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diff --git a/old/52434-0.txt b/old/52434-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 27672ee..0000000 --- a/old/52434-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6695 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Deadly Adulteration and Slow Poisoning -Unmasked, by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: Deadly Adulteration and Slow Poisoning Unmasked - Disease and Death in the Pot and Bottle - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: June 29, 2016 [EBook #52434] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DEADLY ADULTERATION *** - - - - -Produced by deaurider, Les Galloway and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - -Transcriber’s Note - -The original begins with a 22 page catalogue of “PRACTICAL BOOKS ON -Sporting Subjects”. This has been moved to the end. - - - DEADLY ADULTERATION - - AND - - SLOW POISONING UNMASKED; - - OR, - - Disease and Death - - IN THE POT AND THE BOTTLE; - - IN WHICH - - THE BLOOD-EMPOISONING AND LIFE-DESTROYING - ADULTERATIONS - - OF - -WINES, SPIRITS, BEER, BREAD, FLOUR, TEA, SUGAR, SPICES, CHEESEMONGERY, - PASTRY, CONFECTIONARY MEDICINES, &c. &c. &c. - - ARE LAID OPEN TO THE PUBLIC, - - WITH - - TESTS OR METHODS - - FOR ASCERTAINING AND DETECTING THE - FRAUDULENT AND DELETERIOUS ADULTERATIONS - AND THE GOOD AND BAD QUALITIES - - _OF THOSE ARTICLES_: - - With an Exposé of Medical Empiricism and Imposture, Quacks and - Quackery, Regular and Irregular, Legitimate and Illegitimate: and - The Frauds and Mal-practices of Pawnbrokers and Madhouse-keepers. - - NEW EDITION. - - BY AN ENEMY TO FRAUD AND VILLANY. - -“The Workshop of the Distillery [and of the Wine and Spirit Compounder] -is the Elaboratory of Disease and of Premature Death.”—_Manual for -Invalids._ - -Devoted to disease by baker, butcher, grocer, wine-merchant, -spirit-dealer, cheesemonger, pastry-cook, and confectioner; the -physician is called to our assistance; but here again the pernicious -system of fraud, as it has given the blow, steps in to defeat the -remedy; the unprincipled dealers in drugs and medicines exert the most -diabolical ingenuity in sophisticating the most potent and necessary -drugs, (viz. peruvian bark, rhubarb, ipecacuanha, magnesia, calomel, -castor-oil, spirits of hartshorn, and almost every other medical -commodity in general demand;) and chemical preparations used in -pharmacy. _Literary Gazette._ - - LONDON: - PUBLISHED BY SHERWOOD, GILBERT AND PIPER, - PATERNOSTER ROW. - - - - - LONDON: - MARCHANT, PRINTER, INGRAM-COURT. - - - - - THE AUTHOR’S ADDRESS - - TO - - THE READER. - - -The catalogue of frauds and enormities exhibited in the following pages -will, no doubt, excite the abhorrence and indignation of every honest -heart. Its author is, however, convinced that he will find that he has -undertaken a very unthankful office—that his book will be the dread -and abhorrence of wicked and unprincipled dealers and impostors of -all kinds; and himself exposed to their utmost rancour and bitterest -maledictions. But the die is cast: he has discharged a public duty, and -sincerely hopes that the Public may be benefited by his disclosures. - -It has been justly said, that all attempts to meliorate the condition -of mankind have, in general, been coldly received, while the artful -flatterers of their passions and appetites have met their eager -embraces. And it is no less true, that it has always been the fate of -those who have attempted any great public good, to be obnoxious to such -as have profited by the errors of mankind. The divine Socrates, whose -life was a continued exertion to reprove and correct the overweening -and the vicious, died a victim to the Heathen Mythology, on account of -his maintaining the unity and perfections of the Deity, and exposing -the doctrines and pretensions of the heathen priesthood and the -Sophists, and their mercenary views; and, in later times, Galileo would -have met a similar fate, had he not bowed to error, and renounced a -sublime truth, clear as the glorious orb that was the object of it, -and which, soon after, was universally acknowledged. Even the Divine -Founder of our Faith and Religion was stigmatized as the broacher of -false opinions, and one who misled the people, by his ignorant and -malicious accusers, whose frauds and delusions it was the object of -his mission to confound and overthrow, as well as to free mankind from -the bondage of their errors. But without having the presumption or -impiety to compare himself with those benefactors of mankind, or to -put his humble endeavours in competition with their godlike attempts, -or to expect a similar result from them, it will be a great consolation -to the Author of this book, when life is departing the frail tenement -of his body, to reflect that he has brought “deeds of darkness to -light,”—that he has been the humble means of unmasking to public view -the frauds and villanies that are daily and hourly practised on the -Public Health and Welfare; and in that “trying hour” his most grateful -feeling and homage to English Law will be, that it secures to every -man the liberty of expressing his honest indignation and abhorrence of -palpable and disgusting fraud and imposture. - - “Hail to the Press!— - Vast artery of life, through which the stores - That feed the growth of Truth, Opinion pours; - The mighty lens through which she points the rays - That kindle Error’s records into blaze.— - Gigantic engine! power that supersedes - The long prescriptive _Use_ that Folly pleads.— - O happy England! - Land of my fathers! may thy children keep. - E’en as they guard the empire of the deep, - The free, unshackled press, that best secures - Their rights, and liberty to truth assures.” - -MEM.—I have stated at p. 11, on the authority of the author of “_The -Oracle of Health and Long Life_,” that the many sudden deaths that are -daily happening in and about the metropolis, are no doubt assignable -to the unprincipled and diabolical adulterations of food, spirits, -malt liquors, and the other necessaries of life. Since that extract -was printed in the pages of “_Deadly Adulteration and Slow Poisoning -Unmasked_,” I am sorry to say, that I have observed numerous instances -of the sudden deaths of persons in apparently perfect health, detailed -in the London and country newspapers, and even at the very moment that -I am penning this remark, I observe, in the columns of the Herald -newspaper, accounts of two persons in the prime of life and in good -health, whose deaths happened in a similar way. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - Page - - Introduction 3 - - Wines and Spirits, Adulteration of, 12 - - ————————— Tests of, 40 - - Beer and Ale 50 - - Bread and Flour 68 - - Meat and Fish 78 - - Tea, Coffee, Chocolate, and Sugar 83 - - Spices 98 - - Pickles 104 - - Vinegar 105 - - Olive Oil 107 - - Salt and Mustard 108 - - Anchovy Sauce and Mushroom Catsup 109 - - Isinglass 110 - - Blue and Soap 111 - - Candles and Starch 113 - - Bees’ Wax 114 - - Butter 115 - - Cheese, Bacon and Hams 116 - - Milk and Cream 118 - - Potatoes, Fruit, &c. 119 - - Confectionary and Pastry 122 - - Perfumery, Cosmetics, Hair Oils, Bear’s - Grease, &c. 126 - - Medicines, Medical Empiricism, Quacks, and - Quackery 133 - - Coals 170 - - Colours, Hats, Broad Cloths, Laces, - Kerseymeres, Linens, Cambrics, Silks, Jewellery, - Stationery, &c. 176 - - Conclusion 181 - - Appendix 183 - - ——— Gin, “Comfort” or “Blue Ruin” ib. - - ——— Fish ib. - - ——— Tea 184 - - ——— Some more Morning Water and Sir Reverence - Doctors 186 - - ——— Noodle Medical Book-wrights 187 - - ——— The Frauds and Mal-practices of Pawnbrokers - and Madhouse Keepers 187 - - - - -DEADLY ADULTERATION AND SLOW POISONING UNMASKED; with Tests -for Ascertaining and Detecting the Fraudulent and Deleterious -Adulterations, and the good and bad qualities of Wines, Spirits, Beer, -Bread, Flour, Tea, Sugar, Spices, Cheesemongery, Pastry, Confectionary, -Medicines, &c. &c. Price 5_s._ bound in cloth. - - -_Critical Opinions of the Work._ - - “We are always happy to meet with such true-hearted reformers as the - enemies to fraud and villany. Detesting the impositions of every - form and variety to which the simple inhabitants of this metropolis - are daily made victims, our author in a tone of ardent indignation, - and disdaining to mince his expressions at a crisis so full of - peril, denounces in forcible language the scandalous practices of - adulteration, from which no material of food or luxury seems to be - exempted. The style, however, is occasionally diversified, and no - sooner have we been roused into a sympathetic feeling of anger with - the author against this set of impostors, than we are called on - to unite with him in a hearty laugh at the ridiculous plight into - which, by a humourous and amusing term of expression, he puts another - community of base adulterators. We have not met, lately, with a volume - of this compass, which contains more useful information and amusing - matter than the present one.”—_Monthly Review_ for Nov. 1830. - - “We honestly recommend this eventful volume.”—_New Monthly Magazine_, - Jan. 1831. - - “To go over all the subjects which this admirable volume embraces, - would fill many pages of our work; we must, therefore, refer our - readers to the work itself; and we shall be greatly astonished, - if, after having perused it, they do not thank us for the - advice.”—_Monthly Gazette of Health_, for Oct. 1830. - - “This is a volume of intense and surpassing interest; its use and - excellence should be known to every person who values health and life; - it should form an appendage to every family library.” - - “This interesting book is evidently the production of a man of - considerable talents.”—_Lancet_, Jan. 1831. - - “This is a work of great public utility, and in author, whose honesty - and public spirit have placed him in the foremost rank of benefactors - to the public welfare, is richly entitled to the gratitude of the - community.” - - See also _Imp. Mag._ for Dec. 1830; _Home Missionary_, for Oct. 1830; - _News_, for Jan. 1831; _Atlas_, for Jan. 1831; _United Kingdom_, Jan, - 1831, &c. &c. - - - - - Deadly Adulteration, - - AND - - SLOW POISONING; - - OR, - - DISEASE AND DEATH - - IN - - THE POT AND THE BOTTLE. - - - - -INTRODUCTION. - - -The able and patriotic Editor of the Literary Gazette, No. 156, in -the course of his review of Mr. Accum’s meritorious work on Culinary -Poisons, makes the following just and striking remarks: - -One has laughed at the whimsical description of the cheats in Humphrey -Clinker, but it is too serious for a joke to see that, in almost every -thing which we eat or drink, we are condemned to swallow swindling, if -not poison—that all the items of metropolitan, and many of country, -consumption are deteriorated, deprived of nutritious properties, -or rendered obnoxious to humanity, by the vile arts and merciless -sophistications of their sellers. So general seems the corruption, and -so fatal the tendency, of most of the corrupting materials, that we -can no longer wonder at the prevalence of painful disorders and the -briefness of existence (on an average) in spite of the great increase -of medical knowledge, and the amazing improvement in the healing -science, which distinguish our era. No skill can prevent the effects -of daily poisoning; and no man can prolong his life beyond a short -standard, where every meal ought to have its counteracting medicine. - -Devoted to disease by baker, brewer, grocer, wine-merchant, -spirit-dealer, cheesemonger, pastry-cook, confectioner, &c. the -physician is called to our assistance; but here again the pernicious -system of fraud, as it has given the blow, steps in to defeat the -remedy: even the physician’s prescription is adulterated! - -Mr. Accum’s account of water (i. e. the Companies’ water—the filthy -and unwholesome water supplied from the Thames, of which the delicate -citizens of Westminster fill their tanks and stomachs, at the very -spot where one hundred thousand cloacinæ, containing every species -of filth, and all unutterable things, and strongly impregnated with -gas, the refuse and drainings of hospitals, slaughter houses, colour, -lead, and soap works, drug-mills, manufactories, and dung-hills, daily -disgorge their abominable contents) is so fearful, that we see there is -no wisdom in the well: and if we then fly to wine, we find, from his -analysis, that there is no truth in that liquid; bread turns out to be -a crutch to help us onward to the grave, instead of being the staff -of life; in porter there is no support, in cordials no consolation; in -almost every thing poison, and in scarcely any medicine, cure! - -That this denunciation of fraud and villany is not mere assertion, the -terrific disclosures that I am about to make (some of which are to be -found in Mr. Accum’s book, and in greater detail than the space I have -prescribed myself allows) will fully prove to the contrary, and show -that it is the duty of the government to protect the public by some -legislative provisions, and to prohibit and render penal the nefarious -practices in daily use for the diabolical and deleterious adulteration -of the necessaries of life, practices which are destructively inimical -to the public health and welfare. As Mr. Accum has pointedly said -in the preface to his work, “as the eager and insatiable thirst for -gain is proof against prohibitions and penalties, and the possible -sacrifice of a fellow creature’s life is a secondary consideration -among unprincipled dealers,” nothing short of subjecting the offence to -the operation of the criminal law seems likely to suppress the wicked -and diabolical practices, and secure the public from the silent and -unobserved effects of being slowly poisoned: transportation ought to -be the mildest punishment of the iniquitous offender. Is it not, as -the same gentleman justly observes, a reflection on English law, that -“a man who robs a fellow subject of a few shillings on the highway -should be sentenced to death, while he who distributes a slow poison -to a whole community should escape unpunished,” at most with only the -infliction of a trifling fine, which proves to him the inefficiency of -the law to restrain him from a continuance in his iniquitous practices? -The inefficacy of fines, however large, in deterring offenders from a -commission or repetition of the crime is evident, from the inadequacy -of the large penalties to which the adultering brewer, grocer, -coffee-manufacturer, &c. are subject when detected. For, besides the -difficulty of detecting this species of fraud and iniquity, the large -profits, which are often several hundreds per cent. enable the culprits -to meet the trivial loss which attends a detection, and speedily -reimburses them the penalty of a conviction. - -“Plures crapula quam gladius,” says the old adage, which, in a -free translation, may be paraphrased “Cookery depopulates like a -pestilence.” To those versed in the business of disease it is well -known that this is no exaggeration. But, dismal as is the destruction -of human life from this source, it is by no means equal to that -occasioned by the effects of the nefarious traffic in the adulteration -of the necessaries of life; the pernicious and destructive mixtures -and combinations to which they are subject have produced greater -ravages on health, and given a greater empire to death than the united -scourges of famine and the sword in combination with the refinements of -cookery and the increase of gastrophilism:—they occasion the loss of -tens of thousands of human lives every year in the metropolis alone. -It has with truth been said that to so alarming an extent have the -illicit practices of poisonous adulteration arrived, “that it would be -difficult to mention a single article of food which is not to be met -with in an adulterated state; and there are some substances which are -scarcely ever to be procured genuine.” - -These spurious mixtures and counterfeit articles are combined and -manufactured with so much skill and ingenuity, as to elude and baffle -the discrimination of the most experienced judges. And, for the purpose -of ensuring the secrecy of the nefarious traffic, “the processes -are distributed and subdivided among distinct operators, and the -manufactures are carried on in separate establishments.” The tasks -of proportioning the ingredients and that of their composition and -preparation are assigned to distinct persons. In fact, “the traffic -in adulterated commodities finds its way through so many circuitous -channels as to defy the most scrutinizing endeavour of individual -exertion to trace it to its source.” And the frequency of the act -has rendered the conscience of the offenders callous and indifferent -to the consequences. The man who would shudder at the idea of giving -a dose of arsenic to a single individual sleeps soundly in his bed, -though he knows that he administers as fatal, though a slower, poison -to thousands every day. And such a man is the baker, the miller, the -wine-merchant, the brewer, the publican, the druggist, the tea-dealer, -and every dealer who adulterates an article of food. And yet, those -thoughtlessly wicked men suffer their consciences to be seared and -bribed to silence through their self-interest and craving appetite for -unreasonable and unrighteous gain! - -With respect to those “filthy nuisances” the gin-shops and workshops -of the wine and spirit dealers, which have not inaptly been termed -“the elaboratories of disease and of premature death,” the following -remarks, which appeared in the New Monthly Magazine for February, 1828, -are dictated in the justest spirit of criticism and of public duty. It -is to be wished that all journalists were disposed, in like manner, to -denounce fraud and imposture. - -“While there is so much prating and preaching about the morals of -the people; while the increase of crime is grossly exaggerated, and -the necessity of instruction is loudly talked about! when even the -lotteries, which of late years did no harm at all, have been given -up to the prevailing fashion of affected sanctity, it is quite -preposterous that such filthy nuisances as the numerous gin-shops of -London should not merely be tolerated, but sanctioned and encouraged by -the legislature. We do not speak of regular public-houses, but of those -places which are devoted only to the sale of spirits by retail. They -cannot be necessary for the purpose of refreshments, and can only, as -they do in fact, serve to produce evils of the most lamentable nature.” -Who, that has a spark of feeling and integrity in his nature, does -not coincide in opinion with the ingenious and accomplished editor of -the distinguished periodical, from which this spirited and sensible -passage is extracted? - -But the truth is, as has been well observed by the author of “The -Manual for Invalids,” that it would be difficult to discover any thing -in social life that is more virtually neglected than Public Health, -which ought to be an object of the greatest concern to all wise and -paternal governments, as well as to every influential and well-disposed -individual in the nation. “The Public Health and the Public Morals,” as -the same excellent writer sagaciously observes, “should be the object -of the greatest solicitude on the part of every government, instead of -extracting a profit from deception and villany, ignorance and vice. -Were the various descriptions of liquors in which alcohol bears so -predominant a part taxed to prohibition, there would be less of felony, -less of moral degradation, less employment for police magistrates -and judges, and less occasion for the executioner. There would be a -counterpoise in the reduction of the parochial burthens, and a greater -value given to the moral character of the people; but, unfortunately, -the produce to the revenue is such as—while it does not prevent the -injurious use of spirituous liquors, it enriches the coffers of the -nation; and the sacra auri fames has, as well in government matters as -in those of the quack, the adulterator, and the impostor, the power of -making that appear relatively right which is absolutely wrong.” - -Nor is the general and immoderate use of ardent spirits only -destructive to the body, but it acts eminently as powerful incentives -to vice of every kind. Does the robber pause in his vocation? Does -the murderer hesitate to deprive his fellow-creatures of life? They -are presently wound up to a reckless sense of their crimes at the -gin-shop.—Has the seducer tried all his arts in vain to despoil his -unsuspecting victim of peace and innocence? The seductive liquor offers -him an easy prey, and leaves his immolated victim polluted, disgraced, -and lost to society. The brothel is more indebted to this source than -to all the lures of seduction. In fact, the seductive productions of -the distillery and the winepress impair the physical strength of the -country, and induce incorrigible habits of vice and intemperance. - -A reflecting writer has expressed an opinion that the life of man would -generally be extended to a hundred years were it not for his excesses -and the adulteration of his food; and when we consider how many attain -even a greater age, under every disadvantage, we must allow that there -is probability in this opinion. When we observe the early disfigurement -of the human form, the swollen or shrunk body, the bloated and -self-caricatured face, with the signs of imbecility and decrepitude -which we continually see, at an age when life should be in its fullest -vigour;—when, at every turn we meet the doctor’s carriage; in every -street, behold a rivalry of medical attraction; it is impossible not -to feel a conviction that something must be essentially wrong in our -way of living. This is principally assignable to our improper and -unwholesome diet, but more especially to the vile adulterations to -which every article of diet is now impudently and wickedly subjected. -As the author of the “Oracle of Health and Long Life” observes, in a -note to page 31, “it is no doubt to the unprincipled adulterations of -food, spirits, malt liquors, &c. that a great number of the sudden -deaths, which are constantly happening in and about the metropolis, is -assignable. The adulteration, it is true, is not sufficient to cause -instant death, but it operates slowly, and silently, and imperceptibly; -so as not to excite sufficient suspicion and inquiry respecting the -cause. This is not an idle or a random remark, but one founded on -much observation and on very probable grounds. It is hoped that it -will awaken public attention and inquiry respecting these nefarious -transactions.” Following this valuable advice, I will exert myself to -the utmost to promote and call into action this necessary duty, and -with this intent the following pages were composed, for the collection -of the materials of which I have had singular opportunities afforded -me. - - - - -PART I. - -WINES AND SPIRITS. - - -I shall divide this interesting portion of my work into two sections; -first, the Adulteration of Wines and Spirits, and the Tricks of Wine -and Spirit Dealers; and, secondly, the Tests or Methods of ascertaining -the Good and Bad Qualities of Wines and Spirits. - - -SECTION I.—_The Adulteration of Wines and Spirits, and the Tricks of -Wine and Spirit Dealers._ - - -1. WINES. - -The frauds and malpractices in use among the wine and spirit brewers -and compounders of the metropolis, and the noxious and deleterious -ingredients with which those unprincipled men “make up” the poisonous -compounds, that they are daily vending to the public, under the names -of wines and spirits, exceed the devices, and are, if possible, -of a more deadly operation than the sophistications and vitiated -manufactures palmed upon the public by the wicked and avaricious -cozeners of all other adulterating trades. - -The art or mystery of manufacturing spurious and counterfeit wines and -liquors forms a regular trade of great extent in this metropolis, and -is carried on with so much skill and ingenuity, and has attained so -great perfection, as to render the irony of the witty author of the -Tatler no longer figurative; namely, that “the transmutation of liquors -under the streets of London was so perfect, that the operators by the -power of magical drugs could convert a plantation of northern hedges -into a vineyard; could raise the choicest products of the hills and -valleys of France under the streets of London; could squeeze Bourdeaux -out of the sloe, and Champagne from the apple.” - -Nor has the reprobation of the contaminations of wines and spirits -with substances deleterious to health been confined to former times; -they have been stigmatised on account of their alarming and deadly -increase in numerous recent publications. I quote the following artless -lines, in which an honest country lad is represented as expressing his -abhorrence of his relative, a London wine-merchant’s sophistications, -not for the elegance of the poetry, but as conveying an important truth -in a plain garb; perhaps its unaffected satire is not ill adapted to -awaken attention: - - “So I buss’d Luke and mother, and, vastly concern’d, - Off I set, with my father’s kind blessing, - To our cousin, the wine merchant, where I soon learn’d - About mixing, and brewing, and pressing; - But the sloe-juice and rat’s bane, and all that fine joke, - Was soon in my stomach a-rising, - Why, dang it! cried I, would you kill the poor folk? - I thought you sold wine, and not poison!” - -But the particular histories of the corruptions of wines and spirits -will be more acceptable to those who are desirous of preserving their -health and enjoying their existence comfortably, than quotation; for, -were wine and spirit bibbers aware of the abominable and fraudulent -processes of adulteration in use among wine and spirit dealers and -gin-shop keepers, they would not only heartily join in the exclamation -of the “poet of Nature,” “Oh! that men should put an enemy in their -mouths to steal away their brains!” but they would be convinced that it -is not only high time that the fraud and villany of their selfish and -secret poisoners should be unmasked, but also punished and suppressed. -For this purpose I shall detail some of the noxious compositions of the -wine and spirit dealers of newspaper notoriety, and of the placarding -gin-shop keepers, whose gaudy premises, as well as those of other -puffers at cheap prices, are designed to catch the eye and arrest the -attention of the heedless and unwary. And thus I am inclined to believe -that my readers will heartily agree with one who has materially and -honourably contributed to expose the villany of adulterators of all -kinds, that, in the deterioration and pernicious sophistication of the -necessaries and comforts of existence, it may with truth be said, in a -civil as well as in a religious sense, that “in the midst of life we -are in death.” - -Factitious wines are generally, in the slang phraseology of the -adulteration trade, “doctored” or “cooked,” in order to give them -particular flavours, and render them similar to the wines they are -intended to represent. Thus bitter almonds (or the leaves of cherry -laurel, which are cheaper) are added to give a nutty flavour; sweet -briar, orris-root, clary, cherry-laurel-water, and elder-flowers to -form the bouquet of high-flavoured wines; alum to render young and -meagre red wines bright; cake of pressed elderberries and bilberries to -render pale faint coloured port [or red sumach, &c. to tinge spoiled -white wines red] of a deep rich purple colour;[A] oak saw-dust, -[sloes,] and the husks of filberts, to give additional astringency to -unripe red wines; and a tincture of the seeds of raisins to flavour -factitious port wine; [with a variety of other ingredients, such -as spice, &c. to render wine pungent]. (The Vintners and Licensed -Victuallers’ Guide, p. 259.) And in the same work, p. 225, among -other deleterious ingredients, “sugar of lead”[B] is directed to be -used for fining or clearing cloudy white wines. That book and works -of a similar kind are the accredited repositories of the arcana of -sophistication for the publican and small wine and spirit dealer, and -gin-shop keeper; but, as Mr. Accum (Culinary Poisons, p. 87) says, -the more wholesale adulterators and “large capitalists,” whether wine -and spirit brewer or ale and beer brewer, obtain, on payment of a -considerable fee, a manuscript from the brewers’ and spirit-dealers’ -druggist, containing the whole mystery of managing and drugging wines, -spirits, beer, or ale; or they may be initiated in the respective -crafts and mysteries, by oral instruction, and practical demonstration, -on payment of a handsome douceur. - -The above is the general method of doctoring or “cooking” wine and -spirits. The following are the particular and more ingenious methods -of sophistication in use among the advertising and placarding venders -of “genuine old Port” and “amber-coloured” or “fine pale Amontillado -Sherry.” Both sorts are generally compounded of a small quantity of -the real article either in a good or a deteriorated state, according -to the taste or conscience of the compounder, with the necessary -proportions of Cape wine, cider, sal tartar, colouring matter, brandy -or rum cowe, or other adulterating slops, which are calculated to form -a tolerable basis, and to bear a resemblance in colour and flavour to -the wine desired to be imitated. As the communication of the particular -ingredients of which these factitious wines are composed cannot but be -acceptable to my readers, I shall give a particular account of each of -the processes. - -Factitious, or fabricated port wine is usually made by mingling or -blending together in large vats Benecarlo, or black strap, which -is a strong coarse Spanish wine of inferior quality; Red Cape; a -sufficient quantity of Mountain to soften the mixture and give it -the appearance of richness; a portion of sal tartar and gum dragon -(the object of the first ingredient is to cause the wine to crust -soon when bottled; of the second, to impart a fullness and roundness -of flavour and consistence of body); colouring matter, or berry-dye, -which is an extract of German bilberries; brandy or rum cowe, which is -the rinsings of casks containing those liquors, obtained by throwing -in a few gallons of water into them after the liquor is drawn off, -and leaving it closely bunged up till the cask has imparted the -flavour of the liquor to the water; and a quantity of spoiled cider, -of which many thousand pipes are annually brought to the metropolis -for this purpose. Sometimes a small quantity of port is made use -of, with rectified spirits and coarse brandy, and, instead of the -colouring articles above mentioned, red saunders wood, or the juice -of elderberries or of sloes is employed. According to the Mechanics’ -Magazine, the chemical analysis of a bottle of cheap port wine was as -follows: spirits of wine, three ounces; cider, fourteen ounces; sugar, -one and half ounce; alum, two scruples; tartaric acid, one scruple; -strong decoction of logwood, four ounces. And this is the “genuine old -port,” of unrivalled flavour and quality, of the London fabricators and -compounders. “Amber-coloured Sherry,” or “the fine pale Amontillado -Sherry,” of the advertising wine-factor and placarding gin-shop keepers -is manufactured of coarse highly-brandied brown Sherry, Cape wine, and -brandy cowe; to which are added extract of almond-cake or gum benzoin, -to impart a nutty flavour; cherry-laurel-water, to give a roundness of -flavour; lamb’s blood, to fine the mixture and clear or decompose its -colour; and oyster-shells and chalk, for the purpose of binding and -concentrating the whole; and this delectable composition the knavish -adept in the art of deleterious combination palms on the credulity -of the public under the inviting title of “fine pale Sherry, of -peculiar delicacy and flavour.” Had the late Dr. Kitchiner been aware -of these sophistications he would not have said “that, of the white -wines, Sherry is the most easy to obtain genuine, and is the least -adulterated.” - -The “fine old East-India Madeira, at unprecedented cheap prices, for -ready money only,” of these worthies is a commixture of a portion of -East-India Madeira with Teneriffe, Vidonia, or Direct Madeira,[C] and -East-India Cape.[D] The “fine old soft-flavoured West-India Madeira, -_of capital quality_,” and, of course, at _exceedingly low prices_, -is manufactured from a portion of genuine West-India Madeira and a -sufficient modicum of old thin Direct Madeira; and should the precious -commixture be approaching to acidity the kindness of the sophisticating -compounder obliges the palate of his poor gulled customer with the -insertion of a few ounces of carbonate of soda. The genuine colour of -pure Madeira (one of the best off-hand methods of forming an opinion -of the goodness of Madeira is, as the author of _The Private Gentleman -and Importing Merchants’ Wine and Spirit Cellar-Directory_ judiciously -says, by its colour) is much paler than that of Sherry. When it has a -pinkish hue it is a sign of its having been adulterated with Teneriffe. - -“The Old London Particular,” or any other imposing and dainty -appellation extracted from the adulterating vocabulary of the artful -sophisticator, is generally composed of a combination of cheap Vidonia, -common dry Port, Mountain, and Cape wine, properly fined and reduced to -the requisite colour by means of lamb’s blood. - -The Cape wine generally sold to the public is composed of the -drippings of the cocks from the various casks, the filterings of the -lees of the different wines in the adulterators’ cellars, or from -any description of bad or spoiled white wines, with the addition of -brandy or rum cowe and spoiled cider. “The delicately pale Cape Sherry, -or Cape Madeira, at astonishingly low prices,” and, of course, for -_ready money_, is composed of the same delicious ingredients, with the -addition of extract of almond cake, and a little of that delectable -liquor, lamb’s blood, to decompose its colour, or, in the cant -phraseology, to give it “complexion.” - -In fact, the impositions practised in regard to this species of wine -fully justifies the reprobation of the writer in the 43d number of -the Quarterly Review. “The manufactured trash,” says the judicious -critic, “which is selling in London under the names of Cape Champagne, -Burgundy, Barsac, Sauterne, &c. are so many specious poisons, which -the cheapness of the common and inferior wines of the Cape allows the -venders of them to use as the bases of the several compositions, at -the expense of the stomach and bowels of their customers.” By mixing -these wines with the lees of other kinds, and fining and compounding -them with various drugs, they endeavour to counterfeit the more costly -vintages of Spain and Portugal, and even France. - -It is unnecessary to state that the “Old Vidonia Wines,” the “Fine -old delicately-pale Bucellas,” and the “Unequalled and beneficial -Tent,” for the _sick and infirm, and the offices of our holy -religion_, “sold remarkably cheap, for ready money,” by those honest -and tender-conscienced gentry, are base substitutes for the genuine -articles. To say nothing worse, Tent, Mountain, Calcavella, &c. is -Port wine, transmuted by the addition of capillaire, &c. And, from the -report of a late case which came on before the Court of King’s Bench, -it appears that the scarce and costly Tokay, the Lachryma Christi, and -La Crême Divine, are seldom any other than identical Sicilian wines -of an inferior description; the current price of which in the market -is about twelve pounds sterling per hhd. Oh! friend Bull, how the -sophisticating rogues trifle with thy dainty palate! Hadst thou not -better rest contented with thy soul-stirring, heart-cheering, _vinum -Britannicum_,—thy home-brewed ale, and Sir John Barleycorn, instead of -filling thy _dear_ stomach with a medley of foreign slops. Oh, John, -when wilt thou learn wisdom and find a loyal pleasure in paying thy -quota of tax on articles of home manufacture! Alas! Johnny, thou art a -sadly wayward fellow! there is more hope of “the wild ass’s colt” than -of thee, when thy longings after foreign luxuries seduce thy palate and -blind thy understanding! - -Nor are the costly French wines less exempt from the devices -and sophistications of the imps of the “Father of Deceit.” The -“super-excellent” or “genuine Claret of exceedingly fine description -and of the choicest quality” of the advertising and placarding dealers, -is a composition of inferior claret and a _quantum sufficit_ of Spanish -red wine and rough cider, with the colouring berry-dye. The colouring -process is sometimes performed by the agency of “black sloes,” “a -dozen new pippins,” or a “handful of the oak of Jerusalem,” are often -kindly introduced to improve its quality; and to tickle the taste of -the consumer of this wine, or of Port, “an ounce of cochineal” is -considerately thrown into a hogshead of liquor “to make it taste rough.” - -When one views this goodly enumeration of items, it must be admitted -that the burthen of the old song does not appear overcharged: - - “One glass of drink, I got by chance, - ’Twas claret when it was in France, - But now from it moche wider; - I think a man might make as good - With green crabbes, boil’d in Brazil-wood, - And half a pinte of cyder.” - -And it gives us cause to be satisfied of the truth of Milton’s remark:— - - “Of deaths, many are the ways that lead - To his grim cave—all dismal.” - -O ye gulled Jacky Bulls, who revel in bibbing “costly French wines,” -how angry you will be with me when I tell you that while you think -you are sipping “Genuine Sparkling Champagne,” you are titillating -your exquisite gullets with merely plain home-made English gooseberry -wine; or, what may be more alarming to you, with worthless Champagne -wine of very dangerous and deleterious quality and tendency; whose -effervescence or sparkling is produced by disengaging the carbonic -acid of the wine by the agency of sugar. To gain this end, the solid -sugar is corked up in the bottle, so that the disengaged gas is -retained under the pressure of the cork, ready to fly out whenever -it is removed. The agency of litharge of lead, in its worst form, is -often invoked in the manufacture of Champagne, as well as of other -white wines, in order to correct and render bright such wines as -have turned vapid, foul, or ropy, or to prevent the progress of any -ascescent quality that they may have acquired. The least pernicious -mode of manufacture of this wine is by adding to the spoiled -Champagnes, a portion of the low, or “third quality” wines from the -indifferent vineyards, and occasioning the admixture to undergo a fresh -fermentation, by the action of strong chemical agents; and then it is -vended as “_prime_ still Champagne.” - -Some estimate may be formed of the extent of the adulteration of this -costly wine by the following notice in Dr. Reece’s Monthly Gazette of -Health for 1829.—“A company of Frenchmen,” says that honest abominator -of roguery and quackery of all kinds, “have contracted with some -farmers in Herefordshire for a considerable quantity of the fresh juice -of certain pears, which is to be sent to them in London, immediately -after it has been expressed, or before fermentation has commenced. With -the recently expressed juice they made last year an excellent brisk -wine resembling the finest sparkling Champagne; and we are told that -the speculation was so productive, that they have resolved to extend -their manufactory.” To this account I can, from a knowledge of the -concern, perfectly assent, except that the Anglo-French manufacture -does not exactly represent the first quality of Champagne wine, as it -is quite impossible for any imitative preparation to represent that -quality of wine. - -Many thousand dozens of wines are sold in the course of the year in -London as old wines, under names which have scarcely any other title -to the appellation of wine than similarity of colour. “A particular -friend of mine,” says a correspondent to the Monthly Gazette of -Health, “purchased at a public sale by the hammer, a quantity of -‘super-excellent’ claret, at the rate of 50_s._ per dozen, which, on -delivery, his butler discovered to be the same wine he had exchanged -with a wine merchant at the rate of 20_s._ per dozen, being what is -termed _pricked_. The worthy Baronet complained of the imposition, but -the auctioneer would not listen to him. He had tasted it previously to -bidding for it, and that was enough for him.” - -Another source of great profit to the cheap dealers, the gin-shop -keepers, and the advertizing wine-men, arises from the size of the -bottles in which they vend their compounds and mixtures, ycleped “wine.” - -In the bottle-trade six various sizes are sold, namely: - -The full quart, of which twelve contain three gallons of liquid, old -measure. - -The thirteens, of which there must be thirteen to contain three gallons -of liquid, old measure. - -The fourteens, of which there must be fourteen to contain three gallons -of liquid, old measure. - -The small fourteens, of which there must be fourteen and a half, to -contain three gallons of liquid, old measure. - -The fifteens, of which there must be fifteen, to contain three gallons -of liquid, old measure. - -The sixteens, of which there must be sixteen, to contain three gallons -of liquid, old measure. - -The two last sizes are those sold to the gin-shops and cheap wine -venders. - -The above are the frauds practised by wine-dealers, by vending bottles -of inferior dimensions to the legal wine quart, which contains -thirty-two ounces; but many of the bottles imposed on unwary purchasers -do not contain more than twenty-four ounces, and few more than -twenty-six ounces. - -The readiest way of detecting the fraud is by measuring the suspected -wine-bottle by Lyne’s graduated glass measure, which holds half a pint, -and is divided into ounces, &c. Or, if you have not a measure of the -kind by you, weigh the contents of the suspected bottle and compare the -weight ascertained with the following corresponding weights: - -1 legal wine quart = 32 ounces; or, 256 drachms. - -By subtracting the weight of the contents of the suspected bottle from -this weight, you may precisely ascertain the deficiency. - - - - -2. SPIRITS. - -In the adulteration of spirituous liquors, the advertising and -placarding compounder exerts equal ingenuity and fraud, and obtains -an equally lucrative traffic as from wines. The “Curious old soft -flavoured Cogniac, ten years old,” of those nefarious dealers, -is compounded of Spanish or Bourdeaux brandy, neutral flavoured -rum, rectified spirits, British brandy, British brandy bitters, -cherry-laurel-water, extract of almond cake, extract of capsicums, -or of grains of paradise, burnt sugar or colouring matter. But more -generally that “_medicinal_” compound British brandy is palmed on -the public, for real Cogniac brandy. This diabolical farrago of -mischievous ingredients, which was held forth to the public by -interested individuals concerned in the undertaking, as calculated -“entirely to supersede the use of Cogniac brandy,” and “likely to -prove of great benefit to the _health_ and _comfort_ of the poorer -and middling classes of society,” is compounded of oil of vitriol, -vinegar, nitrum dulce, tincture of raisin stones, tinctura japonica, -cherry-laurel-water, extracts of capsicums or of grains of paradise, -orris-root, cassia-buds, bitter almond meal, colouring matter, &c. from -which enumeration of “_neat_” articles it appears that this “almost -superior brandy to Cogniac,” as its modest manufacturers term it, is a -slow poison, and equally deleterious in its effects, if not more so, -than that vile composition—“cheap gin.” That this is not an unfounded -insinuation against “the pure and unadulterated” article, sold, no -doubt, “at astonishingly low prices, and for ready money,” will appear -from the clear statement of the process of each manufacture given by -the author of The Wine and Spirit Adulterators Unmasked, pages 179 -and 198. “British brandy,” says the honest Unmasker, “is _composed_ -of drugs, gin only _flavoured_ by them. In the manufacture of gin, -the ingredients are put into the still, with a spirit which has been -previously rectified, and the condensed evaporation which is derived -from the whole constitutes the article gin. In the preparation, -however, of British brandy, the mixture is made without any process -through a still, being compounded more like a quack doctor’s nostrum. -The only part of the manufacture wherein distillation is concerned, -consists merely in rectifying either rum or malt whiskey, to deprive -them of their essential oils, so that they may be reduced to a state as -tasteless as possible, and thereby more readily receive the spurious -flavours intended to be imparted to them. - -“The other articles are added in their raw state.