>The insurrection caused great misery and -destruction of property, and it was quite a century -before the islanders can be said to have recovered -from its evil effects, either morally or as regards -their industries and general well-being. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">190</span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_XVI">CHAPTER XVI<br /> - -<span class="medium table">The Majorcan historians—War of succession—Families ennobled—Cotoners—Raxa -and Cardinal Despuig—Country houses</span></h2> - -<p>With the war of the ‘Comunidades’ the romance -of Majorcan history ends. During the seventeenth -century the country was very slowly recovering -from the effects of that disastrous rising; but it -was long before the good relations between the -different classes of the people were restored. The -island was governed under the Kings of the House -of Austria by Viceroys, of whom five were natives -of Majorca. The names of Moncada, Fuster, Pax, -Zaforteza, and Sureda occur in the list.</p> - -<p>But though the making of history seemed to -be dead, the work of recording the glorious annals -of Majorca under her own kings was zealously -undertaken by natives of the island. The first -official chronicler, appointed by the Jurados, was -Don Juan Dameto. He wrote the ‘Historia -General del reino Balearico’ between 1621 and -1631, and died prematurely in 1633. His work -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">191</span> -commences with the earliest Roman times and is -brought down to the death of Jayme II. Dameto -had travelled much and was an accomplished -scholar. His work is by no means a mere chronicle. -The style is agreeable and full without being -prolix, and shows a sense of proportion and of the -relative importance of events.</p> - -<p>Don Vicente Mut, who was born at Palma in -1614, was the continuator of Dameto. He was a -military man and major of the militia of his -island, an accomplished mathematician, as well -as a student of history. He searched the archives -with great diligence, and gives valuable details -respecting the administration of the island at -different periods. His history covers the ground -from the accession of King Sancho to the suppression -of the ‘Comunidades,’ and contains -spirited accounts of the raids of Barbary pirates -and histories of the monasteries and hospitals. -Mut died in 1687.</p> - -<p>With him our accessible island histories end, -for the history of Geronimo Alemany, which would -bring the record down to the death of Charles II., -the last King of the House of Austria, is still in -manuscript. We have to thank Don Miguel -Moragues Pro and Don Joaquim Maria Bover for -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">192</span> -having edited the histories of Dameto and Mut, -with very copious notes. The three thick volumes -were published at Palma in 1841, and a fourth -volume containing the history by Alemany was -promised. Visitors to Palma who take an intelligent -interest in the history of the island will -desire to possess and to read them. They will -find the three volumes at the excellent book-seller’s -shop of Don Felipe Guasp, No. 6 Morey -Street, the first turn to the right after crossing -the Plaza de Santa Eulalia.</p> - -<p>The eighteenth century opened with the war of -succession. The French claimant was a grandson -of a sister of Charles II. The German claimant -was a grandson of Charles’s aunt. Catalonia and -Majorca espoused the cause of the German archduke, -while the rest of Spain proclaimed the French -prince as Philip V. On October 1, 1706, Majorca -was occupied by the troops of the Archduke -Charles, and all adherents of the French claimant -were persecuted or banished. Even after the fall -of Barcelona the Majorcans held out. But all -was in vain. In June 1715 a large army landed -and besieged Palma, which capitulated after a -siege of seventeen days, and the Bourbons forced -the islanders to submit to their yoke. All the -ancient privileges and grants of the Aragonese -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">193</span> -monarchs to the Majorcans were abolished, with -their form of government. Captains-general were -substituted for the Viceroys, and the present fortifications -of Palma were constructed in the reign of -Philip V. Majorca suffered from the misgovernment -of Bourbon rule with the rest of Spain. -From that time the people have had to rely upon -their own virility, energy, and skill for any advance -in civilisation and well-being, and not in vain. -The Majorcans steadily progressed, while their -old families, claiming descent from the soldiers of -King Jayme, became distinguished in arms and -letters and were ennobled, several as early as the -times of the Austrian kings. In 1625 the title of -Marquis of Bellpuig was given to the family of -Dameto y Cotoner, in 1632 that of Santa Maria -de Formiguera to the family of Burgues Zaforteza -y Villalonga, in 1634 that of Count of Ayamans -to the family of Togores (formerly Moncada), in -1658 that of Count of Montenegro to the family of -Despuig, and in 1717 that of Count of Ariañy to -the family of Cotoner. Several titles were also -conferred on Majorcan families during the -eighteenth century; generally well deserved.<a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">23</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">194</span></p> - -<p>Among the distinguished sons of the Cotoner -family was Rafael Cotoner, who was Grand Master -of Malta from 1660 to 1663. He built Fort -Ricasoli and the lines which are still known as the -Cotonera. His brother, Nicolas Cotoner, was -Grand Master from 1663 to 1680. An almost -equally distinguished member of this family was -the late General Cotoner, who was Governor of -Porto Rico, and was devotedly attached to his -native island and her interests.</p> - -<p>But it was to members of the ancient family -of Despuig that Majorca owed its fame as a place -of cultured learning during the eighteenth century. -Descended from Bernardo Despuig, a companion -of the Conqueror Jayme I., the family has always -been closely connected with the history of the -island. Among them Juan Bautista Despuig -served at Lepanto and in Flanders; but his best -title to fame was that he devoted his wealth to -the promotion of the well-being of his poorer -neighbours and won the title of ‘Father of the -Poor.’ His grandson did such good service as a -military commander that in 1658 he was created -Count of Montenegro. The first Count’s son, -Bernardo, was Grand Master of the Order of -St. John of Jerusalem at Malta from 1736 to 1741. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">195</span> -Juan Despuig, the second Count of Montenegro -and also Count of Montoro by right of his mother, -espoused the Bourbon side in the War of Succession, -and suffered a long imprisonment in the castle of -Belver from 1706 to 1715, the period of the -Austrian occupation of the island. Many other -members of the family were distinguished for their -services to the State. The best-known is Dr. Don -Antonio Despuig, who was Archbishop of Valencia -and of Seville and Cardinal of San Calisto, a -prelate not more famed for his learning than for -the love he always showed for his island home.</p> - -<p>Cardinal Despuig has left many memorials -which will ever secure for him an honourable -place in the island’s history. He devoted both -time, money, and a cultivated taste to enriching -the country seat of his nephew, the Count of -Montenegro, as well as his palace in Palma, with -the most precious literary and artistic productions -of Italy and Spain.</p> - -<p>The country seat of Raxa is a place of enchantment -at the foot of the mountains, approached -from Palma through miles of almond-groves in -full blossom during February. In Moorish times -it was called Araxa, and was granted by King -Jayme I. to the Count of Ampurias, becoming the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">196</span> -property of the family of Despuig in 1620. Raxa -is a large house of three storeys, built round a -courtyard, with an ancient elm-tree in the centre. -The rooms are exceedingly numerous, and all the -furniture is of a date at least 150 years ago. There -are many beautiful Florentine cabinets, some good -pictures, and fayence. The dining-room has a -carved oak ceiling in squares, with an old fayence -plate let into each. One room is full of valuable -Vatican engravings, another of paintings of Rome -as it was 150 years ago. One side of the house -has balconies, with arcades, looking on the garden -and over a lovely view. The great glory of Raxa -is the museum of Roman sculpture. Cardinal -Despuig acquired a site near Albano, where once -had stood the superb temple to Egeria, built by -the Emperor Domitian. Between 1787 and 1796 -the Cardinal conducted excavations which brought -to light many statues, busts, altars, and other -remains, which he sent to Majorca to adorn his -nephew’s country seat. There is a very fine -statue of Trajan, others of Caligula, Hercules, a -gladiator, &c. A full descriptive list is given in -Bover’s ‘Noticias Historico-topograficas.’<a id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">24</a> Opposite -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">197</span> -to the door of the museum is that of the -chapel, where there is a picture of Jesus and the -Woman of Samaria.</p> - -<p>There is a charming garden, with fountains, -in front of the house, and orange-groves beyond. -Behind there are garden terraces up the mountain -side, and two very large tanks. A long flight of -steps, with statues on either side and water flowing -down in masonry channels, leads up to loftier -terraces with flower-beds and groves of cypress, -pine-trees, and laurustinus. It is like fairyland; -and from a summer-house there are views of the -sea of almond-blossoms extending to Palma on -one side, and of the pine-clad mountains and -serrated peaks on the other.</p> - -<p>Many of the treasures collected by the Cardinal -are in the Montenegro palace in the city of Palma. -This palace, in the street of the same name, has -a courtyard with palm-trees, whence a wide stone -staircase leads to a gallery, where is the front -door. The rooms are large and lofty, richly -furnished, and warmed by <i>braseros</i>. At the back -of the house there is a good-sized garden with -palm-trees and an evergreen oak. In this palace -are more of the treasures collected by the Cardinal. -The famous <i>portolano</i> of Valseca has already been -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">198</span> -fully described. At the top of the house is the -magnificent library, arranged in subjects. One -of the most valuable books is a manuscript -‘Nobiliario’ of the Aragonese nobility of the -fifteenth century, with coats of arms beautifully -painted. Here, too, is the original manuscript of -Alemany’s history. The poetical and historical -works are the most numerous, including fine editions -of ‘Don Quijote.’ The room is of great length, -and at the end was the cabinet of coins, Roman -Consular and Imperial, Spanish-Arabian, Gothic, -and Aragonese kings. According to Bover, the -finest collection of Majorcan coins is in the cabinet -of the Count of Ayamans.</p> - -<p>Cardinal Despuig, who was an intimate friend -of Pope Pius VI., died at Lucca on May 2, 1813, -leaving to his country a thousand memorials -which will give his name an honoured place in the -Balearic <i>fasti</i>. His nephew, for whom all these -collections were made, died in the same year. -This Count’s son, Ramon, fifth Count of Montenegro, -was Captain-General of Majorca, and -died in 1848. The present Count, to whose -great courtesy our knowledge of Raxa and the -Cardinal’s treasures is due, is a grandson of the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">199</span> -Captain-General, and is the seventh Count of -Montenegro.</p> - -<p>Majorca boasts other country houses almost -as beautiful, though not quite so interesting as -Raxa. Alfavia has already been described, and -Canet, the home of the Torrellas, has been mentioned. -Another charming country seat is La -Granja de Esporla, the home of the Fortuñy -family. It is in a valley, with mountain-spurs on -either side and abundant supplies of water. The -house is built round a courtyard, one side having -a wide stone passage on the upper storey, with -open colonnades. Over the archway into the -courtyard there is a stone coat of arms of Fortuñy -(<i>argent five pellets</i>, <i>two</i>, <i>two</i>, <i>and one</i>; quartering -Gual, Despuig, and Zaforteza). There is a very -large stone-paved hall, hung with pictures, which -opens on to a narrow garden leading to terraces -up the mountain-side, fountains, and artificial -grottos. In front there is a long pergola of roses, -orange and lemon groves, and a splendid old yew-tree. -The mountains are clothed with ilex as -well as pine-trees.</p> - -<p>There are great advantages in the chief people -of the island living in their country houses during -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">200</span> -the summer and having personal intercourse with -their people. It encourages enterprise. Thus at -Esporlas there are extensive cloth-factories, and -at Canet, under the patronage of the Torrellas, -there is a fayence-manufactory, producing vases -with very beautiful designs. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">201</span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_XVII">CHAPTER XVII<br /> - -<span class="medium table">The Marquis of Romana and the patriot Jovellanos.</span></h2> - -<p>The romance of Majorcan history seemed to have -come to an end with young Jayme IV. and his -sister; but it was renewed in the career of the -Marquis of Romana, the most distinguished of -later Majorcans.</p> - -<p>Like many other noble families of the Peninsula, -the Caros derive their coat-armour from an -incident in the memorable battle of Las Navas de -Tolosa.<a id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">25</a> Juan Caro accompanied En Jayme in -the conquest of Majorca. His descendants were -in the conquest of Almeria, the wars of Flanders, -the battle of Los Gelves, the sea-fight of Lepanto, -and many other combats against the enemies of -Spain. They held estates in Orihuela, Elche, -Crevillente, and Novelda, and the feudal castle -of Maza, as well as extensive property in Majorca. -Don José Caro was created Marquis of La Romana -and Viscount of Benaesa in 1739 for his great -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">202</span> -services during the War of Succession. Don Pedro -Caro, the third Marquis, was born at Palma in -1761, and lost his father, a very distinguished -naval officer, when he was only fourteen. The -third Marquis entered the navy, rising to the rank -of captain of a frigate, but exchanged into the -army in order to serve under his uncle, General -Ventura Caro, in the first war with revolutionary -France. He had risen to the rank of lieutenant-general -when Mr. Hookham Frere came to Madrid -as Ambassador from England in 1803. They at -once became great friends, the Marquis being of -immense use to the English diplomatist in explaining -to him the state of parties at the Spanish Court. -Southey says of Romana that he was ‘a man -whose happy nature had resisted all the evil and -debilitating influences of the age and rank in which -he was born. He possessed a rare union of frankness -and prudence, while he read with unerring -intuition the characters of others. Spain has never -produced a man more excellently brave, more -dutifully devoted to his country, more free from -the taint of selfishness, more truly noble.’</p> - -<p>When Napoleon got possession of the resources -of Spain and was able to issue his decrees through -the corrupt government of Godoy, he sought to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">203</span> -weaken those resources in order that Spain might -fall an easier prey when the time was ripe. With -this object the Marquis of Romana was ordered -to march with fourteen thousand men, being the -best troops in the Spanish army, to the other end -of Europe. This was in August 1807, when -Romana’s force was quartered at Hamburg and -Lubeck. The Spanish contingent was intended -to form part of a Franco-Danish army under -Bernadotte for the invasion of Sweden. The -Spanish regiments were then placed in garrisons -at Aarhuus, Ebeltoft, Mariager, Aalborg, and -Randers in Jutland, in the island of Funen, and -two regiments in Zeeland. They were closely -watched and cut off from all intercourse with -Spain. But an English squadron under Saumarez -effectually prevented an invasion of Sweden.</p> - -<p>When the whole of Spain rose against the -usurping government of Joseph Bonaparte it -became a matter of the utmost importance to -communicate the news to Romana and his troops, -and to restore them to their country. But it was -a service of extreme difficulty. The French cut -off all communication and vigilantly intercepted -letters; while the Spaniards in Denmark were -informed that all their countrymen were unanimous -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">204</span> -in their allegiance to Joseph. A priest named -Robertson, an accomplished linguist, was selected -by Mr. Frere to convey the news to Romana. To -give him written credentials was too dangerous; -but Mr. Frere hit upon a way of convincing -Romana that the message was genuine. Robertson -was to quote to him a line from the poem of -the ‘Cid,’ with an emendation. When Romana -and Frere were at Madrid together, the former -advised his English friend to read that poem. -One day Romana called upon his friend, when -Frere had just made a suggested emendation in -the line:</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Aun vea el hora que vos <i>merezca dos</i> tanto.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Frere suggested <i>merezcades</i>, and Romana concurred -in its propriety. No one but Romana and Frere -knew of this; so that, on quoting it, the Marquis -was convinced that Robertson came from Frere. -Romana then first heard the real situation of his -country. They conversed in Latin. The Spanish -general at once resolved to effect his escape from -Denmark with his troops, if he could obtain the -help of the British naval commanders. So -Robertson found his way to H.M.S. <i>Victory</i>, the -flagship of Admiral Saumarez in the Baltic, and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">205</span> -told his story. The Admiral at once saw that -the matter was urgent, and sent a squadron under -Keats, his second in command, to communicate -with Romana.</p> - -<p>It was necessary to maintain the utmost -secrecy while arranging for all the Spanish garrisons -to concentrate for embarkation, in defiance of -French and Danes. Romana and Keats worked -in concert, but the operation was extremely -difficult. The various garrisons in Jutland were -to seize vessels in the different harbours, and come -to the island of Funen, where Romana had occupied -the town of Nyborg on the Great Belt. Here -Admiral Keats waited with his ships.</p> - -<p>All went well. The Jutland garrisons arrived -and were embarked, in spite of some opposition -from two Danish gunboats. The Spanish troops -were taken to Gottenburg, where transports had -been provided to convey them to their native -country. They were landed at Santander.</p> - -<p>The Marquis de la Romana himself went to -London to confer with the British Government. -He accompanied Mr. Hookham Frere to Spain, -who had been accredited as Envoy to the Central -Junta. Both arrived at Coruña on October 20, -1808, and Romana proceeded to take command of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">206</span> -the Spanish forces in Galicia. Here the indefatigable -Majorcan maintained an unequal contest -with Soult and Ney. Routed in February 1809 -at Monterey, he still kept the field, aroused the -whole country by his proclamations and by the -sight of his patriotic zeal, and in the following -April captured the French garrison at Villa Franca.</p> - -<p>Finding that Ney was collecting a great force -to annihilate him, Romana crossed the mountains -at the passes of Cienfuegos and marched into the -Asturias. Leaving his army at Navia de Suara, -the general went on to Oviedo to organise the -civil government of the province. Ney then conceived -a plan of surprising the troops at Navia -de Suara and securing the person of Romana. -He sent Kellermann by forced marches to Oviedo, -but the Marquis was not to be caught. He -galloped down to the port of Gijon with his staff -and returned by sea to Galicia. His troops also -retreated safely across the mountains.</p> - -<p>In 1809 Romana was appointed to be a member -of the Central Junta at Seville, and he bade farewell -to his faithful troops, who had escaped with -him from Denmark and shared all his desperate -campaigning work in Galicia. As a member of -the Central Junta the Marquis drew up a very -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">207</span> -able State paper for the better government of the -country, which had the concurrence both of -Mr. Frere and of his successor, Lord Wellesley. -In January 1810 he was appointed to command -the Spanish army in Estremadura, where he did -excellent service and saved Badajos at least for -the time. When Lord Wellington retreated behind -the lines of Torres Vedras, Romana joined him -with four thousand men, and they then first -became acquainted.</p> - -<p>Wellington concerted his plans with Romana, -who was, in the ensuing campaign, to keep open -communications with Badajos, behind the Gevora. -The Marquis began his march thither, but died -very suddenly of heart-disease on January 23, -1811. A small edition of Pindar was found in -his pocket. His death was most disastrous, for -the troops had no confidence in his successor, and -Badajos was lost.</p> - -<p>Wellington appreciated the great qualities of -this illustrious Majorcan soldier. He recorded his -sense of Romana’s services in the following tribute -to his memory: ‘In Romana the Spanish army -has lost its brightest ornament, his country their -most upright patriot, and the world the most -strenuous and zealous defender of the cause in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">208</span> -which we are engaged. I shall always acknowledge -with gratitude the assistance which I received -from him, as well by his operations as by his -counsel, since he had been joined with this army.’<a id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">26</a> -The body of the great Majorcan was conveyed to -his native island. The funeral took place with all -possible solemnity on June 4, 1811, and a monument -was voted by the Cortes.</p> - -<p>The monument is on the east wall of one of -the northern side-chapels in the cathedral. The -recumbent figure of the Marquis of Romana rests -on a tomb, all in white marble, and beside it is -another figure, pointing upwards, supposed to be -the Duke of Wellington. Below there is a bas-relief -with Romana and Admiral Keats superintending -the embarkation of Spanish troops and -baggage at Nyborg, in the island of Funen.</p> - -<p>The son of the great general, also named -Pedro, succeeded as fourth Marquis of Romana, -and married Doña Tomas Alvarez de Toledo y -Palafox, Duchess of Montalto. He died in 1848, -and was succeeded by Don Pedro Caro, the fifth -Marquis, who married a Hungarian lady of rank, -Isabel Szechenyi Zichy-Ferraris. She built the -castle of Bendinat, as has already been mentioned; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">209</span> -but afterwards disposed of all the Caro property -in Majorca, and went to Madrid, where her son, -the present and sixth Marquis of La Romana, -now resides.</p> - -<p>Every visitor to Palma should go to the tomb -of the illustrious Majorcan, whose splendid career -was so closely connected with most interesting -episodes in English history. Romana was the -intimate friend of Hookham Frere, one of the most -distinguished among the diplomatists and men of -letters of the last century; and he won the esteem -and friendship of the great Duke of Wellington.</p> - -<p>At the same time that the corrupt government -of Godoy sent the Marquis of Romana and fourteen -thousand patriotic soldiers to Denmark, an equally -illustrious man was sent a prisoner to Majorca. -Jovellanos is connected with the island, not as a -native, but as one whose iniquitous imprisonment -won for him the warm sympathy of the -islanders.</p> - -<p>Gaspar Melchior de Jovellanos was born at -Gijon, the chief seaport of the Asturias, in 1744, -and received a liberal education. After a close -study of civil and canon law, he became a judge -at Seville, and afterwards at Madrid. He was a -student of political economy and history, while -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">210</span> -he also attained eminence as a poet. His prose -writings proved him to be a philosophical statesman -as well as a very able man of letters. His -liberal views were not acceptable to the favourite -of Charles IV., and Jovellanos was sent into exile -in his native province of Asturias. In 1797 he -was recalled and became Minister of Justice. -But Godoy still hated his enlightened opinions, -and in the following year he was again banished -to the Asturias.</p> - -<p>The wretched favourite of Charles IV. was not -yet satisfied. In 1801, in violation of law and -decency, the illustrious statesman was seized in -his bed, hurried across Spain like a common -criminal, and sent a prisoner to Majorca. At -first he was confined in the Cartuja at Valdemosa, -but after a year he was removed to a prison in -the castle of Belver. He was treated with such -rigour that almost all communication with the -outer world was cut off.</p> - -<p>Latterly he was allowed to receive papers, -and was even enabled to make researches in the -archives. We are indebted to Jovellanos for an -excellent account of the building of the cathedral -and for learned pamphlets on the ‘Lonja’ and on -the castle of Belver. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">211</span></p> - -<p>At last came the fall of the favourite and the -abdication of Charles IV. This at once led to the -liberation of Jovellanos, who was welcomed back -and received the admiration of his countrymen for -his great services and for the calm patience with -which he had endured his unjust sufferings. He -represented Asturias in the Central Junta at -Seville, and on its dissolution he returned to his -home in the hope that he would be allowed to end -his days in peace. He was at Gijon, his native -town, when the French made the sudden incursion -into the Asturias in the hope of capturing the -Marquis of Romana. He sought safety on board -a small vessel, which landed him at the little port -of Vega. There he died on November 27, 1811, -at the age of fifty-seven. Ticknor, who was well -acquainted with the writings of Jovellanos, wrote -of him that ‘he left behind him few men, in any -country, of a greater elevation of mind, and fewer -still of a purer or more irreproachable character.’<a id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">27</a></p> - -<p>The old castle of Belver continued to be misused -during the dark times of recent Spanish -history for the imprisonment of Carlist and other -political victims. But the interesting building is -now declared to be ‘patrimonio real,’ is inhabited -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">212</span> -by courteous and intelligent guardians, and is -pen to the public.</p> - -<p>In the gloomy vaulted room where Jovellanos -was imprisoned for six years his island admirers -have put up a marble tablet recording the fact -and commemorative of his patriotic virtues. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">213</span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_XVIII">CHAPTER XVIII<br /> - -<span class="medium table">Conclusion</span></h2> - -<p>The story of Majorca has, in the course of its -detailed narration, included attempts to describe -the scenery of various localities of the island, the -capital in ancient times, the mountains and caves, -the towns and country houses. With the conclusion -of the story we turn to the island as it -is at present. We find areas of forest-covered -mountains, which are calculated to contain 25,000 -acres of pines, 12,000 acres of ilex, and 2,000 of -carob-trees; at least, this was the calculation -twenty years ago. The best account of the geology -of these mountains will be found in the work of -M. Hermite.<a id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">28</a></p> - -<p>Turning to the trees grown to support the -people in the fertile plains, the same authority -gives an area of 50,000 acres as covered by vines -and 33,000 by almond-trees, besides apricots. -The olives cover 86,000 acres—70,000 in the -mountains, and the rest for the most part near -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">214</span> -their bases. The flora of the island is abundant -and beautiful; and there is an excellent book on -the subject by Don Francisco Barcelo y Combis.<a id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">29</a></p> - -<p>The people are the descendants of men who -fought with En Jayme, increased by a certain -amount of immigration—Catalans who speak a -dialect of the Catalan language among themselves, -but who nearly all understand Spanish. Among -the upper classes the names of Moncada or Togores, -Sureda, Cotoner, Fortuñy, Zaforteza, Despuig, -Torrellas, Truyolls, Villalonga, are as prominent -now as they were six hundred years ago and have -been ever since. After a visitor has seen the -cathedral and churches, the Lonja with its slender -pillars, and the handsome Casa Consistorial with -its frescoes and portraits of Majorcan worthies, -nothing can be more interesting than to saunter -through the streets and look at the old palaces of -the nobility, with their quaint architecture, coats -of arms, and picturesque courtyards. In front of -the ‘Mercado’ is the great palace of the Burgues -Zaforteza family. In a street of the same name -is the Montenegro palace. In the narrow Fortuñy -Street there is an ancient house with the name of -Priamo Villalonga carved over the lintel of the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">215</span> -door. Here lived the gallant defender of the -royal castle against the rebels in 1522. The -Villalongas are no longer there, having moved to -a more modern abode in another part of the -town. In nearly every street there is a palace or -some other building which is interesting either -for its architecture or its associations.</p> - -<p>Among the leading people of Palma the name -of Don Bartolomé Bosch y Cerda, His Britannic -Majesty’s Vice-Consul, cannot be overlooked, for -his courtesy and kindness and his thorough knowledge -of the island have largely increased the -pleasure derived by many visitors from a sojourn -in Majorca.