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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba010ff --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #52439 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/52439) diff --git a/old/52439-0.txt b/old/52439-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 2c74507..0000000 --- a/old/52439-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1404 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's An Essay to Shew the Cause of Electricity, by John Freke - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: An Essay to Shew the Cause of Electricity - and Why Some Things are Non-Electricable - -Author: John Freke - -Release Date: June 30, 2016 [EBook #52439] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESSAY TO SHEW CAUSE OF ELECTRICITY *** - - - - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - AN - - ESSAY - - TO SHEW THE - - CAUSE - - OF - - ELECTRICITY; - - AND - - Why Some Things are Non-Electricable. - - In which is also Consider’d - - Its Influence in the _Blasts_ on Human Bodies, - in the _Blights_ on Trees, in the _Damps_ in - Mines; and as it may affect the _Sensitive - Plant_, &c. - - In a LETTER - To Mr. WILLIAM WATSON, _F.R.S._ - - By JOHN FREKE, Surgeon to _St. Bartholomew’s_ - Hospital, _London_, F.R.S. - - _Naturam expellas furcâ, tamen usque recurret._ - - The SECOND EDITION: With an APPENDIX. - - _LONDON:_ - Printed for W. INNYS, in _Pater-noster Row_. - - MDCCXLVI. - [Price One Shilling.] - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TO - - _MARTIN FOLKES_, Esq; - - PRESIDENT - - OF THE - - ROYAL SOCIETY. - - - _SIR_, - -Those who have the Honour of your Acquaintance, and thence know your -many excellent Qualifications, must applaud my Choice in dedicating this -small Piece to you; whose Name, if there be any Merit in the -Performance, will, before any other, add a Lustre to it. I am, with the -highest Esteem, - - _Your most Obliged, - Humble Servant_, - - JOHN FREKE. - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - The PREFACE. - - -_When I first enter’d on this Subject of _Electricity_, I intended only -to put some Thoughts in Writing concerning it, that I might the more -easily convey them to the Understandings of such as I hoped would be -more likely than I should be to go farther with it. And as nobody, -either here or abroad, had published any thing touching the Cause from -which it was produc’d, I chose to shew the Beginning I had made to some -Friends, whose Opinion concerning Natural Knowlege I had a great -Reliance on. I told them, I thought my Difficulty would be to convey -what I had to propound on this new Subject to them with the necessary -Clearness, as my Intention was to observe the utmost Brevity in it._ - -_After I had read it to them, they assured me that what I had written -was perfectly intelligible; and that it gave them many new Ideas -respecting this _Phænomenon_; and were very earnest with me to print it, -for the sake of the Publick._ - -_I was not, however, inclined to comply with their Requests, till I had -shewn it to a Person who is most justly distinguish’d for his great -Candor, and superlative Understanding in all Natural Knowlege; and he -likewise having express’d his Wishes to see it in Print, I could not but -look on his Desire as a Command._ - -_If what I have here undertaken to shew should enlighten the Minds of -any of my Readers, or if it should so far awaken the Attention of -others, as to make them give better Reasons for the Operation of this -Power of Electricity than I have done, I shall not account the Time ill -spent, which I have employ’d on this interesting Subject: A Subject -which can, with more Nobleness and Dignity employ the Mind of Man, than -any I can think of relating to the sublunary Part of this World. For by -it you may be acquainted with the immediate Officer of _God Almighty_, -which he seems to send to all Things living. Nay, this Power, according -to my Conception, seems to be the Cause, under _HIM_, both of Life and -Death. And when it may be more fully understood, it may afford us Means -whereby we may be better enabled to reason more intelligibly than now we -can, concerning various Operations in Nature._ - -_I am very sensible what Tribute a new Author is liable to pay to -Criticks: I know it is too common to find much too large a Part of them -inclin’d to look into a Book for its Faults, rather than for its Use; -and are more ready to pull down, than they have Abilities to put any -thing in its Place. But as I am not writing this for any Gain to myself, -but the Pleasure of informing, if I can, the Minds of such as may be -informed by it, I chuse rather to stand their Censure, than deny the -Publick what may possibly be the Beginning of much Good._ - -_It is very probable, that those who pretend to know every thing, will -be so good as to say, if they like what I have advanc’d, that it squares -exactly with what they thought before concerning it: And those who set -up for Criticks will try their Hands at this Performance, and, if they -can, will condemn it._ - -_It would be a great Wonder, indeed, if this should escape the Censure -of some, when the great Dr. _Harvey_ had his implacable Adversaries to -his Account of the Circulation of the Blood; and even Sir _Isaac Newton_ -met with Opponents to several of his Theorys. What I have said opposes -no one’s Scheme, that I know of; it offers no Sentiments which can hurt -any Man._ - -_I have advanc’d only Conjectures for the clearing those Truths I would -establish; and if, after all, what appears reasonable to me should not -appear so to others, I cannot help it: For it is impossible for all Men -to see the same Thing in one and the same Light, even though they were -Men of the best Erudition. I would hope, that what I have undertaken to -shew, is what all sensible Men would be glad to have shewn._ - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - AN - - ESSAY - - To Shew - - From what CAUSES Electricity is - Produced, _&c._ - - - _Kind Sir_, - -When I reflect on the great Ingenuity you have shewn, in your -_Apparatus_ for the Improvement of the Knowlege of Electricity, and how -industrious and kind you have been in communicating the many Experiments -you have made to your Friends and Acquaintance relating thereto, I was -in hopes, from you or some of them, an Essay would be made ere this, not -only to go farther with these Experiments, but to give some tolerable -Conjecture from whence this Fire, and astonishing Effect, is produced. - -I was going to give you my Thoughts concerning it, when I last saw you -at _Child_’s Coffee-house; but, on Reflection, I chose rather to do it -in Writing: For, in all Novelty, till the Relater is quite understood, -Words are forgotten easily; but Things of this sort in Writing may again -and again be consider’d. - -To begin then: In order to shew whence this electrical Fire and Force is -produc’d, I will first endeavour to prove, that it arises not from any -of the _Apparatus_ itself; not either from the glass Ball, nor the -Leather, nor from the Tube, or Hand that rubs it: Because nothing we -know of can send out of it a Quantity of Matter, but there must be less -of that Matter remaining, after it has been so discharged; whereas it -cannot be shewn, but that the Ball of Glass, after ever so many Times -using, remains as fit for the same Use as at first. - -Having, from Probability, I think, shewn, that the Fire and Force, here -treated of, come not from the _Apparatus_, it is natural for me to -suppose they are produced from the Air they are mov’d in. And I believe -this Notion will not appear trifling, when we consider, that the most -ancient and ablest Philosophers have look’d upon the Animal and -Vegetable World as actuated by Fire; and that they are nourish’d by -Water, and what it contains. If this be allow’d, then the Air, which is -esteem’d the _Pabulum Vitæ_, from its rubefying the Blood of all Animals -in Respiration, seems to be universally impregnated with this Fire. And -tho’ there is not enough of it so dispersed as to hurt the Animals in -Respiration, yet I can suppose it as universally dispersed, as I can a -small Quantity of any Liquor dropp’d in Water, which, when so dispersed, -is of no Harm to a Patient, though a few Drops of it by themselves would -have been certain Death. And yet, if you farther consider it so -dispersed, you cannot consider one Particle of the Water without a -Particle of the Medicine: Just so it may be with the Fire of this lower -Region, or, what I chuse rather to call it, this _Flamma Vitalis_. - -I proceed now to consider, how this Fire, so dispersed, may be -collected; and have given to it, in electrical Experiments, a Force -equal to, and of the same Nature with, Lightning. - -To make this Conjecture the more easily apprehended, I will suppose, -that the Nature of Fire is as similar to its Parts, and they have as -great a Propensity to adhere to one another, as we find the different -Arrangements in all natural Bodies have; as may be seen in Gems, in -Water, and in the various _Strata_ of the Earth, and the like. Do but -force or invite these fiery Particles to a closer Contact than they have -been supposed to be in, when uniformly dispersed through all Nature, and -they are Lightning, or a Fire of less Force, as more or less Parts of -that Fire are got together. - -To illustrate this, wax a small Thread, or slide a Rope swiftly thro’ -your Fingers, and you are liable to burn them: Which probably arises -from their grinding in, betwixt your Fingers and the Rope, so many more -Particles of Fire than naturally come together when left to float in the -Air. - -If this Reasoning be allow’d to be just (which it must be, till it is -overturn’d by stronger Reasoning), then it follows, that the Air, which -is violently ground or rubb’d betwixt your Hand and a glass Tube, or -betwixt a glass Ball whirl’d briskly, and rubb’d with a Piece of -Leather, as they are used in electrical Experiments, I say, the Air, so -rubb’d, may leave behind it that Quantity of agitated Fire which causes -Electricity. - -For, suppose the Ball or Tube inveloped with a Quantity of this Fire -moving spirally round them, with the utmost Velocity; and it can no more -depart from its Company than you find Sparks of Fire which fly from -Steel on a Knife-grinder’s Wheel are liable to do. Every body almost can -remember to have seen them adhere to the Wheel, and frequently pursue -each other quite round it. - -Those who try these Experiments, find, that in moist Weather this Power -is less attainable than in a more clear Day; and therefore some may be -liable to attribute that to the _Apparatus_, which may be better -accounted for by the watry Particles in the Air; which may be liable to -hinder the lambent Flame, by me supposed to be universally scatter’d, -from uniting, by the Friction before-mention’d. - -As I have mention’d Friction, I cannot help observing how -unphilosophical and unmeaning it is, for any one to advance, that Fire -is caused by Friction; when I think he may as well say, that Water is -caused by Pumping. - -We know, that a Cart or Coach-Wheel, for Want of Grease, by Friction -will be set on Fire; and Fire-Canes, rubbed together smartly, will take -Fire; but neither of these, I believe, nor any thing else, will beget or -generate the Element of Fire. They must either collect it out of the -Air, or else it must be lodged within them, as we find it to be in Steel -in an eminent Degree: For, if you drop the Filings of Steel through the -Flame of a Candle, it sends out the most fierce Fire of any thing in -Nature. - -The Reason to be given why a greater Quantity of Fire is produced from -Steel-Filings, than from any other Thing, I take to be owing to a larger -Share of that Element which is impacted in it from its being made out of -Iron long impregnated with Fire. - -Many other Bodies have actual Fire impacted in them, as Flints, and many -other hard Stones and Metals; but whenever you produce Fire from -Steel-Filings, you find that Steel melted: So when Fire is produced from -Stones, and the like, each Spark is Part of that Stone burnt to a -_Calx_. - -Now, as I am endeavouring to shew to you the natural Cohesion of Fire, -and the Propensity there is in it to extend itself, I shall offer to -your Consideration a very familiar Instance to prove it; which is that -of the Snuff of a Candle just blown out. You cannot but have observ’d at -how great a Distance from the Snuff the Flame will descend down the -Smoke, and light it. - -I shall further take the Liberty to observe to you another Proof of -this; which, I think, will not only shew a Propensity in Fire to cohere, -but will greatly strengthen my Conjecture, that this Fire, produced in -Electricity, is extracted from that I have supposed to be universally -dispersed. - -A Person, who liv’d in the Town of _Warham_ in _Dorsetshire_, in the -Year 1703, informed me, that in the Night of the great Hurricane and -high Wind, in the strongest Part of the Tempest, he saw from his Window, -on the neighbouring Hills, great Bodies of Fire, swiftly passing over -them on the Ground.