—Should it be inquired -why the same process as is adopted in the manufacture of gin, should -not succeed in making British brandy, the answer is, because, in -distilling the necessary drugs with the rectified spirit, the flavour -would neither retain the sufficient predominancy, nor be sufficiently -fixed to enable the article to sustain the desired likeness to brandy, -besides that the effect of several of the ingredients, such as the oil -of vitriol, and nitrum dulce, which are used to impart a resemblance of -the vinosity possessed by genuine French brandy, would be completely -destroyed.” - -“Fine old Jamaica rums of peculiar softness and flavour” are -manufactured of low-priced Leeward-island rum, ale, porter, or shrub, -extract of orris-root, cherry-laurel-water, and extract of grains -of paradise, or of capsicums. Sometimes the composition consists -of low-priced Jamaica rums, rectified spirits of wine, and the -Leeward-island rums, with the necessary acid vegetable substances, to -give them false strength and pungency and the requisite flavour; and -thus the purchaser is accommodated by the “caterers of _comfort_,” -with a rum which “CANNOT” be adulterated, of exceedingly fine and -superior flavour, _remarkably cheap and for ready money only_. The -ripe taste which rum or brandy that has been long kept in oaken casks -obtains, is imparted to new brandy and rum, by means of a spirituous -tincture of raisin-stones and oak saw-dust. And the water distilled -from cherry-laurel-leaves is frequently mixed with brandy and other -spirituous liquors to impart to them the flavour of the cordial called -Noyeau. Sugar of lead not unfrequently forms part of the flavouring -ingredients of the retailers’ rums. - -But the perfection of adulteration is in gin,—cheap gin—“the _real_ -comfort,”—patronized by the poor for its supposed GENUINENESS! This -infernal compound of combustibles is distinguished from the other slow -poisons to which a large portion of the population of “the queen of -cities,”—our “modern Carthage,” make themselves the willing victims, -by the poisonous nature of the ingredients of which it is composed.[E] -These are the oils of vitriol, turpentine, juniper, cassia, carraways, -and almonds, sulphuric ether or phosphorus, extracts of orris-root, -angelica-root, capsicums or grains of paradise, sugar, and heading. The -aid of lime-water and of spirits of wine is also invoked in the course -of the operation. The purposes of these mischievous ingredients are as -follow: The oil of vitriol is to impart pungency and the appearance -of strength, when the liquor is applied to the nose, while the extract -of capsicums or of grains of paradise is designed to perform the same -office for the taste. The extracts of orris and angelica roots give a -fulness of body and the coveted flavour called cordial to the large -proportion of the compound, which consists only of water. The remaining -oils are to give strength, the sugar to sweeten the composition, and -the lime to unite the oils with the spirit; while the sulphuric ether, -phosphorus, and heading are intended to give the semblance of being -highly spirituous from the fiery taste, and the appearance of the light -bead which is caused to appear and remain for some time on the surface -of the noxious compound. The introduction of the white arsenic is -intended to promote an irritable and feverish thirst, so that the poor -deluded consumer may be compelled to have recourse to fresh potations -of the “liquid fire.” The Hollands of the gin-shop keepers and -advertising dealers is a commixture of a small portion of the genuine -article with rectified spirits, peppermint, cloves, &c. The cordial, -called Shrub, says Mr. Accum, Culinary Poisons, p. 257, frequently -exhibits vestiges of copper, which arise from the metallic vessels -employed in the manufacture of the liquor. But, had that ingenious -gentleman been thoroughly acquainted with the manufacture of shrub in -the cellars of spirit dealers, he would not have been quite so moderate -in his remarks respecting this seductive “_cordial_.” - -Such is a list of the detestable articles palmed on the public, by the -avaricious and unprincipled dealers and cozeners in the factitious -wines and spirits on constant and extensive sale throughout every -quarter of the metropolis. The credulity and infatuation of the public -in the consumption of the deadly draughts are truly astonishing, and -are a verification of the sarcasm that were the vision of death to -appear to the tippler in each glass of liquor that he puts to his lips, -yet he would still persevere in habits which are inevitably destructive -of health and comfort, and eventually productive of disease and death. -“Oh blindness to the future!—” Surely old Jeremy Taylor’s observation -respecting Apicius is equally applicable to the inveterate consumer of -wines and spirits—“It would have been of no use,” says that orthodox -old divine, “to talk to Apicius of the secrets of the other world, and -of immortality; that the saints and angels eat not! The fat glutton -would have stared awhile and fallen a-sleep. But if you had discoursed -well and knowingly of a lamprey, a large mullet, or a boar, animal -propter convivium, and had sent him a cook from Asia to make new -sauces, he would have attended carefully, and taken in your discourses -greedily.” The same feeling I expect will be displayed towards this -book by the inveterate dram-drinker: he or she will curse the author, -as a busy-body, for his intermeddling with, and abusing their “_dear_ -comfort.” People are apt to conclude that a practice sanctioned by -time and numbers must be right; but there cannot be a conclusion more -fallacious. The grossest possible absurdities have been sanctioned -for the same reasons. No doubt some will defend their practice of -dram-drinking and immoderate potations of wines, and of malt and -spirituous liquors by the unsound plea that they find no ill effect -from their self immolation from drinking the deadly draughts; but -reasoners so deluded should recollect that, though there are persons -who are insensible to the immediate effects from strong liquors, either -spirituous or malt, yet to those who seldom or ever use them, they act -as quick poisons; not waiting their tedious operation in the form of -fever, gout, stone and gravel, dropsy, bile, rheumatism, head-ache, -scurvy, cancer, asthma, consumption, palsy, brain fever, apoplexy, -mania, and a long list of other frightful and loathsome diseases. -In truth, as the author of “_The Oracle of Health and Long Life_” -forcibly observes, “they paralyze the nervous system and the heart’s -action; and the tremulous hand, the palsied limbs, the bloated and -inflamed countenance, and the faltering tongue, super-induced by their -immoderate use, indicate that premature death lays claim to his deluded -and self-destroying victim!” - -Nor is this the worst consequence of the immoral and unsocial act: for -the unhappy wretch who is addicted to the habitual and vicious use of -ardent spirits, besides subjecting himself to the attack of “the whole -army of diseases” which assault the human frame from intoxication, -often exhibits a more awful demonstration of the consequences of -violating the laws of morality and social decency: I allude to the -extraordinary fact of the spontaneous combustion of the body, which has -often terminated the existence of old and inveterate drunkards. - -This combustion is occasioned in such persons from the whole fabric of -the body being so changed, by the constant practice of spirit-drinking, -with inflammable matter (probably hydrogen); or, chemically speaking, -it acquires so powerful an attraction for oxygen, that it suddenly -takes fire, (in some instances spontaneously, in others from the flame -of a candle or too powerful a heat of the fire,) and the body is -reduced to a cinder. - -The persons in whom this dreadful visitation of apparently supernatural -punishment for the violation of the laws of nature has occurred, have -been chiefly women. In some cases the unhappy sufferers have been -found burning, “sometimes with an open flame flickering over the -body, sometimes with a smothered heat or fire, without any open flame -whatever; whilst the application of water has occasionally seemed -rather to quicken than impede the combustion. - -“In no instance has the fire or flame thereby excited in the body been -so powerful as essentially to injure the most combustible substances -immediately adjoining it, as linen or woollen furniture. - -“The event has usually taken place at night, when the sufferer has been -alone, and has commonly been discovered by the fœtid penetrating scent -of sooty films, which have spread to a considerable distance. The -unhappy subject has in every instance been found dead, and more or less -completely burnt up.” - -The above awful account is quoted from Dr. Mason Good’s “Study of -Medicine;” but relations of numerous cases of the above horrid -termination of existence may be found in the Philosophical -Transactions, Vols. 63 and 64, in Dr. Young’s “Medical Literature,” and -in a variety of Foreign Journals, medical as well as general. - -Let all those who are addicted to habitual intoxication and the -consumption of the infernal compositions of nefarious dealers in -spirits, read and re-read the above quotation, and may they take -warning, and renounce that unhappy propensity. - -It is true that wine and malt liquors, and even occasionally spirits, -are far from prejudicial, when properly made, and used with discretion; -but as it is almost impossible to find them in that state, except -when home-made or home-brewed, there is certainly much risk in -drinking them. Yet, strange to say, though the stoutest among us has -no predilection for the “King of Terrors,” inclination and habit -are so strong and seductive, that the greater part of mankind still -persevere in habits with a perfect knowledge of their inevitable -consequences,—that they are destructive of health and inductive of -death. For the purpose of awakening the attention of those who are -under this unhappy delusion, is the design of the present publication. -The most grateful sensation to a well disposed heart is the salvation -of a fellow creature from misery and perdition. I beseech heaven that I -may be successful in my undertaking. - -But the base and iniquitous adulterations of wines and spirits are not -the whole of the “illicit doings” of the advertisers and placarders, -and their worthy compeers, the commission-men, the wine-hawkers, and -the dock wine-merchants. “Among the deceptions practised by this class -of dealers,” says the author of Wine and Spirit Adulterators Unmasked, -p. 157, and he is no indifferent authority on the subject, “may be -reckoned the delivering of a less quantity of wine than is charged -for in the invoice, the disposing of a wine with a false description -of its being of some particularly fine and noted vintage; the sending -of another wine, of an inferior quality, as the one which had been -tasted and sold; together with a variety of other peculations. The -gin-shop-keepers and advertising dealers in spirits not only give short -measure of their adulterated ingredients, but if they sell any thing -like the genuine article they dilute it much below (often one hundred -per cent.) the legal strength, namely, seventeen per cent. below proof, -according to Sykes’s hydrometer.” - -For the following valuable information respecting the ingenious -devices of the “_gentlemen_” wine-merchants, I am indebted to the -pages of “_The Private Gentleman and Importing Merchant’s Wine and -Spirit Cellar Directory_:”—A work replete with the most useful -information on the subject, as containing the best and most practical -instructions on the selection, purchase, management, medication, and -preservation of foreign wines, of any work extant in any language. -It has been well said by a judicious critic, “No book is more wanted -than a good, practical, and complete one on this important subject: it -would be worth its weight in gold, and its author would be a public -benefactor to his country. More than nine-tenths of the wine imported -into this country is either spoiled or impoverished by the ignorance -or mismanagement of the wine-dealer or the purchaser; as at present -conducted, the management of a wine-cellar is, in most cases, all -random, hap-hazard, and guess-work. Ought we to be surprised at the -result, the consequent loss or injury of the wine? It is, therefore, -with considerable satisfaction we recommend this little work as a -valuable addition to our domestic economy.” - -“As many people place reliance on the genuineness of wines purchased -in the Docks, and think that such purchases are more exempt from fraud -and imposition than if obtained from the dealer’s shop or vaults, -and that they will have them ‘_neat as imported_,’ it is necessary -to caution them to be on their guard in respect of the persons with -whom they deal. Inferior articles, false descriptions, substitutions -for the one selected, and various other peculations, take place -there as frequently as is the case when wines are purchased at the -dealer’s shop, &c. Other impositions of as flagrant a nature consist -in transferring wines of a _most_ inferior sort into pipes recently -emptied, and originally filled with wine of the best vintages and -flavour; and as the outside of the cask bears the marks of the foreign -houses of character, from whose vintages the wines contained in the -casks were furnished, this fraud is found to turn to very good account. -By delusions of this kind, the most detestable trash ever vended under -the name of wine is frequently foisted on purchasers. But if this -statement is not sufficient to satisfy those who fondly suppose that by -making their purchases in the ‘Docks’ that they will always have their -expectations of obtaining unadulterated wine fulfilled, they should -recollect that the owners of wines in the ‘Dock’ are at liberty to mix -them in whatever manner and proportions they please, provided they -come under one denomination as to colour and pay the same duty. These -remarks will, I trust, satisfy my readers that ‘an extensive range of -counting-houses,’ ‘numerous clerks employed’ and professions of ‘the -high character of the house,’ should not supersede the necessity of -making a _little_ inquiry as to the _fair dealing and integrity_ of the -vender.” - -The foregoing “_exposé_” of trickery and fraud, and the shameful -latitude and extensive means afforded designing and iniquitous men, -of practising their roguery on the credulity and folly of the public, -as well as to the loss of the revenue, evidently shows that our -present system of excise-laws is defective and absurd: indeed, it is -disgraced by the most perfect anomalies; for, while the brewer and -vender of spices, &c. are subjected to the strictest survey of the -excise, and the frauds and adulterations used in those trades are -punished, (when detected, though it must be acknowledged that that -happy consummation of justice is rather of rare occurrence even with -those sophisticators,) in the most prompt and efficient manner, the -venders and compounders of “seductive poison,” in the form of drams, -are allowed to manufacture and sell their deleterious inventions to -an enormous extent, and with an effrontery disgraceful to civilized -society. But, perhaps, the old artful plea of the “immense wealth,” and -“the great value of the property,” of “the large capitalists” engaged -in the nefarious trade, (the worst and most futile of all pretentions,) -have entitled the “deputations” of wine and spirit dealers and -compounders and distillers that have, from time to time, waited on -the Chancellors of the Exchequer, to “undoubted consideration;”[F] -and where the worthies have been detected (a chance which but -seldom happens) in their iniquitous practices a prudent private -compromise, or sum-total-fine, for the offence and the expenses of the -Excise-solicitor, “have shrouded the offenders and their misdeeds in -impenetrable secrecy from the public eye.” - -Another lame and false doctrine that prevails in “_government logic_” -is, that where extensive concerns, whether brewery, distillery, -wine-factories, or quack-medicine-factories, yield an important -contribution to the revenue, no strict scrutiny needs to be adopted in -regard to the quality of the article from which such contribution is -raised, provided the excise and customs do not suffer by the fraud. -“But,” as that intrepid advocate of fair dealing, Mr. Accum, forcibly -and justly observes, “the principles of the constitution afford no -sanction to this preference, and the true interests of the country -require that it should be abolished; for a tax dependent on fraud must -be at best precarious, and must be, sooner or later, diminished by the -irresistible diffusion of knowledge. Sound policy requires that the law -should be impartially enforced in all cases; and if its penalties were -extended to abuses of which it does not now take cognizance, there is -no doubt that the revenue would be abundantly benefited.” - - “O England! model to thy inward greatness, - Like little body with a mighty heart, - What would’st thou do that honour would thee do, - Were all thy children kind and natural?” - -Were they all influenced by the same honest, bold, and disinterested -motives as the ill-fated Accum, who has been offered a vindictive -sacrifice on the altar of trading cupidity and fraud. Every honest -man must allow that _the expatriation of that gentleman is a disgrace -to the country which he has adorned and benefited by his talents, and -ought to be deplored as a loss to the real interests of science and -humanity_. - -FOOTNOTES: - - [A] Mr. Accum, in his valuable book, enumerates, among the ingredients - for giving the deeper or purple colour to wine, brazil-wood; but that - ingenious gentleman is in error in this respect; for brazil-wood, - as is well known to every practical chemist, has the property - of imparting a blue colour to port wine, which is not quite the - complexion that the wine-manufacturer wishes to give his spurious - commodity. - - [B] The introduction of this deleterious ingredient into wines is to - stop the progress of their ascescency, or to recover ropy wines, or - to clarify and render transparent spoiled or muddy white wines. As to - the deleterious effects and dangerous consequences of this and other - adulterations of wines, &c. see The Oracle of Health and Long Life; - or, Plain Rules for the Attainment and Preservation of Sound Health - and Vigorous Old Age. By Medicus. - - [C] Direct Madeira is that which has been shipped direct from the - island of Madeira, without having the benefit, as it is termed, of a - voyage to the East or West Indies. - - [D] East-India or West-India Cape is that portion of Cape wines which - has had the benefit of a voyage from the Cape of Good Hope to the - East Indies, and thence back to London. Cape Sherry is that portion - of Cape wine which bears the greatest resemblance in flavour to real - Sherry. Cape Madeira is so denominated from its resemblance, in point - of flavour, to Madeira. Cape Burgundy, Cape Hock, Cape Sauterne, - Cape Port, Cape Pontac, Cape Champagne, Cape Barsac, &c. owe their - appellations to their supposed resemblance, in point of flavour, to - those wines. - - [E] The respectable author of “The Art of Brewing on Scientific - Principles” has the following note, “Spirits vended by retail are all - adulterated, and some of them to a dreadful extent. Some months since - (his work was published in 1826,) a person having writing to do that - would occupy great part of the night, purchased, at a liquor shop, in - Newgate-street, half a pint of gin; and, during the night, he drank - a goblet-full of grog, which he had made from it. He was seized with - most excruciating agony, spasms of the stomach, temporary paralysis, - and loss of intellect. These he attributed to some natural cause, and - he gave the remainder of the liquor to a person that called on him in - the morning. In about an hour that person was similarly affected. This - induced inquiry; and it was ascertained that the woman who served the - liquor had mistaken the bottle, and had sold half a pint of the fluid - intended to prepare the adulterations for sale. The last-mentioned - person who partook of the infernal mixture died of its effects.” - Similar consequences have occurred from adulterated beer. Among a - thousand other instances, see the Coroner’s inquest in the Times - Newspaper of the 29th of June, 1829. - - [F] According to the testimony of the author of “Wine and Spirit - Adulterators Unmasked” the profits of the wine and spirit compounders - are so great, and the chance of the detection of their frauds and - impositions on the public and the revenue is almost so impossible, - that many of them are to be found “vieing with the nobility of the - land in the splendour of their equipages and expenditure.” He mentions - one gin-shop-keeper (a worthy in the neighbourhood of St. Luke’s) - who “drives his family to _church_, on a Sunday, in his carriage and - four.” Another, who has a “richly ornamented state bed.” A third, who - is to be found lolling “on an ottoman, in a French dressing-gown.” - And he adds, that it is usual to give from four to six thousand - guineas for the good will of a gin-shop which has an unexpired lease - of eighteen or twenty years, with the drawback of the purchaser being - quite at the mercy of the magistrates as to the renewal of his license. - - - - -SECTION II. - -_The Tests, or Methods of ascertaining the Good or Bad Qualities of -Wines and Spirits._ - - -Though there are many tests in use for the discovery of the presence -of mineral poisons, such as litharge and other preparations of lead, -or pungent vegetable nostrums, namely extract of capsicums, &c. in -wines and spirits, yet it must be admitted that there are no efficient -tests for detecting the presence of the foreign agents above mentioned -in either wines or spirits, except by chemical analysis; because, in -the fraudulent combination which takes place, those articles bear the -largest proportions which possess the same chemical properties as do -the wines and spirits with which they are compounded. The injurious -tendency of the vegetable poisons which form a component part of the -spurious compositions which are vended under the denomination of cheap -wines and spirits, and their injurious and lingering effects are so -imperceptible on the human constitution, that, as the author of “The -Oracle of Health and Long Life” observes, they must be deadly indeed to -produce immediate injury, so as to give suspicion of their presence. - -The presence of sugar of lead, or any other deleterious metal in wine, -may be detected by filling a glass with wine, and adding a few drops -of Harrowgate-water, or melted brimstone, when the wine will with the -last mentioned ingredient becomes blackish, and with the other it will -immediately produce a black sediment; but if it be unadulterated it -will only lose its clearness, taste, and colour. Or the adulteration -may be discovered by adding one part of water saturated with -sulphuretted hydrogen gas, acidulated with a small portion of muriatic -acid, to two parts of wine, or any other liquid, in which the presence -of lead is suspected, when a blackish coloured precipitate will settle -at the bottom of the vessel, which, being dried and fused by means of -the blow-pipe, will yield a globule of metallic lead. The prussiate of -potash is occasionally employed for the same purpose: a drop or two -being sufficient to show a white or greyish precipitate in any fluid -in which lead is contained. When white wines have an unusual degree -of sweetness, are of a darker colour than their age and body seem to -warrant, and particularly when their use, or that of the red wines, is -followed by pains in the stomach, it may be concluded that they have -been adulterated with lead. - -The process to detect the presence of alum in wine, is to take some -fresh prepared lime-water, and to mix the suspected wine with it, in -about equal proportions; if after the mixture has stood about a day, a -number of crystals is found deposited at the bottom of the vessel, the -wine is genuine; but, if alum is present in the wine, there will be no -crystals, but a slimy and muddy precipitate. Or the presence of alum -may be detected, by dropping some solution of subcarbonate of potash -into the wine, when, if the alum be present, there will be a violet -coloured precipitate, or at least cloudiness, which will vanish again -if a few drops of caustic, potash, or of muriatic acid are added to the -mixture. - -Where artificial colouring matter is suspected in wine, put a quarter -of a pint of the liquor into a phial, with an ounce of fresh charcoal -finely pulverized. Then shake the mixture well for a few minutes, when, -if the wine is impregnated only with its own natural colouring, that -colour will be chemically destroyed, and the wine, when filtered, will -yield a clear limpid fluid; but, if the wine is artificially coloured, -such artificial colours will not be acted on by the charcoal, and the -mixture will appear unchanged. - -Extraneous colours in wines may also be detected by means of acetate of -lead. If this test produces, in red wine, a greenish grey precipitate, -it is a sign that the wine is genuine. Wine coloured with the juice of -bilberries, or elderberries, or Campeachy wood, produces, with acetate -of lead, a deep blue precipitate; and fernambouk wood, red saunders, -and the red beet, produce a red precipitate by the agency of the -acetate of lead. - -According to Cadet (Dictionnaire de Chimie, art. Vin.) this species -of adulteration may be detected by pouring into the suspected wine a -solution of sulphate of alumine, and precipitating the alum by potash. -If the wine is pure, the precipitate will have a bottle green colour, -more or less dark, according to the natural hue of the wine. But if the -colour has been artificial the following will be the results:— - -Tournesol will give a precipitate of a bright yellow colour. Brazil -wood a brownish red colour. Elderberries or privet a brownish violet -colour. Wortleberries the colour of dirty wine lees. Logwood a lake red -colour. - -But Dr. Henderson says, in his learned work, entitled “The History of -Ancient and Modern Wines,” p. 342, that the simple test pointed out to -him by his friend Dr. Prout is equally satisfactory, and may be applied -either to red or white wines. “On adding ammonia to wines, which had -the appearance of being genuine, he observed that the precipitate was -of an olive green colour; shewing the analogy between the colouring -principle and the vegetable blues, most of which are rendered red by -acids, and green by alkalis. This conjecture is, in some measure, -confirmed by the recent discovery of M. Breton, professor of chemistry -in Paris, with respect to the cause of that disorder in wines known -by the name of _tournure_. Wine thus affected acquires a disagreeable -taste and smell, loses its red colour, and assumes a dark violet hue, -which changes are found to proceed from the presence of carbonate of -potash, in consequence of the decomposition of the tartar contained in -the liquor. To restore the natural colour and flavour, if the disease -be not of long standing, it is only necessary to add a small quantity -of tartaric acid, which, combining with the potash, forms cream of -tartar, as is shown by the subsequent deposition of crystals. Revue -Encyclopedique, November, 1823. In genuine wines, the colouring matter -seems to partake of the character of a lake, partly held in solution -by the excess of acid present, and partly combined with the earthy -phosphates; for, in the precipitates obtained from these wines by means -of ammonia, it appears in union with the triple phosphate of magnesia. -Even the white wines of Xeres, Madeira, and Teneriffe, exhibit this -mixed precipitate; their colouring matter being probably derived from -the red grapes which enter into their composition. In fictitious wines, -on the other hand, such as those procured from the black currant, -gooseberry, orange, &c. the last mentioned salt was thrown down by -ammonia, but more gradually, in less quantities, and without any -admixture.” - -The method of ascertaining the strength, or quantity of spirit or -alcohol in wines is by the following process, for the discovery of -which the public is indebted to Mr. Brande. - -“Add to eight parts, by measure, of the wine to be examined, one part -of a concentrated solution of subacetate of lead; a dense insoluble -precipitate will ensue; which is a combination of the test-liquor with -the colouring, extractive and acid matter of the wine. Shake the -mixture for a few minutes, pour the whole upon a filter and collect the -filtered fluid. It contains the brandy, or spirit, and water of the -wine, together with a portion of the subacetate of lead. Add, in small -quantities at a time to this fluid, warm, dry, and pure subcarbonate -of potash, (not salt of tartar, or the subcarbonate of potash of -commerce); which has previously been freed from water by heat, till the -last portion added remains undissolved. The brandy or spirit contained -in the fluid will become separated; for the subcarbonate of potash -abstracts from it the whole of the water, with which it was combined; -the brandy or spirit of wine forms a distinct stratum, which floats -upon the aqueous solution of the alkaline salt. If the experiment be -made in a glass tube, from one half inch to two inches in diameter, and -graduated into a hundred equal parts, the per centage of spirit, in a -given quantity of wine, may be read off by mere inspection. In the same -manner the strength of any wine may be examined.” - -The following is the proportion, or per centage, of alcohol or spirit -in some of the most common wines and spirituous liquors. But such of my -readers as may wish to gain more extensive information on the subject, -I refer them to the first volume of the Journal of Science and the -Arts, p. 290. - - Madeira 24.42 to 19.24 average 22.77 - - Sherry 19.81 to 18.25 average 16.17 - - Claret 17.18 to 12.91 average 15.10 - - Port 25.83 to 19.96 average 22.99 - - Champagne 13.80 to 11.30 average 12.61 - - Cider, highest average 9.87 lowest do. 5.21 - - - Brandy 53.39 - - Rum 53.68 - - Gin 54.32 - - Whiskey (Scotch) 54.32 - - Whiskey (Irish) 53.90 - - - Ale (Burton) 8.88 - - —— (Edinburgh) 6.20 - - —— (Dorchester) 5.50 - - London Porter (average) 4.20 - - Small Beer (average) 1.28 - - -The above proportional quantities of alcohol contained in the different -kinds of wine are extracted from Mr. Brande’s experiments detailed in -the work before mentioned; but as it appears that that gentleman made -his experiments on samples of wine into which adventitious alcohol had -been introduced, he seems in some instances to have assigned a greater -degree of spirituosity to some wines than the subsequent analysis of -Dr. Prout will justify, in the case of experiments made on genuine -wines. To those who are desirous of informing themselves accurately -on the subject, a reference to the Table at pages 363 and 364 of Dr. -Henderson’s work on the History of Ancient and Modern Wines, in which -the results of the experiments of Mr. Brande, Dr. Prout, and Mr. Zist, -an able chemist residing at Mentz, are detailed, is recommended. - -The quantity of astringent matter, or tannin, contained in wine, may -readily be ascertained by dropping a solution of isinglass into it, -when a gelatinous precipitate takes place in proportion to the tannin, -whether it be Port, Claret, or Burgundy. - -The adulteration and false strength of spirituous liquors, as brandy, -rum, and malt spirit, are detected by diluting the suspected liquor -with water, when the acrimony of the capsicum, or the grains of -paradise, or pepper, may be easily discovered by the taste. Or by -taking about a quart of the suspected liquor, and pouring it into a -retort, or small still, and boiling it gently, until the whole of -the spirituous part is evaporated, the residuum, if capsicum, grains -of paradise, &c. have been present in the liquor, will retain a hot -pungent taste. A ready way of detecting aqua-fortis, or oil of vitriol, -in spirits, is, by dropping into a glass of the suspected liquor, a bit -of chalk about the size of a pea, when the liquid, if spurious, will -become like milk, but, if genuine, the chalk will lie at the bottom. - -The adulteration of brandy with British molasses or sugar spirit, is -ascertained by rubbing a portion of the suspected liquor between the -palms of the hands, when the spirit, as it evaporates, leaves the -disagreeable flavour which is peculiar to all British spirits. Or the -liquor may be deprived of its alcohol, by heating a portion of it in -a spoon over a candle till the vapour ceases to catch fire on the -approach of a lighted taper. The residue thus obtained, if genuine -brandy, possesses a vinous odour, resembling the flavour of brandy, -whilst the residue produced from sophisticated brandy, has a peculiarly -disagreeable smell, resembling gin, or the breath of habitual -drunkards. The purity of spirits may also be easily ascertained by -setting fire to a little of the suspected article in a spoon, when, if -they be unadulterated, they will all burn away, without leaving any -moisture behind. The presence of lead, or any of its preparations, in -spirituous liquors, may be detected by the same method as has been -stated in the case of wine. Where gin has been highly sweetened with -sugar, by evaporating some of the suspected liquor in a spoon over a -candle, the sugar will appear in the form of a gum-like substance when -the spirit is volatilized. - -The presence of lead as a component part of cider or perry, whether -happening accidentally from the leaden bed of the press, or inserted -intentionally for the purpose of neutralizing the super-abundant acid -of the liquor, may be tested by putting a solution of molybdate of -potash into the suspected liquor; when a white precipitate will take -place, even though the lead should exist in the smallest possible -quantity. It is needless here to enumerate the various tricks of “the -knowing ones” for giving a factitious crust to wine bottles,[G] by -means of Brazil wood and potash; or the colouring and eating away of -wine corks,[H] to represent long residence in the neck of the bottle, -though perhaps only driven in yesterday. Nor is the crusting even of -the wine-casks, which is accomplished by means of crystals of the -super-tartrate of potash, to be trusted to. - -Those who wish to know the _allowable secrets_ of the adulteration -trade will find them fully explained in “_The Private Gentleman or -Importing Merchants’ Wine and Spirit Cellar Directory_,” with many -other “Secrets Worth Knowing” by cozeners; but it may be observed that -the older port wine is, the less of the tartar, or super-tartrate of -potash is contained in it, and the greater the deposition on the sides -of the cask or bottle. But new wine may be put into old casks or old -bottles. Therefore, to ascertain the quantity of the salt, take a pint -of wine, and boil it down to one-half, into which drop a solution of -muriate of platina, when a precipitate will take place, greater or -less, in proportion to the quantity of salt contained in the wine. - -FOOTNOTES: - - - [G] The crusting of wine in the natural way generally takes place - in about nine months; but, among the artizans of the factitious - wine-trade, it is accomplished in a much shorter time. Those ingenious - gentry line the inside of the bottles they intend to fill with their - compound called wine, by suffering a saturated hot solution of - super-tartrate of potash, coloured red with a decoction of Brazil - wood, to crystallize within them. Others of that honest fraternity, - who dislike trouble, put a tea-spoon full of the powder of catechu - into each bottle, and by this artifice soon produce a fine crusted - appearance of “aged wine.” This simulation of maturity is often - accomplished by the humbler dealer by covering the bottles with snow, - or by exposing them to the rays of the sun, or by keeping them for a - few days in hot water. Where the casks are to be bottled off by the - purchaser, or in his presence, they are stained in the inside with the - artificial crystalline crust of super-tartrate of potash, as a proof of - the age of the wine. - - [H] To produce the dilapidations of “Father Time” on wine corks, - the dry rot, however injurious to others, is of great advantage to - wine-dealers, as it soon covers the bottles with its mouldy appearance, - and consumes the external part of the cork; so that with a trifling - operation on the bottles after they are filled, and then deposited in - cellars pretty strongly affected with the dry rot, they can furnish the - admirers of “aged wine” with liquor having the appearance of having - been bottled seven or eight years, though it has not in reality been - there so many months. The staining of the lower extremities of the - corks with a fine red colour, produced from a strong decoction of - Brazil wood and alum, to make them appear “aged,” or as if they had - been long in contact with the wine, is another of the devices of the - factitious wine-trade, and forms a distinct branch of its operations. - - - - -SECTION III. - -_Beer and Ale._ - - -“The nutricious and strengthening[I] beverage” of the English, -“their own native old Sir John Barleycorn,” is not exempt from the -sophistications and corruptions of the adulterator! Ye topers of -“_pure_ extract from malt and hops,” do you hear this? That your own -sweet proper suction—your ancient and legitimate accompaniment of the -sirloin and the plum-pudding, is composed of every thing else than what -it ought to be,—in fact, that it is one of the slowest and most fatal -poisons with which your good friends “the _honest_ English brewers” -are continually entertaining you. Aye, John, it is the truth—and the -whole truth. But should you, with your usual “well-clothed stupidity, -and sneering ignorant scepticism,” feel inclined to doubt my assertion, -a reference to the “Minutes of the House of Commons, appointed for -examining the price and quality of beer,” will furnish you with a -goodly list of nearly two hundred Excise prosecutions and convictions -(between the years 1812 and 1819), of wholesale and retail brewers, -publicans, and brewers’ druggists, for the nefarious adulterations of -your favourite beverage, or for having in their possession, or selling -the poisonous ingredients for the purpose; in which there are several -instances of penalties of £500, with costs having been inflicted on the -offenders. Since that time, seizures of illegal and poisonous articles -have also been often made by the Excise, and convictions have taken -place. During the latter end of the last year, and at the commencement -of the present year, seizures have been made, and convictions have -taken place, nearly equal in number to those before stated: indeed, as -a writer on the subject truly observes, “scarcely a week passes without -witnessing the detection of some wicked greedy wretch,” who has been -sporting with the lives and health of his fellow-creatures. And, when -you have satisfied your incredulous understanding of your “_honest_” -countrymen’s dealings with you, you may, perhaps, by reading the -following extract from Mr. Accum’s book on Culinary Poisons, p. 189, -be satisfied that you are not exactly swallowing a “cordial balsam,” -or “the elixir of life,” when you are pouring into your portly stomach -that delectable mixture, in the composition of whose combustible -materials the brewer’s (or “_gentleman_”) druggist, the brewer, and the -publican have kindly and humanely exerted their honest and patriotic -skill. - -“That a minute portion of an unwholesome ingredient, daily taken in -beer,” (says the intrepid advocate of offended justice, whose civil -death to science and suffering humanity is to be sincerely deplored,) -“cannot fail to be productive of mischief, admits of no doubt: -and there is reason to believe that a small quantity of a narcotic -substance daily taken into the stomach, together with an intoxicating -liquor, is highly more efficacious than it would be without the liquor. -The effect may be gradual; and a strong constitution, especially if -it be assisted with constant and hard labour, may counteract the -destructive consequences, perhaps for many years, but it never fails to -show its baneful effects at last.” - -But, perhaps, friend John, you will say that this is all talk, and a -mere bug-a-boo of the “radicals” to annoy you in your daily potations -of your “favourite beverage,”—thy own native nutritious liquor. And -you will call for something like proofs, or an enumeration of the -deleterious substances or ingredients which have been found in the -possession of brewers and publicans, and for the admixture of which -with their “_neat article_,” they have been subject to the Law’s angry -visitations. This is a reasonable request, and it shall be satisfied to -the best of my power. - -Know then, friend Bull, that the following _harmless_ and -_invigorating_ ingredients have been found in the possession of thine -honest fellow-countrymen, the brewers, according to the list of the -Excise prosecutions detailed in the Minutes of the Committee of the -House of Commons, appointed for examining the price and quality of beer -in the year 1819. - -1. Cocculus Indicus, or, as it is vulgarly called, occulus Indian -berry. This is a powerfully narcotic, and most intoxicating and -deleterious drug. In its mildest form, it produces excruciating -head-aches and distressing sickness, when the beer is over-dosed. So -great was the demand for this poisonous drug, that it rose, as Mr. -Accum says, within the space of ten years, from 2_s._ to 7_s._ per lb. -The extract or poisonous principle obtained from the berries is so -abundant as to be easily separated from the substance, and is called by -the chemist picrotoxin, a term derived from two Greek words, namely, -πιχρος, bitter; and τοξιχον, poison. What thinkest thou of this, friend -John? In India, the berries are thrown on the surface of the water for -the purpose of intoxicating the fish, when they float on the water, and -are easily taken by the hand. - -2. Black Extract, or, as it is called, in the slang phrase of the -Adulterating Vocabulary, Hard Multum, which is also an extract of the -poisonous Indian berry, or a composition of opium and other ingredients. - -3. Nux Vomica and St. Ignatius’s Bean, which are both poisonous; but -the first is so extremely deleterious a drug, ten or twelve grains of -it being sufficient to kill a dog, that it is now expunged from the -Pharmacopeias. Yet, although no one ever hears of its application, -except for poisoning rats, it is imported in large quantities, and tons -of this deadly poison are ground every year in the drug-mills of the -metropolis. The bitter bean, or, as it is more commonly termed by the -tender-conscienced gentry, who sport with the health and lives of their -fellow-creatures, St. Ignatius’s bean, in order, no doubt, to appease -the qualms of conscience under a sanctified name, is no less injurious -to health. - -4. Opium, Tobacco, Extract of Poppies, Henbane, Bohemian Rosemary, -and Coriander seed, which are all highly dangerous when improperly -used. Chemical experiment has proved that less than one pound of the -last-mentioned ingredient equals in strength and stupefactive quality -one bushel of malt. - -5. Essentia Bina, or Double Essence; that is, sugar boiled down to -a black colour and an empyreumatic flavour. But, instead of the -concentrated essence, the intent of which is to produce the requisite -colour in porter, the colouring matter now generally used by the more -respectable part of the trade is malt roasted in iron cylinders until -it is black like coal. In this state it is called patent malt, and is -not prohibited by the Excise. - -6. Heading Stuff, that is green copperas, or, as it is vulgarly called, -Salt of Steel. This poisonous ingredient is used for the purpose of -giving the beer a frothing head; sometimes used alone; sometimes it is -mixed with alum.