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diff --git a/old/52439-0.txt b/old/52439-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 2c74507..0000000 --- a/old/52439-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1404 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's An Essay to Shew the Cause of Electricity, by John Freke - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: An Essay to Shew the Cause of Electricity - and Why Some Things are Non-Electricable - -Author: John Freke - -Release Date: June 30, 2016 [EBook #52439] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESSAY TO SHEW CAUSE OF ELECTRICITY *** - - - - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - AN - - ESSAY - - TO SHEW THE - - CAUSE - - OF - - ELECTRICITY; - - AND - - Why Some Things are Non-Electricable. - - In which is also Consider’d - - Its Influence in the _Blasts_ on Human Bodies, - in the _Blights_ on Trees, in the _Damps_ in - Mines; and as it may affect the _Sensitive - Plant_, &c. - - In a LETTER - To Mr. WILLIAM WATSON, _F.R.S._ - - By JOHN FREKE, Surgeon to _St. Bartholomew’s_ - Hospital, _London_, F.R.S. - - _Naturam expellas furcâ, tamen usque recurret._ - - The SECOND EDITION: With an APPENDIX. - - _LONDON:_ - Printed for W. INNYS, in _Pater-noster Row_. - - MDCCXLVI. - [Price One Shilling.] - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TO - - _MARTIN FOLKES_, Esq; - - PRESIDENT - - OF THE - - ROYAL SOCIETY. - - - _SIR_, - -Those who have the Honour of your Acquaintance, and thence know your -many excellent Qualifications, must applaud my Choice in dedicating this -small Piece to you; whose Name, if there be any Merit in the -Performance, will, before any other, add a Lustre to it. I am, with the -highest Esteem, - - _Your most Obliged, - Humble Servant_, - - JOHN FREKE. - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - The PREFACE. - - -_When I first enter’d on this Subject of _Electricity_, I intended only -to put some Thoughts in Writing concerning it, that I might the more -easily convey them to the Understandings of such as I hoped would be -more likely than I should be to go farther with it. And as nobody, -either here or abroad, had published any thing touching the Cause from -which it was produc’d, I chose to shew the Beginning I had made to some -Friends, whose Opinion concerning Natural Knowlege I had a great -Reliance on. I told them, I thought my Difficulty would be to convey -what I had to propound on this new Subject to them with the necessary -Clearness, as my Intention was to observe the utmost Brevity in it._ - -_After I had read it to them, they assured me that what I had written -was perfectly intelligible; and that it gave them many new Ideas -respecting this _Phænomenon_; and were very earnest with me to print it, -for the sake of the Publick._ - -_I was not, however, inclined to comply with their Requests, till I had -shewn it to a Person who is most justly distinguish’d for his great -Candor, and superlative Understanding in all Natural Knowlege; and he -likewise having express’d his Wishes to see it in Print, I could not but -look on his Desire as a Command._ - -_If what I have here undertaken to shew should enlighten the Minds of -any of my Readers, or if it should so far awaken the Attention of -others, as to make them give better Reasons for the Operation of this -Power of Electricity than I have done, I shall not account the Time ill -spent, which I have employ’d on this interesting Subject: A Subject -which can, with more Nobleness and Dignity employ the Mind of Man, than -any I can think of relating to the sublunary Part of this World. For by -it you may be acquainted with the immediate Officer of _God Almighty_, -which he seems to send to all Things living. Nay, this Power, according -to my Conception, seems to be the Cause, under _HIM_, both of Life and -Death. And when it may be more fully understood, it may afford us Means -whereby we may be better enabled to reason more intelligibly than now we -can, concerning various Operations in Nature._ - -_I am very sensible what Tribute a new Author is liable to pay to -Criticks: I know it is too common to find much too large a Part of them -inclin’d to look into a Book for its Faults, rather than for its Use; -and are more ready to pull down, than they have Abilities to put any -thing in its Place. But as I am not writing this for any Gain to myself, -but the Pleasure of informing, if I can, the Minds of such as may be -informed by it, I chuse rather to stand their Censure, than deny the -Publick what may possibly be the Beginning of much Good._ - -_It is very probable, that those who pretend to know every thing, will -be so good as to say, if they like what I have advanc’d, that it squares -exactly with what they thought before concerning it: And those who set -up for Criticks will try their Hands at this Performance, and, if they -can, will condemn it._ - -_It would be a great Wonder, indeed, if this should escape the Censure -of some, when the great Dr. _Harvey_ had his implacable Adversaries to -his Account of the Circulation of the Blood; and even Sir _Isaac Newton_ -met with Opponents to several of his Theorys. What I have said opposes -no one’s Scheme, that I know of; it offers no Sentiments which can hurt -any Man._ - -_I have advanc’d only Conjectures for the clearing those Truths I would -establish; and if, after all, what appears reasonable to me should not -appear so to others, I cannot help it: For it is impossible for all Men -to see the same Thing in one and the same Light, even though they were -Men of the best Erudition. I would hope, that what I have undertaken to -shew, is what all sensible Men would be glad to have shewn._ - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - AN - - ESSAY - - To Shew - - From what CAUSES Electricity is - Produced, _&c._ - - - _Kind Sir_, - -When I reflect on the great Ingenuity you have shewn, in your -_Apparatus_ for the Improvement of the Knowlege of Electricity, and how -industrious and kind you have been in communicating the many Experiments -you have made to your Friends and Acquaintance relating thereto, I was -in hopes, from you or some of them, an Essay would be made ere this, not -only to go farther with these Experiments, but to give some tolerable -Conjecture from whence this Fire, and astonishing Effect, is produced. - -I was going to give you my Thoughts concerning it, when I last saw you -at _Child_’s Coffee-house; but, on Reflection, I chose rather to do it -in Writing: For, in all Novelty, till the Relater is quite understood, -Words are forgotten easily; but Things of this sort in Writing may again -and again be consider’d. - -To begin then: