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| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-05 21:09:57 -0800 |
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| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-05 21:09:57 -0800 |
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| tree | 1dfad88138ee5661acdd13d45176f86312031567 /old/52026-h/52026-h.htm | |
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diff --git a/old/52026-h/52026-h.htm b/old/52026-h/52026-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index dae3660..0000000 --- a/old/52026-h/52026-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,17321 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> -<head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> -<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Matthew Calbraith Perry, by William Elliot Griffis</title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg"/> - <style type="text/css"> - body { margin-left:8%;margin-right:10%; } - .pageno { right: 1%; font-size: x-small; background-color: inherit; color: silver; - text-indent: 0em; text-align: right; position: absolute; - border:1px solid silver; padding:1px 3px; font-style:normal; - font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration:none; } - .pageno:after { color: gray; content: attr(title); } - .it { font-style:italic; } - .bold { font-weight:bold; 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} - div.blockquoter8 p { font-size: .8em } - div.blockquoter9 p { font-size: .9em } - p.caption { text-align:center; margin:0 auto; width:100%; } - .footnote td p.pindent:first-child { text-indent: 0; } - .footnote { margin:0 4em 0 0; } - p.line { text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; } - div.lgp p.line0 { text-indent:-3em; margin:0 auto 0 3em; } - table.center { margin:0.5em auto; border-collapse: collapse; padding:3px; } - table.flushleft { margin:0.5em 0em; border-collapse: collapse; padding:3px; } - table.left { margin:0.5em 1.2em; border-collapse: collapse; padding:3px; } - .tab1c1 { } - .tab1c2 { } - .tab1c3 { } - .tab2c1 { } - .tab1c2-col3 { border-right: 0px solid black; } - .tdStyle0 { -padding: 1px 5px; text-align:right; vertical-align:top; -} - .tdStyle1 { -padding: 1px 5px; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;padding-left:29px; text-indent:-24px; -} - .tdStyle2 { -padding: 1px 5px; text-align:right; vertical-align:bottom; -} - .tdStyle3 { -padding: 1px 5px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; -} - .tdStyle4 { -padding: 4px 5px; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;padding-left:29px; text-indent:-24px; -} - .pindent { margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-indent:1.5em; } - .noindent { margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-indent:0; } - .hang { padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em; } - .literal-container { text-align:center; margin:0 0; } - .literal { display:inline-block; text-align:left; } - </style> - <style type="text/css"> - h1 { font-size:1.2em; text-align:center; padding-top:4em; line-height:200%; } - .sub-head { font-size:.8em; text-align:center; line-height:200%; } - h3 { font-size:1em; text-align:center; line-height:200%; } - .poetry-container { display:block; padding-left:8em; font-size:.9em; margin-top:.5em; margin-bottom:.5em } - .literal-container { margin-top:.5em; margin-bottom:.5em } - .nowrap { white-space:nowrap; } - div.lgc { margin-top:.5em; margin-bottom:.5em } - p { margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em; } - div.blockquote { margin-top:.5em; margin-bottom:.5em; } - body { font-size:100%; } - - h1.pg { font-size: 190%; - padding-top: 0em; - margin-top: 0em; - line-height: 100%; - font-weight: bold; } - h3.pg { font-size: 110%; - line-height: 100%; - font-weight: bold; } - h2,h4 { text-align: center; - clear: both; } - hr.full { width: 100%; - margin-top: 3em; - margin-bottom: 0em; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - height: 4px; - border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ - border-style: solid; - border-color: #000000; - clear: both; } - </style> -</head> -<body> -<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Matthew Calbraith Perry, by William Elliot -Griffis</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States -and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no -restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it -under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this -eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you are not -located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> -<p>Title: Matthew Calbraith Perry</p> -<p> A Typical American Naval Officer</p> -<p>Author: William Elliot Griffis</p> -<p>Release Date: May 9, 2016 [eBook #52026]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: UTF-8</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MATTHEW CALBRAITH PERRY***</p> -<p> </p> -<h4>E-text prepared by Larry Harrison, Cindy Beyer,<br /> - and the online Distributed Proofreaders Canada team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdpcanada.net">http://www.pgdpcanada.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="https://archive.org">https://archive.org</a>)</h4> -<p> </p> -<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> - <tr> - <td valign="top"> - Note: - </td> - <td> - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - <a href="https://archive.org/details/matthewcalbraith00grifrich"> - https://archive.org/details/matthewcalbraith00grifrich</a> - </td> - </tr> -</table> -<p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> - -<div class='figcenter'> -<img src='images/cover.jpg' alt='' id='iid-0000' style='width:335px;height:auto;'/> -</div> - -<hr class='pbk'/> - -<div class='figcenter'> -<img src='images/front-illo.jpg' alt='' id='front' style='width:350px;height:auto;'/> -<p class='caption'><span style='font-size:smaller'>COMMODORE MATTHEW CALBRAITH PERRY.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class='pbk'/> - -<div class='lgc' style=''> <!-- rend=';' --> -<p class='line0' style='margin-top:1em;font-size:2em;'>MATTHEW CALBRAITH PERRY</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:1.2em;font-style:italic;'>A Typical</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line0'>AMERICAN NAVAL OFFICER</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.6em;'>BY</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:1.2em;'>WILLIAM ELLIOT GRIFFIS</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.7em;'>Author of “The Mikado’s Empire”, “Corea the Hermit Nation”</p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.7em;'>and “Japanese Fairy World”</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line0' style='margin-top:6em;margin-bottom:.3em;font-size:.8em;'><span class='gesp'>BOSTON</span></p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.9em;'><span class='gesp'>CUPPLES</span> <span class='gesp'>AND</span> <span class='gesp'>HURD</span></p> -<p class='line0' style='margin-top:.3em;margin-bottom:.3em;font-size:.8em;font-style:italic;'>94 Boylston Street</p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.8em;'>1887</p> -</div> <!-- end rend --> - -<hr class='pbk'/> - -<div class='lgc' style='margin-top:10em;'> <!-- rend=';fs:.8em;' --> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.8em;'>Copyright, 1887,</p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.8em;'><span class='sc'>By Cupples and Hurd</span>.</p> -<hr class='tbk100'/> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.8em;font-style:italic;'>All Rights Reserved</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line0' style='margin-top:10em;margin-bottom:6em;font-size:.8em;'><span class='sc'><span class='bold'>The Hyde Park Press.</span></span></p> -</div> <!-- end rend --> - -<hr class='pbk'/> - -<div class='lgc' style='margin-top:2em;'> <!-- rend=';fs:.8em;' --> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.8em;'>IN REVERENT MEMORY</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.8em;'>OF MY FATHER</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.8em;'><span class='gesp'>JOHN L. GRIFFIS</span></p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.8em;'>AND OF MY GRANDFATHER</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.8em;'>JOHN GRIFFIS</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.8em;'>WHO AS</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.8em;'>MERCHANT NAVIGATORS AND COMMANDERS OF SHIPS AND MEN</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:1em;font-weight:bold;'>at the ends of the earth</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.8em;'>CARRIED THE FLAG AND EXTENDED THE TRADE</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.8em;'>OF THE YOUNG REPUBLIC</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.8em;'>THIS BIOGRAPHY OF HER GREATEST SAILOR-DIPLOMATIST</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.8em;'>IS INSCRIBED</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.8em;'><span class='gesp'>BY THE AUTHOR</span></p> -</div> <!-- end rend --> - -<hr class='pbk'/> - -<p class='line0' style='text-align:center;margin-top:4em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:1.2em;'>TABLE OF CONTENTS.</p> - -<hr class='tbk101'/> - -<table id='tab1' summary='' class='center'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 4em;'/> -<col span='1' style='width: 25em;'/> -<col span='1' style='width: 2em;'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c2 tab1c2-col3 tdStyle3' colspan='2'><span style='font-size:smaller'>OUR EARLY NAVY.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'><span style='font-size:smaller'>Chapter</span></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><span style='font-size:smaller'>Page</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>I.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>The Child Calbraith.—A Real Boy</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_1'>1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>II.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Boyhood’s Environment.—Under the Flag of Fifteen Stars</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_10'>10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>III.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>A Midshipman’s Training Under Commodore Rodgers</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_19'>19</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>IV.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Men, Ships, and Guns in 1812</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_28'>28</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>V.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Service in the War of 1812.—The Flag kept flying on all Seas</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_38'>38</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c2 tab1c2-col3 tdStyle3' colspan='2'><span style='font-size:smaller'>AFRICA. SLAVERS AND PIRATES.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>VI.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>First Voyage to the Dark Continent.—Lieutenant Perry goes to Guinea</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_50'>50</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>VII.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Perry locates the Site of Monrovia.—The African Slave Trade</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_58'>58</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>VIII.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Fighting Pirates in the Spanish Main</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_65'>65</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c2 tab1c2-col3 tdStyle3' colspan='2'><span style='font-size:smaller'>EUROPE AND DIPLOMACY.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c2 tab1c2-col3 tdStyle3' colspan='2'><span style='font-size:smaller'>OUR FLAG IN THE MEDITERRANEAN.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>IX.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>The American Line-of-Battle Ship.—Among Turks and Greeks</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_72'>72</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>X.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>The Concord in the Seas of Russia and Egypt.—Czar and Khedive</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_81'>81</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XI.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>A Diplomatic Voyage in the Frigate Brandywine.—Andrew Jackson’s stalwart policy.—Perry rehearses for Japan.—Naples pays up</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_91'>91</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c2 tab1c2-col3 tdStyle3' colspan='2'><span style='font-size:smaller'>SHORE DUTY. TEN YEARS OF SCIENCE AND PROGRESS.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XII.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>The Founder of the Brooklyn Naval Lyceum.—Master-Commandant Perry</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_99'>99</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XIII.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>The Father of the American Steam Navy.—The Engineer’s status fixed.—The Line and the Staff</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_110'>110</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XIV.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Perry discovers the Ram.—The Trireme’s prow restored.—The “Line-of-Battle” changed to “Bows on”</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_120'>120</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XV.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Lighthouse Illumination.—Lenses or Reflectors?</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_129'>129</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XVI.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Revolutions in Naval Architecture.—The new middle term between Courage and Cannon.—Caloric</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_138'>138</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XVII.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>The School of Gun Practice at Sandy Hook.—Bomb-guns and the coming Shells</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_146'>146</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XVIII.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>The Twin Steamers Missouri and Mississippi.—Iron-clads and Armor</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_156'>156</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c2 tab1c2-col3 tdStyle3' colspan='2'><span style='font-size:smaller'>COMMODORE OF A SQUADRON. AFRICAN WATERS.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c2 tab1c2-col3 tdStyle3' colspan='2'><span style='font-size:smaller'>EXTIRPATING “THE SUM OF ALL VILLIANIES.”</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XIX.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>The Broad Pennant.—Our only Foreign Colony.—Powder and Ball at Berribee</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_167'>167</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XX.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Science and Religion.—A War of Ink Bottles.—Perry as a Missionary and Civilizer</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_183'>183</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c2 tab1c2-col3 tdStyle3' colspan='2'><span style='font-size:smaller'>THE MEXICAN WAR.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XXI.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>The Mexican War</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_197'>197</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XXII.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Commodore Perry commands the Squadron</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_216'>216</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XXIII.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>The Naval Battery breaches the walls of Vera Cruz</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_226'>226</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XXIV.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>The Naval Brigade.—Capture of Tabasco</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_241'>241</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XXV.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Fighting the Yellow Fever.—Peace</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_251'>251</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XXVI.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Results of the War.—Gold and the Pacific Coast</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_261'>261</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c2 tab1c2-col3 tdStyle3' colspan='2'><span style='font-size:smaller'>JAPAN.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XXVII.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>American attempts to open trade</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_270'>270</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XXVIII.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Origin of the American Expedition to Japan</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_281'>281</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XXIX.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Preparations for Japan.—An International Episode</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_294'>294</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XXX.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>The Fire-Vessels of the Western Barbarians</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_314'>314</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XXXI.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Panic in Yedo.—Reception of the President’s Letter</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_329'>329</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XXXII.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Japanese preparations for Treaty-Making</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_343'>343</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XXXIII.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>The Professor and the Sailor make a Treaty</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_359'>359</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XXXIV.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Last Labors</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_375'>375</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c2 tab1c2-col3 tdStyle3' colspan='2'><span style='font-size:smaller'>THE MAN AND HIS WORK.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XXXV.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Matthew Perry as a Man</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_395'>395</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>XXXVI.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Works that follow</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_409'>409</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle3'>========</td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c2 tab1c2-col3 tdStyle3' colspan='2'>APPENDICES.</td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'><span style='font-size:smaller'>Chapter</span></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><span style='font-size:smaller'>Page</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>I.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Authorities</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_427'>427</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>II.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Origin of the Perry Name and Family</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_429'>429</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>III.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>The Name Calbraith</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_430'>430</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>IV.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>The Family of M. C. Perry</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_431'>431</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>V.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Official Detail of M. C. Perry</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_433'>433</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>VI.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>The Naval Apprenticeship System</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_435'>435</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>VII.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Duelling</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_440'>440</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>VIII.</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'><span class='sc'>Memorials in Art of M. C. Perry</span></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_443'>443</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle3'>========</td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'></td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'> </td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'> </td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab1c1 tdStyle0'>INDEX</td><td class='tab1c2 tdStyle1'></td><td class='tab1c3 tdStyle2'><a href='#Page_447'>447</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<hr class='pbk'/> - -<p class='line0' style='text-align:center;margin-top:6em;margin-bottom:2em;font-size:1.2em;'>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</p> - -<table id='tab2' summary='' class='center'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 25em;'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td class='tab2c1 tdStyle4'><a href='#front'><span class='sc'>Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry</span></a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab2c1 tdStyle4'><a href='#ship'><span class='sc'>The United States Steam Frigate “Mississippi”</span></a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab2c1 tdStyle4'><a href='#medal'><span class='sc'>Perry at the age of fifty-four</span></a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab2c1 tdStyle4'><a href='#funchal'><span class='sc'>Conveyance at Funchal</span></a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab2c1 tdStyle4'><a href='#treaty'><span class='sc'>Commodore Perry entering the Treaty-House</span></a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab2c1 tdStyle4'><a href='#signatures'><span class='sc'>Signatures and Pen-Seals of the Japanese Treaty Commissioners</span></a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab2c1 tdStyle4'><a href='#salver'><span class='sc'>Silver Salver in possession of Commodore Perry’s Daughter, Mrs. August Belmont</span></a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab2c1 tdStyle4'><a href='#boston'><span class='sc'>Medal Presented by the Merchants of Boston</span></a></td></tr> -<tr><td class='tab2c1 tdStyle4'><a href='#autograph'><span class='sc'>Commodore Perry’s Autograph</span></a></td></tr> -</table> - -<hr class='pbk'/> - -<p class='line0' style='text-align:center;margin-top:6em;margin-bottom:2em;font-size:1.2em;'><span class='gesp'>PREFACE</span>.</p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>Among</span> the earliest memories of a childhood -spent near the now vanished Philadelphia Navy -Yard, are the return home of the marines and -sailors from the Mexican war, the launch of the -noble steam frigate <span class='it'>Susquehanna</span>, the salutes from -the storeship <span class='it'>Princeton</span>, and the exhibit of the art -treasures brought home by the United States Expedition -to Japan—all associated with the life of -Commodore M. C. Perry. Years afterwards, on the -shores of that bay made historic by his diplomacy, -I heard the name of Perry spoken with reverence -and enthusiasm. The younger men of Japan, with -faces flushed with new ideas of the Meiji era, -called him the moral liberator of their nation. -Many and eager were the questions asked concerning -his career, and especially his personal history.