—In the hands of one adulterator, 310lbs. of copperas -and 560lbs. of hard multum were found and condemned. A sufficient dose -for slowly poisoning half a generation! - -7. Capsicum, grains of paradise, carraway seeds, treacle or molasses, -liquorice root, &c. - -8. Wormwood, aloes, quassia, bitter oranges, &c. - -9. Lime, marble dust, powdered oyster shells, hartshorn shavings, -jalap, spirit of maranta, &c. - -These ingredients, nocuous and innocuous, are intended to produce the -following effects: - -1. To give a factitious strength and intoxicating quality to the beer. - -2. To increase the bitter principle, and consequently to save hops. - -3. To add a stimulating aromatic flavour. - -4. To produce a fine mantling head to porter, and strike a fine nut -brown colour over the froth. - -And, 5. To prevent acidity, or to diminish or destroy it when formed. - -“It is absolutely frightful,” exclaims Mr. Donovan, (Domestic Economy, -p. 201,) “ to contemplate the list of poisons and drugs with which -malt liquors have been (as it is technically and descriptively called) -_doctored_. Opium, henbane, cocculus indicus, and Bohemian rosemary, -which is said to produce a quick and raving intoxication, supplied -the place of alcohol. Aloes, quassia, gentian, sweet scented flag, -wormwood, horehound, and bitter oranges, fulfilled the duties of hops. -Liquorice, treacle, and mucilage of flax seed, stood for attenuated -malt sugar. Capsicum, ginger, and cinnamon, or rather cassia-buds, -afforded to the exhausted drink the pungency of a carbonic acid. Burnt -flour, sugar, or treacle, communicated a peculiar taste which porter -drinkers generally fancy. Preparations of fish, assisted in cases of -obstinacy with oil of vitriol, procured transparency. Besides these, -the brewer had to supply himself with potash, lime, salt, and a variety -of other substances, which are of no other harm than in serving the -office of more valuable materials, and defrauding the customer.” In -this extract it is observable that that ingenious gentleman has drawn -up his account in the past tense, as if there were no adulterations -now!!! The author of “The Art of Brewing,” in the Library of Useful -Knowledge, has adopted a juster and a more honourable course; besides -giving a fuller list of poisonous articles, he has spoken boldly and -truly, and tells us that poisonous adulterations are “still used -extensively” by those who “sport with the lives of their fellow -creatures for the sake of gain,” and that “the seizures and convictions -that have been so often made, and are still making by the Excise,” are -proofs of the fact. It is, however, with much satisfaction (for no -other motive influences me in making the horrific disclosures detailed -in this volume than a regard for the public welfare and for public -justice) that the statement made in that publication respecting the -introduction of gypsum into the manufacture of Burton Ale has been -disproved in the recent application made to the Court of King’s Bench -by the Burton Ale Brewers, who assert that the peculiarity of flavour -belonging to their liquor is occasioned by the water from which it is -made running over a rock of gypsum, and thus impregnated with that -substance. - -In the year 1807, a paragraph appeared in almost all the London -daily papers, asserting that porter, brewed in London, contained -deleterious drugs. The London porter brewers, indignant at the -“_unjust_ and _causeless_” accusation, had a meeting, and one and -all agreed to prosecute the offending journalists. They of course -made affidavits, and complied with all the requisites of the law to -establish their “_innocence_.” They moved the Court of King’s Bench -for criminal informations against three-fourths of the daily press, -and their Counsel made long speeches on “the guilt and unfounded and -malicious libels of their accusers.” All looked well for obtaining a -verdict of guilty against the denouncers of fraud and villany, and -establishing the _purity_ and _justice_ of “the brewing interests,” -by the verdict “of an impartial and intelligent jury,” had not the -late Lord Ellenborough declared the affidavits of the swearing-brewers -insufficient, as the cunning varlets had only denied the introduction -of deleterious ingredients _in_ brewing; whereas, to ground their -application and entitle them to the rule, they should have denied -having used them _after_ the beer was brewed. But as the pillory might -have stared the honest gentry in the face had they made this “_hard_” -assertion in their affidavit, the _knowing_ folks here broke down; they -could go no further. After making the town echo with the cries of “the -infamous press,” they prudently dropped all proceedings against the -proscribed journalists. The inference to be drawn is not difficult to -surmise; but the fact is, that the publicans, who have of late been -so sharply prosecuted by the Excise for adulterating their beer, can -best answer the question: From whom did they learn the respectable -art of beer-sophistication? Was it not from their “betters,” the -“beer-mongers?” - -If the foregoing statement of ingredients contained in the above -infernal list is not sufficient to induce thee, friend Bull, to lay -aside thy incredulity, and open thy eyes to the frauds that are -daily practised on thy unsuspecting nature, I can only add that -one of the “craft” (see Child, on Brewing, p. 18) tells thee that -porter cannot be made of the necessary flavour and taste to suit the -Londoner’s appetite, and of the proper colour to tickle his fancy by -its appearance, of wholesome malt and hops, and that those simple -ingredients would not furnish a profit sufficient to satisfy the modern -brewer’s cupidity. Well may the old ladies exclaim (and no doubt, Mr. -Bull, thou hast a penchant for displaying thy Latinity) O _trickery_! O -_mouthes_! - -But supposing, dear Bull, that all the above “horrid array” of -poisoning and stupefying ingredients was “mere fudge,” and that you -should have the fortune to deal with a brewer and publican, who have -the “fear of the Lord” before their eyes, and who “wax strong in well -doing,” recollect that the present manufactured “_entire_ beer” of the -most _honest_ trading brewer alive is a very heterogeneous mixture—a -composition of all the waste and spoiled beer of the publicans, the -bottoms of their butts—the leavings of their pots—the drippings of -their machines for drawing the beer—the remnants of beer that lay -in the leaden pipes of the brewery, with a portion of brown stout, -bottling beer, and mild beer. So admits that “paragon of brewers,” -Mr. Barclay. (See Parliamentary Minutes, p. 94.) Surely, John, it -is not courteous and loving treatment of thy “better half” and her -“dutiful daughters” to expect them to sully their delicate throttles -with the leavings and hawkings of some bearish beast of a coal-heaver -or a night-man! This, friend John, is one of the “indicia” of the -necessity of thy cultivating the clean and wholesome “home brewery” of -thy forefathers; and in the promotion of this laudable and necessary -undertaking I hope I shall be able to assist thee in my projected -work, “THE FAMILY BREWING ORACLE,” and that, by its means, thou wilt -be enabled to drink a wholesome and nourishing beverage, either ale or -porter, at the trifling cost of from five farthings to three halfpence -per pot, after the tasting of which thou wilt never allow a drop of -brewers’ or public-house porter, or intermediate beer, or any other -vile or new-fangled substitution for the home-brewed liquor of thy -ancestors, to enter thy chaps. - -But, in your honest sincerity and “usually naive manner,” you will -exclaim “but we have methods and tests for detecting the adulteration -of our native liquor—our vinum Britannicum—our own Sir John Barlycorn.” -Aye, have you, Old Gentleman! then I give you joy of your discovery, -and hope thou wilt put it into constant practice every day of thy -life before thou takest a sup of the delectable and heart-cheering -composition. But, for my part, John, give me leave to say that I have -always understood that the detection of the adulteration of beer with -vegetable substances deleterious to health is extremely difficult, if -not beyond the reach of chemical agency or analysis; and in most cases, -particularly where cocculus indicus, or its extract, has been used, -quite impossible. The tests for ascertaining the admixture of sulphuric -acid are more determinate, and are ably detailed in Mr. Accum’s work, -p. 193. - -Among the minor crimes of fraudulent brewers is the art of converting -new beer (that is beer that is just brewed) into old or entire beer; -and this operation (which, in the cant phraseology of the trade, is -called _bringing the beer forward_, or _making it hard_) is performed -by an easy, expeditious, and economical method: an imitation of the age -of eighteen months is produced in an instant, or, as modern statesmen, -versed in the _wonderful_ arcana of political science, would phrase -it, “As soon as you could say Jack Robinson.” To put into execution -this rare feat of “brewers’ art” you have nothing more to do, in -order to convert any wishy-washy slop into an old entire beer, and, -consequently, to render it “_rich, generous, of a full-bodied taste, -without being acid, and of a vinous odour_,” than to throw in a quantum -sufficit of sulphuric acid.[J] Stale, half spoiled, or sour beer, -may as easily be converted into mild beer, by the proper quantity of -alkali, or alkaline earth, oyster-shell-powder, subcarbonate of potash -or soda; which substances have the effect of neutralizing the excess of -acid. - -Another of the less culpable adulterations by both brewer and publican -is the admixture of small with strong beer. According to the evidence -of the solicitor of the Excise (Mr. Carr), given before the Committee -of the House of Commons, appointed for examining the price and quality -of beer, in the year 1819, (see Minutes of the House of Commons, p. 32, -&c.) the retailers of beer in London and its neighbourhood, purchase -stale table-beer, or the bottoms of casks, from a set of men who go -about and sell such beer at table-beer price to mix in the publicans’ -cellars with the new beer they receive from the brewer. Among some of -the trade it is the custom to mix the poor low-priced country ales with -porter. - -But, O John, thou lover of a “_cauliflower head!_” art thou aware how -this object of thy admiration, and indeed natural property of good beer -is produced? No doubt thou wilt be hard of belief in this respect; -but I must be candid with thee, and tell thee that the “fine frothy -head,” the ne plus ultra of thy admiration and test of good porter, is -produced by thy honest friend and crony, the publican, by the simple -admixture of the delectable and harmless article “_beer heading_” with -the “genuine stuff” he receives from his worthy compeer, the brewer. -When thy “gentle friend” observes the frothy property of the beer to -be lost by his admixture of the legitimate modicum of small beer or -“aqua pura,” molasses, extract of gentian-root and isinglass, (all -which ingredients, no doubt, good soul, he adds for thy better health, -and to save it from the injurious effects of too strong potations,) -he prudently throws in his beer-heading, which is a composition of -common green vitriol, or copperas, alum, and salt. The publicans are -supplied with this article either by the _regular_ and _accredited_ -manufacturer, or they are instructed in its manufacture by those -vile and infamous publications in circulation, known by the name of -Publicans or Vintners’ Guides, Directors, Friends, &c.—I have carefully -gone through those pestiferous books, and examined their farrago of -mischievous receipts and instructions for the adulteration and “making -up” of wines, spirits, beer, &c. and can safely say that more infernal -ingenuity, and a more reckless want of honesty and humanity have -never been displayed in the basest concoctions of fraud and villany -than is the case in those wretched publications. It is, however, but -fair to exempt from this censure a work which has recently appeared, -entitled “_Clarke’s Publican and Innkeeper’s Guide, and Wine and -Spirit Dealer’s Assistant_;” which, though not entirely exempt from -objection, is evidently the production of a skilful, and, what is of -greater importance to the public, of an honest man, and possesses the -great recommendation of instructing the trade in all the _allowable_ -secrets of the craft, without endangering the health and lives of the -consumers; while it enables its readers to obtain better and more -efficient results by its directions than can possibly be obtained by -following the deadly and inefficient receipts of its predecessors. - -I have now, friend Bull, brought my disclosures respecting thy -favourite beverage—thy fondly but mistakenly imagined “_pure_ extract -from malt and hops,” to a close; but, shouldst thou still be hard of -belief, I recommend thee to put thy tongue into the enchanting cauldron -of some brewer-friend of thine; but, remember that I cannot ensure thee -that thou will redraw it quite as unaffected or renovated as the tragic -poet describes Æson to have sprung from the cauldron of Medea. - -In the above detail of adulterations in the public brewery of this -country, no personality is intended in the tone of reprehension -assumed on the subject; the remarks are intended to be applied only -to “the most worthless part of the trade, to such as disgrace the -name of brewer, by sporting with the lives of their fellow creatures -for lucre’s sake.” Those odious and detestable wretches deserve the -severest castigations, and every member of the community should lend -his hearty co-operation to their exposure and punishment. But while it -is the duty of every man whom nature has gifted with a heart capable of -feeling for his fellow creatures, to expose the monsters who secretly -poison the human race, it must be admitted that the very heavy and -injudicious taxation to which brewers are subject has compelled -even many of the more conscientious of the trade to have recourse to -measures which are not quite agreeable to the dictates of honesty, -and to draw immense lengths of wort from the least possible quantity -of malt, so that the liquor is neither of a nutritive nor a relishing -quality. But the error in this case arises from the same cause as it -does in that of wines—the incompetency of the persons (who were either -the favourites, the dependants, or the retainers of the existing -ministry of the day) appointed to frame the statutes regulating -those trades; and, laughable to say, those precious legislators have -prohibited the use of articles which are not only innoxious, but -occasionally advantageous.[K] In the statute of Charles the Second, -which regulates the management of foreign wines, the blunder is -singular; by that act several substances are forbidden to be mixed -with wine, which, in themselves, are not only innocuous, but are -highly conducive to its purity and right preservation, and give it the -necessary brightness and perfection! - -Oh, Bull, when will thy law-makers and law-concocters learn _a little_ -of that old-fashioned and much neglected commodity,—COMMON SENSE. Were -the same good sense and knowledge of the subject, and of the condition -of society, indicated by them as are displayed by the more unassuming -but efficient department of the state machinery—the dispensers of -our laws (of course I cannot be mistaken to mean the justices of the -peace!) the country would not be put to the expense of making laws one -day which are to be repealed the next, and there might appear some just -pretension for the high-sounding titles of “English Justinians,” and -“heaven-born legislators,” with which a portion of the periodical press -is idly and continually bespattering certain members of the executive -department of the government. - -As my printer tells me that a few lines are wanting to complete this -page, and being desirous to give my readers all I can afford for their -money, a word or two on the legislative mania which seems to have taken -hold of some honourable members “of the noblest assembly of freemen in -the world,” may not be misplaced. And for the sake of brevity, I shall -adduce, as an example, the memorable attempt to modify the Quarantine -Laws on the advice, testimony, and _experience_ of the renowned Dr. -M’Lean. When arguments being taken as facts, and the absurdities of -reasoning as the evidence of experience, the whims and reveries of that -gentleman, who was described by one (a member of St. Stephen’s) of the -anti-contagionists as “one of those extraordinary persons who will be -pointed out by the finger of the future historian,” would have received -the stamp and authority of law, and we should have had the blessing of -plague being as common in our houses as measles, coughs or colds, had -not “the ignorance of those who attempt to mislead the public, and the -indiscretion of those who are inclined to believe them,” been exposed -and refuted by the late Dr. Gooch, in his invaluable paper “Is the -Plague a Contagious Disease?” which appeared at the time (anno 1825), -in _The Quarterly Review_, and is now appended to his _Account of -Female Diseases_. - -FOOTNOTES: - - [I] Among the numerous delusions with which the senses of the “error - ridden” nation of Englishmen—aye, and the “bonnie Scots,” and the “Sons - of the Emerald Isle,” are benighted, is the false and erroneous opinion - that strong stimulating liquors impart strength to the body. As a very - sensible writer observes on this subject,—“To depend on spirituous - liquors for the power to labour, is as wise as it would be in a man, - setting out for York, to get a friend to give him a kick on the b—— to - help him forward. His friend must continue the same kind office all - the way, or he would continually flag.” No work of the present age has - contributed more effectually to remove these mistaken notions than - “_The Oracle of Health and Long Life_.” May its well-intentioned and - judicious author have the consolation of finding that his important - instructions have contributed to the health and welfare of the - community; and may the unqualified approval of his little volume, - by the respectable part of the periodical press of the country be a - stimulus to fresh exertion to render the work faultless. - - [J] Mr. Brewer Child’s recipe (see Treatise on Brewing, p. 23) for - making new beer old, is to throw in a dash of vitriol. “A smack of - age,” he likewise adds, at p. 18, “is also given to beer, by the - addition of alum.” Well done, brewer Child; thou art an expeditious - chap! Thou mightest have been of service in the Court of Chancery, _in - tempore_ Lord Chancellor Eldon, of _doubting_ and delaying memory. - - - [K] On this subject, Mr. J. D. Williams, the Editor of Sir William - Blackstone’s Commentaries, has rendered no trifling service to society, - by his petition, presented to the House of Commons, by the Marquess of - Blandford, on June 17th, 1830; in which he prayed the appointment of - fit and competent persons for the digestment and simplification of, or, - in the emphatical language of Lord Bacon, for “the choice and tender - business of reducing and harmonizing,” the hybrid and confused state - of the law. As he justly said, “no useful and beneficial amendment - or amelioration can reasonably be expected; but the Statute Book - will still continue to be disgraced with enactments which will be at - variance with common sense, the first principles of justice, and even - nullify the intent and purport of the enactments themselves, while the - concoction of laws is entrusted to others than persons endowed with - a spirit of comprehensive knowledge, great enlightenment, enlarged - and liberal understandings, and who are acquainted with the nature of - the subjects on which they presume to legislate.” The instances which - that gentleman adduced in his well intended petition of “the great and - singular blunders” as to “erroneous conclusions in the first principles - of science,” committed by some of our law-makers are really amusing—if - any honest man can derive amusement from his country’s injury and - degradation. - - - - -PART II. - - -_A Word or Two, by way of Introduction._ - -I have told thee, friend Bull, while discoursing of the little slips -and sleights of hand in use among thy good and ancient friends, the -wine and spirit dealer, the gin-shop keeper, the brewer, and the -publican, that thou wouldst be satisfied that “Death was not only in -the Bottle,” but that thou wouldst find that the complaint of the sons -of the prophet, “There is Death in the Pot” ought not to have been -confined to the narrow limits of Gilgal, but that it extends in all -its operations to the illicit doings in thy own “dear native little -island”—the “land of the _good_ and the _wise_.” I shall now proceed -to unfold to thee this part of my duty, and then I apprehend that thou -wilt lay aside thy usual scepticism and incredulity, and acknowledge -that I have made out to thy satisfaction the truth of my horrific title -“DEADLY ADULTERATION AND SLOW POISONING; OR, DISEASE AND DEATH IN THE -POT AND THE BOTTLE.” I shall begin with the “_Staff of Life_.” - - - - -SECTION I. - -_Bread and Flour._ - - -Good bread is light, porous, and spongy; of a sweet nutty smell; -and when pressed with the finger is tough and resists the pressure -like sponge, recovering with a spring its original texture as soon -as the finger is removed: if any fracture appears, it is a sign of -adulteration. The more numerous and large the cells or little holes are -in it, the more perfectly is the bread made, and the better adapted for -digestion. - -Bread to be good, should be made of wheat flour; but the adulteration -trade in this prime article of human consumption display no less -ingenuity in the art of fraud and deception than their rivals -in iniquity do in the wine and spirit and beer sophistications: -convictions are on record of bakers having used pulverised gypsum -or plaster of Paris, whiting, slacked lime, chalk, finely powdered -granite, pipe-clay, particularly the white Cornwall clay, the flour of -garden peas and horse beans, potatoes, bone-ashes, alum, spirits of -vitriol, ammonia, magnesia, &c. They allege that, as they are often -supplied by the mealmen with flour made from the worst kinds of foreign -damaged wheat, and which is frequently mixed with a variety of other -cereal grains in the course of grinding, they cannot produce bread of a -sufficient degree of whiteness, lightness, and porosity, to please the -caprice of the London palate, without having recourse to the conjoint -aid of alum, ammonia, and potatoes.[L] This is the allegation made by -the _respectable_ part of the trade, and those who, with sufficient -disposition to wickedness, are deficient in the knowledge of the art -of slow and imperceptible poisoning. What excuse the _irrespectable_ -part of the trade can make for their nefarious traffic in the remaining -portion of the enumerated articles must be left to the tender and -honest consciences of those gentry. - -“The baker,” says Mr. Accum, in his Preliminary Remarks, p. 11, -“asserts that he does not put alum into bread; but he is well aware -that, in purchasing a certain quantity of half spoiled flour, he must -take a sack of _sharp whites_, (a term given to flour contaminated with -a quantity of alum,) without which it would be impossible for him to -produce light, white, and porous bread, from a half spoiled material. - -“The wholesale mealman frequently purchases this spurious commodity, -(which forms a separate branch of business in the hands of certain -individuals,) in order to enable himself to sell his decayed flour. - -“Other individuals (namely, the “_gentlemen_” druggists) furnish the -baker with alum mixed up with salt, under the obscure denomination -of _stuff_. There are wholesale manufacturing chemists, whose sole -business is to crystallize alum in such a form as will adapt this salt -to the purpose of being mixed with crystals of common salt, to disguise -the character of the compound. - -The mixture called _stuff_ is composed of one part of alum, in minute -crystals, and three of common salt.” - -I omit to object to the adulteration of flour produced by the sand, -which is unavoidably occasioned by the rubbing of the mill-stones -together. The author of the “History of Inventions,” vol. i. p. 98, -estimates that every person swallows 6lbs. yearly, in the quantity of -flour and bread which he consumes. - -The foregoing statement of _artist_ ingenuity displayed by the -Messieurs “Crust,” must be allowed to be liberal treatment of poor Mr. -John Bull, in comparison with the acts of their rivals in the noble -art of sophistication, the gin-shop-keeper, the brewer, the publican, -and the other “trading interests of the nation.” But it will be better -treatment to furnish the old gentleman with a test or two to enable him -to detect the frauds of his said good friends, Messieurs les Crust and -their compatriots, the mealmen. - -The ready tests or methods for ascertaining those adulterations are: -If an undue proportion (for bakers contend that the bad quality of -the flour sold to them by the miller renders the addition of potatoes -advantageous to the purchaser as well as to the baker) of ground or -grated potatoes has been used, the bread will be moist, have a sourish -smell, and, when stale, if a pressure be made upon it with the finger, -a fracture will appear in the bread, that is, it will not recover its -texture as sponge will do when compressed. Also, it will not keep, but -in a few days become mouldy. Where bean-flour has been used, which -bakers generally prefer, on account of the great portion of gluten -which it contains, (and for this reason it bears a higher price in -the market than flour itself,) the bread will soon dry and crack; or -the fraud may be discovered by the smell on toasting a slice of the -bread before the fire. The adulteration, by means of flour of peas is -more common among bakers, and more difficult of detection than that of -beans: the only means for ascertaining the fraud, by inspection, that I -am aware of, are those of its drying and cracking soon, and being more -heavy and considerably less porous than bread made entirely of wheaten -flour. The admixture of clay, gypsum, chalk, whiting, slacked lime, -bone-ashes, &c. is to be ascertained by the close texture, brittle or -crumbly nature, undue weight, smell, and taste of the article. But -analysis in each case is the truest test; and this may be performed in -the following manner. - -Cut the crust of the loaf into very thin slices, and, breaking these -into pieces, put them into a glass cucurbit, with a large quantity of -water; set this into a sand furnace, and let it stand therein with a -moderate warmth for about the space of twenty-four hours. By this time -the foreign ingredients will have separated from the genuine flour; the -alum will have dissolved in the water, and may be extracted from it in -the usual way. The jalap, if any have been used, (for it is not all the -fraternity or brotherhood that have the consideration or humanity to -introduce it into their life-destroying compositions,) will swim upon -the top in the form of a coarse film; and the other ingredients, being -heavy, will sink quite to the bottom, while the genuine flour will -remain above them in the consistence of pap, which, being drawn off, -will leave the adulterated articles in the form of a white powder at -the bottom. - -But as cucurbits and sand-furnaces are not “a part and parcel” of every -family’s household chattels, if the off-hand tests above mentioned -are not satisfactory, slice the loaf as before directed, and, putting -the slices, with a sufficient quantity of water, into a pipkin, over -a gentle fire, you will find in the course of a little time that -the bread will be reduced to a pap, and, on drawing that off, the -bone-ashes and other adulterating ingredients may be found in the form -of a white powder at the bottom. - -The pernicious ingredients, alum and spirits of vitriol, used by bakers -in the manufacture of bread, are intended, in the cant phrase of the -trade, “as binders and whiteners.” Few persons will credit the fact -that this last-mentioned article is made use of in the manufacture of -bread; but, if any person feels himself aggrieved by the assertion, -I am prepared to verify my information, and point out the culprits. -By the insertion of these ingredients, tens of thousands of children, -under three years of age, are annually consigned to the grave in this -“happy” country; and to their cause, in conjunction with the horrid -articles before stated, are to be assigned the number of sudden deaths -that are daily occurring, and a large portion of the diseases under -which mankind are suffering. - -The presence of alum may be detected by immersing a small piece of the -crumb of new baked bread in a quantity of cold water sufficient to -dissolve it; when, if a pernicious quantity of alum be present in the -composition the water will acquire a sweet astringency to the taste; -the more astringent of course the greater has been the quantity of alum -used. Or a heated knife may be thrust into a loaf before it has grown -cold; if the bread be free from alum, scarcely any alteration will be -visible on the blade; but, should alum have been made use of, as soon -as the knife cools, a slight aluminous incrustation will appear upon -it. But this last method is, as Mr. Accum properly observes, but an -equivocal test, on account of the impurity of the common salt used in -making bread. When spirits of vitriol, diluted with water, have been -used, the only test to detect this most pernicious and unprincipled -adulteration is by chemically analysing the suspected article. - -But the adulteration-trade observing that the insertion of the “horrid -array” of pernicious articles, which their diabolical ingenuity -substituted in the stead of wholesome meal or flour, had an astringent -effect on the human constitution, and, fearing the consequences of a -detection, have lately had recourse to the introduction of jalap into -their sponge, in order to give their mischievous composition a laxative -or purgative effect on the constitution of their deluded customers. -The best test of the insertion of this drug is its effects. Others -counteract the constipating effects of the alum by the addition of -subcarbonate of potash, which neutralizes the excess of the sulphuric -acid of the alum, and promotes the disengagement of the carbonic acid -gas, whereby the particles of the flour are more minutely divided, and -the bread rendered lighter. - -Having stated the ready methods of ascertaining the good or bad -qualities of bread, it is a necessary consequence that I should not be -silent about those of flour. - -The following are the usual tests for ascertaining the quality of -flour. Grasp a handful briskly, and squeeze it for half a minute; if -pure and unadulterated, it preserves the form of the cavity of the hand -in one piece when placed upon the table, although it may be roughly set -down. Adulterated flour, on the contrary, soon falls down. That mixed -with whiting, white clay, or the like materials, is the most adhesive, -though it soon gives way; but if the adulteration be ground bones, -gypsum, or plaster of paris, it almost immediately falls. Where there -is the presence of much bran, the grasped specimen will soon crumble, -and this fraud may, also, be discovered by the colour and feel. It -may also be observed that genuine flour will retain the impression of -even the grains of the skin longer than that which is adulterated, the -latter soon throwing off the fine marks. Also, let a person, having a -moist hand, rub flour briskly between the palms of both hands; if there -be whiting in it, he will find resistance; but none, if the flour is -pure. Or, partially dip the fore-finger and thumb into a little sweet -oil, and take up a small quantity of the flour between them; if it -is pure it may be rubbed for any length of time, and will not become -sticky or adhesive, and the substance will turn nearly black; but if -whiting is present, it will soon be worked up into the consistence of -putty, and its colour but little altered. Lemon juice, or vinegar, -dropped upon flour, will also show the presence of whiting or plaster -of paris; if the flour is pure it will remain at rest; but if it is -adulterated an immediate commotion takes place. Where there is time -to try the unsoundness of flour, put a table-spoonful into a basin -and mix it with cold water, until it is of the consistence of batter -pudding; then set a small pan upon the fire containing half a gill of -water, and when the water is hot, pour in the batter just before it -boils, and let it boil for about the space of three minutes. If sound, -the flour will unite like a good pudding does; if unsound it breaks, -curdles, and appears somewhat watery. By observing it while it is warm, -some judgement may be formed of its different degrees of unsoundness. -The usual test of people in the flour-trade is to knead a small -quantity of the article; if good, an adhesive, ductile, and elastic -paste is immediately formed, which may be elongated and drawn in every -direction, without being entirely separated. The only ready test for -the detection of _sharp whites_ and _stuff_ is by the taste. - -When the farina of potatoes, or, as it is commonly termed, -potatoe-starch, is mixed with flour, the fraud may, according to M. -Chevalier, a French chemist, be discovered by sprinkling a little of -the suspected article on black paper, when through a powerful lens, or -microscope, the farina or starch may be discovered by the brilliancy of -its particles. - -To ascertain the presence of insects in flour, examine it in a good -light, and if your suspicion be correct, you will observe the whole -surface in motion, and on a nicer inspection there will be found in -it a great number of little animals of the colour of flour, and of an -oblong and a slender form. When they have once taken possession of a -parcel of this commodity, it is impossible to drive them out; and they -increase so fast, that the only method of preventing the total loss of -the whole parcel, is to make it into bread as soon as possible. The -only known way of preventing those insects from breeding in flour is to -preserve it from damp; to effect which it should be always carefully -and thoroughly dried before it is put up, and the barrels, also, should -be carefully dried before the flour is stored in them, and placed in a -room tolerably warm and dry. - -FOOTNOTES: - - [L] The addition of the farina or starch of the potato improves the - bread, by counteracting its constipating effects, and by minutely - dividing the particles of the flour during the fermentation; and for - this reason its introduction into home-made bread would, as the author - of “The Oracle of Health and Long Life,” says, be beneficial to health, - as making it more nutritious and digestible. - - - - -SECTION II. - -_Meat and Fish._ - - -The Butcher has his arts and sophistications. To make meat weigh -as heavy as possible he checks the full bleeding of the victim of -his knife, and to make it appear plump and white and glistening, -particularly joints of veal and lamb, he inflates the cellular -membrane, by blowing into it with all his might, the breath respired -from his lungs: by means of which practice, should he be infected with -any loathsome disease, his customers stand a very good chance of being -inoculated with “the blessing.” The distension of the cellular membrane -is the sign of meat having received the benefit of this operation. - -Among other deceits in use among the “knights of the cleaver” is, -the doctoring of joints of animals which have died of disease, by -the skilful introduction of slips of fat into different parts of the -joint, so as to give it the appearance of meat which had been killed -in a healthy state. A recent occurrence at Guildhall has proved this -practice in all its enormity, and shown that it is carried on to no -trifling extent. From the same transaction it came out in evidence -that the art is sufficiently extensive to employ a certain part of the -“butchering craft” in its distinct mysteries. Probably by “professors -of the knife and cleaver” it is considered as the _ne plus ultra_ of -butcher-skill, and has its appropriate honours and rewards. But this is -known only to the initiated in the “_profession_.” - -While discoursing of this feat of butcher-ingenuity, it seems not -misplaced to observe that the sausages in London are often made out -of the carcases of animals that have died. This fact, also, was -brought to Mr. Bull’s knowledge, in the course of the evidence in the -before-mentioned case. And I can assure my readers, that even when they -are not favoured with sausages made of this savoury food, they do not -often get meat in sausages better than carrion; and that more than one -half of all sausage-meat consists of bone, gristle, and bread, reduced -to almost an impalpable powder by means of the machine, and then worked -up with a due modicum of water. Nor is this the least part of the evil. -From accidental causes and the frauds of the vender, they are often -poisonous. Dr. Paris has well observed, in his useful work on diet, -that the viscera and intestines of animals, and also their livers, are -often poisonous, while the meat of the animal is perfectly wholesome. -This proves, as that gentleman well observes, that sausages are not -deserving of that general use in which they are held in London: for -the integument which encloses the sausage is often highly injurious to -health, while the meat possesses no deleterious quality whatever. The -poisonous nature of sausages arising from fraud is partly occasioned by -the carelessness of the manufacturer in regard of the vessels in which -he keeps his meat, but more generally from the quality of the meat -which he uses. Some years ago a German chemist discovered, on analysing -German sausages, that they contained a portion of prussic acid (the -most potent poison known); from the eating of which several persons -died. Could the exact cause have been ascertained, it would probably -have been found that they were made from the meat of dead animals. - -The goodness of meat depends much on the season of the year. Thus the -flesh of most full grown quadrupeds is in the highest season during the -first months of winter. Beef and mutton are in the greatest perfection -in the months of November, December, and January. Pork is only good in -winter; during the summer months it is not wholesome. Venison is in the -highest season from the middle of June to the beginning of September. -Lamb and veal during the summer months. - -The distinguishing sign of young and old meat is, that in the latter -the fat is chiefly collected in masses, or layers external to the -muscles; while in the former it is more interspersed among the muscular -fibres, giving the flesh a marbled appearance. - -The quality of animal food is also considerably influenced by the sex; -that of the female (which sooner attains perfection) being always more -delicate and finer grained than that of the male, whose fibres and -flavour are stronger and more rank. But this rule prevails only during -the early age of the female; for, as it grows older, it gets tougher, -instead of mellowing by age as the male does. - -Over fat meat should not be chosen; as sheep in the first stage of the -rot, or about four weeks after becoming tainted, feed inordinately, and -are much disposed to fatten; which propensity graziers and butchers -omit no opportunity to promote, in order to increase their profits. -Excessive fatness is, therefore, no bad sign for judging of the -unwholesomeness, or rather rottenness of mutton, as it is generally -produced artificially. - -Meat that has been over driven, and killed, as the butchers term it, -_on the drift_, should be always rejected as unwholesome; besides, -it weighs heavier than if the animal had been killed while its blood -was in a healthy state; for, by the over-driving the blood has been -so diffused in the cellular membrane, that it cannot be drawn off by -bleeding; and the meat is heavier to the benefit of the butcher, but to -the loss of the consumer. The florid colour of meat is a sign of the -blood not having been properly drawn away. - -The whiteness of the flesh of lamb and veal is often produced by -feeding the animal with milk in which chalk is mingled, or by tying -it up in a stall with a piece of chalk covered with salt constantly -before it to lick. Sometimes calves are suspended by their hind legs -with the head downwards for hours together, and then bled to death -slowly, for the purpose of whitening the flesh. And, among the other -complicated and lengthened acts of cruelty, to which avarice resorts -to extract the largest possible price from the sufferings of a poor -harmless creature, is the tying of calves together by the hind legs, -and suffering them to remain suspended across the back of a horse, with -their heads downwards, for hours together, in their way from market; a -practice adopted by butchers for the purpose of rendering the meat of -the body as white as possible. - -Nor are fishmongers less crafty and dishonest than the other dealers -in the necessaries of life. Sea-fish, particularly cod, haddock, -and whiting, are subject to the operation of inflating the cellular -membrane, in order to make them look plump, and increase the bulk of -the fish. The imposition is detected by pressing each side of the -orifice at the belly of the fish between the thumb and finger, when the -air will be perceived to escape. - -The signs that fish are fresh are the firmness or stiffness of the -fish, the redness of its gills, and the brightness of the eyes. -Whiteness of muscle and the absence of oiliness and viscidity are also -signs of wholesomeness of this species of food. Flakiness and opaque -appearance, with a layer of white curdy matter interspersed between the -flakes, after the fish has been cooked, are signs of the goodness of -turbot, cod, whiting, haddock, flounder, and sole. - -The gills should also smell sweet, the fins be tight up, and the eyes -not sunk. The reverse of any of these signs shows that it is stale. -Thickness of flesh generally shows the good condition of fish. - -Fish out of season, that is after spawning, are unwholesome; and for -this reason the legislature has found it necessary to fix the periods -at which the fishing of salmon and the dredging of oysters shall be -lawful. - - - - -SECTION III. - -_Tea, Coffee, Chocolate, and Sugar._ - - -TEA. - -No article of consumption is more subject to adulteration than the -pleasant one which forms the principal ingredient of the tea-table. -It is not only adulterated by the Chinese vender, but it undergoes -sophistication by the Chinese artist. By the former several vegetable -productions, particularly a kind of moss, are mixed among genuine tea, -and often sold by the _antemundane_ subjects of “the Brother of the Sun -and Moon, and The Light of Nations,” in its stead. - -Among the manufacturers and venders of tea in our “fair isle”—“the -land of the wise, the eloquent, the free,”—the dried leaves of the -birch, ash, or elder tree, and particularly those of the privet or -white thorn, and the black thorn or sloe, (both which last-mentioned -specimens possess more of the qualities of the tea leaf than any other -known vegetable,) are manufactured and fabricated to represent this -delicious article of English female consumption: and the colouring, -dyeing, and staining process is accomplished by the agency of terra -japonica, logwood, verdigris, copperas, Prussian blue, carbonate of -copper, Dutch pink, &c. by the English, and, it is said, even by the -Chinese artist; which ingredients (namely, the five last-mentioned,) -are among the most potent poisons. According to Mr. Accum’s testimony -(Culinary Poisons, p. 220, note,) Mr. Twining, the eminent tea-dealer, -asserts that “the leaves of spurious tea are boiled in coppers with -copperas and sheep’s dung.” And it is a known fact that tea-leaves are -purchased, from the London coffee houses and shops, by a regular set of -men, who make their weekly rounds for the purpose, to be re-dried and -coloured. - -As it may be interesting to my readers to be informed of the progress -of the “march of intellect” in the imitative process of preparing sham -tea, and to have an opportunity of _admiring_ the ingenuity of fraud -and villany displayed in the fabrication, I shall endeavour to gratify -their reasonable curiosity. - -The white thorn and the sloe, or black thorn, as I have already said, -are the principal leaves employed in the fabrication of the sham or -imitative teas, on account of their possessing more of the qualities -of the tea-leaf than any other known vegetable. From the white thorn -is manufactured the green tea; and from the black thorn, or sloe, the -black variety. These leaves are gathered and collected from the hedges -around the metropolis, by a number of agents hired by the fabricators; -and these sub-imps in the “black art” are rewarded for their honest -labours with a remuneration of from one penny to twopence a pound. I -have been told by one of those worthies that he is able to make between -two and three pounds a week by his “vocation,” and has not “hard labour -too;” for he likes, as he says, “to play oft at times a bit of the -gentleman.” And, by a tea-leaf collector, I was once informed that -his usual returns, or rather clear gains, were between six and seven -pounds per week, and this “for only mornings’ work.” Of course, I -suppose, like other large “capitalists” and “the moneyed interests,” -he put on his silk stockings in the evenings, and exhibited his “sweet -person” at “Almacks,” or some of the fashionable “Hells,” or “Evening,” -or “Musical parties” at the “West End.” But, as to the indisputable -reality of this “_transmogrification_,” your deponent knoweth not. - -But to the subject in hand. The sloe, or black thorn, leaves are first -boiled; then, when the water is squeezed from them in a press, they are -baked on a flat iron plate; and, when dry, rubbed between the hands -to produce the curl of the genuine tea. The colour is then produced -by the application of Dutch pink, and a small quantity of logwood; -when, “_mirabile dictu!_” “_good, wholesome, nutritious_ black tea” -is produced equal to, and probably surpassing the specimens of the -monopolists of Leadenhall-street. - -The process is equally rapid and efficacious in the fabrication of -green tea; the leaves being boiled, pressed, and dried in the same -manner as I have described, takes place with the black imitation-tea, -only that the drying process is performed on plates of copper. The -blueish hue or bloom observable on genuine tea is produced by mixing -with the leaves Prussian blue or Dutch pink, in fine powder, while the -leaves are heating upon the plates, and verdigris is added to complete -the operation. The leaves are then sifted, to separate them from -the thorns and stalks; and should there not be a “quantum sufficit” -of the fine green bloom (the indubitable criterion of genuineness -in the estimation of our “fair countrywomen,”—the ancient, as well -as “the bewitching;”) the operator kindly and generously adds, more -verdigris and Dutch pink or Prussian blue. And again “_pure, genuine, -exhilarating_” green tea is produced as quick as thought, and that even -in the darkness of a town cellar, some few feet under ground. - -The profits on these transmutations are enormous; Mr. Accum, at p. 205 -of his useful book, says that it has been stated to be from £300 to -£600 per cent. And the extent to which the nefarious traffic is carried -is still more surprising. According to a report of the Committee of the -House of Commons in the year 1783, it is stated that “the quantity of -fictitious tea which was annually manufactured from sloe and ash-tree -leaves, in different parts of England, to be mixed with genuine teas, -was computed at more than _Four Millions of Pounds_.” This computation -was made when the genuine teas, sold by the East-India Company, at -their sales, amounted to only six millions of pounds annually. What -then must be the amount of the illicit traffic now, when the Company’s -sales are about thirty millions of pounds annually! This proves that -the ingenious author of the following lines, which appeared in the -Literary Journal, vol. 1, p. 14, cannot be supposed to be “much out in -his reckoning:” - - “_China_ and _Porto_, now farewell; - Let others buy what you’ve to sell, - Your Port and your Bohea; - For we’ve our native sloe divine, - Whose _fruit_ yields all our _Porto wine_, - Whose _leaves_ make all our _Tea_.” - -But John, “with all his easy gullibility,” will, no doubt say, “this -is all stuff; show me proofs.” Well, John, thou art a good creature, -thou wilt never believe “aught against thy enemy,” until he hath robbed -thee of thy senses, and what is dearer to thee, thy “_stuff_.” But to -prevent a too frequent repetition of thy misfortune, I will open the -budget to thy admiring eyes. Look, John, over thy files of the London -Newspapers, particularly the “Times” and “Courier,” from March to -July, in the year 1818, and there thou mayest entertain thy optics and -cerebral nerves with a goodly array of prosecutions and convictions -of manufacturers and venders of factitious tea. In one instance, thou -wilt read of £840 damages being given against one culprit. Nor is this -all of the illicit doings, John. There have been many prosecutions and -convictions since the time specified, with which I recommend thee to -recreate “thy often infirmity” of incredulity. Mr. Accum, at page 203 -of his work, says that, in Scotland and Ireland, the penalties imposed -for this offence “amounted, during a few months, to more than fifteen -thousand pounds!” - -With respect to the medicinal or deleterious effects of tea on the -animal economy, it would be misplaced to occupy the pages of a work of -this nature with their discussion. To such of my readers as may wish to -inform themselves on this subject, I recommended the perusal of “The -Oracle of Health and Long Life; or, Plain Rules for the Preservation -and Attainment of Sound Health and Vigorous Old Age. By Medicus;” as -the intelligent author of that publication has discussed the matter -with great ingenuity, and furnished a variety of hints and information -calculated to be of essential service to the consumers of this most -important article of Asiatic imports. Here it will be more useful to -detail the ready tests or methods of detecting its adulteration. -For it is an undoubted fact, as “Medicus” observes, that many of -the noxious qualities attributed to tea, arise from the two-fold -sophistication which it is frequently doomed to undergo both from the -Chinese and English adulterator before it reaches the hands of the -consumer. - -Where it is suspected that tea is adulterated with the leaves of other -shrubs, the fraud, if not discoverable by the appearance and fragrant -odour of the article, may be detected by putting a grain and a half -of blue vitriol into a cupful of the infusion, when, if it be genuine -green tea, and set in a good light, it will appear of a fine light -blue. If it be genuine bohea, it will turn to a deep blue, next to -black; but when an adulteration has been made in either case, a variety -of colours, as green, black, yellow, &c. will be seen in the samples -submitted to the experiment. - -Where the damaged and ordinary green teas or tea leaves have been -prepared with japan earth, or other adulterating ingredients, for the -purpose of giving the leaves the colour, and the infusion the tincture -of bohea tea, the fraud may be detected by either of the following -tests or methods: 1. A less quantity of this dyed tea will give a -deeper colour to the same proportion of water than if the experimented -articles were genuine. 2. The colour it gives the water will also be of -a reddish brown, whereas, if the article be genuine, it should be dark. -3. When the leaves have been washed, by standing a little, they will -look greener than good bohea. 4. This dyed tea is generally much larger -than the genuine specimens; it is, therefore, always advisable to buy -the small leaved bohea; remembering to examine whether the ingenuity -of the artist has not been at work to break or crumble it into pieces, -so as to disguise the size of the leaves: for the adulterator’s wits -are always at work in “the black art.” 5. The liquor drawn off, which -should be smooth and balsamic to the palate, tastes rougher and harsher -than the genuine tea does. 6. If milk is poured into it, it will -rise of a reddish colour, instead of a dark or blackish brown. 7. A -little copperas put into this last-mentioned liquor will turn it to a -light blue, instead of a deep blue inclining to black. 8. Spirits of -hartshorn make good tea of a deep brownish colour, after it has stood -awhile, similar to new drawn tincture of saffron; but the same effect -does not appear when the tea is bad. - -When green tea is counterfeited by dyeing bad bohea with green vitriol -the cheat may be detected by the following means: 1. By putting a piece -of gall into the infusion it will turn it to a deep blackish colour, -which would not be the case were vitriol or copperas not present. -2. If the infusion made of this tea be of a pale green, and incline -to a blueish dye, it is bad. 3. Spirit of hartshorn will give it a -slight purple tinge, and precipitate a small sediment, instead of a -deep greenish yellow after it has stood about half a dozen minutes. -4. Where the adulteration has been made with carbonate of copper, -the fraud is detected, by shaking up a tea-spoonful of the suspected -article in a phial with two tea-spoonsful of liquid ammonia, diluted -with half its bulk of water; when the liquor, if copper be present, -will exhibit a fine blue colour. Mr. Accum in his work, p. 219-221, -gives other methods for testing adulterated tea. - -As a general and ready test to distinguish genuine tea from the sloe, -or black thorn, and the white thorn leaf, make an infusion of it in -the common way, and then spread out some of the largest leaves to -dry; when, if the tea be genuine, the leaf will appear to be narrow -in proportion to its length, and deeply notched or serrated at the -edges, and the end or extremity acutely pointed; while the sloe, or -black thorn leaf is notched or jagged at the edges very slightly, and -is obtusely pointed. Another distinction also is, that the genuine -leaf is of a lively pale green colour, its surface smooth and glossy, -and its texture very delicate; while the adulterated leaf is of a -dark olive green colour, its texture much coarser and surface more -uneven. The leaves of the white thorn, when moistened and spread, have -a less resemblance to the genuine tea-leaf than is the case with the -sloe-leaf. The leaves of the other imitative or sham teas have still a -less resemblance, and for this reason they are but seldom used. With -respect to the different kinds of tea imported from China the shape -of the leaf is the same in all of them, though its size varies; for -all the varieties are the produce of the same plant; the difference of -quality and properties depend chiefly on the difference of climate, -soil, culture, age, time of gathering, and mode of drying the leaves. -The difference of the size of the leaf is occasioned in a great measure -by the different seasons at which it is gathered. - - -COFFEE. - -Several substitutes are vended by the grocers and coffee-dealers, -instead of the coffee-berry, when purchased in a ground state, or -allowed to pass through the vender’s mill. Among many others may -be mentioned ground dried acorns, horse-chestnuts, horse-beans, -pigeon-beans, peas, nuts, barley, rice, wheat, parsnips, carrots, &c. -but the best imitation of the real berry is obtained by roasting blue -succory, or rye, with the addition of a few almonds. As all these -articles, however, have but little resemblance in flavour to real -coffee, except what they acquire from the torrefaction, and their -empyreumatic oil, they are seldom vended solely by themselves, except -to the coffee-shops of London, or those whom the dealers consider as -“a plucked pigeon,” but are ingeniously mixed with a portion of the -genuine berry. - -Friend John will, no doubt, as usual, call to his assistance his -native incredulity, and ask for proof against his “pals,” the grocer -and coffee-dealer. To satisfy his just curiosity let him look to the -same file of papers to which he was referred respecting tea, and there -he will have no reason to be longer hard of belief. He will there -find that one “_gentleman_ grocer,” disliking the trouble of grinding -horse-beans, pigeon’s beans, &c. proceeded by short hand, and threw in -a dash (not a _pinch_) of gravel or sand; for which act of kindness -towards his customers he was convicted in the penalty of £50. See the -case of The King against Chaloner, a tea and coffee dealer. - -But, probably, John, when he finds himself no longer able to cling to -his strong hold—incredulity—will exclaim, shew us, then, your chemical -test and analysis.—Ah! John, the coffee sophisticator is too much for -us; his art is beyond the reach of short or long tests, or of hard or -easy ones: he may do as he likes, unless thou canst put thy hoof upon -some of his nicely packed-up parcels; and to accomplish this purpose -thou, or thy representative, the poor, badly-paid, half-starved, -ill-requited Excise-officer, must detect him in his machinations -on his own proper “dominium” or “natale solum:” scarcely any other -detection will satisfy that old lady’s scrupulosity and exactness—that -“golden calf” of thy idolatry—that “all perfect and superhuman mass -of incongruity and intricacy”—THE LAW. Thou, therefore, seest plainly -that the only certain way to have a drop of the “pure stuff” is to -purchase the berry in its raw state and roast it, and what is still -more important, _to grind_ it thyself. But, if thou dost not understand -all these processes to a-t—, thou mayst find them, with some other very -interesting arcana of the science, detailed in a work which I shall -shortly publish for the instruction and guidance of housekeepers of all -kinds and descriptions, and which I shall entitle “_The Housekeepers’ -Guide to Domestic Comfort, Household Management, and Practical -Economy_.” This, John, I intend shall be a rare work—quite a tit-bit -for thy fancy; and the price a mere “four-penny matter.” It shall -not be a “marrowless collection of shreds and patches, and cuttings -and pastings,” selected or stolen out of old useless books, but a -collection of practical facts, conducing to domestic comfort and real -economy. - -As I must, friend John, have, by the foregoing particulars, alarmed -thy coffee-drinking propensities, it is but fair to let thee into the -secret of ascertaining good coffee. - -Know then, friend Bull, and all ye little Bulls, who may have the -satisfaction of deriving your paternity from that ancient and -honourable stock, that coffee, commercially considered, is of three -sorts: the Arabian, or Mocha coffee, the East-Indian coffee, and the -West-Indian coffee. Of these, the Mocha, or Turkey, coffee is generally -esteemed the best, and is so stated by all the writers on the subject; -but this is not the case: for the Java coffee is considered, by all -competent judges, to be superior, as it contains a considerably larger -proportion of oil. Among the East-Indian species, that of Bourbon -is preferred. Of the West-Indian produce, the growth of the French -colonies is most esteemed, particularly that of Martinique. The coffee -of Surinam, Berbice, Demerara, and Cayenne, is the least valued. The -inferiority of the coffee of the British colonies is supposed to be -occasioned by its being put to dry in houses where sugar and rum are -kept, or by being set in vessels freighted with those commodities, or -other substances of a strong scent, from which the coffee imbibes the -flavour. - -Mocha, or Turkey, coffee (namely, in a raw or unroasted state) should -be chosen of a greenish olive hue, fresh and new, free from any musty -smell, the berries of a middling size, and clean and plump. Good -West-Indian coffee should also be of a greenish cast, fresh, free from -mouldy smells, and the berry small. East-Indian coffee is of a pale, -and partly of a deep yellow colour. Java coffee is distinguished by its -being a large, light, yellow berry. - -These are the general tests or methods for ascertaining the quality of -raw coffee; those for roasted are similar as to the size of the berry: -the other criteria are that it should not be too much roasted, but of a -bright chestnut colour, and of a fresh fragrant smell. - -I cannot, I apprehend, close this article more appropriately and -serviceably, than by exhorting my readers to recollect that the -presence of any of the adulterating ingredients in coffee is of the -greatest prejudice to health, and is apt to cause a distressing weight -on the stomach if the adulterated coffee be used daily for some time. -The detail of the beneficial and injurious effects is ably stated in -“_The Oracle of Health and Long Life_.” - - -CHOCOLATE. - -Chocolate is frequently adulterated with noxious ingredients, -particularly vanilla and castile soap; the first article is used for -giving it a fragrant odour, and the second for causing it to froth -when it is dissolved in the water: a large proportion of flour, also, -instead of the kernel of the cocoa-nut, makes up the composition. - -Chocolate, to be good, should be of a brown colour, inclining to red; -when broken, it should appear of a smooth and uniform consistence in -the fracture, without any granulated particles, and should melt easily -in the mouth, leaving no roughness or astringency, but rather a cooling -sensation upon the tongue; which last quality is the most decisive -criterion of its genuineness. - - -SUGAR. - -Considerable ingenuity is exerted in the adulteration of sugar. The -moist sugars are mixed up with sand, salt, flour, and a variety of -other ingredients of little or no cost. The loaf, or lump sugar -receives the addition of lime, chalk, gypsum, plaster of paris, or any -white material which will save expense to the “_refiner_.” - -Lump, or loaf sugar, to be good, should be close, heavy, and shining: -though, by the bye, some of the craft have lately contrived to -introduce some sparkling particles of marble, to produce the shining -appearance. That which easily breaks, and appears porous or spongy and -of a dull cast, has not been properly manufactured, and has an undue -proportion of lime, &c. in its composition. Of the moist kind, chuse -that which is distinguished by the sharpness, brightness, and loose -texture of the grain, and which, when rubbed between the finger and -the thumb, is not easily pulverized: those kinds are to be preferred -which have a peculiar grey hue, in conjunction with the brightness -and other criteria just mentioned. The soft and close grained sugars, -though of a good colour, should be rejected as saturated with too -much earthy matter. The East India varieties do not contain so much -saccharine matter as the produce of the West India colonies. Neither -is the _crush-lump_, which is manufactured from treacle and employed -by grocers for mixing with the common sorts of brown sugar, equal -to the West India produce in sweetening power. Adulterated sugar is -readily discovered by the taste and sediment left at the bottom of the -vessel in which it is dissolved. The presence of _crush-lump_ may be -recognized by the uniformity of the appearance of moist sugar. - -Rules for the choice of currants, raisins, rice, and other articles -of grocery, are detailed in “DOMESTIC COMFORTS AND ECONOMY,” a work -containing a store of information for the economizing and skilful -management of household expenditure. - - - - -SECTION IV. - -_Spices._ - - -PEPPER. - -Pepper is subject to adulteration, like most other articles of -consumption. The spurious pepper consists of chalk, flour, ground -mustard-seed, &c. mingled with a certain portion of the genuine berry, -a quantity of pepper dust, or the sweepings of the pepper warehouses, -mixed with a little Cayenne pepper; the whole being made into a -cohesive mass by means of mucilage. Even the whole berry has not -been able to escape the ingenuity of sophistication. The adulterated -berry is manufactured of the hulls of mustard-seed, or oil-cakes -composed of the residue of lint-seed, from which the oil has been -pressed, glue, common clay or chalk, and a certain quantity of stuff -known and purchased in the market under the name and cabalistical -abbreviations of P. D. or D. P. D., the first mentioned of which -delectable ingredients is the dust which falls from the pepper-corns -by their rubbing against each other in their voyage from the place -of their growth to that of their importation; the other is the -sweepings or refuse of the pepper warehouses. The first abbreviation -signifies _pepper dust_; the second, _dirt of pepper dust_. The mode -of manufacturing these inviting ingredients is to granulate the mass -by pressing it through a sieve, and then to roll the grains about in a -cask until they take a globular form. “Artists” are then employed to -stick into each pepper-corn little sprigs, in order to simulate the -appearance of the genuine berry. This practice was long carried on in -London, without the least interruption or suspicion of the fraud on the -public and the revenue, until the collection of the duties was, in the -year 1819, transferred from the Customs to the Excise; when, on that -occasion, several convictions of the offenders took place, which may be -seen in the newspapers published about that period. - -Pepper is of two kinds, the black and the white. Black pepper should -be chosen large, heavy, firm, and not much shrivelled. White pepper -is either factitious or genuine: the former is the ripe and perfect -berry, prepared by steeping in sea-water and urine the best and -soundest grains of black pepper for about the space of a week, when -the skin or rind bursting, they are taken out and exposed to the heat -of the sun until the skin or outer bark loosens, when they are rubbed -with the hand till the rind falls off. The internal kernels are next -perfectly dried in the sun, and then they are fit to be ground or -manufactured into white pepper, together with such foreign ingredients -as the conscience or ingenuity of the adulterator may suggest. The -genuine white pepper consists of the blighted or imperfect berries -of the same plant as produces the black pepper; but as it does not -possess a strength and pungency, even when not adulterated, equal to -the common black pepper, it is by no means preferable to that variety -for domestic purposes, except where appearance is consulted, as in the -case of its being brought to table. In fact, white pepper is always, -whether genuine or factitious, inferior in flavour and quality to black -pepper; and where it is factitious, its peculiar flavour and pungency -are nearly lost. - -Where the berries are supposed to be factitious, the readiest way of -detecting the fraud, (independent of the deterioration of quality and -flavour, which must be evident to every judge of the genuine article,) -is to throw a few of the pepper-corns into a little water; when the -artificial produce will swell up and soon become soft and sticky, and -on the least degree of agitation will dissolve or fall to powder, while -the genuine corns will remain whole and unaffected. - -The same precaution that I have said should be observed by the -purchasers of coffee—namely, never to let it pass through the -mill of the grocer or vender, should also be observed in the -purchase of pepper. When the cunning varlets have none of the -adulterated pepper-corns by them, they will be sure of exerting some -sleight-of-hand in slipping into the mill some of the before-mentioned -sophisticating articles, or flour, or powdered hemp-seed or rape-seed -cake, or ivory black, or the hieroglyphical P. D. or D. P. D. (if they -are not already patiently waiting in the mill to lend their services as -make-weights;) notwithstanding the poor purchaser may suppose himself -lynx-eyed, and proof against imposition. - -Another article of the pepper kind, friend John, with which thou art -fond of tickling thy delicate appetite, and of exhibiting on “gaudy -days,” as the sons of Alma Mater phrase it, in thy well polished -castors, to thy admiring guests, like a sparkling star to be found only -in the remotest part of the heavens, is the subject of sophisticating -roguery. What thinkest thou, John, of the “dear bought,” “far fetched,” -“long sought,” “gentleman-like” Cayenne pepper, which thou often -wrappest up in as many folds of paper as an onion hath coats, that -it should not lose its virtue, being adulterated with “red lead,” to -prevent the delectable mass of which it is composed from becoming -bleached on exposure to the light. I was thinking, friend Bull, to -furnish thee with a test for discovering the fraud, but as I know -of no one better than that given by thy expatriated countryman, the -much injured Accum, I must refer thee to his book, 4th edition, p. -247. Perhaps the following extract from that excellent work, (the -only book on cookery extant, that can be safely trusted to; for the -genius of cookery is, believe me, John, in colleague with the spirit -of sophistication against thy health; and for a confirmation of this -assertion thou needest only look to the formulæ given in cookery books -for imparting a fresh and lively green colour or hue to pickles—not -to mention the consequences of the concentration of the virtues of -certain articles, which, though harmless, while used in their original -and simple state, are, as the author of the “ORACLE OF HEALTH AND LONG -LIFE” observes, in their concentrated state, potent poisons;) the -_Cook’s Oracle_, by the late Dr. Kitchener, will be better adapted to -thy wants and taste. - -“We advise those who are fond of Cayenne not to think it too much -trouble to make it of English chillies—_there is no other way of being -sure it is genuine_.—They will obtain a pepper of much finer flavour -without half the heat of the foreign; and a hundred chillies will -produce two ounces. The flavour of the chillies is very superior to -that of the capsicums. Put them in a warm place to dry, then rub them -in a mortar, as fine as possible, and keep them in a well stopped -bottle.” - -Wholesome and economical receipts for making most of the other articles -vended in oil shops will be found in the same useful work. Buy the -work, John, thou wilt have no reason to begrudge the price; it is -equally valuable to the man of “high” or “low estate;”—to him to whom -dinner is the chief business of the day, who merely lives to eat, than -eats to live—who seeth the sun rise with no other hope than that he -should fill his belly, before it sets, who is not satisfied till he is -surfeited; as well as to the man who lives according to old English -hospitality, and eateth merely to satisfy nature and his better health. - - -CLOVES. - -Great fraud is often practised by the vender in the sale of this -commodity, either by depriving the cloves of their oil, which is easily -drawn from them either by distillation or by simple pressure, or by -causing them to imbibe or absorb a quantity of water a short time -previous to their sale. When the oil has been extracted, the fraud may -be discovered by the cloves appearing shrivelled, light, of a paler -colour than their usual dark brown hue when perfect, without the ball -or knob at the top, and with little taste or smell. When they have been -forced to imbibe water for the purpose of increasing their weight, the -adulteration may be detected by pressure between the fingers, and by -the flavour and fragrance of the exudation. When good and bad cloves -have remained long intermingled, the bad gradually absorb oil from the -good, in which case the fraud becomes difficult of detection. - -The clove to be in perfection should be large sized, plump, heavy, of a -fine fragrant smell, and a hot aromatic taste, not easily disappearing -off the tongue; easily broken, and when pressed between the thumb and -finger should leave an oily moisture upon them, producing a slight -sensation of smarting. - - -CINNAMON. - -Cinnamon is adulterated by either mixing cassia bark with it, or -a portion of the genuine article, which has been deprived of its -essential oil by distillation. - -Good cinnamon is smooth and thin, not much thicker than royal or stout -writing paper, and rather pliable; of a light yellowish cast, inclining -to red, a fragrant aromatic smell, and an agreeable sweetish taste. -Thick, hard, brownish coloured specimens, of hot, pungent, or a bitter -taste, should be rejected. - -The cassia bark, which bears a great resemblance to cinnamon, is -thicker, of a coarser texture, breaks short and smooth; whereas -cinnamon breaks fibrous and splintery. The best method, however, of -distinguishing cinnamon from cassia is by the taste. Thus, when cassia -is taken into the mouth, it forms a sweet mucilage, and seems, when -good, to dissolve almost entirely, whereas cinnamon has a bitter taste, -and produces a bitter dryness in the mouth. - -Criteria for judging of nutmegs, ginger, mace, &c. will be found in -“DOMESTIC COMFORTS AND ECONOMY.” - - - - -SECTION V. - - _Pickles, Vinegar, Oil, Mustard, Anchovies, Catsup, Isinglass, Soap, - Candles, Blue or Indigo, Starch, Bees Wax, &c._ - - -PICKLES. - -Among the poisonous articles daily vended to the public, none are of -more potent effect than the pickles sold by unprincipled oilmen. For -the purpose of giving a fresh and lively green colour or hue to those -stimulants of the palate, they are intentionally coloured by means of -copper or verdigris, or at least placed for a considerable time in -copper or brazen vessels for the purpose of allowing the articles to -be impregnated by the joint action of the metal and the vinegar. The -cookery books (save and except “_The Cook’s Oracle_”) in vogue also -direct the “lovers of good cheer” to boil their pickles in _bell metal -or copper pots_, or to boil _halfpence_ or _a bit of verdigris_ with -them, in order to impart a green colour! Ought not the authors, whose -gender seems “_doubtful_,” and Messieurs les Bibliopoles, of those -pests, to be indited for a nuisance and malice prepense to the _loving_ -subjects of our late “_good old king_?” - -The ready way to detect the presence of copper in these articles is -to pour a little liquid ammonia, diluted with an equal quantity of -water, over a small quantity of the suspected pickle reduced into small -pieces, and placed in an enclosed phial or vessel; when, if the pickles -contain the minutest quantity of copper, the ammonia will assume a blue -colour. - - -VINEGAR. - -Vinegar is adulterated with sulphuric acid, muriatic acid, nitric acid, -oil of vitriol, a variety of acrid vegetable substances, and frequently -contains metallic impregnations of lead, tin, pewter, iron, and copper, -from the stills or vessels in which it is made. Its more harmless -adulteration is a considerable dilution with water. - -Vinegar is prepared from a variety of substances; but its common -preparations are from wine, fruits, malt, sugar, and wood. The vinegar -made from wood is the strongest, containing at least eight times the -strength of the common preparations. It is perfectly colourless, and -its taste is very pungent and grateful. But the vinegar generally -prepared for sale in this country is made from malt; which to be good -should be of a pale brown colour, perfectly transparent, of a pleasant -and rather pungent acid taste, but without acrimony, and a fragrant -grateful odour. These are the readiest and best tests of good vinegar. -But as a false strength is frequently given to it by adding oil of -vitriol, sulphuric acid, or the extract of some acrid vegetable, as -pellitory of Spain, capsicum, &c. or metallic extracts, the tests for -ascertaining these foreign substances are as follow: If it is suspected -that vinegar is adulterated with oil of vitriol, put three or four -drops of acetate of barytes into a glass of vinegar; filtrate the -white precipitate thereby produced through paper, and heat the powder -or residuum remaining in a tobacco-pipe until it is red hot. Then put -it into spirit of salt or diluted aqua-fortis; if the precipitate -dissolves, the vinegar is genuine; if not, it is adulterated. But if -metallic adulteration is suspected, add liquid ammonia to the vinegar, -until the odour of the ammonia predominates; if the mixture assumes -a blackish tint, it is a sign that copper is present in the article. -If the presence of lead be suspected, add water impregnated with -sulphuretted hydrogen to the suspected vinegar; if the mixture becomes -black or yields a black precipitate, your suspicion is well founded. - - -OLIVE, OR FLORENCE OIL. - -Olive oil is frequently adulterated by mixing with it the oil of poppy -seeds or a decoction of cucumbers, which latter ingredients easily -unite with the oleaginous substances. It is frequently impregnated -with lead, from the circumstance of the fruit which yields the oil -being compressed between leaden plates, and the oil being suffered to -remain in pewter or leaden cisterns in order to become clear before -it is offered for sale. This last injurious quality is communicated -afresh to the commodity by the retail venders, who frequently keep a -pewter vessel immersed in the oil, for the purpose, as they assert, of -preserving the liquid from becoming rancid. It is however proper to -state that the metallic contamination by the wholesale manufacturer -chiefly belongs to the Spanish produce: the French and Italian -manufacture is usually free from the impregnation. - -The presence of lead or any metal deleterious to health is detected, by -shaking in a stopped phial some of the suspected oil with a quantity of -water impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen, in the proportion of one -part of the former to two parts of the latter ingredient; when the oil, -if adulterated, will become of a dark brown or black colour. When the -oil of poppy seed, or the decoction of cucumber, is supposed to have -been made use of in the adulteration, their presence may be ascertained -by exposing the mixture to a freezing temperature, when the olive oil -will become frozen, while the adulterating ingredient will remain -fluid. - -The best olive oil is of a bright pale amber colour, somewhat inclining -to a greenish cast; free from sediment, bland to the taste, and without -smell. - - -SALT. - -Salt is frequently adulterated with sulphate of lime, for the purpose -of making it weigh heavier, appear lighter, and less liable to become -moist. - - -MUSTARD. - -“Genuine mustard,” says Mr. Accum, (Culinary Poisons, p. 330) “either -in powder, or in a state of paste ready made, is perhaps rarely to be -met with in the shops.” Whether “_patent_,” “_best Durham_,” or of any -other pretty and imposing name, it generally consists of a composition -of mustard flour and wheaten flour; only for the additional cost of -the “patent mustard” of the respective manufacturers, the purchaser is -treated with a little cayenne pepper, a large quantity of bay salt, and -a quantum sufficit of “aqua pura.” Turmeric is the grand adulterant -of the merchant for giving the yellow colour to factitious mustard. -The _flour_ of mustard of the shops generally consists of the produce -of mustard seed, cayenne pepper, wheat flour, and turmeric; and the -_essence_ of mustard of the fashionable oilmen is composed of camphor -and oil of rosemary, dissolved in oil of turpentine, with the addition -of a little of the _flour_ of mustard! - - -ANCHOVY SAUCE. - -Anchovy sauce is frequently contaminated with the pigments denominated -Venetian red or Armenian bole, which are rubbed into the mass, while -the operator is triturating the anchovy in his mortar. The Venetian -red, which is frequently adulterated with red lead, affords the deepest -and finest colour, and is accordingly used by the _fashionable_ oilman; -the aid of the Armenian bole is invoked by his more conscientious and -less aspiring brethren. - -But the anchovy itself is not exempt from the sophisticating ingenuity -of the trade; for sprats are frequently prepared and sold for -anchovies. The best way of discovering the fraud is by the appearance -of the back bone, which in the anchovy is triangular for some space -from the head, while that of the sprat is flat. - -The test for detecting the fraud practised in the manufacture of -anchovy sauce is the same as that which will be presently stated for -discovering the adulteration of mushroom catsup. - - -MUSHROOM CATSUP. - -This common article of consumption is frequently contaminated by -copper. This deleterious quality it obtains from the mode of its -manufacture, as well as from the articles from which it is manufactured. - -The usual way in which it is prepared is by boiling in a copper the -residue left in the still of the vinegar manufacturer, with a decoction -of the outer green shell of the walnut (previously prepared also by -having been boiled in a copper, in combination with common salt;) -together with a portion of allspice or pimento, pepper dust, (or -cayenne pepper, should the manufacturer be a _man of taste_;) and -garlic. - -The method of detecting the fraud is detailed at page 294 of Mr. -Accum’s book: it is too long for insertion here. - - -ISINGLASS. - -Isinglass, which is prepared from the air-bladders of the sturgeons, -is the subject of sophistication. The dried bladders of horses, the -skins of soles, and the intestinal membranes of calves and sheep are -frequently sold for it. The fraud may be detected by boiling the shreds -in water; when, if the article is adulterated, the spurious ingredients -will obtain only an imperfect insolubility, whereas genuine isinglass -is almost perfectly soluble in water. - -Isinglass to be good, should be white, perfectly transparent, dry, -fibrous, and of a faint odour and insipid taste. The best variety -occurs in the form of a lyre or horse-shoe; the worst, flat, in the -form of a pancake. The saltish taste of fictitious isinglass is also -another of the criteria for judging of its goodness. - - -BLUE OR INDIGO. - -This article is subject to great adulteration by the introduction of -foreign ingredients into its manufacture. The easiest and speediest -test of its genuineness is by dissolving or cutting it. By the first -method, if good, it dissolves easily, while that of a coarse or an -adulterated kind dissolves with difficulty, and settles at the bottom -of the vessel. By the second method, (and which is the best criterion -of its goodness,) when cut with a knife, it exhibits a red copper-like -appearance. Where this shade is absent or only very slight, the indigo -is of an inferior quality.