In order to shew whence this electrical Fire and Force is -produc’d, I will first endeavour to prove, that it arises not from any -of the _Apparatus_ itself; not either from the glass Ball, nor the -Leather, nor from the Tube, or Hand that rubs it: Because nothing we -know of can send out of it a Quantity of Matter, but there must be less -of that Matter remaining, after it has been so discharged; whereas it -cannot be shewn, but that the Ball of Glass, after ever so many Times -using, remains as fit for the same Use as at first. - -Having, from Probability, I think, shewn, that the Fire and Force, here -treated of, come not from the _Apparatus_, it is natural for me to -suppose they are produced from the Air they are mov’d in. And I believe -this Notion will not appear trifling, when we consider, that the most -ancient and ablest Philosophers have look’d upon the Animal and -Vegetable World as actuated by Fire; and that they are nourish’d by -Water, and what it contains. If this be allow’d, then the Air, which is -esteem’d the _Pabulum Vitæ_, from its rubefying the Blood of all Animals -in Respiration, seems to be universally impregnated with this Fire. And -tho’ there is not enough of it so dispersed as to hurt the Animals in -Respiration, yet I can suppose it as universally dispersed, as I can a -small Quantity of any Liquor dropp’d in Water, which, when so dispersed, -is of no Harm to a Patient, though a few Drops of it by themselves would -have been certain Death. And yet, if you farther consider it so -dispersed, you cannot consider one Particle of the Water without a -Particle of the Medicine: Just so it may be with the Fire of this lower -Region, or, what I chuse rather to call it, this _Flamma Vitalis_. - -I proceed now to consider, how this Fire, so dispersed, may be -collected; and have given to it, in electrical Experiments, a Force -equal to, and of the same Nature with, Lightning. - -To make this Conjecture the more easily apprehended, I will suppose, -that the Nature of Fire is as similar to its Parts, and they have as -great a Propensity to adhere to one another, as we find the different -Arrangements in all natural Bodies have; as may be seen in Gems, in -Water, and in the various _Strata_ of the Earth, and the like. Do but -force or invite these fiery Particles to a closer Contact than they have -been supposed to be in, when uniformly dispersed through all Nature, and -they are Lightning, or a Fire of less Force, as more or less Parts of -that Fire are got together. - -To illustrate this, wax a small Thread, or slide a Rope swiftly thro’ -your Fingers, and you are liable to burn them: Which probably arises -from their grinding in, betwixt your Fingers and the Rope, so many more -Particles of Fire than naturally come together when left to float in the -Air. - -If this Reasoning be allow’d to be just (which it must be, till it is -overturn’d by stronger Reasoning), then it follows, that the Air, which -is violently ground or rubb’d betwixt your Hand and a glass Tube, or -betwixt a glass Ball whirl’d briskly, and rubb’d with a Piece of -Leather, as they are used in electrical Experiments, I say, the Air, so -rubb’d, may leave behind it that Quantity of agitated Fire which causes -Electricity. - -For, suppose the Ball or Tube inveloped with a Quantity of this Fire -moving spirally round them, with the utmost Velocity; and it can no more -depart from its Company than you find Sparks of Fire which fly from -Steel on a Knife-grinder’s Wheel are liable to do. Every body almost can -remember to have seen them adhere to the Wheel, and frequently pursue -each other quite round it. - -Those who try these Experiments, find, that in moist Weather this Power -is less attainable than in a more clear Day; and therefore some may be -liable to attribute that to the _Apparatus_, which may be better -accounted for by the watry Particles in the Air; which may be liable to -hinder the lambent Flame, by me supposed to be universally scatter’d, -from uniting, by the Friction before-mention’d. - -As I have mention’d Friction, I cannot help observing how -unphilosophical and unmeaning it is, for any one to advance, that Fire -is caused by Friction; when I think he may as well say, that Water is -caused by Pumping. - -We know, that a Cart or Coach-Wheel, for Want of Grease, by Friction -will be set on Fire; and Fire-Canes, rubbed together smartly, will take -Fire; but neither of these, I believe, nor any thing else, will beget or -generate the Element of Fire. They must either collect it out of the -Air, or else it must be lodged within them, as we find it to be in Steel -in an eminent Degree: For, if you drop the Filings of Steel through the -Flame of a Candle, it sends out the most fierce Fire of any thing in -Nature. - -The Reason to be given why a greater Quantity of Fire is produced from -Steel-Filings, than from any other Thing, I take to be owing to a larger -Share of that Element which is impacted in it from its being made out of -Iron long impregnated with Fire. - -Many other Bodies have actual Fire impacted in them, as Flints, and many -other hard Stones and Metals; but whenever you produce Fire from -Steel-Filings, you find that Steel melted: So when Fire is produced from -Stones, and the like, each Spark is Part of that Stone burnt to a -_Calx_. - -Now, as I am endeavouring to shew to you the natural Cohesion of Fire, -and the Propensity there is in it to extend itself, I shall offer to -your Consideration a very familiar Instance to prove it; which is that -of the Snuff of a Candle just blown out. You cannot but have observ’d at -how great a Distance from the Snuff the Flame will descend down the -Smoke, and light it. - -I shall further take the Liberty to observe to you another Proof of -this; which, I think, will not only shew a Propensity in Fire to cohere, -but will greatly strengthen my Conjecture, that this Fire, produced in -Electricity, is extracted from that I have supposed to be universally -dispersed. - -A Person, who liv’d in the Town of _Warham_ in _Dorsetshire_, in the -Year 1703, informed me, that in the Night of the great Hurricane and -high Wind, in the strongest Part of the Tempest, he saw from his Window, -on the neighbouring Hills, great Bodies of Fire, swiftly passing over -them on the Ground.