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Yet little could be told, for in American literature -and popular imagination, the name of the hero of -Lake Erie seemed to overshadow the fame of the -younger, and, as I think, greater brother. The -dramatic incidents of war impress the popular -mind far more profoundly than do the victories of -peace. Even American writers confound the two -brothers, treating them as the same person, making -one the son of the other, or otherwise doing -fantastic violence to history. Numerous biographies -have been written, and memorials in art, of marble, -bronze and canvas, on coin and currency, of Oliver -Hazard Perry, have been multiplied. No biography -of Matthew Calbraith Perry has, until this writing, -appeared. In Japan, popular curiosity fed itself on -flamboyant broadside chromo-pictures, “blood-pit” -novels, and travesties of history, in which Perry was -represented either as a murderous swash-buckler or -a consumptive-looking and over-decorated European -general. It was to satisfy an earnest desire of the -Japanese to know more of the man, who so profoundly -influenced their national history, that this -biography was at first undertaken.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>I began the work by a study of the scenes of -Perry’s triumphs in Japan, and of his early life in -Rhode Island; by interviews in navy yard, hospital -and receiving-ship, with the old sailors who -had served under him in various crusades; by correspondence -and conversation with his children, personal -friends, fellow-officers, critics, enemies, and -eye-witnesses of his labors and works. I followed -up this out-door peripatetic study by long and patient -research in the archives of the United States -Navy Department in Washington, with collateral -reading of American, European, Mexican and Japanese -books, manuscripts and translations bearing -on the subject; and, most valued of all, documents -from the Mikado’s Department of State in Tōkiō.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>As the career and character of my subject unfolded, -I discovered that Matthew Perry was no -creature of routine, but a typical American naval -officer whose final triumph crowned a long and brilliant -career. He had won success in Japanese -waters not by a series of happy accidents, but because -all his previous life had been a preparation -to win it.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In this narrative, much condensed from the -original draft, no attempt has been made to do -either justice or injustice to Perry’s fellow-officers, -or to write a history of his times, or of the United -States Navy. Many worthy names have been necessarily -omitted. For the important facts recorded, -reliance has been placed on the written word of -documentary evidence. Fortunately, Perry was a -master of the pen and of his native language. As -he wrote almost all of his own letters and official -reports, his papers, both public and private, are -not only voluminous and valuable but bear witness -to his scrupulous regard for personal mastery of -details, as well as for style and grammar, fact and -truth.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Unable to thank all who have so kindly aided -me, I must especially mention with gratitude the -Hon. Wm. E. Chandler and W. C. Whitney, Secretaries -of the United States Navy Department, Prof. -J. R. Soley, chief clerk T. W. Hogg and clerk J. -Cassin, for facilities in consulting the rich archives of -the United States Navy; Admiral D. D. Porter and -Rear-Admirals John Almy, D. Ammen, C. R. P. -Rodgers, T. A. Jenkins, J. H. Upshur, and Captain -Arthur Yates; the retired officers, pay director J. G. -Harris, Lieut. T. S. Bassett and Lieut. Silas Bent formerly -of the United States Navy, for light on many -points and for reminiscences; Messrs. P. S. P. Conner, -John H. Redfield, Joseph Jenks, R. B. Forbes, -Chas. H. Haswell, Joshua Follansbee, and the Hon. -John A. Bingham, for special information; the -daughters of Captains H. C. Adams, and Franklin -Buchanan, for the use of letters and for personalia; -Rev. E. Warren Clark, Miss Orpah Rose, Miss E. B. -Carpenter and others in Rhode Island, for anecdotes -of Perry’s early life; the Hon. Gideon Nye of -Canton; the Rev G. F. Verbeck of Tōkiō; many -Japanese friends, especially Mr. Inazo Ota, for documents -and notes; and last, but not least, the daughters -of Commodore M. C. Perry, Mrs. August Belmont, -Mrs. R. S. Rodgers, and especially Mrs. -George Tiffany, who loaned letters and scrap-books, -and, with Mrs. Elizabeth R. Smith of Hartford, -furnished much important personal information. -Among the vanished hands and the voices that are -now still, that have aided me, are those of Rear-Admirals -Joshua R. Sands, George H. Preble, and -J. B. F. Sands, Dr. S. Wells Williams, Gen. Horace -Capron, and others. A list of Japanese books consulted, -and of Perry’s autograph writings and publications, -will be found in the Appendix; references -are in footnotes.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The work now committed to type was written at -Schenectady, N. Y., in the interstices of duties -imperative to a laborious profession; and with it are -linked many pleasant memories of the kindly neighbors -and fellow Christians there; as well as of hospitality -in Washington. In its completion and publication -in Boston, new friends have taken a gratifying -interest, among whom I gratefully name Mr. S. -T. Snow, and M. F. Dickinson, Esq.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In setting in the framework of true history this -figure of a fellow-American great in war and in -peace, the intention has been not to glorify the -profession of arms, to commend war, to show any -lack of respect to my English ancestors or their descendants, -to criticise any sect or nation, to ventilate -any private theories; but, to tell a true story that -deserves the telling, to show the attractiveness of -manly worth and noble traits wherever found, and -to cement the ties of friendship between Japan and -the United States. One may help to build up -character by pointing to a good model. To the -lads of my own country, but especially to Japanese -young men, I commend the study of Matthew -Perry’s career. The principles, in which he was -trained at home by his mother and father, of the religion -which anchored him by faith in the eternal -realties, and of the Book which he believed and read -constantly, lie at the root of what is best in the progress -of a nation. No Japanese will make a mistake -who follows Perry as he followed the guidance of -these principles; while the United States will be -Japan’s best exemplar and faithful friend only so far -as she illustrates them in her national policy.</p> - -<p class='line0' style='text-align:right;margin-right:1em;'>W. E. G.</p> - -<p class='line0' style='text-align:left;margin-left:0em;font-size:.8em;'><span class='sc'>Shawmut Church Parsonage</span>,</p> -<p class='line0' style='text-align:left;margin-left:2em;font-size:.8em;'><span class='it'>Boston, July 1st, 1887</span>.</p> - -<hr class='pbk'/> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='1' id='Page_1'></span><h1>CHAPTER I.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>THE CHILD CALBRAITH.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>When</span> in the year 1854, all Christendom was -thrilled by the news of the opening of Japan to -intercourse with the world, the name of Commodore -Matthew Perry was on the lips of nations. In -Europe it was acknowledged that the triumph had -been achieved by no ordinary naval officer. Consummate -mastery of details combined with marked -diplomatic talents stamped Matthew Calbraith Perry -as a man whose previous history was worth knowing. -That history we propose to outline.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The life of our subject is interesting for the following -among many excellent reasons:—</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'>1. While yet a lad, he was active as a naval officer -in the war of 1812.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>2. He chose the location of the first free black -settlement in Liberia.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>3. He was, to the end of his life, one of the leading -educators of the United States Navy.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>4. He was the father of our steam navy.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>5. He first demonstrated the efficiency of the ram -as a weapon of offense in naval warfare.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>6. He founded the naval-apprenticeship system. -<span class='pageno' title='2' id='Page_2'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>7. He was an active instrument in assisting to -extirpate the foreign slave-trade on the west coast of -Africa.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>8. His methods helped to remove duelling, the -grog ration and flogging out of the American navy.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>9. He commanded, in 1847, the largest squadron -which, up to that date, had ever assembled under the -American flag, in the Gulf of Mexico. The naval -battery manned by his pupils in gunnery decided the -fate of Vera Cruz, and his fleet’s presence enabled -Scott’s army to reach the Capital.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>10. His final triumph was the opening of Japan -to the world,—one of the three single events in -American History,—the Declaration of Independence, -and the Arbitration of the Alabama claims -being the other two,—which have had the greatest -influence upon the world at large.</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'>Sturdy ancestry, parental and especially a mother’s -training, good education, long experience, and persistent -self-culture enabled Matthew Perry to earn that -“brain-victory” over the Japanese of which none are -more proud than themselves.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Let us look at his antecedents.<a id='r1'/><a href='#f1' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[1]</span></sup></a> Three at least -among the early immigrants to Massachusetts bore -the name of Perry. Englishmen of England’s heroic -age, they were of Puritan and Quaker stock. Their -descendants have spread over various parts of the -United States. -<span class='pageno' title='3' id='Page_3'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>He, with whom our narrative concerns itself, -Edmund or Edward Perry, the ancestor, in the sixth -degree both of the “Japan,” and the “Lake Erie” -Perry, was born in Devonshire in 1630. He was a -Friend of decidedly militant turn of mind. He -preached the doctrines of peace, with the spirit of -war, to the Protector’s troops. Oliver, not wishing -this, made it convenient to Edmund Perry to leave -England.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>By settling at Sandwich in 1653, then the headquarters -of the Friends in America, he took early -and vigorous part in “the Quaker invasion of Massachusetts.” -On first day of first month, 1676, he wrote -a Railing against the Court of Plymouth, for which he -was heavily fined. He married Mary the daughter -of Edmund Freeman, the vice-governor of the colony. -His son Samuel, born in 1654, emigrated to Rhode -Island, and bought the Perry farm, near South -Kingston, which still remains in possession of the -family. The later Perrys married in the Raymond -and Hazard families.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Christopher Raymond Perry, the fifth descendant -in the male line of Edward Perry, and the son of -Freeman Perry, was born December 4th, 1761. His -mother was Mercy Hazard, the daughter of Oliver -Hazard and Elizabeth Raymond. He became the -father of five American naval officers, of whom -Oliver Hazard and Matthew Calbraith are best -known. The war of the Revolution broke out -when he was but in his 15th year. The militant -<span class='pageno' title='4' id='Page_4'></span> -traits of his ancestor were stronger in him than -the pacific tenets of his sect. He enlisted in the -Kingston Reds. The service not being exciting, he -volunteered in Captain Reed’s Yankee privateer. -His second cruise was made in the <span class='it'>Mifflin</span>, Captain -G. W. Babcock.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Like the other ships of the colonies in the Revolution, -the <span class='it'>Mifflin</span> was a one-decked, uncoppered -“bunch of pine boards,” in which patriotism and -valor could ill compete with British frigates of -seasoned oak. Captured by the cruisers of King -George, the crew was sent to the prison ship <span class='it'>Jersey</span>. -This hulk lay moored where the afternoon shadows -of the great bridge-cables are now cast upon the -East River. For three months, the boy endured -the horrors of imprisonment in this floating coffin. -It was with not much besides bones, however, that -he escaped.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>As soon as health permitted, he enlisted on board -the U. S. man-of-war <span class='it'>Trumbull</span>, commanded by -Captain James Nicholson, armed with thirty guns -and manned by two-hundred men. On the 2d of -June 1780, she fell in with the British letter-of-marque -<span class='it'>Watt</span>, a ship heavier and larger and with -more men and guns than the <span class='it'>Trumbull</span>. The conflict -was the severest naval duel of the war. It was in -the old days of unscientific cannonading; before -carronades had revealed their power to smash at -short range, or shell-guns to tear ships to pieces, or -rifles to penetrate armor. With smooth-bores of -<span class='pageno' title='5' id='Page_5'></span> -twelve and six pound calibre, a battle might last -hours or even days, before either ship was sunk, fired -or surrendered. The prolonged mutilation of human -flesh had little to do with the settlement of the -question. The <span class='it'>Trumbull</span> and the <span class='it'>Watt</span> lay broadside -with each other and but one hundred yards apart, -exchanging continual volleys. The <span class='it'>Trumbull</span> was -crippled, but her antagonist withdrew, not attempting -capture.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>By the accidents of war and the overwhelming -force of the enemy, our little navy was nearly -annihilated by the year 1780. Slight as may seem -the value of its services, its presence on the seas -helped mightily to finally secure victory. The -regular cruisers and the privateers captured British -vessels laden with supplies and ammunition of war. -Washington’s army owed much of its efficiency to -this source, for no fewer than eight-hundred British -prizes were brought to port. So keenly did Great -Britain feel the privateers’ sting that about the year -1780, she struck a blow designed to annihilate them. -Her agents were instructed not to exchange prisoners -taken on privateers. This order influenced C. R. -Perry’s career. He had enlisted for the third time, -daring now to beard the lion in his den. Cruising in -the Irish sea, he was captured and carried as a -prisoner to Newry, County Down, Ireland.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Here, though there was no prospect of release till -the war was over, he received very different treatment -from that on the <span class='it'>Jersey</span>. Allowed to go out on -<span class='pageno' title='6' id='Page_6'></span> -parole, he met a lad named Baillie Wallace, and his -cousin, Sarah Alexander. Of her we shall hear later.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>After eighteen months imprisonment, Perry made -his escape. As seaman on a British vessel, he -reached St. Thomas in the West Indies. Thence -sailing to Charleston, he found the war over and -peace declared.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Remembering the pretty face which had lighted -up his captivity, Perry, the next year, made a voyage -as mate of a merchant vessel to Ireland. Providence -favored his wishes, for on the return voyage Mr. -Calbraith, an old friend of the Alexanders and -Wallaces, embarked as a passenger to Philadelphia. -With him, to Perry’s delight, went Miss Sarah -Alexander on a visit to her uncle, a friend of Dr. -Benjamin Rush. Matthew Calbraith, a little boy -and the especial pet of Miss Alexander, came also.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>An ocean voyage a century ago was not measured -by days—a sail in a hotel between morning worship -at Queenstown and a sermon in New York on the -following Sunday night—but consumed weeks. -The lovers had ample time. Perry had the suitor’s -three elements of success,—propinquity, opportunity -and importunity. Before they arrived in this -country, they were betrothed.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On landing in Philadelphia, the first news received -by Miss Alexander at the mouth of Dr. Benjamin -Rush was of the death of both uncle and aunt. Her -relatives had committed her to the care of Dr. Rush -and at his house the young couple were married in -October 1784. -<span class='pageno' title='7' id='Page_7'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>The bride, though but sixteen years, was rich in -beauty, character and spirit. The groom was twenty-three, -“A warm-hearted high-spirited man, very -handsome, with dashing manners, and very polite. -He treated people with distinction but would be -quick to resent an insult.” The young couple for -their wedding journey traveled to South Kingston, -R. I. There they enjoyed an enthusiastic reception.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The race-traits of the sturdy British yeomanry and -of the Scotch-Irish people were now to blend in -forming the parentage of Oliver and Matthew Perry, -names known to all Americans.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Away from her childhood’s home in a strange land, -the message from the 45th Psalm—the Song of Loves—now -came home to the young wife with a force -that soon conquered homesickness, and with a meaning -that deepened with passing years.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“Hearken, O daughter, and consider and incline -thine ear, forget also thine own people and thy -father’s house.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“Instead of thy fathers shall be thy children whom -thou mayest make princes in all the earth.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Captain C. R. Perry entered the commercial -marine and for thirteen years made voyages as mate, -master or supercargo to Europe, South America and -the East Indies. Even then, our flag floated in all -seas. It had been raised in China, and seen at -Nagasaki in Japan. In 1789 and ’90, the U. S. S. -<span class='it'>Columbus</span> and <span class='it'>Washington</span> circumnavigated the globe, -the first American war vessels to do so. The cities -<span class='pageno' title='8' id='Page_8'></span> -of Providence and Newport secured a large portion -of the trade with Cathay.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The future hero of Lake Erie was ten years old, -and two other children, a son and a daughter, played -in the sea-captain’s home at Newport, when America’s -greatest sailor-diplomat was born on the 10th day of -April 1794. After her former young friend, at this -time a promising young merchant in Philadelphia, -the mother named her third son Matthew Calbraith -Perry. The boy was destined to outlive his parents -and all his brothers.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Matthew Perry was an eager, active, and robust -child full of life and energy. His early youth was -spent in Newport, at courtly Tower Hill, and on the -farm at South Kingston. From the first, his mother -and his kin called him “Calbraith.” This was his -name in the family even to adult life. Few anecdotes -of his boyhood are remembered, but one is -characteristic.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>When only three years old, the ruddy-faced child -was in Kingston. Like a Japanese, he could not say -<span class='it'>l</span>, as in “lash.” He walked about with a whip in his -hand which he called his “rass.” There was a tan yard -near by and the bark was ground by a superannuated -horse. One of his older brothers called him an “old -bark horse.” This displeased the child. He reddened -with anger, and his temper exploded in one of those -naughty words, which in a baby’s mouth often -surprise parents. They wonder where the uncanny -things have been picked up; but our baby-boy -<span class='pageno' title='9' id='Page_9'></span> -added, “If I knew more, I would say it.” For this -outburst of energy, he suffered maternal arrest. -Placed in irons, or apron strings, he was tied up until -repentant.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>That was Matthew Perry—never doing less than -his best. Action was limited only by ability—“If -I knew more, I would say it.” The Japanese -proverb says “The heart of a child of three years -remains until he is sixty.” The western poet writes -it, “The child is father of the man.” If he had -known more, even in Yedo bay in 1854, he would -have done even better than his own best; which, -like the boast of the Arctic hero, was that he “beat -the record.”</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_1'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f1'><a href='#r1'>[1]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>See <a href='#Page_429'>Appendix.</a>—Origin of the Perry Name and Family.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='10' id='Page_10'></span><h1>CHAPTER II.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>BOYHOOD’S ENVIRONMENT.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>In</span> the year 1797, war between France and the -United States seemed inevitable, and “Hail Columbia” -was sung all over the land. The Navy Department -of the United States was created May 21, 1798. -Captain Perry, having offered his services to the -government, was appointed by President Adams, a -post-captain in the navy June 9, 1798, and ordered to -build and command the frigate <span class='it'>General Greene</span> at -Warren, R. I. The keels of six sloops and six seventy-four -gun ships were also laid. In May, 1799, the -<span class='it'>General Greene</span> was ready for sea.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>With his son Oliver as midshipman, Captain Perry -sailed for the West Indies to convoy American merchantmen. -He left his wife and family at Tower -Hill, a courtly village with a history and fine society. -Matthew was five years old. He had been taught to -read by his mother, and now attended the school-house, -an edifice, which, now a century old, has degenerated -to a corn-crib.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Mrs. Perry lived in “the court end” of the town, and, -after school, would tell her little sons of their father -and brothers at sea. This element was ever in sight -with its ships, its mystery, and its beckoning distances. -<span class='pageno' title='11' id='Page_11'></span> -From Tower Hill may be seen Newport, -Conanticut Island, Block Island, Point Judith, and a -stretch of inland country diversified by lakes, and -what the Coreans call “Ten thousand flashings of -blue waves.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>After two brilliant cruises in the Spanish Main, -and a visit to Louisiana, where the American flag -was first displayed by a national ship, Captain Perry -returned to Newport in May, 1800. Negotiations -with France terminated peacefully, and the first act -of President Jefferson was to cut down the navy to a -merely nominal existence. Out of forty-two captains -only nine were retained in service, and Captain Perry -again found himself in private life.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The first and logical result of reducing the nation’s -police force on the seas, was the outbreak of piracy. -Our expanding commerce found itself unprotected, and -the Algerian corsairs captured our vessels and threw -their crews into slavery. In the war with the Barbary -powers, our navy gained its first reputation -abroad in the classic waters of the Mediterranean.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Meanwhile at Newport the boy, Matthew Calbraith, -continued his education under school-teachers, and -his still more valuable training in character under his -mother. The family lived near “the Point,” and during -the long voyages of the father, the training of the -sons and daughters fell almost wholly on the mother.