—Other signs of its goodness are that it -should be light, of a close texture, break easily, float on water, -be free from white specks or sand, and from white adhesive mould -externally, and when rubbed with the nail, it should have a shining -copper-like hue. - - -SOAP. - -Soap is subject to great adulteration, as every person is aware who has -had an opportunity of witnessing the specimens made twenty years ago, -before “Messieurs les Artistes” had made their prodigious advances, -as our “YANKEE” brethren across the Atlantic phrase it, “in the -_progressing_ knowledge of the age.” - -Good mottled soap is hard, but not brittle, well mottled, and without -any rancid, tallowy, or unpleasant acrid smell. If any of this smell -should be present, there has been an undue portion of soda or potash -used in the manufacture. A quantity of fuller’s earth is often used -to conceal the imperfections and add to the weight of the article, by -enabling it to imbibe a large quantity of water. Rancid tallow also is -often used in soap and candle-making, which has had a portion of its -substance quite destroyed by putrefaction. Of course the articles from -which it is made are of a very inferior quality. Those specimens which -have a disagreeable odour are made of horns of animals, woollen rags, -&c. instead of oil, clay often supplies the place of tallow. - -There are several methods for proving the quality of soap. The author -of “THE MAIDSERVANT’S COMPANION AND DIRECTORY” informs us that there -are “some people who can ascertain it by the taste.” But as the same -gentleman observes, as it is not likely that many persons will feel a -pleasure in making the experiment, a more pleasant method is to slice -an ounce or two of the soap very thin into a basin, and having poured -boiling water upon the slices, to stir them well till they are quite -dissolved; then place the basin and contents before the fire for the -space of about twelve hours. When the mixture is quite cold, turn it -out of the basin; if no sediment appears at the bottom, it is a sign -of the goodness of the soap. Or the adulteration of the soap may be -detected, by pouring upon a little of the suspected article, thinly -sliced into a bottle, rectified spirit of wine, in the proportion of -one part of soap to six parts of spirit: then, when the bottle, being -slightly stopped, has remained a short time in a warm place, the -adulterated parts of the soap will appear unacted upon by the agent; -but if the soap be genuine, it will have become wholly dissolved. - -To those who are desirous of economizing the consumption of soap, -many useful hints may be found in “THE MAIDSERVANT’S COMPANION AND -DIRECTORY;” a work which every sensible master and mistress should -cause to be carefully and attentively perused by their domestics. - - -CANDLES. - -Nor are candles exempt from the sophisticator’s art. Tallow candles, -to be good, should be made of equal parts of bullock’s and sheep’s -fat; which is discoverable by their being of a firm texture, a good -white colour, and not an obnoxious smell. When made of hog’s fat, -they gutter, emit an ill smell, and a thick black smoke. If alum or -pulverized marble has been mingled with the tallow, for the purpose of -giving a white appearance and a hard consistence, the wicks burn with a -dead light, and the alum spits or emits slight explosions from the wick -as it burns. - -Some useful directions respecting the management and the economizing -of the consumption of candles, whether wax, mould, or dips, are to be -found in “DOMESTIC COMFORTS AND ECONOMY.” - - -STARCH. - -This commodity is subject to much adulteration by the manufacturer. -When good, it is dry, easily reducible to powder, tasteless, and -without odour. In its use in the laundry, there is no good housewife -but can distinguish, by its effects on her “lavatory occupations,” the -difference between good and bad starch: it is therefore unnecessary to -detail tests. - - -BEES’ WAX. - -Bees’ wax is frequently adulterated with rosin, tallow, pease-meal, -potatoe-starch, and a mixture of oil and litharge. The introduction -of rosin into it may be discovered by its hardness, brittleness, and -want of tenacity. When adulterated with tallow, the fraud may be -detected by scratching the finger over the surface; when its clamminess -and adhesiveness to the fingers will indicate the presence of that -ingredient. In the purchase of cakes of bees’ wax the cake should -be broke, in order to ascertain whether the impurities called foot, -are not ingeniously _encased_ in a shell of pure wax. White wax is -adulterated with carbonate of lead and white tallow, to increase its -weight. - -Bees’ wax, when good, is of a compact substance, somewhat unctuous -to the touch, but not adhering to the fingers or to the teeth when -it is kneaded or chewed: and when scratched by the finger-nail, no -obstruction is met with, and but little indentation or fissure made; it -also has an agreeable smell partaking of a slight odour of honey, and a -clear fresh yellow colour. Its texture is also granular. - - - - -SECTION VI. - -_Butter, Cheese, Milk, Cream, and Potatoes._ - - -BUTTER. - -Butter is not exempt from adulteration: the inferior kinds are -frequently mixed up with hogs-lard which has lost its flavour and -appearance; and not unfrequently kitchen-stuff forms a portion of the -bulk. - -Good butter is hard and firm; therefore that butter which is often sold -in the shops in London, that adheres to the knife when applied to, or -stuck into it, is factitious, that is, manufactured in a machine, of -the following materials—viz. rancid fresh butter, the cheap unsaleable -Scotch butters of various hues and dyes, and a quantity of salt, -well rummaged and pomelled together. This spurious commodity is of a -white cast, and generally sold under the denomination of “Dorset.” -It should be recollected that the cheesemongers never beat the good -butters, as the beating injures the flavour; they bestow their friendly -castigations only on the worthless commodity for the purpose of -extracting a portion of its rancidity and obnoxious smell. - -Butter should be bought by the taste and smell. Both fresh and salt -butter should smell sweet, and be of an equal colour throughout; if -veiny and open, it has been mixed with a staler or an inferior sort. -The quality of tub butter is ascertained by putting a knife into the -butter; and if, on drawing it out, any rancid or unpleasant smell -should attach to the knife, the butter is not good; but, perhaps, the -best criterion is to taste the butter near the sides of the tub, for -the middle is often sweet when the parts near the sides of the tub are -quite rank. - -Hogs-lard is adulterated with the skimmings of the liquor in which pork -or bacon has been boiled. Lard thus adulterated has a grey colour, a -soft consistence, and a salt taste; whereas lard, when pure, is white, -granular, and rather firm in texture. - - -CHEESE, BACON, AND HAMS. - -When annatto is dear, or of inferior quality in appearance, it is -customary with the venders of the article to adulterate it with -vermilion or red lead. This contamination has chiefly been confined -to the Gloucester cheese; and may be detected by macerating a -small quantity of the suspected article in water impregnated with -sulphuretted hydrogen, acidulated with muriatic acid; which will -immediately cause the cheese to assume a brown or black colour, if the -minutest portion of lead be present. I am informed by a respectable -dealer, that cheese, especially old Stilton cheese, is frequently -_greened_ in particular parts with verdigris, in order to assume the -appearance of age. - -The best cheese is that which is of a dry compact texture, without -holes in it; of a whitish colour, and which, on being rubbed between -the finger and thumb, almost immediately becomes a soft and somewhat -greasy mass. Nor is a moist smooth coat a bad criterion of its quality. -It should also be of a moderate age; for neither very decayed, nor -decaying cheese, is wholesome; nor is that which is new, adhesive, and -ropy, when heated by the fire, of a good kind. Cheshire cheese which -crumbles and tastes bitterish has been made of bad milk. Though cheese -is generally chosen by the taste, this is by no means a criterion of -its nutritive qualities; as the flavour generally depends on the nature -of the food which the cows eat, and often on the mode of management in -the manufacture of the cheese. - -In the purchase of bacon and hams, pray bear in mind, friend John, that -many more thousands of tons of those articles are sold annually in the -metropolis of this land of “_just and equal dealing_” as “fine, new -Hampshire bacon and fine Yorkshire hams,” than are received from those -counties altogether; and that though the bacon merchants are supplied -with bacon from Ireland, none sell _Irish_ bacon. The large Irish hams -are also dried and sold for “fine fresh” Yorkshire or Westmoreland -varieties, to tickle the fancy of the “Bull Family” for rarities and -expensive purchases. - - -MILK AND CREAM. - -The usual sophistication of milk is a liberal quantity of warm water, -and to give consistence to the mixture, and correct the colour, a -composition of flour and yolks of eggs is added; but should there not -have been sufficient time for the operation, the immediate aid of the -cock or the pump is invoked. But some of the more skilfully initiated -“_artistes au lait_” dissolve the common cheese dye, annatto, which -occasions a mixture of milk and water to assume the colour, and nearly -the consistence of cream. Among some of the less expert a composition -of treacle and salt supplies the place of the annatto; but this mixture -does not combine so well as the annatto with the milk. Pure milk is of -a dull white colour, and a soft sweetish taste; adulterated milk is of -a bluish appearance and thin consistence. - -Cream receives a copious addition of skimmed milk, flour, starch, -rice-powder, or arrow-root boiled together, to increase the -“milk-merchant’s” profits. But arrow-root is the substance which is -best adapted, and most employed for the purpose. The generally received -opinion that milk is adulterated with chalk and whitening is, as Mr. -Accum observes, erroneous; for neither of those ingredients could be -held in solution in the milk, and would therefore be useless to the -adulterator, as they would sink to the bottom of the pail while the -manufacturer was doling out his composition to his customers. But the -practice of putting the milk into leaden pans, or vessels made of that -metal, to occasion the milk to throw up a larger portion of cream, is -sufficiently authenticated, and deserves exposure, from the liability -of having the milk impregnated with particles of lead. - -Perhaps some of my readers may be lovers of curds and whey; if so, I -recommend them to endeavour to get a sight of the calf’s maw, from -which the rennet is made before it is boiled. I have had the fortune -of being “blessed” with “the captivating sight” more than once; and in -each instance I absolutely saw the bladder moving alive with maggots. - - -POTATOES, FRUIT, &c. - -Even the humble green-grocer exerts his ingenuity and “tact” in the art -of sophistication: to augment the weight of his “murphies,” and “make -them _tell_,” he soaks “the dear _cratures_” in water during the night -previous to their sale. - -While discoursing of the little peccadilloes of the honest tradesmen -of “this land of Christianity,” I never apprehended that it was -possible to sophisticate fruit. But at the very moment I was about to -consummate my bold, and I hope it will prove, patriotic undertaking, -by affixing the important and consolatory, though little word, “FINIS,” -a new discovery presented itself to my astonished optics! Can you -believe me, John? I happened to pop in rather inopportunely, that is -to say, a-la-mode Paul Pry, on a fruit-artist, who was preparing some -stale plums for sale, and giving them all the bloom and fragrance -of having been just plucked from the tree. This recondite feat of -_fruitist_-ingenuity consists in anointing certain parts of the fruit -with gum water, and then shaking a muslin bag containing finely -powdered blue upon the prepared parts of the fruit, which are laid -uppermost upon a board, to receive the precious unction.—From the -honest tradesman whom I thus found patriotically engaged in furthering -“the trading and commercial interests of his dear native land,” I also -learned that some of the more skilful and enterprizing artists soak -plums in water, when they have become shrivelled, in order to plump -them out, and make them, as it is fashionably phrased, en-bon-point. - -What an age of intellect do we live in! Could our good old Druidical -ancestors have supposed that their puny and degenerate offspring would -be endowed with the extraordinary gift of being able to rejuvenize old -worm-eaten nuts? Rare and sublime discovery! What, John, may we not -next expect? Surely, we have reached the millenium of the march of -intellect and the perfection of sophistication. But I must not keep the -reader longer in suspense. - -The rejuvenization of Old Nuts! Just as I had finished writing the -above article, an old and almost forgotten friend called on me, one -who has long and scientifically been patriotically engaged, “in this -age of intellect,” in rejuvenizing old, rotten, worm-eaten walnuts and -almonds, of each last year’s growth, and giving their “externals” all -the whiteness and beauty of the lily-white hand of a “fine lady,” and -their “internals” all the plumpness and en-bon-point admired by his -“most moral majesty,” our late “gracious and beloved sovereign,” in his -“fair defects of nature.” By this scion of “the trading interests” I am -informed that old nuts of all kinds are first soaked in water in order -to plump them out, and then they are fumigated with sulphur for the -purpose of rendering the shells white and clean. - - - - -SECTION VII. - -_Confectionary, Pastry, and Perfumery._ - - -The confectionary-artist is not behind his compeers in trade in the -honourable vocation of sophistication. There are few articles which -owe their paternity to his handy-work, that partake wholly of the -ingredients to which they bear resemblance in name and appearance: all, -almost all, here is the work of “the black art.” - -But this is not the worst part of the business. Were any person to be -admitted into the “elaboratorical pandemonium” of a pastry-cook or a -confectioner—were he to see the disgusting appearance of the vessels -in which they manufacture their articles—many of them containing -the ingredients with perfect rims of cupreous matter surrounding -them—were he to regale his eyes with the sight of the most rancid -butter bleaching for the purpose of making pastry, as I have seen, I -am sure that he would hold the productions of the confectioner and -pastry-cook’s shop in abhorrence, and would not consider Dr. Paris’s -denunciation of them, in his useful work on Diet, p. 247, as “an -abomination.” A lady with whom I am acquainted, and who lodged at -different times in the houses of confectioners and pastry-cooks, had so -good an opportunity of witnessing _the cleanliness and wholesomeness_ -of their operations, that for many years she has not tasted any -commodity that comes out of their manufactories; and I verily believe -that she would die of hunger before she could induce herself to allow a -scrap of their _delicacies_ to enter her mouth. - -But these “artists” not only endanger the health and lives of their -customers by the carelessness and nastiness of their conduct in their -compositions, but they employ preparations of copper, and also of red -lead in colouring their fancy sweet-meats. In the preparations of -sugar-plumbs, comfits, and other kinds of confectionary, especially -those sweat-meats of inferior quality, frequently exposed to sale in -the open-streets, for the allurement of children, Mr. Accum, p. 288, -informs us, that the greatest abuses are committed by means of powerful -poisons. The white comfits, called sugar-peas, are chiefly composed of -a mixture of sugar, starch and Cornish clay (a species of very white -pipe-clay); and the red sugar drops are usually coloured with the -inferior kinds of vermillion or sap green, and often, instead of those -pigments, with red lead and copper. As a yellow colour, cromate of -lead is used, and prussiate of iron as a blue. The stuff called “_hard -rock_,” “_hard bake_,” “_white lollypop_,” and other baby attracting -names, is of an equally deleterious quality. Nor are the ginger-bread -or sweet cakes of the ginger-baker less injurious to the health of -children, especially the “gilt ginger-bread” as it is termed, which -is covered with Dutch leaf,—a composition consisting of an alloy of -copper and zinc, or brass and copper. Indeed, all parents should, as -the author of “THE ORACLE OF HEALTH AND LONG LIFE” observes, anxiously -instruct their children never to buy any thing offered for sale in the -streets: among my acquaintance more instances than one have occurred -in which lamentable results would have been the consequence had not -timely aid been afforded the little sufferers. And for the same reason -it seems necessary to caution parents never to give painted toys -(which are always coloured with red lead, verdigris, and other potent -poisons,) to children, who are apt to put every thing, especially if it -gives them pleasure, into their mouths. - -The mischievous consequences occasioned by the use of sugar -confectionary, coloured with metallic and vegetable poisons, are -provided against by the French Government, by being under the -surveillance branch of the police, entitled the Council of Health, by -whom an ordonnance is issued, that no confectionary shall be sold, -unless wrapped up in paper, stamped with the name and address of the -confectioner; and the ordonnance further provides that the vendors -shall be held responsible for all accidents occasioned by confectionary -sold in their shops. M. Chevallier has, in the Journal de Chimie -Médicale for Jan. 1831, discussed this subject with considerable -ability. - -“The foreign conserves, such as small green limes, citron, hop-tops, -plumbs, angelica roots, &c. imported into this country, and usually -sold in round chip boxes, are frequently impregnated with copper.” -Indeed, most of the _delicacies_ and “good things” to be obtained in -confectioner’s shops, are tinted with all the colours of the rainbow, -by the agency of lead, copper, brass, arsenic, or some other poisonous -metal. - -The presence of lead and copper is readily detected by pouring liquid -ammonia over the article suspected of being adulterated with the first -mentioned metal, which will acquire a blue colour; and sulphuretted -hydrogen, acidulated with muriatic acid, where the second article -is suspected to have been made use of in the adulteration, when the -article will assume a dark brown or black colour. The adulteration by -means of clay may be ascertained by dissolving the suspected article in -boiling water, when the sediment or precipitate at the bottom of the -vessel ready discovers the fraud. - -For the purpose of communicating an almond or a kernel flavour to -custards, blanc-mange, and other productions of his art, and to render -them grateful to the palates of his customers, the pastry-cook flavours -them with the leaves of the poisonous plant, the cherry-laurel. And -the basis of his favourite blanc-mange often consists of the shreds -of the dried bladders of horses, the skins of soles, and other -animal membranes, as cheap substitutes for isinglass. Among his less -objectionable sophistications may be mentioned, his fabrication of -creams, custards, tarts, and other kinds of pastry, from rice powder -and skimmed milk. - -The negus and lemonade made by pastry-cooks, and the punch of public -and coffee-houses, are made of tartaric acid, as a cheap substitute -for citric or lemon acid. - -The perfumers, the keepers of the “emporiums and bazaars of fashion,” -the manufacturers of the “best genuine bears’ grease,” of the -“incomparable Macassar Oils”—of the “Kalydors”—of “Les Cosmetiques -Royales”—of the “Red and White Olympian Dews,” and other prodigiously -grand and etymological titles “breathing the spirit of patriotic -rivalry,” have all exerted their respective wits in the art of -economising expense and “saving a penny.” In fact the tooth-powders, -the dentrifices, the ottars of roses, the musks, the cosmetics, the -lotions, the balsams, the Hungary waters, the Eaus de Cologne, as well -as all the other frenchified _eaus_, the _milks_ and _creams_ of roses, -the pomades divines, the blooms, the pearl-waters, the lip-salves, -the perfumes,—the Naples almond and beautifying soaps,—the cephalic, -Macouba, and other-hard named snuffs, are all vile sophistications, -and (to omit speaking of their injurious properties to the health and -the skin,) contain but little of the ingredients of which the artists -profess that they are made. On this subject I shall address myself -especially to my fair readers: craving leave to premise, that it is -strange that British ladies, to whom Nature has been so bountiful, -should destroy their native charms and have recourse to the wretched -substitutes of art, which ARE DESTRUCTIVE OF BEAUTY, and PRODUCE REAL -DEFORMITY. - -As many ladies attempt to improve their complexions by the use of the -pernicious cosmetics, which are continually and unblushingly advertised -as beautifiers of the skin, most of which are either worthless or -dangerous, (for if they have any effect, it is that of conveying -mercury, lead, or bismuth into the system, and too frequently laying -the foundation of diseases which are often dangerous, and sometimes -fatal;) I cannot refrain from advising those “fair ones” who have -been in the habit of using trash of so villainous a nature, that if -they have any of it by them, to throw it away at once, and to be -persuaded that the best cosmetics are exercise in the open air, an -active attention to social and domestic duties, regular hours of repose -at night, and cheerful hilarity and tranquility of mind, and that -those cheap and WHOLESOME remedies will not, as the author of “THE -TOILETTE COMPANION” well observes, fail to animate their countenances -and beautify their complexions beyond the blooms and the balsams, the -Grecian and the Egyptian Waters, the Kalydors and the Macassar Oils, -the Gowland’s Lotions and the Pearl Powders, the Cosmetiques Royales, -the Red and White Olympian Dews, the Essences, the Eaus, and the -Pomades Divines, the Essences Apolloniennes or Tyrian, and the Tonic -Wines, and all the other puffed and delusive nostrums, that knavery, -cupidity, and effrontery, have ever palmed upon a credulous public, by -which dull and lustreless eyes, sallow and shrivelled skins, lifeless -and cloudy complexions, and impaired and ruined health, are infallibly -super-induced: or those simple and easily purchased ingredients, with -a strict attention to cleanliness, that is, well washing the skin every -day, and drying it with a course towel,—or when the head, neck, or -face perspire, rubbing it dry with a towel of the like description, -will, as the author of “THE ORACLE OF HEALTH AND LONG LIFE” says, more -effectually beautify the complexion, preserve the skin pure, soft, and -pervious, and consequently the health firm and unaffected, than all the -frauds that have ever been contrived to cheat and deceive the unwary -or the inexperienced. Cold water, however, should not be used when the -skin is warm, nor very warm water when it is chilled. For as the author -of that clever little work “THE TOILETTE COMPANION, or THE WHOLE ART OF -BEAUTY AND OF DRESSING,” says, “Many a beautiful face, neck, and arm, -have been spoiled by not observing this caution.” - -I have mentioned the dangerous consequences from the use of the -repellent cosmetics and other quack nostrums puffed off in the -newspapers; but, as example is more convincing than precept, I shall -present my readers with a few cases of their lamentable results, which -fell under the observation of the celebrated Dr. Darwin. - -“Mrs. S. being much troubled with pimples, applied an alum poultice -to her face, which was soon followed by a stroke of the palsy, and -terminated in her death. Mrs. L. applied to her face for pimples a -quack nostrum, supposed to be some preparation of lead. Soon after -she was seized with epileptic fits, which ended in palsy and caused -her death. Mr. Y. applied a preparation of lead to his nose to remove -pimples, and it brought on palsy on one side of his face. Miss S. -an elegant young lady, applied a cosmetic lotion to her face for -small red pimples. This produced inflammation of the liver, which -required repeated bleedings with purgatives to remove. As soon as -the inflammation was subdued, the pimples re-appeared.” (Darwin’s -Zoonomia.) Every person could enlarge this catalogue from the sphere of -his own acquaintance. - -I am willing to believe that I have (to use a legal phrase) made out a -sufficient case to prove the inefficacy, nay the DANGEROUS consequences -of cosmetics, and the rest of the long list of et-ceteras for -_beautifying_ the skin. It will now be my duty to direct my attention -to the other frauds and impositions practised under the titles of “hair -strengtheners”—“hair beautifyers”—of “best genuine bears’ grease”—of -“incomparable Macassar Oils”—of “Pommades Divines,”—and the remaining -hair hoaxes and humbugs, played off as hair oils, Russia oils, and -similar puffed nostrums, under pretty and _taking_ titles, by Prince, -Ross and Son, M’Alpine, and the rest of the bear’s grease and hair-oil -men; and I shall feel a singular pleasure should I be the medium -of saving any “lovely or loveable woman” from becoming the dupe of -imposture and deception. - -Amongst the various cosmetics recommended by the adventurer for the -dressing room, it must be admitted that none seems more harmless than -those which profess to give a fine curl to the hair. But to assert that -any liquid will, of itself, give a permanent or temporary curl to the -hair is fallacious; though it is true that the application of a weak -soap lye, or a solution of caustic potash, will render the hair more -susceptible of adopting the artificial curl given by putting it into -papers. But then it must be recollected that the effect occasioned -by soap lye or potash is only produced by a complete alteration of -the organic structure of the hair, superinducing a slow but certain -destruction of that beautiful ornament of the human head. This effect -may not be immediately observed, either in youth or in advanced life; -but it is certain and inevitable. - -Equally destructive are the various liquid dyes so loudly boasted of, -and extensively advertised, by quacks for colouring the hair; some of -them, indeed, do produce the effect proposed, particularly the black -dyes; but they are all INJURIOUS, especially the black, as their basis -consists always of nitrate of silver, (that is, silver dissolved in -nitric acid or aqua-fortis) or lunar caustic when in a dry state; -but the operation is destructive of the hair, as must be evident to -any one who has seen the effect of caustic on warts on the skin. It -has been well said that if we wish to save our hair, we must first -save our money, by abstaining from the whole list of those puffed and -unprincipled recipes and nostrums that stare us in the face in every -newspaper, and in almost every shop-window. - -The folly of giving credence to any of the impudent and disgraceful -impostures for the pretended power of certain ingredients to change -the colour of the hair, must, as the author of THE TOILETTE COMPANION -observes, be evident to every person when he is told that the hair -depends on a peculiar secretion, and that, when that secretion ceases, -which it does from several causes, as grief, fright, ill health, great -mental exertion, age, &c. the hair becomes grey: “for Nature, like -a provident mother, when she feels the powers of life impaired or -decaying, exerts all her energies to support and preserve the vital -organs, and can no longer, from her limited means, supply the outposts -and ornamental parts of the system as before, which therefore suffer -and are sacrificed.” - -Nor are the deceits of the base nostrum-mongers for making the hair -grow and curl, or for making the bald pericranium of a nonagenarian -vegetate in all the luxuriance of rejuvenization, the only frauds -practised: equally destructive are the advertised depilatories, the -general basis of which is yellow orpiment, a certain poison if taken -inwardly. It is true that the Turks, with whom bald heads are in -fashion, and also the Chinese, do use this as an unguent, to save the -trouble of frequent shaving; but it should be recollected that those -cosmetics which may be harmless on the head of a robust Janissary,—of a -bashaw of three tails or a fat Mandarin, do not necessarily become fit -adjuncts for the toilette of a “British fair,”—“the lovely daughters of -Albion, Erin, or Scotia,” or even that of an “Herculean delicate,” a -Lilliputian dandy, or a Bond-street exquisite. - -Snuff-sniffers and tobacco-munchers and puffers, do ye know what -the delectable ingredients which form part of the articles of your -recreation, are? Have you never heard that snuff is often compounded of -pulverised nut-shells, of the powder of old rotten wood, called powder -post; that the colour is improved by ochre, and the appearance and feel -modified by an addition of treacle or urine? And have you never been -told that the pungency of snuff is increased by the agency of powdered -glass or the muriate of ammonia? Tobacco smokers and “_chawers_,” have -ye never been told that your favourite “_quid_” is often composed of -black hellebore, corrosive sublimate, dried dock-leaves, and a variety -of other _innocent_ ingredients? Oh, dear! what a deal you have yet to -learn before you “become wise as serpents!” - - - - -SECTION VIII. - -MEDICINES; - - MEDICAL EMPIRICISM, - AND - QUACKS AND QUACKERY, - REGULAR AND IRREGULAR, - LEGITIMATE AND ILLEGITIMATE. - - -Devoted to disease by baker, butcher, grocer, wine-merchant, -spirit-dealer, cheesemonger, pastry-cook, and confectioner; the -physician is called to our assistance; but here again the pernicious -system of fraud, as it has given the blow, steps in to defeat the -remedy;—the unprincipled dealers in drugs and medicines exert the most -diabolical ingenuity in sophisticating the most potent and necessary -drugs, (viz. peruvian bark, rhubarb, ipecacuanha, magnesia, calomel, -castor-oil, spirits of hartshorn, and almost every other chemical -preparation in general demand;) and chemical preparations used in -pharmacy; and the fraud has increased to so alarming an extent, -says Mr. Accum, and his assertion is borne out by the experience of -every one familiar with chemistry, that nine-tenths of the drugs and -medicines in use that are vended by dealers, even of respectability and -reputation, according to the usual interpretation of those words, “and -who would,” as that gentleman emphatically expresses himself, “be the -_last_ to be suspected,” ARE ADULTERATED. And what tends to aggravate -the evil is that manufactories and mills on “an amazingly large -scale” are constantly at work in this metropolis for the manufacture -of spurious drugs. From these licensed elaboratories of disease, the -adulterated articles are vended to unprincipled druggists, at less -than a third of the price of the genuine article. And as there are no -certain tests or methods of detecting the fraud, the consequence is, -that the physician’s prescription is rendered useless, and the most -consummate skill often baffled in the subjection of disease. Some idea -of the extent of the adulteration of drugs may be formed, when it is -stated that a spurious peruvian bark is sometimes sold, compounded -of mahogany saw-dust and oak-wood, ground into powder, with a proper -proportion of genuine quinquina; and that magnesia, even the calcined -sort, is adulterated with lime. - -Chemical cunning has even contrived to extract the quinquina, in which -consists the whole virtue of the bark, leaving it a completely inert -mass. And even the quinine itself is sophisticated, being frequently -contaminated with lime, tallow, sugar, and sulphate of cinchonas. - -It is necessary also to make some little inquiry, and use some little -exercise of one’s understanding, in ascertaining for what reasons -certain physicians recommend particular druggists, and particular -drugs which are manufactured by the “said particular” druggists. Dr. -Reece, in his Monthly Gazette of Health for August 1829, has tended to -open one’s eyes a little on the subject. He informs us that the late -Ambrose Godfrey, the nostrum-monger, contrived to get his preparation -of arrow-root into notice and sale at double the price for which -it might have been obtained of any other druggist, by accompanying -samples of his commodity with presents of haunches of venison to -certain physicians, and that by judicious repetitions (“neither few -nor far between”) of the said conciliating haunches of venison, he -contrived to maintain the reputation and supposed superiority of the -said arrow-root, and to keep the monopoly to himself, as all the said -learned and grateful physicians always, as in due allegiance and duty -they were bound, recommended the said Godfrey Ambrose’s arrow-root as -superior to that of all other simple wights, who supposed that their -composition of arrow-root could be good for any thing, if they forgot, -or were not able, to give character to the commodities by means of the -mute but irresistible influence or eloquence of the said judiciously -disposed-of haunches of venison. From this account it appears that -the “sons of Galen” and the artificers of “the pestle and mortar” are -not behind their brethren of “the long robe,” and “of the quill and -parchment tribe” in the “art of _huggery_.” How often has a “learned -barrister” contrived to get into the good graces of an attorney and -secured practice by invitations to dinner, and judiciously and well -timed (for few persons are better versed in the art of throwing a sprat -to catch a whale than a hungry and briefless, and it must be admitted, -often highly gifted barrister;) presents of game, by a hearty and -unseen shake of the hand in the street, which he dared not have given -at Westminster Hall, and by all those ingenious means, to which men of -great talent have before now condescended, and by which men of little -talent have sometimes gained considerable fortunes. - -Nor has the spirit of adulteration allowed even the accredited patent -or quack medicines to escape its ingenuity. Dr. James’s Fever Powders, -and Norris’s Fever Drops, besides a variety of other popular receipts, -are to be obtained in all possible degrees of strength and flavours -from the various venders and manufacturers of the articles. - -Even the simple articles arrow-root, worm-seed, Spanish liquorice, -lemon acid, soda water, lozenges, honey, spermaceti, and a long list -of other commodities in general use, receive the _benefit_ of the -sophisticators’ ingenuity. - -The greater part of the commodity sold under the name of arrow-root -in the shops of the druggists and grocers is prepared from the fecula -or starch of wheat and of dry mealy potatoes, with a portion of -arrow-root. When good, the grains of arrow-root are very fine, with -numbers of little clots which are formed by the aggregation of the -minuter grains while the commodity is drying, and when examined by a -magnifying glass appear pearly and very brilliant. - -The seeds of the tansy are often offered for sale, for worm-seed; but -the more _conscientious_ dealer sometimes treats his customers with an -equal portion of the genuine and the adulterated article. - -The Spanish liquorice juice of the shops is generally composed of the -worst kind of gum arabic, called Indian or Barbary gum, and imported -chiefly for the purpose of making shoe-blacking, with a small portion -of the genuine juice; and the factitious composition, when inspissated, -is formed into rolls, resembling the genuine article imported from -Catalonia, nicely sprinkled or stratified with particles of dry -bay-leaves, and skilfully impressed with the word “_Solaz_,” in the -true cast of Spanish engraving. _Refined_ liquorice is frequently -manufactured from Spanish juice, with an equal quantity of carpenters’ -glue or starch. The specimens of genuine juice are generally small, -perfectly black, brittle, and break with a smooth and glassy fracture. -They are also soluble either in the mouth or in water, without leaving -any residue. - -The lemon acid of commerce is, as I have before said, a counterfeit; -tartareous acid being employed as a cheap substitute for lemon or -citric acid. - -The soda-water on general sale is frequently contaminated with copper -and lead, produced from the action of the carbonic acid contained in -the water on the metallic substances of which the apparatus in which it -is made is constructed. - -The lozenges of all varieties, hues, flavours, and qualities, -particularly those in the composition of which ginger, cream of tartar, -magnesia, &c. are used, are sophisticated with a liberal portion of -pipe-clay, as a cheap substitution for sugar; but this fraud is readily -detected by laying one of the suspected lozenges on the pan of a fire -shovel or sheet of iron made red-hot; when, if it be pure, it will -readily take fire and be consumed, but if it be adulterated, it will -burn feebly, and a hard strong substance will remain, resembling the -lozenge in form. - -It is well known that but little genuine honey can be obtained in -London. The tests of good honey are its fragrance and sweetness. When -it is suspected to be adulterated with starch or bean flour, the fraud -may be discovered by dissolving the honey in cold water, when the flour -will be readily seen, as it will not dissolve, but falls to the bottom -of the vessel in powder. If honey thus adulterated be exposed to heat, -it soon solidifies and becomes tenacious. - -Honey is of three kinds; the first, called _virgin honey_, and which -is of the finest flavour, is of a whitish cast, and in a fluid state, -about the consistence of a syrup. The second is that known by the name -of _white honey_, and its texture is almost solid. The third kind is -the common yellow honey, obtained from the combs, by heating them over -the fire, or by dipping them into hot water, and then pressing them. - -Manna is sometimes counterfeited by a composition of sugar and honey, -mixed with a small portion of scammony. - -The adulteration of spermaceti is generally effected with wax; but the -fraud may be detected by the smell of the adulterating ingredient, -and by the dulness of the colour; whereas pure spermaceti is of -a semitransparent crystalline appearance. It is also said that a -preparation of the oil obtained from the tail of the whale is likewise -vended for genuine spermaceti; but, as this factitious commodity -assumes a yellow shade when exposed to the air, this imposition is also -of easy detection. - -The adulteration of the essential oils obtained from the more expensive -spices is so common, that, as Mr. Accum says, “it is not easy to meet -with any that are fit for use,” and so much subtle ingenuity is made -use of in the sophistications, that no known tests or agents exist for -the detection of the fraud. The only certain tests are the taste or -flavour, and the smell. - -It is worth while to attend to the plausible excuses of the respective -“artists” of these sophistications. They allege that they are obliged -to have recourse to the fraud, to meet the fancies “of those clever -persons in their own conceit who are fond of haggling, and insist -on buying better bargains than other people, shutting their eyes to -the defects of an article, so that they can enjoy the delight of -getting it cheap; and secondly, for those persons, who being but bad -paymasters, yet as the manufacturer, for his own credit-sake, cannot -charge more than the usual price of the articles, he thinks himself -therefore authorized to adulterate it in value, to make up for the risk -he runs, and the long credit he gives;”—they therefore are reduced to -the necessity of keeping, as they term it, “_reduced articles_,” and -genuine ones. This is excellent logic, and no doubt well understood by -the whole sophisticating tribe. The public are indebted to Dr. T. Lloyd -for this information, which he communicated to the Literary Gazette, -No. 146. - -The ready methods or tests for ascertaining the good qualities of the -most common drugs are: - -Castor-oil, when good, is of a light amber or straw colour, inclining -to a greenish cast. That which has the least smell, taste, and colour, -is considered the mildest. The necessity of some attention to these -signs may appear, when I state that I once took seven ounces of this -oil in successive doses, and do verily believe that I might have -continued to this present hour taking, daily, the usual dose furnished -from the same quarter, with as little effect, had not my good genius -directed me to send for an ounce from Apothecaries’ Hall. I recommend -my readers to purchase their drugs, &c. in the same place. - -Ipecacuanha.