</p> - -<p>The best-known visitor—if His Highness ought -not rather to be called a resident—was the Archduke -Luis Salvator, whose magnificent monograph -of the Balearic Islands is well known. Miramar -has been mentioned as the abode of King Sancho, -and afterwards as the place where Raimondo Lulio -founded his college. But it is better known as the -spot which the Archduke turned into an earthly -paradise. He rebuilt the house which existed on -the site of the former convent, laid out the lovely -garden, and constructed roads and paths. He -filled the house with old Majorcan furniture and -Majolica ware, some of it with the metallic lustre -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">216</span> -for the manufacture of which the island was once -famous. The Archduke also restored a little -chapel in the garden, which contains an ancient -picture of Raimondo Lulio. But it is now more -than twelve years since the Archduke has visited -the island.</p> - -<p>The Majorcans excel as masons and carpenters. -The mole, which forms the harbour, is as fine a -piece of masonry work as is to be found in the -Mediterranean. All the ashlar work of public -buildings is remarkable for the fineness and -exactness of the points of junction; and the -vaulting, especially in the churches, displays no -small mechanical skill, and even genius. Carpenters’ -work is equally good; and it is interesting to see -them at work, with their shops open to the streets. -There are many factories in the island; and while -one member of a family works on a farm, others -at trades, the rest can get employment in factories. -All help, and the cottage in which the family lives -generally has a small garden of flowers and vegetables. -All the people are decently dressed and -shod and have sufficient food. The Majorcans are -certainly a handsome race, the men strongly built -and well set up, the young women comely and -graceful.</p> - -<p>There are no beggars, except a few cripples. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">217</span> -Begging or seeking presents is not the habit of -the people. If boys are offered small change -received in a shop they will generally refuse it, -saying that they have done nothing for it. The -cathedral carpenter sent his boy up a tree, at the -request of a stranger, to get a leaf, and he was -given a shilling for want of change. Some time -afterwards the same stranger was passing, and -the carpenter came out with the difference between -a shilling and a <i>peseta</i>, saying he thought that -the present was intended to be a <i>peseta</i> and not a -shilling. Information respecting land tenures, -mode of cultivation, exports, and other statistics -will be found in Mr. Bidwell’s ‘Balearic Islands.’<a id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">30</a></p> - -<p>The story of Majorca is necessarily very closely -connected with the general history of Aragon and -its various dependencies. It is full of chivalrous -deeds and wonderful adventures, as well as of -evidence of those more solid and steady efforts -which indicate fine qualities in a race. Thus, in -the course of centuries, the existing islanders have -been formed, and they are very much what might -have been expected from their history. It is a -history which should have a place in the study of -European progress and development; for, small -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">218</span> -though the island is, the Majorcans have been in -the forefront during the Middle Ages, and even in -later times, alike as men of the sword and men of -the pen. A knowledge of the island’s story will -furnish a number of historical associations which -will, as it were, clothe the beautiful scenery with -living interest. It thus appeals alike to the -student who remains at home and to the traveller -who visits the island.</p> - -<p>It seems desirable to conclude with some -information for the latter class of readers respecting -accommodation at Palma. The hotel, which was -opened a few years ago by Señor Albareda, faces -the old church of St. Nicholas and the Zaforteza -palace; while the avenue called the ‘Rambla’ is -on one hand, and the ‘Paseo del Borne,’ leading -to the port, on the other. It possesses every -comfort and convenience, is admirably managed, -and has a well-informed and most obliging landlord. -This ‘Grand Hotel’ has a pleasant annex -in the country, at Porto Pi, and the hotel in the -beautiful valley of Soller is also comfortable and -well managed. The visitor to Majorca is thus -able to make himself acquainted with the lovely -scenery, the history, and present condition of the -island under the most advantageous conditions. -</p> - -<div id="MAJORCA" class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/map_fp218.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">MAJORCA</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">219</span></p> - -<p class="ph1" id="PART_II">PART II<br /> - -<span class="large smcap">Minorca</span></p> - -<h2 id="II_CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I<br /> - -<span class="medium table">Minorca—Its prehistoric remains—Mago the Carthaginian—Successive -occupations</span></h2> - -<p>The sister island of Minorca is some twenty miles -E.N.E. of Majorca, and is about the size of the -Isle of Wight, twenty-one miles in length by -eight broad. But its smaller size and more -exposed situation deprive it of advantages enjoyed -by its more favoured sister. Minorca is in the -shape of an irregular parallelogram, lying W.N.W. -to E.S.E., and has an area of 683 square kilometres. -The island is divided into two distinct -regions of almost equal extent by a line running -east and west. The northern half is covered -with hills, for the most part bare, with two culminating -points. Near the centre of the island is -‘Monte Toro,’ rising in the form of a sugarloaf -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">220</span> -to a height of 1,150 feet. Farther west is the -Monte de Santa Agueda, 850 feet high. The rock -consists of slates, with strata generally much -contorted and of Devonian age, but capped in -some places by Jurassic rocks which contain fossils -and numerous impressions of plants.</p> - -<p>Owing to the frequent northerly gales, especially -in the winter, the arboreal vegetation of the -northern region, and indeed of the whole island, -is scanty. There are some woods of ilex and -Aleppo pines in sheltered places, and the shrub -vegetation consists of myrtle, a <i>Phillirea</i> (wild -olive?), and three species of <i>Erica</i>.</p> - -<p>The southern region is more sheltered and more -fertile. It consists of an undulating tableland -cut by profound ravines and sloping from the -hills to the southern coast, where it terminates -in rocky cliffs. The formation is a good building -limestone of Miocene age with nearly horizontal -strata. In this southern region the shrubby -vegetation consists of a buckthorn (<i>Rhamnus -Alaternus</i>) and the <i>lentisco</i> (<i>Pistacia Lentiscus</i>). -But there are few trees, and the ground is -excessively stony. In the ravines the vegetation -becomes richer and more varied.</p> - -<p>There are no rivers or streams, and the people -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">221</span> -are entirely dependent on wells and cisterns for -their supply of water. The rocks abound in -caves, some natural, but many excavated in prehistoric -times. There is one vast stalactitic cave -near the western coast, with smaller branch -caverns, and several other caves of the same kind -on a smaller scale.</p> - -<p>One of the principal features of interest in -Minorca is the number of prehistoric remains -scattered over the southern region. There are a -few similar remains in Majorca, but they have -been used almost entirely for building materials; -and in Minorca they are far more numerous and -less injured.</p> - -<p>The primitive inhabitants appear to have been -cave-dwellers. The buildings may have belonged -to a later period. They have been described by -several observers, notably by M. Emile Cartailhac -in his ‘Monuments primitifs des Iles Baléares’;<a id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">31</a> -but never more clearly, and with more competent -knowledge of similar monuments in other parts of -the world, than by Dr. Guillemard in his very -able paper read before the Cambridge Antiquarian -Society. Dr. Guillemard divides the Minorcan -prehistoric buildings into four classes: (1) the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">222</span> -so-called towns, (2) the <i>Naus</i> or ship-like edifices, -(3) the <i>Taulas</i> or <i>Bilithons</i>, (4) the <i>Talayuts</i>.</p> - -<p>The towns, really the size of small hamlets, -are surrounded by a wall with a megalithic gateway, -and sometimes with small towers on the -walls, which consist of large blocks of limestone. -Inside there are the remains of small square -buildings, with underground low and narrow passages -or caves.</p> - -<p>The <i>Naus</i> is a building with a supposed resemblance -to a ship, one end being pointed and the -other square. There are only a few on the island. -Cartailhac mentions nine. Their length is from -twenty-five to forty feet, height fifteen to eighteen. -The finest, called ‘Nau d’Es Tudons,’ is near -Ciudadela. It consists of large blocks of stone -dressed with a hammer. The entrance is three -feet square, leading to a sort of vestibule, whence -another door opens into the main chamber, which -is supported by pillars down the middle. These -edifices are carefully built, and were evidently the -tombs of great men.</p> - -<p>The <i>Taulas</i> are two massive stones joined by -a deep tenon and mortise and cut with remarkable -care. The lower one is upright, and bears the -upper one horizontally, like a table. They are -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">223</span> -in the centre of a building in the form of a semicircle -forty feet across, the two ends being joined -by a wall. Some twelve or fourteen <i>taulas</i> remain. -They must almost certainly have been altars, or -the main features of temples. These <i>taulas</i> appear -to be closely allied to such edifices as Stonehenge -or those at Avebury. In that case, they may be -considered to date from about the same period, a -date which has been ascertained astronomically by -Sir Norman Lockyer—2000 <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> The race of men -who built them extended over Europe. They had -dolichocephalic heads of average capacity, oval -faces, aquiline noses, low foreheads, exactly like -the skulls from the Basque provinces. They were -not only spread over Europe, but established -themselves in Mauritania (Morocco) and were -probably the ancestors alike of the Guanches of -Tenerife and the Baleares of these islands.</p> - -<p>The fourth class of prehistoric edifices consists -of the <i>Talayuts</i>, so called from the Arabic -‘Atalaya’ or scout, hence watch-tower. Their -height is usually not more than twenty feet. The -largest, called ‘Torre Llafuda,’ is forty feet high. -They are often forty feet in diameter at the base -and six or seven feet less at the top. In 1818 -Ramis gave a list of 195 of them, of which 142 -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">224</span> -were in fair condition. Since that time many -have been used for limekilns or as quarries in -building houses. They are all built of the rough -vesicular limestone of the surrounding land, and -the stones are generally roughly dressed and laid -in courses. The walls are of enormous thickness, -with a circular chamber in the centre, supported -by a pillar of massive stones. There is usually a -doorway on the south side.</p> - -<p>Their object has been a puzzle. They were not -watch-towers from the positions of many of them; -not fortresses, not dwellings, not temples, not -tombs, for no bones are found. I believe that -Dr. Guillemard, whose excellent descriptions of -the Minorcan prehistoric remains I have been -quoting, has hit upon the right solution. The -fields are covered with stones, and one of the -principal occupations of the husbandman is to -clear the stones off the cultivable land. In -modern times they make stone walls, for something -has to be done with them. Dr. Guillemard -holds that the <i>talayuts</i> are the stones cleared from -the fields by the ancient people. They built these -very solid towers with them, which served to -house pigs and sheep at night; perhaps also as a -look-out place, where their positions would serve -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">225</span> -such a purpose. But clearing the fields of stones -was the primary object.</p> - -<p>The Minorcan builders of stone temples, tombs, -and dwellings, and pilers up of stones were prehistoric -beyond any doubt, and may have worked -and worshipped them four thousand years ago. -The Phœnicians probably found their descendants -on the island, and they became subject to the -Semitic traders and their Carthaginian offshoots, -who held the Balearic Islands while they were -dominant in Spain. Minorca was best known as -possessing the most capacious and safest harbour -in the Mediterranean, and its name of Port Mahon -makes the giver of that name an important factor -in the story of the island.</p> - -<p>Mago was the youngest son of Hamilcar -Barca, and when he first began to serve under -his brother Hannibal in Italy, in <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 218, he must -have been very young; but his capacity and -fitness for command were soon realised by the -great general. Mago was given command of the -cavalry, and led his troops across the river Po, -each man swimming by the side of his horse. -Mago did distinguished service at the battle of -Trebia, and was by his brother’s side at Cannæ. -He was then detached to reduce Samnium and the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">226</span> -Bruttii. In about <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 212 he was sent to reinforce -his other brother, Hasdrubal, in Spain. It was a -losing cause, for the Carthaginians vainly opposed -the victorious career of Scipio. The brothers resisted -long. At last they were hopelessly defeated by Scipio -at a place called Silpia, apparently in the Sierra -Morena. Mago long held out at Gades. Here he -received orders to collect troops and ships, and to -make a diversion by landing at Genoa and transferring -the seat of war to Italy. Having diligently -assembled troops and the means of transport, he -left Spain for ever and made sail, shaping a course, -in compliance with his instructions, from Carthage. -Mago wintered in the splendid harbour at the -eastern end of Minorca, which has ever since borne -his name—Portus Magonis, corrupted into Port -Mahon.</p> - -<p>Eventually he landed his army at Genoa, but -was defeated by Quinctilius Varro in a battle in -Liguria, when he was severely wounded. Hannibal -and Mago were recalled from Italy <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 203, and -the younger brother died of his wounds on the -voyage to Carthage, according to Livy. He was -probably not more than thirty-two years of age. -The name of this enterprising Carthaginian is -immortalised in that of the harbour where he -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">227</span> -wintered, and in those of an English earl’s second -title and of a Spanish dukedom.</p> - -<p>During their occupation the Carthaginians had -built three towns: the Portus Magonis; the -town at the west end of the island, called Jamno, -the modern Ciudadela; and one in the interior. -In <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 121 Metellus arrived with his fleet, and -the Balearic Islands passed under the dominion -of Rome. For more than five hundred years the -islands formed part of the Roman Empire, Minorca -always sharing the fate of her larger and more -important sister. These huge gaps in history -leave everything to conjecture. They may have -been a time of peace and prosperity, or they may -have been a period of grinding oppression. The -people were probably still the descendants of the -prehistoric builders. Certainly no great event -happened, or it would have been recorded. On -the decay of Roman power, in the days of -Honorius, the Balearic Islands are said to have -been occupied for a time by the Vandals, from -<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 426. It is assumed that the islands formed -part of the kingdom of the Spanish Visigoths; -but all that may have happened in that long -period is buried in oblivion. We only know that -Christianity had been introduced, and that at -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">228</span> -the Council of Toledo, celebrated in the year -675 <span class="smcap">A.D.</span>, there were bishops of the Balearic Isles, -dating for at least two hundred years back, for -Severo was Bishop of Minorca in 423.</p> - -<p>Before the commencement of the ninth century -the islands had fallen entirely into the hands of -the Moors, and formed part of the empire of the -Omeyad Khâlifas of Cordova, Minorca continuing -through all the long period of Moorish domination -to share the fate of the larger island. The aboriginal -inhabitants must have entirely disappeared, -giving place to immigrants from Africa and -Muhammadan Spain, chiefly Arabs and Berbers. -Minorca seems to have been ruled during a long -period by a Moorish family, son succeeding father, -with a title which the Spaniards called Almojarife. -We have already seen how, after the conquest of -Majorca, King Jayme secured the submission of -the Minorcan Moors by a stratagem.<a id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">32</a> The great -king, however, dealt very leniently with the -smaller island. The government of Minorca was -confirmed to the Almojarife and his family on -condition of loyalty to the Aragonese overlord -and payment of tribute. This arrangement continued -until the usurpation of young Alfonso III., -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">229</span> -a very different man from his illustrious grandfather. -The Moors were established in Minorca -for nearly four centuries; but, by the use of -ruthless methods, it is not difficult to extirpate a -whole population and to substitute another in so -small an island. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">230</span></p> - -<h2 id="II_CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II<br /> - -<span class="medium table">Conquest of Minorca by Alfonso III.—The Barbary pirates</span></h2> - -<p>The young King Alfonso III. of Aragon, having -usurped the government of Majorca, as has been -related in the story of that island,<a id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">33</a> came to a sudden -determination to drive the Moors out of Minorca. -He made a pretext that the Almojarife had -thwarted his father’s designs on the coast of -Barbary by giving early information to his co-religionists. -Alfonso also said that when his -uncle’s dominions were restored to him, the -acquisition of Minorca would make up for the -temporary deprivation. This hopeful young king -had not begun well. He was unjust, wayward, -and sometimes cruel. He acted on the spur of -the moment. Had he lived, the promised son-in-law -of the great King Edward of England might -have become a more stable and right-minded -prince. At this time he cared very little for a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">231</span> -pretext in making war, and his resolutions were -very hastily formed.</p> - -<p>The consequence was that he chose the stormiest -period of the winter for his expedition, sending -to his brother Fadrique, in Sicily, to supply him -with forty well-armed galleys. He then assembled -the nobles of his kingdom at Tarragona, and was -granted five hundred cavalry and a large army -of <i>almogavares</i>.<a id="FNanchor_34" href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">34</a> The fleet of armed ships and -transports numbered 120 sail. En Pedro Cornel -was appointed general of the forces, and knights -of the families of Luna, Entenza, Anglesola accompanied -the King. Garcia Gorcas de Aracuri of -Aragon and Acart de Mur of Catalonia were -masters of the camp.</p> - -<p>The terrible news reached the Almojarife<a id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">35</a> of -Minorca. His consternation was great, for the -danger was imminent. The impulsive young king -cared less than nothing for the written grant -given by En Jayme to the Moorish chief. The -Almojarife sent to Barbary to entreat for help -from the chiefs of Bugia, Bona, Tremecen, and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">232</span> -Constantia. In a short time 900 cavalry and -5,000 foot soldiers arrived from Africa, which -would enable the Moors to face their enemies with -a respectable force.</p> - -<p>The King of Aragon left Salou with his fleet, -arriving at Majorca on December 2, 1285, where -he passed Christmas. Muntaner tells us that the -cold of that winter was intense, and that a man -might as well have been in the frozen steppes of -the Don. The hands of some of the oarsmen were -frostbitten, and the troops suffered from the -severity of the winter.</p> - -<p>After the Christmas festivities were over, the -King ordered the fleet to make sail in the worst -possible weather. The ships were scarcely clear -of the land when a furious gale sprang up and -scattered the fleet. Alfonso arrived at Port Mahon -with only twenty galleys, and occupied one of the -rocky islands in the harbour, waiting for the rest -of his forces.</p> - -<p>The Moors were ready to receive him. They -had a large army, composed partly of the auxiliaries -sent from Africa and partly of natives of the -island. Seeing them drawn up in battle array, -the impetuous young King resolved to attack -them without waiting for reinforcements. He had -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">233</span> -a few companies of <i>almogavares</i> and four hundred -horse. A very desperate and well-contested battle -was the result. Alfonso was in the thick of the -fight, giving many proofs of valour and dexterity -as a swordsman. In spite of the great inferiority -in numbers, the Catalans were victorious, the -Moors retreating in confusion to a hill which, -owing to the great slaughter, received the name of -‘El Degollador.’ The battlefield was situated -on a plain a little to the westward of the present -castle of San Felipe.</p> - -<p>A day or two afterwards there was another fight, -owing to the conduct of a young knight named -Berenguer de Tornamira, who, to show his own -valour, attacked the Moors without orders with -a small force. If succour had not been promptly -despatched he would certainly have been overwhelmed. -As it was, the Moors were driven back. -The Almojarife then took refuge, with the remnant -of his forces, in the castle on Mount Santa -Agueda. Alfonso, always hasty and violent, -ordered Tornamira’s head to be cut off; but he -afterwards yielded to the prayers and remonstrances -of his nobles and consented to spare the -young knight’s life. The losses in these two -battles were very heavy, especially on the side of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">234</span> -the Moors. By this time the rest of the fleet, -with troops on board, had arrived at Port Mahon.</p> - -<p>Alfonso then advanced to the castle of Santa -Agueda, and made preparations for a siege; but -the Almojarife saw that all hope was gone, and -sent four of his principal ministers to ask for the -acceptance of the terms he offered. They were -that he would surrender the castle and the whole -island if he and his people were provided with -shipping to proceed to Barbary, paying 7-1/2 <i>doblas</i> -a head for every Moorish man or woman that -embarked. The Almojarife also asked to be -allowed to take his books, clothes, and fifty swords. -The ship was to take him to Ceuta or some other -port in Africa. The King consented to the terms, -and his favourite, Blasco Jimenes de Ayerba, -was instructed to make the necessary arrangement. -There was a Genoese vessel at Port Mahon, -which was hired and supplied with provisions, -and the unfortunate chief, with his family and -about a hundred other people who were able to -pay the ransom, embarked. Whether the ship -went down in a gale of wind, or whether there -was foul play, no one will ever know. It is certain -that she never was heard of again. The story of -Carbonell that the unfortunate fugitives were -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">235</span> -thrown overboard by order of the King, after -paying their ransoms, need not be believed.</p> - -<p>The rest of the population was at the mercy -of the conquerors, to the number of about twenty -thousand. They were either forced to work at -the new buildings ordered to be erected, or sent -to Sicily and Barcelona to be sold as slaves.</p> - -<p>The date of the capitulation was January 17, -1288, St. Anthony’s Day, which was ever afterwards -kept as a holiday, with processions and -other festivities. Alfonso remained in Minorca -until the following March, leaving orders for a -town to be built, with a fortified wall, at Port -Mahon. He died three years afterwards at -Barcelona, aged twenty-seven.</p> - -<p>Don Juan Ramis y Ramis, the chronicler of -Minorca, recorded the prowess of the young King -and the conquest of the island in a poem entitled -‘Alonsiada.’</p> - -<p>Pedro de Lesbia, a native of Valencia, was -left as the first Christian Procurator-General of -Minorca. The whole Moorish population appears -to have been rooted out of the island and replaced -by Catalan settlers. Ciudadela, at the western -end, became the capital, as it was in Moorish times; -while Port Mahon was the principal commercial port. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">236</span></p> - -<p>In a small island like Minorca a population -could soon be extirpated by ruthless invaders -without pity or remorse and actuated by unreasoning -bigotry. Their cruelties were not only condoned -but encouraged by their priests. It is a -revolting picture. There was an industrious and -happy people, engaged in cultivating a not very -grateful soil, which needed much toil and no -little skill to induce it to yield harvests sufficient -for the wants of a frugal population. In homes -endeared to them by centuries of occupation, and -surrounded by their wives and children, they were -living in peace and comparative prosperity, and -enjoying the hard-earned fruits of their toil. The -land tax, paid in kind, was the regular source -of revenue in all Muhammadan countries. In -Minorca the Almojarife, or collector, appears to -have been the hereditary chief of the island. -Suddenly, like a bolt from the blue, in a few days -total destruction came upon them. Thousands -were killed, all their chief men with their families -disappeared, all their property was seized, wives -were torn from husbands, children from parents, -and sold into slavery.</p> - -<p>Turning away from the horrors of this scene of -cruelty and wrong, we may assume an interval of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">237</span> -confusion, and then the farms and villages of the -Moors are occupied by Catalan families equally -industrious and hard-working. The Christians -were exposed to heavier exactions and suffered -under a less enlightened rule, so that perhaps -we should give them even greater credit than -their predecessors for the way in which they -extracted the means of supporting themselves -and their families from the stony fields.</p> - -<p>Minorca continued to share the fortunes of -the larger island under her own kings, under the -Kings of Aragon, and under the Austrian dynasty -of Spain. The form of government was the same -as that granted to Majorca by En Jayme.</p> - -<p>The smaller island suffered equally with -Majorca from the raids of Barbary pirates, who -carried off many unfortunate people into slavery. -All the islanders rejoiced at the campaign against -Tunis, led by the Emperor Charles V. in person, -who liberated several thousands of Christian slaves -in 1535. Yet the piracies did not cease, or only -for a time. Barbarossa, the piratical leader, -undeterred by the fall of Tunis, fitted out a fleet -of eleven galleys and made sail for the Balearic -Islands. His fleet entered Port Mahon with -Christian banners flying, to deceive the soldiers -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">238</span> -in the fort and the inhabitants, who were completely -taken in. Bells were rung and guns fired in -honour of what was supposed to be a part of the -Emperor’s fleet. A boat with some Franciscan -friars approached the galleys and discovered the -mistake. They pulled back to the shore, raised -a warning, and the gates of the town were -closed.</p> - -<p>Barbarossa landed 2,500 Moors and some guns, -with which he battered the walls of the town and -made a breach. His assault was, however, repulsed. -The people of Ciudadela assembled three -hundred men, but seeing that the enemy was so -powerful they did not venture upon an attack at -first. They sent a messenger to warn the besieged -that they should be ready to make a sortie when -the relief approached. Then most of the three -hundred advanced, and occupied the attention -of the enemy while the besieged hastily repaired -the breaches in the walls. A second assault was -gallantly repulsed, and the pirate chief began to -feel rather insecure at Port Mahon, expecting the -return of the Emperor’s fleet from Tunis.</p> - -<p>Fortunately for Barbarossa, the besieged lost -heart and surrendered the town to him on terms -which he never dreamt of keeping. He made -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">239</span> -slaves of eight hundred of the inhabitants. The -churches were pillaged and profaned. The -Guardian of San Francisco had partaken of the -Sacrament to save the Host from profanation. -The Moors entered and seized all the valuables, -but did not find the Host in the pyx. Barbarossa -asked where it was, and when the Franciscan -replied that he had eaten it to preserve it from -profanation, he was ordered out for execution and -suffered death with two other friars.</p> - -<p>This was in the year 1536. The Governor of -the island had remained at Ciudadela, and when -six citizens arrived from Port Mahon, who had -been released by Barbarossa because they advised -the surrender, the Governor ordered them to be -put to death. Barbarossa and his Moors evacuated -Port Mahon and departed with his plunder and -with many wretched people to be sold into slavery. -The Emperor was greatly distressed at these -repeated acts of piracy, and in 1541 he fitted out -a second expedition, this time against Algiers. -Again he led the expedition in person; but it was -a failure owing to the furious gales and deluges of -rain.