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>It was a good gift of Providence to our nation, this -orphan Irish bride so amply fitted to be the mother -of heroes. Of a long line of officers in the navy of -<span class='pageno' title='12' id='Page_12'></span> -the United States, most of those bearing the name of -Perry, and several of the name of Rodgers, call Sarah -Alexander their ancestress. One of the forefathers of -the bride, who was of the Craigie-Wallace family, was -Sir Richard Wallace of Riccarton, Scotland. He -was the elder brother of Malcom Wallace of Ellerslie, -the father of Sir William Wallace. Her grandfather -was James Wallace, an officer in the Scottish army, -who signed the Solemn League and Covenant of -1643, but resigned his commission some years later. -With other gentlemen from Ayrshire, he took refuge -from religious persecution in North Ireland. Though -earnest Protestants, they became involved in the -Irish rebellion in Cromwell’s time and were driven -to resistance of the English invaders.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>As a young girl Sarah Alexander had not only listened -to oft-repeated accounts of the battles and -valor of her ancestors but was familiar with the historic -sites in the neighborhood of her childhood’s -home. She believed her own people the bravest in -the world. Well educated, and surrounded with -the atmosphere of liberal culture, of high ideas, of -the sacredness of duty and the beauty of religion, she -had been morally well equipped for the responsibilities -of motherhood and mature life. Add to this, -the self-reliance naturally inbred by dwelling as an -orphan girl among five young men, her cousins; and -last and most important, the priceless advantage of a -superb physique, and one sees beforehand to what inheritance -her sons were to come. One old lady, who remembers -<span class='pageno' title='13' id='Page_13'></span> -her well, enthusiastically declared that “she -was wonderfully calculated to form the manners of -children.” Another who knew her in later life writes -of her as “a Spartan mother,” “a grand old lady.” -Another says “Intelligent, lady-like, well educated;” -another that “she was all that is said of her in Mackenzie’s -Life of O. H. Perry.” Those nearest to her -remember her handsome brown eyes, dark hair, rich -complexion, fine white teeth, and stately figure.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The deeds of the Perry men are matters of history. -The province of the women was at home, but it was -the mothers, of the Hazard and the Alexander blood -who prepared the men for their careers by moulding -in them the principles from which noble actions -spring.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Discipline, sweetened with love, was the system of -the mother of the Perry boys, and the foundation of -their education. First of all, they must obey. The -principles of Christianity, of honor, and of chivalry -were instilled in their minds from birth. <span class='it'>Noblesse -oblige</span> was their motto. It was at home, under their -mother’s eye that Oliver learned how to win victory -at Lake Erie, and Matthew a treaty with Japan. -She fired the minds of her boys with the ineradicable -passion of patriotism, the love of duty, and the conquest -of self. At the same time, she trained them to -the severest virtue, purest motives, faithfulness in -details, a love for literature, and a reverence for sacred -things. The habit which Matthew C. Perry had -of reading his Bible through once during every cruise, -<span class='pageno' title='14' id='Page_14'></span> -his scrupulous regard for the Lord’s day, the American -Sunday, his taste for literature, and his love for -the English classics were formed at his mother’s knee.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The vigor of her mind and force of her character -were illustrated in other ways. While personally -attractive with womanly graces, gentle and persuasive -in her manners, she believed that self-preservation -is the first law of nature. Training her sons to kindness -and consideration of others, and warning them to -avoid quarrels, she yet demanded of them that they -should neither provoke nor receive an insult, nor ever -act the coward. How well her methods were understood -by her neighbors, is shown by an incident which -occurred shortly after news of the victory at Lake -Erie reached Rhode Island. An old farmer stoutly -insisted that it was Mrs. Perry who had “licked the -British.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>There was much in the social atmosphere and historical -associations of Newport at the opening of this -century to nourish the ambition and fire the imagination -of impressible lads like the Perry boys. Here -still lived the French veteran, Count Rochambeau of -revolutionary fame. Out in the bay, fringed with -fortifications of Indian, Dutch, Colonial and British -origin and replete with memories of stirring deeds, lay -the hulk of the famous ship in which Captain Cook -had observed the transit of Venus and circumnavigated -the globe. Here, possibly, the Norsemen had come -to dwell centuries before, and fascinating though -uncertain tradition pointed to the then naked masonry -<span class='pageno' title='15' id='Page_15'></span> -of the round tower as evidence of it. The African -slave-trade was very active at this time, and brought -much wealth to Newport and the old manors served -by black slaves fresh from heathenism. Among other -noted negroes was Phillis Wheatly the famous poetess, -then in her renown, who had been brought to Boston -in 1781 in a slave-ship. What was afterwards left to -Portuguese cut-throats and Soudan Arabs was, until -within the memory of old men now living, prosecuted -by Yankee merchants and New England deacons -whose ship’s cargoes consisted chiefly of rum -and manacles. At this iniquity, Matthew Perry was -one day to deal a stunning blow.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Here, too, had tarried Berkeley, not then a bishop, -however, whose prophecy, “Westward the star of -empire takes its way” was to be fulfilled by Matthew -Perry across new oceans, even to Japan. Once a -year the gaily decked packet-boat set out from -Newport to Providence to carry the governor from -one capital to the other. This was a red-letter day -to little Calbraith, in whose memory it remained -bright and clear to the day of his death. When he -was about ten years old, Mr. Matthew Calbraith now -thirty years old and a successful merchant, came from -Philadelphia to visit the Perrys. He was delighted -with his little namesake, and prophesied that he would -make the name of Perry more honorable yet.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The affair of the <span class='it'>Leopard</span> and <span class='it'>Chesapeake</span> in June -1807 thrilled every member of the family. Matthew -begged that he might, at once, enter the navy. This, -<span class='pageno' title='16' id='Page_16'></span> -however, was not yet possible to the boy of twelve -years, so he remained at school.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>What Providence meant to teach, when an American -man-of-war with her decks littered up and otherwise -unfit for action was surprised by a hostile ship, -was not lost upon our navy. The humiliating but -salutary lesson was learned for all time. Neatness, -vigilance and constant preparation for the possibilities -of action are now the characteristics of our naval -households. So far as we know, no other ship of our -country has since been “leopardized.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Even out of their bitter experience, the American -sailors took encouragement. The heavy broadsides -of a fifty-gun frigate against a silent ship had done -surprisingly little damage. British traditions suffered -worse than the timbers of the <span class='it'>Chesapeake</span>, or the -hearts of her sailors. The moral effect was against -the offenders, and in favor of the Americans. The -mists of rumor and exaggeration were blown away, -and henceforth our captains and crews awaited with -stern joy their first onset with insolent oppressors. -If ever the species bully had developed an abominable -variety, it was the average British navy captain of -the first decade of this century.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Providence was severing the strings which bound -the infant nation to her European nurse. If the -mere crossing of the Atlantic by the Anglo Saxon or -Germanic race has been equivalent to five hundred -years of progress, we may, at this day, be thankful -for the treacherous broadsides of the <span class='it'>Leopard</span>. -<span class='pageno' title='17' id='Page_17'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Having a well-grounded faith in the future of his -country, and in the speedy renown of her navy, -Captain Perry wished all his sons to be naval officers. -He had confidence in American ships and cannon, -and believed that, handled by native Americans, they -were a match for any in the world. His sons Oliver -and Raymond already wore the uniform. Early in -1808, he wrote to the Department concerning an appointment -for Matthew. His patience was not long -tried. Under date of April 23, 1808, he received -word from the secretary, Paul Smith, that nothing -stood in the way. The receipt of the warrant as -midshipman was eagerly awaited by the lad. On -the 18th of January 1809, the paper arrived. He was -ordered March 16th to the naval station at New -York, where he performed for several weeks such -routine duty as a lad of his age could do. He then -went aboard the schooner <span class='it'>Revenge</span>, his first home -afloat.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In those days, there being no naval academy, the -young midshipmen entered as mere boys, learning -the rudiments of seamanship by actual practice on -ships at sea. Thus began our typical American -naval officer’s long and brilliant career of nearly half a -century.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Matthew Perry was born when our flag bearing the -stars and stripes was so new on the seas as to be regarded -with curiosity. It had then but fifteen stars -in its cluster. Civilized states disregarded its neutrality, -and uncivilized people insulted it with impunity. -<span class='pageno' title='18' id='Page_18'></span> -The Tripolitan war first compelled barbarians to respect -the emblem. France, one of the most powerful -and unscrupulous of belligerents, had not yet -learned to honor its right of neutrality. Great Britain, -to the insults of spoliation, added the robbery of impressment. -Matthew Perry entered the United -States navy with a burning desire to make this flag -respected in every sea. He lived to command the -largest fleet which, in his lifetime ever gathered -under its folds, and to bear it to the uttermost parts -of the earth in the first steam frigate of the United -States which ever circumnavigated the globe.</p> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='19' id='Page_19'></span><h1>CHAPTER III.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>A MIDSHIPMAN’S TRAINING UNDER COMMODORE RODGERS.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>The</span> schooner <span class='it'>Revenge</span>, commanded by his brother -Oliver, to which Matthew Perry was ordered for -his first cruise, had been purchased in 1807. She -mounted twelve guns, had a crew of ninety men, -and was attached to the squadron under Commodore -John Rodgers, which numbered four frigates, five -sloops, and some smaller vessels. His duty was to -guard our coasts from the Chesapeake to Passamaquoddy -Bay, to prevent impressment of American -sailors by British cruisers. The <span class='it'>Revenge</span> was to -cruise between Montauk Point and Nantucket -Shoals.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Boy as he was, Matthew Perry seems not to have -relished the idea of serving in a coasting schooner. -Having an opportunity to make a voyage to the East -Indies, the idea of visiting Asia fascinated his imagination. -It seemed to offer a fine field for obtaining -nautical knowledge. Bombay was at this time the -seat of British naval excellence in ship building, and -an eighty-gun vessel, built of teak or India oak, was -launched every three years. A petition for furlough -was not, however, granted and the voyage to Asia -was postponed nearly half a century. -<span class='pageno' title='20' id='Page_20'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Under such a commander, and with his brother -Oliver, the boy Matthew was initiated into active -service. The <span class='it'>Revenge</span> kept look-out during summer -and winter, and in April went southward to Washington -and the Carolinas.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>As there was as yet nothing to do but to be vigilant -and to prepare for the war which was—unless Great -Britain changed her impressment policy—sure to -come, daily attention was given to drill. The sailors -were especially taught to keep cool and bide their -time to fire. All the Perrys, father and sons, were -diligent students of ordnance and gunnery. They -were masters of both theory and practice. Among -the list of subscribers to Toussard’s Artillerist, -written at the request of Washington, and published -in 1809, is the name of Oliver H. Perry.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the 12th of October, 1810, Midshipman M. C. -Perry was ordered from the <span class='it'>Revenge</span> (which was -wrecked off Watch Hill, R. I., January 8, 1811) to -the frigate <span class='it'>President</span>. This brought him on the flag-ship, -the finest of the heavy frigates of 1797, and -directly under the eye of Commodore Rodgers. On -the 16th of October she went on a short cruise of -ten days and returned to her port for the winter, -where Raymond Perry joined him. News of the -whereabouts of the British ships <span class='it'>Shannon</span> and <span class='it'>Guerriere</span> -was regularly received, and the crew kept alert -and ready for work with the press-gang. This was -the beginning of three years service by the two -Perry brothers on this famous ship. -<span class='pageno' title='21' id='Page_21'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>From March 19, 1811, until July 25, 1813, Matthew -kept a diary in which he made observations -relating chiefly to the weather and matters of technical -interest, with occasional items of historical -value. The boyish ambition for ample proportions -in the book is offset by the accuracy studied in the -entries, and the excessive modesty of all statements -relating to himself, even to his wound received by -the bursting of a gun. It contains frequent reference -to personages whose congenial home was the -quarter-deck, the lustre of whose names still glitters -in history like the fresh sand which they sprinkled -on their letters—now entombed in the naval -archives at Washington.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>From the first, the bluff disciplinarian, Commodore -Rodgers, took a kindly interest in his midshipman. -He was especially exacting of his juniors -whom he liked, or in whom he saw promise. His -dignity, discipline and spirit, were models constantly -imitated by his pupils.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>One day, while on duty on that part of the deck -which roofed the commodore’s cabin, Matthew Perry -paced up and down his beat with, what seemed to -the occupant below, an unnecessarily noisy stride. -Irate at being disturbed while writing, the commodore -rushed out on deck, demanded the spy glass -and bade Perry to put himself in his superior’s place -in the cabin, and sit there to learn how the iniquity -of his heels sounded. Then with ponderous tread, -exaggerated stride, and mock dignity, the commodore -<span class='pageno' title='22' id='Page_22'></span> -of the whole fleet gave a dramatic object-lesson. -It profited the lad no less than it amused -the spectators.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Soon after this, Perry was made commodore’s aide.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The diary shows that constant exercise at the -“great guns and small arms” was practiced. Rodgers -knew that his men were to meet the heroes of -Trafalgar, and he believed that American gunnery -would quickly settle questions over which diplomacy -had become impotent.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The <span class='it'>President</span>, leaving New London for New -York, set sail April 22 for Annapolis, casting -anchor opposite Fort Severn, May 2. Here the -vessel lay for ten days. As everything was quiet -along the coast, Commodore Rodgers went to his -home at Havre de Grace, seventy miles distant, to -visit his family. The purser and chaplain took a trip -to Washington, and on board all was as quiet as a -city church aisle in summer.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Late at night, May 6, there came dispatches from -the Navy Department. Two men had been taken -from the merchant brig, <span class='it'>Spitfire</span>, within eighteen -miles of New York. One of the young men impressed, -John Deguys, was known to the captain to -be a native of Maine. The <span class='it'>Guerriere</span>, Captain -Dacres, was, as usual, suspected.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The news created great excitement, for the constant -search of American ships and the impressment -of such men, as the arrogant English captains chose -to call British “subjects,” had roused our sailors’ ire. -<span class='pageno' title='23' id='Page_23'></span> -They burned to change this disgraceful state of -things and to avenge the <span class='it'>Chesapeake</span> affair. The -officers of the <span class='it'>Guerriere</span>, painting the name of their -frigate on her topsails, in large white letters, had -been conspicuous for their bravado in insulting -American merchant captains.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>This was the age of British boasting on the sea, -of huge canvas and enormous flags. For during -nigh two score years, the British sailors, “lords of -the main,” had ruled the waves, rarely losing a ship, -and never a squadron, in their numerous battles. -Uninterrupted success had bred many bullies. The -trade of New York had been injured by these annoying -searches and delays. The orders to Commodore -Rodgers were to proceed at once to stop the -outrageous proceedings. The vexed question of impressment -had, since 1790, caused an incredible -amount of negotiation. It was now to pass out of the -hands of secretaries into the control of our naval -captains, with power to solve the problem.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>To get the dispatches to the commodore was the -duty in hand. Neither steamer nor telegraph could -then help to perform it; but hearts and hands were -true, and Matthew Perry was ready to show the stuff -of which he was made. Captain Ludlow at once -entrusted the delicate matter to the commodore’s -aide.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Matthew Perry set out before daylight in the commodore’s -gig. The pull of seventy miles was made -against a head wind. Taking his seat at the helm, -<span class='pageno' title='24' id='Page_24'></span> -he cheered on his men, but it was a long and hard -day’s work. It was nearly dark when the lights of -the village danced in the distance. At this moment -one of the men dropped his oar, and sank back with -the blood gushing from his mouth and nostrils. In -his over-strain he had burst a blood vessel.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Rodgers at once took the boat, and with the wind -in his favor hoisted sail. At 3 <span class='sc'>p. m.</span>, May 7, as Captain -Ludlow was dining on the sloop <span class='it'>Argus</span>, near the -<span class='it'>President</span>, the gig was descried five miles distant -bearing the broad pennant. Perry, in his journal, -modestly omits, as is customary with him, all reference -to this exploit of bringing back the commodore. -But under the entry of May 10, he writes: -“At 10 hoisted out the launch, carried out a kedge -and warped the ship out of the roads.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The <span class='it'>President</span> put to sea with her name boldly -blazoned on her three topsails like the <span class='it'>Guerriere’s</span>. -All on board were ready and eager for an opportunity -to wipe out this last disgrace. Perry writes, on -the 13th: “At 3 spoke the brig . . . . from Trinidad—informed -us that the day before she was -boarded by an English sloop-of-war.” “At 7 the -<span class='it'>Argus</span> hove to alongside of us. Captain Lawrence -came on board—at 8 Captain L. left the ship.” -Next day “at 3 exercised great guns”; “at half-past -8 passed New Point Comfort. At 10 opened -the magazine and took out thirty-two twenty-four -pound and twenty-four forty-two pound cartridges.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At 1 o’clock in the afternoon of the 17th, a -<span class='pageno' title='25' id='Page_25'></span> -strange sail was noticed—the ensign and pennant -were raised, the ship was cleared for action and the -crew beat to quarters. The signals of the strange -ship were not answered. The two ships were at this -time but a few leagues south of Sandy Hook.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The stranger ship was none other than the British -sloop-of-war <span class='it'>Little Belt</span>, carrying twenty-two guns. -As what took place really precipitated the war of -1812, we give the record from Perry’s diary without -alteration.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“At 7 <span class='sc'>p. m.</span> the chase took in her studding-sails, -distant about eight miles. At ten or twelve minutes -past 7 she rounded to on the starboard-tack. At -half-past 7 shortened sail. At half-past 8 rounded -to on her weather beam, within half a cable’s length -of her; hailed and asked ‘what ship is that’? to -which she replied, ‘what ship is that’? and on the -commodore’s asking the second time ‘what ship is -that’? received a shot from her which was immediately -returned from our gun-deck, but was scarcely -fired before she fired three other guns accompanied -with musquetry. We then commenced a general -fire which lasted about fifteen minutes, when the -order was given to cease firing, our adversary being -silent and apparently in much distress. At 9 hauled -on a wind on the starboard-tack, the strange ship -having dropped astern so far that the commodore -did not choose to follow, supposing that he had sufficiently -chastised her for her insolence in firing into -an American frigate. Kept our battle-lanthorns -<span class='pageno' title='26' id='Page_26'></span> -burning. After having examined the damage, found -that the ship had her foremast and mainmast -wounded and some rigging shot away—one boy -only wounded—before daylight the masts were -fished, moulded and painted, and everything taut.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“At 5 <span class='sc'>a. m.</span> discovered the strange sail and bore -down for her. At 8 came alongside and sent a boat -aboard her. She was lying in a very shattered situation; -no sail bent except her maintopsail; her rigging -all shot away; three or four shots through her -masts; several between wind and water; her gaft -shot away, etc. At 9 the boat returned; she proved -to be the British ship-of-war <span class='it'>Little Belt</span>, Captain -Bingham; permitted her to proceed on her course, -hoisted the boat up and hauled by the wind on the -larboard tack; ends clear and pleasant.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In this battle the young midshipman first heard a -hostile shot and received his initial “baptism of -fire.” The accounts of this affair given by the two -commanders, Rodgers and Bingham, cannot be reconciled. -Captain Bingham, acquitted of blame, was -promoted February 7, 1812, to post-rank in the -British navy. The event widened the breach between -the two nations, and was the foreshadowing -of coming events not long to be postponed. Probably -Rodgers’ chief regret was that the punished -vessel had not been the <span class='it'>Guerriere</span>.