—Now whence arose that Fire, if it came not from the -Air impelling it into those Flakes? And its subsisting together in that -Hurricane shews, I think, very plainly, that if its Cohesion had not -been natural, the Wind would then have scatter’d it. - -Though I apprehend that the Four Elements of Fire, Water, Earth, and -Air, may never have been increased or diminished, since the Great GOD of -Order created them, yet I can also apprehend each of them unequally -dispers’d in the Universe by various Causes and Events: And when this -happens, those which were intended, when in their due Order, to make -every thing happy and easy, in their disordered State will create -nothing but Confusion. - -For Instance, the chief Use of Water seems intended, when descending in -warm and gentle Showers, or flowing in kind and easy Streams, to chear -and nourish all Kinds of Vegetation, as well in Trees and Plants, as in -Herbs and Flowers: But suppose, by the Contrivance of Man, or by the -Accidents of Nature, a large Quantity of it lodged on the Tops of high -Hills, if it breaks its Bank, it will never stop, till it finds a -natural resting Place; and in its Torrent it will overwhelm and destroy -those Trees and Plants, with the Herbs and Flowers, it was intended to -nourish. - -The like may be said of the Fire, which I have been supposing uniformly -dispersed over the Creation; which, if its Properties are to invigorate -all Nature, you must of course suppose its Power not to be controul’d; -but that it passes through all the Animal, Mineral, and Vegetable -Creation, whilst they stand in need of Life, or any Increase. - -But as I have been conjecturing what different Purposes Water in its -disorder’d State may produce, so the same Consideration may be had -concerning Fire in its disorder’d State: When too much of it is brought -together, either by the Contrivance of Man, or by the Disorders in the -other Elements; is it not reasonable to suppose, that it will, according -to its natural Appointment, get about its Business, and break as soon as -it can from its Confinement? - -A very learned and eminent Author, who is now living, says, “That all -Life, whether it be vegetable, sensitive, or animal, is only a kindled -Fire of Life in such a Variety of States: And every dead insensitive -Thing is only so because its Fire is quenched.” - -It had been impossible that this wonderful _Phænomenon_ of Electricity -should ever have been discover’d, if there had not been such Things as -are non-electricable. For, as fast as this Fire had been driven on any -thing, its next Neighbour would have carried it further: But, when it -was most wonderfully found out, that any thing which was suspended in a -silk Cord (that being a Non-electricable) was obliged to retain the -Fire, which by electrical Force was driven on it; and when, moreover, it -appeared, that any Person or Thing being placed on a Cake of Bees-wax -(which also is a Non-electricable), it could no more part with its Fire, -than when suspended in a silk Cord, I think it will become worth -Inquiry, why they are not electricable. - -To prove this, I would reflect upon the Passage before-quoted: For from -thence I think it must follow, that if Fire be the Cause of the Life and -Increase in any thing, then, whatever ceases to be in a State of Life or -Increase, can no longer be supposed to be capable of them; and therefore -must be consider’d as a _Caput Mortuum_. Of this sort are Bees-wax and -Silk, both being non-electricable. - -To pursue this kind of Reasoning concerning them: They are, in truth, -the Excrements only from those Beings which once had Life in them; the -Wax being the excrementitious Matter from Bees, which, when made, was to -be capable of no further Increase or Addition to its Nature: For, as its -primitive Use was only intended to make Combs or Cells to preserve the -Honey through the different Changes of the Season, so if this Wax had -been liable to Alterations from this Fire (as all Things which are -endued with it are) then the Cells would not have remained so intire as -the wonderful Architects left them. - -As concerning the Silk, I look on it as an excrementitious Matter also; -designed by GOD Almighty (who makes nothing in vain) to become a -_Capsula_ or Coffin to preserve the Insect in it safely, for such a -Season as was intended it should remain there. - -All resinous Bodies are likewise non-electricable; which I think will -tend rather to prove my Conjecture to be true than false: For, are there -such Things as Pitch or Resin in _Nature_? Are they not made out of the -Juice of Plants? Which Plants, whilst they remained in the Life of -Nature, had nothing but their unalter’d Juice in them. Pitch and Resin -became so by Art; and therefore no Time or Chance can give an Increase -to their Quantity: From whence they may be supposed not to be in the -Course of Nature. - -I am aware what Objection this is liable to; for, though it must be -acknowleg’d that these Things are non-electricable, it may be asked, If -they are not the most inflammable Things that can be imagined, and, -consequently, susceptible of Fire; because Candles are made out of Wax, -and Torches out of Pitch and Resin? To which I answer, That here it may -be necessary to inquire, what occasions this Flame, which is produced -either from the Candle or Torch? Can this Flame subsist one Moment, -without the Passage of Air through it? I answer, No. Well then, as this -Treatise is not intended merely to state Facts, but to account for the -Nature of them, by the best Conjectures I can make, pray why does Air -keep this Flame subsisting? If you will suppose, with me, that the Cause -of all Heat, and the Appearance of all Fire in the World, is collected -out of this universal Element of Fire; which, perhaps, will never -increase nor diminish; it being dispersed where it is most invited; if -therefore, I say, you will suppose with me, that this Air, which is full -of a lambent Flame, when it has been invited by the Property supposed to -be in it, that the biggest Body congregates the less; from these -Considerations, I think it may be supposed, that the Flame of Fire is -produced out of the Air, only; the Wax or Resin being a fatty -sulphureous Matter, which, as Coals, may likewise be supposed to serve -as a _Pabulum_, fitly adapted only to let this Element pass through it, -for the Purposes here described. - -The more of the Air that passes through them, the quicker they burn; as -when the Snuff of a Candle is taken off, which hindered the Quantity to -pass thro’ it, it increases the Flame; though, before, the same -Materials were employ’d. The same may be said of clearing the Ashes -from, and stirring the Fire; which impeded the Quantity of Air from -leaving its Fire behind, in its Passage through the Coals. - -If the Wax had any Inherency of Fire in its Nature, Why, if you turn a -lighted Candle downwards, does the Wax extinguish the Flame? If this my -Conjecture be difficultly conceiv’d, pray let me farther ask, Why does a -Candle, which is lighted, and let down into a Mine where there is a -Damp, go out? In a large Mine there is Space enough surely for a Candle -to burn in, if there had been enough of that _Pabulum Vitæ_ left in the -stagnated Air which occupy’d that large Cavern. - -Now, if you will suppose, with me, that this Air had been robb’d of its -Fire, by its supporting and keeping alive such Things under-ground as -its Business is to do every-where, and that Space was left full of -stagnated Air, and therefore could not admit of fresh to enter, it -became impossible for Fire, or any living Creature, to subsist there. - -The Cure of this Evil is performed in Mines by a Horse-Mill, which works -large Bellows, that drive fresh Air down a Shaft made for that Purpose. - -I remember Dr. _Halley_ told me, that he once try’d the Experiment of -making a factitious Damp; which he did, by exhausting the Air out of the -Receiver of an Air-Pump, and then luting to a Stop-cock a Gun-barrel; -the other End of which he put into a Charcoal-Fire, and with the Air, -which pass’d thro’ the Fire, he fill’d the Receiver again; he told me -that it instantly kill’d a Mouse he put into it, and many other Animals, -just as Damps did: Now how will you account for this, if you suppose not -that its Fire was extinguish’d, and carried from it another Way? - -Having thus far, I hope, prepared your Mind to understand what I -apprehend the Element of Fire is, and what its Office seems to be, I -will shew, if I can, - -First, Why, in Electricity, Fire proceeds from an electrical Body, so as -to light into a Flame many different Compositions. - -Secondly, Why a Tube of Glass, when rubbed so as to be made electrical, -will not only attract to it, but repel from it alternately, any light -Body, as Leaf-Gold, Feathers, and the like: And also, why it will seem -to send from it a Quantity of Wind, with a singing small Noise, if you -hold it nigh to your Cheek and Ear. - -Thirdly, Why, when any unelectrify’d Body touches any thing electrify’d, -the Electricity breaks off with a smart Crack, and a Spark of Fire. - -Fourthly, Why a Number of Men, who are joined together by holding any -metallic Body betwixt them, if one of them touch a Piece of Iron -electrify’d, the whole Company shall feel a violent Concussion, in -proportion to the Largeness of the Body electrify’d. - -First, I will endeavour to shew, Why an electrify’d Body will kindle an -_Alcohol_, or rectify’d Spirit of Wine, and many other compounded -Liquors, into a Flame. - -After having attempted to prove to you, that the Cause of Electricity -arises from the universal Fire scatter’d through all Nature, by its -being rubb’d together in its Passage betwixt a glass Ball and a Piece of -Leather, _&c._ I hope I shall make it appear, that it passes from -thence, to the Body electrify’d, in a converging and diverging State; -just as a _Lens_ converges and diverges the Rays of Light which pass -through it: And that all Bodies electrify’d are shut up in a _Capsula_ -or Covering of this electric Matter, or lambent Flame, which not only -passes over it about half an Inch thick, but pervades also every Part -and Particle of Matter which constitutes that Body; which it may as -easily do, if it consisted of many Tons Weight, as soon, and from the -same Necessity, as it would do to one of an Inch Diameter: And that the -electrify’d Body is intirely seal’d up at each Extremity. - -To shew this Fire in a converging State, you may observe, when a -Gun-barrel, or any long Bar of Iron, is to be electrify’d, and it is in -a State of Suspension on silk Cords, which are non-electricable, you may -perceive the Fire issue from a Piece of iron Wire coming from the glass -Ball, in a lambent Flame, which draws to a Point, and then diverges, and -drives itself on, till the Gun-barrel, or Bar, is electrify’d. - -Its being a Gun-barrel can be no other Reason for its Preference in that -Shape than in another; but I believe the Occasion of its being used here -is, because the greatest Effect which has been shewn from Electricity, -was sent from abroad; and that was caused by suspending a great Gun in a -non-electricable silk Cord. The Gun seems to have been made use of here -as being the greatest Quantity of Iron, and in the best Shape, they -could get it for Suspension. And were a Person so suspended, if he held -in his Hand a naked Sword, you might see such a lambent Flame passing -from it, in a converging and diverging State, as before describ’d. - -I would further prove this converging Fire, from a late Experiment I -have heard of, which is as follows: If you suspend an iron Ball by a -large Piece of Wire, which descends from a Bar of Iron electrify’d, and -then hold under it, in a Saucer, some small round Bubbles of Glass, near -enough to be in Contact with the electrical _Vortex_, the glass Balls -will follow each other round in the Saucer; and each of these Balls, if -the Experiment be made in the dark, will appear to have a Spot of blue -Flame at each End of them. - -Now, as, by the Contrivance of Man, here is more of this Fire crouded -together, than was intended by the Author of all Uniformity, seeing, by -its natural Cohesion, and the infinite Celerity it is spirally driven on -with, it is no Wonder, in this confined State, if that, which, as Water -unconfin’d, would be gentle and beneficent, should, with all the Power -that belongs to it, break out at the first Door which is opened for its -Passage from this tortur’d State. - -It is no Wonder, therefore, that all undisorder’d Nature should be -equally electrify’d: For how is it possible to have it otherwise? since, -if a Person stands on the Ground, and touches but the _Capsula_ before -he touches the Body, the electric Fire starts through him into the -Ground, as swift as Lightning, and thence into the universal lambent -Flame, from whence it was taken. - -Lightning from hence may in some measure be accounted for; though I -cannot so exactly tell what collects it together, as I can in this -factitious Lightning here treated of, yet I can suppose, that the Cause -of Lightning is produc’d from a great Quantity of this Fire before -spoken of; which being driven together, and included in a limited State, -or Covering of some Kind, when discharged from this Covering, it goes -off in an Explosion, which is Thunder. The Lightning I need not -describe, being intirely the same with Electricity; for it will kill -without a Wound, and pass through every thing, as this seems to do. - -I am to shew, first, the Cause of its kindling a Flame in certain -compounded Liquors; which, if what I have supposed be true, that it is -by the means spoken of that this Fire is collected and driven on, as I -have said, it is plain to be seen, that at the Finger’s End of a Person -electrify’d, or at the End of a Sword, held as before described, being -in a dark Room, a Flame issues from them: It is no Wonder then, that an -inflammable Spirit, as is shewn, should take Fire from it. - -The second Thing I proposed to shew is, Why a Tube of Glass, rubb’d -smartly in the Hand, so as to become electrical, repels Leaf-Gold, -Feathers, and other small Bodies; and when they touch any less -electrify’d Body, they shall return back again to the Tube, and so _vice -versa_. Now, if what I have been saying be true, how can this -_Phænomenon_ be otherwise? For, if that Piece of Leaf-Gold, _&c._ be -electrify’d by the Touch of the Tube, then it has as full Power given to -it as the electrify’d Body had to give to it: And when the Gold, _&c._ -touches any other Body, it imparts to it so much of its electrical -Property as it had in itself: And then it may be consider’d in the same -State it was in when first electrify’d: And so it will be repeatedly -attracted to it, and be repell’d _toties quoties_. - -But it may be asked, What causes these attractive and repulsive -Faculties? I answer, The Attraction of fiery Particles one to another: -For, if all Nature be agitated by this Fire, all Things have it in the -common Proportion, as it was intended they should stand in Nature. And -therefore, as I have endeavoured to shew, that Electricity is occasioned -by crouding on any thing more of this Fire and Force than naturally -belonged to it; and as the Flame of a Candle must of Necessity send out -of it at its Point an Overplus (without which there could be no -Succession or free Motion in its Flame); so, for the same Reason, the -Redundancy of what is crouded on may be consider’d as spending itself at -each Extremity, that it may thereby reach itself out to any thing, and -invite it to it; as I have shewn the Flame descending down the Smoak of -a Candle just blown out to kindle it again, will do. - -As therefore there is a trite Proverb, passing universally, that _where -there is Smoak there must be some Fire_, I will endeavour to prove, That -no Heat, either from Animals, or from any other Cause, can be produced -but from this supposed Fire I have been speaking of. For, now, suppose -you see the Flame of a Candle circumscribed and limited in its Shape and -Size, which it has according to its Snuff; this Thought may serve to -illustrate what I mean by the _Capsula_, which I have supposed passing -over the Surface of every Body when it is electrify’d, and seems to be a -lambent Flame, being more or less thick, as from the _Apparatus_ more or -less Fire has been collected and rubbed together on it, either from the -Friction of a glass Tube, or the Globe: Now, as what I am about to shew, -is, why this attractive Faculty is found in this Experiment, I would -offer to your Consideration, Whether, when common People see the Flame -of a Candle circumscrib’d, they think of any Fire which may proceed -further than in the Flame of that Candle? Yet every body, on -Recollection, knows, that the Flame will heat Parts at a great Distance -to such a Degree, as, at length, to kindle them into a Fire. And tho’, -till you touch the Flame, your Finger is not immediately burn’d, yet -there are shewn to be Emanations of Fire at a Distance from its burning -Quality. So here I beg Leave to consider the same Property in this Fire -occasion’d by Electricity. For, till you touch this _Capsula_ of lambent -Flame (which is commonly to be met with near a Quarter of to Half an -Inch short of the Body to be electrify’d) no Effect is perceiv’d, -because you have not enter’d into the _Vortex_ of this Whirlpool of -Fire: Yet you may suppose that it sends out an Emanation of its Fire -beyond it, as other Flames do; which, when it has first, by its Heat, -(which I take to be Part of it) prepared small Things to be electrify’d, -then they are more easily lick’d into the whole Power, and so become -electrify’d. The Reason therefore, why the Gold, and other light -Materials, (which I have supposed to have some of this Fire in them) are -attracted, is, the Invitation they receive from the curling _Effluvia_ -to a closer Contact: And when it has received as much as the former can -give it, its Invitation ceases, till it has parted with what it had to -its Neighbour; and then it is again invited as before. - -I come now to consider the Violence of this Fire; which, passing thro’ -the Pores of the glass Tube, may, as the Sound of Organ-Pipes, which -proceeds only from their differently modifying the Air, cause the -various hissing Noises you hear when the Tube is held nigh the Ear, from -the Electricity passing through the different shaped Pores of it. - -And furthermore the Wind may seem to arise, from the distant Parts of -the electrical Force playing at some Space from the Tube; which thereby -agitate and fan the ambient Air, so as to make it feel like Wind. - -The third Thing I proposed to shew, is, Why the electrical Power departs -from one Thing to another by giving a smart Crack, and send-out a Spark, -which will set on fire many very inflammable Liquors. - -Now, (as I have, I hope, demonstrated) when this Fire of Electricity is -issuing out at a Point into an inflammable Spirit, it can be no Wonder, -that the Spirit, which is known to be full of Fire, should unite its -Fire to that of Electricity. - -As to the Crack it gives when this Fire passes away: As all Sounds are -occasioned only by the Air’s being put into a different Modification, it -is here natural to suppose, that as the Cracking of a Whip is caused by -the smart Stroke at the Point of it on the Air, so, in this Case, the -Air seems to be agitated in the same manner, by breaking the Continuity -of it, whereby the like Sound is perceiv’d. - -The next Thing I propose to account for, is, Why a Company of -unelectrify’d Persons, who are joined together by their holding each a -Piece of iron Wire betwixt them, tho’ they are ever so many, do all -receive a violent Blow or Concussion on their Bodies, when one of them -touches a Piece of electrify’d Iron.—I think this Experiment may be -carried so far, that, as it has been found already sufficient to kill -Birds, and hurt many Persons very grievously, it may have Force enough -given to it to kill a Man, as effectually as the Darting of Lightning -can do. - -For if you consider, that you may as effectually electrify one Quantity -of Iron as another, that it may be done to many Ton Weight as easily as -to a small Piece, and that, when it departs into a Person, all the Power -given to it, not only on its Surface, but intimately thro’ every Pore -and Particle of it, darts like Lightning from the Point only it was -touch’d in; then further think, that if this Repercussion, or infinite -Recoil, from so large and solid a Body, be so great, when its Power is -thus sent, what may it not do in its utmost Extent? - -Having now, I think, gone thro’ what I propos’d to shew, and given a -Reason, as far as my Conjecture reaches, for every _Phænomenon_ which I -have seen or heard of in Electricity, I think it may not be improper to -endeavour to proceed a little farther with it, and consider its Power as -it stands in Nature. For, since the Antients have ever supposed some -uniform compulsive Power, which they called the _Anima Mundi_, and which -by these electrical Experiments seems to be Fire, I will endeavour to -shew, that, in the Dispersion of it in common Nature, you may observe -that some Plants abound with it, from the great Vigour they discover, -compar’d with others in their own Tribe. Some are so, as being of a more -verdant Nature than others are. Now, from this Consideration, I will -venture to give a Reason for that which has hitherto puzzled every body -that has thought about it, which is, Why the Sensitive Plant shrinks; -and, from a turgid and vivid Appearance, it immediately becomes languid, -and hangs its Leaves, on the Touch of any other Body or Thing. - -Now, from this my Conjecture on Electricity, if you will suppose with -me, that as all Things, which stand in the common Nature of this lower -World, have this Fire equally dispersed, and have more or less of it -only as they are in this or that Place, where more or less of it is -offer’d to be received by them, or as they are in their own Natures more -capable of receiving more of it than others are, (as I think has been -shewn by the electrical Experiments before-mention’d) and then likewise -suppose the Nature of the Sensitive Plant is to have more of this Fire -in it than there is in any other Plant or Thing, and it must, by the -Nature of it, when any of them touches it, impart a great deal of its -Fire into that Thing by which it is touched; because that had less of it -than was in the Sensitive Plant. Therefore, till the Sensitive Plant has -had Time to recover its Vigour, by receiving from the Air more of this -Fire, its Leaves and Branches hang in a languid State, from the great -Loss of its Spirit and Fire. - -To illustrate this, if you set any small Tree in a Pot upon a Cake of -Resin, and then electrify the Tree, even tho’ it were a Willow, it would -grow extremely turgid, so as to erect its Leaves to the great Wonder of -the Beholder; and the Moment you touch even but one of its Leaves, the -whole Tree becomes as languid as the Sensitive Plant would be, if -touched by any Body or Thing.—This I think seems to me to give as great -a Proof of the Truth of my Conjecture as the Nature of the Thing can -admit of, respecting the Sensitive Plant. - -As I am upon the Subject of Vegetation, it may not be improper to offer -somewhat concerning the Direction of the _Farina fecundans_, which is -found in Plants and Flowers, to the _Matrix_ of that, or of a -neighbouring Plant or Flower. - -Now, if there was not some very attracting Influence to guide it, it -would but seldom happen, I think, that they could come together by -Chance.—If therefore you suppose, that both the _Matrix_ and the -_Farina_ abound with more of this Fire than is in any other Part of the -Plant, or Flower, this great Wonder is at an End: For, by the natural -Attraction there might be in each, from the Fire supposed to be in them, -they would fly together, and be closely connected, as they are -constantly found to be in their proper Season. - -I have mention’d, that the _Farina_ of one Plant may impregnate the -_Matrix_ of another as well as its own; because I have observed -formerly, at Mr. _Fairchild_’s, a Gardener at _Hoxton_, a Mule-Flower, -begotten betwixt a Pink and a Sweet-William. - -Having consider’d how this electrical Power may be supposed to affect -Vegetation in its common Growth, I shall reflect a little further -concerning it, as it may affect animal Life. - -We may observe universally, that Youth abounds with infinitely more -Spirits than Age doth, as well in the Human Species as in the Brute -Creation; as it is clearly seen in Children, compar’d to Adults; as also -in Lambs, in Colts, in Kittens, and almost all other Young, they being -much more vigorous than their Dams are generally seen to be. Now what -Reflection I would make on this, is, That if Life in them, and in all -Nature, be owing to the same Fire as causes Electricity, then, from -thence may proceed the Danger of lodging old People with young Children; -who, by long Experience, have been found to draw from young Children -their natural Strength; the old People having in them a less Proportion -of this Fire than young ones seem to have. - -Being about to shew the Evil as well as the Good arising from this -supposed Fire, I will, in the next place, endeavour to demonstrate, the -Cause of Blasts in Mankind; and also to give some Reason for the Blights -on Trees, which I think may be occasioned by this Fire before spoken of. - -Having given some Account of the Fire which was seen in the high Wind, -to corroborate that Truth, I think it proper to inform you, that I have -been told, by very good Authority, that, in tempestuous Weather at Sea, -great Flakes of Fire are frequently seen passing not only in the Air, -but on the Water also: And having myself seen the Sea-Water, in the -Night-time, appear to have a great Quantity of Fire issuing out of it, -when the Surface thereof was disturbed by the Feathering of Oars, or by -the Vessel or Boat passing swiftly through it, I asked a Sailor, At what -Time that Appearance happened most frequently? He told me, It most -generally happen’d after tempestuous Weather; or, as his Term was, dirty -Weather at Sea. - -I think this will sufficiently shew the Existence of this Fire in the -Air; and, if any Regard be had to what I think its Power and Use is in -the World, that it will intrude itself and force its Way into any Thing -where less of it is, and so join itself to it by being in a greater -Quantity; as has been shewn by many electrical Experiments. - -You may suppose a Person sitting, as it is too frequently found they -are, near a Door, or in a Window, when they are in a warm Temperature, -and in Perspiration; if you believe that there can be any Probability in -the Conjecture I have offer’d to your Consideration, is it not natural -for any of this Fire, which passes as frequently through the Air in the -Daytime (though unobserved) as when it is seen in the Night; I say, Why -is it not natural for it to force its Entrance into any Person or Thing? -especially as it comes then with the Assistance of the Stream of Air the -Person sits in, and with which it is driven. - -In order to make this Mischief the more to be regarded, I will endeavour -to shew the natural State of the Air itself. - -Many Writers about it chuse to divide it into two Sorts; the first is -the pure _Æther_, which is supposed to be moving above our Atmosphere; -the second is the common Air, which is supposed to be within our -Atmosphere. I confess, the Feats attributed to the mighty Weight of our -Atmosphere, in causing Siphons and Pumps, _&c._ to operate, I never -could understand; but if I were to account for their Operations, as well -as that of a Barometer, by the Elasticity of the Air, I think I could -more easily and more naturally shew it. - -Notwithstanding what has been advanced concerning the _Æther_, which is -believed to inhabit above our Atmosphere, I chuse rather to suppose, -that the Air is an Element as well as Fire, and that the Difference in -it is only betwixt heavy and foul Air, and clean and light Air. That -which comes on the highest Mountains is clean, and free from our Fogs -and Putrefactions, and, consequently, more elastic. - -As a Proof of this, I would recommend the following Experiment: Fill a -Bladder with this clean Air; then press it with a Weight just sufficient -to make it give way; and you will find, that, by reason of its -Elasticity, it will yield much further, than if it were fill’d with the -other Air, which is impregnated with foggy and aqueous Particles. - -Now if, as in a Barometer, the Quicksilver is suspended by the Air on -the Top of the Tube, which was extracted or emerged out of the -Quicksilver, by the Weight of the said Quicksilver, and as that Air in -the Barometer cannot but have a Communication with the ambient Air, the -Air within the Barometer must thence be affected, by its becoming less -elastic also. - -But this is not so much to my present Purpose, as to consider the Air -loaded not only with Vapours, but with poisonous _Effluvia_ from the -Steams of various Minerals, as well as with the Salts of dead Insects -and Animals, which, in the Season of Autumn, may probably occasion so -many Agues, and putrid Fevers, as are met with. - -Now, if you further consider the Air as loaded with any or all of these -Vapours and _Effluvia_, and demanding Entrance with the Authority of -Fire, its Companion, is it any Wonder, that the Rheumatism, and many -other bad Effects, which frequently happen, in unguarded Seasons, to -Mankind, may be owing to the Cause here treated of? - -I remember that a Person, riding in an open Chaise, in an Easterly Wind, -receiv’d a Stroke upon one of his _Scapula’s_, with as great Pain, and -with the same kind of Sensation, as if he had been stuck with a Dagger. -Upon which he instantly said to his Friend in the Chaise, He expected a -violent Rheumatism from it. Which accordingly happen’d; for he was not -able to quit his Bed for Three Weeks after.