</p> - -<p>The islands were kept in a constant state of -alarm. In 1558 a Turkish fleet of 140 vessels -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">240</span> -hove in sight. Ciudadela and Port Mahon had -been put in the best possible posture of defence, -when fifteen thousand Turks were landed, under -a leader named Mustapha. Having occupied the -open country, they laid siege to Ciudadela, which -was held by a garrison of seven hundred men. -A battery of artillery was planted against the -walls, and, after making a breach, three assaults -were delivered and gallantly repulsed. The besieged -Minorcans were resolved to defend the -place to the death, and they would have done so -if it had not been for a disastrous accident. The -magazine caught fire and all their powder was -destroyed. The men proposed to their leaders, -Arquimbau, the Lieutenant-Governor, and Captain -Noyet, to attempt to fight their way to Port Mahon. -They came out, the men of Alayor and Mercadal -leading, women and children in the centre, and the -rest of the garrison bringing up the rear, under -Arquimbau. The Turks attacked them furiously, -and only 150 got back into the town. On July 10 -another assault was delivered, and at last the -place was taken. Many of the besieged were -killed in cold blood, and the rest were carried off -to be sold as slaves. On the same day the Turks -embarked and made sail. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">241</span></p> - -<p>The Viceroy, Don Guillermo Rocafull, was not -in the island. He returned at once and proceeded -to repair the fortifications of Ciudadela, -bringing several families to re-people the place -from Majorca and Valencia. The castle of San -Felipe at Port Mahon was also repaired and -strengthened.</p> - -<p>The piracies continued until well into the -eighteenth century, and kept the people in a -constant state of terror and alarm; but confidence -slowly returned, and Minorca had long been free -from actual invasion when the War of the Succession -broke out, after the death of Charles II., the -last of the Austrian Kings of Spain. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">242</span></p> - -<h2 id="II_CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III<br /> - -<span class="medium table">British occupation of Minorca.</span></h2> - -<p>The people of Spain had long been misgoverned, -impoverished, and oppressed when the last king of -the House of Austria died and left the War of -Succession as a legacy to his subjects.</p> - -<p>The descendant of Maria Teresa, sister of -Charles II. and wife of Louis XIV. of France, -would have had the best right if her marriage had -not been allowed on condition of the most solemn -renunciation of the crown of Spain for the offspring -of it. The next heir was the Emperor -Leopold I., descended from a sister of Philip IV. -of Spain, the father of Charles II. He resigned his -claim to his second son, the Archduke Charles. -Strongly in favour of the Austrian claim, the unhappy -King was forced by priestly threats on his -deathbed to sign a will declaring Philip, Duke of -Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV. and Maria Teresa, -to be heir to the Spanish monarchy. Philip was -then seventeen. The Archduke Charles was fifteen. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">243</span></p> - -<p>Louis XIV. was strictly pledged to the Governments -of England and Holland not to allow his -grandson to succeed. In February 1701, in -defiance of this solemn compact, Philip was -sent to Madrid and proclaimed as Philip V. -Castille acknowledged him. Aragon, Catalonia, -and the Balearic Islands declared for the Archduke -Charles as Charles III. He was supported -by England, Holland, Portugal, Savoy, and the -Empire. War was declared on May 15, 1702, and -the War of the Spanish Succession commenced. -In March 1704 Charles III. arrived at Lisbon with -four thousand Dutch and eight thousand English -troops, where he was joined by Don Juan -Henriquez, Admiral of Castille, one of the greatest -of the Spanish nobles. On August 3 Gibraltar was -taken, and garrisoned with two thousand men, the -Prince of Hesse Darmstadt being the first Governor. -Charles III. then proceeded to Barcelona, the -almost impregnable castle of Monjuich having -previously been captured by the Earl of Peterborough. -Amidst great rejoicings Charles made -his public entry on October 23, 1705. Peterborough -entered Valencia in triumph on February 4, -1706, and Majorca declared for King Charles.</p> - -<p>General Stanhope was appointed Envoy Extraordinary -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">244</span> -to King Charles and sent out in command -of reinforcements. He was a grandson of the -first Earl of Chesterfield and son of Alexander -Stanhope, who was Ambassador at Madrid in the -time of Charles II. Having passed his youth in -his father’s house, he was well acquainted with -Spanish and with the feelings of the people. He -learnt the art of war under Marlborough.</p> - -<p>The disastrous battle of Almanza was fought -in April 1707, and for some time the cause of -King Charles seemed almost hopeless. The Duke -of Berwick entered Valencia and conquered -Aragon, the French claimant, Philip, abolishing -all its provincial privileges; while General Stanhope -was reduced to a strictly defensive system. -King Charles’s base was the east coast of Spain -and the Mediterranean Sea. The English fleet -was therefore of the utmost importance, and it -became very urgent that the ships should remain -out, instead of returning home for the winter. -But, although Majorca was for Charles, the harbour -of Port Mahon was still occupied by French and -Spanish troops for Philip.</p> - -<p>Stanhope, with his German colleague Staremburg, -after several weeks of skilful but desultory -manœuvres, obliged the French army to retreat -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">245</span> -from Tortosa, to which place the enemy had -advanced. In August of the same year, 1707, -Admiral Leake with the British fleet took Cagliari -and secured the island of Sardinia for King Charles. -But the most important enterprise was the capture -of Minorca with its excellent harbour.</p> - -<p>The Duke of Marlborough wrote to General -Stanhope saying: ‘I am so entirely convinced -that nothing can be done effectually without the -fleet, that I conjure you, if possible, to take Port -Mahon.’ Lord Godolphin sent out instructions -to the same effect, which reached Stanhope when -he was encamped at Cervera with Marshal Staremburg, -at the close of the campaign against the -French.</p> - -<p>Stanhope immediately set out for Barcelona -in pursuance of his instructions, but few men -could be spared for the enterprise. Fortunately, -Charles was fully alive to its great importance. -Admiral Sir John Leake was still off Sardinia -with the bulk of the fleet. There were, however, -six men-of-war at Barcelona; but some of the -captains hesitated to take any responsibility. The -two who supported the General were his brother -Philip of the <i>Milford</i>, and Trevanion of the -<i>York</i>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">246</span></p> - -<p>Stanhope forced their hands by actually embarking -in some transports the troops he had -been able to collect, and announcing his intention -of proceeding at once to Majorca, there to await -reinforcements. This made all the captains resolve -to accompany him. One of the ships (the -<i>Milford</i>) was commanded by the General’s brother, -Captain Philip Stanhope, and the two brothers -sailed together. The force consisted of 1,200 -British troops, including marines, 600 Portuguese, -and the rest Spanish. The General wrote to Sir -John Leake, who had just reduced Sardinia to -obedience to Charles, sending a copy of the letter -from Lord Godolphin, and entreating him to -co-operate.</p> - -<p>Sir John Leake was about to return with the -Beet to England for the winter, leaving a squadron -to guard the Portuguese coast. He, however, left -Pula, near Cagliari, with the fleet on August 18, -in compliance with General Stanhope’s request, -and arrived off Port Mahon on the 25th. He -cruised off the island until September 14, when -Stanhope arrived on board the <i>Milford</i>, the transports -following on October 3.</p> - -<p>Stanhope’s plan was to land at once and lay -siege to the castle of San Felipe. Measures were -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">247</span> -accordingly arranged with the Admiral, who lent -all the marines and guns that could be spared. -There were forty-two guns and thirteen mortars. -A spot was selected about two miles from the -castle to the south-west, and the troops were -landed. All the inhabitants received them -joyfully, declaring for King Charles; and the -magistrates of Mahon came and delivered up the -keys of their city. On the 7th the <i>Dunkirk</i>, -<i>Centurion</i>, and <i>York</i> were anchored near the -south-east point of the island, to cover the landing -of the heavy guns. This was a service of great -difficulty, for the only place for landing them -was in a creek within half gunshot of the enemy’s -batteries. Nevertheless it was attempted that -very evening, and effected with little loss. The -country was found to be rocky and without -roads, and the beasts of burden that could be -obtained were so few that it was twelve days -before the guns could be got into position ready -to commence the attack.</p> - -<p>On the 8th the fleet, consisting of fifteen sail -of the line, under the command of Sir John Leake, -sailed for England. The Admiral had lent the -General as many marines as could possibly be -spared, and supplied him with ammunition and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">248</span> -some provisions. A squadron of seventeen sail -was left off Port Mahon, under the command of -Sir Edward Whitaker, the hero of Gibraltar, to -assist in the reduction of the castle of San Felipe.</p> - -<p>Two ships, the <i>Dunkirk</i> (Captain Butler) and -<i>Centurion</i> (Captain Fairborn), were detached to -take possession of the castle and harbour of -Fornelle, on the north coast of the island. The -<i>Dunkirk</i> arrived two hours before the <i>Centurion</i>, -and opened a heavy fire, which was returned with -some effect; but when the <i>Centurion</i> also hove -in sight, the garrison surrendered as prisoners of -war. All the transports and bomb-vessels were -then sent to Fornelle creek, having previously -had no secure place to ride in.</p> - -<p>On the 28th General Stanhope opened a -battery of nine guns on two towers flanking an -outer line, which the garrison of San Felipe had -lately thrown up, beating them down and making -some breaches in the connecting walls. This was -not difficult, as the works had been hastily -run up with loose stones. Brigadier Lane was -stationed on the right with two battalions. Captain -Philip Stanhope commanded the marines. Some -of Wade’s men entered a breach in the wall without -orders, and as soon as he saw their advance -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">249</span> -he followed with all his men. Philip Stanhope -led on his marines, and there was a general advance, -the garrison, after a short resistance, abandoning -all the outworks and retreating into the castle. -Next morning the enemy commenced a parley, -which was followed by their capitulation in the -afternoon. They could have held out for a long -time. A hundred pieces of ordnance were found -in the castle, three thousand barrels of powder, -and all things necessary for a long defence. The -victory was dearly bought with the death of -Captain Philip Stanhope, who fell mortally -wounded. He was struck by a ball on the forehead -as he was held up by two sailors to look -over a wall seven feet high. He was interred in -one of the vaults of the castle. The General wrote: -‘The conquest has cost me very dear, but since -Philip died in doing service to Her Majesty and -his country, I shall think his life well bestowed, -as I should my own.’</p> - -<p>Ciudadela at once surrendered, and its garrison -of a hundred men became prisoners of war. There -was no resistance in any other part of the island. -Stanhope wrote: ‘A great part of our success in -reducing this island is owing to the zeal and -affection the people have for us, which is beyond -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">250</span> -expression.’ Port Mahon was garrisoned by -British marines, and the fortifications were -strengthened by new works at a cost of about -60,000<i>l.</i> It was General Stanhope’s idea that -Minorca should be held as a sort of mortgage for -the large sums advanced to King Charles.</p> - -<p>A medal was struck at the Tower to commemorate -the conquests of Sardinia and Minorca.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p><i>Obv.</i>: Bust of Queen Anne.</p> - -<p><i>Rev.</i>: Victory holding a palm-branch in one hand, -and the Union Jack in the other. Two islands appearing -in the distance, ‘<span class="smcap">SARDINIA ET BALEARIS MINOR CAPTÆ.</span>’</p> - -<p><i>Exergue</i>: <span class="smcap">MDCCVII.</span></p></blockquote> - -<p>Stanhope returned to his military duties in -Spain. He was at Barcelona again on November 9. -It is not necessary to follow the course of events. -The death of the Emperor Joseph I. in 1711 -opened the succession to his brother Charles; -while his want of success and the animosity of the -Castilians destroyed all chance of his succeeding -to the crown of Spain. In fact, he became -Emperor of Germany as Charles VI.</p> - -<p>The Ministry of Harley and St. John opened -negotiations for peace. The abandonment of the -Catalans and Majorcans to their fate cast an -indelible stain of infamy on the British Government. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">251</span> -Queen Anne had several times pledged her -royal word for the preservation of the lives and -liberties of the Catalans. In consequence of those -promises the Catalans had begun and maintained -an insurrection. Yet no stipulation was made -in the treaty, and St. John had the effrontery to -announce that ‘it is not for the interests of -England to preserve the Catalan liberties.’</p> - -<p>On April 11, 1713, the Peace of Utrecht was -signed, the Emperor Charles refusing to be a party -to it. The French Prince was acknowledged as -King of Spain, being Philip V. of that country, -but resigning any right of succession to the French -crown. The Duke of Savoy was to have Sicily; -Gibraltar and Minorca were ceded to England; -the Netherlands, Naples, Milan, and Sardinia to -the Emperor. Lord Stanhope, the descendant of -the conqueror of Minorca, has pleaded with some -truth that, whilst the glories of the war belong to -the whole British people, the disgrace of the peace, -the unworthy result of such great achievements, -rests on a small knot of factious politicians.</p> - -<p>Their beloved King Charles, now Emperor of -Germany, must be acquitted of blame as regards -the Catalans and Majorcans. He was powerless. -Writing to General Stanhope, he said: ‘Knowing -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">252</span> -as I do your goodness of heart, I am persuaded -that you and your friends will compassionate the -fidelity, firmness, and misfortune of my poor -Catalans. No difficulties, no dangers, no temptations -could shake their generous loyalty. All this -pierces my heart. I leave you to judge whether -it is in my power to aid them without a naval -force. I doubt not that you will consider the -dreadful state to which they have been reduced -by the evil-minded men of your country, contrary -to the most solemn and repeated engagements.’</p> - -<p>Catalonia and Majorca were abandoned to the -mean vengeance of Philip. Minorca was more -fortunate in becoming a British possession. In -1717 the conqueror of Minorca was created -Viscount Stanhope of Mahon. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">253</span></p> - -<h2 id="II_CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV<br /> - -<span class="medium table">Minorca as a base</span></h2> - -<p>Minorca was the chief gainer by the Peace of -Utrecht. She secured many years of good government -and freedom from oppression by her connection -with her English friends. But England -herself derived almost equal advantage. She -had become a Mediterranean Power. She had -Gibraltar, but it was necessary that she should -also have a base within the inland sea where -her ships could refit and her sailors could be -refreshed; and this need was supplied in full -measure by the splendid harbour of Port Mahon. -The value of such a possession was experienced a -very few years after the peace.</p> - -<p>The Emperor had sent an army into Hungary -against the Turks, and Philip V. gave a solemn -promise to the Pope that he would not undertake -anything against the interests of the Emperor -while he was engaged in so religious a cause. Yet, -without regard to this promise and in defiance of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">254</span> -the duties imposed upon him by the treaty of -peace, he sent a fleet, with a land force of nine -thousand men, from Barcelona, which seized upon -the island of Sardinia in July 1717. His excuse -was that King Charles had delivered up the towns -in Catalonia and Majorca to the inhabitants, thus -putting Philip to the trouble and expense of -reducing those people to obedience.</p> - -<p>In consequence of this aggression, the Powers -made a treaty, called the Quadruple Alliance, by -which the Emperor was to give up his claim to -the crown of Spain, to receive Sicily from the -Duke of Savoy, and to give him Sardinia in its -place, with the title of King. Philip would not -agree to this arrangement and continued his -preparations for war, without any regard to the -remonstrances of England and even of France. In -this he was strongly influenced by his second wife -and by his Minister, Cardinal Alberoni.</p> - -<p>In order to prevent farther mischief in the -Mediterranean a formidable fleet was got ready at -Spithead, under the command of Admiral Sir -George Byng, with orders to hinder and resist all -attempts of Spain against Italy or Sicily. Byng -sailed on June 25, 1718, with twenty ships of the -line, two fire-ships, two bomb-ships, a hospital-ship, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">255</span> -and a store-ship. Off Cape St. Vincent he -sent a messenger, by way of Cadiz, to convey a -letter to Lord Harrington, the British Envoy at -Madrid, that the Spanish Government might be -informed of the approach of the British fleet and -of Byng’s instructions.</p> - -<p>The Envoy showed the letter to Cardinal -Alberoni, who declared that his master would -run all hazards rather than recall his fleet and -troops, that the Spaniards would not be frightened, -and that he had no fear of the result if Admiral -Byng attacked them. The Envoy then requested -his Eminence to look over a list of the British -ships which he held in his hand. Alberoni snatched -it and threw it on the ground, trampling on it in a -great passion.</p> - -<p>There was nothing more to be done with such -a violent diplomatist. The British fleet entered -the Mediterranean, and arrived at Port Mahon on -July 23. Here the Admiral landed four regiments, -and took the marines forming the old garrison to -serve in the fleet. On August 1 the Admiral -arrived at Naples, and conferred with Count -Daun, the very popular Viceroy for the Emperor -Charles VI. It was found that the Spaniards had -landed an army in Sicily and were besieging -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">256</span> -Messina, and that there was a large Spanish fleet -there, consisting of twenty-nine ships of the line -and frigates, two being seventy-four-gun ships -and eight with sixty guns.</p> - -<p>On August 9 Sir George Byng with his formidable -fleet arrived off Messina, and sent a letter -to the Spanish General proposing to him that he -should grant a cessation of hostilities for two -months, to give time for the Powers to agree to a -lasting peace, apprising him of his instructions in -case of refusal. The Spaniard replied that he -had no powers to treat, and that he would obey -his orders, which were to seize Sicily for the King -of Spain.</p> - -<p>The Spanish fleet had weighed the day before, -and was out of sight to the south. Byng went in -chase, and before noon of the next day he came -in sight of their twenty-seven men-of-war in order -of battle. Don Antonio de Castaneta was the -Admiral in command, and there were four rear-admirals, -one of them an Irish renegade named -Cammock. On sighting the English fleet they -stood away, but still in order of battle. All that -day and the succeeding night the English Admiral -followed them. Early in the morning of the 11th -one of the Spanish rear-admirals parted company -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">257</span> -with six frigates and all the galleys, bomb-vessels, -and store-ships, standing for the Sicilian coast -near Syracuse. Captain Walton of the <i>Canterbury</i>, -with five vessels under his command, was -detached in pursuit. Walton’s report of his proceedings -is a model of business-like brevity:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>‘<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—We have taken and destroyed all the -Spanish ships and vessels which were upon the -coast, the number as per margin.’</p></blockquote> - -<p>Admiral Byng continued the pursuit of the -main fleet and came up with it off Cape Passaro. -The <i>Orford</i> and <i>Grafton</i> were the foremost ships, -and the Spaniards fired their stern chase guns. -The order was given not to return the fire unless it -was repeated. It was repeated, and the <i>Orford</i> -promptly engaged the <i>Santa Rosa</i>, of sixty-four -guns, and took her. Next the <i>San Carlos</i>, of -sixty guns, struck to the <i>Kent</i>. The <i>Principe de -Asturias</i>, with the flag of Rear-Admiral Chacon, -was dealt with by the <i>Breda</i> and <i>Captain</i>. The -Spanish Admiral’s flagship, of seventy-four guns, -made a running fight until 3 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span>, and then struck -to the <i>Superbe</i>. Three other ships were taken. -Sir George Byng employed the next few days -refitting and repairing damages in the prizes. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">258</span> -Nine of the Spanish ships escaped, thirteen were -taken and became prizes, three were burnt, three -sunk. Practically the Spanish fleet ceased to -exist.</p> - -<p>The value of Minorca as a base then became -apparent. Rear-Admiral Cornwall was sent to -Port Mahon with the ships that required repairs -and all the prizes. On February 3, 1719, Sir -George Byng went with the rest of the fleet to -Port Mahon, to refresh the men and refit the -ships. Returning to Naples in April, he found -that Count Mercy had been appointed to the -command of a German army to expel the Spaniards -from Sicily. Mercy was a tall, soldier-like man, -but excessively short-sighted. He had great -strength of mind and body, was very ambitious, -with an insatiable thirst for glory. He would -have been a greater general if he had been endowed -with a cooler temper. The task before him was -a difficult one, although the English fleet gave -him command of the sea. All things being ready, -Sir George Byng sailed from Baia with eight -men-of-war, escorting two hundred transports -having on board 10,000 infantry and 3,500 horse. -By the advice of the Savoyard Governor of -Melazzo, the landing was effected on the coast -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">259</span> -about twenty miles to the westward of that -fortress. Count Seckendorf was detached to -reduce the Lipari Islands to the Emperor’s obedience—an -important matter, so as to keep the -communications open between Naples and Sicily.</p> - -<p>The Sicilian campaign commenced in May -1719, and there was some very severe fighting. -Count Mercy found himself in considerable difficulties -in the interior; for the natives were on -the side of the Spaniards. He sent a message -with an urgent request that Sir George Byng -would come to him for a consultation. The -Admiral did not hesitate. He set out with a -strong escort, accompanied by his eldest son and -Captain Matthews of the <i>Kent</i>. The road was -strewn with the dead bodies of men and horses, -and was very rugged, but they reached the Count’s -tent in the evening. A guard of honour was -drawn up for the Admiral’s reception, and one of -the men was shot through the head at the door of -the tent by a musket-ball from the enemy’s camp. -He fell dead at the Admiral’s feet as he dismounted. -Sir George found the Count very weak -from a wound, the ball not having yet been extracted. -But he was full of pluck, and desirous -of again attacking the Spaniards in their strong -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">260</span> -position, though his officers advised a retreat to -the coast. A council next day confirmed this -opinion, and dwelt on the urgency of receiving -reinforcements. Sir George therefore returned to -the coast and immediately proceeded with two -ships to Naples to represent the state of things -to the Viceroy. He then returned to Sicily, where -he found that Count Mercy had been disabled -by an apoplectic seizure; but that his second in -command had taken Taormina by surprise and -advanced to Messina, where the siege was commenced -on July 20. The town surrendered and -Sir George Byng took his fleet into the harbour, -but the citadel held out.</p> - -<p>The Emperor had resolved to send troops -from Milan, by way of Genoa, to reinforce Count -Mercy, and, knowing the extreme slowness of the -Germans, the Admiral resolved to superintend the -business personally. On August 23 he returned -to Naples, arriving at Genoa on September 7. -He found everything extremely backward. After -much worry and almost incredible trouble, what -with persuasion and threats, he got seven thousand -men on board the transports and brought them -to Messina. The whole army was overjoyed to -see a man who always brought them relief and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">261</span> -succour. Count Mercy had returned from Reggio, -but with the ball not yet extracted. He was -delighted at the Admiral’s success in bringing him -help. It decided the fate of the citadel, which -surrendered after a siege of ninety-one days. -The Spanish General then fortified the almost -impregnable position at Castro Giovanni; but -Count Mercy and the Admiral thought it more -important to occupy Palermo, and while operations -for that purpose were being pushed forward -the Spaniards offered to evacuate Sicily on terms.</p> - -<p>Early in 1720 the news arrived that Philip V. -had given up his ambitious projects and joined the -Quadruple Alliance. Sicily and Sardinia were to -be evacuated by the Spaniards within two months. -During May and June the Spanish troops were -embarked in transports at Termini and sent to -Barcelona. The Duke of Savoy was then put -into quiet possession of Sardinia. Thus the work -was completed for the execution of which the -British fleet under Sir George Byng had been sent -to the Mediterranean. The English Admiral certainly -deserves the highest credit. He was -diligent in preparing his measures, attending to -every detail himself. In action he was alike -careful and energetic. His patience under the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">262</span> -most trying circumstances was inexhaustible. He -was most successful as a diplomatist, and at -length he acquired such influence that he was -looked to as an umpire in the numerous misunderstandings -and disputes of rival commanders. -Thus the service that was entrusted to him, a -most harassing and difficult service, was performed -with remarkable ability and complete -success. On his return he was created Viscount -Torrington, and in 1733 he died in harness as -First Lord of the Admiralty.</p> - -<p>Minorca played an unostentatious but very -important part in this campaign. Without that -base for refitting the ships and refreshing the -men the difficulties of Admiral Byng would have -been increased tenfold. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">263</span></p> - -<h2 id="II_CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V<br /> - -<span class="medium table">Minorca under British rule</span></h2> - -<p>If the occupation of Minorca was very important -to the British as a base for their fleet, it was an -even greater blessing to the inhabitants. While -the ancient rights and liberties of the Catalans -and Majorcans were ruthlessly destroyed by their -Bourbon conqueror, the Minorcans were treated -very differently. Their religion, their form of -civil government, their customs and traditions -were all respected by the English, who came as -friends rather than as masters. It will be interesting -to glance over the condition of the island -during the earlier years of British occupation.</p> - -<p>Minorca was divided into five provinces, called -<i>terminos</i>. At the eastern end was the <i>termino</i> of -Mahon with the capital under British rule, and -at the western the <i>termino</i> of Ciudadela, the -ancient capital. Between them were the <i>terminos</i> -of Alaior, Mercadal, and Fererias, each with its -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">264</span> -chief village of the same name. Mercadal included -the greater part of the northern coast.</p> - -<p>The principal feature of the island is the -splendid harbour of Port Mahon, with deep water, -and capable in former days of sheltering all the -fleets of Europe. There are several small islands -in the harbour, and on one the hospital was built -when Sir John Jennings was Commander-in-Chief -in the Mediterranean, 1711-13. The quarantine -station was on another island. The picturesque -town of Mahon, built entirely of freestone, rose -up the side of a hill, with its great church and -monasteries showing above the roofs of the houses. -The streets were rocky and narrow, but the site -was fresh and healthy. Along the waterside -there was a long quay, one end being reserved -for the navy and naval stores, and the other for -trading vessels and merchandise.</p> - -<p>At the entrance of the harbour is the castle of -San Felipe, on a neck of land between Port Mahon -and St. Stephen’s Cove. The main fort consisted -of four bastions connected by curtains, with a -deep ditch hewn out of the solid rocks. Within -the area there were the Governor’s house, barracks, -guard-room, and chapel. In the centre -there was a pump to supply the troops with rain -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">265</span> -water from a large cistern. The whole rock is -undermined with subterranean passages and -chambers. A considerable suburb, including barracks -and officers’ quarters, rose up outside the -castle. The plain beyond is stony and barren, -but at the head of St. Stephen’s Cove there is a -<i>barranco</i> or ravine, bounded by rocks on either -side, where there are fruit trees and garden vegetables -of all kinds. These <i>barrancos</i> are the fertile -and fruit-yielding parts of the island. Originally -long creeks penetrating into the land from the sea, -they have been gradually filled with rich soil by -floods from the hills on the north side, until they -were raised above the sea level. There is no tide -to carry off the deposits brought down from the -hills. At the upper end of the harbour there is -another extensive <i>barranco</i>, known as the gardens -of San Juan, which was the principal source of -supply of vegetables for Mahon. A few miles -farther north is the <i>albufera</i>, or salt lake, separated -from the sea by a sand-spit, and abounding in -fish; and still farther to the north are the harbour -and beautiful valley of Adaia. Wild pigeons and -rabbits frequent the rocky cliffs and islands on -the coast.