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The rest of the year, 1811, was spent by our sailors -in constant readiness and unremitting discipline -in order to secure the highest state of naval efficiency. -<span class='pageno' title='27' id='Page_27'></span> - Exercise at the carronades and long guns -was a daily task. The coming war on the ocean was -to be a contest in gunnery, and to be won by tactical -skill, long guns, and superiority in artillery practice. -Nothing was left to chance on the American -ships. Congress had neglected the navy since the -Tripolitan war, and with embargoes, non-intercourse -acts, and a puerile gun-boat system, practically attempted -to paralyze this arm of defence. Commodore -Rodgers’ squadron was an exception to the -general system, and his was the sole squadron serviceable -when the declaration of hostilities came.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Rodgers hoped by speedy victories to demonstrate -the power of the American heavy frigate to blow to -atoms “the gun-boat system,” and change British -insolence into respect. Lack of opportunity caused -him personal disappointment; but his faith and -creed were fully justified by the naval campaign -of 1812.</p> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='28' id='Page_28'></span><h1>CHAPTER IV.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>MEN, SHIPS AND GUNS IN 1812.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>Commodore John Rodgers</span> was a man of the -time, a typical naval officer of the period. He was -minutely careful about the food and habits of his -men, and made the <span class='it'>President</span> as homelike as a ship -could be. He was not precisely a man of science, as -was the case with his son in the monitor <span class='it'>Weehawken</span>, -for this was the pre-scientific age of naval warfare. -Indeed, it can scarcely be said with truth that he had -either patience with or appreciation of Robert Fulton, -the Pennsylvanian whose inventions were destined to -revolutionize the methods of naval warfare. This -mechanical genius who anticipated steam frigates, -iron armor, torpedoes and rams, rather amused than -interested Rodgers. To the commodore, who expected -no miracles, he seemed to possess “Continuity -but not ingenuity.” Fulton had not yet perfected -his apparatus, though he had in 1804 blown -up a Danish frigate off Copenhagen, and in 1810 had -published in New York his “Torpedo War and Submarine -Explosion.” This book is full of illustrations -so clear, that to look at them now provokes the wonder -that his schemes found so little encouragement. -Five thousand dollars were appropriated by Congress -<span class='pageno' title='29' id='Page_29'></span> -March 30, 1810, for submarine torpedo experiments. -Discouragement evidently followed: for our government -in 1811, following the example of France and -England rejected his plans for a submarine torpedo -boat.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“The Battle of the Kegs” was too often referred -to in connection with Fulton’s projects. This threw -a humorous but not luminous glow over the whole -matter. It gave to a serious scientific subject very -much the same air as that which Irving has succeeded -in casting over the early history of New -York.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Having glanced at the typical American commander, -let us now see what kind of sailors handled -the ships and guns of 1812. In an old order book of -Commodore Rodgers’, we find one to midshipman -M. C. Perry, dated “President off Sandy Hook 26th -May 1813,” directing him to proceed to New York -and enter for the ship six petty officers and fifty seamen -and boys. From this we may guess the quality -of the crews of American men-of-war.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“You are desired to be particular in entering none -but American citizens, and indeed, native-born citizens -in preference.” He is especially directed to -ship good healthy men able to perform duty, active -and robust, while only those of good character and -appearance are to be accepted for the warrant and -petty officers. As Matthew Perry was but seventeen -years of age, the order shows the confidence his commander -placed in his judgement. In Perry’s diary -<span class='pageno' title='30' id='Page_30'></span> -the simple entry under May 28 is “At 12 <span class='sc'>p. m.</span> the -pilot boat left the ship with Mr. Hunt and Midp. M. -C. Perry as a recruiting officer for the ship.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>It is the favorite idea of Englishmen who have -formed their opinions from James the popular historian -of the British navy, that the victories of American -ships over their own in 1812 were owing to the -British deserters among the Yankees. James, with -amazing credulity, believes that there were two hundred -Englishmen on the <span class='it'>Constitution</span>, that two-thirds -of the sailors in the navy of the United States were -bred on the soil and educated in the ships of Great -Britain, and to these our navy owed at least one half -of its effectiveness.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>It is much nearer the truth to state that nine-tenths -of the American crews were native-born, and -but about one-twentieth of British nationality, the -rest being a mixture. Three-fourths of the natives -were from the northern states; half of the remaining -quarter from Virginia, and nearly all of respectable -parentage.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Of the officers, the midshipmen were lads of from -eleven to fifteen years of age. There were in commission -during the war about 500 naval officers, 34,960 -sailors and petty officers, and 2,725 marines. -The government possessed six navy yards.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In addition to the officer’s knowledge of the scientific -principle of gunnery, and the thorough familiarity -of the gun-crews with their duties, each ship’s -company when away from its cannon was a disciplined -<span class='pageno' title='31' id='Page_31'></span> -battalion. The manual of small arms comprehended -every possible stroke of offence and defence. -Pikes, cutlasses and axes were the weapons relied on, -though a few rifles, in the hands of sharp shooters -perched in the crows-nests and in the tops, and a -brace of pistols at each man’s belt had their places. -The Yankee cutlass had already crossed with the -Moorish scimiter at Tripoli, in more than one victory, -and “our sailors felt a just confidence in its -merits.”<a id='r2'/><a href='#f2' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[2]</span></sup></a> The pike was the boarding weapon, the -sailor’s bayonet, with which he charged the enemy -on his own decks, or repelled his attacks, and was -not the least of small arms. The war of 1812, with -men speaking the same language, was practically a -civil war in which the sword was again to be taken -up against equals in every respect. Hence the need -of constant practice in handling tools. The uninterrupted -drill bore its fruit in due season.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>One potent secret of American excellence of -naval service, which raised our standard of war ships -and guns even higher than the highest in Europe, -was the rule of promotion for merit. This nerved -every sailor and petty officer to do nothing less than -his best at all times. In this respect, the navy of -the western world contrasted effectively with that of -Great Britain, where commissions were bought and -sold in open market.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Yankee captain taught his men to take pride -<span class='pageno' title='32' id='Page_32'></span> -in their guns as if they were human. Of many an -American sailor in 1812 it could be said:</p> - -<div class='literal-container' style=''><div class='literal'> <!-- rend=';fs:.9em;' --> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.9em;'>“His conscience and his gun, he thought</p> -<p class='line0' style='font-size:.9em;'>His duty lay between.”</p> -</div></div> <!-- end rend --> - -<p class='pindent'>The American men-of-war went to sea with sights -on their guns that enabled a cannonneer to fire with -nearly the accuracy of a rifle. In their occasional -use of sheet-lead cartridges, which required less -sponging and worming after firing than those of -flannel and of paper, they anticipated the copper -shells of recent American invention.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The broadsides of that day may seem to us ridiculous -in weight, as compared to those of our time. -A projectile from an iron-clad now exceeds the entire -mass of metal thrown by the largest of the old line-of-battle -ships. The heaviest broadside in the United -States in 1812—that thrown by the <span class='it'>United States</span> -carrying fifty-four guns—was but 846 pounds. -Nevertheless the American ships had usually heavier -and better guns and of longer range than the British. -The power of a line-of-battle ship had been condensed -into the space of a frigate. This was the American -idea, to increase the weight of metal thrown in broadside -without altering the ship’s rating.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>With their guns every man and boy on board was -constantly familiar by daily practice, and the name and -purpose of each rope, crook, pulley, and cleet on the -carriages were fully known to all. It must be remembered -that horizontal shell-firing was unknown -sixty years ago. Bombs could be thrown only from -<span class='pageno' title='33' id='Page_33'></span> -mortars as in a land siege, but never from cannon in -naval duels, though short howitzers were occasionally -employed in Europe to fire bombs. “Bomb-guns, -firing hollow shot,” on ships, were not invented until -1824. The seeming advantage to the old time sailor, -in his exemption from exploding shells, was in reality -and from a humane point of view, a disadvantage; -since in navals annals short sharp engagements were -less common. A vast waste of ammunition causing -“prolonged mutilation and slaughter” was rather the -rule. It was the coolness of the American cannonneer, -his economy in firing his gun only when he -was reasonably sure of hitting, his ability to hold the -linstock from the touch-hole till the word was given -to fire, that made the duels of 1812 short and decisive.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>As a feeble substitute for bomb-shells, the Americans -were driven to the use of all sorts of hardware -and blacksmith’s scraps as projectiles. This kind of -shot was called “langrel” or “langrage,” and the metal -magazine of a cruiser in 1812 would be sure to cause -merriment if looked into in our decade. In old and -in recent times, each combatant aimed to destroy the -propelling power of the other. As the main design -now is to strike the boiler and disable the machinery, -so then the first object was to cut up the sails and -rigging, so as to reduce the ship to a hulk. For the -purpose, our blacksmiths and inventors were called -on to furnish all sorts of ripping and tearing missiles and -every species of dismantling shot. Their anvils turned -<span class='pageno' title='34' id='Page_34'></span> -off “star shot,” “chain shot,” “sausages,” “double headers,” -“porcupines” and “hedge-hogs.” The “star -shot” made of four wrought iron bolts hammered to a -ring folded like a frame of umbrella rods. On firing, -this camp stool arrangement expanded its rays to the -detriment of the enemy’s cordage and canvas. The -“sausage” consisted of four or six links, each twelve -inches long and when rammed home resemble a disjointed -fishing pole or artist’s sketching chair packed -up. When belched forth it was converted into a -swinging line of iron six feet long which made havoc -among the ropes. The “double header” resemble a -dumb bell. The “chain shot,” “porcupine” and -“hedge-hog” explain themselves by their names. Such -projectiles, with a small blacksmith’s shop of bolts and -spikes, were to the weight of half a ton, taken out of the -side of the <span class='it'>Shannon</span> after her fight with the <span class='it'>Chesapeake</span> -and sold at auction in Halifax where most of them -were converted into horse-shoes and other innocent -articles. In preparing for the battle of Lake Erie, -all the scraps of iron saved at the forges were sewn -in leather bags. This flying cutlery helped largely -to disable the enemy and bring about the victory. -In battle, the carronades charged with this “langrage” -were tilted high and pointed at the rigging, -while the solid shot of the regular broadsides hulled -the enemy with decisive effect. This kind of projectile, -though it had been in use in Europe since -1720, was denounced by the British as inhuman and -uncivilized. As the history of war again and again -<span class='pageno' title='35' id='Page_35'></span> -proves, what is first denounced as barbarous is finally -adopted as fair against an enemy.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The British neglected artillery practice and knew -little of nice gunnery. Their carronades and long -deck guns were less securely fastened, and were often -over charged. By their recoil they were often kicked -over and rendered useless during a fight. A terrible -picture in words is given by Victor Hugo in his “93” -of a carronade let loose in a storm on the deck of a -French ship. British discipline too, had fallen behind -the standard of Nelson’s day. A nearly uninterrupted -series of victories had so spoiled with conceit the -average English naval man that he felt it unnecessary -if not impossible to learn from an enemy. In the -autobiography of Henry Taylor, the author of “Philip -Van Artevelde,” who in his youth was midshipman -on a British frigate in 1812, he tells us that during a -whole year he was not once in the rigging. Very -little attention was paid to scientific gunnery, and -target practice was rare. In some ships, not a ball -was shot from a gun in three years. Dependence -was placed on the number of cannon rather than on -their quality, equipment or service. They counted -rather than weighed their shot. Most of the British -frigates were over-gunned.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The carronade, invented in 1779, had become -immediately popular, and by 1781 four hundred and -twenty-nine British war vessels were equipped with -from six to ten carronades. These were above their -regular complement and not included in the rate or -<span class='pageno' title='36' id='Page_36'></span> -enumeration. Hence a “thirty-eight,” a “forty-two,” -or a “seventy-four” gun-ship might have many more -muzzles than her professed complement. The fearful -effect of short range upon the timber of ships enabled -the British to convert their enemy’s walls into missiles, -and make splinters their ally in the work of death -and mutilation. Farragut’s “splinter nettings” were -then unknown nor dreamed of. Hence the terrific -proverbial force of the British broadsides in the Nile -and at Trafalgar. After such demonstration of power, -such manifest superiority over foemen worthy of their -steel, it seemed absurd in British eyes to make -special preparation, or abandon old routine in order -to meet the Yankees in their “pine board” and “fir -built” frigates. What they had done with the French -they expected to with the Americans, and more easily. -They did not know the virtues of the American long -guns nor the rapidity, coolness, and unerring accuracy -of the American artillerists. They were now to learn -new lessons in the art of war. They were to fight -with sailors who took aim.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At the outbreak of hostilities our naval force in -ships consisted of one hundred and seventy gun-boats -afloat, three second class frigates under repair, three -old brigs rotten and worthless, with five brigs and -sloops, three first-class and two second-class frigates -which were seaworthy. After the embargo of April -14th most of the fast sailers in the American merchant -service were converted into privateers.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The British naval force all told consisted of over a -<span class='pageno' title='37' id='Page_37'></span> -thousand sail and her sailors were flushed with the -remembrances of Aboukir and Trafalgar. Before -hostilities and at the date of the declaration of war, -there were off our coast the <span class='it'>Africa</span>, one sixty-four -gun-ship; the <span class='it'>Shannon</span>, <span class='it'>Guerriere</span>, <span class='it'>Belvidera</span>, and -<span class='it'>Eolus</span>, second class frigates; besides several smaller -vessels.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The war with Great Britain, our “second war for independence” -was declared when the treasury was -empty and the cabinet divided. Some pamphleteers -stigmatized it as “Mr. Madison’s war.” So great was -the cowardly fear of British invincibility on the seas, -and so shameful and unjust were the suspicions against -our navy that many counsellors at Washington -urged that the national vessels should keep within -tide-water and act only as harbor batteries. To the -earnest personal remonstrance of Captains Bainbridge -and Stewart we owe it that our vessels got to sea to -win a glory imperishable.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Borrowing a point from the English who, in older -days, usually chose their time to declare war when the -richly-laden Dutch galleons were on their homeward -voyage from the Indies, President Madison and -Congress, hoping to fill the depleted treasury, -passed the act declarative of war about the time the -Jamaica plate fleet of eighty-five vessels was to arrive -off our coast. This sailed from Negril Bay on the -20th of May and war against Great Britain was declared -on the 12th of June, at least one week too late.</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_2'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f2'><a href='#r2'>[2]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Roosevelt’s “Naval History of the War of 1812.”</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='38' id='Page_38'></span><h1>CHAPTER V.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>SERVICE IN THE WAR OF 1812.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>In</span> these days of submarine cables, the European -armies in South Africa or Cochin China receive -orders from London or Paris on the day of their -issue. To us, the tardiness of transmission in Perry’s -youth, seems incredible. Although war was declared -on the 12th of June, official information did not -reach the army officers until June 20th, and the naval -commanders until the 21st. In Perry’s diary of -June 20th 1812, this entry is made: “At 10 <span class='sc'>a. m.</span> -news arrived that war would be declared the following -day against G. B. Made the signal for all officers -and boats. Unmoored ship and fired a salute.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At 3.30 <span class='sc'>p. m.</span> next day, within sixty minutes of the -arrival of the news, the squadron, consisting of the -<span class='it'>President</span>, <span class='it'>United States</span>, <span class='it'>Congress</span>, <span class='it'>Argus</span>, and <span class='it'>Hornet</span>, -about one-third of the whole sea-worthy naval force -of the nation, moved out into the ocean.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The British man-of-war, <span class='it'>Belvidera</span>, was cruising off -Nantucket shore awaiting the French privateer, -<span class='it'>Marengo</span>, hourly expected from New London. Captain -Byron had heard of the likelihood of war from a -New York pilot, and his crew was ready for emergencies. -At eight o’clock next morning, the look-out -<span class='pageno' title='39' id='Page_39'></span> -on the <span class='it'>President</span> when off Nantucket Shoal, caught -sight of a strange frigate. Every stitch of canvas -was put on the masts and stays, and a race, which -was kept up all day, was begun. The <span class='it'>President</span>, -being just out, was heavily loaded, and, until afternoon, -the <span class='it'>Belvidera</span> by lightening ship kept well -ahead. When it became evident to Captain Byron, -the British commander, that he must fight, he -ordered the deck cleared, ran out four stern guns, -two of which were eighteen pounders and on the -main deck. He hoisted his colors at half past twelve. -His cartridges were picked, but his fusing was not -laid on. This was to avoid a <span class='it'>President</span> and <span class='it'>Little -Belt</span> experience. By half past four, the <span class='it'>President’s</span> -bow-chaser, or “Long Tom,” was within six hundred -yards distance, and the time for firing the first gun -of the war had come. The long years of patient -waiting and self-control, under insults, were over. -The question of the freedom of the seas was to be -settled by artillery.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Commodore Rodgers desiring the personal honor -of firing the first hostile shot afloat, took his station -at the starboard forecastle gun. Perry, a boy of -seventeen, stood beside ready, eager, and cool. Waiting -till the right moment, the commodore applied the -match. The ball struck the <span class='it'>Belvidera</span> in the stern -coat and passed through, lodging in the ward-room. -The corresponding gun on the main deck was then -discharged, and the ball was seen to strike the -muzzle of one of the enemy’s stern-chasers. The -<span class='pageno' title='40' id='Page_40'></span> -third shot killed two men and wounded five on the -<span class='it'>Belvidera</span>. With such superb gunnery, the war of -1812 opened. A few more such shots, and the -prize would have been in hand.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>It was not so to be. Nothing is more certain than -the unexpected. A slip came between sight and -taste, changing the whole situation.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Commodore Rodgers with his younger officers -stood on the forecastle deck with glasses leveled to -see the effect of the shot from the next gun on the -deck beneath them. It was in charge of Lieutenant -Gamble. On the match being applied, it burst. -The Commodore was thrown into the air and his leg -broken by the fall. Matthew Perry was wounded, -several of the sailors were killed, and the forecastle -deck was damaged badly. Sixteen men were injured -by this accident. The firing on the American ship -ceased for some minutes, until the ruins were cleared -away, and the dead and wounded were removed. -Meanwhile the stern guns of the <span class='it'>Belvidera</span> were -playing vigorously, and, during the whole action, -this busy end of the British vessel was alive with -smoke and flame. No fewer than three hundred shot -were fired, killing or wounding six of the <span class='it'>President’s</span> -crew though hurting the ship but slightly, notwithstanding -that, for two and a half hours, she lay in a -position favorable for raking. Having no pivot guns, -but hoping to cripple his enemy by a full broadside, -Commodore Rodgers, when the <span class='it'>President</span> had forged -ahead, veered ship and gave the enemy his full starboard -<span class='pageno' title='41' id='Page_41'></span> -fire. Failing of this purpose, he delivered -another broadside at five o’clock, which was as -useless as the other. He then ordered the sails set -and continued the chase. To offset this advantage -in his enemy, the British captain, equal to the -situation, ordered the pumps to be manned, stores, -anchors and boats to be heaved overboard to rid the -ship of every superfluous pound of matter. Fourteen -tons of water were started and, lightened of -much metal and wood, the British ship gained -visibly on her opponent. This continued until six, -when the wind, being very light, Rodgers, in the -hope of disabling his antagonist, “yawed” again and -fired two broadsides. These, to the chagrin of the -gallant commodore, fell short or took slight effect. -At seven o’clock, the <span class='it'>Belvidera</span> was beyond range -and, near midnight, the chase was given up.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The escaping vessel got safely to Halifax carrying -thither the news that war had been declared and the -Yankee cruisers were loose on the main. Instead of -the electric cable which flashes the news in seconds, -the schooner <span class='it'>Mackerel</span> took dispatches, arriving at -Portsmouth July 25th.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Following the trail left in the “pathless ocean” by -the crumbs that fell from the British table,—fruit -rinds, orange skins and cocoa-nut shells, the American -frigate followed the game until within twenty-four -hours of the British channel. It was now time -to be off. The West India prize was lost.