—I think this cannot be -better accounted for, than to suppose it proceeded from a pointed Body -of this kind of Fire, and the _Effluvia_ which accompanied it. - -If you will be pleased to reflect on the Air in this last described -State, you need not expect, I think, to have much said concerning the -Blights on Trees. It is true, somewhat may be consider’d with regard to -the Insects frequently found on the blighted Leaves: But whether, when -by the Blight the Leaves have been curl’d up, the Insects come there as -to a proper _Nidus_, or whether they are brought in this Fire, which -seems plainly to have burn’d the Leaves, I will not undertake to account -for. - - _I am_, &c. - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - APPENDIX. - - -The kind Reception this small Treatise has met with from the Public -occasions the Printing this Second Edition of it. - -It is, I confess, some Satisfaction to me, that my publishing it is not -without Part of the Effect I hoped for; having been told by many, who -have read it, that it gave them very new and satisfactory Ideas. - -As to those who have read it, and say nothing of it, either from their -Want of Apprehension, or their Fear of being obliged to alter their -Sentiments concerning it, or from a worse Cause than either, I -absolutely have no Concern about them. - -There are those, I confess, who merit with me the highest Esteem, who, -having read it, object to some Things, as fearing I have not conceiv’d -them rightly; but this they have done with the Temper of Gentlemen. -These I think deserve to be set right; which I will therefore attempt to -do in the following Manner: - -The First Objection they make is, That I have called Silk, Wax, _&c._ -which do not ordinarily convey the electrical Power to other Bodies, -non-electricable, or non-electrical; when other Writers have long since -agreed to call them Electrics _per se_. - -The Second Objection is, That what I have advanced, to prove that the -Power of Electricity proceeds not from the _Apparatus_, but from the -Air, seems to be overthrown; because, since I wrote my Book, there has -been a new Experiment made, by placing the whole _Apparatus_ on Wax, and -also the Persons concerned in the Experiment, and by that means the -Power is intercepted. - -The Third Objection is, That so large a Quantity of Iron, as I have -supposed to be electrify’d, will not give greater Force, when touch’d by -a Person unelectrify’d, than a smaller one will. - -In Answer to the First Objection; I cannot think, that the Term Electric -_per se_ is suited to any Material whatever; unless some One was found -out which would attract to it, of its own accord, any other Material; as -we find a Loadstone will do, when placed near any thing in its Reach: -but, if you lay even Amber unrubb’d in Contact with Straws, or any other -Things, they will not be attracted to it. So that Friction, it is plain, -collects this Power to the Amber. - -The Term Electric _per se_ seems to me to be used by these Gentlemen for -the same Purposes as the old Term of _Occult Quality_ was. - -As the Word Electricity arises from Amber, I need not instance in any -other Material; nor need I give again my Reasons, why certain Things are -non-electricable. But, for clearing One Point, in which I am not rightly -apprehended; I have said, That if Fire be the Cause of Life and Increase -in any thing which stands in a State of Nature, then, whatever ceases to -be in a State of Life or Increase, must have its Fire withdrawn, and it -becomes a _Caput Mortuum_.—I have been told, This is not true; for a -dead Animal will be electrify’d. - -This I complain of, as not having been understood concerning it. This -Animal, though kill’d, had once its animal Increase from Fire. Boards, -when dry, have Fire in them; because the Fire, which invigorated the -Tree they were saw’d out of, must naturally remain in them. The like may -be said of a dead Animal; but Wax, Pitch, Resin, and the Tribe of -Non-electricables, never had their Existence from Nature only; and -therefore they are quite of a different Tribe. For what I say is, That -whatever had once Fire in it is capable of being electrify’d. Those -called Electrics _per se_, having no Fire in them, when, by Friction, -Fire is collected on their Surfaces, it is either driven from thence -into the Air, or into some Electricable, and so it joins with that Fire -which naturally belongs to it. - -Sealing-wax is compounded of Non-electricables, and, if you rub it, will -attract Things to it as Amber will: And I believe all other Things, -which will not imbibe the Fire into them, when by Friction it is -collected on their Surfaces, will dispose of it thence to their next -Neighbour. Resin and Pitch, from their Tenacity, may difficultly be made -to do it, and, yet have the Nature in them I am supposing them to have. - -There may be such artful Tricks play’d with this Power, as, to an -undiscerning Eye, may make it seem to be changed; for Instance, If you -wet a silk Cord (Water being electricable) it passes on the Water -through the Cord, by the Cord’s only retaining the Water. Some Dye, with -which Silk is dyed, if it be of a vegetable Nature, will convey this -Power through the Silk, by the Contiguity of the Dye-Stuff: So that you -see there may be no End of Experiments. - -I think it is a great Pity that the Word _Electricity_ should ever have -been given to so wonderful _Phænomenon_, which might properly be -consider’d as the First Principle in Nature. Perhaps the Word _Vivacity_ -might not have been an improper one; but it is now too late to think of -changing a Name it has so long obtain’d. - -As I am going to answer the Second Objection, I own I have not employ’d -myself in making Experiments in Electricity, chusing rather, if I could, -to account for those which have been found out by others, than to spend -much Time in making them myself: Though I pay great Respect to those, -who, for Improvement of Knowlege, have been employ’d in them. As to -those who get Money by shewing these Experiments, I do not pay so high a -Regard to their Performances; because all, who shew any Arts to new -Customers, for Profit, are bound to try all Means to gain Applause. I -would endeavour to ascertain the Laws or Principle by which they are -perform’d; which when done, a Thousand Tricks like Legerdemain may be -performed by it, by him whose Time is little worth. - -In the Second Objection it is said, I am mistaken, when I advance, that -the _Apparatus_ is not the Cause of Electricity, but that it is produced -by the Air. To shew this, I am told, That if a Person is placed, and -also the _Apparatus_, on Wax or Resin (which are non-electricable), no -Fire or Force is produced from them: But if the Person employ’d in doing -it touches the Wainscot or the Floor with a Walking-Stick, or the like, -the Electricity flows as freely as if he stood on the Floor. From whence -some Conjecture this Power comes from the Earth only; than which I think -nothing can be more absurd: For, if you fetch it out of the Wainscot, or -the Boards of the Floor, it must first be in them, and the Air could -only be the Carrier of it to them. So that here the main Things, which I -at first only conjectur’d, I think are fully proved; which are, That -Electricity was not generated by the _Apparatus_, but only collected by -it out of the Air. - -As to the Third Objection to a larger Quantity of electrify’d Iron not -giving greater Force than a smaller, it should be observ’d, that in this -Essay I have only conjectured what most probably is true: And as I -profess not to have been engaged in making electrical Experiments, I -must rely on those only who have made them: But, surely, if there may be -too much Iron employ’d to be so affected, as I have imagined, there may -also be too little; and therefore Time may yet shew, that such a -Quantity of this Power may be so collected as to kill a Man; since but -Yesterday I was informed, that a Person, who lives in the _Strand_, is -now recovering from a Palsy, in which he lost his Speech, and other -Intellects; which Mischief he received from this Force of Electricity. - -I hope what I have written on this Subject will not call on me, from the -thinking Part of Mankind, any undue Reflection: I have nevertheless met -with such an unmannerly Abuse from a Country Show-man, who published -some Experiments, and owns he added the Preface to it, in order to write -what I am sure no Gentleman would have written—If this Person be poor, -and did it for Gain, I heartily pity him. He owns he was much -affrighted, when he heard of my publishing this Piece, because of the -hard Fate, he says, of his Booksellers; but, before he had read Two -Pages, he likewise owns he recovered his Spirits, when he found I -pretended to think for myself, and did not let Sir _Isaac Newton_ think -for me, after he had been so long dead. I am well satisfy’d, had that -Great Man been living, and had seen these electrical Experiments, he -would not have bow’d low to this great Philosopher, for thus supporting -his Character. His doing this would be as ridiculous as to see a Pygmy -attempt to carry a Giant. I believe there are more Answers to Books -written to pay a Landlady, or an Alehouse-Score, than from any other -Cause; especially, if they think they answer one whose Character will -call it into the World.—I know nothing of my Adversary’s Finances; but -how rich soever he may have made himself by his Show, he seems to have -the Blessing of never being liable to the Headach from his Thinking too -intensely. - - - _FINIS._ - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - Transcriber’s note: - -Width of em-dashes has been regularised. - -Page 8, ‘unphilophical’ changed to ‘unphilosophical,’ “how -unphilosophical and unmeaning” - -Page 16, ‘mortuum’ changed to ‘Mortuum,’ “as a Caput Mortuum. Of” - -Page 27, ‘convergeing’ changed to ‘converging,’ “prove this converging -Fire” - -Page 31, ‘wil’ changed to ‘will,’ “so it will be” - -Page 56, ‘whetever’ changed to ‘whatever,’ “then, whatever ceases to” - -Page 57, second ‘to’ struck, “ceases to be in” - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of An Essay to Shew the Cause of -Electricity, by John Freke - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESSAY TO SHEW CAUSE OF ELECTRICITY *** - -***** This file should be named 52439-0.txt or 52439-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/4/3/52439/ - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: An Essay to Shew the Cause of Electricity - and Why Some Things are Non-Electricable - -Author: John Freke - -Release Date: June 30, 2016 [EBook #52439] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESSAY TO SHEW CAUSE OF ELECTRICITY *** - - - - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div> - <h1 class='c000'><span class='small'>AN</span><br /> <br /><span class='xxlarge'>ESSAY</span><br /> <br /><span class='small'>TO SHEW THE</span><br /> <br /><span class='xxlarge'>CAUSE</span><br /> <br /><span class='small'>OF</span><br /> <br /><span class='xlarge'>ELECTRICITY;</span><br /> <br /><span class='small'>AND</span><br /> <br /><span class='small'>Why Some Things are Non-Electricable.</span></h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div>In which is also Consider’d</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='titlepage'> - -<p class='c002'>Its Influence in the <i>Blasts</i> on Human Bodies, -in the <i>Blights</i> on Trees, in the <i>Damps</i> in -Mines; and as it may affect the <i>Sensitive -Plant</i>, &c.</p> - -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>In a <span class='sc'>Letter</span></div> - <div>To Mr. <span class='sc'>William Watson</span>, <i>F.R.S.</i></div> - <div class='c001'>By <span class='sc'>John Freke</span>, Surgeon to <i>St. Bartholomew’s</i></div> - <div>Hospital, <i>London</i>, F.R.S.</div> - <div class='c001'><i>Naturam expellas furcâ, tamen usque recurret.</i></div> - <div class='c001'>The <span class='sc'>Second Edition</span>: With an APPENDIX.</div> - <div class='c001'><i>LONDON:</i></div> - <div>Printed for <span class='sc'>W. Innys</span>, in <i>Pater-noster Row</i>.</div> - <div class='c001'>MDCCXLVI.</div> - <div>[Price One Shilling.]</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c003' /> -</div> -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'><span class='small'>TO</span><br /> <br /><i>MARTIN FOLKES</i>, Esq;<br /> <br />PRESIDENT<br /> <br /><span class='small'>OF THE</span><br /> <br />ROYAL SOCIETY.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c005'><i>SIR</i>,</p> - -<p class='drop-capa0_0_0_6 c006'>Those who have the -Honour of your Acquaintance, -and thence -know your many excellent -Qualifications, must applaud -my Choice in dedicating -this small Piece to -you; whose Name, if there -be any Merit in the Performance, -will, before any -other, add a Lustre to it. -I am, with the highest -Esteem,</p> - -<div class='lg-container-r'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><i>Your most Obliged,</i></div> - <div class='line in2'><i>Humble Servant</i>,</div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in8'><span class='sc'>John Freke</span>.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c003' /> -</div> -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>The PREFACE.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='drop-capa0_0_0_6 c007'><i>When I first enter’d on this Subject -of </i>Electricity<i>, I intended -only to put some Thoughts in Writing -concerning it, that I might the more -easily convey them to the Understandings -of such as I hoped would be more -likely than I should be to go farther -with it. And as nobody, either here -or abroad, had published any thing -touching the Cause from which it was -produc’d, I chose to shew the Beginning -I had made to some Friends, whose -Opinion concerning Natural Knowlege -I had a great Reliance on. I told -them, I thought my Difficulty would -be to convey what I had to propound on -this new Subject to them with the necessary -Clearness, as my Intention was -to observe the utmost Brevity in it.