</p> - -<p>The interior of the island is barren and stony, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">266</span> -except for the <i>barrancos</i>. Alaior was a tolerably -well-built town on an eminence; but Mercadal -and Fererias are only wretched villages. The -north coast is deeply indented, and Port Fornelle -is a large harbour.</p> - -<p>Ciudadela, at the head of an inlet on the -western coast, was the capital in the time of the -Moors, and continued to be so during the Aragonese -and Austrian rule. It was then the place of -residence of the Governor, and was a flourishing -and well-built town. Vessels of small draft, -trading with Majorca and Barcelona, came up -the inlet and supplied the island with foreign -goods. The wall which encircled Ciudadela dates -from the time of the Moors, to which more modern -fortifications had been added. In the <i>plaza</i> was -the Government House and the <i>Lonja</i>, or exchange, -an ancient building raised on lofty Gothic arches. -Thence a passage led to a postern and, by a long -flight of stone steps, to the quay. The cathedral -is in the centre of the town, and the largest religious -edifice in the island, with a square tower and spire, -all of freestone. It probably dates from the -thirteenth century. Near the Mahon gate was a -large convent of Austin friars, where there used -to be public arguments on the philosophy of the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">267</span> -schools. There was an extensive Franciscan convent, -and a nunnery of Santa Clara. A fine -<i>barranco</i> to the north supplied Ciudadela with -fruit and vegetables.</p> - -<p>The people of the island were well housed in -solid stone buildings, the farmhouses being generally -of two storeys, with the granary under the -roof. The farmers have to contend against frequent -and violent gales, a very stony and shallow -soil, and scarcity of water. They are very -laborious, and work under a system of partnership. -There is an equal division of produce -between landlord and tenant, the landlord finding -buildings, implements, and cattle, the tenant seeds -and labour. Very few landlords cultivate their -own land.</p> - -<p>The government of the island was on the model -of that of Majorca, as established by En Jayme I. -The Courts of Justice were removed from Ciudadela -to Port Mahon by the English; otherwise no -change was made in the civil government, which -was left in the hands of the natives. The magistrates -were called Jurats, so many in each Termino; -and their duties were to impose taxes, see that -the markets were properly supplied, and lay the -hardships or grievances of the people before the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">268</span> -Governor. These Jurats were chosen from all -ranks. The Jurat-Major was a gentleman, his -colleagues being chosen from merchants, artisans, -and peasants—one from each class. They were -elected for a year. The Jurats of the island, -with the consent of the Governor, could call a -General Council of their body, consisting of twenty-four -members, which met at Ciudadela. Their -business was to settle the taxes and decide upon -the incidence of taxation, as well as to provide for -special contingencies and to represent grievances. -Besides the Jurats, there was a Bayle or Judge, -who held a court and decided cases, there being -an appeal to the supreme court at Port Mahon. -The ecclesiastical court was held by the Vicar-General -at Ciudadela. There were five parishes, -and the Curas received tithes, the other clergy -being supported by Masses, fees, and collections. -In 1713 there were on the island 75 secular clergy, -140 friars, and 85 nuns—in all 300; a tolerably -large proportion for a population of 27,000.</p> - -<p>Under British rule there was an end to the -oppression and peculation of Governors sent to -the island to mend their broken fortunes; justice -was properly administered, and trade flourished. -The condition of the people visibly improved -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">269</span> -during Sir Robert Walpole’s long peace. The -island depended on foreign trade for a third of the -corn that was required, and all the oil and spirits, -besides other things. It was the English money circulated -by the troops that preserved the islanders -from bankruptcy, and indeed enabled them to live -in prosperity as compared with their former lot.</p> - -<p>The English garrison used to consist of five -infantry regiments and a company of artillery, in -all 2,400 effective men. They were quartered at -San Felipe, Alaior, with a detachment at Fornelle, -and Ciudadela, the favourite quarters. The successive -Governors took an almost fatherly interest -in the island, and British rule continued to be very -popular.</p> - -<p>One of the best Governors was Brigadier Kane, -who was many years ruling in Minorca, and who -died there. Soon after his arrival there was a -great scarcity of fresh provisions: the numbers of -sheep and bullocks had dwindled almost to nothing, -and chickens had also become scarce. Kane set -to work to remedy the evil with great energy. -He procured and imported herds of cattle and -flocks of sheep. He also got large supplies of -poultry from France, Italy, and the Barbary coast, -distributing them among the farmers and peasants; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">270</span> -and he encouraged the people to set to work improving -their breeds. Kane also made an excellent -road for the whole length of the island, from -Ciudadela to Port Mahon.</p> - -<p>The British occupation was not wholly without -permanent record, both as regards general history -and some scientific results. Mr. John Armstrong, -the Government Engineer, described the island, -its physical aspects, antiquities, people, and institutions -in a series of letters which were published -as ‘The History of the Island of Minorca’ -in 1752. Dr. George Cleghorn resided for many -years on the island as Surgeon-Major to the garrison. -In 1751 he published his ‘Observations on the -Epidemical Diseases in Minorca,’ a work which -contains a list of 180 species of plants of the -island, with Latin, English, and Minorcan names.<a id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">36</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">271</span></p> - -<p>The first period of British rule lasted for nearly -half a century, from 1708 to 1757, when there was -a catastrophe. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">272</span></p> - -<h2 id="II_CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI<br /> - -<span class="medium table">Minorca twice lost</span></h2> - -<p>The Seven Years’ War commenced in March -1756, and the first enterprise of the French was -designed against Minorca. The preparations at -Toulon were, however, concealed from a dull and -apathetic English Ministry by pretended activity -in the ports of the Channel, to instil a belief that -an invasion of England was intended. Newcastle -was Prime Minister, Anson at the Admiralty, and -Henry Fox Secretary of State. Pitt did not take -office until the following year. The English -Ministers were completely duped. Meanwhile the -French had got ready thirteen sail of the line and -fifteen thousand troops; and at last, when the -danger of losing Minorca became apparent, hurry -and confusion took the place of sloth and apathy.</p> - -<p>Even then only ten ships were ordered to the -Mediterranean, incompletely manned and without -hospital or fire ships. The command was given -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">273</span> -to Admiral John Byng, fourth son of Lord -Torrington, who had served under his father on -board the <i>Superbe</i> at the defeat of the Spanish -fleet off Cape Passaro. Byng sailed from Spithead -on April 7, 1756, arriving at Gibraltar on May 2. -Here he found the <i>Louisa</i>, Captain Edgcombe, who -reported that he had been driven from Minorca -by a French fleet of thirteen sail of the line, commanded -by Admiral Galissonière, who had landed -the Duc de Richelieu on the island with fifteen -thousand men. Byng demanded a battalion of -infantry from General Fowke, the Governor of -Gibraltar, to reinforce the Minorca garrison. After -consulting a council of war, this demand was -refused by the Governor. There was one regiment, -commanded by Lord Robert Bertie, in the -fleet, and about thirty officers who had been on -leave, including General Stuart, Lord Effingham, -and Colonel Cornwallis, coming out to rejoin their -regiments at Minorca.</p> - -<p>While Byng was on his way, General Blakeney, -the Governor of the island, was besieged by the -Due de Richelieu in the castle of San Felipe. -Byng sailed on May 8, and was off Majorca on -the 10th, where he was joined by the <i>Phœnix</i> -(Captain Hervey), who confirmed the news brought -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">274</span> -by Captain Edgcomb to Gibraltar. Byng’s fleet -consisted of the—</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td><i>Ramillies</i> (90)</td> - <td><i>Kingston</i> (60)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>Culloden</i> (74)</td> - <td><i>Defiance</i> (60)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>Buckingham</i> (68)</td> - <td><i>Louisa</i> (56)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>Lancaster</i> (66)</td> - <td><i>Portland</i> (48)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>Trident</i> (64)</td> - <td><i>Deptford</i> (48)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>Intrepid</i> (64)</td> - <td><i>Chesterfield</i> (40)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>Captain</i> (64)</td> - <td><i>Phœnix</i> (22)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>Revenge</i> (64)</td> - <td><i>Dolphin</i> (22)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>Experiment</i> (22)</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>On the 19th the British fleet was off Port Mahon. -Byng saw the Union Jack still flying on the castle -of San Felipe, but several French batteries were -bombarding the walls. His orders were to save -Minorca at all hazards. These orders were positive -and explicit, and it was his duty to carry them -out at whatever sacrifice. The sight of General -Blakeney still holding out and hoping for relief -would have aroused the ardour of most men. The -French fleet came in sight, and Byng stood towards -it, making the signal for line of battle ahead -at 2 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span> The French, being about two leagues -distant, tacked to gain the weather-gage, and -Byng did the same. Next morning was the 20th. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">275</span> -It was hazy in the forenoon, but at noon it cleared, -and Byng made a signal to bear away two points -from the wind and engage the enemy.</p> - -<p>Rear-Admiral West, with his division, bore -away seven points, and attacked the French fleet -with such impetuosity that several of their ships -were put out of action. The French centre kept -its position, and Byng did not advance. This -prevented West from following up his advantage. -If the Commander-in-Chief had shown equal zeal, -the French fleet would have been defeated and -Minorca saved. As it was, by holding back he -gave Admiral Galissonière time to retreat out of -danger. The wind enabled Byng to fight if he -would, when a complete victory would have been -the result. But he would not.</p> - -<p>On the absurd plea that Gibraltar might be -in danger, Admiral Byng returned to that fortress, -and Galissonière took up his former station off -the entrance to Port Mahon. Blakeney and his -gallant companions were abandoned to their fate. -Nevertheless, they held out until June 28, after a -brave defence of ten weeks, when the Governor -surrendered to the Duc de Richelieu on very -honourable terms.</p> - -<p>Admiral Byng arrived at Gibraltar on June 19, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">276</span> -where he found Commodore Broderick with a -reinforcement of five ships of the line. The -Commander-in-Chief therefore resolved to return -to Minorca, and was making preparations for a -second attempt. In the midst of this tardy -activity the <i>Antelope</i> frigate arrived with Admirals -Hawke and Saunders and Lord Tyrawly on board. -Their orders were to supersede Admirals Byng -and West and Governor Fowke, and to send them -home under arrest. Sir Edward Hawke at once -sailed for Minorca, but found the French flag -flying over the castle of San Felipe. Admiral -Galissonière had retired to Toulon, and there was -nothing left to be done.</p> - -<p>The people of England were furious at the -loss of Minorca, venting all their rage on the -unfortunate Admiral and none on the incapable -Ministry which had shown apathy and want of -foresight and capacity, and had neglected measures -which, if taken in time, would have made Port -Mahon safe from attack.</p> - -<p>The prisoners arrived at Portsmouth in July. -Admiral West was graciously received by the -King and made a Lord of the Admiralty. General -Fowke was dismissed the service. Byng was -taken to Greenwich, where he remained a close -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">277</span> -prisoner until December. He was then brought -back to Portsmouth, to be tried by court-martial. -The Court sat for a month. Admiral West -deposed that there was no reason why the rest -of the fleet should not have engaged the enemy -as closely as he did; also that there was no -signal for giving chase when the enemy retreated. -General Blakeney said that boats might have -passed between the garrison and the fleet, and -that if the troops ordered for his relief had -been landed he could have held out until the -arrival of Sir Edward Hawke. Captain Gardiner, -of the flagship, deposed that he advised the -Admiral to bear down on the enemy, but without -effect, and that the Admiral took command of -the <i>Ramillies</i> entirely upon himself on the day -of the action. The court found that he had not -done his utmost to destroy the ships of the enemy -that it was his duty to engage, but that this did -not proceed from want of courage or disaffection.</p> - -<p>Lord Anson, the First Lord of the Admiralty, -resigned, and was succeeded by Lord Temple, -who had to discuss the sentence with George II. -He drew a parallel between Byng’s conduct at -Minorca and George’s own conduct at Oudenarde -in 1708; leaving the King to draw the necessary -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">278</span> -inference that if Byng deserved to be shot, George -deserved to be hanged. The King said afterwards: -‘Temple is so disagreeable a fellow that -there is no bearing him.’</p> - -<p>Admiral West, when he found that it was in -tended to shoot Byng, resigned his seat at the -Admiralty. His evidence against Byng had been -damning, but he would not be a party to his -execution. Nor would he serve afloat under such -a Ministry, saying that ‘he was determined to -forego anything rather than serve on terms which -subject an officer to the treatment shown Admiral -Byng. He was not convicted of cowardice nor -of disaffection, but of misconduct, an offence -never till now thought capital.’ Admiral West -was of opinion that the word ‘negligence’ in the -Article of War was only intended to refer to one -of those two crimes, cowardice or disaffection—‘that -is, <i>negligence proceeding from cowardice or -disaffection</i>.’ He said that was the opinion of the -House of Commons when the Bill was before them. -Admiral Forbes, another Lord of the Admiralty, -who held similar views, resigned at the same -time.</p> - -<p>Admiral Byng certainly deserved to be dismissed -from the service; but his execution was -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">279</span> -a political murder. He was shot on March 14, -1758, after eight months of close arrest. He had -forty years of naval service. George II. would -show no mercy, and there was a malignant -political clique whose neglect of duty would be -lost sight of through this persecution of a scape-goat -even unto death. The mistaken resentment -of a deluded populace was stimulated to the -utmost. The loss of Minorca was due quite as -much to the neglect of Ministers in not taking -earlier steps for its defence as to the misconduct -of Admiral Byng.</p> - -<p>At the peace in 1763 Minorca was restored to -England, and enjoyed another nineteen years of -good government and prosperity, making altogether -sixty-seven years.</p> - -<p>But when the American colonies broke out in -rebellion and the chief Powers of Europe seized -the opportunity to attack our country in its great -difficulty—first France, then Spain, then Holland, -England’s enemies, thought their opportunity -had come. They were mistaken, for England is -never greater than when surrounded by enemies. -She gave France her answer off Martinique; -France and Spain together in Gibraltar Bay. -But she could not be everywhere, and poor little -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">280</span> -Minorca was lost. While England was dealing -back such telling blows elsewhere, the French and -Spaniards landed, and laid siege to the castle of -San Felipe. Their leader, De Crillon, pushed on -the attack, but the English Governor, General -Murray, made a most gallant defence. It was -in 1782. Murray did not surrender until his -garrison was reduced to six hundred men, while -the besiegers had twelve thousand. It was -typical of the whole war—England standing -proudly at bay and dealing out far more than -she got, with rebels, French, Spaniards, Dutch, all -yelping round her. Peace was signed in 1783, but -Minorca was lost.</p> - -<p>Don Luis Berton de los Balbs, Duke of Crillon, -Marquis of Valleron, and Count of St. Pol, was -made a Grandee of Spain and Duke of Mahon in -1790 for subduing six hundred English soldiers -by starvation with an army of twelve thousand -men. He died in 1796. The second Duke of -Mahon was Viceroy of Navarre for Joseph -Bonaparte, and a traitor to his country. His -niece Victoriana, Duchess of Mahon, succeeded -to all the titles, and was living in 1870.</p> - -<p>Thus was Minorca twice lost, after most gallant -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">281</span> -defences against tremendous odds by Generals -Blakeney and Murray. The little island was -destined once more to become a British possession -for a few years, and then to be separated from her -truest and best friends for ever. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">282</span></p> - -<h2 id="II_CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII<br /> - -<span class="medium table">The third occupation of Minorca—Loss of British rule</span></h2> - -<p>When the War of the French Revolution broke -out England had no base within the Mediterranean. -The necessity for such a base was very much -increased when Napoleon got possession of Malta. -Lord St. Vincent had taken the command of -the Mediterranean station in December 1795; on -February 14, 1797, he fought the great battle -which gave him his title, and afterwards kept up -the blockade of Cadiz. He knew that Napoleon -was meditating the Egyptian expedition, and -detached Nelson with thirteen sail of the line -to watch and, if possible, to intercept the enemy. -At the same time he sent home an urgent appeal -for reinforcements, and Sir Roger Curtis was -sent to him with eight sail of the line.</p> - -<p>Lord St. Vincent came to the conclusion that -the possession of a base within the Mediterranean -for the English fleet was of such importance that -it was necessary to occupy Minorca once more. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">283</span> -He was not a man to let the grass grow under his -feet. He had no sooner come to this conclusion -than he proceeded to act upon it. He organised -a squadron of six ships, to be led by Commodore -Duckworth:</p> - -<p class="table"> -<i>Leviathan</i> (74), Commodore Duckworth.<br /> -<i>Centaur</i> (74), Captain John Markham.<br /> -<i>Argo</i> (44), Captain J. Bowen.<br /> -<i>Aurora</i> (28), Captain Caulfield.<br /> -<i>Cormorant</i> (20), Captain Lord Mark Kerr.<br /> -<i>Peterel</i> (16), Captain Charles Long.<br /> -</p> - -<p>The squadron convoyed several transports with -troops under the command of General the Hon. -Charles Stuart, a younger son of the Earl of Bute, -the Prime Minister. After a tedious passage, -owing to contrary winds, the squadron brought to -within five miles of the port of Fornelle, on the -north coast of Minorca, on November 7, 1798. -Fornelle is a very large and spacious harbour, -but it contains many shoals and much foul ground. -On the west side of the entrance there is an old -fort, consisting of four bastions connected by -curtains. On the other side there is an <i>atalaya</i> -or signal station. After a reconnaissance, it was -decided that Fornelle was not a desirable place -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">284</span> -for landing the troops. It was decided to send -the smaller ships and transports to Addaya Creek, -while the two line-of-battle ships stood off and on -outside.</p> - -<p>Addaya forms a large harbour on the north-east -coast of the island, with a valley surrounded -by lofty bare hills, which shelter it from the bleak -north-westerly winds. The valley produces every -kind of vegetable in abundance, while the vineyards -and fruit gardens yield grapes, oranges, and -pomegranates in profusion. One of the very few -springs in the island sends down a stream, whence -irrigating channels were conducted to every part -of the valley. This is one of the most delightful -spots in Minorca; but the harbour is full of rocks, -and is only safe for small vessels.</p> - -<p>Here General Stuart landed his troops and -immediately occupied the surrounding heights, -the Spaniards retreating to Ciudadela and Port -Mahon. There was no fighting, and the whole -island surrendered to General Stuart, including the -castle of San Felipe, on November 15.</p> - -<p>The Commodore, hearing a report of strange -sail being in sight, proceeded to Ciudadela with -the <i>Leviathan</i> and <i>Centaur</i>, and at daybreak on -the 13th five sail were reported from the <i>Centaur’s</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">285</span> -masthead. An exciting chase was at once commenced. -The strangers were large Spanish -frigates, and they hauled their winds for Majorca. -The <i>Leviathan</i> returned to Ciudadela that evening. -Captain Markham of the <i>Centaur</i> set every stitch -of canvas and continued the chase until the 14th, -but he was completely outsailed by the Spaniards. -He returned to Port Mahon on the day of the -surrender, writing home that ‘the whole island is -now in our possession, without loss of any kind.’ -He received 884<i>l.</i> 6<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i> as his share of the capture -of Minorca.</p> - -<p>The possession of Port Mahon, in a war with -France and Spain combined, provided a base for the -fleet whence the Spanish coast could be harassed -and the approaches to Toulon watched and hindered.</p> - -<p>The <i>Centaur</i> (Captain Markham) and <i>Cormorant</i> -(Captain Lord Mark Kerr) cruised along the -coast of Catalonia, doing some damage to the -enemy in February 1799. The ports of Cambrils -and Salou, memorable as the places of embarkation -of En Jayme I. and his successors, received -unpleasant visits: the guns on the fort at Cambrils -were dismounted, and a large Spanish frigate was -driven on shore and became a wreck. The <i>Centaur</i> -and <i>Cormorant</i> passed April at Port Mahon, and in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">286</span> -May Lord Mark Kerr received orders to take home -General Stuart and his staff.</p> - -<p>In the end of the year Lord Keith had arrived -with eleven ships of the line, as second in command -to Lord St. Vincent, and continued the blockade -of Cadiz. The Commander-in-Chief, owing to ill-health, -was living on shore at Gibraltar. Suddenly -the news arrived that Lord Bridport had allowed -the French fleet of twenty-five sail of the line, -commanded by Admiral Bruix, to give him the -slip from Brest. On May 4 the French fleet -came in sight of Lord Keith, who formed in line -and offered battle. But a gale of wind was blowing, -and Bruix bore up for the Mediterranean. -Keith came to Gibraltar to report the great event -to Lord St. Vincent, and the old veteran at once -hoisted his flag on board the <i>Ville de Paris</i> and -took command, ill as he was. Taking Lord Keith -under his orders, he proceeded with the fleet to -Port Mahon, the object being to engage the enemy -and prevent him from getting into Toulon.</p> - -<p>At midnight on May 21 Lord St. Vincent made -sail towards Toulon; but on June 2 he became so -ill that he was obliged to return to Port Mahon, -and on the 18th he resigned the command to Lord -Keith and went home. On July 3 the fleet came -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">287</span> -in sight of Toulon, the <i>Centaur</i> (Captain Markham) -being ahead. Owing to some news he received, -Lord Keith then crowded all sail for the Bay of -Rosas, in hopes of intercepting the French fleet. -But there was disappointment, and once more he -shaped a course for Toulon. The <i>Centaur</i> was -always the advanced ship, well ahead, the frigate -<i>Bellona</i> being five miles astern, and the rest of -the fleet out of sight. At 9 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span> on June 18 -five strange sail were reported from the masthead. -A very exciting chase immediately began at a -distance of about sixty miles from Cape Sicie -on the French coast. The strangers proved to -be three French frigates and two brigs. After -nine hours the <i>Centaur</i> came up with the sternmost -frigate, and fired into her. She struck, -and Captain Markham made a signal to the -<i>Bellona</i> to take possession. Again making all -sail, he came up first with the second and then -with the third frigate, which both struck, as well -as the brigs. The prizes were brought to Port -Mahon, and all were taken into the British Navy.</p> - -<p>Lord Keith cruised off Toulon for some days -and then went to Genoa; but still there were -no authentic tidings of the French fleet. Once -more he stood towards Minorca, and received a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">288</span> -reinforcement of twelve sail of the line under -Admiral Collingwood. But on June 24 the French -fleet left the Mediterranean, and on July 12 it was -at Cadiz. Lord Keith determined to try for news -at Gibraltar, arriving on the 14th, only to receive -the maddening intelligence that the enemy was -just two days ahead of him. Then began a -desperate chase; for if the French fleet could be -forced to give battle, it would be the most -momentous event in the war. On the 30th Lord -Keith left Gibraltar with thirty-one sail of the -line. He was just too late. The <i>Centaur</i> looked -into Brest and saw forty sail of the line safely -anchored there, being the French fleet under -Admiral Bruix and the Spanish fleet under Admiral -Mazaredo. They had got in only six hours before, -and Keith was gaining on them fast. Lord Keith, -stung with anguish at the disappointment, sadly -returned to Port Mahon.</p> - -<p>Minorca continued to be a very important -base for the operations of the British fleet, whence -Lord Keith obtained his memorable successes on -the coast of Egypt. But when the Peace of -Amiens was signed on March 26, 1802, Minorca -was ceded to Spain. The long connection of the -little island with England was thus severed for -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">289</span> -ever, and to the Minorcans was only left a tradition -and a memory of happier and more prosperous -times.</p> - -<p>Such prosperity as Minorca has since enjoyed -has been due to her excellent harbour, the fame of -which as a safe place of refuge gave rise to Andrea -Doria’s well-known proverb:</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Los puertos del Mediterraneo son.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Junio, Julio, Agosto y Puerto Mahon.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>So long as sailing ships were the means of locomotion -at sea, crowds of merchant vessels frequented -the port. It was also visited by the -British fleet in the Mediterranean, which always -received a cordial welcome in memory of the good -old times. The Spanish Government undertook -stupendous works of fortification at Cape Mola, -on the eastern side of the entrance of Port Mahon. -The introduction of steam reduced the importance -of the harbour, which became less and less frequented. -The garrison was withdrawn and the -works at Cape Mola were abandoned, all sources -of wealth to the islanders. Minorca has indeed -fallen from its high estate. There is stagnation -and poverty. A former Consul,<a id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">37</a> in lamenting -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">290</span> -this decadence, truly said that ‘those who do -visit Minorca will find a bright little town and -friendly inhabitants, some of whom yet express in -broken English their love for England, while they -speak joyously and feelingly of the good and -flourishing times when Minorca was under British -rule.’</p> - -<div id="MINORCA" class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/map_fp290.