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Turning prow to Maderia, Funchal was passed -<span class='pageno' title='42' id='Page_42'></span> -July 27th. Sail was then made for the Azores. -Few ships were seen, but fogs were frequent. -Baffled in his desire to meet an enemy having teeth -to bite, Rodgers would have still kept his course, -but for a fire in the rear. An enemy, feared more -than British guns, had captured the ship.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>It was the scurvy. It broke out so alarmingly -that he was obliged to hurry home at full speed. -Passing Nantasket roads August 31st decks were -cleared for action. A strange ship was in sight. -It was the <span class='it'>Constitution</span> which a few days before had -met and sunk their old enemy the <span class='it'>Guerriere</span>, two of -whose prizes the <span class='it'>President</span> had recaptured.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In this, his first foreign cruise in a man-of-war, full -as it was of exciting incidents, Perry had taken part -in one battle, and the capture of seven British Merchant -vessels. Driven home ingloriously by the -chronic enemy of the naval household, he learned -well a new lesson. He gained an experience, by -which not only himself but all his crew down to the -humblest sailor under his command, profited during -the half century of his service. In those ante-canning -days, more lives were lost in the navy by this -one disease than by all other causes, sickness, battle, -tempest or shipwreck. “From scurvy” might well -have been a prayer of deliverance in the nautical -litany.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry was one of the first among American officers -to search into the underlying causes of the malady. -He was ever a rigid disciplinarian in diet, albeit a generous -<span class='pageno' title='43' id='Page_43'></span> -provider. To the ignorant he seemed almost -fanatical in his “anti-scorbutic” notions, though he -was rather pleased than otherwise at the nick-name -savoring of the green-grocer’s stall which Jack Tar -with grateful facetiousness lavished on him.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Across sea, the American frigates were described -by the English newspapers as “disguised seventy-fours;” -and, forthwith, English writers on naval -warfare began explaining how the incredible thing -happened that British frigates had lowered their flag -to apparent equals. These explanations have been -diligently kept up and copied for the past seventy-five -years. As late as the international rifle match of -1877 the words of the naval writer, James, learned by -heart by Britons in their youth, came to the front in -the staple of English editorials written to clear up the -mystery of American excellence with the rifle,—“The -young peasant or back-woodsman carries a rifle barrel -from the moment he can lift one to his shoulder.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the eighteenth of October, Rodgers left Boston -with the <span class='it'>President</span>, <span class='it'>Constitution</span>, <span class='it'>United States</span> and -<span class='it'>Argus</span>. Perry, unable to be idle, while the ships lay -in Boston harbor, had opened a recruiting office in -the city enlisting sailors for the <span class='it'>President</span>. Each -vessel of the squadron was in perfect order. On the -10th, without knowing it, they passed near five -British men-of-war. They chased a thirty-eight gun -ship but lost her, but, on the 18th off the Grand -Banks of Newfoundland captured the British packet -<span class='it'>Swallow</span>, having on board eighty-one boxes of gold -<span class='pageno' title='44' id='Page_44'></span> -and silver to the value of $200,000. On the 30th -they chased the <span class='it'>Galatea</span> and lost her. During the -whole of November, they met with few vessels.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Nine prizes of little value were taken. They -cruised eastward to Longitude 22 degrees west and -southward to 17 degrees north latitude. They re-entered -Boston on the last month of the year, 1812. It -is no fault of Rodgers that he did not meet an armed -ship at sea, and win glory like that gained by Hull, -Bainbridge and Decatur. For Perry, fortune was yet -reserving her favor and Providence a noble work.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Leaving Boston, April 30, the <span class='it'>President</span> crossed -the Atlantic to the Azores, and thence moved up toward -North Cape. In these icy seas, Rodgers hoped -to intercept a fleet of thirty merchant vessels sailing -from Archangel, July 15. Escaping after being -chased eighty-four hours by a British frigate and a -seventy-four, Rodgers returned from his Arctic adventures, -and after a five months’ cruise cast anchor -at Newport, September 27. Twelve vessels, with -two hundred and seventy-one prisoners, had been -taken; and the ships he disposed of by cartel, ransom, -sinking, or despatch to France or the United -States as prizes. No less than twenty British men-of-war, -sailing in couples for safety, scoured the seas -for half a year, searching in vain for the saucy -Yankee.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Three years of service, under his own eye, had so -impressed Commodore Rodgers with his midshipman, -that, on the 3d of February, 1813, he wrote to -<span class='pageno' title='45' id='Page_45'></span> -the Department asking that Perry be promoted. -This was granted February 27, and, at eighteen, -Matthew Perry became an acting lieutenant. “Heroes -are made early.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Four of the Perry brothers served their country in -the navy in 1813; two in the <span class='it'>Lawrence</span> on Lake -Erie, and two on the <span class='it'>President</span> at sea. An item of -news that concerned them all, and brought them to -her bedside, was their mother’s illness. This, fortunately, -was not of long duration. At home, Matthew -Perry found his commission as lieutenant, -dated July 24. Of the forty-four promotions, made -on that date, he ranked number fourteen. Requesting -a change to another ship, he was ordered to the -<span class='it'>United States</span>, under Commodore Decatur. Chased -into the harbor of New London, by a British squadron, -this frigate, with the <span class='it'>Wasp</span> and <span class='it'>Macedonian</span>, was -kept in the Thames until the end of the war. Perry’s -five months’ service on board of her was one of -galling inaction. Left inactive in the affairs of war, -the young lieutenant improved his time in affairs of -the heart; and on Christmas eve, 1814, was married -to Miss Jane Slidell, then but seventeen years of -age. The Reverend, afterwards Bishop, Nathaniel -Bowen, united the pair according to the ritual of the -Episcopal church, at the house of the bride’s father, -a wealthy New York merchant. Perry’s brothers-in-law, -John Slidell, Alexander Slidell (MacKenzie), -and their neighbor and playmate, Charles Wilkes, as -well as himself, were afterwards heard from. -<span class='pageno' title='46' id='Page_46'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Soon after his marriage, Lieutenant Perry was -invited by Commodore Decatur to join him on the -<span class='it'>President</span>. In this ship, nearly rebuilt, with a crew -of over four hundred picked sailors, most of them -tall and robust native Americans, the “Bayard of -the seas” expected to make a voyage to the East -Indies. Unfortunately, seized with a severe fit of -sickness, Perry was obliged to leave the ship, and in -eager anticipation of speedy departure, Decatur appointed -another lieutenant in his place. The bitter -pill of disappointment proved, for Perry, good medicine. -Owing to the vigor of the blockade, the <span class='it'>President</span> -did not get away until January 15, 1815, and -then only to be captured by superior force. In answer -to an application for service, Matthew Perry -was ordered to Warren, R. I., to recruit for the brig -<span class='it'>Chippewa</span>.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Meanwhile, negotiations for ending the war had -begun, starting from offers of mediation by Russia. -With the allies occupying Paris, and Napoleon -exiled to Elba, there was little chance of “peace -with honor” for the United States. The war party -in England were even inquiring for some Elba in -which to banish Madison. “The British government -was free to settle accounts with the upstart -people whose ships had won more flags from her -navy, in two years, than all her European rivals had -done in a century.” One of the first moves was to -dispatch Packenham, with Wellington’s veterans, to -lay siege to New Orleans, with the idea of gaining -<span class='pageno' title='47' id='Page_47'></span> -nine points of the law. From Patterson and Jackson, -they received what they least expected.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Before Perry’s work at Warren fairly began, the -British ship <span class='it'>Favorite</span>, bearing the olive branch, arrived -at New York, February 11, 1815. It was too -late to save the bloody battle of New Orleans, or the -capture of the <span class='it'>Cyane</span> and <span class='it'>Levant</span>. The treaty of -Ghent had been signed December 3, 1813; but -neither steam nor electricity were then at hand to -forefend ninety days of war.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The navy, from the year 1815, was kept up on a -war footing; and, for three years, the sum of two -millions of dollars was appropriated to this arm of -the service. Commodore Porter, eager to improve -and expand our commerce, conceived the project of -a voyage of exploration around the world. The plan -embraced an extended visit to the islands of the -Pacific, the north-west coast of America, Japan and -China. The expedition was to consist of several -vessels of war. The project of this first American -expeditionary voyage fell stillborn, and was left to -slumber until Matthew Perry and John Rodgers accomplished -more than its purpose.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The seas now being safe to American commerce, -our merchants at once took advantage of their opportunity. -Mr. Slidell offered his son-in-law, then but -twenty years of age, the command of a merchant -vessel loaded for Holland. He applied for furlough. -As war with Algiers threatened, permission was -not granted, and Matthew and James Alexander -<span class='pageno' title='48' id='Page_48'></span> -Perry began service on board the <span class='it'>Chippewa</span>. This -was the finest of three brigs in the flying squadron, -which had been built to ravage British commerce in -the Mediterranean. Serving, inactively, on the brig -<span class='it'>Chippewa</span>, until December 20, 1815, Perry procured -furlough, and in command of a merchant vessel, -owned by his father, made a voyage to Holland. He -was engaged in the commercial marine until 1817, -when he re-entered the navy.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Virginian Horatio, son of the freed slave, -who to-day ploughs up the skull of some Yorick, Confederate -or Federal, turns to his paternal Hamlet, of -frosty pow, to ask: “What was dey fightin’ about?” -A similar question asks the British Peterkin and the -American lad, of this generation, concerning a phase -of our history early in this century.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Besides being “our second war for national independence,” -the struggle of 1812 was emphatically -for “sailors’ rights.” At the beginning of hostilities -there were on record in the State Department, -at Washington, 6,527 cases of impressed American -seamen. This was, doubtless, but a small part of -the whole number, which probably reached 20,000; -or enough to man our navy five times over. In 1811, -2,548 impressed American seamen were in British -prisons, refusing to serve against their country, as -the British Admirality reported to the House of -Commons, February 1, 1815. In January, 1811, according -to Lord Castlereagh’s speech of February 8, -1813, 3,300 men, claiming to be Americans, were -<span class='pageno' title='49' id='Page_49'></span> -serving in the British navy.<a id='r3'/><a href='#f3' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[3]</span></sup></a> The war settled some -questions, but left the main one of the right of -search, claimed by Great Britain, still open, and not -to be removed from the field of dispute, until Mr. -Seward’s diplomacy in the <span class='it'>Trent</span> affair compelled its -relinquishment forever. Three years struggle with a -powerful enemy, had done wonders in developing the -resources of the United States and in consolidating -the Federal union. The American nation, by this -war, wholly severed the leading strings which bound -her to the “mother country” and to Europe, and -shook off the colonial spirit for all time.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Among the significant appropriations made by -Congress during the war, was one for $500 to be -spent in collecting, transmitting, preserving, and displaying -the flags and standards captured from the -enemy.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the 4th of July, 1818, the flag of the United -States of America, which, during the war of 1812, -bore fifteen stripes and fifteen stars in its cluster, -returned to its old form. The number of stripes, -representing the original thirteen states, remained as -the standard, not to be added to or subtracted from. -In the blue field the stars could increase with the -growth of the nation. In the American flag are -happily blended the symbols of the old and the new, -of history and prophecy, of conservatism and progress, -of the stability of the unchanging past with -the promise and potency of the future.</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_3'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f3'><a href='#r3'>[3]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Roosevelt’s “Naval History of the War of 1812.”</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='50' id='Page_50'></span><h1>CHAPTER VI.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>FIRST VOYAGE TO THE DARK CONTINENT.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>An</span> act of Congress passed March 3, 1819, favored -the schemes of the American Colonization Society. -A man-of-war was ordered to convoy the first company -of black colonists to Africa, in the ship <span class='it'>Elizabeth</span>, -to display the American flag on the African -coast, and to assist in sweeping the seas of slavers. -The vessel chosen was the <span class='it'>Cyane</span>, an English-built -vessel, named after the nymph who amused Proserpine -when carried off by Pluto. One of the pair -captured by Captain Stewart of the U. S. S. <span class='it'>Constitution</span>, -in his memorable moonlight battle of February -20, 1815, the <span class='it'>Cyane</span> mounted thirty-four guns, -and carried one hundred and eighty-five men. Rebuilt -for the American navy, her complement was -two hundred sailors and twenty-five marines. Captain -Edward Trenchard, who commanded her, was a -veteran of the Tripolitan and second British war. -From the Mahometan pirates, when a mere lad, he -had assisted to capture the great bronze gun that -now adorns the interior gateway of the Washington -Navy Yard.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Athirst for enterprise and adventure, Perry applied -for sea service and appointment on the <span class='it'>Cyane</span>. It -<span class='pageno' title='51' id='Page_51'></span> -was not so much the idea of seeing the “Dark Continent,” -as of seeing “Guinea” which charmed him. -“Africa” then was a less definite conception than to -us of this age of Livingstone, Stanley, and the free -Congo State. “Guinea” was more local, while yet -fascinating. From it had come, and after it was -named, England’s largest gold coin, which had given -way but a year or two before to the legal “sovereign,” -though sentimentally remaining in use. -British ships were once very active in the Guinea -traffic in human flesh, some of them having been -transferred to the German slave-trade to carry the -Hessian mercenaries to America. Curiosities from -the land of the speckled champions of our poultry -yards, were in Perry’s youth as popular as are those -from Japan in our day. On the other hand, the -dreaded “Guinea worm,” or miniature fiery serpent, -and the deadly miasma, made the coast so feared, -that the phrase “Go to Guinea,” became a popular -malediction. All these lent their fascination to a -young officer who loved to overcome difficulties, and -“the danger’s self, to lure alone.” He was assigned -to the <span class='it'>Cyane</span> as first lieutenant. As executive officer -he was busy during the whole autumn in getting her -ready, and most of the letters from aboard the <span class='it'>Cyane</span>, -to the Department, are in his handwriting, though -signed by the commanding officer.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>For the initial experiment in colonization, the -ship <span class='it'>Elizabeth</span>, of three hundred tons, was selected. -Thirty families, numbering eighty-nine persons, were -<span class='pageno' title='52' id='Page_52'></span> -to go as passengers and colonists. A farewell meeting, -with religious exercises, was held in New York, -and the party was secretly taken on board January 3. -This was done to avoid the tremendous crowd that -would have gathered to see people willing to “go to -Guinea.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The time of year was not favorable for an auspicious -start, for no sooner were the colored people -aboard, than the river froze and the vessel was ice-bound. -As fast locked as if in Polar seas, the <span class='it'>Elizabeth</span> -remained till February 6, when she was cut out -by contract and floated off. In the heavy weather, -convoy and consort lost sight of each other. Cased -in ice, the <span class='it'>Cyane</span> pulled her anchor-chains three days, -then spent from the 10th to the 15th in searching -for the <span class='it'>Elizabeth</span>, which meanwhile had spread sail -and was well on toward the promised land. All this -was greatly to the wrath of Captain Trenchard.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Cape de Verdes came into view March 9, -after a squally passage, and on the 27th, anchor was -cast in Sierra Leone roads. The <span class='it'>Elizabeth</span> having -arrived two days before had gone on to Sherbro.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>A cordial reception was given the American war vessel -by the British naval officers and the governor. -Memories of the Revolution were recalled by the -Americans. It may be suspected that they cheerfully -hung their colors at half-mast on account of the -death of George III. His reign of sixty years was -over.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>To assist the colony, a part of the crew of the -<span class='pageno' title='53' id='Page_53'></span> -<span class='it'>Cyane</span>, most of them practical mechanics, with tools -and four months provisions, under Lieutenant John -S. Townsend, was despatched to Sherbro. Immediate -work was found for the <span class='it'>Cyane</span> in helping to -repress a mutiny on an American merchant vessel. -This done, a coasting cruise for slavers followed in -which four prizes were made. The floating slave-pens -were sent home, and their officers held for trial. -Other sails were seen and chased, and life on the -new station promised to be tolerable. Except when -getting fresh water the ship was almost constantly at -sea, and all were well and in good spirits.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry enjoyed richly the wonders both of the sea -and the land flowing with milk of the cocoa-nut. -Branches of coffee-berries were brought on ship, the -forerunner of that great crop of Liberian coffee -which has since won world-wide fame. The delicious -flavor of the camwood blossoms permeated the -cabin.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Among the natives on shore each tribe seemed to -have a designating mark on the face or breast—cut, -burned or dyed—by which the lineage of individuals -was easily recognized. The visits of the kings, or -chiefs, to the ships, were either for trade or beggary. -In the former case, the dusky trader was usually accompanied -by the scroff or “gold-taker,” who carefully -counted and appraised the “cut-money” or -coins. When cautioned to tell the truth, or confirm -a covenant, their oath was made with the “salt-fingers” -raised to heaven, some of this table mineral -<span class='pageno' title='54' id='Page_54'></span> -being at the same time mixed with earth and -eaten, salt being considered sacred.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The dark and mysterious history of Africa, for -centuries, has been that of blood and war. The -battle-field was the “bed of honor,” and frequently -the cannibals went forth to conflict with their kettles -in hand ready to cook their enemies at once when -slain. Women at the tribal assemblies counselled -war or peace, and were heard with respect by the -warriors. Almost all laws were enforced by the -power of opinion, this taking the place of statutes.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The climate and the unscientific methods of hygiene, -in the crowded ship, soon began to tell upon -the constitutions of the men on the <span class='it'>Cyane</span>. Tornados, -heavy rain, with intense heat, par-boiled the unacclimated -white seamen, and many fell ill. The -amphibious Kroomen relieved the sailors of much -exposure; but the alternations of chill and heat, -with constant moisture, and foul air under the battened -hatches, kept the sick bay full. Worst of all, -the dreaded scurvy broke out. They were then -obliged to go north for fresh meat and vegetables. -A pleasant incident on the way was their meeting -with the U. S. S. <span class='it'>Hornet</span>, twenty-seven days from -New York. At Teneriffe, in the Canary Islands, -during July, the <span class='it'>Cyane</span>, though in quarantine, received -many enjoyable courtesies from the officers of -a French seventy-four-gun-ship in the harbor.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>When quarantine was over, and the <span class='it'>Cyane</span> admitted -to Pratique, Lieutenant Perry went gratefully -<span class='pageno' title='55' id='Page_55'></span> -ashore to tender a salute to the Portuguese governor. -In an interview, Perry informed his worship of the -object of the American ship’s visit, and stated that the -<span class='it'>Cyane</span> would be happy to tender the customary salute -if returned gun for gun. The governor replied that it -would give him great pleasure to return the salute—but -with one gun less; as it was not customary for -Portugal to return an equal number of guns to republican -governments, but only to those of acknowledged -sovereigns. This from Portuguese!</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry replied, in very plain terms, that no salute -would be given, as the government of the United -States acknowledged no nation as entitled to greater -respect than itself.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The only greeting of the <span class='it'>Cyane</span> as she showed her -stern to the governor and the port, was that of contemptuous -silence. By September 20, the <span class='it'>John -Adams</span> was off the coast, the three vessels making -up the American squadron.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The first news received from the colonists was of -disaster. On their arrival at Sherbro they landed -with religious exercises, and met some of Paul Cuffee’s -settlers sent out some years before. The civilized -negroes from the <span class='it'>Elizabeth</span> were shocked beyond -measure at the heathenish display of cuticle -around them. They had hardly expected to find -their aboriginal brethren in so low an estate. They -could not for a moment think of fraternizing with -them. Owing to the lateness of the season, they -were unable to build houses to shelter themselves -<span class='pageno' title='56' id='Page_56'></span> -from the rains. All had taken the African fever, -and among the first victims was their leader, the -Rev. Mr. Bacon. From the Rev. Daniel Cokes, the -acting agent of the colonization society, the whole -miserable story was learned. The freed slaves who, -even while well fed and housed on ship, had shown -occasional symptoms of disobedience, broke out into -utter insubordination when “the sweets of freedom -in Africa” were translated into prosy work. After -Bacon’s death there was total disorder; no authority -was acknowledged, theft became alarmingly common, -and the agent’s life was threatened.