—Now whence arose that Fire, if it came not from the -Air impelling it into those Flakes? And its subsisting together in that -Hurricane shews, I think, very plainly, that if its Cohesion had not -been natural, the Wind would then have scatter’d it. - -Though I apprehend that the Four Elements of Fire, Water, Earth, and -Air, may never have been increased or diminished, since the Great GOD of -Order created them, yet I can also apprehend each of them unequally -dispers’d in the Universe by various Causes and Events: And when this -happens, those which were intended, when in their due Order, to make -every thing happy and easy, in their disordered State will create -nothing but Confusion. - -For Instance, the chief Use of Water seems intended, when descending in -warm and gentle Showers, or flowing in kind and easy Streams, to chear -and nourish all Kinds of Vegetation, as well in Trees and Plants, as in -Herbs and Flowers: But suppose, by the Contrivance of Man, or by the -Accidents of Nature, a large Quantity of it lodged on the Tops of high -Hills, if it breaks its Bank, it will never stop, till it finds a -natural resting Place; and in its Torrent it will overwhelm and destroy -those Trees and Plants, with the Herbs and Flowers, it was intended to -nourish. - -The like may be said of the Fire, which I have been supposing uniformly -dispersed over the Creation; which, if its Properties are to invigorate -all Nature, you must of course suppose its Power not to be controul’d; -but that it passes through all the Animal, Mineral, and Vegetable -Creation, whilst they stand in need of Life, or any Increase. - -But as I have been conjecturing what different Purposes Water in its -disorder’d State may produce, so the same Consideration may be had -concerning Fire in its disorder’d State: When too much of it is brought -together, either by the Contrivance of Man, or by the Disorders in the -other Elements; is it not reasonable to suppose, that it will, according -to its natural Appointment, get about its Business, and break as soon as -it can from its Confinement? - -A very learned and eminent Author, who is now living, says, “That all -Life, whether it be vegetable, sensitive, or animal, is only a kindled -Fire of Life in such a Variety of States: And every dead insensitive -Thing is only so because its Fire is quenched.” - -It had been impossible that this wonderful _Phænomenon_ of Electricity -should ever have been discover’d, if there had not been such Things as -are non-electricable. For, as fast as this Fire had been driven on any -thing, its next Neighbour would have carried it further: But, when it -was most wonderfully found out, that any thing which was suspended in a -silk Cord (that being a Non-electricable) was obliged to retain the -Fire, which by electrical Force was driven on it; and when, moreover, it -appeared, that any Person or Thing being placed on a Cake of Bees-wax -(which also is a Non-electricable), it could no more part with its Fire, -than when suspended in a silk Cord, I think it will become worth -Inquiry, why they are not electricable. - -To prove this, I would reflect upon the Passage before-quoted: For from -thence I think it must follow, that if Fire be the Cause of the Life and -Increase in any thing, then, whatever ceases to be in a State of Life or -Increase, can no longer be supposed to be capable of them; and therefore -must be consider’d as a _Caput Mortuum_. Of this sort are Bees-wax and -Silk, both being non-electricable. - -To pursue this kind of Reasoning concerning them: They are, in truth, -the Excrements only from those Beings which once had Life in them; the -Wax being the excrementitious Matter from Bees, which, when made, was to -be capable of no further Increase or Addition to its Nature: For, as its -primitive Use was only intended to make Combs or Cells to preserve the -Honey through the different Changes of the Season, so if this Wax had -been liable to Alterations from this Fire (as all Things which are -endued with it are) then the Cells would not have remained so intire as -the wonderful Architects left them. - -As concerning the Silk, I look on it as an excrementitious Matter also; -designed by GOD Almighty (who makes nothing in vain) to become a -_Capsula_ or Coffin to preserve the Insect in it safely, for such a -Season as was intended it should remain there. - -All resinous Bodies are likewise non-electricable; which I think will -tend rather to prove my Conjecture to be true than false: For, are there -such Things as Pitch or Resin in _Nature_? Are they not made out of the -Juice of Plants? Which Plants, whilst they remained in the Life of -Nature, had nothing but their unalter’d Juice in them. Pitch and Resin -became so by Art; and therefore no Time or Chance can give an Increase -to their Quantity: From whence they may be supposed not to be in the -Course of Nature. - -I am aware what Objection this is liable to; for, though it must be -acknowleg’d that these Things are non-electricable, it may be asked, If -they are not the most inflammable Things that can be imagined, and, -consequently, susceptible of Fire; because Candles are made out of Wax, -and Torches out of Pitch and Resin? To which I answer, That here it may -be necessary to inquire, what occasions this Flame, which is produced -either from the Candle or Torch? Can this Flame subsist one Moment, -without the Passage of Air through it? I answer, No. Well then, as this -Treatise is not intended merely to state Facts, but to account for the -Nature of them, by the best Conjectures I can make, pray why does Air -keep this Flame subsisting? If you will suppose, with me, that the Cause -of all Heat, and the Appearance of all Fire in the World, is collected -out of this universal Element of Fire; which, perhaps, will never -increase nor diminish; it being dispersed where it is most invited; if -therefore, I say, you will suppose with me, that this Air, which is full -of a lambent Flame, when it has been invited by the Property supposed to -be in it, that the biggest Body congregates the less; from these -Considerations, I think it may be supposed, that the Flame of Fire is -produced out of the Air, only; the Wax or Resin being a fatty -sulphureous Matter, which, as Coals, may likewise be supposed to serve -as a _Pabulum_, fitly adapted only to let this Element pass through it, -for the Purposes here described. - -The more of the Air that passes through them, the quicker they burn; as -when the Snuff of a Candle is taken off, which hindered the Quantity to -pass thro’ it, it increases the Flame; though, before, the same -Materials were employ’d. The same may be said of clearing the Ashes -from, and stirring the Fire; which impeded the Quantity of Air from -leaving its Fire behind, in its Passage through the Coals. - -If the Wax had any Inherency of Fire in its Nature, Why, if you turn a -lighted Candle downwards, does the Wax extinguish the Flame? If this my -Conjecture be difficultly conceiv’d, pray let me farther ask, Why does a -Candle, which is lighted, and let down into a Mine where there is a -Damp, go out? In a large