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">MINORCA</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">291</span></p> - -<h2 id="INDEX">INDEX</h2> - -<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Abdalla, son of Musa, conquered the Balearic Isles, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Abu Yahye, Amír of Majorca, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Acart de Mur, master of the camp in the Minorca conquest, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aci Reale, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Adaia valley in Minorca, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Adrianople, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Agnani, Treaty of, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alagon, Blasco de, Federigo’s general, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alaro, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alayor in Minorca, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albareda, Señor, Grand Hotel, Palma, and hotel at Porto Pi, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alberoni, Cardinal, his violence, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albufera in Minorca, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alcudia, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Charles V. landed at, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Majorcan nobles escape to, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Pedro Paz in command at, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">siege, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">relieved, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">honoured, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aldonza, queen of Portugal, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alemany, Geronimo, historian of Majorca, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alençon, Count of, slain, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aleppo pines, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alfavia, country seat of Benahabet, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">inherited by the Santa Cilia family, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">passed to the Bergas and Zafortezas, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">position and description, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">the memorial chair at, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alfonso I., El Batallador, took Zaragoza, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alfonso II., <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alfonso III., <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">occupation of Majorca, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">accession, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">to marry daughter of Edward I. of England, death, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">invaded Minorca, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">victory over Moors, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ordered Port Mahon to be built <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alfonso IV., <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alfonso V., conquered Naples, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">duel before, at Naples, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alfonso of Naples, grandson of Alfonso V., <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alfonso, Duke of Gandia, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alfonso X. of Castille:</li> -<li class="isub1">married Violante of Aragon, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Murcia conquered for, by Jayme I., <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Fernando, his eldest son, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Algiers, expedition of Charles V., <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ali al Muhtadi, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Almanza, battle of, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Almeria, siege of, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Almogavares, light infantry, account of, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Almojarife, title of the Moorish chief of Minorca, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a> (<i>n</i>);</li> -<li class="isub1">sent to Barbary for help, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">defeated, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">surrender, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Almonds in Majorca, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">extent of cultivation, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Almudaina of Palma, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Jayme I. at, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">restored as a palace, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Jayme IV. born at, <a href="#Page_144">144</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">292</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Alonsiada, written by Ramis, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ampudia, Count of, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ampurdan, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ampurias, Ponce Hugo, Count of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">advanced with his men, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">conducted mining operations at the siege of Palma, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">one of the great feudatory families of Majorca, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Andraix attacked by the Moors, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Andrew, King of Hungary, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Andria, Count of, married to an heiress of the Morea, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Isabel of, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Andronicus, Emperor of the East, welcomed the Catalan Company, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Angelats, Miguel, defended Soller against the pirates, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Anglesola, serving in the Minorca conquest, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Anjou. <i>See</i> Charles of.</li> - -<li class="indx">Anson, Lord, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Antelope</i>, H.M.S., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Antequera. <i>See</i> Fernando of.</li> - -<li class="indx">Apricots in Majorca, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Apulia, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aracuri, Garcia Garces de, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aragon, ancestry of nobles, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">kingdom, first king, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">marriage of the heiress, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">arms of, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">constitution, titles, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ancient families <a href="#Page_4">4</a> (<i>n</i>);</li> -<li class="isub1">division by Jayme I., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">interdict, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">kings compared with Plantagenets, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">question of succession, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Alfonso, Jayme, Juan, Martin Fernando, Pedro, Fueros.</li> - -<li class="indx">Archduke Luis Salvator at Miramar, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his work on the Balearic Isles, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Argo</i>, H.M.S., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ariañy. <i>See</i> Cotoner.</li> - -<li class="indx">Armstrong, J., ‘History of Minorca,’ <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arquimbau, Governor of Ciudadela when besieged by the Turks, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arta, cave of, attacked, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ash-shakandi, Moorish chronicler, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Asturias, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Romana in, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Jovellanos born in, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Asturias, Principe de</i>, flagship of Chacon off Cape Passaro, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Atalayas, or look-out towers, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ataranza at Palma, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Athens, Duke of, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">dukedom, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Augusta, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Aurora</i>, H.M.S., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aversa, Castle of, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Avignon, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ayamans. <i>See</i> Togores.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ayerba, Blasco Jimenes de, arranged for the deportation of Moors of Minorca, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aygua Freda, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Badajos, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Balearic Isles overrun by the Moors, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Archduke Luis Salvator’s monograph, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Bidwell’s work on, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a> (<i>n</i>);</li> -<li class="isub1">Phœnicians and Carthaginians, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Roman occupation, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Bishop of, at a Council of Toledo, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Majorca, Minorca.</li> - -<li class="indx">Barbarossa, pirate, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barbary, Pedro III. on coast of, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">pirates, precautions against, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">incursions in Majorca, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">help to Moors in Minorca, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">attacks on Minorca, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barcelo y Combis, work on Balearic flora, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a> (<i>n</i>)</li> - -<li class="indx">Barcelona, conquered by Louis, son of Charlemagne, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">marriage of Count with heiress of Aragon, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">attack by the Moors, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Counts of, their coat of arms, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">laws, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">palace of Counts, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">dockyard, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Queen Constance sailed from, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Charles of Anjou in prison at, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Jayme II. landed at, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">293</span></li> -<li class="isub1">sons of King of Majorca in prison at, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">rescue of Majorcan princes, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Jayme IV. in prison at, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">measures against Barbary pirates, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of the Prince of Viana at, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sailors of, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">fall of, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">for the Archduke Charles, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barcelona, Bishop of:</li> -<li class="isub1">the Moorish chief placed the Balearic Isles under his jurisdiction, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">joins in the invasion of Majorca, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Mass before the battle, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">announced heavy losses, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">with Jayme I. at the caves, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">one of the great Minorca feudatories, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barrancas in Minorca, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Basque provinces, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bearne, Viscount de. <i>See</i> Moncada.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Bellona</i>, H.M.S., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bellpuig. <i>See</i> Dameto.</li> - -<li class="indx">Belver Castle, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Jayme II. imprisoned at, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Juan I. at, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">besieged and taken by Comuneros, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Order of Juan II., <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Jovellanos imprisoned in, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">work of Jovellanos on, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">declared a Patrimonio Real, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Benahabet, Moorish chief of Majorca, went over to King Jayme I., <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his heiress married Santa Cilia, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">arms of Leonor Ben-nassar his daughter, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Alfavia</li> - -<li class="indx">Bendinat, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; castle, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beni Umiyyah dynasty, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Berga, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Berga, noble family of Majorca, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">inherited Alfavia, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">arms, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bertie, Lord Robert, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Berwick, Duke of, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bidwell’s ‘Balearic Islands,’ <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a> (<i>n</i>)</li> - -<li class="indx">Bilithon. <i>See</i> Prehistoric Remains.</li> - -<li class="indx">Binisalem, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blakeney, General, gallant defence of Minorca, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">surrender, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">evidence on Byng’s court martial, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blanche of Anjou to marry Jayme II. of Aragon, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bofarull, Antonio de, edition of Muntaner, <a href="#Page_55">55</a> (<i>n</i>)</li> - -<li class="indx">Bona sent help to the Minorca Moors, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bonet, Nicolas, his ship to lead the fleet of Jayme I., <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Boniface VIII., Pope, gained over King Jayme II. of Aragon, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">negotiated the treaty of Agnani, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ceded Corsica and Sardinia to Aragon, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bordeaux, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bosch, family of, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bosch y Cerda, Don Bartolomé, British consul, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Botany of Majorca, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Minorca, <a href="#Page_270">270</a> (<i>n</i>)</li> - -<li class="indx">Bover, his account of the coinage of Majorca, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">edited the Majorca historians, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his ‘Nobiliario,’ <a href="#Page_193">193</a> (<i>n</i>)</li> - -<li class="indx">Bowen, Captain, H.M.S. <i>Argo</i>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Breda</i>, H.M.S., in battle of Cape Passaro, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brienne, Comte de, Duke of Athens, slain, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Broderick, Commodore, arrived at Gibraltar, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Buckingham</i>, H.M.S., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Buesca, first capital of Aragon, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bugia, Lulio martyred at, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Burgos, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Burgues, noble family of Majorca, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">arms, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">title given, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Burgundy, Duke of, founded a principality in the Morea, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Butler, Captain H.M.S. <i>Dunkirk</i>, sent to capture Fornells, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Byng, Admiral Sir George, sent to the Mediterranean to hinder Spanish designs on Sicily, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Port Mahon and Naples, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">chased the Spanish fleet, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">victory off Cape Passaro, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">visited Count Mercy, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Genoa, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">success of all his measures, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">created Viscount Torrington, <a href="#Page_262">262</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">294</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Byng, Admiral John, sent to relieve Minorca, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">with his father off Cape Passaro, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Gibraltar, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">off Minorca, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his fleet, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">evaded an action, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his court martial, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">executed, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Cabrera, Isle, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Calabria, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Calatabellota, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Calatayud, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cambrils, Jayme’s fleet assembled at, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cammock, Irish renegade, Spanish rear-admiral, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Camprodon, François, architect of the Almudaina at Palma, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Canet, fight for the water-supply, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">country house of the Torrellas, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">fayence factory at, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">noble family of Majorca, viscounts, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cannæ, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Canterbury</i>, H.M.S., <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Captain</i>, H.M.S., in Sir G. Byng’s action, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Byng’s fleet off Minorca, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carbonell, his story not to be believed, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carcassonne, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carlists imprisoned at Belver, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carlos (<i>see</i> Viana, Prince of; <i>see</i> Charles), <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caro, noble family of Majorca, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Romana.</li> - -<li class="indx">Carob-trees, area covered by, in Majorca, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carroz, Don Francisco, in command of the expedition to restore order in Majorca, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carroz, a German knight, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cartailhac, M., on prehistoric remains in Minorca, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carthaginians in Minorca (<i>see</i> Mago), <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">founded Port Mahon, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cartuja at Valdemosa, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Castro Giovanni, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Catalan language, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">King Jayme’s Journal written in, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Chronicle of Muntaner, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">dialect in Majorca, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Catalans army, conquest of Majorca by, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">naval power, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">victory, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">crossbowmen, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">naval victories, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Company in the east (<i>see</i> Company);</li> -<li class="isub1">as navigators, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Portolani, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">abandoned by Treaty of Utrecht, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">grief of the Archduke Charles at their treatment, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Catalonia, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">French invasion, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Catania, granted to Prince Fernando, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of Isabel of Andria at, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Catona, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caulfield, Captain H.M.S. <i>Aurora</i>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caves, description of the Cueva del Drachs, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Cueva de Arta, fugitives in, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Minorca, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cefalu, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Centaur</i>, H.M.S., Captain Markham, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">chases Spanish frigates, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">on coast of Catalonia, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">capture of French frigates, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">off Brest, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Centelles, Gilabert de, Governor of Majorca for Pedro IV., <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Centurion</i>, H.M.S., off Minorca, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sent to Fornells, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cerdaña, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Jayme I. succeeded to, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">King Sancho of Majorca died in, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Jayme IV. of Majorca died in, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cette, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ceuta, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chair of Alfavia, memorial to Jayme IV. and Isabel, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">description, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Champans, Bernardo de. <i>See</i> Templars</li> - -<li class="indx">Charles of Anjou:</li> -<li class="isub1">carried out the Pope’s designs against Sicily, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">conquered Naples and Sicily, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">cruelty to Manfred’s family, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">driven out of Sicily by the King of Aragon, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">challenged Pedro of Aragon, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his appeal to the Pope against Aragon, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">295</span></li> -<li class="isub1">dispossessed of Malta, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">came to Bordeaux, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">discomfited, returned to Toulouse, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Sicily delivered from, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">intriguing at Rome, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Charles II. of Anjou taken prisoner, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">forced to liberate King Manfred’s daughter, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his life saved by Prince Jayme, in prison at Barcelona, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">released, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">treaty with Federigo, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Charles II. of Spain, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Charles III. of Spain, his monument to Jayme II., <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Charles IV. of Spain, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Charles V., expedition to Algiers, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">landed at Alcudia, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Palma, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">steps to restore order in Majorca, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Charles of Valois, the Pope’s ‘King of Aragon,’ <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">mocked by his elder brother, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sent against Sicily, failure, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Chesterfield</i>, H.M.S., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chopin, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cienfuegos, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ciudadela, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">besieged by the Turks, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">defences repaired, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">under British rule, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clarenza, taken by Prince Fernando of Majorca, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Jayme III. of Majorca, Lord of, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cleghorn, Dr., on the botany of Minorca, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coinage of Majorca, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of King Sancho, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Columbus centenary, copy of Valseca Portolano for, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Company of Catalans under Roger de Flor, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">massacre by Greeks, repulse Greeks at Gallipoli, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Prince Fernando arrived to take command, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">abandon Gallipoli, march on Salonica, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">take service under the Duke of Athens, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">kill the Duke of Athens and his nobles, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Compasses, early use of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Comuneros of Majorca, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">atrocities, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">besiege Alcudia, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">defence of Pollenza, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">vengeance on, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Comunidades in Spain, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Majorca, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Conflent, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Jayme II. to succeed to, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Conradin, beheaded by Charles of Anjou, appeals to the King of Aragon to avenge his death, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Constance, daughter of Manfred of Sicily, wife of Pedro III. of Aragon, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">rightful Queen of Sicily, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">went to Sicily with two sons, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">arrival at Palermo, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Sicilian Parliament swore allegiance to, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Messina, meeting with her sister, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">children, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Constance of Aragon married to the Infante Juan Manuel, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Constance of Aragon, wife of Jayme III. of Majorca, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Constantia sent help to Minorca, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Constantinople, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Cormorant</i>, H.M.S., <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cornel, En Pedro, General of the army of Alfonso III. against Minorca, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cornut, E. Pedro, Admiral of the Provençal fleet, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cornwallis, Colonel, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Corsica ceded to Aragon by the Pope, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coruña, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cotoner, noble family of Aragon:</li> -<li class="isub1">Marquis of Ariañy, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Nicolas, at reception of Charles V., <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">some murdered by Comuneros, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">title given, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Grand Masters of Malta, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">general, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cotonera at Malta, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crespi, Juan, leader of Comuneros at Palma, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Creus, Cape of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cristopol, <a href="#Page_122">122</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">296</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Crossbowmen. <i>See</i> Catalans.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cruilles, Gilbert de, envoy of Aragon at Bordeaux, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">met King Pedro, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">came with the attested copy of the notary’s statement, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cullera, Catalan dockyard at, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Culloden</i>, H.M.S., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cyprus, King of: niece married to Prince Fernando, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cyzicus, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Dameto, noble family of Majorca, Marquis of Bellpuig, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Albertin, served against the Comuneros, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Don Juan, historian of Majorca, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Daun, Count, Viceroy of Naples, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">De Crillon, Duke of Mahon, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Defiance</i>, H.M.S., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Denia, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Denmark, Spanish troops in, and escape from, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Deptford</i>, H.M.S., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Desbrull. <i>See</i> Sureda.