</i></p> - -<p class='c006'><i>After I had read it to them, they -assured me that what I had written -was perfectly intelligible; and that it -gave them many new Ideas respecting -this </i>Phænomenon<i>; and were very -earnest with me to print it, for the sake -of the Publick.</i></p> - -<p class='c006'><i>I was not, however, inclined to comply -with their Requests, till I had -shewn it to a Person who is most justly -distinguish’d for his great Candor, and -superlative Understanding in all Natural -Knowlege; and he likewise having -express’d his Wishes to see it in Print, -I could not but look on his Desire as a -Command.</i></p> - -<p class='c006'><i>If what I have here undertaken to -shew should enlighten the Minds of -any of my Readers, or if it should so -far awaken the Attention of others, as -to make them give better Reasons for -the Operation of this Power of Electricity -than I have done, I shall not account -the Time ill spent, which I have -employ’d on this interesting Subject: A -Subject which can, with more Nobleness -and Dignity employ the Mind of Man, -than any I can think of relating to the -sublunary Part of this World. For -by it you may be acquainted with the -immediate Officer of </i>God Almighty<i>, -which he seems to send to all Things -living. Nay, this Power, according -to my Conception, seems to be the Cause, -under </i>HIM<i>, both of Life and Death. -And when it may be more fully understood, -it may afford us Means whereby -we may be better enabled to reason -more intelligibly than now we can, concerning -various Operations in Nature.</i></p> - -<p class='c006'><i>I am very sensible what Tribute a -new Author is liable to pay to Criticks: -I know it is too common to find -much too large a Part of them inclin’d -to look into a Book for its Faults, rather -than for its Use; and are more -ready to pull down, than they have Abilities -to put any thing in its Place. But -as I am not writing this for any Gain -to myself, but the Pleasure of informing, -if I can, the Minds of such as may -be informed by it, I chuse rather to -stand their Censure, than deny the Publick -what may possibly be the Beginning -of much Good.</i></p> - -<p class='c006'><i>It is very probable, that those who -pretend to know every thing, will be so -good as to say, if they like what I have -advanc’d, that it squares exactly with -what they thought before concerning it: -And those who set up for Criticks will -try their Hands at this Performance, -and, if they can, will condemn it.</i></p> - -<p class='c006'><i>It would be a great Wonder, indeed, -if this should escape the Censure of some, -when the great Dr. </i>Harvey<i> had his -implacable Adversaries to his Account -of the Circulation of the Blood; and even -Sir </i>Isaac Newton<i> met with Opponents -to several of his Theorys. What I have -said opposes no one’s Scheme, that I know -of; it offers no Sentiments which can -hurt any Man.</i></p> - -<p class='c006'><i>I have advanc’d only Conjectures for -the clearing those Truths I would establish; -and if, after all, what appears -reasonable to me should not appear so -to others, I cannot help it: For it is -impossible for all Men to see the same -Thing in one and the same Light, even -though they were Men of the best Erudition. -I would hope, that what I have -undertaken to shew, is what all sensible -Men would be glad to have shewn.</i></p> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c003' /> -</div> -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'><span class='small'>AN</span><br /> <br /><span class='xxlarge'>ESSAY</span><br /> <br /><span class='small'>To Shew</span><br /> <br />From what CAUSES Electricity is<br />Produced, <i>&c.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c005'><i>Kind Sir</i>,</p> - -<p class='drop-capa0_0_0_6 c006'>When I reflect on the great -Ingenuity you have shewn, -in your <i>Apparatus</i> for the Improvement -of the Knowlege of Electricity, -and how industrious and kind you -have been in communicating the -many Experiments you have made to -your Friends and Acquaintance relating -thereto, I was in hopes, from -you or some of them, an Essay would -be made ere this, not only to go farther -with these Experiments, but to -give some tolerable Conjecture from -whence this Fire, and astonishing -Effect, is produced.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I was going to give you my -Thoughts concerning it, when I last -saw you at <i>Child</i>’s Coffee-house; but, -on Reflection, I chose rather to do it -in Writing: For, in all Novelty, till -the Relater is quite understood, Words -are forgotten easily; but Things of -this sort in Writing may again and -again be consider’d.</p> - -<p class='c006'>To begin then: In order to shew -whence this electrical Fire and Force -is produc’d, I will first endeavour to -prove, that it arises not from any of -the <i>Apparatus</i> itself; not either from -the glass Ball, nor the Leather, nor -from the Tube, or Hand that rubs it: -Because nothing we know of can send -out of it a Quantity of Matter, but -there must be less of that Matter remaining, -after it has been so discharged; whereas -it cannot be shewn, -but that the Ball of Glass, after ever -so many Times using, remains as fit -for the same Use as at first.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Having, from Probability, I think, -shewn, that the Fire and Force, here -treated of, come not from the <i>Apparatus</i>, -it is natural for me to suppose -they are produced from the Air they are -mov’d in. And I believe this Notion -will not appear trifling, when we -consider, that the most ancient and -ablest Philosophers have look’d upon -the Animal and Vegetable World as -actuated by Fire; and that they are -nourish’d by Water, and what it contains. -If this be allow’d, then the -Air, which is esteem’d the <i>Pabulum -Vitæ</i>, from its rubefying the Blood of -all Animals in Respiration, seems to -be universally impregnated with this -Fire. And tho’ there is not enough -of it so dispersed as to hurt the Animals -in Respiration, yet I can suppose -it as universally dispersed, as I can a -small Quantity of any Liquor dropp’d -in Water, which, when so dispersed, -is of no Harm to a Patient, though a -few Drops of it by themselves would -have been certain Death. And yet, -if you farther consider it so dispersed, -you cannot consider one Particle of -the Water without a Particle of the -Medicine: Just so it may be with the -Fire of this lower Region, or, what I -chuse rather to call it, this <i>Flamma -Vitalis</i>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I proceed now to consider, how -this Fire, so dispersed, may be collected; -and have given to it, in -electrical Experiments, a Force equal -to, and of the same Nature with, -Lightning.</p> - -<p class='c006'>To make this Conjecture the more -easily apprehended, I will suppose, -that the Nature of Fire is as similar to -its Parts, and they have as great a Propensity -to adhere to one another, as -we find the different Arrangements -in all natural Bodies have; as may be -seen in Gems, in Water, and in the various -<i>Strata</i> of the Earth, and the -like. Do but force or invite these fiery -Particles to a closer Contact than they -have been supposed to be in, when -uniformly dispersed through all Nature, -and they are Lightning, or a -Fire of less Force, as more or less -Parts of that Fire are got together.</p> - -<p class='c006'>To illustrate this, wax a small -Thread, or slide a Rope swiftly thro’ -your Fingers, and you are liable to -burn them: Which probably arises -from their grinding in, betwixt your -Fingers and the Rope, so many more -Particles of Fire than naturally come -together when left to float in the -Air.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If this Reasoning be allow’d to be -just (which it must be, till it is overturn’d -by stronger Reasoning), then -it follows, that the Air, which is -violently ground or rubb’d betwixt -your Hand and a glass Tube, or betwixt -a glass Ball whirl’d briskly, and -rubb’d with a Piece of Leather, as -they are used in electrical Experiments, -I say, the Air, so rubb’d, may -leave behind it that Quantity of agitated -Fire which causes Electricity.</p> - -<p class='c006'>For, suppose the Ball or Tube inveloped -with a Quantity of this Fire -moving spirally round them, with the -utmost Velocity; and it can no more -depart from its Company than you -find Sparks of Fire which fly from -Steel on a Knife-grinder’s Wheel are -liable to do. Every body almost can remember -to have seen them adhere to -the Wheel, and frequently pursue -each other quite round it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Those who try these Experiments, -find, that in moist Weather this -Power is less attainable than in a more -clear Day; and therefore some may -be liable to attribute that to the <i>Apparatus</i>, -which may be better accounted -for by the watry Particles in the Air; -which may be liable to hinder the -lambent Flame, by me supposed to be -universally scatter’d, from uniting, by -the Friction before-mention’d.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As I have mention’d Friction, I -cannot help observing how unphilosophical -and unmeaning it is, for any -one to advance, that Fire is caused -by Friction; when I think he may -as well say, that Water is caused by -Pumping.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We know, that a Cart or Coach-Wheel, -for Want of Grease, by Friction -will be set on Fire; and Fire-Canes, -rubbed together smartly, will -take Fire; but neither of these, I believe, -nor any thing else, will beget or generate -the Element of Fire. They -must either collect it out of the Air, -or else it must be lodged within -them, as we find it to be in Steel in -an eminent Degree: For, if you drop -the Filings of Steel through the Flame -of a Candle, it sends out the most -fierce Fire of any thing in Nature.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Reason to be given why a -greater Quantity of Fire is produced -from Steel-Filings, than from any -other Thing, I take to be owing to -a larger Share of that Element which -is impacted in it from its being made -out of Iron long impregnated with -Fire.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Many other Bodies have actual -Fire impacted in them, as Flints, and -many other hard Stones and Metals; -but whenever you produce Fire from -Steel-Filings, you find that Steel -melted: So when Fire is produced -from Stones, and the like, each Spark -is Part of that Stone burnt to a <i>Calx</i>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Now, as I am endeavouring to -shew to you the natural Cohesion of -Fire, and the Propensity there is in -it to extend itself, I shall offer to -your Consideration a very familiar -Instance to prove it; which is that of -the Snuff of a Candle just blown out. -You cannot but have observ’d at how -great a Distance from the Snuff the -Flame will descend down the Smoke, -and light it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I shall further take the Liberty to -observe to you another Proof of this; -which, I think, will not only shew a -Propensity in Fire to cohere, but will -greatly strengthen my Conjecture, -that this Fire, produced in Electricity, -is extracted from that I have supposed -to be universally dispersed.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A Person, who liv’d in the Town -of <i>Warham</i> in <i>Dorsetshire</i>, in the -Year 1703, informed me, that in the -Night of the great Hurricane and -high Wind, in the strongest Part of -the Tempest, he saw from his Window, -on the neighbouring Hills, great -Bodies of Fire, swiftly passing over -them on the Ground.—Now whence -arose that Fire, if it came not from -the Air impelling it into those Flakes? -And its subsisting together in that -Hurricane shews, I think, very plainly, -that if its Cohesion had not been natural, -the Wind would then have scatter’d it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Though I apprehend that the Four -Elements of Fire, Water, Earth, and -Air, may never have been increased -or diminished, since the Great <span class='sc'>God</span> -of Order created them, yet I can -also apprehend each of them unequally -dispers’d in the Universe by -various Causes and Events: And -when this happens, those which were -intended, when in their due Order, -to make every thing happy and easy, -in their disordered State will create -nothing but Confusion.</p> - -<p class='c006'>For Instance, the chief Use of -Water seems intended, when descending -in warm and gentle Showers, or -flowing in kind and easy Streams, to -chear and nourish all Kinds of Vegetation, -as well in Trees and Plants, as in -Herbs and Flowers: But suppose, by -the Contrivance of Man, or by the -Accidents of Nature, a large Quantity -of it lodged on the Tops of high -Hills, if it breaks its Bank, it will never -stop, till it finds a natural resting -Place; and in its Torrent it will overwhelm -and destroy those Trees and -Plants, with the Herbs and Flowers, -it was intended to nourish.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The like may be said of the Fire, -which I have been supposing uniformly -dispersed over the Creation; -which, if its Properties are to invigorate -all Nature, you must of course -suppose its Power not to be controul’d; -but that it passes through -all the Animal, Mineral, and Vegetable -Creation, whilst they stand in -need of Life, or any Increase.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But as I have been conjecturing -what different Purposes Water in its -disorder’d State may produce, so the -same Consideration may be had concerning -Fire in its disorder’d State: -When too much of it is brought together, -either by the Contrivance of -Man, or by the Disorders in the other -Elements; is it not reasonable to suppose, -that it will, according to its -natural Appointment, get about its -Business, and break as soon as it can -from its Confinement?</p> - -<p class='c006'>A very learned and eminent Author, -who is now living, says, “That -all Life, whether it be vegetable, sensitive, -or animal, is only a kindled -Fire of Life in such a Variety of -States: And every dead insensitive -Thing is only so because its Fire is -quenched.