Mine there is Space enough surely for a Candle -to burn in, if there had been enough of that _Pabulum Vitæ_ left in the -stagnated Air which occupy’d that large Cavern. - -Now, if you will suppose, with me, that this Air had been robb’d of its -Fire, by its supporting and keeping alive such Things under-ground as -its Business is to do every-where, and that Space was left full of -stagnated Air, and therefore could not admit of fresh to enter, it -became impossible for Fire, or any living Creature, to subsist there. - -The Cure of this Evil is performed in Mines by a Horse-Mill, which works -large Bellows, that drive fresh Air down a Shaft made for that Purpose. - -I remember Dr. _Halley_ told me, that he once try’d the Experiment of -making a factitious Damp; which he did, by exhausting the Air out of the -Receiver of an Air-Pump, and then luting to a Stop-cock a Gun-barrel; -the other End of which he put into a Charcoal-Fire, and with the Air, -which pass’d thro’ the Fire, he fill’d the Receiver again; he told me -that it instantly kill’d a Mouse he put into it, and many other Animals, -just as Damps did: Now how will you account for this, if you suppose not -that its Fire was extinguish’d, and carried from it another Way? - -Having thus far, I hope, prepared your Mind to understand what I -apprehend the Element of Fire is, and what its Office seems to be, I -will shew, if I can, - -First, Why, in Electricity, Fire proceeds from an electrical Body, so as -to light into a Flame many different Compositions. - -Secondly, Why a Tube of Glass, when rubbed so as to be made electrical, -will not only attract to it, but repel from it alternately, any light -Body, as Leaf-Gold, Feathers, and the like: And also, why it will seem -to send from it a Quantity of Wind, with a singing small Noise, if you -hold it nigh to your Cheek and Ear. - -Thirdly, Why, when any unelectrify’d Body touches any thing electrify’d, -the Electricity breaks off with a smart Crack, and a Spark of Fire. - -Fourthly, Why a Number of Men, who are joined together by holding any -metallic Body betwixt them, if one of them touch a Piece of Iron -electrify’d, the whole Company shall feel a violent Concussion, in -proportion to the Largeness of the Body electrify’d. - -First, I will endeavour to shew, Why an electrify’d Body will kindle an -_Alcohol_, or rectify’d Spirit of Wine, and many other compounded -Liquors, into a Flame. - -After having attempted to prove to you, that the Cause of Electricity -arises from the universal Fire scatter’d through all Nature, by its -being rubb’d together in its Passage betwixt a glass Ball and a Piece of -Leather, _&c._ I hope I shall make it appear, that it passes from -thence, to the Body electrify’d, in a converging and diverging State; -just as a _Lens_ converges and diverges the Rays of Light which pass -through it: And that all Bodies electrify’d are shut up in a _Capsula_ -or Covering of this electric Matter, or lambent Flame, which not only -passes over it about half an Inch thick, but pervades also every Part -and Particle of Matter which constitutes that Body; which it may as -easily do, if it consisted of many Tons Weight, as soon, and from the -same Necessity, as it would do to one of an Inch Diameter: And that the -electrify’d Body is intirely seal’d up at each Extremity. - -To shew this Fire in a converging State, you may observe, when a -Gun-barrel, or any long Bar of Iron, is to be electrify’d, and it is in -a State of Suspension on silk Cords, which are non-electricable, you may -perceive the Fire issue from a Piece of iron Wire coming from the glass -Ball, in a lambent Flame, which draws to a Point, and then diverges, and -drives itself on, till the Gun-barrel, or Bar, is electrify’d. - -Its being a Gun-barrel can be no other Reason for its Preference in that -Shape than in another; but I believe the Occasion of its being used here -is, because the greatest Effect which has been shewn from Electricity, -was sent from abroad; and that was caused by suspending a great Gun in a -non-electricable silk Cord. The Gun seems to have been made use of here -as being the greatest Quantity of Iron, and in the best Shape, they -could get it for Suspension. And were a Person so suspended, if he held -in his Hand a naked Sword, you might see such a lambent Flame passing -from it, in a converging and diverging State, as before describ’d. - -I would further prove this converging Fire, from a late Experiment I -have heard of, which is as follows: If you suspend an iron Ball by a -large Piece of Wire, which descends from a Bar of Iron electrify’d, and -then hold under it, in a Saucer, some small round Bubbles of Glass, near -enough to be in Contact with the electrical _Vortex_, the glass Balls -will follow each other round in the Saucer; and each of these Balls, if -the Experiment be made in the dark, will appear to have a Spot of blue -Flame at each End of them. - -Now, as, by the Contrivance of Man, here is more of this Fire crouded -together, than was intended by the Author of all Uniformity, seeing, by -its natural Cohesion, and the infinite Celerity it is spirally driven on -with, it is no Wonder, in this confined State, if that, which, as Water -unconfin’d, would be gentle and beneficent, should, with all the Power -that belongs to it, break out at the first Door which is opened for its -Passage from this tortur’d State. - -It is no Wonder, therefore, that all undisorder’d Nature should be -equally electrify’d: For how is it possible to have it otherwise? since, -if a Person stands on the Ground, and touches but the _Capsula_ before -he touches the Body, the electric Fire starts through him into the -Ground, as swift as Lightning, and thence into the universal lambent -Flame, from whence it was taken. - -Lightning from hence may in some measure be accounted for; though I -cannot so exactly tell what collects it together, as I can in this -factitious Lightning here treated of, yet I can suppose, that the Cause -of Lightning is produc’d from a great Quantity of this Fire before -spoken of; which being driven together, and included in a limited State, -or Covering of some Kind, when discharged from this Covering, it goes -off in an Explosion, which is Thunder. The Lightning I need not -describe, being intirely the same with Electricity; for it will kill -without a Wound, and pass through every thing, as this seems to do. - -I am to shew, first, the Cause of its kindling a Flame in certain -compounded Liquors; which, if what I have supposed be true, that it is -by the means spoken of that this Fire is collected and driven on, as I -have said, it is plain to be seen, that at the Finger’s End of a Person -electrify’d, or at the End