</li> - -<li class="indx">Desclot, on Jayme I., <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dragonera Island, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dragut, Barbary pirate, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duckworth, Commodore, sent to re-take Minorca, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">list of ships of his squadron, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Dunkirk</i>, H.M.S., off Minorca, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sent to Fornells, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Edgcombe, Captain H.M.S. <i>Louisa</i>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Edward I. of England:</li> -<li class="isub1">connection with Aragon, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">refused to join with the Pope against King Manfred of Sicily, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">umpire between Pedro III. and Charles of Anjou, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">does not come to Bordeaux owing to French treachery, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">intervention to restore peace, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his daughter Eleanor to marry Alfonso III. of Aragon, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Edward the Black Prince joined by Jayme IV. of Majorca, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Effingham, Lord, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Eleanor, Princess of England, to marry Alfonso III. of Aragon, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Enriquez de Guzman, Don Alonso:</li> -<li class="isub1">in command at Palma, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his account of the surrender of the Comuneros, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Entenzas, supporters of Federigo of Sicily, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Gambon de, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Berenguer de, a leader of the Catalan Company, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">disputes with Rocafort, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">murder, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">knights of the family in the Minorca conquest, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Esclaramunda de Foix, Queen of Majorca, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">children, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">received the orphan of her son Fernando at Perpignan, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Espero, battle of, near Patras, Prince Fernando slain, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Esporla, La Granja de, country seat of the Fortuñy family, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">factories at, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Estremadura, Romana in command in, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Fabon, Miguel, preacher at the siege of Palma, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fadrique, Count of Luna, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fairborn, Captain H.M.S. <i>Centurion</i>, took Fornells, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Falcons, King Sancho’s breed, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fatih Billah, Moorish chief: attempt to cut off the water, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Federigo of Naples, grandson of Alfonso V., <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Federigo of Sicily: Catalonia nobles rally round him, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">defeated the Prince of Tarentum, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">acknowledged as King of Sicily, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">helped the Catalan Company, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">friendship for Fernando of Majorca, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sent presents to Fernando’s orphan, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">supplied Alfonso III. with galleys, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Felanitx founded, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Felipe, younger son of Charles of Anjou, married the heiress of the Morea, <a href="#Page_129">129</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_297">297</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Felipe, youngest son of Jayme II. of Majorca, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">entered holy orders, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">regent for Jayme III., <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Felipe II. of Spain, Journal of Jayme I. translated for, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Felipe V. of Spain proclaimed, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">perfidy, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">joined Quadruple Alliance, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fereiras in Minorca, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fernando I. (of Antequera), <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fernando II. of Aragon, married to Isabella of Castille, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fernando III. of Castille, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fernando IV. of Castille:</li> -<li class="isub1">bad faith, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fernando of Majorca, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">went to fight in Sicily, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">joined the Catalan Company, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">refused to remain except as viceregent of the King of Sicily, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">embarked and went to Thasos, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">imprisoned at Naples: released, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at the siege of Almeria, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">feats of arms, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">joined Federigo of Sicily, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">married the heiress of the Morea, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">landed in the Morea, captured Clarenza, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">slain: Muntaner’s estimate of his character, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">buried at Perpignan, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fernando, illegitimate son of Prince Fernando of Majorca, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fernando, son of Alfonso V. of Aragon, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fernando, eldest son of Alfonso X. of Castille, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ferrar, Jayme, voyage of, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Figuera, Domingo de la:</li> -<li class="isub1">horse dealer, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">arranged the ride of Pedro III. to Bordeaux, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">rewarded, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Figueras, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Flor, Roger de, some account of, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">becomes a Templar, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">vice-admiral of Sicily, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">idea of forming a company to fight the Turks, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">created Cæsar of the Eastern Emperor, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">murdered by the Greeks, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Flora of Majorca (<i>see</i> Barcelo y Combis);</li> -<li class="isub1">of Minorca, <a href="#Page_270">270</a> (<i>n</i>)</li> - -<li class="indx">Foggio, death of Charles of Anjou at, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Foix, Count of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Gaston de, married heiress of Navarre, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Esclaramunda, de, Queen of Majorca, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Forbes, Admiral, disapproved of Byng’s execution, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fornells taken by British ships, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Forster, Mr., translation of King Jayme’s Journal, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fortuñy, noble family of Majorca, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Don Jorge opposed the Moors at Andraix, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Matias served against the Comuneros, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">country seat at La Granja, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fowke, General, Governor of Gibraltar, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Franciscan monastery at Palma founded, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Lulio buried at, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Frederick II., Emperor, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">French army invading Aragon, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">flight, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">fleet, positions, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">disasters, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">prepare to attack Minorca, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Frere, Mr. Hookham, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fueros of Sobarbe, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">granted to Majorca, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">compiled by Jayme I., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">abolished by Felipe V., <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Funen, Island of. <i>See</i> Nyborg.</li> - -<li class="indx">Fuster, a Viceroy of Majorca, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Gades, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Galicia, Romana’s campaign in, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Galissonière, French Admiral, opposed to Byng, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gallipoli, defended by the Catalan Company, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">arrival of Prince Fernando, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">298</span></li> -<li class="isub1">abandoned, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gandia, Duke of, claimant to crown of Aragon, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Garcia Jimenes, first King of Navarre, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gardiner, flag captain:</li> -<li class="isub1">evidence at Byng’s court martial, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gayangos, Don Pascual, edited the English translation of the Journal of Jayme I., <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Genoa and Genoese ships, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Geographers of Majorca, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Geology of Majorca, M. Hermite on, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gerbes Island, Muntaner Governor of, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gerona besieged by the French, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">siege raised, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Cortes at, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sons of Kings of Majorca in prison at, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Pedro IV. at, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gibraltar, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gijon, Romana embarked at, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">birthplace of Jovellanos, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gioia of Amalfi, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Godoy’s government, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gottenburg, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gozo, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Grafton</i>, H.M.S., in battle off Cape Passaro, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Granada, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grimaldi, Carlos and Ayto of Genoa, fighting for Jayme III. of Majorca, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guadix, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gual, noble family of Majorca, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Raimondo, defended Valdemosa, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Antonio, served against the Comuneros, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guasp, Felipe, bookseller at Palma, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a> (<i>n</i>)</li> - -<li class="indx">Guillemard, Dr., on prehistoric remains in Minorca, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gurrea. <i>See</i> Urrea.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Hallam, Mr., his account of the constitution of Aragon, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hamilcar Barca, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hannibal, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Harrington, Lord, violent scene with Alberoni, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hasdrubal, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hawke, Admiral, superseded Byng, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Henriquez, Juanade, Queen of Aragon, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Enriquez.</li> - -<li class="indx">Henry II. of England, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Henry, Prince of Portugal, the Navigator, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hermite, M., on the geology of Majorca, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hernandez y Mercadal:</li> -<li class="isub1">botany of Minorca, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hervey, Captain H.M.S. <i>Phœnix</i>, joined Byng off Minorca, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Historians of Majorca and Minorca. <i>See</i> Bover, Dameto, Muntaner, Mut, Ramis.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hospitallers, grants to, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hungary. <i>See</i> Andrew; Violante.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Ibn-al-labneh, Moorish poet, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ilex in Majorca, area covered by, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Inca, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Infanzones, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Intrepid</i>, H.M.S., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isabel of Majorca, daughter of Jayme III., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in prison, rescued, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">married, joined her brother, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">memorial.</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Chair of Alfavia.</li> - -<li class="indx">Isabel of Majorca, married to the Infanta Juan Manuel of Castille, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isabella of Andria married to Prince Fernando, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isabella of Castille, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Isabel, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ischia, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Iviça, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Jaca, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jacomo de Mallorca, Director of Prince Henry’s navigation school at Sagres, <a href="#Page_174">174</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">299</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Jativa, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jayme I., King of Aragon and Majorca:</li> -<li class="isub1">birth, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">description of his person, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">anecdote of the swallow, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">marriage with Violante of Hungary, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his Journal, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">prepared to conquer Majorca, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">embarked: at sea, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">landed in Majorca, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his first skirmish, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">heard Mass, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">put on his armour, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">grief at the losses: ‘Bendinat,’ <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">began the siege of Palma, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">entered the town: Amír surrendered, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">kindness to the Amír’s son, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">reducing the island, <a href="#Page_34">34-36</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">departure from Majorca, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">second visit to Majorca, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">third visit, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">on Cape Pera: Minorcans deceived, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">activity, administration, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his conquest of Valencia, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his children, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">conquest of Murcia, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death: burial at Poblet, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his reign and administration, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">annual procession, relics, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">lenient treatment of Moors of Minorca, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jayme II., King of Aragon:</li> -<li class="isub1">went to Sicily with his mother, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his naval victory, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">saved the life of Charles of Anjou, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">King of Sicily, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">subdued Calabria, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">became King of Aragon, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">change of policy, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">attacked his brother Federigo, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">besieged Almeria, <a href="#Page_124">124-126</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">friendly relations with Majorca, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jayme II., King of Majorca, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">marriage, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">to succeed to Majorca, Montpellier, Roussillon, Cerdaña, and Conflent, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">first separate King of Majorca, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">character, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">difficult position, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">escorted Queen Constance to her ship,<a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">took leave of his brother, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">neutrality in the war with France, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">escorted his nephew from Catalonia, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">children, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Majorca to be occupied, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Majorca restored to him, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his administration of Majorca, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his buildings, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">coinage, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">mummy, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jayme III., King of Majorca:</li> -<li class="isub1">birth, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">brought to Perpignan by Muntaner, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">adopted by his uncle Sancho, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his education, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">homage to the King of Aragon, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">marriage with Constance of Aragon, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">protest against Pedro’s usurpation, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">submission to Pedro fruitless, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">collected forces to recover Majorca, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">defeat and death, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his character, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jayme IV., King of Majorca:</li> -<li class="isub1">birth, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in prison at Barcelona, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">rescued, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">wounded and again in prison, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">married to the Queen of Naples, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at the battle of Najara, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">defence of Burgos, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ransomed, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">marched into Urgel, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">poisoned by Pedro IV.;</li> -<li class="isub1">buried at Soria, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Chair of Alfavia.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jayme, eldest son of Jayme II. of Majorca, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">became a Franciscan, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jayme, Count of Urgel, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jennings, Admiral Sir J., built the hospital at Port Mahon, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jovellanos, Don Gaspar Melchior:</li> -<li class="isub1">account of, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">imprisonment of, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his works on edifices at Palma, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">public services, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">memorial to, at Belver, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Ticknor on, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Juan I., King of Aragon, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Majorca, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Juan II., King of Aragon:</li> -<li class="isub1">disputes with his son Carlos, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Juan Manuel, Infante of Castille, <a href="#Page_92">92</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">300</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Juana of Aragon, Queen of Naples, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Juana Henriquez, Queen of Aragon, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Juana, reigning Queen of Naples, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Junta, Central. <i>See</i> Seville.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jurats in Minorca, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Justicia, Mayor of Aragon, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jutland, Spanish garrisons in, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Kane, British Governor of Minorca, <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Keats, Admiral, embarked Spanish troops at Nyborg, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Keith, Admiral Lord, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">chasing the French fleet, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kellerman, General, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Kent</i>, H.M.S., in battle off Cape Passaro, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kerr, Captain Lord Mark, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> <i>Cormorant</i>, H.M.S.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Kingston</i>, H.M.S., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Labots, Catalina, wife of Lulio, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - -<li class="indx">La Cerda, Infantes of, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">La Granja. <i>See</i> Fortuñy.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Lancaster</i>, H.M.S., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lane, Brigadier, at siege of San Felipe (Minorca), <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lanoveras, Torre de las, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lanz, Dr., German translator of Muntaner, <a href="#Page_55">55</a> (<i>n</i>)</li> - -<li class="indx">Las Navas de Tolosa, battle, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - -<li class="indx">La Torre (title of Truyalls), <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> - -<li class="indx">Lauria, Roger de, Admiral of Sicily, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">victory at Malta, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">great victory at Naples, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">to attack the French fleet, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">victory over the French fleet, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death: buried near Pedro III., <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Law. <i>See</i> Fueros, Jurats, Maritime Law.</li> - -<li class="indx">Leake, Admiral Sir John:</li> -<li class="isub1">took Cagliari, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">co-operated with Stanhope in taking Minorca, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lentini, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leonor, daughter of Jayme I., died young, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leonor, daughter of Pedro IV., married Juan I., King of Castille, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leonor, heiress of Navarre, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leonor of Anjou, married Federigo of Sicily, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lerida, university founded by Jayme I., <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lesbia, Pedro de, first Procurator-General of Minorca, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Leviathan</i>, H.M.S., Duckworth’s flagship, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">off Ciudadela, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lipari Isles, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Livy, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lluchmayor founded, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">battle of, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lodève, M. de, in command of galleys in the Bay of Rosas, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Long, Captain Charles, H.M.S. <i>Peterel</i>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Lonja</i>, or exchange, at Palma, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Louis, son of Charlemagne, took Barcelona, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Louis IX. of France, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">refused to attack Manfred of Sicily, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Louis XIV. of France, broke his word as regards the Spanish succession, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Louis, Prince of the Morea:</li> -<li class="isub1">his heirs, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Louis of Burgundy came to dispute the rights of Prince Fernando, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Louis of Calabria, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Louisa</i>, H.M.S., <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lulio, or Lul, Raimondo, mentioned early use of the compass, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">account of, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">martyrdom, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">tomb, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">picture of, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Luna, Agustin de, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Luna, Count of, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Luna, a knight of the family in the Minorca conquest, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lyons Papal Council, King Jayme present, <a href="#Page_51">51</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">301</span></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Mago, the Carthaginian: notice of, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Port Mahon named from, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mahault of Hainault, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mahon. <i>See</i> Mago, Port Mahon.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mahon, Dukes of, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">second title of Earl Stanhope, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Majolica ware, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Majorca, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">description, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">praised by Arab writers, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">under the Moors, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Moorish Amír, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">defence of the Moorish capital, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">flight from the capital, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">first Christian governor, settlement, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Fueros, distribution of land, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">change of the population, government, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">made a separate kingdom, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">connection with the affairs of Sicily, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">occupation by Aragon, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">restored, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">administration of Jayme II., <a href="#Page_107">107-111</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">noble families, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">towns founded, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">coinage, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">usurpation of Pedro IV., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">royal family of, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">extinction of Majorca royal family, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">visit of Juan I. of Aragon, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">help to Alfonso V. in conquest of Naples, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Prince of Viana at, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">part of the kingdom of Spain, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Majorcans as sailors and navigators, <a href="#Page_171">171-174</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">attacked by Barbary pirates, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177-179</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">rebellion of the Comuneros, <a href="#Page_180">180-188</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">historians, <a href="#Page_190">190-192</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">for the Archduke Charles, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">liberties abolished by the Bourbons, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, areas of arborescent growth, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">people, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">excellent mechanics, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">honesty of the people, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">place in history, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mallol, Berenguer, great sea captain, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">escorted Queen Constance to Sicily, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">on the watch, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">victory in Rosas Bay, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mallorca. <i>See</i> Majorca.