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>It had been impossible that this wonderful -<i>Phænomenon</i> of Electricity should -ever have been discover’d, if there -had not been such Things as are non-electricable. -For, as fast as this Fire had -been driven on any thing, its next -Neighbour would have carried it further: -But, when it was most wonderfully -found out, that any thing -which was suspended in a silk Cord -(that being a Non-electricable) was -obliged to retain the Fire, which by -electrical Force was driven on it; and -when, moreover, it appeared, that any -Person or Thing being placed on a -Cake of Bees-wax (which also is a -Non-electricable), it could no more -part with its Fire, than when suspended -in a silk Cord, I think it will -become worth Inquiry, why they are -not electricable.</p> - -<p class='c006'>To prove this, I would reflect upon -the Passage before-quoted: For from -thence I think it must follow, that if -Fire be the Cause of the Life and Increase -in any thing, then, whatever -ceases to be in a State of Life or Increase, -can no longer be supposed to be -capable of them; and therefore must -be consider’d as a <i>Caput Mortuum</i>. Of -this sort are Bees-wax and Silk, both -being non-electricable.</p> - -<p class='c006'>To pursue this kind of Reasoning -concerning them: They are, in -truth, the Excrements only from -those Beings which once had Life -in them; the Wax being the excrementitious -Matter from Bees, -which, when made, was to be capable -of no further Increase or Addition to -its Nature: For, as its primitive Use -was only intended to make Combs or -Cells to preserve the Honey through -the different Changes of the Season, -so if this Wax had been liable to Alterations -from this Fire (as all Things -which are endued with it are) then -the Cells would not have remained so -intire as the wonderful Architects left -them.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As concerning the Silk, I look on -it as an excrementitious Matter also; -designed by <span class='sc'>God</span> Almighty (who -makes nothing in vain) to become a -<i>Capsula</i> or Coffin to preserve the Insect -in it safely, for such a Season -as was intended it should remain -there.</p> - -<p class='c006'>All resinous Bodies are likewise -non-electricable; which I think will -tend rather to prove my Conjecture -to be true than false: For, are there -such Things as Pitch or Resin in -<i>Nature</i>? Are they not made out of -the Juice of Plants? Which Plants, -whilst they remained in the Life of -Nature, had nothing but their unalter’d -Juice in them. Pitch and Resin -became so by Art; and therefore no -Time or Chance can give an Increase -to their Quantity: From whence they -may be supposed not to be in the -Course of Nature.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I am aware what Objection this is -liable to; for, though it must be -acknowleg’d that these Things are -non-electricable, it may be asked, If -they are not the most inflammable -Things that can be imagined, and, consequently, -susceptible of Fire; because -Candles are made out of Wax, and -Torches out of Pitch and Resin? -To which I answer, That here it may -be necessary to inquire, what occasions -this Flame, which is produced -either from the Candle or Torch? -Can this Flame subsist one Moment, -without the Passage of Air through -it? I answer, No. Well then, as this -Treatise is not intended merely to -state Facts, but to account for the -Nature of them, by the best Conjectures -I can make, pray why does Air -keep this Flame subsisting? If you -will suppose, with me, that the Cause -of all Heat, and the Appearance of -all Fire in the World, is collected out -of this universal Element of Fire; -which, perhaps, will never increase -nor diminish; it being dispersed where -it is most invited; if therefore, I say, -you will suppose with me, that this -Air, which is full of a lambent Flame, -when it has been invited by the Property -supposed to be in it, that the -biggest Body congregates the less; -from these Considerations, I think -it may be supposed, that the Flame -of Fire is produced out of the Air, -only; the Wax or Resin being a fatty -sulphureous Matter, which, as Coals, -may likewise be supposed to serve as -a <i>Pabulum</i>, fitly adapted only to -let this Element pass through it, for -the Purposes here described.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The more of the Air that passes -through them, the quicker they burn; -as when the Snuff of a Candle is taken -off, which hindered the Quantity to -pass thro’ it, it increases the Flame; -though, before, the same Materials -were employ’d. The same may be -said of clearing the Ashes from, and -stirring the Fire; which impeded the -Quantity of Air from leaving its Fire -behind, in its Passage through the -Coals.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If the Wax had any Inherency of -Fire in its Nature, Why, if you turn a -lighted Candle downwards, does the -Wax extinguish the Flame? If this -my Conjecture be difficultly conceiv’d, -pray let me farther ask, Why does a -Candle, which is lighted, and let -down into a Mine where there is a -Damp, go out? In a large Mine -there is Space enough surely for a -Candle to burn in, if there had been -enough of that <i>Pabulum Vitæ</i> left in -the stagnated Air which occupy’d -that large Cavern.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Now, if you will suppose, with me, -that this Air had been robb’d of its -Fire, by its supporting and keeping -alive such Things under-ground as its -Business is to do every-where, and -that Space was left full of stagnated -Air, and therefore could not admit -of fresh to enter, it became impossible -for Fire, or any living Creature, -to subsist there.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Cure of this Evil is performed -in Mines by a Horse-Mill, which -works large Bellows, that drive fresh -Air down a Shaft made for that Purpose.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I remember Dr. <i>Halley</i> told me, -that he once try’d the Experiment of -making a factitious Damp; which he -did, by exhausting the Air out of the -Receiver of an Air-Pump, and then -luting to a Stop-cock a Gun-barrel; -the other End of which he put into a -Charcoal-Fire, and with the Air, -which pass’d thro’ the Fire, he fill’d -the Receiver again; he told me that -it instantly kill’d a Mouse he put -into it, and many other Animals, just -as Damps did: Now how will you -account for this, if you suppose not -that its Fire was extinguish’d, and -carried from it another Way?</p> - -<p class='c006'>Having thus far, I hope, prepared -your Mind to understand what I apprehend -the Element of Fire is, and -what its Office seems to be, I will -shew, if I can,</p> - -<p class='c006'>First, Why, in Electricity, Fire proceeds -from an electrical Body, so as to -light into a Flame many different -Compositions.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Secondly, Why a Tube of Glass, -when rubbed so as to be made electrical, -will not only attract to it, but -repel from it alternately, any light -Body, as Leaf-Gold, Feathers, and -the like: And also, why it will seem -to send from it a Quantity of Wind, -with a singing small Noise, if you -hold it nigh to your Cheek and Ear.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Thirdly, Why, when any unelectrify’d -Body touches any thing electrify’d, -the Electricity breaks off with a -smart Crack, and a Spark of Fire.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Fourthly, Why a Number of Men, -who are joined together by holding -any metallic Body betwixt them, if -one of them touch a Piece of Iron -electrify’d, the whole Company shall -feel a violent Concussion, in proportion -to the Largeness of the Body -electrify’d.</p> - -<p class='c006'>First, I will endeavour to shew, -Why an electrify’d Body will kindle -an <i>Alcohol</i>, or rectify’d Spirit of Wine, -and many other compounded Liquors, -into a Flame.</p> - -<p class='c006'>After having attempted to prove to -you, that the Cause of Electricity -arises from the universal Fire scatter’d -through all Nature, by its being -rubb’d together in its Passage betwixt -a glass Ball and a Piece of Leather, <i>&c.</i> -I hope I shall make it appear, that it -passes from thence, to the Body electrify’d, -in a converging and diverging -State; just as a <i>Lens</i> converges and -diverges the Rays of Light which pass -through it: And that all Bodies electrify’d -are shut up in a <i>Capsula</i> or -Covering of this electric Matter, or -lambent Flame, which not only passes -over it about half an Inch thick, -but pervades also every Part and -Particle of Matter which constitutes -that Body; which it may as easily -do, if it consisted of many Tons -Weight, as soon, and from the same -Necessity, as it would do to one of -an Inch Diameter: And that the -electrify’d Body is intirely seal’d up -at each Extremity.</p> - -<p class='c006'>To shew this Fire in a converging -State, you may observe, when a Gun-barrel, -or any long Bar of Iron, is to be -electrify’d, and it is in a State of Suspension -on silk Cords, which are non-electricable, -you may perceive the Fire -issue from a Piece of iron Wire coming -from the glass Ball, in a lambent -Flame, which draws to a Point, and -then diverges, and drives itself on, till -the Gun-barrel, or Bar, is electrify’d.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Its being a Gun-barrel can be no -other Reason for its Preference in that -Shape than in another; but I believe -the Occasion of its being used here is, -because the greatest Effect which has -been shewn from Electricity, was sent -from abroad; and that was caused -by suspending a great Gun in a non-electricable -silk Cord. The Gun seems -to have been made use of here -as being the greatest Quantity of -Iron, and in the best Shape, they -could get it for Suspension. And -were a Person so suspended, if -he held in his Hand a naked Sword, -you might see such a lambent Flame -passing from it, in a converging and -diverging State, as before describ’d.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I would further prove this converging -Fire, from a late Experiment I -have heard of, which is as follows: -If you suspend an iron Ball by a large -Piece of Wire, which descends from -a Bar of Iron electrify’d, and then -hold under it, in a Saucer, some small -round Bubbles of Glass, near enough -to be in Contact with the electrical -<i>Vortex</i>, the glass Balls will follow -each other round in the Saucer; and -each of these Balls, if the Experiment -be made in the dark, will appear to -have a Spot of blue Flame at each -End of them.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Now, as, by the Contrivance of -Man, here is more of this Fire crouded -together, than was intended by the -Author of all Uniformity, seeing, by -its natural Cohesion, and the infinite -Celerity it is spirally driven on with, -it is no Wonder, in this confined State, -if that, which, as Water unconfin’d, -would be gentle and beneficent, -should, with all the Power that belongs -to it, break out at the first Door -which is opened for its Passage from -this tortur’d State.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is no Wonder, therefore, that all -undisorder’d Nature should be equally -electrify’d: For how is it possible to -have it otherwise? since, if a Person -stands on the Ground, and touches but -the <i>Capsula</i> before he touches the Body, -the electric Fire starts through him into -the Ground, as swift as Lightning, -and thence into the universal lambent -Flame, from whence it was taken.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Lightning from hence may in some -measure be accounted for; though I -cannot so exactly tell what collects it -together, as I can in this factitious -Lightning here treated of, yet I can -suppose, that the Cause of Lightning -is produc’d from a great Quantity of -this Fire before spoken of; which being -driven together, and included in -a limited State, or Covering of some -Kind, when discharged from this Covering, -it goes off in an Explosion, -which is Thunder. The Lightning I -need not describe, being intirely the -same with Electricity; for it will kill -without a Wound, and pass through -every thing, as this seems to do.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I am to shew, first, the Cause of -its kindling a Flame in certain compounded -Liquors; which, if what I -have supposed be true, that it is by -the means spoken of that this Fire is -collected and driven on, as I have said, -it is plain to be seen, that at the Finger’s -End of a Person electrify’d, or at -the End of a Sword, held as before -described, being in a dark Room, a -Flame issues from them: It is no -Wonder then, that an inflammable -Spirit, as is shewn, should take Fire -from it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The second Thing I proposed to -shew is, Why a Tube of Glass, rubb’d -smartly in the Hand, so as to become -electrical, repels Leaf-Gold, Feathers, -and other small Bodies; and when -they touch any less electrify’d Body, -they shall return back again to the -Tube, and so <i>vice versa</i>. Now, if -what I have been saying be true, how -can this <i>Phænomenon</i> be otherwise? -For, if that Piece of Leaf-Gold, <i>&c.</i> -be electrify’d by the Touch of the -Tube, then it has as full Power given -to it as the electrify’d Body had to -give to it: And when the Gold, <i>&c.</i> -touches any other Body, it imparts to -it so much of its electrical Property as -it had in itself: And then it may be -consider’d in the same State it was in -when first electrify’d: And so it will -be repeatedly attracted to it, and be -repell’d <i>toties quoties</i>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But it may be asked, What causes -these attractive and repulsive Faculties? -I answer, The Attraction of fiery -Particles one to another: For, if all -Nature be agitated by this Fire, all -Things have it in the common Proportion, -as it was intended they -should stand in Nature. And therefore, -as I have endeavoured to shew, -that Electricity is occasioned by -crouding on any thing more of this -Fire and Force than naturally belonged -to it; and as the Flame of a -Candle must of Necessity send out of -it at its Point an Overplus (without -which there could be no Succession or -free Motion in its Flame); so, for the -same Reason, the Redundancy of -what is crouded on may be consider’d -as spending itself at each Extremity, -that it may thereby reach itself out to -any thing, and invite it to it; as I -have shewn the Flame descending -down the Smoak of a Candle just -blown out to kindle it again, will do.