of a Sword, held as before described, being -in a dark Room, a Flame issues from them: It is no Wonder then, that an -inflammable Spirit, as is shewn, should take Fire from it. - -The second Thing I proposed to shew is, Why a Tube of Glass, rubb’d -smartly in the Hand, so as to become electrical, repels Leaf-Gold, -Feathers, and other small Bodies; and when they touch any less -electrify’d Body, they shall return back again to the Tube, and so _vice -versa_. Now, if what I have been saying be true, how can this -_Phænomenon_ be otherwise? For, if that Piece of Leaf-Gold, _&c._ be -electrify’d by the Touch of the Tube, then it has as full Power given to -it as the electrify’d Body had to give to it: And when the Gold, _&c._ -touches any other Body, it imparts to it so much of its electrical -Property as it had in itself: And then it may be consider’d in the same -State it was in when first electrify’d: And so it will be repeatedly -attracted to it, and be repell’d _toties quoties_. - -But it may be asked, What causes these attractive and repulsive -Faculties? I answer, The Attraction of fiery Particles one to another: -For, if all Nature be agitated by this Fire, all Things have it in the -common Proportion, as it was intended they should stand in Nature. And -therefore, as I have endeavoured to shew, that Electricity is occasioned -by crouding on any thing more of this Fire and Force than naturally -belonged to it; and as the Flame of a Candle must of Necessity send out -of it at its Point an Overplus (without which there could be no -Succession or free Motion in its Flame); so, for the same Reason, the -Redundancy of what is crouded on may be consider’d as spending itself at -each Extremity, that it may thereby reach itself out to any thing, and -invite it to it; as I have shewn the Flame descending down the Smoak of -a Candle just blown out to kindle it again, will do. - -As therefore there is a trite Proverb, passing universally, that _where -there is Smoak there must be some Fire_, I will endeavour to prove, That -no Heat, either from Animals, or from any other Cause, can be produced -but from this supposed Fire I have been speaking of. For, now, suppose -you see the Flame of a Candle circumscribed and limited in its Shape and -Size, which it has according to its Snuff; this Thought may serve to -illustrate what I mean by the _Capsula_, which I have supposed passing -over the Surface of every Body when it is electrify’d, and seems to be a -lambent Flame, being more or less thick, as from the _Apparatus_ more or -less Fire has been collected and rubbed together on it, either from the -Friction of a glass Tube, or the Globe: Now, as what I am about to shew, -is, why this attractive Faculty is found in this Experiment, I would -offer to your Consideration, Whether, when common People see the Flame -of a Candle circumscrib’d, they think of any Fire which may proceed -further than in the Flame of that Candle? Yet every body, on -Recollection, knows, that the Flame will heat Parts at a great Distance -to such a Degree, as, at length, to kindle them into a Fire. And tho’, -till you touch the Flame, your Finger is not immediately burn’d, yet -there are shewn to be Emanations of Fire at a Distance from its burning -Quality. So here I beg Leave to consider the same Property in this Fire -occasion’d by Electricity. For, till you touch this _Capsula_ of lambent -Flame (which is commonly to be met with near a Quarter of to Half an -Inch short of the Body to be electrify’d) no Effect is perceiv’d, -because you have not enter’d into the _Vortex_ of this Whirlpool of -Fire: Yet you may suppose that it sends out an Emanation of its Fire -beyond it, as other Flames do; which, when it has first, by its Heat, -(which I take to be Part of it) prepared small Things to be electrify’d, -then they are more easily lick’d into the whole Power, and so become -electrify’d. The Reason therefore, why the Gold, and other light -Materials, (which I have supposed to have some of this Fire in them) are -attracted, is, the Invitation they receive from the curling _Effluvia_ -to a closer Contact: And when it has received as much as the former can -give it, its Invitation ceases, till it has parted with what it had to -its Neighbour; and then it is again invited as before. - -I come now to consider the Violence of this Fire; which, passing thro’ -the Pores of the glass Tube, may, as the Sound of Organ-Pipes, which -proceeds only from their differently modifying the Air, cause the -various hissing Noises you hear when the Tube is held nigh the Ear, from -the Electricity passing through the different shaped Pores of it. - -And furthermore the Wind may seem to arise, from the distant Parts of -the electrical Force playing at some Space from the Tube; which thereby -agitate and fan the ambient Air, so as to make it feel like Wind. - -The third Thing I proposed to shew, is, Why the electrical Power departs -from one Thing to another by giving a smart Crack, and send-out a Spark, -which will set on fire many very inflammable Liquors. - -Now, (as I have, I hope, demonstrated) when this Fire of Electricity is -issuing out at a Point into an inflammable Spirit, it can be no Wonder, -that the Spirit, which is known to be full of Fire, should unite its -Fire to that of Electricity. - -As to the Crack it gives when this Fire passes away: As all Sounds are -occasioned only by the Air’s being put into a different Modification, it -is here natural to suppose, that as the Cracking of a Whip is caused by -the smart Stroke at the Point of it on the Air, so, in this Case, the -Air seems to be agitated in the same manner, by breaking the Continuity -of it, whereby the like Sound is perceiv’d. - -The next Thing I propose to account for, is, Why a Company of -unelectrify’d Persons, who are joined together by their holding each a -Piece of iron Wire betwixt them, tho’ they are ever so many, do all -receive a violent Blow or Concussion on their Bodies, when one of them -touches a Piece of electrify’d Iron.