</li> - -<li class="indx">Malta, Lauria’s naval victory at, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Majorcan Grand Masters, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Manacor founded, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Manfred, King of Sicily, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">enmity of the Pope, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">invasion by Charles of Anjou, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Queen of Aragon his heir, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his daughter rescued, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Manuel, Infante of Castille, married Constance of Aragon, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">grants to, in Valencia, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marche, Comte de la, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mari family (<i>see</i> Sant Mari), <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maria of Naples, wife of Sancho of Majorca, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maria, daughter of Jayme I., nun, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maritime law, code by Jayme I., <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Markham, Captain. <i>See</i> <i>Centaur</i>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Marlborough, Duke of, urged the capture of Minorca, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marquet, Ramon, great sea captain, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">victory in Rosas Bay, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marseilles, fleets equipped at, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marti, Jayme, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Martin, Pope, his curses against Aragon, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Papal Aggression.</li> - -<li class="indx">Martin, King of Aragon, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">founded the Cartuja at Valdemosa, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Matagrifone, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Count of Andria recognised as Baron of, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Jayme III., Lord of, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mataplana, Hugo de, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">slain, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Matthews, Captain H.M.S. <i>Kent</i>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maud, Empress, contemporary with Petronilla, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maza, Pedro, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">went to reduce Minorca, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mediona, Guillem de, rebuked by King Jayme I. for coming out of action, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Melazzo, <a href="#Page_258">258</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">302</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Mercadal in Minorca, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mercy, Count, Austrian general, to drive the Spaniards out of Sicily, <a href="#Page_258">258-260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Messina, defeat of Charles of Anjou at, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Pedro III. at: speech to the Sicilians, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">rejoicings at Lauria’s victories, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Queen Constance at, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">relieved by Roger de Flor, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">heiress of the Morea married to Prince Fernando of Majorca at, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Sir George Byng off, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">siege, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Metellus and Romans occupied Minorca, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Michael, son of the Emperor Andronicus: his hatred of the Company, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his murder of Roger de Flor, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Milford</i>, H.M.S., Captain Philip Stanhope, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Minorca, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">subdued, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">dimensions, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">surface and vegetation, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">plants, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">stalactitic cave, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">prehistoric remains, <a href="#Page_221">221-224</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Phœnicians and Carthaginians, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">under the Romans, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, and Moors, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">conquest by Alfonso III. of Aragon, <a href="#Page_230">230-234</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">chronicler, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Moors expelled, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">government under Aragon, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">attacked by pirates, <a href="#Page_237">237-240</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">British troops land, under Stanhope, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">under British rule, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">magistracy, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">judiciary, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">prosperity under British rule, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">value as a naval base, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">works on botany of, <a href="#Page_270">270</a> (<i>n</i>);</li> -<li class="isub1">peasantry, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">restored to England, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">re-taken by the French, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">recovered by England, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">ceded to Spain, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">subsequent condition, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mint at Palma, tax for support of, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Miramar, Lulio’s college at, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">King Sancho at, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Archduke Luis-Salvator, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moanquels on Aragonese frontier, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moix, Antonio and Perote, attack on the cave of Arta, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mola, Cape, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moncada, En Guillem de, Viscount of Bearne, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in the leading ship of the fleet to invade Majorca, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">rebuked the King’s foolhardiness, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">killed in battle, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">interment, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moncada, Ramon de, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">slain, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his son: coat of arms granted, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Gaston de, grant of Soller to, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">one of the great Majorca feudatories, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moncada, supporter of Federigo of Sicily, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">a viceroy of Majorca <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monjuich taken by Peterborough, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monroy, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monserrat, Marquis of, married Isabel of Majorca, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montalto, Duchess of, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monte Toro in Minorca, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montenegro, Counts of. <i>See</i> Despuig;</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>see</i> Raxa.</li> - -<li class="indx">Monterey, Romana defeated by French at, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montfort, Simon de, surrendered young Jayme, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montpellier, Pedro II. married to heiress of, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">King Jayme in a ship of, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">marriage of Pedro III. and Constance at, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Jayme II. of Minorca succeeded to, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">promise of France never to interfere with, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sold to France by Jayme III., <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montserrat, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monzon, Cortes meet at, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moors overrun Spain to the Pyrenees, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">driven out of Barcelona and Zaragoza, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Majorca under, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">of Majorca defeated, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in the mountains of Majorca, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">surrender to Jayme I., <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in Minorca, <a href="#Page_228">228-235</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Almeria; Barbary Pirates. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">303</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Morea, French principality in, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Louis, Prince of, his heirs, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Morey, noble family of Majorca, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mujahid ibn al Amari, Amír of the Balearic Isles, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Muntaner, his Chronicle, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">translations, <a href="#Page_55">55</a> (<i>n</i>);</li> -<li class="isub1">his opinion of King Manfred, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">a leader of the Catalan Company, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">in charge at Gallipoli, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">joined Prince Fernando at Thasos, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">on the prowess of Prince Fernando, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Governor of Gerbes, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">came to Catania with wedding presents, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">takes Fernando’s child home, <a href="#Page_131">131-134</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">on the cold of the Majorcan winter, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">on Prince Fernando’s character, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mur. <i>See</i> Acarte de Mur.</li> - -<li class="indx">Murat Castle, Pedro II. killed in battle near, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Murcia, conquest by Jayme I., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Murray, General, gallant defence of Minorca, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Murviedro, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mustapha, Turkish leader who landed at Minorca, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mut, Don Vicente, historian of Majorca, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Najara, battle of, Jayme IV. at, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Naples occupied by Charles of Anjou, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">naval victory of Roger de Lauria, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Charles II. acknowledged as king by Jayme II. of Aragon, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Queen married to Jayme IV. of Majorca, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">taken by Alfonso V., <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">tournament at, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Prince of Viana escaped to, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Sir George Byng’s fleet at, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Narbonne, ship from, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Naus. <i>See</i> Prehistoric Remains.</li> - -<li class="indx">Navarre founded by Garcia Jimenes, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Juan II. of Aragon married heiress, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Leonor married Gaston de Foix, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Navia de Suara, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Naya, Bertram de, brought King Jayme’s armour to him, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Negropont, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nevers, Comte de, married a co-heiress of the Morea, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ney, Marshal, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nicotera, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nobility of Majorca, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">murders by the Comuneros, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">take refuge at Alcudia, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">services, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nona, besieged by the Company, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Noyet, captain at Ciudadela when besieged by the Turks, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nuño de Sans at Las Navas de Tolosa, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Count of Roussillon, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">landed at Majorca, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">defeated the Moors, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">fight for the water-supply, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">negotiations with the Amír, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">with Jayme I. at the caves, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">with Jayme on his second visit to Majorca, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">one of the great feudatories of Majorca, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death, Jayme I. his heir, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nyborg in Funen, Spanish troops embarked at, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Ochali, a renegade, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oleza, noble family of Majorca, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Bernardo de, Master of the Mint, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Jayme served against Comuneros, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Olive cultivation, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Omeyya Khâlifahs, Balearic Isles under. <i>See</i> Umiyyah.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Orford</i>, H.M.S., in battle off Cape Passaro, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oudenarde, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oviedo, Romana at, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Pagano, illegitimate son of Prince Fernando of Majorca, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">married to Blanca, daughter of Ramon Sabellos, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">always faithful to Jayme III., <a href="#Page_148">148</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">304</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Palermo, Pedro III. crowned at, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">arrival of Queen Constance, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Robert of Naples landed at, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Palma, afterwards so called, Moorish capital of Majorca, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">gates, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">description, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">siege, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">defence, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">assault, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">pillage, pestilence, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">cathedral commenced, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">description of the cathedral, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">monastery of San Francisco founded, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">arsenal, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Lonja, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Charles V. at, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Comuneros, <a href="#Page_181">181-188</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">bookseller at, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">besieged by the Bourbon party, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">fortifications, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Montenegro palace, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">monument to Marquis of Romana in the cathedral, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">edifices, streets, palaces, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Grand Hotel, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Rambla and Paseo de Borne, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Palma Bay, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Palomera, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Palou, En Berenger de, Bishop of Barcelona, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Panisars, Hill of, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pantalen Island, King Jayme on, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Papal aggression against King Manfred of Sicily, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">against Aragon, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">mediation of Edward I. of England, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Boniface VIII.; Martin.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pascual, Pedro, procurator of Jayme III., <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Passaro, Cape, defeat of Spanish fleet off, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pax, Pedro, defended Belver against the Comuneros, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">son commanded at Alcudia, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Viceroy of Majorca, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pedro II., King of Aragon, at Las Navas de Tolosa, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">married the heiress of Montpellier, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">father of Jayme I., <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pedro III., King of Aragon, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">birth and marriage, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">succession, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">character, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">denounced the Pope’s plot against King Manfred, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">took up Conradin’s glove, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">arrived in Sicily, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">crowned at Palermo, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">accepted the challenge of Charles of Anjou, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">speech to Sicilians at Messina, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">resolved to keep his tryst, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">preparations for his journey to Bordeaux, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his disguise, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">rode down the lists at Bordeaux, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">return in safety, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his horse’s hoof-marks, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">grief at parting with Queen Constance, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">embassy at Rome, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">repulse of the French invasion, <a href="#Page_84">84-91</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">reason for occupying Majorca, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">character, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pedro IV., King of Aragon, the Ceremonious, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">coveted Majorca, hated his cousin, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his intrigues against Majorca, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his usurpation of Majorca, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">hatred of Jayme IV., <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pedro, Infante of Portugal, Governor of Majorca, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pedro, youngest son of Pedro III., <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pedro, brother of Alfonso V., killed at the siege of Naples, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pedro, King of Castille, joined by Jayme IV. of Majorca, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pera, Cape, King Jayme made bonfires at, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peralada, birthplace of Muntaner, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peratallada, Bernardo de, companion of Pedro III. on his ride to Bordeaux, <a href="#Page_69">69-70</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">rewarded, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Perpignan, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">French army at, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Prince Fernando buried at, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">King Sancho buried at, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">seized by Pedro IV., <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peterborough, Earl of, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Peterel</i>, H.M.S., <a href="#Page_283">283</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">305</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Petronilla, heiress of Aragon, marriage with the Count of Barcelona, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Philip. <i>See</i> Felipe.</li> - -<li class="indx">Philippe le Hardi, King of France:</li> -<li class="isub1">married Isabel of Aragon, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">interview with the Aragonese kings, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">absolved by the Pope from keeping faith with Aragon, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">came to Bordeaux, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">discomfited, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">called upon by the Pope to dethrone the King of Aragon, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">invasion, defeat, and death, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Philippe, eldest son of France:</li> -<li class="isub1">opposed to the invasion of Aragon, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">remonstrance to his father, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">flight from Catalonia with his father’s body, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Phœnicians at Minorca, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Phœnix</i>, H.M.S., <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pines (Aleppo), area covered with, in Majorca, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pirates. <i>See</i> Barbary.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pisa, fleets of, oppose piracy of Majorcans, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plegamans, Ramon de, contractor for the Majorca invasion, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">newsagent, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pollenza, Jayme I. off, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Moors land at, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, relief expedition arrived at, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">desperate resistance of Comuneros, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pont, Dr., Bishop of Palma, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Porrasa, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">cavalry landed at, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Porreras founded, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Portland</i>, H.M.S., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Port Mahon, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">founded, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Alfonso III. at, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">built by order of Alfonso III., <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">taken by Barbarossa, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">joyfully received the British, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">a base for the British fleet, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Sir George Byng’s fleet at, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">capital under the British, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">description, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Portolani. <i>See</i> Valseca.