—As this drug is sold to the public in a pulverized state, -there is no short or off-hand test for discovering its purity. It is -adulterated with emetic tartar. - -Opium.—Good opium in a concrete state should be of a blackish brown -colour, of a strong fetid smell, a hard viscous texture, and heavy; and -when rubbed between the finger and thumb, it is perfectly free from -roughness or grittiness. This drug is liable to great adulteration, -being frequently vitiated with cow-dung, or a powder composed of the -dry leaves and stalks of the poppy, the gum of the mimosa, meal and -other substances. The flavour alone indicates the goodness of opium in -a liquid state. - -Rhubarb.—The marks of the goodness of rhubarb are the liveliness of -its colour when cut; its being firm, dry, and solid, but not flinty or -hard; its being easily pulverizable, and appearing, when powdered, of -a fine bright yellow colour; and its imparting to the spittle, when -chewed, a deep saffron-colour, and not proving slimy or mucilaginous -to the taste. When rhubarb has become worm-eaten, druggist-ingenuity -is called into play, by filling up the holes with a paste made of -rhubarb-powder and mucilage; and then the physic-artists roll the -mended pieces in the finest rhubarb powder to give their handy works a -good colour and an appearance of freshness. - -Senna leaves are frequently mixed and sophisticated with leaves of -argol, box leaves, &c. - -But among the frauds and impositions practised on the public, none -are more odious and unprincipled, and, at the same time, more loudly -call for the prompt and active interference of the Legislature, than -the tricks and effrontery of impostors, quacks, and empirics in -medicine, both regular and irregular. It cannot but have been the -frequent subject of regret to every honest and reflecting person -that this vile trade should receive A LEGAL SANCTION AND PROTECTION, -which it most assuredly does by virtue of the stamp duty imposed on -the villainous trash; and it cannot be sufficiently deplored that any -government should find itself reduced to straits so deplorable, or be -so short-sighted in its views of enlightened policy, as to be under the -necessity of extracting a paltry and disgraceful profit to the revenue -of the state, from the tolerance and encouragement of ignorance, -imposture, and mischief. - -The assertion is true, that those pests of society the charlatans -and nostrum-mongers “_quarter_” themselves only on the ignorance and -credulity of mankind, and that their patrons and supporters are wealthy -but ignorant men, and superstitious old women, or profligate and -thoughtless rakes; but this is a miserable excuse, and but lame kind -of reasoning: if it means any thing, it proves the necessity of public -protection from the abominable and anti-christian nuisance. Can there -be greater libel on the utility and operation of English law, than that -vermin of the description of the “_Balsam of Rackasiri_” empirics[M] -should be tolerated and allowed to spread their mischief and -destruction among the population of a country professing Christianity -and civilization, and forsooth, to boast of “the thousands they pay -yearly to the government and the public press,” in the form of duty to -the one for _its sanction and licence_, and to the other in the form -of remuneration for giving a disgraceful and destructive publicity to -their nefarious designs.[N] - -Nor is the absence of a proper discrimination between right and wrong -of a certain prating brazen-faced - -“barrister” less reprehensible. I love and venerate “the Bar;” but I -must be free to say that when a man can be found so devoid of just -and proper feeling as to appear, for the paltry remuneration of a few -pounds, or for _any_ remuneration however large, in the defence and -propagation of NAKED AND DISGUSTING FRAUD AND PECULATION—aye, and -THE SECRET AND WIDE-SPREADING DESTRUCTION OF HEALTH AND LIFE too!—it -evidently proves that there are some members of that distinguished -profession who are not possessed of the high and honourable feelings -which belong to those who are gentlemen by birth and breeding, -scholars by education, and Christians and honourable men from -moral and religious feeling. But it is to be hoped that there will -never occur again a similar exhibition to that which took place at -Marlborough-street on the infamous Rackasiri-balsam fraud, practised -on Miss May, by “the _learned graduates_ of Petticoat-lane,” and -“_regularly bred physicians_,” the Jew pedlars and old clothesmen -“of _wonderful abilities_,” the “_Doctors_” C. and J. Jordan; who -“feel _awkwardness_ in recommending to public notice their _uncommon -discoveries and talents_.” The more I consider that transaction, the -more I am satisfied that the magistrates are to blame for having -allowed the piece of impudent effrontery and imposture to have had -the semblance of their sanction, by their singular taciturnity which -happened on that occasion. Of the newspapers which gave currency -and circulation to the artful and fiend-like exculpation, language -will not afford terms strong enough to express one’s abhorrence and -indignation. O shame! where is thy blush? How much human misery and -destruction has the insertion of those disgraceful and wicked puffs -occasioned, by inducing the weak and credulous to give credit to that -as a piece of intelligence coming from editors of accredited and -impartial journals, which is merely the contrivance and fabrication -of wicked impostors to delude and ensnare the thoughtless and -unsuspecting; and for the giving of its mischievous publicity, the -proprietors and editors of certain newspapers received large sums -of money. But let those thoughtless men reflect, that it is the -very consummation of cruelty and unprincipled conduct to sanction -the infamous tampering with the lives and happiness of one’s fellow -creatures for the mere sake of lucre. Nor is the conduct of the -magistrates of certain police offices (particularly those to whom the -jurisdiction of the city of London is entrusted) less reprehensible, -and less fraught with mischievous consequences. What! ought the frauds -and murderous designs of the basest miscreants alive to receive the -solemn and imposing sanction and authority of an oath made before a -judicial tribunal? Surely a grosser violation of duty and a more stupid -and reckless indifference to the destruction of human health and life, -were never, in the most barbarous country, and the most uncivilized -age, exhibited, than the want of sense and foresight displayed by some -city-magistrates in allowing affidavits to be made before them of the -“wonderful cures” performed on the deluded and perjured _agents_ and -“_stalking horses_” of the empirics and impostors; but, fortunately -for mankind, the culpable act will ever remain on record as a stigma -and reproach of city-legislation and moral economy. The trade of -_legalized_ poisoning and destruction of public health has received -greater and more effectual help and recommendation from that source -than from all the arts and devices of the impostors, though aided by -the sanction of a government duty, and the disgusting and unprincipled -puffs and paragraphs of a certain portion of the public press. To put -an end to these culpable and mischievous proceedings, either on the -part of magistrates or of editors of newspapers, in future, I wish -those gentlemen to bear in mind that their “misdoings” shall entitle -them to a “niche and an escutcheon of immortality” in the pages of -“DEADLY ADULTERATION AND SLOW POISONING UNMASKED;” - - “If there’s a hole in a’ your coats, - E’en from Land’s End to John o’Groats, - I’d rede ye tent it; - A chiel’s amang you taking notes, - And faith he’ll prent it:” - -and that no threats or intimidations of “actions” and “reparations due -to the wounded feelings of gentlemen,” shall deter me from my duty. -If I should offend, of course the courts of justice are open to every -injured man, and he will most assuredly receive his due measure of -justice there; but should I give that offence for which the “LAW OF THE -LAND” affords no redress, the man of honourable feelings and conduct -shall never have to complain of my backwardness to give a most prompt -and satisfactory reparation; but, at the same time, I wish that those -who have been privy, whether by overt or covert acts—whether from -their love of “filthy lucre,” or their natural propensity to fraud—to -the destruction of the lives or health of their fellow-creatures, to -recollect that I shall be prepared to treat them with the scorn and -contempt which their conduct and their misdeeds may merit. - -It has been well said that it is not easy to determine whether the -fraud and impudence of the empiric or nostrum-monger, or the folly -and credulity of the sufferer, are the greater. But the fact is that -quacks and impostors of all kinds, whether medical or political, -_pædagoguecal_ or _corporational_, live and thrive on the infernal -popish maxim, that IGNORANCE IS THE MOTHER OF DEVOTION, that is, in -plainer phrase—of GULLIBILITY. But to the case of the quacks.—It surely -indicates no ordinary share of dupery, to believe that one and the same -nostrum can cure all and every disorder contained in the long catalogue -of human woes and miseries; such a belief must incline the victim of -its hallucination to suppose an exact similarity of symptoms and a -perfect identity of nature in all the disorders to which the frailty of -our common nature has rendered us subject. On this momentous subject -few persons have written more forcibly than the admirable author of -the “_Manual for Invalids_.” May the following quotation from that -valuable work awaken the attention of those who foolishly confide their -health and lives to the care of quacks, nostrum-mongers, jugglers, and -impostors![O] - -“Where dwells the boasted march of intellect when the understanding is -continually insulted with the most impudent and daring pretensions of -impostors, who, while they pretend to restore your health, are making -a direct attack upon your credulity and your purse. What encouragement -exists for the well educated men, regular graduates of Universities, -of high classical and literary attainments, who have chosen the -profession of medicine or surgery as a business of life, and in order -to practice with credit and character, have directed their attention, -their time, and their property to its studies,—who have made the nature -of diseases and the efficacy of remedies a study of life—when they -find themselves completely superseded by some inspired pretender—some -ignorant quack. Lord Bacon has long since said, in his work on the -advancement of learning, ‘If the same honours and rewards are given -to fools, which ought to be awarded to the wise, who will labour to -be wise?’ That the ignorant pretender should be encouraged by the -public, is a reproach to the understanding of any people; but that -the revenue of any country should be supplied by a stamp duty[P] on -empirical nostrums, instead of the government taking measures either of -prevention or punishment, can only be explained by exhibiting similar -acts of atrocity on the sentiments of nature; but the truth is, the -auri sacra fames has the power of making that appear relatively right, -which is absolutely wrong.”[Q] - -“Beware of hypocrisy of every description,” adds the same excellent -writer; “you may as well believe that the Pope can send you to -perdition, as that an advertising charlatan can, by any empirical -nostrum, restore you to health.” - -But, unhappily, it appears that poor John Bull and “his hopeful -family” are not gifted with the power of being “beware of hypocrisy,” -“advertising charlatans” and “empirical nostrums;” but that through -their proneness to gullibility and the love of the marvellous, the -trade of quackery is daily increasing, and that hundreds of quacks -swarm in every quarter of the metropolis, and fatten on the murders -which they are constantly perpetrating with their poisons; and to -add to the monstrous combination against the lives and health of the -community, that the aid of even the pulpit is invoked to further the -propagation of the imposture! Instances are on record where mercenary -preachers have been wicked enough to sermonize and expatiate on the -miraculous virtues and benefits of the poisonous nostrums[R] and -remedies of the mountebank jugglers and impostors. - -But humbug and imposture, as it has been truly said, is a many-headed -monster, and is of very catching influence; it has worshippers at the -corner of every street; hordes of the most ignorant vagabonds and -jugglers are engaged in its propagation, and announce their impostures -as “prepared and sanctioned by His Majesty’s august authority;” but -to waste my pages with the mention of the “ladies’ fever” _doctors_ -Lamert, Peede, Davis, Eady, Caton, Courtenay, (alias Messrs. Currie -and Co.) Fiedeberg (alias Sloane and Co. alias Jones and Co.);—the -surreptitious knights, His Carpentership, Sir Gully Daniels, and his -Plastership, White Arsenic Sir Cancer Aldis;—the firm of Goss and -Company, the consulting Surgeons of Ægis and Hygeiene notoriety;—the -miniature painter, “the learned and celebrated” artful artist and curer -of consumption, Long St. Long,—the crazy chap who entitles himself -the “hygeist”[S]—Taylor and Son, the Leake’s pill-men,—Samuel, the -syphilis-pill-man,—the old canting staymaker and life-guardsman, -Gardner, who can manufacture tape-worms wholesale and of a league in -length from the intestines of cats and chickens,—the piddle-taster, -or morning water-doctor, Cameron (alias Crumples,) as also all other -quacks, whether of the masculine or feminine gender, who cure _by -proxy_, or by simply pronouncing that the disease shall be cured, (for -there have been impostors impudent enough to make such pretensions;) -or by any art or delusion, and who by chalk, chuckling, and chicanery -are battening on the vitals of society, would be an insult to the -understanding of my readers, further than to say that each of those -worthies, as well as their honourable compeers the balsam of Rackasiri -vagabonds and impostors, can, no doubt, recognize the reality of their -deeds in the following quotation from the pages of Hudibras: - - “Nor doctor epidemic. - Stored with deletery med’cines, - (Which whosoever took, is dead since,) - E’er sent so vast a colony - To both the under worlds as he.” - -Perhaps a few words said on the subject of the former occupations -of some of the mountebank impostors, who are practising, and have -practised their frauds and villanies on the community, may tend to open -the eyes of this very gullable nation as to the extent and quality -of their medical knowledge, unless it should be supposed that they -acquired it by miraculous inspiration or divine influence, to which -high pretensions, indeed, many of the vermin have had the audacity to -lay claim, well knowing that the bolder their assertions were, the more -gullable they would find their ninny patients. - -Know then that the “groundly learned physicians” —“of superior skill -and judgement”—high character and situation,” the _Doctors_ Mordecai -J. and C. Jordan, were Jew pedlars; (and here, reader, recollect -that more than one half of the mountebanks and impostors who have -gulled and laughed at our gullable nation, are or were circumcised -Jews, either of native or of foreign breed;)—the renowned _Doctor_ -Eady, of cyprianic memory, and who owed his reputation to the joint -exertions and recommendation of the saints of Providence Chapel, -and the coal-heaving-preaching-and-praying-sinner-saved Huntingdon, -was a bumpkin haberdasher and retailer of small wares in an obscure -country village;—Monsieur John St. John Long, the celebrated curer -of consumption, was a dauber in the miniature-line;—the once -celebrated, and now warmly nestled and scoffing Doctors Brodum and -Solomon were, by turns, porters either in a drug warehouse or Jew -pedlars; the canting worm manufacturer in Long Acre was a staymaker -and life-guardsman;—Yankee noodle do Whitlaw and Don celestial -Graham filled the honourable posts of a day labourer and tom-fool to -a strolling company of players;—and many of the by-gone mountebank -vagabonds were cobblers, tailors, weavers, footmen, blacking-makers, -cat’s-meat men, &c. &c. &c.: but they all, during their tremulous -career of iniquity and canting, - - “———— Making sanctity the cloak of sin, - Laugh’d at the fools on whose credulity - They fattened.”—— - -The sanction and encouragement given to quacks and quackery in this -country have long and loudly been stigmatized by foreign writers as a -national opprobrium to Britain; and it must be allowed very justly. The -increase of these vermin and pests of society has long been a disgrace -to the legislature and government of the country. “They manage these -things,” as Sterne says, “better in France.” How careful our neighbours -are of the health of their community may be gleaned from the following -paper lately read before the Royal Academy of Medicine, at Paris:— - -“1st. That for several centuries, by the vigilance of the -administration, in concert with the most distinguished medical men, -the strongest efforts have been made to rid society of the pestilence -constantly springing up from secret remedies. 2dly. That the most -favourable circumstances are at present combined to free them from the -tribute of money and life, which, on no consideration, ought longer to -be tolerated.” - -It is to be hoped that our government will be influenced by like -motives and follow the glorious example of our neighbours. If they -want precedent,—the great bugbear of improvement either in morals, -politics, law, religion, or even common sense, in our error-ridden -nation, history furnishes us with sufficient examples. But, while those -methods and laws are being planned and prepared, let us, in the mean -time, resort to the good old practices of correcting and punishing the -jugglers of the present day. - -In the reign of Edward VI. one Gregg, a poulterer, in Surrey, was set -in the pillory at Croydon, and again in the Borough of Southwark, -during the time of the fair, for cheating people out of their money, -for pretending to cure them with charms, by only looking at the -patient, and examining his water. In the reign of James I., an order -of council, founded on the statute of Henry, granted to the College -of Physicians, was issued to the magistrates of the city of London, -for the apprehension of all reputed empirics, to bring them before -the censors of the College, in order to their being examined as to -their qualifications to be trusted either with the lives or limbs of -the subject. On that occasion several mountebanks, (among others, -Lamb, Read, and Woodhouse,) water casters, ague charmers, and nostrum -venders, were fined, imprisoned, and banished. This wholesome severity, -it may be supposed, checked the evil for a time; but in the reign of -William III. it became again necessary to put the laws in force against -those vermin; in consequence of which many of them were examined, and -confessed their utter ignorance even of reading and writing. Some of -the miscreants were set in the pillory, and some were put on horse-back -with their faces towards the horses’ tails, whipped, branded, and -banished. - -In Stowe’s Annals is to be found an account of a water caster being set -on horse-back, his face towards the horse’s tail, which he held in his -hand, with his neck decked with a collar of urinals, and being led -by the hangman through the city, was whipped, branded, and afterwards -banished. One Fairfax, in king William’s time was fined and imprisoned -for doing great damage to several people, by his aqua celestis. Antony, -for his aurum potabile; Arthur Dee, for advertising remedies which he -gave out would cure all diseases; Foster, for selling a powder for the -green-sickness; Tenant, a water doctor, who sold his pills for 6l. -each; Ayres, for selling purging sugar plumbs; Hunt, for putting up -bills in the streets[T] for the cure of diseases; and many others, were -all punished, and compelled to relinquish their malpractices. - -But it is not only the interloping quack—the irregular and illegitimate -charlatan and self-dubbed doctor that does mischief and destroys the -health of the public, but the “regular” and legitimate pretender to -medical knowledge, or as they have been significantly and appropriately -termed by Dr. Morrison, the “roturiers,” or dabblers in physic, often -do not much less mischief. The following extract from the Manual for -Invalids is so much to the purpose, that the wider its circulation can -be promoted, the greater good will be produced to society at large. - -“In the restoration of health, the poor often try the efficacy of the -wine vaults and the medical wisdom of the druggist, who flourishes -greatly in low neighbourhoods, in the metropolis, and even in some -large provincial towns. These men, whose solitary qualification for -this honest mode of existence has been commonly an apprenticeship -behind the counter, have often placed in imminent peril many a valuable -life. Sometimes it has occurred that a shrewd boy, employed to clean -bottles and sweep out the shop, has received an intuitive call, and has -felt himself fully qualified for the important office of recovering -and regulating the health of many invalids. The writer has a knowledge -of a general practitioner of this description who was received behind -a druggist’s counter in the manner before related, and perhaps, -learning audacity from his late employer, has obtained, through the -medium of puffing friends, a surreptitious reputation, and is cried up -by those worthies as a very skilful, even a “delightful” and “fine” -man, particularly for nervous invalids, and more especially for the -disorders of women and children.” - -Thousands and thousands of the population of this blessedly gifted -country in medical science, are killed by this disgraceful quackery of -the drug-shop, and the iniquitous drug-jobbing of apothecaries. What -murders, what numerous murders have those men to answer for by their -careless and injudicious use of powerful medicines—calomel and opium! -But perhaps they console their unfeeling and selfish hearts with the -miserable subterfuge that they are merely removing that portion of -the increasing population which is the great bugbear, that is hourly -threatening to eat up Mr. Parson Malthus and his believing disciples by -wholesale. - -But the prescribing druggist, the drugging apothecary, and the -soi-disant surgeon are not the only regular and legitimate quacks; we -have quack physicians, who by the remittance of the enormous sum of -£15 to a Scotch university are entitled, legally and professionally, -to tack the wonder-working cabalistical initials M.D. to their names, -and are then entitled to kill the king’s liege and loving subjects, -“secundum artem,” with licensed and legitimate potion, pill, and -draught; who to return obligations to their “_pals_” the apothecary -and surgeon, prescribe draughts by the quart and the gallon—bleeding, -blistering, and purging, ad infinitum. By these mystified and jabbering -doctors, whose little-or-no wisdom consists in foolish words of little -or no meaning, and dog Latin, or disputes about precedence and the -receipt of fees, the laws of vital existence and the astonishing -functions of the animal economy, are understood by hearsay and -inspiration! - -This statement of the general ignorance of the medical profession -is not exaggerated. “Five sixths of the medical profession,” says -Dr. Morrison, in Medicine No Mystery, “know little or nothing of the -science of life.” The cause of this lamentable ignorance arises from -the abominable and disgraceful system of medical education in vogue, -according to which the bought and sale prices of the current drugs, -and the art and mystery of dispensing medicines often constitute the -whole and sole knowledge of those who are entrusted with the health and -lives of their fellow-creatures; in whose bungling and self-interested -practice hearsay and precedent supply the place of experience, and by -whom signs and symptoms are mistaken for causes. Another cause is the -deplorable deficiency of the public in the knowledge of medicine. Were -the principles of medical science to form a part of general education, -the public would be enabled to select well educated and honest medical -men, and escape the fangs and delusions and murderous acts of quacks -and impostors, whether interlopers, or those who are enrolled in one -or other of the medical institutions of London. It really seems an -anomaly in the pursuit and attainment of knowledge that a man should -conceive it necessary to be able to judge whether his shoe or his -cravat is made in a good and workman-like manner, but of that science -which treats of himself, and with which his health, his life, and all -his comforts are so intimately and seriously connected, he should be -in the most abject state of ignorance, and, unhappily, not hesitate to -avow that ignorance! But while it is an incontrovertible truth that -the community in general should have some knowledge of medicine, in -order to enable them to judge of the qualifications of their medical -attendants, (to the attainment of which knowledge popular medical -writings, such as Dr. Kitchener’s Art of Invigorating Life; Sir -John Sinclair’s Code of Health and Longevity, Dr. Reece’s Medical -Guide, and the Oracle of Health and Long Life, or Plain Rules for the -Preservation and Attainment of Sound Health and Vigorous Old Age, and -a few others, are calculated to afford the most effectual help;) it -must be deeply regretted by every well disposed member of society, to -observe books got up by rash and inexperienced persons, professing to -give directions for the management of health, which are filled with the -crudest and the falsest instructions, the nature and consequence of -which are decidedly destructive of health, if not of life itself. And -what must add to that regret, is that the title-page and covers should -be blazoned with the professed sanction and recommendation of a late -eminent medical practitioner. But surely that gentleman could never -have read, among many other dangerous fooleries and extravagancies, the -silly and monstrous instructions to sleep with open windows, to swallow -as much salt as possible, &c. &c. &c. or if he did read them, it is -but an act of courteous feeling towards him to suppose that he did not -comprehend their purport. Another circumstance deserving reprobation -respecting the means which have been taken to get that ill-judged -little book into circulation has been the profuse and repeated attempts -of a portion of the public press to give it notoriety and circulation. -It certainly savours a little of presumption, that those who have not -made the science of medicine a study or a profession, should venture -to give opinions of the merits or demerits of a work professing to -treat of the momentous subjects of health and life. These remarks -are not made in any petulant feeling. I believe the author to be a -well-intentioned though a misguided man, and as he hints that he -published his work with the hope of adding to his income from the -profits, I sincerely wish that he had chosen a subject for which he -may be more competent, as then I should have been relieved from the -necessity of making these remarks, in the expression of which a sense -of public duty has alone actuated me. It gives me, however, great -satisfaction to draw the public attention to the masterly abstract of -Cornaro’s Treatise appended to the book, and which, from its disparity -of style, is evidently written by another person. It is no extravagant -praise to say that the public is under infinite obligations to the able -and experienced writer who made that valuable addition to the book. -Comaro’s works may now be read with advantage by every one, as it is -freed from the disagreeable prosings, tautologies, and incongruities -which pervade that work. It is to be hoped that the proprietor of the -book will favour the community with its publication in a separate form. - -Considering the severity of the remarks I have made in the preceding -pages on the medical profession, it may be supposed I have set myself -up in opposition to medical men of all descriptions. I have no such -intention. The intelligent and skilful physician and surgeon I -reverence, and only wish that the following observations were not a -true portrait of their often unsuccessful progress. - -It is certain no body of men can produce more noble instances of -integrity, liberality of mind, and strength of intellect, than the -Professors of Physic; but, as with other bodies of men, this high -character will not apply diffusedly. To find, therefore, a fit person -with whom to intrust our health, is not an easy matter. Fortunately, -however, for the profession, people are not very fastidious on this -point; and if they or their friends are but sent to the grave in a -regular way, they bear the load of ills which their own follies and -the ignorance of the practitioner may have heaped upon them, with -great philosophy, imputing the whole to the natural order of things. -Indeed, to judge of the merits of a medical man is extremely difficult; -and, when we see one man ordering away, with contempt, the medicine -which another has thought a specific, and pursuing a totally different -course, we are forced to conclude that education alone will not make -a physician. Reputation is not unfrequently got without merit, for -who is to judge? Accident, solely, both with the drug and the doctor, -has often been the maker of their fame. This may be exemplified by an -anecdote of a deservedly eminent physician, which, though perhaps it -has been often related, is not less to the point. The doctor happened -to be sent for one evening, after having indulged at a convivial -meeting, so that by the time he had been whirled to his patient’s door, -he was very ill qualified to decide in a case of difficulty. Having -made shift to reach the drawing room, and seeing a lady extended on -a sofa, assisted by a female attendant, he, by a sort of mechanical -impulse, seized her hand; but finding himself utterly unable to form -an opinion on the case, he exclaimed, “D—— d drunk, by G—d!” (meaning -that he was in that unfit state) and immediately made the best retreat -he was able. Feeling rather awkwardly at this adventure, he was -not impatient to renew his visit; but being sent for on some other -occasion, he took courage, and was preparing an apology, when the lady -presently removed his apprehensions, by whispering these words in his -ear—“My dear doctor, how could you find out my case so immediately the -other evening?—It was certainly a proof of your skill, but for God’s -sake not a word more on that subject.” Thus, the doctor added to his -repute by a circumstance which might have endangered that of a less -fortunate man. This, though a ludicrous event, may serve, as well as -a graver one, to elucidate the fact that many owe their celebrity, -not so much to any _judgement of their own, as to a want of it in -others_. As it is with other professions, so it is with physic. Many -of its professors possessing great skill are doomed to pass their -lives in obscurity, whilst they see others, of inferior knowledge -and judgement, rise to importance. It has been truly said by one who -was not unacquainted with the causes of medical success or failure, -that, “Even among the regularly bred physicians accident will often -accomplish what merit strives for in vain; and those coincidences of -circumstances which frequently elevate one man and depress another in -the medical art, are more the production of what is called chance, than -from any extension of mind, or any peculiar tact or skill in the art of -intellectual combinations.” - - -FOOTNOTES: - - [M] The remarks of the learned editors of the Monthly Gazette of - Health, Nos. 160 and 162, are so much to the purpose, and so deserving - of diffusion among all ranks and classes of the community, on the - exhibition of the jew pedlars, the “_groundly learned physicians_,” - the “_Doctors_” J. and C. Jordan, “_physicians_ to the West London - Medical Establishment,” and “proprietors of the _celebrated_ Balsam - of Rackasiri,” and the _celebrated_ “Salutary Detersive Drops,” as - the vagabonds impudently and unblushingly style themselves and their - nostrums; and their redoubtable champion “Mr. _Counsellor_ Bluster,” - that I cannot do a greater service to the cause of truth and honesty - and the discomfiture of roguery of all descriptions, than to refer my - readers to those numbers of that work. - - [N] These “Hebrew” Jewish knaves having at length been driven from - their strong-hold of delusion, and finding their trade of imposture in - the “balsam” rapidly declining through the patriotic exertions of “the - heroic Miss May” and the Editors of the Monthly Gazette of Health, have - had recourse to a new source of fraud and villainy, “the celebrated - Salutary Detersive Drops”—and as the vermin have the unblushing - audacity to designate their filth—a “most _important discovery_, which, - by _long study_, _deep research_, and at _great expence_, they have, - _fortunately_ for the human race, brought to a degree of perfection - which ASTONISHES themselves!!!” and which “is a _certain_ and _speedy - cure_ for _all_ the most distressing diseases to which human nature is - heir,” when administered “by _their superior skill_ and _judgment_” - and sanctioned “by _their high character and situation in life_!!” And - the IMPIOUS and BLASPHEMOUS wretches invoke the Great God of Nature - “that HE who has the power of doing all things” may FURTHER their - villainous and murderous designs! But it is some consolation, though - the government of the country may be silent and indifferent lookers-on - to “_doings_” so nefarious and diabolical, that there are hearts that - feel indignant at the wickedness and imposture of adventurers and - monsters in iniquity, whom the ignorance of mankind in the principles - of life and the science of medicine has, as Dr. Morrison justly says - in _Medicine No Mystery_, “enabled to possess palaces BOUGHT and - CONSTRUCTED with the TREASURES and BLOOD of their victims.” - - [O] That the ignorant, the thoughtless, and the “fashionable,” should - become the dopes of mountebank-imposture is not much to be wondered - at; but that persons of respectability and character, the heads of - the CHURCH and of the STATE, (I have not yet ascertained that that - sly old beldam “THE LAW” has stupified herself so much as to lend - her countenance to the imposture,) should give their sanction and - support, and endanger their health and lives, by either patronizing - or using the deleterious compounds of mountebanks, and thus becoming - the dupes of the most groveling imposture and the vilest quackery, - cannot really be reasonably accounted for. The old worm-mountebank in - Long Acre boasts that he has a list of fifteen hundred “CLERGYMEN” - who can give testimony of the virtues of his nostrums. The miraculous - powers of Barclay’s Antibilious Pills, Ching’s Worm Lozenges, and some - other articles in the list of quack medicines, are attested by some - “RIGHT REVEREND FATHERS IN GOD!” Nor was that notorious and impudent - mountebank “le Docteur” James Graham, who cured patients by only - breathing the air of his “Apollo” hall or chamber in the Adelphi, - which was always impregnated (as he said) with celestial æther and - influences, without NOBLE AND REVEREND PATRONS. But the consummation - of dupery was most powerfully displayed in the case of the old - New England quack, _Cherokee_ Whitlaw. In the case of this Yankee - quondam gardener, “ROYALS” (as well of native as of foreign breed), - “RIGHT HONOURABLES,” “REVERENDS,” “SENATORS,” and even some gentle - “LADYSHIPS,” were his patrons, and those of his mountebank-asylum at - Bayswater, and the recommenders of his “American Herb Extracts,” which - were a compound of cabbage water, treacle, turpentine, and Epsom salts, - and for a pint of which the canting old varlet was barefaced enough - to demand eight shillings in lawful British specie, though the cost - price of the mixture did not exceed three half-pence-farthing. But it - is a lamentable fact, as Dr. Morrison observes in his well-intentioned - little work, entitled “_Medicine No Mystery_,” that in nineteen cases - out of twenty (and this, he emphatically remarks, is the proportion - that ignorance bears to knowledge,) the charlatan, with his mysterious - phrases and gestures, is more sought after and more prized than the - accomplished and experienced physician; “so much of the leaven of the - old idea of the connexion between physic and occult and mysterious - sciences still subsists,—of those days when physicians pretended to - judge of their patients’ diseases by seeing their urine; when the stars - were consulted before a dose of physic was taken; when the king’s evil - was supposed to be cured by royal touch; when women flocked to surround - the body of the executed criminal, and rubbed his hands to their - breasts as a cure for cancer or epilepsy, &c.” - - The mock philanthropy of the contemptible quack Whitlaw, and the - blasphemous, the monstrously blasphemous and diabolical effrontery - of the conventicle and meeting pulpit-charlatans, (the vile tools - of harpyism and religious knavery,) who puffed off this “threadbare - juggler’s” disgusting impostures by an odious comparison of his selfish - and detestable tricks with the enlarged and godlike benevolence and - charity of the Saviour of mankind, deserve the severest reprobation - and chastisement, though sanctioned by the weak and culpable patronage - of royals, nobles, statesmen, M.P.’s, and divines, and swallowed by - the gaping mouths of the ignorant,—of foolish women, and half witted - men. But of the two species of imposture, the pulpit charlatanry of - ignorant and selfish empirics is the most disgusting. The diabolical - farces of those wolves in sheep’s clothing—their ignorant and designing - perversion of the plain practical morality laid down by the Saviour - of mankind in the gospel,—the brain-turning and mind-deranging - fanaticism they inculcate, and which they profanely and audaciously - call soul-searching and sinner-awakening doctrines, and other like - unmeaning and abominable stuff which they inculcate under the - evident chieftainship of the devil, loudly demands some legislative - interference. It has been well observed, that though the benign spirit - of toleration has permitted religious empiricism—though folly and - ignorance have countenanced medical quackery and imposture—and though - there are persons weak enough to entrust their lives and health, as - well as their moral and religious instruction, to enthusiastic cobblers - and tailors; yet considering the strange infatuation of mankind, and - the proneness of human nature to delusion and imposture, it is the - duty of every wise and paternal government to protect the weak and - uninformed from the designs of the devil’s agents, who, in order - to practise their selfish villanies on their unsuspecting victims, - become, to use the words of Dr. Robertson the historian, “outrageously - Christian” in their professions. - - [P] The impolitic and monstrously inconsistent patent medicine act, - which legalizes and sanctions and promotes the sale of quack poisons, - has no doubt annually been the unweeting cause of more murders, than - the joint influence of typhus, small-pox, and consumption. The tax or - stamp-duty on this odious and destructive trash was, no doubt, at the - time of its imposition, intended as a prevention of the evil which - it contemplated to suppress. But this is one of the consequences of - short-sighted and vicious legislation, and of the entrusting of the - concoction of the laws to incompetent persons—in the emphatic phrase - of the most eloquent of human tongues, mere ita lex scripta est - lawyers—men who make a boast of never having read, or who have had - but little or no opportunity of reading any other kind of books than - their musty, ill-written, badly digested law-books; such as certain - “_learned_ gentlemen,” of prodigiously scholar-like and scientific - attainments—men, whom the Times Newspaper has justly characterised by - the style and title of “THE MINDLESS;” and who contrive by the arts of - “_huggery_” and favouritism to deprive the public of the benefits to - be derived from the talents of men of “high classical and literary, - and even legal attainments,” and of the most enlarged and enlightened - philosophy, but who scorn to court the favour of those in power and - “high places” by mean and dirty practices. - - [Q] This kind of doctrine will, no doubt, be unpalatable in _a certain - quarter_, and the productiveness to the exchequer of the DISGRACEFUL - REVENUE arising from the pest, will be adduced as an argument for - its continuance. But it is to be hoped, as Mr. J. D. Williams said - in his meritorious