—I think this Experiment may be -carried so far, that, as it has been found already sufficient to kill -Birds, and hurt many Persons very grievously, it may have Force enough -given to it to kill a Man, as effectually as the Darting of Lightning -can do. - -For if you consider, that you may as effectually electrify one Quantity -of Iron as another, that it may be done to many Ton Weight as easily as -to a small Piece, and that, when it departs into a Person, all the Power -given to it, not only on its Surface, but intimately thro’ every Pore -and Particle of it, darts like Lightning from the Point only it was -touch’d in; then further think, that if this Repercussion, or infinite -Recoil, from so large and solid a Body, be so great, when its Power is -thus sent, what may it not do in its utmost Extent? - -Having now, I think, gone thro’ what I propos’d to shew, and given a -Reason, as far as my Conjecture reaches, for every _Phænomenon_ which I -have seen or heard of in Electricity, I think it may not be improper to -endeavour to proceed a little farther with it, and consider its Power as -it stands in Nature. For, since the Antients have ever supposed some -uniform compulsive Power, which they called the _Anima Mundi_, and which -by these electrical Experiments seems to be Fire, I will endeavour to -shew, that, in the Dispersion of it in common Nature, you may observe -that some Plants abound with it, from the great Vigour they discover, -compar’d with others in their own Tribe. Some are so, as being of a more -verdant Nature than others are. Now, from this Consideration, I will -venture to give a Reason for that which has hitherto puzzled every body -that has thought about it, which is, Why the Sensitive Plant shrinks; -and, from a turgid and vivid Appearance, it immediately becomes languid, -and hangs its Leaves, on the Touch of any other Body or Thing. - -Now, from this my Conjecture on Electricity, if you will suppose with -me, that as all Things, which stand in the common Nature of this lower -World, have this Fire equally dispersed, and have more or less of it -only as they are in this or that Place, where more or less of it is -offer’d to be received by them, or as they are in their own Natures more -capable of receiving more of it than others are, (as I think has been -shewn by the electrical Experiments before-mention’d) and then likewise -suppose the Nature of the Sensitive Plant is to have more of this Fire -in it than there is in any other Plant or Thing, and it must, by the -Nature of it, when any of them touches it, impart a great deal of its -Fire into that Thing by which it is touched; because that had less of it -than was in the Sensitive Plant. Therefore, till the Sensitive Plant has -had Time to recover its Vigour, by receiving from the Air more of this -Fire, its Leaves and Branches hang in a languid State, from the great -Loss of its Spirit and Fire. - -To illustrate this, if you set any small Tree in a Pot upon a Cake of -Resin, and then electrify the Tree, even tho’ it were a Willow, it would -grow extremely turgid, so as to erect its Leaves to the great Wonder of -the Beholder; and the Moment you touch even but one of its Leaves, the -whole Tree becomes as languid as the Sensitive Plant would be, if -touched by any Body or Thing.—This I think seems to me to give as great -a Proof of the Truth of my Conjecture as the Nature of the Thing can -admit of, respecting the Sensitive Plant. - -As I am upon the Subject of Vegetation, it may not be improper to offer -somewhat concerning the Direction of the _Farina fecundans_, which is -found in Plants and Flowers, to the _Matrix_ of that, or of a -neighbouring Plant or Flower. - -Now, if there was not some very attracting Influence to guide it, it -would but seldom happen, I think, that they could come together by -Chance.—If therefore you suppose, that both the _Matrix_ and the -_Farina_ abound with more of this Fire than is in any other Part of the -Plant, or Flower, this great Wonder is at an End: For, by the natural -Attraction there might be in each, from the Fire supposed to be in them, -they would fly together, and be closely connected, as they are -constantly found to be in their proper Season. - -I have mention’d, that the _Farina_ of one Plant may impregnate the -_Matrix_ of another as well as its own; because I have observed -formerly, at Mr. _Fairchild_’s, a Gardener at _Hoxton_, a Mule-Flower, -begotten betwixt a Pink and a Sweet-William. - -Having consider’d how this electrical Power may be supposed to affect -Vegetation in its common Growth, I shall reflect a little further -concerning it, as it may affect animal Life. - -We may observe universally, that Youth abounds with infinitely more -Spirits than Age doth, as well in the Human Species as in the Brute -Creation; as it is clearly seen in Children, compar’d to Adults; as also -in Lambs, in Colts, in Kittens, and almost all other Young, they being -much more vigorous than their Dams are generally seen to be. Now what -Reflection I would make on this, is, That if Life in them, and in all -Nature, be owing to the same Fire as causes Electricity, then, from -thence may proceed the Danger of lodging old People with young Children; -who, by long Experience, have been found to draw from young Children -their natural Strength; the old People having in them a less Proportion -of this Fire than young ones seem to have. - -Being about to shew the Evil as well as the Good arising from this -supposed Fire, I will, in the next place, endeavour to demonstrate, the -Cause of Blasts in Mankind; and also to give some Reason for the Blights -on Trees, which I think may be occasioned by this Fire before spoken of. - -Having given some Account of the Fire which was seen in the high Wind, -to corroborate that Truth, I think it proper to inform you, that I have -been told, by very good Authority, that, in tempestuous Weather at Sea, -great Flakes of Fire are frequently seen passing not only in the Air, -but on the Water also: And having myself seen the Sea-Water, in the -Night-time, appear to have a great Quantity of Fire issuing out of it, -when the Surface thereof was disturbed by the Feathering of Oars, or by -the Vessel or Boat passing swiftly through it, I asked a Sailor, At what -Time that Appearance happened most frequently? He told me, It most -generally happen’d after tempestuous Weather; or, as his Term was, dirty -Weather at Sea. - -I think this will sufficiently shew the Existence of this Fire in the -Air; and, if any Regard be had to what I think its Power and Use is in -the World, that it will intrude itself and force its Way into any Thing -where less of it is, and so join itself to it by being in a greater -Quantity; as has been shewn by many electrical Experiments. - -You may suppose a Person sitting, as it is too frequently found they -are, near a Door, or in a Window, when they are in a warm Temperature, -and in Perspiration; if you believe that there can be any Probability in -the Conjecture I have offer’d to your Consideration, is it not natural -for any of this Fire, which passes as frequently through the Air in the -Daytime (though unobserved) as when it is seen in the Night; I say, Why -is it not natural for it to force its Entrance into any Person or Thing? -especially as it comes then with the Assistance of the Stream of Air the -Person sits in, and with which it is