</li> - -<li class="indx">Porto Pi, Moorish army at, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">King Jayme landed at, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">hotel at, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Portugal: Infante Don Pedro, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Isabel, Queen, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prehistoric remains in Minorca: (1) towns; (2) naus; (3) taulas or bilithons; (4) talayuts, <a href="#Page_222">222-225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Procida, John of, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Provençal fleet, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Provence, Count of: daughters all Queens, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Puebla, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Puig Cerdan, pass in the Pyrenees, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Puig Galatzo, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Puig Mayor, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Puig de Massanella, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Puig de l’Ofre, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Puigdorfila, noble Majorcan family, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Guillermo de, friend of King Jayme II., <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Juan de, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">murdered by Comuneros, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pula, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pyrenees, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">paths known to La Figuera, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">crossed by Jayme IV., <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Quadruple Alliance, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quinctilius Varro, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><i>Ramillies</i>, H.M.S., Byng’s flagship, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ramiro I., first King of Aragon, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ramis, Juan Ramis y, Chronicler of Minorca, wrote the ‘Alonsiada,’ <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his list of ‘Talayots,’ <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">on the botany of Minorca, <a href="#Page_270">270</a> (<i>n</i>)</li> - -<li class="indx">Randa, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Raxa, country seat of the Counts of Montenegro, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Raymond, Berenger, Cousin of Jayme I., <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Count of Barcelona <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Reggio, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Revenge</i>, H.M.S., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Richard III. of England, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Richelieu, Duc de, captured Minorca, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ricos Hombres, <a href="#Page_4">4</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">306</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Robert, King of Naples, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">starved Rocafort to death, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">designs against Federigo, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">landed at Palermo, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">besieged Trapani, truce, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Robertson, Mr., sent by Mr. Frere to communicate with Romana, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rocaberti, Jofre, Viscount, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Count of Campofranco, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Pedro, Archbishop of Tarragona, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rocafort, a knight in attendance on Jayme I., <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Berenguer de, a leader of the Catalan Company, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">disputes with Entenza, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">intrigues against Prince Fernando, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">deposed, miserable death, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rocafull, Don Guillem de, Viceroy of Majorca, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, and Minorca, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rodriguez y Femanias on the botany of Minorca, <a href="#Page_271">271</a> (<i>n</i>)</li> - -<li class="indx">Romana, Marquis de la (<i>see</i> Caro):</li> -<li class="isub1">creation, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Pedro Caro, Marquis, his birth, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">friendship with Hookham Frere, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">character drawn by Southey, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sent to Denmark with Spanish troops, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">return with troops, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">campaign in Galicia, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">on the Central Junta at Seville, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">with Wellington at Torres Vedras, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death, appreciation by Wellington, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">monument at Palma, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">later marquises and marriages, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rosas Bay, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">defeat of the French fleet, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Roussillon, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Nuño do Sans, Count of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Jayme II. to succeed to, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rovira, Nicolas de, jailer of Jayme IV., killed, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ruidemeya, Bernardo de, first to land in Majorca, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Sagrera, Guillem, architect of the Lonja at Palma, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sagres, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Salonica, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Salou, fleet of Jayme I. assembled at, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Salva, Pedro, architect of Belver, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Samnium, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sancha, Princess of Majorca, married to King Robert of Naples, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sancho, King of Majorca, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">imprisoned by Alfonso III., <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">succeeded, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">married Maria of Naples, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">precautions against Barbary pirates, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">negotiations respecting Montpellier, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">aid in conquest of Corsica and Sardinia, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">castle at Valdemosa, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his falcons, at Miramar, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death in the Pyrenees, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his will, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">coinage, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sancho, illegitimate son of Prince Fernando of Majorca, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">married Lauria, daughter of Ferrario Rossella, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">always faithful to his brother, Jayme III., <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sancho IV., usurping King of Castille:</li> -<li class="isub1">promise to help Pedro III. against France, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">failure to keep his promise, Pedro incensed against him, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">alliance with Jayme II. of Aragon, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sand, Georges, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sans. <i>See</i> Aluño de Sans.</li> - -<li class="indx">Santander, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Santa Agueda, Monte de, in Minorca, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">surrender of Moors at, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Santañi founded, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">stones for Palma cathedral from, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Santa Ana, chapel in the Almudaina, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>San Carlos</i> ship (sixty guns), <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Santa Cilia, noble family of Majorca, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">inherited Alfavia, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">coat of arms, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Pedro Juan, received Charles V. at Palma, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">origin, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">friend of Jayme III., <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Arnaldo de, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">San Clemente, Jayme de, rescued Jayme IV. from prison, <a href="#Page_132">132</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">307</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Santa Cruz Abbey:</li> -<li class="isub1">Pedro III. and Admiral Roger de Lauria buried at, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Alfonso III. at his father’s tomb, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">San Felipe Castle, Minorca, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">siege and capture by Stanhope, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">description, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">attacked by the French, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">recovered, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">San Francisco Abbey. <i>See</i> Palma.</li> - -<li class="indx">San Francisco at Port Mahon:</li> -<li class="isub1">Moorish atrocities, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Santiago, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Julian Mount, in Sicily, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Santa Maria de Formiguera in Cerdaña, King Sancho died at, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">San Miguel Church at Palma, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sant Marti, noble family of Majorca, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - -<li class="indx">San Nicolas Church at Palma: meeting of Comuneros, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Santa Rosa</i>, ship (sixty-four guns), <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Stephen’s Cave, Minorca, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">San Vicente de Ferrer visited Majorca, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Vincent, Lord, resolved to recover Minorca, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">resigned from ill health, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sardinia ceded to Aragon by the Pope, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">secured to Archduke Charles by Sir John Leake, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">seized by the Spaniards, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saumarez, Admiral, in the Baltic, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saunders, Admiral, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sciacca, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scipio, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Seckendorf, Count, to occupy the Lipari Isles, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Serra, Ramon, at conquest of Minorca, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Severo, Bishop of the Balearic Isles, at the Council of Toledo, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Seville, Central Junta at, Romana on, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Jovellanos on, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sicily, arms, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Manfred, King of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Sicilian Vespers, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">delivered from the French yoke, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Parliament condemned Charles II. of Anjou, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">abandoned to the Pope by Jayme II., defended by Federigo, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Spanish army landed, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Pedro III., Constance, Federigo.</li> - -<li class="indx">Silpia, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sineu founded, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Soller, King Jayme I. landed at, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">peaks visible from, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Juan I. landed at, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">attacked by pirates, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">hotel at, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Soria, Jayme IV. of Minorca buried at, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Soult, Marshal, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spanish Succession (<i>see</i> Succession):</li> -<li class="isub1">fleet chased by Byng, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">troops evacuated Sicily, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Romana.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stanhope, General, account of, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">letter from Duke of Marlborough to, urging the capture of Minorca, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his Minorca expedition, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">captured the castle of San Felipe, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">letter of the Emperor Charles VI. to, on the abandonment of the Catalans, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stanhope, Captain Philip, H.M.S. <i>Milford</i>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death at siege of San Felipe, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Staremburg, Baron, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stuart, General, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">recovered Minorca, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Succession to the crown of Aragon after the death of King Martin, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">claimants, Count of Urgel, Fernando de Antiquera, Louis of Calabria, Duke of Gandia, Count of Luna (whom see);</li> -<li class="isub1">Spanish War of, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Superbe</i>, H.M.S., flagship of Sir G. Byng, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sureda, noble family of Majorca:</li> -<li class="isub1">Count of Desbrull, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Don Juan, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Salvador, equipped vessels against pirates, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">308</span></li> -<li class="isub1">duel with Valseca, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">served against Comuneros, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Viceroy of Majorca, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Syracuse, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Talayots. <i>See</i> Prehistoric Remains.</li> - -<li class="indx">Taormina, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tarentum, Prince of, son of Charles II. of Anjou: sent to Sicily against Federigo, taken prisoner, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tarragona, Archbishop of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Cortes at, for the invasion of Minorca, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Taula.</i> <i>See</i> Prehistoric Remains.</li> - -<li class="indx">Teix of Valdemosa, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Templars, Master of the, lands, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">grant to, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Temple, Lord, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Termens, En Oliver de: his dinner to King Jayme I., <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Termini, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Terminos, administrative divisions of Minorca, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thasos, Prince Fernando and Muntaner at, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ticknor on Jovellanos, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Togores, noble family of Majorca, Counts of Ayamans, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">title granted, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Mateo, served against the Comuneros, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Moncada.</li> - -<li class="indx">Toledo, Council of, Bishop of Balearic Isles at, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Torella de Monguin, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tornamira, Berenguer de, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Toro, Monte, in Minorca, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Torre, Marquis de la (<i>see</i> Truyalls), <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Torrella, Bernardo de Santa Eugenia de, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">landed in Majorca with King Jayme, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">fight for the water-supply at Canet, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">first Governor of Majorca, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his brother the first Bishop, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">country seat at Canet, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his settlement of the country, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">sent to subdue Minorca, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Alfonso, resisted the Comuneros, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Torres Vedras, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tortosa, Catalan dockyard at, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">retreat of the French from, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Toulouse, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tournament at Naples, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">at Bordeaux. <i>See</i> Pedro III.</li> - -<li class="indx">Trapani, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trebia, battle of, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tremecen, sent help to Minorca Moors, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trevanion, Captain, H.M.S. <i>York</i>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Truyalls, noble family of Majorca, Marquis de la Torre, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Bernardo, executor of King Sancho’s will, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tunis, King of, threatened invasion of Majorca, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tunis, expedition of Charles V. to <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Turks attack Minorca, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tyrawly, Lord, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Ubaque, Dr. Francisco, sent to restore order in Majorca, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Umiyyah Khâlifas, Balearic Isles under, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Urgel:</li> -<li class="isub1">heiress married Infante of Portugal, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">occupied by Jayme IV., <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Count of, represented male line of House of Aragon, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Uriols, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Urrea, Don Miguel de, Viceroy of Majorca during the Comuneros troubles, <a href="#Page_181">181-189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Utrecht, Treaty of: Catalans abandoned, <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Valdemosa, Teix of, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">castle of King Sancho, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Juan I. at, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">King Martin founded the Cartuja, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">summer residence of Don Juan Sureda, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Georges Sand and Chopin at, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">attacked by pirates, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Valencia, conquest by Jayme I., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">death of Jayme I. at, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">home of Muntaner, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">dockyard at, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Jayme III. buried at, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">309</span></li> -<li class="isub1">taken by Peterborough, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Valseca, his duel with Sureda, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Valseca Portolano, description, <a href="#Page_170">170-175</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">owned by Amerigo Vespucci, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Velasco, Don Juan, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Venetians, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Viana, Carlos, Prince of, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Villafranca captured by Romana, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Villafranca de Panales, illness and death of Pedro III. at, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Villalonga, noble family of Majorca, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Villalonga, Priamo de, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">his defence of the castle of Palma, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Villanova, a knight of Peralada, King of France died in his house, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vines in Majorca, extent of cultivation, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Violante of Aragon, Queen of Naples, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Violante of Aragon, wife of Alfonso X., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Violante of Hungary, Queen of Aragon, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Walton, Captain H.M.S. <i>Canterbury</i>, his business-like report, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wellesley, Lord, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wellington, Duke of, his appreciation of the Marquis of Romana, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - -<li class="indx">West, Rear-admiral, attacked the French ships of Minorca, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">superseded, but conduct approved, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">evidence of Byng’s court martial, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">disapproved of the execution of Byng, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whitaker, Sir Edward, off Port Mahon, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Xilvella, a farm in Valencia, home of Muntaner, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ximenes Ferrar, a leader in the Catalan Company, opposed to Rocafort, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">flight, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Xoarp, Moorish chief holding out in the Majorca mountains, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">York, H.M.S., in Minorca expedition under Stanhope, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">off Minorca, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Zaforteza, noble family of Majorca, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">inheritors of Alfavia, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Don José Burguez Zaforteza, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">arms <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Zaforteza, Leonardo, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Zaforteza, Pedro Juan, escaped to Alcudia, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Zaforteza, Viceroy of Majorca <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Zaforteza Palace at Palma, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Zaragoza taken from the Moors, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">coronation of Pedro III. at, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">Pedro III. and his family at, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">coronation of Alfonso III., <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</li> -<li class="isub1">coronation of Jayme II., <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li></ul> - -<p class="copy">PRINTED BY<br /> -SPOTTISWOODE AND CO. 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Rider Haggard</span>. -With 12 Full-page Illustrations.</p> - -<p><i>PALL MALL GAZETTE.</i>—‘The -story is a capital one, and the interest -never flags for a moment.’</p> - -<p class="copy">⁂ Other Volumes to follow.</p> - -<p class="copy">London: SMITH, ELDER, & CO., 15 Waterloo Place, S.W.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<h2 id="FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES:</h2> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">1</a> -The more generally accepted story is that when the Count -of Barcelona was severely wounded in a battle between Charles -the Bald and the Normans, the Emperor came to the wounded -Count’s tent and asked what reward he could give to a warrior -to whom he owed so much. The Count asked for the grant of -a charge on his plain gold shield. The Emperor dipped his hand in -the blood from the Count’s wound, and passed his four fingers -down the shield. ‘A device gained by blood,’ he said, ‘should be -marked with blood.’</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">2</a> -The Teutonic word <i>Rik</i> signified valiant or powerful, not rich -in our sense. It was a frequent ending to names, as Theodoric, -Alaric. The <i>Ricos Hombres</i> of Aragon bore a caldron on their arms, -as a sign that they could maintain many men in the field, and they -used a <i>señera</i>, or banner. These were ‘Ricos Hombres do Señera.’ -There were also nine families of ‘Ricos Hombres’ ‘le naturaleza,’ -nobles before the Moors came. These were Cornelas, Lunas, -Azagras, Forcas, Urreas, Alagones, Romeos, Entenzas, Lizanas. -Several Castilian nobles, especially the Dukes of Medina Sidonia, -also bore caldrons on their arms.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">3</a> -Nine miles.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">4</a> -November 30.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">5</a> -The chronicle of Muntaner was written in the Catalan language, -and first published at Valencia in 1558, and next at Barcelona in -1562. Buchon published a French translation at Paris in 1827 -in the ‘Collection des croniques nationales Françaises.’ In -1844 an Italian translation was published at Florence. Buchon -published a new translation in 1848 in the <i>Panthéon Littéraire</i>. -Dr. Lanz published a German translation in 1842 at Leipzig; and -added the Catalan text in a volume published at Stuttgart in 1844. -In 1860 a Spanish translation, with the Catalan text in parallel -columns, edited by Don Antonio de Bofarull, was published at -Barcelona. As yet there is no English translation of this charming -historical narrative. It was used by Gibbon.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">6</a> -First cousin of En Pedro III. of Aragon.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">7</a> -Aladil = <img src="images/072.png" alt="" />, ‘the Just.’</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">8</a> -‘Awake iron!’</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">9</a> -Between Palamos and Palafurgall, or Capes Gros and San -Sebastian.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">10</a> -Extinct.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">11</a> -Extinct.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">12</a> -The best account of the coinage of Majorca is in the Appendix -to Bover’s <i>Historia de la casa real de Mallorca y noticia de las monedas -proprias de esta isla</i> (Palma, 1855).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">13</a> -So says Fray Pedro Marsilio, the editor in Latin of the <i>Journal</i> -of Jayme I. But the olive grows wild in Majorca. The cultivated -olive is grown from the plains to a height of two thousand feet -in the mountains.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">14</a> -<i>Carta historico-artistica sobre el edificio de la Iglesia Cathedral de -Palma que escribio el Exmo Don Gaspar de Jovellanos</i> (Palma, 1832).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">15</a> -So called because, when he unjustly put the brothers Carbajal -to death, they summoned him to meet them before the judgment-seat -of God on a day which they named. Fernando IV. died -suddenly on that very day.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">16</a> -‘Esperonte’ was a salient angle in the curtain of a fortified -place, generally in front of a gate.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">17</a> -A princess of Hainault, through another descent from the -Prince of the Morea, also claimed the Lordship of Clarencia. Philippa -of Hainault, Queen of Edward III., inherited this honorary title, -and it was given to her second son Lionel. This is a more probable -origin of the title than that it was derived from the Lordship of -Clare. In that case it would be Clare, not Clarence.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">18</a> -I have to thank Mr. Gilbert Ogilvy for the sketches of the -chair, and the photograph.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">19</a> -‘<i>Sentencias Morales</i>’ de Nicolas de Pacho, quoted by Miguel -Mir in his <i>Influencia de los Aragoneses en el descubrimiento de -America</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">20</a> -Salazar, <i>Discursos sobre los progresos de la hidrografia</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">21</a> -See <i>Carta historico-artistica sobre el edificio de la Lonja de -Mallorca</i>, escribio en 1807 el Exmo Señor Don Gaspar de Jovellanos -(Palma, 1835).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">22</a> -<i>Life and Acts of Don Alonzo Enriquez de Guzman</i>, translated and -edited by Clements R. Markham (Hakluyt Society, 1862).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">23</a> -<i>Nobiliario Mallorquin</i>, por Don Joaquim M. Bover (Palma, -1850). This is a very scarce book and difficult to get.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="label">24</a> -Pp. 222-271. This excellent little book is also to be had in -Mr. Guasp’s shop.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="label">25</a> -<i>Nobleza de Andalusia</i>, Argote de Molina.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">26</a> -<i>Wellington Dispatches</i>, January 26, 1811, vol. vii. p. 190.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">27</a> -<i>History of Spanish Literature</i>, vol. iii. p. 281.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="label">28</a> -<i>Etudes géologiques sur les Iles Baléares</i> (Paris, 1879).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="label">29</a> -<i>Flora de las Islas Baleares</i> (Palma, 1879-1881). This book -may also be got at the shop of Mr. Guasp, in Morey Street.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="label">30</a> -<i>The Balearic Islands</i>, by Charles Toll Bidwell, H.M. Consul, -1876.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31" class="label">31</a> -Toulouse, 1892.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32" class="label">32</a> -See p. 44.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33" class="label">33</a> -See p. 94.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34" class="label">34</a> -See p. 62. Gayangos (in <i>Makkari</i>) says that ‘Almughawar,’ -whence the Spanish ‘Almogavar,’ means a soldier employed in -border warfare.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35" class="label">35</a> -From the root <i>Kharaf</i>, to collect the harvest. The collector -of the land tax was called <i>Al-mokharif</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36" class="label">36</a> -Since Dr. Cleghorn’s time, several natives of the island have -studied its botany.</p> - -<p>Juan Cursach, a native of Ciudadela, who was educated at -Montpelier (1759-1837), published at Mahon his <i>Botanicus medicus -ad medicinæ alumnorum usum</i>. He enumerated 270 plants, of -which 160 were said to be natives.</p> - -<p>Juan Ramis y Ramis, of Mahon (1746-1819), published at Mahon -<i>Specimen animalium vegetabilium et mineralium in insula Minoricæ -frequentiorum, ad normam Linneani sistematis.</i> He enumerates -140 plants.</p> - -<p>Rafael Hernandez y Mercadal (1779-1857), a doctor of Mahon, -formed a Minorca herbarium of 500 species. It is now lost.</p> - -<p>Rafael Oles y Cuadredo, of Ciudadela (1806-1879), in 1859 -called the <i>Droguero farmaceutico</i>. It includes an interesting account -of the topography of the island.</p> - -<p>Don Juan Joaquin Rodriquez y Femanias studied the vegetation -of Minorca for many years, and published in 1865-68 a <i>Catalogo -razonado de las plantas vasculares de Minorca</i>.</p> - -<p>See also the <i>Flores de las islas Baleares</i>, 1870-81, of Francisco -Barcelo y Combis.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="label">37</a> -Bidwell, p. 308.</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="transnote"> - -<h3>Transcriber's Note:</h3> - -<p>Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of Majorca and Minorca, by -Clements R. 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