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The native blacks, noticing the state of things, -took advantage of the feuds and ignorance of the -settlers and refused to help them. Sickness carried -off the doctor and all of the <span class='it'>Cyane’s</span> boat crew. Yet -the fever, while fatal to whites, was only dangerous -to the negro colonists. Twenty-three out of the -eighty-nine had died, and of these but nineteen by -fever. The rest, demoralized and discouraged, gave -way to their worst natures.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The colony which had been partly projected to receive -slaves captured by United States vessels, for -the present, at least, proving a failure, Captain -Trenchard requested the governor of Sierra Leone -to receive such slaves as should hereafter be liberated -by Americans. The governor acceded, and the -<span class='it'>Cyane</span> turned her prow homeward October 4, and -after a fifty-seven days’ experience of constant squalls -and calms, until December 1, arrived at New York -<span class='pageno' title='57' id='Page_57'></span> -on Christmas day. Emerging from tropical Africa, -even the intermediate ocean voyage did not prepare -the men for the severe weather of our latitude, and -catarrhs and fevers broke out. The ship, too, was -full of cases of chronic sickness. Between disease -and the elements, the condition of the crew was -deplorable.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In this, his first African cruise, Perry, as usual, -profited richly by experience. He had made a systematic -study of the climate, coast, and ship-hygiene. -He believed, and expressed his conviction, that for -much of the preventible sickness some one was -responsible. Though, thereby, he lost the good will -of certain persons, Lieutenant Perry rendered unquestionable -benefits to later ships on the African -station. During the next year, the U. S. S. <span class='it'>Nautilus</span>, -with two agents of the government, and two of -the colonization societies, sailed with a fresh lot of -colonists for Africa. Thus the slow work of building -up the first and only American colony recognized -by the United States went on.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>There were some far-seeing spirits on both sides of -Mason and Dixon’s line, who had begun to see that -the only real cure for the African slave-trade, on the -west coast of Africa, was its abolition in America. -The right way for the present, however, was to carry -the war into Africa by planting free colonies.</p> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='58' id='Page_58'></span><h1>CHAPTER VII.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>PERRY LOCATES THE SITE OF MONROVIA.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>On</span> the 5th of July 1821, Perry was doubly happy, -in his first sole command of a man-of-war, and in her -being bound upon a worthy mission. The <span class='it'>Shark</span> was -to convey Dr. Eli Ayres to Africa as agent of the -United States in Liberia. He was especially glad -that he could now enforce his ideas of ship hygiene. -His ambition was to make the cruise without one -case of fever or scurvy.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The <span class='it'>Shark</span> sped directly through the Canaries. -Here, the human falcons resorted before swooping -on their human prey. At Cape de Verde, he found -the villianous slave-trade carried on under the mask -of religion. Thousands of negroes decoyed or kidnapped -from Africa, were lodged at the trading station -for one year, and then baptized by the wholesale -in the established Roman faith. They were then -shipped to Brazil as Portuguese “subjects.” It was -first aspersion, and then dispersion.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At Sierra Leone, Dr. Ayers was landed. Three -out of every four whites in the colony died with -promptness and regularity. The British cruisers -suffered frightfully in the loss of officers, and the -<span class='it'>Thistle</span>, spoken October 21st, had only the commander -and surgeon left of her staff. -<span class='pageno' title='59' id='Page_59'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry performed one act during this cruise which -powerfully effected for good the future of the American -negro in Africa, and the destiny of the future -republic of Liberia. The first site chosen for the -settlement of the blacks sent out by the American -Colonization Society was Sherbro Island situated in -the wide estuary of the Sherbro river which now -divides Sierra Leone from Liberia. In this low lying -malarious district, white men were sure to die speedily, -and the blacks must go through the fever in -order to live. On Perry’s arrival, he found that the -missionary teachers, Mr. and Mrs. Winn, and the -Reverend Mr. Andrews were already in the cemetery -from fever. Some of the new colonists were sick -and six of them had died.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry saw at once that the foundations of the settlement -must be made on higher ground. He selected, -therefore, the promontory of Mont Serrado, called -Cape Mesurado. This place, easily accessible, had -no superior on the coast. It lay at the mouth of the -Mesurado river which flowed from a source three -hundred miles in the interior.<a id='r4'/><a href='#f4' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[4]</span></sup></a></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Having no authority to make any changes, the -matter rested until December 12, 1832 when Captain -Stockton, Doctor Ayres, and seven immigrants visited -the location chosen by Matthew Perry. “That is -the spot that we ought to have,” said Captain Stockton, -<span class='pageno' title='60' id='Page_60'></span> -“that should be the site of our colony. No finer -spot on the coast.” Three days later a contract to -cede the desired land to the United States was signed -by six native “Kings.” Seventeen of the dusky -sovereigns and thirty-four dignitaries enjoying semi-royal -honors, had assented, and on the twenty-fifth of -April 1832 the American flag was hoisted over Cape -Mesurado. Shortly afterwards, Monrovia, the future -capital, named after President Monroe, began its existence. -To this form of the Monroe doctrine, -European nations have fully acceded. Liberia is the -only colony founded by the United States.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The <span class='it'>Shark</span> ran, like a ferret in rat-holes, into all -the rivers, nooks and harbors, but though French, -Dutch and Spanish vessels were chased and overhauled, -no American ships were caught. Perry -wrote “The severe laws of Congress had the desired -effect of preventing American citizens from employing -their time and capital in this iniquitous traffic.” -Yet this species of commerce was very actively pursued -by vessels wearing the French, Portuguese, -Spanish and Dutch flags. The French and Portuguese -were the most persistent man-stealers. So -great was the demand for slaves, that villages only a -few miles apart were in constant war so as to get -prisoners to be disposed of to the captains of slave-vessels. -Perry wrote:</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“In this predatory warfare the most flagitious acts -of cruelty are committed. The ties of nature are -entirely cut asunder for it is not infrequent that parents -dispose of their own children.” -<span class='pageno' title='61' id='Page_61'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>The cargoes which the slavers carried to use in -barter for human flesh consisted of New England -rum, Virginia tobacco, with European gunpowder, -paint, muskets, caps, hats, umbrellas and hardware. -Most of the wearing apparel was the unsalable or -damaged stock of European shops. The Guinea -coast was the Elysium of old clothes men and makers -of slop work. Long out of fashion at home, these -garments sufficed to deck gorgeously the naked body -of a black slave-peddler, while the rum corroded his -interior organs. The <span class='it'>Caroline</span>, a French ship overhauled -by Perry, had made ten voyages to Africa. -The vessel, cargo and outfit cost $8,000, the value of -the cargo of one hundred and fifty-three slaves at -$250 each, was $38,250, a profit of nearly $30,000 -for a single voyage. The sixty men, ten women, and -sixty-three children stowed in the hold were each fed -daily with one bottle of water and one pound of rice. -The ships found off Old Calabar and Cape Mount—now -seats of active Christian and civilizing labors—having -no one on board who could speak English, -were completely fitted for carrying slaves. Those -sailing below the equator, and under their national -flags, could not be molested. No Congress of nations -had yet outlawed slave-trading on all the seas as -piracy. The commander of the British squadron reported: -“No Americans are engaged in the [slave] -trade. They would have no inducement to conceal -their real character from the officers of a British -cruiser, for these have no authority to molest them. -All slaves are now under foreign flags.” -<span class='pageno' title='62' id='Page_62'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>In this villainous work, the Portuguese from first -to last have held undisputed pre-eminence. Perry, -after his three African cruises, was confirmed in his -opinion formed at first, and which all students of -Africa so unanimously hold. Mr. Robert Grant -Watson, who has minutely studied the national disgrace -in many parts of the world thus formulates this -judgment.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“There seems indeed something peculiarly ingrained -in the Portuguese race, which makes them take -to slave-dealing and slave-hunting, as naturally as -greyhounds take to chasing hares; and this observation -applies not to one section of the race alone, but to -Portuguese wherever they are to be found beyond -the reach of European law. No modern race can be -as slave-hunters within measurable distance of the -Portuguese. Their exploits in this respect are written -in the annals not only of the whole coast of Brazil, -from Para, Uruguay, and along the Missiones of -Paraguay, not only on the coast of Angola but -throughout the interior of Africa. You may take up -the journals of one traveller after another, of Burton, -Livingstone, of Stanley, or of Cameron, and in what -ever respects their accounts and opinions may differ, -one point they are one and all entirely agreed on, -namely, as to the pestilent and remorseless activity -of the ubiquitous Portuguese slave-catcher.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“Having examined the northern part of the coast -from the Bessagoes shoals to Cape Mount,” writes -Perry. “I took my departure for West Indies following -<span class='pageno' title='63' id='Page_63'></span> -the track of Homeward Bound Guinea-men.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>A run across the Atlantic brought the <span class='it'>Shark</span> to -the West Indies. There diligent search was begun -for Picaroons or pirates. American merchant vessels -were convoyed beyond the coast of Cuba. The run -northward brought the <span class='it'>Shark</span> to New York, January -17, 1822. In the violent change from the equator to -our rugged climate, many of the <span class='it'>Shark’s</span> crew suffered -from frost-bites.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>A short but very active cruise in African waters -had been finished. Despite the long calms, occasional -tempests and the deadly land miasma, not a single -man had died on the <span class='it'>Shark</span>. This unusual exemption -from the disease was imputed by Perry under -Providence, to the many precautions observed by -him and to the skilful attentions of Dr. Wiley.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Matthew Perry was among the first to discover the -underlying cause of the sailor’s malady—sea-scurvy. -He believed it to be primarily due to mal-nutrition. -He found the soil in which the disease grew was a -compost of bad water, alcoholism, exposure, too exclusively -salt diet, lack of vegetables, of ventilation, -and of cleanliness on ship. The canning epoch inaugurated -later by Americans, who, it is said, got -their notions from air-tight fruit jars dug up from -Pompeii, had not yet dawned, but Perry already put -faith in succulents and the entire class of crucifiers, -seeing in them the cross of health in his crusade -against the scorbutic taint. Though not yet familiar -<span class='pageno' title='64' id='Page_64'></span> -with the marvelous power of the onion, and the juice -of limes, he endeavored at all times to secure supplies -of sauer-kraut, cabbages, radishes, and fruits rich in -acids and sub-acids. He was emulous of the success -of captains Cook and Parry who had succeeded so -well in their voyages. He knew that in war, more -men perished by disease than in battle. He lived to -see the day when a ship was made a more healthy -dwelling place than the average house, and when, -through perfected dietic knowledge, and the skill of -the preserver and hermetic sealer, sea-scurvy became -so rare that a naval surgeon might pass a lifetime -without meeting a case save in a hospital.</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_4'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f4'><a href='#r4'>[4]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>See the Maryland Colonization Journal, vol. 2, p. 328 and the -December number of the Liberia <span class='it'>Herald</span> 1845, for Perry’s Journal -when Lieutenant of the <span class='it'>Cyane</span>.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='65' id='Page_65'></span><h1>CHAPTER VIII.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>FIGHTING PIRATES IN THE SPANISH MAIN.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>James</span>, the Spaniard’s patron saint, has been compelled -to lend his name as “Iago” to innumerable -towns, cities and villages. From Mexico to Patagonia -in Spanish America, “Santiago,” “San Diego,” -“Iago” and “Diego” are such frequently recurring -vocables that the Yankee sailor calls natives of these -countries “Dago men,” or “Diegos.” It is his slang -name for foreigners of the Latin race. It is a relic of -the old days when he knew them chiefly as pirates.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry’s next duty was to lend a hand against the -“Diego” ship robbers of the Gulf, who had become -an intolerable nuisance. The unsettled condition of -the Central and South American colonies had set -afloat thousands of starving and ragged patriots. -Their prime object was the destruction of Spanish -commerce, but tempted by the rich prizes of other -nations, and speedily developing communistic ideas, -they became truly catholic in their treatment of -other peoples’ property, while the names which these -cut-throats gave their craft were borrowed from holy -writ and the calendar of the saints. Under the black -flag, they degenerated into murderous pirates. Their -own name was “Brethren of the coast.” -<span class='pageno' title='66' id='Page_66'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Emboldened by success, they formed organized -companies of buccaneers and extended their depredations -over the whole north Atlantic. Our southern -commerce was particularly exposed. The accounts -of piracy continually reaching our cities on the Atlantic -coast, were accompanied with details of wanton -cruelties inflicted on American seamen. The pirate -craft were swift sailing schooners of from fifty to -ninety tons burthen manned by crews of from -twenty-five to one hundred men who knew every -cove, crevice, nook and sinuous passage in the West -India Archipelago. Watching like hawks for their -prey, they would swoop down on the helpless quarry—British -and American merchantmen—and rob, -beat, burn and kill.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The squadron fitted out to exterminate these -heroes of our yellow-covered novels consisted of -the frigates, <span class='it'>Macedonian</span> and <span class='it'>Congress</span>, the sloops -<span class='it'>Adams</span> and <span class='it'>Peacock</span>, with five brigs, the steam galliot -<span class='it'>Sea-gull</span>, and several schooners; among which was -Lieutenant Perry’s twelve-gun vessel the <span class='it'>Shark</span>. -The whole was under the command of Commodore -David Porter, the father of the present illustrious -Admiral of the American navy.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The duty of ferreting out these pests was a laborious -one in a trying climate. The commodore divided -the whole West Indian coast into sections, each -of which was thoroughly scoured by the cruisers and -barges. The boat service was continuous, relieved -<span class='pageno' title='67' id='Page_67'></span> -by occasional hand-to-hand fights. Often the tasks -were perplexing. Though belted and decorated -with the universal knife, the quiet farmers in the -fields, or salt makers on the coast, seemed innocent -enough. As soon as inquiries were answered, and -the visiting boat’s crew out of sight, they hied to a -secluded cove. On the deck of a swift sailing light-draft -barque or even open boat, these same men -would stand transformed into blood-thirsty pirates, -under black flags inscribed with the symbols of skull -and bones, axe and hour glass.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>To the dangers of intricate navigation in unsurveyed -and rarely visited channels, for even the Florida -Keys were then unknown land, and their water -ways unexplored labyrinths, and the fatigue of constant -service at the oars, was added keen jealousy of the -United States, felt by the Cubans, and shown by the -Spanish authorities in many annoying ways.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The acquisition of Cuba had even then been hinted -at by Southern fire-eaters bent on keeping the area -of African slavery intact, and even of extending it in -order to balance the increasing area of freedom. -This feeling, then confined to a section of a sectional -party, and not yet shaped, as it afterwards was, into a -settled policy and determination, roused the defiant -jealousy of the Spaniards in authority, even though -they might be personally anxious to see piracy exterminated. -The Mexican war, waged in slavery’s -behalf in the next generation, showed how well-grounded -this jealousy was. -<span class='pageno' title='68' id='Page_68'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>The smaller craft sent to cope with the pirates of -the Spanish Main were so different in bulk and -appearance from the heavy frigates and ships of the -line that they were dubbed, “The Mosquito Fleet.” -The swift barges were named in accordance with this -idea, after such tropical vermin as <span class='it'>Mosquito</span>, <span class='it'>Midge</span>, -<span class='it'>Sand-fly</span>, <span class='it'>Gnat</span> and <span class='it'>Gallinipper</span>. The <span class='it'>Sea-gull</span>, an -altered Brooklyn ferry-boat from the East river, and -but half the size of those now in use, was equipped -with masts. Under steam and sail she did good service.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The <span class='it'>Shark</span> got off in the spring, and by May 4, -1822, she was at Vera Cruz. Perry had an opportunity -to see the castle of Juan d’Ulloa and the Rich -City of the Real Cross, which were afterwards to -become so familiar to him.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The pirates were soon in the clutch of men resolutely -bent on their destruction. When, in June, -Commodore Biddle obtained permission of the Captain -General of Cuba to land boat’s crews on Spanish -soil to pursue the pirates to the death, the end of the -system was not far off. Still the ports of the Spanish -Main were crowded with American ships waiting for -convoy by our men-of-war, their crews fearing the -cut-throats as they would Pawnees.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In June, Perry with the <span class='it'>Shark</span>, in company with -the <span class='it'>Grampus</span>, captured a notorious ship sailing under -the black flag—the <span class='it'>Bandara D’Sangare</span>, and -another of lesser fame. Meeting Commodore Biddle -<span class='pageno' title='69' id='Page_69'></span> -in the flag-ship, at sea, July 24, he put his prisoners, -all of whom had Spanish names, on board the <span class='it'>Congress</span>. -They were sent to Norfolk for trial. The sad -news of the death of Lieutenant William Howard -Allen of the <span class='it'>Alligator</span>, who had been killed by -pirates, was also learned. The friend of Fitz-Greene -Halleck, his memory has been embalmed in verse.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>By order of the commodore, Perry turned his prow -again toward Africa. His visit, however, was of -short duration, for on the 12th of December 1822, -we find him in Norfolk, Virginia, finishing a cruise in -which he had been two hundred and thirty-six days -under sail, during which time he had boarded one -hundred and sixty-six vessels, convoyed thirty, given -relief to five in actual distress, and captured five -pirates.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Although the pirates no longer called for a whole -squadron to police the Spanish Main, yet our commerce -in the Gulf was now in danger from a new -source. In 1822, Mexico entered upon another of -her long series of revolutions. The native Mexican, -Iturbide, abandoning the <span class='it'>rôle</span> of pliant military captain -of the Spanish despot, assumed that of an American -usurper.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Suddenly exalted, May 18, 1822, from the barrack-room -to the throne, he set the native battalions in -motion against the Spanish garrisons then holding -only the castle of San Juan d’Ulloa and a few minor -fortresses. Santa Anna was then governor of Vera -<span class='pageno' title='70' id='Page_70'></span> -Cruz. Hostilities between the royalists and the citizens -having already begun, our commerce was in -danger of embarrassment.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry with his old ship and crew left New York -for Mexico. Before he arrived, the Spanish yoke -had been totally overthrown and the National Representative -Assembly proclaimed. Iturbide abdicated -in March, 1823, and danger to our commerce was -removed. Perry, relieved of further duty returned to -New York, July 9, 1823, and enjoyed a whole summer -quietly with his family.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perceiving the advantage of a knowledge of Spanish, -Perry began to study the tongue of Cervantes. -Though not a born linguist, he mastered the language -so as to be during all his later life conversant -with the standard literature, and fluent in the reading -of its modern forms in speech, script and print. -This knowledge was afterward, in the Mediterranean, -in Africa, and in Mexico, of great value to him.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Commodore Porter’s work in suppressing the West -Indian free-booters was so well done, that piracy, on -the Atlantic coast, has ever since been but a memory. -Unknown to current history, it has become the theme -only of the cheap novelist and now has, even in -fiction, the flavor of antiquity.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The <span class='it'>Shark</span>, the first war-ship under Perry’s sole -command, mounted twelve guns, measured one hundred -and seventy-seven tons, cost $23,267, and had -a complement of one hundred men. Her term of -<span class='pageno' title='71' id='Page_71'></span> -life was twenty-five years. She began her honorable -record under Lieutenant Perry, was the first United -States vessel of war to pass through the Straits of -Magellan, from east to west, and was lost in the -Columbia river in 1846.</p> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='72' id='Page_72'></span><h1>CHAPTER IX.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>THE AMERICAN LINE-OF-BATTLE SHIP.