driven. - -In order to make this Mischief the more to be regarded, I will endeavour -to shew the natural State of the Air itself. - -Many Writers about it chuse to divide it into two Sorts; the first is -the pure _Æther_, which is supposed to be moving above our Atmosphere; -the second is the common Air, which is supposed to be within our -Atmosphere. I confess, the Feats attributed to the mighty Weight of our -Atmosphere, in causing Siphons and Pumps, _&c._ to operate, I never -could understand; but if I were to account for their Operations, as well -as that of a Barometer, by the Elasticity of the Air, I think I could -more easily and more naturally shew it. - -Notwithstanding what has been advanced concerning the _Æther_, which is -believed to inhabit above our Atmosphere, I chuse rather to suppose, -that the Air is an Element as well as Fire, and that the Difference in -it is only betwixt heavy and foul Air, and clean and light Air. That -which comes on the highest Mountains is clean, and free from our Fogs -and Putrefactions, and, consequently, more elastic. - -As a Proof of this, I would recommend the following Experiment: Fill a -Bladder with this clean Air; then press it with a Weight just sufficient -to make it give way; and you will find, that, by reason of its -Elasticity, it will yield much further, than if it were fill’d with the -other Air, which is impregnated with foggy and aqueous Particles. - -Now if, as in a Barometer, the Quicksilver is suspended by the Air on -the Top of the Tube, which was extracted or emerged out of the -Quicksilver, by the Weight of the said Quicksilver, and as that Air in -the Barometer cannot but have a Communication with the ambient Air, the -Air within the Barometer must thence be affected, by its becoming less -elastic also. - -But this is not so much to my present Purpose, as to consider the Air -loaded not only with Vapours, but with poisonous _Effluvia_ from the -Steams of various Minerals, as well as with the Salts of dead Insects -and Animals, which, in the Season of Autumn, may probably occasion so -many Agues, and putrid Fevers, as are met with. - -Now, if you further consider the Air as loaded with any or all of these -Vapours and _Effluvia_, and demanding Entrance with the Authority of -Fire, its Companion, is it any Wonder, that the Rheumatism, and many -other bad Effects, which frequently happen, in unguarded Seasons, to -Mankind, may be owing to the Cause here treated of? - -I remember that a Person, riding in an open Chaise, in an Easterly Wind, -receiv’d a Stroke upon one of his _Scapula’s_, with as great Pain, and -with the same kind of Sensation, as if he had been stuck with a Dagger. -Upon which he instantly said to his Friend in the Chaise, He expected a -violent Rheumatism from it. Which accordingly happen’d; for he was not -able to quit his Bed for Three Weeks after.—I think this cannot be -better accounted for, than to suppose it proceeded from a pointed Body -of this kind of Fire, and the _Effluvia_ which accompanied it. - -If you will be pleased to reflect on the Air in this last described -State, you need not expect, I think, to have much said concerning the -Blights on Trees. It is true, somewhat may be consider’d with regard to -the Insects frequently found on the blighted Leaves: But whether, when -by the Blight the Leaves have been curl’d up, the Insects come there as -to a proper _Nidus_, or whether they are brought in this Fire, which -seems plainly to have burn’d the Leaves, I will not undertake to account -for. - - _I am_, &c. - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - APPENDIX. - - -The kind Reception this small Treatise has met with from the Public -occasions the Printing this Second Edition of it. - -It is, I confess, some Satisfaction to me, that my publishing it is not -without Part of the Effect I hoped for; having been told by many, who -have read it, that it gave them very new and satisfactory Ideas. - -As to those who have read it, and say nothing of it, either from their -Want of Apprehension, or their Fear of being obliged to alter their -Sentiments concerning it, or from a worse Cause than either, I -absolutely have no Concern about them. - -There are those, I confess, who merit with me the highest Esteem, who, -having read it, object to some Things, as fearing I have not conceiv’d -them rightly; but this they have done with the Temper of Gentlemen. -These I think deserve to be set right; which I will therefore attempt to -do in the following Manner: - -The First Objection they make is, That I have called Silk, Wax, _&c._ -which do not ordinarily convey the electrical Power to other Bodies, -non-electricable, or non-electrical; when other Writers have long since -agreed to call them Electrics _per se_. - -The Second Objection is, That what I have advanced, to prove that the -Power of Electricity proceeds not from the _Apparatus_, but from the -Air, seems to be overthrown; because, since I wrote my Book, there has -been a new Experiment made, by placing the whole _Apparatus_ on Wax, and -also the Persons concerned in the Experiment, and by that means the -Power is intercepted. - -The Third Objection is, That so large a Quantity of Iron, as I have -supposed to be electrify’d, will not give greater Force, when touch’d by -a Person unelectrify’d, than a smaller one will. - -In Answer to the First Objection; I cannot think, that the Term Electric -_per se_ is suited to any Material whatever; unless some One was found -out which would attract to it, of its own accord, any other Material; as -we find a Loadstone will do, when placed near any thing in its Reach: -but, if you lay even Amber unrubb’d in Contact with Straws, or any other -Things, they will not be attracted to it. So that Friction, it is plain, -collects this Power to the Amber. - -The Term Electric _per se_ seems to me to be used by these Gentlemen for -the same Purposes as the old Term of _Occult Quality_ was. - -As the Word Electricity arises from Amber, I need not instance in any -other Material; nor need I give again my Reasons, why certain Things are -non-electricable. But, for clearing One Point, in which I am not rightly -apprehended; I have said, That if Fire be the Cause of Life and Increase -in any thing which stands in a State of Nature, then, whatever ceases to -be in a State of Life or Increase, must have its Fire withdrawn, and it -becomes a _Caput Mortuum_.