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As therefore there is a trite Proverb, -passing universally, that <i>where there -is Smoak there must be some Fire</i>, I will -endeavour to prove, That no Heat, -either from Animals, or from any -other Cause, can be produced but -from this supposed Fire I have been -speaking of. For, now, suppose you -see the Flame of a Candle circumscribed -and limited in its Shape and -Size, which it has according to its -Snuff; this Thought may serve to illustrate -what I mean by the <i>Capsula</i>, -which I have supposed passing over -the Surface of every Body when it is -electrify’d, and seems to be a lambent -Flame, being more or less thick, as -from the <i>Apparatus</i> more or less Fire -has been collected and rubbed together -on it, either from the Friction of a -glass Tube, or the Globe: Now, as -what I am about to shew, is, why -this attractive Faculty is found in this -Experiment, I would offer to your -Consideration, Whether, when common -People see the Flame of a Candle -circumscrib’d, they think of any -Fire which may proceed further than -in the Flame of that Candle? Yet -every body, on Recollection, knows, -that the Flame will heat Parts at a -great Distance to such a Degree, as, -at length, to kindle them into a Fire. -And tho’, till you touch the Flame, -your Finger is not immediately burn’d, -yet there are shewn to be Emanations -of Fire at a Distance from its burning -Quality. So here I beg Leave to -consider the same Property in this -Fire occasion’d by Electricity. For, -till you touch this <i>Capsula</i> of lambent -Flame (which is commonly to be met -with near a Quarter of to Half an -Inch short of the Body to be electrify’d) -no Effect is perceiv’d, because -you have not enter’d into the <i>Vortex</i> -of this Whirlpool of Fire: Yet you -may suppose that it sends out an -Emanation of its Fire beyond it, as -other Flames do; which, when it -has first, by its Heat, (which I -take to be Part of it) prepared small -Things to be electrify’d, then they are -more easily lick’d into the whole Power, -and so become electrify’d. The Reason -therefore, why the Gold, and other light -Materials, (which I have supposed to -have some of this Fire in them) are -attracted, is, the Invitation they receive -from the curling <i>Effluvia</i> to a -closer Contact: And when it has received -as much as the former can -give it, its Invitation ceases, till it has -parted with what it had to its Neighbour; -and then it is again invited as -before.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I come now to consider the Violence -of this Fire; which, passing -thro’ the Pores of the glass Tube, may, -as the Sound of Organ-Pipes, which -proceeds only from their differently -modifying the Air, cause the various -hissing Noises you hear when the Tube -is held nigh the Ear, from the Electricity -passing through the different -shaped Pores of it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>And furthermore the Wind may -seem to arise, from the distant Parts -of the electrical Force playing at -some Space from the Tube; which -thereby agitate and fan the ambient -Air, so as to make it feel like Wind.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The third Thing I proposed to -shew, is, Why the electrical Power -departs from one Thing to another -by giving a smart Crack, and send-out -a Spark, which will set on fire -many very inflammable Liquors.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Now, (as I have, I hope, demonstrated) -when this Fire of Electricity -is issuing out at a Point into -an inflammable Spirit, it can be no -Wonder, that the Spirit, which is -known to be full of Fire, should unite -its Fire to that of Electricity.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As to the Crack it gives when this -Fire passes away: As all Sounds are -occasioned only by the Air’s being -put into a different Modification, it -is here natural to suppose, that as -the Cracking of a Whip is caused by -the smart Stroke at the Point of it on -the Air, so, in this Case, the Air seems -to be agitated in the same manner, -by breaking the Continuity of it, -whereby the like Sound is perceiv’d.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The next Thing I propose to account -for, is, Why a Company of -unelectrify’d Persons, who are joined -together by their holding each a Piece -of iron Wire betwixt them, tho’ they -are ever so many, do all receive a -violent Blow or Concussion on their -Bodies, when one of them touches a -Piece of electrify’d Iron.—I think -this Experiment may be carried so far, -that, as it has been found already sufficient -to kill Birds, and hurt many -Persons very grievously, it may have -Force enough given to it to kill a -Man, as effectually as the Darting of -Lightning can do.</p> - -<p class='c006'>For if you consider, that you may -as effectually electrify one Quantity of -Iron as another, that it may be done -to many Ton Weight as easily as to a -small Piece, and that, when it departs -into a Person, all the Power given to -it, not only on its Surface, but intimately -thro’ every Pore and Particle -of it, darts like Lightning from the -Point only it was touch’d in; then -further think, that if this Repercussion, -or infinite Recoil, from so large -and solid a Body, be so great, when -its Power is thus sent, what may it -not do in its utmost Extent?</p> - -<p class='c006'>Having now, I think, gone thro’ -what I propos’d to shew, and given -a Reason, as far as my Conjecture -reaches, for every <i>Phænomenon</i> which -I have seen or heard of in Electricity, -I think it may not be improper to -endeavour to proceed a little farther -with it, and consider its Power as it -stands in Nature. For, since the -Antients have ever supposed some uniform -compulsive Power, which they -called the <i>Anima Mundi</i>, and which -by these electrical Experiments seems -to be Fire, I will endeavour to shew, -that, in the Dispersion of it in common -Nature, you may observe that -some Plants abound with it, from the -great Vigour they discover, compar’d -with others in their own Tribe. Some -are so, as being of a more verdant -Nature than others are. Now, from -this Consideration, I will venture to -give a Reason for that which has -hitherto puzzled every body that has -thought about it, which is, Why the -Sensitive Plant shrinks; and, from a -turgid and vivid Appearance, it immediately -becomes languid, and hangs -its Leaves, on the Touch of any other -Body or Thing.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Now, from this my Conjecture on -Electricity, if you will suppose with -me, that as all Things, which stand -in the common Nature of this lower -World, have this Fire equally dispersed, -and have more or less of it -only as they are in this or that Place, -where more or less of it is offer’d to -be received by them, or as they are -in their own Natures more capable of -receiving more of it than others are, -(as I think has been shewn by the -electrical Experiments before-mention’d) -and then likewise suppose the -Nature of the Sensitive Plant is to -have more of this Fire in it than there -is in any other Plant or Thing, and -it must, by the Nature of it, when -any of them touches it, impart a -great deal of its Fire into that Thing -by which it is touched; because that -had less of it than was in the Sensitive -Plant. Therefore, till the Sensitive -Plant has had Time to recover its -Vigour, by receiving from the Air -more of this Fire, its Leaves and -Branches hang in a languid State, -from the great Loss of its Spirit and -Fire.</p> - -<p class='c006'>To illustrate this, if you set any -small Tree in a Pot upon a Cake of -Resin, and then electrify the Tree, -even tho’ it were a Willow, it would -grow extremely turgid, so as to erect -its Leaves to the great Wonder of the -Beholder; and the Moment you touch -even but one of its Leaves, the whole -Tree becomes as languid as the Sensitive -Plant would be, if touched by -any Body or Thing.—This I think -seems to me to give as great a Proof -of the Truth of my Conjecture as the -Nature of the Thing can admit of, -respecting the Sensitive Plant.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As I am upon the Subject of Vegetation, -it may not be improper to -offer somewhat concerning the Direction -of the <i>Farina fecundans</i>, which -is found in Plants and Flowers, to -the <i>Matrix</i> of that, or of a neighbouring -Plant or Flower.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Now, if there was not some very -attracting Influence to guide it, it -would but seldom happen, I think, -that they could come together by -Chance.—If therefore you suppose, -that both the <i>Matrix</i> and the <i>Farina</i> -abound with more of this Fire than is -in any other Part of the Plant, or -Flower, this great Wonder is at an -End: For, by the natural Attraction -there might be in each, from the Fire -supposed to be in them, they would -fly together, and be closely connected, -as they are constantly found to be in -their proper Season.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I have mention’d, that the <i>Farina</i> -of one Plant may impregnate the -<i>Matrix</i> of another as well as its own; -because I have observed formerly, at -Mr. <i>Fairchild</i>’s, a Gardener at <i>Hoxton</i>, -a Mule-Flower, begotten betwixt -a Pink and a Sweet-William.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Having consider’d how this electrical -Power may be supposed to -affect Vegetation in its common -Growth, I shall reflect a little further -concerning it, as it may affect animal -Life.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We may observe universally, that -Youth abounds with infinitely more -Spirits than Age doth, as well in the -Human Species as in the Brute Creation; -as it is clearly seen in Children, -compar’d to Adults; as also in Lambs, -in Colts, in Kittens, and almost all -other Young, they being much more -vigorous than their Dams are generally -seen to be. Now what Reflection -I would make on this, is, That -if Life in them, and in all Nature, -be owing to the same Fire as causes -Electricity, then, from thence may -proceed the Danger of lodging old -People with young Children; who, -by long Experience, have been found -to draw from young Children their -natural Strength; the old People having -in them a less Proportion of this -Fire than young ones seem to have.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Being about to shew the Evil as -well as the Good arising from this -supposed Fire, I will, in the next -place, endeavour to demonstrate, the -Cause of Blasts in Mankind; and -also to give some Reason for the -Blights on Trees, which I think may -be occasioned by this Fire before -spoken of.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Having given some Account of the -Fire which was seen in the high Wind, -to corroborate that Truth, I think it -proper to inform you, that I have -been told, by very good Authority, -that, in tempestuous Weather at Sea, -great Flakes of Fire are frequently -seen passing not only in the Air, but -on the Water also: And having -myself seen the Sea-Water, in the -Night-time, appear to have a great -Quantity of Fire issuing out of it, -when the Surface thereof was disturbed -by the Feathering of Oars, or -by the Vessel or Boat passing swiftly -through it, I asked a Sailor, At what -Time that Appearance happened most -frequently? He told me, It most generally -happen’d after tempestuous -Weather; or, as his Term was, dirty -Weather at Sea.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I think this will sufficiently shew -the Existence of this Fire in the Air; -and, if any Regard be had to what -I think its Power and Use is in the -World, that it will intrude itself -and force its Way into any Thing -where less of it is, and so join itself to -it by being in a greater Quantity; as -has been shewn by many electrical -Experiments.</p> - -<p class='c006'>You may suppose a Person sitting, -as it is too frequently found they are, -near a Door, or in a Window, when -they are in a warm Temperature, and -in Perspiration; if you believe that -there can be any Probability in the -Conjecture I have offer’d to your -Consideration, is it not natural for -any of this Fire, which passes as frequently -through the Air in the Daytime -(though unobserved) as when it -is seen in the Night; I say, Why is -it not natural for it to force its Entrance -into any Person or Thing? -especially as it comes then with -the Assistance of the Stream of Air -the Person sits in, and with which it -is driven.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In order to make this Mischief the -more to be regarded, I will endeavour -to shew the natural State of the Air -itself.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Many Writers about it chuse to divide -it into two Sorts; the first is the -pure <i>Æther</i>, which is supposed to be -moving above our Atmosphere; the -second is the common Air, which is -supposed to be within our Atmosphere. -I confess, the Feats attributed to the -mighty Weight of our Atmosphere, -in causing Siphons and Pumps, <i>&c.</i> -to operate, I never could understand; -but if I were to account for their -Operations, as well as that of a -Barometer, by the Elasticity of the -Air, I think I could more easily and -more naturally shew it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Notwithstanding what has been advanced -concerning the <i>Æther</i>, which -is believed to inhabit above our Atmosphere, -I chuse rather to suppose, that -the Air is an Element as well as Fire, -and that the Difference in it is only betwixt -heavy and foul Air, and clean -and light Air. That which comes -on the highest Mountains is clean, -and free from our Fogs and Putrefactions, -and, consequently, more -elastic.