petition to the Commons House of Parliament on - that subject, that the health of the public will be held superior - to any such consideration. The lottery, no doubt, brought into the - state-coffers a considerable revenue; but as it was found to undermine - and ruin the morals of the community, it was abolished. And the persons - at the head of the government at the time have the thanks and gratitude - of every true friend of his country for the act. Surely the HEALTH OF - THE PUBLIC is entitled to the same provision. - - [R] The whole farrago of quack or patent medicines is destructive of - health and life, whether cordial or vegetable balsams, tinctures, - syrups, or elixirs,—pectoral or antiscorbutic drops, bile or - antibilious pills, tonic or digestive wines, balms of gilead, - guestonian embrocations, Leake’s pillula salutaria, and a thousand - other poisonous and life-destroying trash. Thousands upon thousands - of children under three years of age are consigned yearly to the - tomb in London alone, by means of the soothing or vegetable syrups, - the infants’ balms, the worm-cakes, the anodyne necklaces, Godfrey’s - cordial, Daffy’s elixir, Dalby’s carminative, apothecaries’ draughts - and powders, and other infernal recipes; which, if they do not cause - immediate death, occasion fits, convulsions, fevers, excruciating - gripes, palsy, and often confirmed idiotcy. Gowland’s lotion, the - kalydors, the macassar oils, the cosmetiques royales, the red and - white olympian dews, the blooms, the various hair dyes, &c. have not - only robbed many a female of her charms and loveliness, but have even - produced severe pains of the bowels and of the brain, have occasioned - convulsions, and laid the foundation of those diseases which have - deprived the victims of life itself. The folly of depending for cure - or relief upon the “gout extractors,” “the metallic tractors,” “animal - magnetism,” and “signatures,” has been at length exploded; it is - therefore unnecessary to say a word on the subject. - - [S] The audacity of this fellow exceeds, if possible, the unblushing - and incorrigible effrontery of the other impostors. He undertakes - to cure all kinds of diseases without any kind of medicine; and he - asserts that all difficult surgical operations can be superseded by - merely taking a sup or two of his delectable compound of combustibles. - According to the modest pretensions of this exotic esculapius, he - obtained the knowledge of physic and the power of subduing disease, by - intuition or inspiration: he had no need to learn: there was no period - of infancy in his medical attainments; he at once attained the highest - point and full maturity of medical and chirurgical knowledge! Was - there ever a more audacious piece of imposture attempted to be palmed - upon the credulity of the most credulous of mortals, Mr. Bull and his - progeny? But perhaps the philippics of this gaunt-looking “hygeist” - against surgery and anatomy may produce some good. It is true that to - a certain degree, those arts should be esteemed and cherished; but - after the allowance of suitable consideration, they should fall into - their proper rank, with wholesome restrictions. Both the arts are - overrated in point of real utility. Were a knowledge of the living - laws of the human frame more inculcated by medical professors than is - the case, it would be found of more essential service than all the - coxcombry of the present day respecting surgical distinctions and - anatomical dissections. In many complaints, indeed, in the principal - part to which the human frame is subject, the inutility of dissection - is well known to every well informed man. But the assumption of the - title of “Surgeon,” and the false importance (not to mention the legal - security which it affords against prosecution, and the facility of - exemption from examination of competency,) it gives the claimant in the - estimation of the ignorant part of mankind, have contributed largely - to the propagation of the erroneous notions which are so anxiously - disseminated on the subject. Though it would be fruitless to attempt - to expose this popular folly of the day, (which like all other follies - or fashions will “have its rage” until its own enormity cures itself,) - yet “it is some consolation to reflect that in another age a more - successful practice of medicine will diminish the false estimation in - which surgical foppery is now held; when to save a limb will be deemed - a superior exertion of skill to its amputation.” - - Nor is the other branch (namely, that which was once designated - by the now exploded and unfashionable title of _apothecary_) free - from reprehension. Those “sons of the pestle and mortar,” whose - money-interest induces them rather to encourage disease than to - subdue it, as the longer they keep the patient in hand, the greater - number of phials, pill-boxes, gallipots, draughts and powders they - will be entitled to charge for, are so wedded to routine, that they - can seldom bring themselves to lay aside the lumber and unmeaning - farrago of materia medicas, pharmacopœias, &c. Their prejudices and - pertinacity in favour of received opinions and established usage are - so blind and inveterate, that they will never allow themselves to have - recourse to the simple remedies which Nature points out: all must be - mystery, complication, and conformity to etiquette with them: to _lead_ - nature by simple means would be unprofessional; to practise “secundum - artem,” she must be driven by powerful remedies, as blue pill, or some - active chemical preparation; and they must bring into play in the - simplest ailment to which the human frame is subject that huge mass - of disjointed practices and experiments, which is held together by no - order, and is not capable of any satisfactory application, or even - elucidation. On this subject, the remarks of the editor of the Monthly - Gazette of Health are so deserving of observation, that I cannot deny - myself the advantage of enriching my pages with them. - - That learned gentleman (who has contributed more to the exposure of - quackery and imposture than any writer of the age) having introduced to - the notice of his readers Dr. Mackie’s communication of the medicinal - virtues of the Guaco plant in cases of hydrophobia among the Indians - of South America, closes his information with the following striking - remarks: - - “The mode of treating diseases which is generally adopted by the native - practitioners of South America, and the East Indies, by decoctions, - infusions, and the expressed juices of vegetable productions, has, at - any rate, that great recommendation—_simplicity_; but, contemptible - as it may appear to be to the practitioners of this country, who - suppose that no disease can be successfully combated without blue pill - or calomel, or some active mineral or vegetable poison, agreeable to - some favourite theory, it often proves successful; and, indeed, from - the information which we have received from the intelligent gentlemen - who have spent some years among the natives of South America and the - East Indies, (some of them members of the medical profession,) we are - disposed to believe that in some diseases, particularly scorbutic and - scrofulous affections, and those termed _pseudo-syphilitic_, the native - surgeons are more successful than the practitioners of this country. - To us, the great difference between the practice of the former and - that of the latter appears to be, that the one _lead_ nature by simple - means, which enable her to correct the constitution, and to produce - a healthy process of mutation in a diseased part, whilst the other - _drive_ nature by powerful remedies, as blue pill, or some active - chemical preparation. Often have we witnessed the recovery of patients, - who had been discharged from a hospital, under the simple treatment - by decoction of an apparently simple vegetable, and by fomentations - under the direction of an old woman; and whoever considers how - simple the operations of nature are, will not be surprised that such - treatment should succeed even in a formidable chronic disease. Every - practitioner of experience and observation will, we think, admit that - many thousand invalids are annually hurried to their graves in this - metropolis, by persevering in the use of calomel and blue pill, or a - drastic purgative, who might have been cured, or whose lives might - have been prolonged many years, by a mild alterative treatment; and - that many a limb might have been saved by a mild topical treatment of - the local diseases, which has been consigned to the knife. In cases - of internal acute disease, or active inflammation of a vital part, a - decisive treatment is absolutely necessary to save life; but in chronic - diseases, attempts by potent remedies to drive nature but too often - distract her. To the new theory of chronic inflammation, or ulceration - of the mucous membrane of some part of the alimentary canal, thousands - have already been sacrificed.” - - [T] The disgusting practice of having one’s hands and eyes polluted at - every corner of a street with the abominable bills and placards of the - quacking vermin, is past endurance, and loudly calls for suppression. - - - - -SECTION IX. - -COALS. - - -There are few trades in which greater frauds are practised than in “the -coal trade.” The dealers in the “black diamonds” are versed in all -the _allowable_ legerdemain and trickery of “_auld_ England’s honest -tradesmen:” the most skilfully initiated in the art of sleight-of-hand -would find himself at fault in attempting to rival the dexterity of -the true “son of the coalshed,” under the old régime of measuring, in -ingeniously tossing his “spadefuls” into the measure so as to enable -“the darlings” to lie lightly and “go far,” and assume the form of a -solid cone, while the hollow cavity within proved as treacherous to any -one treading on its “well raised summit,” as if he had put his foot -on the surface of a quagmire. Nor was the well-fed, gaily clothed, -richly lodged coal-merchant, with his “extensive concerns” to be easily -“_out-done_” in well devised craft and contrivance: nicely pinched -sacks, not foolishly flapping inwards so as to betray the precise -amount of their contents,—well planned deliveries, either so early -in the morning that the heads of the family might prefer the arms of -Morpheus to the hazard of being choked with volumes of coal dust, or so -late in the evening, that there might be a possibility of their being -engaged in the “solid recreation” of their dinner, were a few of the -demonstrations of generalship frequently exhibited by this portion of -“the monied interest” and “great capitalists of the nation.” - -But to come to the point in hand. An honest writer on the subject, Mr. -Eddington, in his Treatise on the Coal Trade, p. 94, informs us that -the keeper of a coalshed felt himself dissatisfied with his measure, -if in doling out his article to his poor, half-starved, shivering -neighbours, in pecks, half pecks, or bushels, he could not measure out -at the rate of forty-two bushels from every chaldron of thirty-six -bushels; without taking into consideration the gain to be obtained from -vending the inferior coal, and the consequent increase of quantity by -throwing a few bushels of sifted ashes, pieces of stone, bones, or any -other commodity which will assume a black form after having been well -rummaged among the heap of coals. - -Another great source of unfair profit arising to the vender of coals is -the “Macadamizing” of them, and like true “nursing fathers” carefully -and sedulously giving them their due quantum of moisture. For under the -old régime of measuring, the cunning varlets knew full well that by -the greater number of angular points that they were able to produce, -they filled their measure with the least possible quantity of coals. -This paternal fulfilment of the command “to increase and multiply” they -still piously and faithfully observe, as the greater progeny of small -bits and dust that they can produce from a lonely and solitary lump, -the more they will be able to increase the weight by their considerate -and frequently repeated waterings and drenchings. Accordingly they -set their shoulders to the work, and patriotically and radically -proscribe every rebellious lump in their shed, by smashing it into as -many figures as possible, often exceeding in number the ever varying -mutations of the kaleidoscope, or _Orator_ Hunt’s _two hundred thousand -unity_ tales. Nor are their “_betters_” “the merchants” less skilled -in the art. Those considerate and sharp-sighted gentry, foreseeing -that the large masses and blocks which are delivered out of the ships -into their barges, _round_ as they came from the mine, would be an -inconvenience to their customers, and probable tumble on some fair and -delicate damsel’s toes, kindly set to work, and smash away; so that -when _the round coals_ of every chamber, containing the ingrain of -five chaldron and a half, have undergone the process of their friendly -thumpings and republican equalization, they will measure out again from -six to six and a half chaldrons. The increase by breakage appears by -the following statement from Dr. Hutton’s Mathematical Dictionary: “If -one coal measuring exactly a cubic yard (nearly equal to five bolls) -be broken into pieces of a moderate size, it will measure seven bolls -and a half; if broken very small, it will measure nine bolls.” - -And even after the coals have gone through the conjuring process of -being increased in bulk by the aforesaid smashing or Macadamising art, -and have reached their destination at the wharf, the ingenuity of -“the monied interest” and “the great capitalists” is still at work. -Careful that the purchaser may not be put to the trouble of wetting his -coals to make them cake and burn well, those considerate and obliging -_gentlemen_ relieve him from the task by _scientifically_ wetting the -commodity; and as a reward for their well intentioned and meritorious -labours they generally contrive to produce, as Mr. Eddington informs -us, “from six to six and a quarter, or even six and a half, chaldrons -from each room,” containing five and a half chaldron of smashed or -“macadamized” coals. A correspondent to the World newspaper for -September, 1829, who signs himself a Coal Merchant, says that instances -are on record where eighty and even ninety sacks have been measured out -of a room of coals! - -According to the new régime of weighing, (which has already proved one -of the most deceitful hoaxes that ignorance and cupidity ever contrived -against the interests of the poor,) the quantity is increased in a like -proportion in favour of the coal dealer. - -Another hint or two on this matter may be of some service to thee, -friend Bull. Always recollect, John, in the purchase of your coals, -that you pay attention to the season of the year; for there is with -every article a cheap season and a dear one, and with none more than -with coals: by purchasing at the proper season, often from twenty to -thirty per cent. are saved. The method of purchasing should always be -considered; for by purchasing a room of coals, which is called _pool -measure_, two fourths of a chaldron is often obtained in every five -chaldrons; for a room of coals contains in general from sixty-three -to sixty-eight sacks. Therefore, where the quantity is too much for -the consumption of one family, two or more should join together in the -purchase. - -But the legislature, that is, “the _collective wisdom_ of the nation,” -aware of thy disposition to gullibility, has, John, taken thy affair -of coals into its paternal and law-making consideration, and has made -some regulations, as to the possibility of thy receiving “_good_ and -_lawful_” weight. They are as follow:—To ensure _lawful_ weight to -the purchaser, and prevent frauds in the sale and delivery of coals, -the vender of all coals exceeding 560lbs. is to cause the carman to -deliver a paper or ticket to the purchaser before he shoots any of -the coals out of his cart or waggon, specifying the number of tons, -the description of the coals, and the weight of the sack. And a -weighing machine is to be carried in such cart or waggon, with which -the carman is directed to weigh gratis the coals contained in any one -or more of the sacks which the purchaser or his servant may require -to be so reweighed. But no ticket is necessary to be delivered with -coals purchased at the “COAL MARKET,” or with coals exceeding 560lbs. -purchased in bulk from any vessel or wharf, if purchasers do not -require a ticket. The seller of the coals not sending a ticket and a -weighing machine with the coals, and the carman not delivering the -ticket, or neglecting or refusing to weigh the coals, are subject to -distinct penalties. - -No less than seventy-seven kinds of sea coal are brought to the London -market; forty-five of which are imported from Newcastle, and the rest -from Sunderland. The best of the Sunderland produce are Stewart’s -main, Lambton’s main, and Hetley main, or as they are more generally -termed in imitation of the old Russell Walls End, Stewart’s Walls End, -&c. The Scotch and Staffordshire coals are inferior to the sea coal -both in durability and the heat which they give, being about one-third -less productive in those qualities than the Newcastle and Sunderland -varieties. - -The test of good coal depends on the burning, and the quantity -of bitumen it affords in its combustion; and no bad signs of its -inferiority are that it is dull, small, stony, or slaty. But the -quality of coals is in a great measure determined by the weight; for -there often occurs a difference of 30lbs. weight in two sacks of -different qualities, though equally filled: largeness of size is no -proper criterion, for the inferior coals are often of the largest size. - - - - -SECTION X. - - _Painters’ Colours or Pigments, Hats, Broad Cloth, Kerseymeres, - Linens, Laces, Cambrics, Silks, Jewellery, Stationary, &c._ - - -The spirit of adulteration pursues poor John even into his domestic -arrangements. Should he design to decorate his dwelling—“his neat -suburban cottage”—and have the walls or wainscot of his drawing-room -painted a delicate pink colour to rival the carnation tints of the -cheek of his “cara sposa,” or those of his breakfast parlour, to -imitate the lively blue of the bright eyes of his “lovely cherubs,” -the vile sophisticators mar all his wishes, and he is able to obtain -nothing else than dull and darkling daubs. In fewer words, he cannot -obtain genuine colours wherewith to have his house painted. And this -sophistication does not only extend to the common house-paints, (as -where white lead is mixed with carbonate or sulphate of barytes; -vermilion with red lead, and a long et-cetera;) but should honest -John wish that his hopeful progeny may rival the Zeuxis or Apelles -of antiquity, or confine his paternal longings to the more modern -artists—a Reynolds, a Gainsborough, a Moreland, or a David,—he has -the mortification of seeing his fond illusions dissipated by the -adulterating manufacturers of ultramarine, carmine, lake, Antwerp -blue, crome yellow, Indian ink, and all the other et-ceteras of -artist-decoration. - -The covering of even John’s sconce is not exempt from sophistication. -In the room of the dear bought, far fetched beaver, the adulterators -adorn John’s pate with a strange combination of wool and the homely -and cheaply purchased fur of the rabbit and mole. This, it must be -admitted, is cruel usage of the good old gentleman, and must, as -the witty author of the Indicator says, bring to his mind an odd -association of ideas, (namely, of cheatery and forgiveness,) in one -of those communings with his hat’s lining, while, like a polite -worshipper, he is whispering his preparatory ejaculations, before he -turns round with due gravity and composure, and makes a bow of genteel -recognition of the Mr. and Mrs A. and the Misses B. who have assembled -in the pew before him. - -Nor is he better treated by his clothier or man’s mercer. Not to -mention the slight texture of the articles, and the substitution -of inferior materials for the “_best superfine_ Spanish” and the -“_super-extra_ Saxony,” the sly varlet artfully stitches the selvage -of broad cloths, kerseymeres, and ladies’ “extra superfine,” dyed of a -permanent colour, to the edge of cloth dyed with a fugative or fading -dye; and this operation is performed with so much skill and nicety as -to elude John’s most penetrating optics. - -Neither are Mrs. Bull and her “lovely daughters” more exempt from the -knaveries of the linen-draper, the dealers in laces, veils, silks, -“Cashmere shawls,” French cambrics, and the other paraphernalia of -the female wardrobe: they are all sophisticated, and often no more -like the native article than “the moon is like green cheese.” Like -“a true bred knight,” I shall not forget to furnish the female part -of Mr. Bull’s family with the means and criteria for judging of the -goodness of those commodities, in the work which, as I have before -said, I have nearly ready for press. Nor shall I omit to take notice in -the same publication, to give directions for the proper selection of -the articles of furniture of the old gent’s house; such as feathers, -blankets, carpets, &c. &c. - -While gallantly professing my knight-errantry in the cause of Mrs. Bull -and “her lovely daughters,” I find that I have made an unpardonable -omission—not a word on laces and muslins! To propitiate their “kind -consideration,” I hurry to supply the unpardonable omission. Let -then every “lovely fair one” know that laces are now generally made -from single cottons (instead of good double thread, as was formerly -the case), and in order to make them look fine and clear, they are -stiffened with starch, which occasions the delusive articles, as soon -as they are washed, to fall to pieces. In some articles of lace, -particularly veils, many of the springs and flowers are fastened on -with gum, which, as soon as they are wetted, immediately fall off and -betray the cheatery. Caps and other articles of female habiliments sold -in the streets, are often united together in the most ingenious manner -by means of gum or paste. - -Muslins are not free from sophistication-ingenuity. Poor, thin, rough -specimens are rendered stiff, high glazed, and thick with a quantum -sufficit of pipe-clay, &c.; sometimes a paper-pulp is spread over the -deteriorated article; and the fibres of the cotton which ought to be -dressed off, are left in order to hold the composition put in. - -Stockings are often rendered stiff and thick to the feet, by bleaching -them with brimstone. And coarse woollen cloth receives the addition of -large quantities of fuller’s-earth to give it body and closeness; while -the right or pressed side is finished off with oil, in order to give -the cloth a fine, soft, and smooth appearance. Never choose woollen -cloth which is glossy and stiff. - -“The frauds committed in the tanning of skins, and their conversion -into leather; and in the manufacture of cutlery and jewellery,” -says Mr. Accum, “exceed belief.” And I can assure my readers that -that gentleman is not mistaken in his assertion; and, had he added -that of cabinet wares and silver plate of all sorts, he would not -have over-stepped the limits of truth. To those acquainted with the -manufacture of silver goods, it is well known that you cannot always -be sure that the various costly articles are of the legal standard -with which Pride and Vanity, Luxury and Fashion, when they “set up -for _Gentry_ and _Stylish_ people,” and have a desire for “_shewing -off_,” gratify their whims and fantastic notions of gentility, and -their ambition of “_outplating and outdishing_” their friends and -neighbours. The prosecution instituted some years ago against a -“legitimate” son of Crispin for the manufacture of shoes, the soles -of which were ingeniously united to the welts by only six stitches in -each shoe, while the external parts of the soles exhibited evident -traces of a multiplicity of stitches rivalling the number of the stars -of the firmament of the heavens in extent and variety, and their exact -mathematical precision seemed to display the exertion of the genius of -a Euclid, cannot have slipped the recollection of all my readers. - -And to complete the climax of sophistication, even the paper on -which John gives birth to his “winged words,” and expresses his -indignant feelings at the extent and the audacity of the frauds and -impositions practised on his good-nature and credulous disposition, -is sophisticated. In the manufacture of paper, a large quantity of -plaster of Paris is often mixed up with the paper-stuff, instead of -its consisting of good linen rags only, and the foreign substance is -added to increase the weight of the commodity. Nor is he, when, like -ourselves, desirous of having his thoughts and discoveries rendered -“enduring for ages,” (monumentum ære perennius,) by having them cast -in stereotype, and thus “save a penny,” exempt from the designs and -contrivances of sophistication;—the founder deceives him by casting -his “words that breathe and thoughts that burn” in a metal as soft -and ductile as lollipop. Thus honest Bull is circumvented in all his -intents, and surprised and overpowered at every turn by the Genius of -Sophistication. - - -CONCLUSION. - -Friend Bull! if thou hast carefully and dispassionately (that is, -if thou hast sufficiently divested thy honest mind of its usual -scepticism—videlicet, its unwillingness to be convinced against its -constitutional prejudices,) read my disclosures, I am willing to -believe that thou wilt readily admit that I have established all my -allegations of the frauds and impositions to which thou art subject -in this sophisticating age, and that I have proved the truth and -propriety of the title of my little book, “DISEASE AND DEATH IN THE -POT AND THE BOTTLE.” What remedy (for a good advocate seldom forgets -that prospective part of his duty,) to recommend thee to adopt, -in order to free thyself from the knavery and effrontery of the -sophisticators, I know not, except, hermetically to close thy jaws -so as to prevent the entrance of any of the sophistications into -them, or the more pleasurable remedy of preferring a petition to thy -“gracious Sovereign,” who “can do no wrong,” praying “the omnipotency -of Parliament,”—in its “collective and superlative wisdom” to take -thy deplorable case into consideration,” and to devise some means, in -the plenitude of its conjoint wisdom, to protect thee and thy “little -ones,” in this “land of equal law,” from the arts and devices of slow -poisoning. In the success of thy humble and righteous remonstrance -believe me, thy fellow sufferer, and “enemy of fraud and villany,” -will heartily and sincerely join. - - THE AUTHOR. - - * * * * * - -POSTSCRIPT.—In reviewing my well-meant, and, I trust, useful -denunciations of fraud and villany, I find that I have omitted to speak -of false weights and measures. But as the proverb says, better late -than never. Not to mention the trick of clapping a piece of weight or -other metal underneath the scale in which the commodity to be sold -is weighed; commercial balances are frequently misconstructed for -fraudulent purposes, by making the arm from which the substance to be -weighed is suspended longer than that from which the counterpoise is -hung, thereby giving the substance to be weighed a greater leverage. - - -⁂ _Authenticated_ communications of adulterations thankfully received, -and liberally paid for. - - - - -APPENDIX. - - -Note to page 28. - -I have said at the above mentioned page that “the perfection of -adulteration is in gin;” and on reviewing that passage I have no cause -to modify the expression; but must, with all my heart and soul, assent -to the declaration of honest Jonas Hanway, that it is “a liquid fire;” -and must further agree with the said true-hearted old Englishman, that -“it should be sold only in quart bottles, sealed up with the king’s -seal, with a very high duty, and never sold without being mixed with a -strong emetic.” This I admit is a very harsh prescription, and no doubt -every true lover of “blue-ruin” will exclaim, notwithstanding that he -or she is aware that their “comfort” is in the most abandoned state of -adulteration, and is a rank slow poison, equally ruinous to the health -and the purse;—What! a gin-drinking nation, and yet not a drop of “the -genuine”—of the popular English beverage, the diurnal consumption of -which in the metropolis alone, would inundate the largest parish within -the bills of mortality—not a drop of “the genuine” to be had for money! -Yes, Bull, whether thou beest of the masculine or feminine gender, -this is the truth; and it is a circumstance, the reformation of which -would well become the labours of the informing tribe and the bellowers -of radical reform. Here there would be a fine field for radicalism and -“informing” to exercise themselves in. - - -Note to page 83. - -I have stated at page 83, that fish out of season is unwholesome. The -following fact will confirm the truth of this assertion. It is well -known that in Ireland and Scotland, where great facility is presented -to the country people in catching salmon, both during and after -the spawning season, the eating of the fish in that state has been -productive of very serious consequences to the health of the consumers. -Probably the unwholesome consignments of noxious fish obtained -_exclusively_, as the fashionable fishmongers phrase it, out of season, -and to be purchased only at extravagant prices, often occasion to their -epicurean customers and the legitimate gourmands much of the illness -assigned to other causes. - - -Note to page 87. - -At page 87, I have said that the quantity of tea consumed in this -country is between twenty and thirty millions of lbs. weight; but I -forgot to state that between two and three millions of pounds sterling -are drawn out of the pocket of the public yearly in its purchase, -either in the form of price or of duty. Surely the expenditure of this -enormous sum by the good people of this country, and considering that -tea has become so essential a part of the diet of every person in the -kingdom, imposes an obligation on the sovereign company of tea dealers -in Leadenhall Street to take care that the inhabitants of “this land of -milk and honey,” who pay nearly eight times as much as their neighbours -do for the same article (namely bohea tea), have a good and fresh -commodity, instead of the tasteless, parched, insipid, and scentless -rubbish which they retail out to the public, after having remained in -the warehouse long enough to perish its good qualities even were its -flavour and taste ten times more delicious and grateful than they are. -Would it not, as it has been well said, be to the credit of some of our -genuine members of the legislature to endeavour to procure the sale of -a pure and good article, instead of the trash that is foisted upon the -public at present, and which they cannot appeal from, by introducing a -law into parliament legalizing the purchase of the article from other -hands than the Leadenhall Street monopolists. - - -Note to page 89, &c. - -An experienced friend in the tea trade who has read over and approved -of the various tests I have mentioned at page 89, &c. for detecting the -qualities of tea, has kindly furnished me with the following valuable -communication: - -“As a ready test of black tea being manufactured from old tea-leaves, -dyed with logwood, &c. moisten some of the tea, and rub it on white -paper, which it will blacken when not genuine. If you wish to be more -particular, infuse a quantity of the sample in half a pint of cold soft -water for three or four hours. If the water is then of an amber colour, -and does not become red when you drop some oil of vitriol or sulphuric -acid into it, you may presume the tea to be good. Adulterated black -tea, when infused in cold water, gives a bluish black tinge, and it -becomes instantly red with a few drops of oil of vitriol. - - -Note to page 154. - -I observe that I have forgotten to give “a local habitation and a name” -among the morning water and Sir Reverence doctors, to his _Doctorship -Doctor_ Laing, of Newman Street, Oxford Street. And I have to beg -pardon, most humbly and reverently, for passing over the quondam -Greenwich Crumples, alias _Doctor_ Cameron, alias _Mister_ Coley, in -Berners Street, Oxford Street;—the _Doctor_ to a new patient with his -morning water and “_shiners_” in hand, but _Mister_, when the said -“_humbugged_” patient, having discovered the fraud practised upon him, -returns to “_blow up_” the _Doctor_ for his tricks and ignorance. - - -Note to page 166. - -After all the vapouring and drivelling nonsense that has been said, -sung and trumpeted forth by a certain portion of the Periodical Press -respecting the “Simplicity of Health,” it is really consoling to find -at last a man of sense and critical acumen having spirit and honesty -enough to relieve the public from the delusions under which it is -suffering from the book in question. - -“An immense quantity of drivel,” says the spirited Editor of The -Edinburgh Literary Journal, 1829, “has found its way into books -professing to give an account of the best mode of preserving health; -but of all the drivel it has ever been our lot to peruse, that -contained in the work entitled the “Simplicity of Health,” is the most -pre-eminent.” The ingenious and honest reviewer, after having pointed -out several of the fooleries and extravagancies of the book, adds, “We -have no patience with a piece of humbug like this; we shall not insult -the good sense of our readers with more of this doting nonsense.” -It must be admitted that this sentence is dictated in the strictest -and the justest sense of criticism, and that had all those who have -ventured to laud and recommend that dangerous little book adopted -somewhat of its spirit, much bodily and mental suffering might have -been saved to many people who will become the victims of its misjudged -and culpable directions. - -The burst of indignation and ridicule expressed by the Critic -respecting Hortator’s foolish directions for “_Squirting water briskly -into the eyes_ BY _a syringe_,” is too fraught with truth and utility -to be omitted: “Is it not plain from this, that the poor squirting -wretch must have bleared and blood-shot eyes? Imagine a beautiful girl -at her morning toilette, presenting one of this dirty old booby’s -squirts at her clear blue laughing eyes! But the fact is, this impudent -old wife must be descended from a long line of tailors, who have bred -in and in, till the imbecile race has ended in the scarecrow who has -spawned the “Simplicity of Health.” - -It is with much satisfaction that I am able to support the opinion -which I have expressed at page 166, by so just and judicious a -criticism as the above; had I stood alone in opinion, that opinion -would have been assigned to any other than its true cause—_a sense of -public duty_, which ought with every true patriot to be paramount to -every other consideration. - - * * * * * - -I shall now close my well meant, and I hope I may say, useful and -patriotic little volume, with a few words respecting those pests -and scourges of society, the sharking and extortionate part of the -pawnbroking trade, and those banes of human comfort and existence the -madhouses. - - -PAWNBROKERS. - -It has been well said, that as the poorest, the most distressed, and -the most friendless are those who are compelled to have dealings with, -and are exposed to the “tender mercies” of pawnbrokers, it is of the -utmost consequence that such men as follow the calling should be -honest, correct, and even humane characters. For the sake of honesty it -is to be hoped that there are many of this description; but a little, -and but a little unhappy experience when urgent necessity may compel -the unfortunate to have recourse to shops of this description, will -convince the most thoughtless person alive, that there are numbers -of heartless, griping, and extortionate scoundrels in that trade, -whose conduct and dealings are a disgrace to the most contemptible -sharper and swindler alive,—who by every species of fraud, extortion, -and oppression, rob, harass, and plunder the poor and the miserable, -and add to the distresses of those whose misfortunes have reduced -them to have dealings with the detestable harpies. The taking of -illegal and excessive interest is comparatively the least important -of their delinquencies, though this to the poor and unfortunate is -grinding in the extreme, as these knaves in their dealings with those -who have neither money nor friends, treat the act of Parliament for -the regulation of the Pawnbroking trade as a mere dead letter. The -substitution of articles of inferior description for such as are of a -greater value,—the taking off the gold hands and removing the interior -works of watches, and replacing them with others which resemble them, -of base metal or inferior value,—and the scraping or diminishing -articles of plate and the cases of watches, are well known to those -whose wants or emergencies compel them to send their property on its -travels up the spout of the pop-shop. And through the defect of the -law, and as the poet Crabbe says, “the protection of a drowsy bench,” -sufferers but rarely obtain any redress. A periodical writer, in -expressing his abhorrence of the frauds of these vermin, recommends -the sufferers to lay “incessant informations against the malpractices -of these villains.” But had that kind-hearted man been acquainted with -the fact that informations have been repeatedly laid, and have always -miscarried, and will always miscarry while the law remains in its -defective state, he would, no doubt, have recommended a petition to -Parliament, praying to subject the infamous impostors to the punishment -of transportation for their audacious and daily frauds and swindlings -practised “on the children of sorrow and the heirs of unnumbered woes -and wants.” The fate of informations has been fully proved in the -numerous instances in which a scoundrel in the neighbourhood of Snow -Hill has defeated the purposes of justice by the contemptible quibbles, -evasions, and subterfuges resorted to by his attorney in all cases -in which he has been summoned before the magistrates at Guildhall, -and by whose very disgraceful objections as to technicalities, he has -contrived as hitherto, to laugh at and hold in contempt both Law and -Justice!!! - - -PRIVATE BEDLAMS. - -“Where the noble mind’s o’erthrown.” - -How true is the remark that “the history of the _Red_ and _White -Houses_,” like that of the Red and White Roses, would afford many -interesting though appalling particulars were they collected in a -detailable form. - - “For who to that dread spot consigned, - Amid the maniac’s horrid yell - Has liv’d, and in that den confined, - Could not some secrets of the madhouse tell.” - -“Yes! there still live some few who have escaped perpetual torture and -confinement, which the soothing care of _disinterested friends_ would -have buried alive in those inquisitorial receptacles, but for the acute -discernment of the eye of humanity, which accident or curiosity had -directed to the spot. - -“Of private madhouses there has long been but one prevailing opinion. -The generality of them are instituted as a medium of existence by -talentless and avaricious individuals, who are better, by far, adapted -for the office of turnkeys to Newgate, than for the exercise of such -moral and physical means as would appear calculated to restore lost -reason. They manage these things much better in Paris; but it is not -our intention to enter into particulars as regards the management of -these licensed houses of correction in the home department, where every -fibre of humanity appears paralysed, where victims are left to linger -out their miserable and wretched existence, and to perish by means we -know nothing of.” Instances innumerable are on record of the improper -treatment of the unhappy persons immured in these dreary abodes; the -inquest that sat at the Elephant and Castle, Pancras Road, on the body -of a poor woman named Ann Goldstock, alias Coldstock, in the month of -August, 1828, who came by her death, under singular circumstances, in -the madhouse, otherwise yclep’d the White House at Bethnal Green, -kept by one Warburton, cannot have slipped the recollection of all my -readers. The case of an unfortunate man of the name of Parker confined -in that place for alleged insanity, is also too remarkable to be passed -over in silence. My man-servant importuned me to see the poor fellow. -I accordingly went to him, and must acknowledge, that after a long -interview in which I closely cross-examined him, he gave a statement of -his life and transactions, distinguished for its accuracy, minuteness, -and consistency. I wish the parties concerned in that affair to -recollect, though I have been refused admittance to the unhappy man -by one of the understrappers of that place, that I will not let this -affair pass unheeded, as I have very little doubt but that I shall be -able to bring to justice the knaves who have stripped the poor fellow -and his injured family of their property, and who, to screen their -villany, have consigned him to a madhouse. - - - THE END. - - - LONDON: - MARCHANT, PRINTER, INGRAM-COURT. - - - - - _September 1, 1832._ - - PRACTICAL BOOKS - - ON - - Sporting Subjects, - - _BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF LIVE STOCK_, - VETERINARY PRACTICE, AND ON RURAL AFFAIRS, - - PRINTED FOR - - SHERWOOD, GILBERT, & PIPER, - - PATERNOSTER-ROW. - - - JOHNSON’S SPORTSMAN’S DICTIONARY. - -[Illustration: Dogs head carrying hunting equipment] - - -_Just published, in One large Volume, Octavo, illustrated with numerous -highly-finished and emblematical Engravings, price_ £1:11:6, _bound in -cloth_, - - A NEW AND ORIGINAL WORK, - - ENTITLED THE - - SPORTSMAN’S CYCLOPÆDIA; - -Being an Elucidation of the Science and Practice of the FIELD, the -TURF, and the SOD; or, in other Words, the Scientific Operations of the -CHASE, the COURSE, and of all those Diversions and Amusements which -have uniformly marked the British Character; and which are so ardently -cherished, and so extensively followed, by the present Generation: -comprehending the Natural History of all those Animals which are the -Objects of Pursuit, accompanied with illustrative Anecdotes. - - BY T. B. JOHNSON, - - _Author of the Shooter’s Companion, &c. &c._ - -IN offering the present work to the SPORTING WORLD, the Publishers do -not deem any apology necessary, as there is no Book on sale professedly -of a similar character, nor one that will furnish a Sportsman with that -information which he may desire on the various Field Sports of the -present day. - -Under such circumstances, the Publishers conceive that a “_Sportsman’s -Cyclopædia_” will be not only acceptable to those who follow the -_Hounds_, pursue the _Feathered Tribes_, frequent the _Lake_, or the -_Stream_, or attend the _Course_, but also to the Public in general. - -They, therefore, honestly and fearlessly assert that the Author and -Compiler of it is a well-known Sportsman, who has made the various -subjects of the book the business of his life, and whose practical -knowledge of FIELD AMUSEMENTS, in its various ramifications, is -uniformly acknowledged. Nor have they spared either pains or expense in -the Printing or the Embellishments which illustrate and adorn the Work; -their object being to produce, not merely a Book of General Reference, -but a complete SPORTSMAN’S LIBRARY. - -This Work is elegantly printed on Fine Paper, and illustrated with -numerous HIGHLY-FINISHED and EMBLEMATICAL ENGRAVINGS, executed in the -most characteristic Style of Excellence by those eminent Artists, - - LANDSEER, - COOPER, - LAPORTE, - BARRENGER, - CLENNEL, - BROOKE, - HERRING, - FIELDING, - SCOTT, - GREIG, - WESTLEY, - ELMER, - WEBB, - ROBERTS, - &c. &c. - -It is presumed that the alphabetical Arrangement of the Work will -afford every facility to the Reader, and that it will be found to -contain— - -THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE HORSE, in all its Ramifications; the most -approved SYSTEM OF GROOMING (particularly of the HUNTER) and STABLE -MANAGEMENT, with copious Notices of the Diseases to which he is liable, -and the most judicious Mode of treating them. - -THE WHOLE ART OF HORSEMANSHIP; OR, THE SCIENCE OF RIDING. - -THE DOG, in all his Varieties, with his Diseases and Manner of Cure, -and Instructions for Breeding, Breaking, or Training Him for the -different Pursuits; with Directions for entering Hounds. - -HUNTING the Fox, Hare, Stag, &c. and the Nature of Scent, as -exemplified in their Pursuit; also, particular Notices of various Packs -of Hounds. The various kinds of Pointers and Setters, and the Method of -Breeding those best calculated for the Sportsman. - -THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF SHOOTING FLYING, as well as every -Information relative to the Use of the Fowling Piece. - -COURSING, with Notices of celebrated Greyhounds; and the most judicious -Plan of Breeding these interesting Animals. - -THE RACE COURSE, with its Operations, in all their Varieties; of -Breeding the Racer, of Training Him, &c. &c. with particular Notices of -the most distinguished Running Horses. - -THE COCK PIT, and Management of Game Cocks. - -THE WHOLE ART OF ANGLING AND FISHING in all their different Forms, &c. -&c. - -⁂ For the accommodation of the public, the Sportsman’s Cyclopædia may -be had in Twelve Parts, by one or more at a time, price 2_s._ 6_d._ -each. The whole Work forms ONE LARGE VOLUME in OCTAVO, closely printed, -and contains as much matter as five ordinary sized Volumes. - - -_Coursing._ - -THE COURSER’S COMPANION; or, a Practical Treatise on the LAWS of the -LEASH, with the defects of the old Laws considered; and a NEW CODE -proposed, with Explanatory Notes. By an EXPERIENCED COURSER. Price -5_s._ Boards. - -“Though small in size, this book is great in value; the author’s name, -Mr. Thomas Thacker, of Derby, who is an old Courser, and which is a -passport to it, is too modestly kept back. To real sportsmen, who read -for solid information, the volume will exhibit unquestionable proofs of -being thoroughly practical on the subject of COURSING.” _Sporting Mag._ - - -_Osmer on Horses._ - -A TREATISE ON THE DISEASES AND LAMENESS. OF HORSES; in which is -laid down the proper METHOD OF SHOEING the different Kinds of FEET: -whereunto are added, some New Observations on the ART OF FARRIERY, -chiefly as relate to Wounds, to Epidemic Distemper, to Surgical -Operations, to Debility, to Tumours, &c. Also, on the Nature and -Difference in the Breeds of Horses. - -By WILLIAM OSMER, Veterinary Surgeon and Shoeing Smith. - -Fifth Edition, newly re-written, with considerable Additions, and a -Treatise on Debility, &c. &c. By JOHN HINDS, V.S. Author of the Groom’s -Oracle, Veterinary Surgery, and Practice of Medicine. - -⁂ “_Osmer’s Treatise on the Horse_, by _J. Hinds_, is among the most -valuable of our recent publications. This and Mr. Hinds’ ‘Grooms’ -Oracle’ ought to be in the possession of every Gentleman, who either -has in possession, or has a chance of possessing, the noble animal -to whose proper treatment the Author has directed his enlightened -researches.”