—I have been told, This is not true; for a -dead Animal will be electrify’d. - -This I complain of, as not having been understood concerning it. This -Animal, though kill’d, had once its animal Increase from Fire. Boards, -when dry, have Fire in them; because the Fire, which invigorated the -Tree they were saw’d out of, must naturally remain in them. The like may -be said of a dead Animal; but Wax, Pitch, Resin, and the Tribe of -Non-electricables, never had their Existence from Nature only; and -therefore they are quite of a different Tribe. For what I say is, That -whatever had once Fire in it is capable of being electrify’d. Those -called Electrics _per se_, having no Fire in them, when, by Friction, -Fire is collected on their Surfaces, it is either driven from thence -into the Air, or into some Electricable, and so it joins with that Fire -which naturally belongs to it. - -Sealing-wax is compounded of Non-electricables, and, if you rub it, will -attract Things to it as Amber will: And I believe all other Things, -which will not imbibe the Fire into them, when by Friction it is -collected on their Surfaces, will dispose of it thence to their next -Neighbour. Resin and Pitch, from their Tenacity, may difficultly be made -to do it, and, yet have the Nature in them I am supposing them to have. - -There may be such artful Tricks play’d with this Power, as, to an -undiscerning Eye, may make it seem to be changed; for Instance, If you -wet a silk Cord (Water being electricable) it passes on the Water -through the Cord, by the Cord’s only retaining the Water. Some Dye, with -which Silk is dyed, if it be of a vegetable Nature, will convey this -Power through the Silk, by the Contiguity of the Dye-Stuff: So that you -see there may be no End of Experiments. - -I think it is a great Pity that the Word _Electricity_ should ever have -been given to so wonderful _Phænomenon_, which might properly be -consider’d as the First Principle in Nature. Perhaps the Word _Vivacity_ -might not have been an improper one; but it is now too late to think of -changing a Name it has so long obtain’d. - -As I am going to answer the Second Objection, I own I have not employ’d -myself in making Experiments in Electricity, chusing rather, if I could, -to account for those which have been found out by others, than to spend -much Time in making them myself: Though I pay great Respect to those, -who, for Improvement of Knowlege, have been employ’d in them. As to -those who get Money by shewing these Experiments, I do not pay so high a -Regard to their Performances; because all, who shew any Arts to new -Customers, for Profit, are bound to try all Means to gain Applause. I -would endeavour to ascertain the Laws or Principle by which they are -perform’d; which when done, a Thousand Tricks like Legerdemain may be -performed by it, by him whose Time is little worth. - -In the Second Objection it is said, I am mistaken, when I advance, that -the _Apparatus_ is not the Cause of Electricity, but that it is produced -by the Air. To shew this, I am told, That if a Person is placed, and -also the _Apparatus_, on Wax or Resin (which are non-electricable), no -Fire or Force is produced from them: But if the Person employ’d in doing -it touches the Wainscot or the Floor with a Walking-Stick, or the like, -the Electricity flows as freely as if he stood on the Floor. From whence -some Conjecture this Power comes from the Earth only; than which I think -nothing can be more absurd: For, if you fetch it out of the Wainscot, or -the Boards of the Floor, it must first be in them, and the Air could -only be the Carrier of it to them. So that here the main Things, which I -at first only conjectur’d, I think are fully proved; which are, That -Electricity was not generated by the _Apparatus_, but only collected by -it out of the Air. - -As to the Third Objection to a larger Quantity of electrify’d Iron not -giving greater Force than a smaller, it should be observ’d, that in this -Essay I have only conjectured what most probably is true: And as I -profess not to have been engaged in making electrical Experiments, I -must rely on those only who have made them: But, surely, if there may be -too much Iron employ’d to be so affected, as I have imagined, there may -also be too little; and therefore Time may yet shew, that such a -Quantity of this Power may be so collected as to kill a Man; since but -Yesterday I was informed, that a Person, who lives in the _Strand_, is -now recovering from a Palsy, in which he lost his Speech, and other -Intellects; which Mischief he received from this Force of Electricity. - -I hope what I have written on this Subject will not call on me, from the -thinking Part of Mankind, any undue Reflection: I have nevertheless met -with such an unmannerly Abuse from a Country Show-man, who published -some Experiments, and owns he added the Preface to it, in order to write -what I am sure no Gentleman would have written—If this Person be poor, -and did it for Gain, I heartily pity him. He owns he was much -affrighted, when he heard of my publishing this Piece, because of the -hard Fate, he says, of his Booksellers; but, before he had read Two -Pages, he likewise owns he recovered his Spirits, when he found I -pretended to think for myself, and did not let Sir _Isaac Newton_ think -for me, after he had been so long dead. I am well satisfy’d, had that -Great Man been living, and had seen these electrical Experiments, he -would not have bow’d low to this great Philosopher, for thus supporting -his Character. His doing this would be as ridiculous as to see a Pygmy -attempt to carry a Giant. I believe there are more Answers to Books -written to pay a Landlady, or an Alehouse-Score, than from any other -Cause; especially, if they think they answer one whose Character will -call it into the World.—I know nothing of my Adversary’s Finances; but -how rich soever he may have made himself by his Show, he seems to have -the Blessing of never being liable to the Headach from his Thinking too -intensely. - - - _FINIS._ - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - Transcriber’s note: - -Width of em-dashes has been regularised. - -Page 8, ‘unphilophical’ changed to ‘unphilosophical,’ “how -unphilosophical and unmeaning” - -Page 16, ‘mortuum’ changed to ‘Mortuum,’ “as a Caput Mortuum. Of” - -Page 27, ‘convergeing’ changed to ‘converging,’ “prove this converging -Fire” - -Page 31, ‘wil’ changed to ‘will,’ “so it will be” - -Page 56, ‘whetever’ changed to ‘whatever,’ “then, whatever ceases to” - -Page 57, second ‘to’ struck, “ceases to be in” - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of An Essay to Shew the Cause of -Electricity, by John Freke - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESSAY TO SHEW CAUSE OF ELECTRICITY *** - -***** This file should be named 52439-0.txt or 52439-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/4/3/52439/ - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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