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>The</span> line-of-battle ship, which figured so largely in -the navies of a half century or more ago, was a man-of-war -carrying seventy-four or more guns. It was -the class of ships in which the British took especial -pride, and the American colonists, imitating the -mother country, began the construction of one, as -early as the Revolution. Built at Portsmouth, this -first American “ship-of-the-line” was, when finished, -presented to France. Humpreys, our great naval -contractor in 1797 carried out the true national idea, -by condensing the line-of-battle ship into a frigate, -and “line ships” proper were not built until after -1820. One of the first of these was the <span class='it'>North Carolina</span>, -commanded by the veteran John Rodgers.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The first visit of an American line-of-battle ship to -Europe, in 1825, under Commodore Rodgers, was, in -its effect, like that of the iron-clad Monitor <span class='it'>Miantonomah</span> -under Farragut in 1865. It showed that the -United States led the world in ships and guns. The -<span class='it'>North Carolina</span> was then the largest, the most efficient -and most formidable vessel that ever crossed the Atlantic. -<span class='pageno' title='73' id='Page_73'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Rodgers was justly proud of his flag-ship and -fleet, for this was the golden era of American ship-building, -and no finer craft ever floated than those -launched from our shipyards.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The old hulk of the <span class='it'>North Carolina</span> now laid up at -the Brooklyn Navy Yard and used as a magazine, -receiving-ship, barracks, prison, and guard-house, -gives little idea of the vision of life and beauty -which the “seventy-four” of our fathers was.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The great ship, which then stirred the hearts of -the nation moved under a mighty cloud of canvas, -and mounted in three tiers one-hundred and two guns, -which threw a mass of iron outweighing that fired by -any vessel then afloat. Her battery exceeded by three -hundred and four pounds that of the <span class='it'>Lord Nelson</span>—the -heaviest British ship afloat and in commission. -The weight of broadside shot thrown by the one -larger craft before her—that of the Spanish Admiral -St. Astraella Trinidad,<a id='r5'/><a href='#f5' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[5]</span></sup></a> which Nelson sunk at Trafalgar,—fell -short of that of the <span class='it'>North Carolina</span>. -Our “wooden walls” were then high, and the stately -vessel under her mass of snowy canvas was a sight -that filled a true sailor with profound emotion. Mackenzie -in his “Year in Spain” has fitly described his -feelings as that sight burst upon him.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>So perfect were the proportions, that her size was -under-valued until men noticed carefully the great -mass moving with the facility of a schooner. At the -<span class='pageno' title='74' id='Page_74'></span> -magic of the boatswain’s whistle, the anchor was cast -and the great sails were folded up and hidden from -view as a bird folding her wings.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>It was highly beneficial to our commerce and -American reputation abroad to send so magnificent a -fleet into European waters as that commanded by -Rodgers. In many ports of the Mediterranean Sea, -the American flag, then bearing twenty-four stars, -had never been seen. The right man and the right -ships were now to represent us.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry joined the <span class='it'>North Carolina</span> July 26, 1824. -She sailed in April, and arrived at Malaga, May 19, -1825. During three days she was inspected by the -authorities and crowds of people, who were deeply -impressed by the perfect discipline observed on the -finest ship ever seen in those waters.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Gibraltar on June 7th, and Tangier, June 14th, -were then visited, and by the 17th, the whole squadron, -among which was the <span class='it'>Cyane</span>, assembled in the -offing before the historic fortress near the pillars of -Hercules, prior to a visit to the Greek Archipelago.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>This too, was an epoch of vast ceremony and display -on board ship. War and discipline of to-day, if less -romantic and chivalrous are more business-like, more -effective, but less spectacular. Mackenzie with a pen -equal to that of his friend, N. P. Willis, has left us a -graphic sketch of the receptions and departures of -the Commodore. As we read his fascinating pages:</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“The herculean form and martial figure of the -veteran,” who as monarch reigned over “the hallowed -<span class='pageno' title='75' id='Page_75'></span> -region of the quarterdeck,” the “band of music in -Moorish garb,” the “groups of noble looking young -officers,” come again before us.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>A “thousand eyes are fixed” on “the master -spirit,” hats are raised, soldiers present arms, the -“side boys” detailed at gangways to attend dignitaries,—eight -to an admiral, four to a captain,—are -in their places, and the blare of brazen tubes is heard -as the commodore disembarks.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry, as executive officer, held the position which -a writer with experience has declared to be the most -onerous, difficult, and thankless of all. His duties -comprised pretty much everything that needed to be -done on deck. Whether in gold lace or epaulettes -by day, or in oil-skin jacket with trumpet at night or -in storm, Perry was regent of the ship and crew. -Charles W. Morgan, afterwards commodore, was -captain.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The business of the squadron, consisting of the -<span class='it'>North Carolina</span>, <span class='it'>Constitution</span>, <span class='it'>Erie</span>, <span class='it'>Ontario</span>, and <span class='it'>Cyane</span> -was to protect American commerce. The ships were -to sail from end to end of the Mediterranean, touching -at Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli, which “Barbary” -powers were now very friendly to Americans. Other -classic sites were to be visited, and although the -young officers anticipated the voyage with delight, -yet the cruise was not to be a mere summer picnic. -American commerce was in danger at the Moslem -end of the Mediterranean, for much the same political -causes previously operating in the West Indies. -<span class='pageno' title='76' id='Page_76'></span> -The cause lay in the revolt of a tribute nation against -its suzerain, or rather in the assertion of her liberty -against despotism. That struggle for Hellenic Independence, -which becomes to us far-away Americans -more of an entity, through the poetry of Byron and -Fitz-Greene Halleck, than through history, had begun. -It seems, in history, a dream; in poetry, a fact. -While the Greek patriots won a measure of success, -they kept their hands off from other people’s property -and regarded the relation of <span class='it'>mine</span> and <span class='it'>thine</span>; but -when hard pressed by the Turks, patriotism degenerated -into communism. They were apt to forage -among our richly-laden vessels. Greek defeat meant -piracy, and at this time the cause of the patriots, -though a noble one, was desperate indeed. Five -years of fighting had passed, yet recognition by -European nations was withheld. The first fruits of -the necessity, which knows no law, was plunder.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the 29th of May, an American merchantman -from Boston was robbed by a Greek privateer, and -this act became a precedent for similar outrages.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>While at Patras, the chief commercial town of -Greece, Perry had the scripture prophecy of “seven -women taking hold of one man” fulfilled before his -eyes. The Biblical number of Turkish widows, whose -husbands had been killed at Corinth, were brought -on board the <span class='it'>North Carolina</span> and exposed for sale by -Greeks, who were anxious to make a bargain. The -officers paid their ransom, and giving them liberty -sent them to Smyrna under charge of Perry. -<span class='pageno' title='77' id='Page_77'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>While there, an event occurred which had a disastrous -physical influence upon Matthew Perry all his -life, and which remotely caused his death. A great -fire broke out on shore which threatened to wrap the -whole city in conflagration. The efficient executive -of the flag-ship, ordered a large detail to land in the -boats and act as firemen. The men, eager for excitement -on land, worked with alacrity; but among the -most zealous and hard working of all was their lieutenant. -In danger and exposure, alternately heated -and drenched, Perry was almost exhausted when he -regained the ship. The result was an attack of -rheumatism, from the recurring assaults of which he -was never afterwards entirely free. Hitherto this -species of internal torture had been to him an abstraction; -henceforth, it was personal and concrete. -Shut up like a fire in his bones, its occasional eruptions -were the cause of that seeming irritableness -which was foreign to his nature.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Among other visitors at Smyrna, were some Turkish -ladies, who, veiled and guarded by eunuchs, came -on board “ships of the new world.” No such privilege -had ever been accorded them before, and these -exiles of the harem, looked with eager curiosity at -every-thing and everybody on the ship, though they -spoke not a word. Nothing of themselves was visible -except their eyes, and these—to the old commodore—“not -very distinctly,” though possibly to the young -officers they shone as brightly as meteors. This -visit of our squadron had a stimulating effect on -<span class='pageno' title='78' id='Page_78'></span> -American commerce, though our men-of-war convoyed -vessels of various Christian nations.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Greek pirates extending the field of their operations, -had now begun their depredations in open -boats. Dissensions among the patriots were already -doing as much harm to the sinking cause as Turkish -arms.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Captain Nicholson of our navy, visiting Athens -and Corinth, found the Acropolis in the hands of a -faction, and the country poor and uncultivated. -Corinth was but a mere name. Its streets were -overgrown, its houses were roofless and empty, and -the skeletons of its brave defenders lay white and -unburied. The Greek fleet of one-hundred sail was -unable to do much against the Turkish vessels, numbering -fifteen more and usually heavier. The best -successes of the patriots were by the use of fire-ships.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In spite of the low state of the Hellenic cause, -Americans manifested strict neutrality, and the Greek -authorities in the ports entered were duly saluted, -an example which the French admiral and Austrian -commodore followed.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The fleet cruised westwardly, arriving at Gibraltar, -October 12, where Perry found awaiting him his appointment -to the grade of acting Master Commandant.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The opening of the year 1827, found the cause of -the Greeks sunk to the lowest ebb of hopelessness. -Even the crews of the men-of-war, unable to get wage -<span class='pageno' title='79' id='Page_79'></span> -or food, put to sea for plunder. Friend and foe, -American, as well as Turk, suffered alike.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>While war and misery reigned in the eastern part -of the Mediterranean, commerce with the north -African nations was rapidly obliterating the memories -of piracy and reprisal, which had once made Berber -scimeter and Yankee cutlass cross. Peace and -friendship were assiduously cultivated, and our officers -were received with marked kindness and attention.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Our three little wars with the Moslems of the -Mediterranean, from 1794 to 1797, from 1801 to 1804, -and in 1815, seem at this day incredible and dream-like. -In view of the Bey of Tunis, on the assassination -of Abraham Lincoln sending a special envoy to -express sympathy, and presenting his portrait to the -State Department, and at the Centennial Exposition -joining with us; and of Algeria being now the play -ground of travelers, one must acknowledge that a -mighty change has passed over the spirit of the Berbers -since this century opened.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Sickness broke out on the big ship <span class='it'>North Carolina</span>, -and at one time four lieutenants and one-hundred and -twenty-five men were down with small-pox and -catarrh. The wretchedness of the weather at first -allowed little abatement of the trouble, but under -acting Master Commandant Perry’s vigorous and -persistent hygienic measures, including abundant -fumigation, the scourge was checked. His methods -were very obnoxious to some of the officers and crew, -<span class='pageno' title='80' id='Page_80'></span> -but were indispensable to secure a clean bill of health. -The commodore wrote from Malta, February 14th, -1827, that the condition of the ship’s people had -greatly improved.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The balmy spring breezes brought recuperation. -The ship, clean and in splendid condition, was ready -to sail homewards. The boatswain’s call, so welcome -and always heard with a thrill of delight—“All -hands up anchor for home,”—was sounded on the -31st of May. The <span class='it'>North Carolina</span>, leaving behind -her classic waters, moved towards “the free hearts’ -hope and home.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The old weather-beaten hulk that now lies in the -Wallabout is the same old <span class='it'>North Carolina</span>. What a -change from glory to dry rot! It came to pass that -the American line-of-battle ships, while the most -showy, were also the most unsatisfactory class of -ships in our navy. They all ended their days as store -ships or as firewood. “The naval mind of the -United States could not work well in old world -harness.”</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_5'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f5'><a href='#r5'>[5]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>See description in the novel <span class='it'>Trafalgar</span>, New York, 1885.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='81' id='Page_81'></span><h1>CHAPTER X.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>THE CONCORD IN THE SEAS OF RUSSIA AND EGYPT.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>The</span> stormy administration of Andrew Jackson, -which began in 1829, and the vigorous foreign policy -which he inaugurated, or which devolved upon him -to follow up, promised activity if not glory for the -navy. The boundary question with England, and -the long-standing claims for French spoliations prior -to 1801, also pressed for solution.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The pacific name of at least one of the vessels selected -to bear our flag, and our envoy, John Randolph -of Roanoke, into Russian waters, suggested the -olive branch, rather than the arrows, held in the -talons of the American eagle. The <span class='it'>Concord</span>, which -was to be put under Perry’s command, was named -after the capital of the state in which she was built. -She was of seven hundred tons burthen and carried -eighteen guns. She was splendidly equipped, costing -$115,325; and was destined, before shipwreck -on the east coast of Africa in 1843, to the average -life of fifteen years, and thirteen of active service.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry was offered sea-duty April 1. Accepting at -once, he received orders, April 21, to command the -<span class='it'>Concord</span>. By May 15, he had settled his accounts at -the recruiting station, and was on the <span class='it'>Concord’s</span> deck. -He wrote asking the Department for officers. He -<span class='pageno' title='82' id='Page_82'></span> -was especially anxious to secure a good school-master -and chaplain. In those days, before naval academies -on land existed, the school was afloat in the ship -itself, and daily study was the rule on board. Mathematics, -French and Spanish were taught, and Perry -took a personal interest in the pupils. In this respect -he was the superior even of his brother Oliver, -whose honorable fame as a naval educator equals -that as a victor.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Leaving Norfolk, late in June, a run of forty-three -days, including stops for visits to London and -Elsineur, brought the <span class='it'>Concord</span> under the guns of -Cronstadt, August 9. Mr. Randolph spent ten -days in Russia, and then made his quarters in -London.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The honors of this first visit on an American ship-of-war, -in Russian waters, were not monopolized by -the minister. While at Cronstadt, the Czar Nicholas -came on board and inspected the <span class='it'>Concord</span>, with -unconcealed pleasure. In return, Perry and a few of -his officers received imperial audience at the palace -in St. Petersburg, and were shown the sights of the -city—the “window looking out into Europe”—which -Peter the Great built. Being invited to come -again, with only his interpreter and private secretary, -Chaplain Jenks, Perry acceded, and this time the -interview was prolonged and informal. The Autocrat -of all the Russias, and this representative officer -of the young republic, talked as friend to friend. At -this time, Alexander, who in 1880 was blown to -<span class='pageno' title='83' id='Page_83'></span> -pieces by the glass dynamite bombs of the Nihilists, -was a boy twelve years old. Nicholas complimented -Perry very highly on his naval knowledge; remarked -that the United States was highly favored in having -such an officer, and definitely intimated that he -would like to have Perry in the Russian service. The -chaplain-interpreter gives a pen sketch of the scene. -Both Captain Perry and the Czar were tall and large; -both were stern; Captain Perry was abrupt, so was -the Czar. They all stood in the great hall of the -palace (the same which was afterwards dynamited by -the Nihilists). The Czar asked a great many questions -about the American navy, and Captain Perry -answered them. Professor Jenks translated for both, -using his own phrases; and, to quote his own description, -“sweetening up the conversation greatly.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>These interviews made a deep impression upon -the young chaplain. As he said: “The Czar had -very remarkable eyes, and he had such a very covetous -look when he fixed them on Captain Perry and -myself, that I was very anxious to get out of his -kingdom.” The young linguist felt in the presence of -the destroyer of Poland, very much as the “tender-foot” -traveller feels when invited to dine with the -border gentleman who has “killed his man.” The -professor politely declined the Czar’s invitation to -become his superintendent of education, as did Perry -the proposition to enter the Russian naval service.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Nicholas I., one of the best of despots, was the -grandson of Catharine II. By this famous Russian -<span class='pageno' title='84' id='Page_84'></span> -queen, had been laid the foundation of that abiding -friendship between Russia and the United States. -To this foundation, Nicholas added a new tier of the -superstructure. King George III. of Great Britain -had, in 1775, attempted to hire mercenaries in Russia -to fight against his American subjects. Queen -Catharine refused the proposition with scorn, replying -that she had no soldiers to sell. While this act -compelled the gratitude of Americans to Russia, it -forced King George to seek among the shambles of -petty princes in Germany. Another friendly act -which touched the heart of our young republic was -the liberal treaty of 1824, the first made with the -United States. This instrument declared the navigation -and fisheries of the Pacific free to the people -of both nations. Indirectly, this was the cause of -so many American sailors being wrecked in Japan, -and of our national interest in the empire which -Perry opened to the world.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The warm sympathy existing between Europe’s -first despotism and the democratic republic in America, -is a subject profoundly mysterious to the average -Englishman. He wonders where Americans, who -are antipodal to Russians in political thought, find -points of agreement. In Catharine’s refusal to help -Great Britain in oppressing her colonies, in liberal -diplomacy, in the emancipation of her bondmen, and -the abolition of slavery and serfdom, in the sympathy -which covered national wounds, and in mutual sorrow -from assassination and condolence in grief, the -<span class='pageno' title='85' id='Page_85'></span> -relation is clearly discerned. The cord of friendship -has many strands.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>These interviews, and the honors shown the captain -of the <span class='it'>Concord</span>, by the personal presence of the -Czar on his ship, did not serve in allaying the invalid -envoy’s jealous temper. The mainmast of the vessel -needed repairs, and she lay at anchor six days—long -enough for Randolph to indite despatches homeward, -one of which was a spiteful letter to the President, -blaming Captain Perry. These were brought -by Lieutenant Williamson on Sunday night, and at 4 -<span class='sc'>a. m.</span> sail was made for Copenhagen. After much -heavy weather, and a boisterous passage, Copenhagen -was reached September 6.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>We may dismiss in a paragraph this whole matter -of Randolph’s connection with the <span class='it'>Concord</span>. After -his return home he lapsed into his speech-making -habits. He indulged in slanders and falsehoods, asserting -that the condition of the sailors was worse -than that of his own slaves, and the discipline, especially -flogging, severer than on the plantation. Perry -and his officers heard of this, and on February 16, -1832, sent an exact report of the correction administered, -proving that Randolph’s assertions were -unfounded. Supported by his own officers, who -voluntarily made flat contradiction of Mr. Randolph’s -assertions, Perry convicted the erring Virginian -of downright falsehood. Perry was careful -to set this matter in its proper light, and two sets of -his papers are now in the naval archives. No censure -<span class='pageno' title='86' id='Page_86'></span> -was passed upon him. His conduct was approved, -for Randolph in addition to his disagreeable -behavior, had exceeded his authority. It would be -idle to deny, what it is an honor to Perry to declare, -that the discipline on the <span class='it'>Concord</span> was very strict.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Flogging for certain offences was the rule of the -service, not made by Perry but a custom fixed long -before he was born. As a loyal officer, Captain -Perry had no choice in the matter. Whenever possible, -by persuasion, by the substitution of a reprimand -for the cat, he avoided the, then, universal -method of correction. At all the floggings, every -one who could be spared from duty was obliged to be -present. The logs of the <span class='it'>Concord</span> and of all the -vessels commanded by Perry show that under his discipline -less, and not more, than the average of stripes -were administered. Perry went to the roots of the -matter and was more anxious to apply ounces of -prevention than pounds of cure. The cause of the -offences which brought the cat to the sailors’ back -was ardent spirits. He, therefore, used his professional -influence to have this ration abolished to -minors, and by his persistence finally succeeded. By -the law of August 29, 1842, the spirit ration was forbidden -to all under twenty-one years old—money -being paid instead of grog. As a man, he personally -persuaded the sailors to give up liquor and live by -temperance principles. In this noble work he was -remarkably successful, and the <span class='it'>Concord</span> led the squadron -in the number of her crew who voluntarily abandoned -<span class='pageno' title='87' id='Page_87'></span> -the use of grog. Hence, fewer floggings and -better discipline.