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As a Proof of this, I would recommend -the following Experiment: -Fill a Bladder with this clean Air; -then press it with a Weight just sufficient -to make it give way; and you -will find, that, by reason of its Elasticity, -it will yield much further, than -if it were fill’d with the other Air, -which is impregnated with foggy and -aqueous Particles.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Now if, as in a Barometer, the Quicksilver -is suspended by the Air on the -Top of the Tube, which was extracted -or emerged out of the Quicksilver, -by the Weight of the said Quicksilver, -and as that Air in the Barometer cannot -but have a Communication with -the ambient Air, the Air within -the Barometer must thence be affected, -by its becoming less elastic -also.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But this is not so much to my present -Purpose, as to consider the Air -loaded not only with Vapours, but -with poisonous <i>Effluvia</i> from the -Steams of various Minerals, as well as -with the Salts of dead Insects and -Animals, which, in the Season of -Autumn, may probably occasion so -many Agues, and putrid Fevers, as -are met with.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Now, if you further consider the -Air as loaded with any or all of -these Vapours and <i>Effluvia</i>, and demanding -Entrance with the Authority -of Fire, its Companion, is it any Wonder, -that the Rheumatism, and many -other bad Effects, which frequently -happen, in unguarded Seasons, to -Mankind, may be owing to the Cause -here treated of?</p> - -<p class='c006'>I remember that a Person, riding -in an open Chaise, in an Easterly -Wind, receiv’d a Stroke upon one of -his <i>Scapula’s</i>, with as great Pain, and -with the same kind of Sensation, as if -he had been stuck with a Dagger. -Upon which he instantly said to his -Friend in the Chaise, He expected a -violent Rheumatism from it. Which -accordingly happen’d; for he was not -able to quit his Bed for Three Weeks -after.—I think this cannot be better -accounted for, than to suppose it proceeded -from a pointed Body of this -kind of Fire, and the <i>Effluvia</i> which -accompanied it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If you will be pleased to reflect on -the Air in this last described State, -you need not expect, I think, to -have much said concerning the Blights -on Trees. It is true, somewhat may -be consider’d with regard to the -Insects frequently found on the -blighted Leaves: But whether, when -by the Blight the Leaves have been -curl’d up, the Insects come there as -to a proper <i>Nidus</i>, or whether they are -brought in this Fire, which seems -plainly to have burn’d the Leaves, I -will not undertake to account for.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-r'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><i>I am</i>, &c.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c003' /> -</div> -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>APPENDIX.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='drop-capa0_0_0_6 c007'>The kind Reception this small -Treatise has met with from -the Public occasions the Printing this -Second Edition of it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is, I confess, some Satisfaction to -me, that my publishing it is not without -Part of the Effect I hoped for; -having been told by many, who have -read it, that it gave them very new -and satisfactory Ideas.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As to those who have read it, and -say nothing of it, either from their -Want of Apprehension, or their Fear -of being obliged to alter their Sentiments -concerning it, or from a worse -Cause than either, I absolutely have -no Concern about them.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There are those, I confess, who merit -with me the highest Esteem, who, -having read it, object to some Things, -as fearing I have not conceiv’d them -rightly; but this they have done with -the Temper of Gentlemen. These I -think deserve to be set right; which -I will therefore attempt to do in the -following Manner:</p> - -<p class='c006'>The First Objection they make is, -That I have called Silk, Wax, <i>&c.</i> -which do not ordinarily convey the -electrical Power to other Bodies, non-electricable, -or non-electrical; when -other Writers have long since agreed -to call them Electrics <i>per se</i>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Second Objection is, That -what I have advanced, to prove that -the Power of Electricity proceeds not -from the <i>Apparatus</i>, but from the Air, -seems to be overthrown; because, -since I wrote my Book, there has been -a new Experiment made, by placing -the whole <i>Apparatus</i> on Wax, and -also the Persons concerned in the Experiment, -and by that means the -Power is intercepted.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Third Objection is, That so -large a Quantity of Iron, as I have -supposed to be electrify’d, will not -give greater Force, when touch’d by -a Person unelectrify’d, than a smaller -one will.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In Answer to the First Objection; -I cannot think, that the Term Electric -<i>per se</i> is suited to any Material -whatever; unless some One was -found out which would attract to it, -of its own accord, any other Material; -as we find a Loadstone will do, when -placed near any thing in its Reach: -but, if you lay even Amber unrubb’d -in Contact with Straws, or any other -Things, they will not be attracted to -it. So that Friction, it is plain, collects -this Power to the Amber.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Term Electric <i>per se</i> seems to -me to be used by these Gentlemen for -the same Purposes as the old Term of -<i>Occult Quality</i> was.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As the Word Electricity arises from -Amber, I need not instance in any -other Material; nor need I give again -my Reasons, why certain Things are -non-electricable. But, for clearing -One Point, in which I am not rightly -apprehended; I have said, That if -Fire be the Cause of Life and Increase -in any thing which stands in a State -of Nature, then, whatever ceases to -be in a State of Life or Increase, -must have its Fire withdrawn, and it -becomes a <i>Caput Mortuum</i>.—I -have been told, This is not true; for -a dead Animal will be electrify’d.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This I complain of, as not having -been understood concerning it. -This Animal, though kill’d, had once -its animal Increase from Fire. Boards, -when dry, have Fire in them; because -the Fire, which invigorated the -Tree they were saw’d out of, must -naturally remain in them. The like -may be said of a dead Animal; but -Wax, Pitch, Resin, and the Tribe of -Non-electricables, never had their Existence -from Nature only; and therefore -they are quite of a different Tribe. -For what I say is, That whatever had -once Fire in it is capable of being -electrify’d. Those called Electrics -<i>per se</i>, having no Fire in them, when, -by Friction, Fire is collected on their -Surfaces, it is either driven from thence -into the Air, or into some Electricable, -and so it joins with that Fire which -naturally belongs to it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Sealing-wax is compounded of -Non-electricables, and, if you rub it, -will attract Things to it as Amber -will: And I believe all other Things, -which will not imbibe the Fire into -them, when by Friction it is collected -on their Surfaces, will dispose -of it thence to their next Neighbour. -Resin and Pitch, from their Tenacity, -may difficultly be made to do it, and, -yet have the Nature in them I am -supposing them to have.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There may be such artful Tricks -play’d with this Power, as, to an -undiscerning Eye, may make it seem -to be changed; for Instance, If you -wet a silk Cord (Water being electricable) -it passes on the Water through -the Cord, by the Cord’s only retaining -the Water. Some Dye, with -which Silk is dyed, if it be of a vegetable -Nature, will convey this Power -through the Silk, by the Contiguity -of the Dye-Stuff: So that you see -there may be no End of Experiments.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I think it is a great Pity that the -Word <i>Electricity</i> should ever have -been given to so wonderful <i>Phænomenon</i>, -which might properly be consider’d -as the First Principle in Nature. -Perhaps the Word <i>Vivacity</i> might not -have been an improper one; but it is -now too late to think of changing a -Name it has so long obtain’d.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As I am going to answer the Second -Objection, I own I have not -employ’d myself in making Experiments -in Electricity, chusing rather, -if I could, to account for those which -have been found out by others, than -to spend much Time in making them -myself: Though I pay great Respect -to those, who, for Improvement of -Knowlege, have been employ’d in -them. As to those who get Money -by shewing these Experiments, I -do not pay so high a Regard to their -Performances; because all, who shew -any Arts to new Customers, for Profit, -are bound to try all Means to -gain Applause. I would endeavour -to ascertain the Laws or Principle by -which they are perform’d; which -when done, a Thousand Tricks like -Legerdemain may be performed by -it, by him whose Time is little worth.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the Second Objection it is said, -I am mistaken, when I advance, that -the <i>Apparatus</i> is not the Cause of -Electricity, but that it is produced by -the Air. To shew this, I am told, -That if a Person is placed, and also -the <i>Apparatus</i>, on Wax or Resin -(which are non-electricable), no Fire -or Force is produced from them: But -if the Person employ’d in doing it -touches the Wainscot or the Floor -with a Walking-Stick, or the like, -the Electricity flows as freely as if he -stood on the Floor. From whence some -Conjecture this Power comes from the -Earth only; than which I think nothing -can be more absurd: For, if you fetch -it out of the Wainscot, or the Boards -of the Floor, it must first be in them, -and the Air could only be the Carrier -of it to them. So that here the main -Things, which I at first only conjectur’d, -I think are fully proved; which -are, That Electricity was not generated -by the <i>Apparatus</i>, but only collected -by it out of the Air.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As to the Third Objection to a -larger Quantity of electrify’d Iron not -giving greater Force than a smaller, -it should be observ’d, that in this -Essay I have only conjectured what -most probably is true: And as I profess -not to have been engaged in making -electrical Experiments, I must rely on -those only who have made them: -But, surely, if there may be too much -Iron employ’d to be so affected, as I -have imagined, there may also be too -little; and therefore Time may yet -shew, that such a Quantity of this -Power may be so collected as to kill -a Man; since but Yesterday I was -informed, that a Person, who lives -in the <i>Strand</i>, is now recovering from -a Palsy, in which he lost his Speech, -and other Intellects; which Mischief -he received from this Force of Electricity.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I hope what I have written on this -Subject will not call on me, from the -thinking Part of Mankind, any undue -Reflection: I have nevertheless -met with such an unmannerly Abuse -from a Country Show-man, who published -some Experiments, and owns -he added the Preface to it, in order -to write what I am sure no Gentleman -would have written—If this -Person be poor, and did it for Gain, -I heartily pity him. He owns he was -much affrighted, when he heard of -my publishing this Piece, because of -the hard Fate, he says, of his Booksellers; -but, before he had read Two -Pages, he likewise owns he recovered -his Spirits, when he found I pretended -to think for myself, and did not let Sir -<i>Isaac Newton</i> think for me, after he -had been so long dead. I am well -satisfy’d, had that Great Man been -living, and had seen these electrical -Experiments, he would not have -bow’d low to this great Philosopher, -for thus supporting his Character. -His doing this would be as -ridiculous as to see a Pygmy attempt -to carry a Giant. I believe there are -more Answers to Books written to pay -a Landlady, or an Alehouse-Score, -than from any other Cause; especially, -if they think they answer one -whose Character will call it into the -World.—I know nothing of my -Adversary’s Finances; but how rich -soever he may have made himself by -his Show, he seems to have the Blessing -of never being liable to the Headach -from his Thinking too intensely.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c008'> - <div><span class='large'><i>FINIS.</i></span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c003' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Transcriber’s note:</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c009'>Width of em-dashes has been regularised.</p> - -<p class='c009'>Page 8, ‘unphilophical’ changed to ‘unphilosophical,’ “how unphilosophical and unmeaning”</p> - -<p class='c009'>Page 16, ‘mortuum’ changed to ‘Mortuum,’ “as a Caput Mortuum. Of”</p> - -<p class='c009'>Page 27, ‘convergeing’ changed to ‘converging,’ “prove this converging Fire”</p> - -<p class='c009'>Page 31, ‘wil’ changed to ‘will,’ “so it will be”</p> - -<p class='c009'>Page 56, ‘whetever’ changed to ‘whatever,’ “then, whatever ceases to”</p> - -<p class='c009'>Page 57, second ‘to’ struck, “ceases to be in”</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of An Essay to Shew the Cause of -Electricity, by John Freke - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESSAY TO SHEW CAUSE OF ELECTRICITY *** - -***** This file should be named 52439-h.htm or 52439-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/4/3/52439/ - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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