—_Taunton Courier._ - - -_Thompson on Riding._ - -RULES FOR BAD HORSEMEN; Hints to Inexpert Travellers; and Maxims worth -Remembering by the most experienced Equestrians. By CHARLES THOMPSON, -Esq. A new Edition, with modern Additions, by JOHN HINDS, V.S. Editor -of Osmer’s Treatise on the Horse; Author of the Groom’s Oracle, &c. -Price 3_s._ 6_d._ - - -_Hinds’ and White’s Farriery Improved._ - -A COMPENDIOUS POCKET-MANUAL of the VETERINARY ART; being a Practical -Description of the true Symptoms and most rational Treatment of all -Diseases incident to the Horse; adapted to the ready comprehension of -every class of Horsemen, viz. Owners, Farriers, Farmers, Horsekeepers, -Grooms, and Lads. Comprising all that has been usefully said by various -Authors. Revised and corrected, with considerable important modern -Improvements, by JOHN HINDS, V.S. and Others. With illustrative Plates, -price 5_s._ - -⁂ The design of this _multum in parvo_ volume has been to compress -into a small portable manual as large a quantity of really important -useful matter as usually occupies works of much greater magnitude, -whilst adding thereto all the new discoveries in the art. This has been -accomplished by a strict economy in printing, by a singularly terse -style of writing, and the rigid rejection of numerous superfluities. -By these means several new modes of practice, and valuable -Veterinary observations, have been introduced—principally as regards -Constitutional disorders—the Epidemic Distemper of 1832—Inflammation of -the organs of life—Tumours—Liver complaints—Debility—Disorders of the -Eyes—Crib-biting—Lameness—Bleeding—Physicking—Blistering—Surfeits—and -the signs by which to ascertain what illness at any time impends over -the ailing Horse. - -THE GAMEKEEPER’S DIRECTORY, AND COMPLETE VERMIN DESTROYER, containing -easy, but efficacious, Instructions for the PRESERVATION OF GAME, -as exemplified in the Mode of Managing it, particularly during the -Breeding Season. Of Hatching the Eggs of Pheasants and Partridges -which have been mown over, and the best method of Rearing the Young. -Also for taking or killing all kinds of Vermin, as exemplified in the -Mode of Trapping and Destroying them. By T. B. JOHNSON, Author of the -Sportsman’s Cyclopædia, Shooter’s Companion, &c. Price 5_s._ 6_d._ - - -_Brown on Horse-Racing._ - -THE TURF EXPOSITOR; containing the Origin of Horse-Racing, Breeding -for the Turf, Training, Trainers, Jockeys; Cocktails, and the System -of Cocktail Racing illustrated; the Turf and its Abuses; the Science -of betting Money, so as always to come off a Winner, elucidated by a -variety of Examples; the Rules and Laws of Horse-racing; and every -other Information connected with the Operations of the Turf. By C. F. -Brown. Price 6_s._ boards. - - -_Brown’s Anecdotes of Horses._ - -_In a thick Volume, royal 18mo. containing Fourteen Portraits of -celebrated Horses, &c. engraved on Steel, Price 10s. 6d. cloth._ - -BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES AND AUTHENTIC ANECDOTES OF HORSES, and the Allied -Species. - -By Captain THOMAS BROWN, F.L.S. M.R.P.S. M.K.S. &c. &c. - -“We have now before us the pleasing fruit of Captain Brown’s labour -and investigation. Setting out with the early history of the horse, -and tracing it to the present period, the author next goes through the -various breeds, and finally enlivens the whole with the accounts of -feats and other memorabilia, which are well calculated to astonish and -amuse.”—_London Literary Gazette._ - -“Captain Brown’s work is an entertaining and instructive miscellany. -Pleasanter gossip than that of horses we do not know, and richer food -for it cannot be found, than in this volume.”—_Spectator._ - -“Those who have any relish for this noble animal—any wish to know -its history and habits—will find all they want in Captain Brown’s -book. There are nine excellent plates, and nearly 600 pages of -letter-press.”—_New North Briton._ - -“With Captain Brown’s delightful volume of ‘Anecdotes of Horses,’ just -issued, every one who crosses a saddle ought to be intimate.”—_Glasgow -Free Press._ - - -_Conversations on Conditioning._ - -THE GROOM’S ORACLE, AND POCKET STABLE DIRECTORY; in which the -Management of Horses generally, as to Health, Dieting, and Exercise -are considered, in a Series of Familiar Dialogues between two Grooms -engaged in Training Horses to their Work, as well for the Road as the -Chase and Turf. With an APPENDIX, including the RECEIPT-BOOK of JOHN -HINDS, V.S. Second Edition, considerably improved, embellished with an -elegant Frontispiece, painted by S. Aiken, price 7_s._ cloth. - -⁂ This enlarged edition of the “Groom’s Oracle” contains a good number -of new points connected with training prime horses; and the owners -of working cattle, also, will find their profit in consulting the -practical remarks that are applicable to their teams; on the principle -that _health preserved_ is better than _disease removed_. - - -_Blaine’s Farriery._ - -OUTLINES OF THE VETERINARY ART; or, a TREATISE on the ANATOMY, -PHYSIOLOGY, and CURATIVE TREATMENT of the DISEASES of the HORSE, and, -subordinately, of those of NEAT CATTLE and SHEEP. Illustrated by -Surgical and Anatomical Plates. By DELABERE BLAINE. - -The Fourth Edition, considerably improved and increased by the -introduction of many new and important Subjects, both in the Foreign -British practices of the art, and by the addition of some new Figures. -Price 1_l._ 4_s._ _cloth, and lettered_. - - -_Girard on the Age of the Horse._ - -A TREATISE ON THE TEETH OF THE HORSE; showing its Age by the Changes -the Teeth undergo, from a Foal up to Twenty-Three Years Old, especially -after the Eighth Year. Translated from the French by M. GIRARD, -Director of the Royal Veterinary School at Alford, by T. J. GANLY, V.S. -11th Light Dragoons. Price 3_s._ 6_d._ or, with the Plates coloured, -4_s._ 6_d._ boards. - -⁂ This work is strongly recommended by Professor Coleman, in his -Lectures to the attention of persons studying the Veterinary -Profession; and who may wish to be well acquainted with the Horse’s Age. - -“The above useful Treatise is calculated to be of considerable service, -in the present state of our knowledge. We recommend the work to the -Amateur, the Practitioner, and the Veterinary Student.”—_Lancet._ - - -_A Complete Manual for Sportsmen._ - -BRITISH FIELD SPORTS; embracing PRACTICAL INSTRUCTIONS in SHOOTING, -HUNTING, COURSING, RACING, FISHING, &c.; with Observations on the -Breaking and Training of Dogs and Horses; also, the Management of -Fowling-pieces, and all other Sporting Implements. By WILLIAM HENRY -SCOTT. - -⁂ This Work is beautifully printed, on fine paper, and illustrated -with upwards of _Fifty highly-finished Engravings_, Thirty-four on -Copper, executed in the most characteristic style of excellence, by -those Eminent Artists, SCOTT, WARREN, GREIG, TOOKEY, DAVENPORT, RANSON, -and WEBB, from Paintings by REINAGLE, CLENNELL, ELMER, and BARRENGER; -the remainder cut on Wood, by CLENNELL, THOMPSON, AUSTIN, and BEWICK. -The author’s object has been, to present, in as compressed a form as -real utility would admit, Instructions in all the various Field Sports -in Modem Practice; thereby forming a Book of General Reference on the -subject, and including in one volume, what could not otherwise be -obtained without purchasing many and expensive ones.—In demy 8vo. Price -1_l._ 18_s._ or, in royal 8vo. 3_l._ 3_s._ boards. - -“It gives us pleasure to observe the respectability of the Work -entitled ‘British Field Sports.’ In this kingdom, the Sports of the -Field are highly characteristic and interesting: as gentlemanly -diversions they have been pursued with an avidity as keen, and a taste -as universal, as the relish of Nature’s beauties: a corresponding -value is set on them, and an appropriate polish is added by time -and practice: the various minutiæ in the knowledge of which and -the technical distribution of this knowledge, together with Facts, -Instructions, and Anecdotes, form the basis of this valuable -publication.”—_Farmers’ Journal._ - - -_Laporte’s Horse._ - -THE CONFORMATION AND PROPORTIONS OF A HORSE, with the Terms generally -made use of to denote his various Parts, engraved from an Original -Painting of G. H. LAPORTE, Esq. size 10 Inches by 8. Price 1_s._ 6_d._ -accurately coloured. - - -_Johnson on Hunting._ - -THE HUNTING DIRECTORY; containing a compendious View of the Ancient and -Modern Systems of the Chase; the Method of Breeding and Managing the -various kinds of Hounds, particularly Foxhounds; their Diseases, with a -certain Cure for the Distemper. The pursuit of the Fox, the Hare, the -Stag, &c. The nature of Scent considered and elucidated. Also, Notices -of the Wolf and Boar Hunting in France; with a variety of illustrative -observations. By T. B. JOHNSON, Author of the Shooter’s Companion. -Printed in 8vo. price 9_s._ boards. - - -JOHNSON’S SHOOTER’S ANNUAL PRESENT. - -[Illustration: Man with gun, dog and brace of birds] - -_Just Published_, THIRD EDITION, _very considerably Improved, and -Illustrated with numerous Cuts. Price 9s. bound in Cloth._ - -THE SHOOTER’S COMPANION; or, a Description of POINTERS and SETTERS, &c. -as well as of those Animals which constitute the Objects of Pursuit; of -the BREEDING of POINTERS and SETTERS, the Diseases to which they are -liable, and the Modes of Cure. TRAINING DOGS for the GUN. Of Scent, -and the Reason why one Dog’s Sense of Smell is superior to another’s. -The FOWLING PIECE fully considered, particularly as it relates to the -use of Percussion Powder. Of Percussion Powder, and the best Method of -making it. Of Gunpowder. Shooting Illustrated; and the ART OF SHOOTING -FLYING or RUNNING, simplified and clearly laid down. Of WILD FOWL and -FEN SHOOTING; as well as every information connected with the use of -the Fowling Piece. The Game Laws familiarly explained and illustrated. -By T. B. JOHNSON. - -“This is a well-written and well-arranged production; containing much -interesting information, not only to the professed sportsman, but to -those who may occasionally seek this fascinating recreation. It is not -the production of any ordinary sportsman, but of one who can enjoy the -pleasures of the library as well as those of the field.”—_Literary -Chronicle._ - -“We now take leave of the work, recommending it, in comparison -with most others on the same subject, as luminous to a degree; and -reflecting on the talents, experience, and feeling of the author, the -highest credit.”—_Sporting Magazine._ - - -_Blaine on the Diseases of Dogs._ - -CANINE PATHOLOGY; or, a Description of the DISEASES of DOGS, -Nosologically Arranged, with their Causes, Symptoms, and Curative -Treatment; and a copious Detail of the RABID MALADY: preceded by a -Sketch of the NATURAL HISTORY of the DOG, his Varieties and Qualities; -with practical Directions on the Breeding, Rearing, and salutary -Treatment of these Animals. Third Edition, Revised, Corrected, and -Improved. Price 9_s._ boards. By DELABERE BLAINE. - - -_Stevenson’s Cattle Doctor._ - -THE SPORTSMAN’S, FARMER’S, AND CATTLE-DOCTOR’S VADE MECUM, containing -Practical Hints and Receipts for preventing and curing the most -prevalent Diseases of BLACK OR NEAT CATTLE, SHEEP, DOGS, HORSES, PIGS, -&c. with a very copious List of the most valuable Veterinary Medicines -and the manner of preparing them for Animals of every Description. By -JOHN STEVENSON, Esq. Price 5_s._ - - -_Lawrence on Live Stock._ - -A GENERAL TREATISE ON CATTLE—THE OX, SHEEP, AND SWINE; comprehending -their Breeding, Management, Improvement, and Diseases; with Remedies -for Cure. By JOHN LAWRENCE, Author of the “New Farmer’s Calendar.” -Second Edition. In one large vol. 8vo price 12_s._ boards. - -“If the Author had not already recommended himself to the Public by his -‘New Farmer’s Calendar,’ and other works, the judicious observations -and useful hints here offered would place him in the list of those -rural counsellors who are capable of giving advice, and to whose -opinion some deference is due. His sentiments on general subjects -expand beyond the narrow boundaries of vulgar prejudice; and his good -sense is forcibly recommended to us by its acting in concert with a -humane disposition.”—_Monthly Review._ - -Mr. James White, in his work on Veterinary Medicine, says, “Mr. -Lawrence’s _General Treatise on Cattle, the Ox, the Sheep, and the -Swine_,” ought to be in every one’s hands, who is interested in the -subject. - -LAWRENCE’S PHILOSOPHICAL AND PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HORSES; -comprehending the Choice, Management, Purchase and Sale of every -Description of the Horse, the Improved Method of Shoeing, Medical -Prescriptions, and Surgical Treatment in all known Diseases. Third -Edition; with large Additions on the Breeding and Improvement of the -Horse, the Dangers of our present Travelling System, &c. In 2 vol. -price £1:1:0, boards. - - -_By the same Author_, - -1. THE NEW FARMER’S CALENDAR; or, MONTHLY REMEMBRANCER OF ALL KINDS OF -COUNTRY BUSINESS. Fifth Edition, with Additions. In 1 vol. large 8vo. -price 12_s._ boards. - -2. THE MODERN LAND STEWARD; in which the Duties and Functions of -Stewardship are considered and explained, with its several Relations to -the Interest of the Landlord, Tenant, and the Public. In 1 vol. price -10_s._ 6_d._ boards. - -HINTS TO DAIRY FARMERS; being an Account of the Food and extraordinary -Produce of a Cow; with economical and easy Rules for rearing Calves. By -W. CRAMP. Second Edition. Price 2_s._ - -THE GRAZIER’S READY RECKONER; or, A USEFUL GUIDE FOR BUYING AND SELLING -CATTLE; being a complete Set of Tables, distinctly pointing out the -Weight of Black Cattle, Sheep, and Swine, from Three to One Hundred and -Thirty Stones, by _Measurement_; with Directions showing the particular -Parts where the Cattle are to be measured. By GEORGE RENTON, Farmer. -Eighth Edition, corrected. Price 2_s._ 6_d._ - - -SCOTT’S DELINEATIONS OF THE HORSE AND DOG. - -[Illustration: A horse] - -_Beautifully printed in 4to. embellished with Forty highly-finished -Copper-Plate Engravings, and numerous Wood-Cuts, Part I. and II. price -5s. each, of_ - -THE SPORTSMAN’S REPOSITORY, comprising a Series of highly-finished -Engravings, representing the Horse and the Dog, in all their Varieties, -accompanied with a Comprehensive Historical and Systematic Description -of the different Species of each, their appropriate uses, Management, -Improvement, &c.; interspersed with interesting Anecdotes of the most -celebrated Horses and Dogs, and their owners; likewise a great Variety -of Practical Information on Training, and the Amusements of the Field. -By the Author of “British Field-Sports.” - -It would be difficult to imagine any selection from the great -storehouse of Nature more likely to merit general attention, or to -excite general interest, than the one to which we now invite Public -Notice. Of all the animals in Creation, (with the exception of those -which minister to our carnivorous appetites,) it would be impossible -to name two which are so intimately associated with our wants, our -pleasures, and our attachments, as the HORSE and the DOG. To the former -we are indebted for the power of transporting ourselves from place -to place, with speed and comfort, and for the means of participating -in the manly and healthful Sports of the Field; while the labours of -Agriculture, and the pursuits of Commerce, are no less indebted to it -for increased activity and productiveness. - -But it is not on this ground alone that it aspires to patronage. It -takes a wider range, and, by including in its design, the history, the -qualities, and the different breeds of the DOG—that half-reasoning -friend and companion of man—it enlarges its claims to general -reception. Who is there that has not, at some period of his life, -acknowledged the influence of an attachment between himself and his -dog? Who is there that does not recognize in this faithful, vigilant, -sagacious, humble, and silent friend, the possessor of qualities, which -are not always to be found in the human and more talkative friend? - -It is only necessary further to observe, that the literary execution -and graphic embellishment of this work are not unworthy of the subjects -delineated. With respect to the latter, the Proprietors confidently -anticipate that the names of the Artists employed are a sufficient -guarantee; while the former is the production of an experienced -Sportsman. - -_The following are the Subjects of the Plates which embellish the -Sportsman’s Repository_:— - - -_Horses._ - - 1.—GODOLPHIN ARABIAN, the Property of Lord Godolphin. - - 2.—ARABIAN, the Property of the Right Hon. Henry Wellesley. - - 3.—ECLIPSE and SHAKSPEARE, two celebrated Racers. - - 4.—KING HEROD and FLYING CHILDERS, the Property of the Duke of - Devonshire. - - 5.—STALLION, _Jupiter_, the Property of Lieut.-Col. Thornton. - - 6.—CHARGER, the Property of Major-General Warde. - - 7.—HUNTER, _Duncombe_, the Property of George Treacher, Esq. - - 8.—RACER, _Eleanor_, the Property of Sir Charles Banbury, Bart. - - 9.—HACKNEY, _Roan Billy_. - - 10.—COACH-HORSE, the Property of Henry Villebois, Esq. - - 11.—CART-HORSE, _Dumpling_, the Property of Messrs. Horne and Devey. - - 12.—PONIES, _Shetland_, _Forester_, and _Welsh_, the Property of Jacob - Wardell, Esq. - - 13.—A MULE, the Property of Lord Holland—and an ASS. - - -_Dogs._ - - 1. Shepherd’s Dog. - - 2. Newfoundland Dog. - - 3. Greenland Dog. - - 4. Pointer. - - 5. Spanish Pointer. - - 6. Setter. - - 7. Springer. - - 8. Water Spaniel. - - 9. Stag Hound. - - 10. Fox Hounds. - - 11. Greyhound. - - 12. Irish Greyhound. - - 13. Italian Greyhound. - - 14. Blood Hound. - - 15. Southern Hound. - - 16. Beagles. - - 17. Harrier. - - 18. Terriers. - - 19. Lurcher. - - 20. Water Dog. - - 21. Bull Dog. - - 22. Mastiff. - - 23. Dalmatian. - - 24. Pugs. - - 25. Bloodhound’s Head. - - 26. Portraits of Five Stag Hounds, of the Hatfield Hunt. - - 27. Alpine Mastiff. - -The Work complete comprehends Ten Parts, price 5_s._ each: or with -Proof Impressions of the Plates on India Paper, price 7_s._ 6_d._ -forming a splendid Volume in Quarto—price £2:12:6, in Boards, or -with the Plates on India Paper, price £4, neatly Half-bound, Russia, -the whole illustrated with Forty Copper-plates, all engraved in the -Line manner by Mr. JOHN SCOTT and Mr. THOMAS LANDSEER, from Original -Paintings by those eminent Animal Painters, MARSHALL, REINAGLE, GILPIN, -STUBBS, COOPER, and EDWIN LANDSEER. They are executed in the very first -style of excellence, and may justly be considered as _chefs d’œuvres_ -in the Art. Every species of the Horse and Dog is comprised in the -Collection; and the Proprietors do not hesitate to challenge a similar -Exhibition in the whole Sporting World. - -For the accommodation of Admirers of the Fine Arts, and Gentlemen -forming a Cabinet Collection of Sporting Pictures, a limited number -of Impressions is taken off, for the purpose of Framing, or, for the -Portfolio; any of which may be had separately. Price of the Proofs, on -India Paper, 4_s._ and Prints, 2_s._ each. - -TEN MINUTES’ ADVICE TO EVERY PERSON GOING TO PURCHASE A HORSE. By JOHN -BELL. Price 1_s._ - -THE GENTLEMAN’S POCKET FARRIER; showing how to use a Horse on a -Journey. By JOHN BELL. Price 1_s._ - -SPORTING ANECDOTES, including numerous Characteristic portraits of -Persons in every Walk of Life, who have acquired Notoriety from their -Achievements on the Turf, at the Table, and in the Diversions of the -Field; the whole forming a complete Delineation of the Sporting World. -By PIERCE EGAN. New Edition, with coloured Plates and Illustrations, -price 12_s._ in boards. - -THE SPORTSMAN’S PROGRESS; a Poem; Descriptive of the Pleasures derived -from Field Sports. Illustrated with Thirteen appropriate Cuts. Price -1_s._ - -THE ANGLER; a Poem, in Ten Cantos; comprising Proper Instructions in -the Art, with Rules to choose Fishing-rods, Lines, Hooks, Floats, -Baits, and to make Artificial Flies, Receipts for Pastes, &c. By T. P. -LATHY, ESQ. With upwards of Twenty Wood-cuts. Price 8_s._ boards. - -SONGS OF THE CHACE; or, SPORTSMAN’S VOCAL LIBRARY; containing nearly -Four Hundred of the best Songs relating to Racing, Shooting, Angling, -Hawking, Archery, &c. Handsomely printed in foolscap 8vo. with -appropriate Embellishments. Second Edition. Price 9_s._ boards. - - -_Dobson on Training the Spaniel or Pointer._ - -KUNOPÆDIA; being a Practical Essay on the Breaking and Training the -English Spaniel or Pointer. To which are added, Instructions for -attaining the Art of Shooting Flying; more immediately addressed to -_young_ Sportsmen, but designed also to supply the best means of -correcting the errors of some _older_ ones. By the late W. DOBSON, Esq. -of Eden-Hall, Cumberland. In One Volume, 8vo. Price 12_s._ boards. - - -_Curtis on Grasses._ - -PRACTICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE BRITISH GRASSES, especially such as are -best adapted to the laying down or improving of Meadows and Pastures: -likewise an Enumeration of the British Grasses. By WILLIAM CURTIS, -Author of the “Flora Londinensis,” &c. Sixth Edition, with considerable -Additions. In 8vo. illustrated, with coloured Plates. Price 9_s._ in -boards. - - -_Skellet’s complete Cow-Doctor._ - -A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE BREEDING COW, AND EXTRACTION OF THE CALF, -BEFORE AND AT THE TIME OF CALVING; in which the question of difficult -Parturition is considered in all its bearings, with reference to -facts and experience; including Observations on the Disease of Neat -Cattle generally. Containing profitable Instructions to the Breeding -Farmer, Cowkeeper, and Grazier, for attending to their own Cattle -during Illness, according to the most approved modern Methods of -Treatment, and the Application of long known and skilful Prescriptions -and Remedies for every Disorder incident to Horned Cattle. The -whole adapted to the present improved state of Veterinary Practice. -Illustrated with Thirteen highly-finished Engravings. By EDWARD -SKELLETT, Professor of that part of the Veterinary Art. Price 18_s._ -plain, £1:7:0 coloured. - -“We have now before us a work which will be found a very useful -addition to the Farmers’ Library; it is communicated in a plain and -familiar style, and is evidently the result of long experience and -observation, made by a practical man; every person connected with Live -Stock should be acquainted with its contents, but to the Veterinary -Practitioner it is invaluable.”—_Farmers’ Journal._ - - -_A Complete Farm-House Library._ - - _In Two large Volumes, in Quarto, price Four Guineas in Boards, - illustrated with upwards of One Hundred Engravings, (Thirty of which - are coloured from Nature,) representing improved Implements, the - various Grasses, and the principal Breeds of Sheep and Cattle, from - Original Drawings,_ - -A COMPLETE SYSTEM OF PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE; including all the Modern -Improvements and Discoveries, and the Result of all the Attention and -Inquiry which have been bestowed on this important Science during -the last Fifty years: the whole combining and explaining, fully and -completely, the PRINCIPLES and PRACTICE of MODERN HUSBANDRY, in all its -Branches and Relations. By R. W. DICKSON, M.D. Honorary Member of the -Board of Agriculture, &c. &c. - -This Work includes the best Methods of Planting Timber of every -Description, and the improved Management of Live Stock, with a -Description of Implements and Buildings; the Theory of Soils and -Manures; the best Methods of Inclosing, Embanking, Road-making, -Draining, Fallowing, Irrigating, Paring, and Burning; the improved -Cultivation of Arable Lands, and of all kinds of Grain, artificial -Grasses, &c.; presenting the most useful and comprehensive Body of -Practical information ever offered to the Public on the interesting -Science of Agriculture. - - -_Extracted and abridged from the above Work, by the same Author, in -royal_ 8vo. - -THE FARMER’S COMPANION, being a Complete System of Modern Husbandry; -including the latest Improvements and Discoveries, in Theory and -Practice. - -The leading feature of excellence by which this Work is distinguished, -is that minuteness of practical detail, which renders it singularly -adapted to the purposes of Agriculture. The whole scope of its contents -has a constant and immediate connexion with the daily pursuits of -the Farmer, the Implements of Husbandry he employs, the Modes of -Agriculture he adopts, and the System of Pasture and Feeding he -pursues. These multifarious topics are all treated with simplicity and -clearness; so that the Work presents an ample, but distinct display -of every subject connected with the practical objects of a Farm. It -is illustrated with upwards of One Hundred Engravings, representing -improved Implements for Farming, various Breeds of Cattle, Sheep, &c. -Price 1_l._ 16_s._ boards. - - -_Sir John Sinclair on Agriculture._ - -THE CODE OF AGRICULTURE; including Observations on Gardens, Orchards, -Woods, and Plantations. By the Right Hon. Sir JOHN SINCLAIR, Bart. -Fourth Edition, in one large vol. 8vo. price 1_l._ in boards. This -Edition is considerably improved by a number of valuable Remarks, -communicated to the Author by some of the most intelligent Farmers in -England and Scotland. - -The Subjects particularly considered, are - - 1. The Preliminary Points which a Farmer ought to ascertain, before he - undertakes to occupy any extent of Land. - - 2. The Means of Cultivation which are essential to ensure its success. - - 3. The various Modes of improving Land. - - 4. The various Modes of occupying Land. - - 5. The Means of improving a Country. - - -MOUBRAY ON POULTRY, PIGS, AND COWS. - -[Illustration: A farmyard] - -A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON BREEDING, REARING, AND FATTENING ALL KINDS -OF DOMESTIC POULTRY, PHEASANTS, PIGEONS, AND RABBITS; including, -also, an interesting Account of the Egyptian Method of Hatching Eggs -by Artificial Heat, with some Modern Experiments thereon; also, on -Breeding, Feeding, and Managing Swine, Milch Cows, and Bees. By -BONINGTON MOUBRAY, Esq. A New Edition, being the Sixth, enlarged by a -TREATISE on BREWING, making CIDER, BUTTER, and CHEESE, adapted to the -Use of Private Families. Price 7_s._ 6_d._ in boards. - -⁂ “Mr. Moubray’s little book on the breeding, rearing, and fattening -all kinds of domestic poultry and pigs, is unquestionably the most -practical work on the subject in our language. The author’s aim -seems to have been to avoid scientific detail, and to convey his -information in plain and intelligible terms. The convenience of a -small poultry-yard—two or three pigs, with a breeding sow—and a cow -for cream, milk, butter, and cheese—in an English country-house, -appears indispensable; and to point out how these may be obtained, -at a reasonable expense, seems to have been Mr. Moubray’s object. By -adopting the plan of his work, any family may furnish their table with -these luxuries at one-third of the price they are obliged to pay at -the markets; and the farmer and breeder may render it the source of -considerable profit.”—_Farmer’s Journal._ - - -_Bucknall on Fruit-Trees, and the Husbandry of Orchards._ - -THE ORCHARDIST; or, A SYSTEM OF CLOSE PRUNING AND MEDICATION FOR -ESTABLISHING THE SCIENCE OF ORCHARDING; containing full Instructions -as to Manure, preventing Blight, Caterpillars, and Cure Canker, as -patronized by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, -and Commerce. By the late T. S. D. BUCKNALL, Esq. M.P. In 8vo. price -5_s._ boards. - -⁂ This Work obtained for the Author the Prize Medal and Thanks of the -above Society. _Only very few copies remain on hand._ - - - - - BOOKS - - PRINTED FOR - - SHERWOOD, GILBERT, AND PIPER, - - 23, PATERNOSTER-ROW. - - -_Jennings’s Code of Useful Knowledge._ - -1. THE FAMILY CYCLOPÆDIA: a Dictionary of Useful and Necessary -Knowledge in Domestic Economy, Agriculture, Chemistry, and the Arts; -including the most approved Modes of Treatment of Diseases, Accidents, -and Casualties. By JAMES JENNINGS, Esq. In one large vol. 8vo. price -1l. 7s. in boards. - - This very useful work contains upward of fourteen hundred closely - printed pages, comprising as much matter as is frequently contained - in six ordinary-sized volumes. The following are the opinions of the - Reviewers on its merits:— - - “As a book of daily reference, the FAMILY CYCLOPÆDIA is really - invaluable: it forms a portable Library of Useful Knowledge, of easy - reference, and contains a great variety of information not to be found - in other works of similar pretensions, and of greater magnitude.” - - “It contains a large mass of information on subjects connected with - the Domestic Economy of Life. In matters of Science and the Arts, the - selections are all from sources of the best authority, and treated - in a clear and familiar manner. As a book of daily reference in the - common concerns of life, its great practical utility will, no doubt, - ensure it a ready introduction, and a favourable reception in every - intelligent family.” - - “The able manner in which this work is executed, affords satisfactory - evidence that the editor is thoroughly acquainted with the subject. It - is a valuable _multum in parvo_.” - - -_Moubray on Poultry, Pigs, and Cows._ - -2. A PRACTICAL TREATISE on BREEDING, REARING, and FATTENING all kinds -of DOMESTIC POULTRY, PIGEONS, and RABBITS; also, on Breeding, Feeding, -and Managing Swine, Milch Cows, and Bees. By BONINGTON MOUBRAY, Esq. -Sixth Edition, enlarged by a Treatise on BREWING, on making CIDER, -BUTTER, and CHEESE: adapted to the Use of Private Families. Price 7s. -6d. cloth boards. - - “This is unquestionably the most practical Work on the subject in our - Language, and the Information is conveyed in plain and intelligible - Terms. The convenience of a small POULTRY YARD—two or three PIGS, - with a breeding Sow, and a Cow for CREAM, MILK, BUTTER, and CHEESE—in - an English Country House, appears indispensable; and to point out - how these may be obtained, at a REASONABLE EXPENSE, seems to have - been Mr. Moubray’s object. He is evidently a good practical Farmer, - thoroughly conversant with Rural Economy in all its branches; his Book - is written in a light, lively, Kitchener style, and, like the works of - that celebrated Gastronome, conveys, at least, as much amusement as - information. Were any testimony wanted, as to its practical utility, - it would be found in the declaration of an eminent Rural Economist, - SIR JOHN SINCLAIR, who pronounces it ‘the best work hitherto printed’ - on the subject of which it treats.”—_Farmer’s Journal._ - - -_Scott’s Village Doctor._ - -3. THE VILLAGE DOCTOR; or, FAMILY MEDICAL ADVISER, adapted to Domestic -Convenience, and intended for the use of Country Clergymen, Conductors -of Schools, Parents, and Heads of Families. By JAMES SCOTT, Surgeon. -Sixth Edition, considerably improved, price 5s. - - ⁂ This little work contains such information as may be often wanted - in the hour of need: it is a monitor that points out the remedy in a - moment of alarm; a pilot that directs the progress of diseases with - care; a beacon that shows the shoals upon which health may be wrecked; - and a friend that removes the doubtful anxiety of ignorance, by - explaining the present, and showing the probabilities of the future. - - -_Dickson’s Law of Wills._ - -4. PLAIN INSTRUCTIONS AND ADVICE TO TESTATORS, EXECUTORS, -ADMINISTRATORS, AND LEGATEES; being a Practical Exposition of the -LAW of WILLS, with Observations on the Consequences of Intestacy; to -which are added, Directions respecting the Probate of Wills, and the -taking out of Letters of Administration; Tables of the Stamp Duties -on Probates, Administrations, Legacies, and Residuary Shares; the -Method of obtaining a Return of the Administration and Probate Duty, -if overpaid, or on the ground of Debts; and forms of Inventories to -be taken by Executors and Administrators; with Precedents of Wills, -Codicils, Republications, &c. _Including the Act of Will. IV._ c. 40, -“_for making better Provisions for the Disposal of the Residues of the -Effects of Testators_.” By RICHARD DICKSON, Esq. of the Honourable -Society of Gray’s Inn. Price 5s. 6d. - - “To the very important branch of Law relative to Wills, Mr. Dickson - appears to have paid considerable attention; and, viewing the whole - subject, we scarcely know a question of common occurrence that can be - proposed, for which he has not provided some judicious advice, if not - a satisfactory answer.”—_Imperial Magazine_, May, 1830. - - -TO HEADS OF FAMILIES. - - -_A Valuable Present for Servant Maids._ - -5. THE FEMALE SERVANT’S GUIDE AND ADVISER; or, THE SERVICE INSTRUCTOR. -Illustrated with Plates, exhibiting the Methods of setting out Dinner -Tables, price 3s. - - This Work has an emphatical claim to the sanction of Masters and - Mistresses, as, by its directions and instructions, Servants - are enabled to perform the various occupations of service in an - efficient and a satisfactory manner, and are informed of the methods - of occasioning _large savings in the management and use of their - Employer’s Household Property and Provisions_: in fact, it embraces - the interests and welfare of the great family of mankind—MASTERS and - SERVANTS. - - “By the present of a copy of the Work to each of their Servants, - Employers may safely calculate on the saving of many pounds a year in - their expenditure.”—_Taunton Courier_. - - -TO THE CLERGY, CHURCHWARDENS, AND OVERSEERS, OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. - - -_Shaw’s Parish Officer’s Guide._ - - A New and Practical Work on the Laws relative to Parish Masters, - calculated for general Information, and to furnish all Persons - liable to serve the office of Churchwarden, Overseer, &c. with full - instructions for their legal and efficient discharge, entitled, - -6. THE PAROCHIAL LAWYER; or, CHURCHWARDENS’ and OVERSEERS’ GUIDE: -containing the whole of the STATUTE LAW, with the Decisions of the -Courts of Law and Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction, on the Duties and Powers -of those Officers, embodying all that is practical and operative -in Dean Prideaux’ Instructions to Churchwardens. By JAMES SHAW, -Esq. of the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple. Third Edition, -considerably improved, with the New Acts of 1 and 2 of William IV. -price 5s. 6d. - - The Work is divided into Four Parts: the _first_ and _second_ relate - to the Duties, Powers, and Responsibility of Churchwardens and - Overseers, with the Management, Relief, and Employment of the Poor, by - _Select Vestry_, _Guardians_, _or Trustees_. The _third_ and _fourth_ - Parts embrace the Law, Practice, and Proceedings of Open and Select - Vestries, with some necessary Information respecting the Offices of - VESTRY CLERK, PARISH CLERK, CONSTABLES, SEXTONS, &c. - - -Also, by the same Author, - -1. THE DOMESTIC LAWYER; or, a PRACTICAL and POPULAR EXPOSITION of the -LAWS of ENGLAND, containing the requisite Legal Information relative -to every possible Circumstance and Situation in which persons can be -placed in the ordinary occurrences of Trade and Social Life. Including -the Important Acts of last Sessions. Price 9s. bound in cloth. - -2. THE CONSTABLE and POLICE-OFFICER’S COMPANION and GUIDE. Price 4s. - - -_Dubrunfaut on Rectification and Distilling._ - -7. A COMPLETE TREATISE ON THE WHOLE ART OF DISTILLATION, with PRACTICAL -INSTRUCTIONS for preparing SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS from CORN, POTATOES, -BEET-ROOTS, and other Farinaceous and Sugary Vegetables; particularly -Useful to Maltsters, Brewers, and Vinegar Makers. Also, the ART of -RECTIFICATION, in which is particularly treated the Nature of ESSENTIAL -OILS, as the influential causes of the Tastes and Flavours of Spirits. -From the French of DUBRUNFAUT, by JOHN SHERIDAN. To which is prefixed, -the DISTILLERS’ PRACTICAL GUIDE, with genuine Receipts for making RUM, -BRANDY, HOLLANDS, GIN, and all sorts of _Compounds_, _Cordials_, and -_Liqueurs_. Price 12s. in cloth, illustrated with numerous Cuts of -improved Apparatus used in Distillation. - - -_Tingry’s House-Painter’s Manual._ - -8. The HOUSE-PAINTER’S and COLOURMAN’S COMPLETE GUIDE: or, EVERY MAN -HIS OWN PAINTER; being a Practical and Theoretical Treatise on the -Preparation of Colours, and their Application to the different kinds -of Painting, in which is particularly described the whole Art of HOUSE -PAINTING. By P. F. TINGRY, Professor of Chemistry, &c. Third Edition, -corrected and very considerably improved. Price 7s. cloth. - - -_Packer’s Dyer’s Guide._ - -9. THE DYER’S GUIDE; being a Compendium of the Art of Dyeing Linen, -Cotton, Silk, Wool, Muslin, Dresses, Furniture, &c.; with the Method -of scouring Wool, bleaching Cotton, &c.; and Directions for un-gumming -Silk, and of whitening and sulphuring Silk and Wool; and also an -Introductory Epitome of the leading Facts in Chemistry, as connected -with the Art of Dyeing. By THOMAS PACKER, Dyer and Chemist. Second -Edition, corrected and improved, price 6s. - - -_Siddons’s Cabinet-Maker’s Manual._ - -10. THE CABINET-MAKER’S GUIDE; or, Rules and Instructions in the Art -of Varnishing, Dyeing, Staining, Japanning, Polishing, Lackering, and -Beautifying Wood, Ivory, Tortoise-shell, and Metal; with Observations -on their Management and Application. By G. A. SIDDONS. Fifth Edition, -improved and enlarged, by the addition of several new Articles, -Receipts, &c. 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