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>From Copenhagen the run was made to Cowes, -Isle of Wight, September 22, and thence to the -Mediterranean. At Port Mahon the <span class='it'>Concord</span> joined -the squadron. The autumn and early winter were -spent in active cruising, and in February we find -Perry at Syracuse. Ever mindful of an opportunity -to add stores of science, he made a collection of the -plants of Sicily and forwarded it to the Massachusetts -Horticultural Society. A box of other specimens -was sent to the Brooklyn Navy Yard.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Leaving Syracuse, February 27, for Malta, and -touching at this island, Captain Perry sailed, March -13, for Alexandria, having on board the Reverend and -Mrs. Kirkland and Lady Franklin and her servants. -Her husband, Sir John Franklin, afterwards world-renowned -as an Arctic explorer, was at this time -taking an active part in the Greek war of liberation. -Perry’s acquaintance with the noble lady deepened -into a friendship that lasted throughout his life. It -was, most probably, through her admiration of the -discipline and ability of the American officers and -crews, that she, in after years, appealed to them as -well as to Englishmen to rescue her husband. Nevertheless, -as Chaplain Jenks noticed, the rose had its -thorn. “Captain Perry had a trial of his patience -with Lady Franklin, whom he took on board when -he went to the Mediterranean. Lady Franklin was -full of her husband; and, of course, at each meal -<span class='pageno' title='88' id='Page_88'></span> -the whole company had to hear theories and successes -and memories repeated on the one theme. -Captain Perry bore it all with great gentleness.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Arriving at Alexandria, March 26, the <span class='it'>Concord</span> remained -until April 23. The officers of the ship -were invited to dine with Mehemet, the Viceroy of -Egypt, afterwards the famous exterminator of the -Mamelukes and of the feudal system which they -represented and upheld. He had conquered Soudan, -built Khartoum, and founded the Khedival dynasty. -The officers were splendidly entertained by this -latest master of the “Old House of Bondage.” -The thirteen swords, presented to the party, were -afterwards sent to Washington and placed in the -Department of State. These weapons, still to be -seen in the section devoted to curiosities, are of exquisite -workmanship. The “Mameluke grip” was -afterwards adopted on the regulation navy swords.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The <span class='it'>Concord</span>, raising anchor, April 3, sailed for -Milo, where the famous statue of Venus had been -found a few weeks before, and passed Candia, going -thence to Napoli, the capital of Greece, saluting the -British, French and Russian fleets, and the Greek -forts. On his way to Smyrna, a rich American vessel -received convoy. Another was met which had -been robbed the night before by a party of fifty -pirates in a boat.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In hopes of catching the thieves, and naturally -enjoying a grim joke, Perry put a number of sailors -and marines in hiding on the richly-laden merchantman, -<span class='pageno' title='89' id='Page_89'></span> -hoping to lure the pirates to another attack. -The vessel, however, got safely to Paros without -special incident of any kind. He then visited a -number of the robbers’ haunts and scoured the -coasts with boat parties, but without securing any -prizes. The <span class='it'>Concord</span> then went to Athens to bring -away the Rev. Mr. Robertson, an American missionary -there, together with the property of the American -Episcopal Mission, which had been broken up -by the war.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In accordance with the excellent naval policy of -President Jackson, our flag was shown in every -Greek and Turkish port. Wool, opium and drugs -were the staples of export carried in American vessels, -and most of those met with were armed with -small cannon and muskets. Arriving at Port Mahon, -the home of our military marine, June 25, 1832, -Perry reported a list of the vessels convoyed. It -was found that in the eighty-two days from Alexandria, -the <span class='it'>Concord</span> had visited twelve islands, anchored in -ten ports, and that the ship had lain in port only sixteen -days, being at sea sixty-four days. As strict -sanitary regulations had been enforced, the health of -the crew was unusually good.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At the transfer of the few invalids and of those -whose terms of service had expired, the bugler struck -up the then new, but now old, strain of “Home, -Sweet Home,” which brought tears to many of the -sailors’ eyes. The sight, so unusual, of a crying -sailor, suggested to a visitor on board that these -<span class='pageno' title='90' id='Page_90'></span> -tears were of sorrow for leaving the <span class='it'>Concord</span>, than of -joy for returning home. The surrounding cliffs sent -back the notes in prolonged and saddened echoes. -The heart-melting Sicilian air, without whose consecrating -melody, the stanzas of John Howard Payne -might long since have sunk into the ooze of oblivion, -seemed then, as now, the immortal soul of a perishable -body.</p> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='91' id='Page_91'></span><h1>CHAPTER XI<br/> <span class='sub-head'>A DIPLOMATIC VOYAGE IN THE FRIGATE BRANDYWINE.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>In</span> his next cruise which we are now to describe, -Perry was to take a hand directly in diplomacy, and -rehearse for the more brilliant drama of Japan -twenty years later.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>It was part of the foreign policy of Jackson’s -administration to compel the payment of the long -standing claims for spoliations on American commerce -by the great European belligerents. During -the years from 1809 to 1812, the Neapolitan government -under Joseph Bonaparte and Murat, kings of -Naples, had confiscated numerous American ships -and cargoes. The claims filed in the State Department -at Washington amounted to $1,734,993.88. -They were held by various Boston and Philadelphia -insurance companies and by citizens of Baltimore. -The Hon. John Nelson of Frederic, Md. was -appointed Minister to Naples, and ordered to collect -these claims. Even before the outbreak of the war -in 1812, contrary to the general opinion, the amount -of direct spoliations upon American commerce -inflicted by France and the nations then under her -influence exceeded that experienced from Great -Britain. The demands from our government, upon -<span class='pageno' title='92' id='Page_92'></span> -France, Naples, Spain and Portugal had been again -and again refused. Jackson, in giving the debtors of -the United States an invitation to pay, backed it by -visible arguments of persuasion. He selected to co-operate -with Mr. Nelson and to command the -Mediterranean squadron, Commodore Daniel Patterson -who had aided him in the defense of New -Orleans in 1815. This veteran of the Tripolitan -campaigns, who in the second war with Great -Britain had defended New Orleans, and aided -Jackson in driving back Packenham, was now 61 -years old. He was familiar with the western -Mediterranean from his service as a Midshipman of -over a quarter of a century before. At Port Mahon, -August 25th, 1832, he received the command from -Commodore Biddle. The squadron there consisted -of the <span class='it'>Brandywine</span>, <span class='it'>Concord</span> and <span class='it'>Boston</span>.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>This was “the Cholera year” in New York, and -<span class='it'>pratique</span>, or permission to enter, was refused to the -American ships at some of the ports. For this -reason, an early demonstration at Naples was decided -upon. Patterson’s plan was that one American ship -should appear at first in the harbour of Naples, and -then another and another in succession, until the -whole squadron of floating fortresses should be -present to second Mr. Nelson’s demands. The -entire force at his command was three fifty-gun -frigates and three twenty-gun corvettes. This sufficed, -according to the programme, for a naval drama -in six acts. Commodore Biddle was to proceed first -<span class='pageno' title='93' id='Page_93'></span> -with the <span class='it'>United States</span>, then the <span class='it'>Boston</span> and <span class='it'>John -Adams</span> with Commodore Patterson were to follow.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>This plan for effective negotiation succeeded admirably, -though great energy was needed to carry it -out. To take part in it, Perry was obliged to sacrifice -not only personal convenience, but also to make -drafts upon his purse for which his salary of $1200 per -annum poorly prepared him. Returning from convoying -our merchant vessels and chasing pirates in -the Levant, he had to endure the annoyance of a -quarantine at Port Mahon during thirty days; and -this, notwithstanding all on board the <span class='it'>Concord</span> were -in good health. Such was the effect of the fear of -cholera from New York. Despite the urgency of the -business, and the preciousness of time, the <span class='it'>Concord</span>, -was moored fast for a month of galling idleness by -Portuguese red tape.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Even upon quarantine—one of the growths and -fruits of science—fasten the parasites of superstition. -Besides the annoyance and loss of moral stamina, -which such unusual confinement produces, it may be -fairly questioned whether quarantine as usually enforced -does not do, if not as much as harm as good, -a vast amount of injury. Cut off from regular habits, -and immured in unhygienic surroundings, the seeds -of disease are often sown in hardy constitutions.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>After thirty days of imprisonment on board, the -officers of the <span class='it'>Concord</span> were ready to hail a washerwoman -as an angel of light. They were all looking -forward to such an interview with lively expectation, -<span class='pageno' title='94' id='Page_94'></span> -but such a privilege was to be enjoyed by all but the -Captain.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At the last hour, Commodore Biddle fell ill. Unable -to proceed, as ordered by the Department, to -Naples, Perry was directed by order of Commodore -Patterson to assume command of the flag-ship <span class='it'>Brandywine</span>, -a frigate of forty-four guns. This ship, which -recalls the name of a revolutionary battle-field, was -named in honor of Lafayette, even as the <span class='it'>Alliance</span> -had long before signalized, by her name, the aid and -friendship of France in revolutionary days. She had -been launched at Washington during his late visit to -America, after the Marquis had visited the scenes of -the battle in which he had acted as Washington’s -aid.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>To the trying duty of taking a new ship and forcing -her with all speed night and day to the place -needed, Perry was called before he could even get -his clothes washed. Yet within an hour after his release, -on a new quarterdeck, he ordered all sails set -for Naples. For several days, until the goal was in -sight, with characteristic vigor and determination to -succeed, he was on deck night and day enduring the -fatigue and anxiety with invincible resolution.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Mr. Nelson’s demands were at first refused by -Count Cassaro, the Secretary of State. Why should -the insolent petty government of the Bourbon prince -Ferdinand II. notorious for its infamous misgovernment -at home, pay any attention to an almost unknown -republic across the ocean? No! The Yankee -<span class='pageno' title='95' id='Page_95'></span> -envoy, coming in one ship, was refused. King Bomba -laughed.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The <span class='it'>Brandywine</span> cast anchor, and the baffled envoy -waited patiently for a few days, when another American -flag and floating fortress sailed into the harbor. -It was the frigate <span class='it'>United States</span>. The demands were -reiterated, and again refused.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Four days slipped away, and another stately vessel -floating the stars and stripes appeared in the bay. -It was the <span class='it'>Concord</span>. The Bourbon government, now -thoroughly alarmed, repaired forts, drilled troops and -mounted more cannon on the castle. Still withholding -payment, the Neapolitans began to collect the -cash and think of yielding.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Two days later still another war-ship came in. It -was the <span class='it'>John Adams</span>.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>When the fifth ship sailed gallantly in, the Neapolitans -were almost at the point of honesty, but three -days later Mr. Nelson wrote home his inability to -collect the bill.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Just as the blue waters of the bay mirrored the -image of the sixth sail, king and government -yielded.<a id='r6'/><a href='#f6' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[6]</span></sup></a></p> - -<p class='pindent'>The demands were fully acceded to, and interest -was guaranteed on instalments. Mr. Nelson frankly -acknowledged that the success of his mission was -due to the naval demonstration. Admiral Patterson -wrote, “I have remained here with the squadron as -<span class='pageno' title='96' id='Page_96'></span> -its presence gave weight to the pending negotiations.” -The line of six frigates and corvettes, manned by -resolute men under perfect discipline, and under a -veteran’s command, carried the best artillery in the -world. Ranged opposite the lava-paved streets of -the most densely peopled city of Europe, and in -front of the royal castle, they formed an irresistible -tableau. Neither the castle d’Oro, nor the castle St. -Elmo, nor the forts could have availed against the -guns of the Yankee fleet.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The entire squadron remained in the Bay of Naples -from August 28, to September 15. As the ships -separated, the <span class='it'>Brandywine</span> went to Marseilles, and -the <span class='it'>John Adams</span> to Havre. The <span class='it'>Concord</span> was left -behind to take home the successful envoy. This -compelled Perry’s residence in Naples, at considerable -personal expense. The welcome piping of the -boatswain’s orders to lift anchor for the home run -was heard October 15. The ocean crossed, Cape -Cod was sighted December 3, and anchor cast at -Portsmouth December 5. Mr. Nelson departed in -haste to Washington to deck the re-elected President’s -cap with a new diplomatic feather, which -greatly consoled him amid his nullification annoyances.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Writing on the twenty-first of December, Perry -stated that the <span class='it'>Concord</span> was dismantled. On the -next day he applied for the command of the recruiting -station at New York, as his family now made its -home in that city. -<span class='pageno' title='97' id='Page_97'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>This cruise of thirty months was fruitful of experience -of nature, man, war, diplomacy, and travel. He -had visited the dominions of nine European monarchs -besides Greece, had anchored in and communicated -with forty different ports, had been three hundred -and forty-five days at sea, and had sailed twenty-eight -thousand miles. No officer had appeared as -prisoner or witness at a court-martial, and on no -other vessel had a larger proportion of men given up -liquor. Ship and crew had been worthy of the -name.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>During all the cruise, Perry showed himself to be -what rear-admiral Ammen fitly styled him, “one of -the principal educators of our navy.” He directed -the studies of the young midshipmen, advised them -what books to read, what historical sites to visit, and -what was most worth seeing in the famous cities. -He gave them sound hints on how to live as gentlemen -on small salaries. He infused into many of -them his own peculiar horror of debt. He sought -constantly to elevate the ideal of navy men. The -dogma that he insisted upon was: that an officer in -the American Navy should be a man of high culture, -abreast of the ideas of the age, and not a creature of -professional routine. He heartily seconded the zeal -of his scholarly chaplain, Professor Jenks, who was -the confidential secretary of Commodore Perry, and -so became very intimate with him during the cruise -of several years. He was the interpreter to Captain -Perry, and conducted the interviews with the various -crowned heads. -<span class='pageno' title='98' id='Page_98'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Rear-Admiral Almy says of his commander Matthew -Perry at this time that: “He was a fine looking -officer in uniform, somewhat resembling the portraits -of his brother the hero of Lake Erie, but not so -handsome, and had a sterner expression and was -generally stern in his manner.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>For the expenses incurred during this cruise in -entertaining the Khedive Mehemet Ali, in performing -duties far above his grade, his extra services on the -<span class='it'>Brandywine</span>, and shore residence in Naples, Perry -was reimbursed to the amount of $1,500, by a special -Act of Congress passed March 3, 1835.</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_6'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f6'><a href='#r6'>[6]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>The Navy in Time of Peace, by Rear-Admiral John Almy.—<span class='it'>Washington -Republican</span> March 13, 1884.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='99' id='Page_99'></span><h1>CHAPTER XII.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>THE FOUNDER OF THE BROOKLYN NAVAL LYCEUM.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>An</span> English writer<a id='r7'/><a href='#f7' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[7]</span></sup></a> in the Naval College at Greenwich -thus compares the life on shore of British and -American officers.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“The officers of the United States navy have one -great advantage which is wanting to our own; when -on shore they are not necessarily parted from the -service, but are employed in their several ranks, in -the different dockyards, thus escaping not only the -private grievance and pecuniary difficulties of a very -narrow half-pay, but also, what from a public point -of view is much more important, the loss of professional -aptitude, and that skill which comes from -increasing practice.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>When on the 7th of January 1833, Captain Perry -received orders to report to Commodore Charles -Ridgley at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, his longest -term, ten years, of shore duty began. Being now -settled down with his family, and expecting henceforth -<span class='pageno' title='100' id='Page_100'></span> -to rear his children in New York, he gave notice -April 24, to the Navy Department that his name -should go on record as a citizen of the Empire State. -He at once began the study and mastery of the steam -engine, with a view of solving the problem of the use -of steam as a motor for war vessels.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>That Perry was “an educator of the Navy,” and -that he left his mark in whatever field of work he -occupied was again signally shown. He organized the -Brooklyn Naval Lyceum. This institution which still -lives in honorable usefulness is a monument of his -enterprise.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The New York Naval Station in the Wallabout, or -Boght of the Walloons, which to-day lies under the -shadow of the great Suspension Bridge, is easily -accessible by horse-cars, elevated railways, and various -steam vehicles on land and water. In those days, it -was isolated, and ferry-boats were inferior and infrequent. -Hence officers were compelled to be longer -at the Yard, and had much leisure on their hands. -Desirous of professional improvement for himself -and his fellow-officers, Perry was alert when the -golden opportunity arrived. Finding this at hand, he -first took immediate steps to form a library at the -Yard. He then set about the organization of the -Lyceum, whose beginnings were humble enough. -About this time, money had been appropriated to -construct a new building for the officers of the commandant -and his assistants. It was originally intended -<span class='pageno' title='101' id='Page_101'></span> -to be only two stories in height. Perry suggested -that the walls be run up another story for extra -rooms. He wrote to the Department. He personally -pressed the matter. Permission was granted. A -third floor was added. It was to be used for Naval -courts-martial, Naval Boards, and the Museum, -Library, and Reading Room.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Lyceum organized in 1833, had now a home. -It was incorporated in 1835, and allowed to hold -$25,000 worth of property. The articles of union -declared the Lyceum formed “In order to promote -the diffusion of useful knowledge, to foster a spirit of -harmony and a community of interests in the service, -and to cement the links which unite us as professional -brethren.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The blazon selected was a naval trophy decorated -with dolphins, Neptune, marine and war emblems, -eagle and flag, with the motto, “<span class='it'>Tam Minerva quam -Marte</span>,” (as well for Minerva, as for Mars.) A free -translation of this would be, “For culture as well as -for war.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Commodore C. G. Ridgley was chosen President, -as was befitting his rank. Perry assumed an humbler -office, though he was the moving spirit of this, -the first permanent American naval literary institution. -He presided at its initial meeting. He was -made the first curator of the museum, in 1836 its -Vice President; and later, its President. Officers -and citizens employed by, or connected with the -<span class='pageno' title='102' id='Page_102'></span> -navy came forward in goodly numbers as members. -Soon a snug little revenue enabled the Lyceum to -purchase the proper furniture and cases for the -specimens which began to accumulate, as the new -enterprise and its needs began to be known. Publishers -and merchants made grants of books, pictures -and engravings. Other accessions to the -library were secured by purchase. From the beginning, -and for years afterwards, the Lyceum grew -and prospered. “Although other officers rendered -valuable service in the organization, yet the master -spirit was Captain Matthew C. Perry, United States -Navy. From that day to this, the Naval Lyceum -has been a fertile source of professional instruction -and improvement.” Among the honorary members -were four captains in the British navy, three of whose -names, Parry, Ross and Franklin, are imperishably -associated with the annals of Arctic discoveries.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Out of the Lyceum grew the Naval Magazine, an -excellent bi-monthly, full of interest to officers. Of -this Perry was an active promoter, and to it he contributed -abundantly, though few or none of the articles -bear his signature. Always full of ideas, and -able to express them tersely, the editor could depend -on him for copy, and he did. The Naval Magazine -was edited by the Rev. Charles Stewart. The Advisory -Committee consisted of Commodore C. G. -Ridgley, Master Commandant M. C. Perry, C. O. -Handy, Esq., Purser W. Swift, Esq., Lieutenant -<span class='pageno' title='103' id='Page_103'></span> -Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, Professor E. C. Ward, -and passed Midshipman B. I. Moller. Its subscription -price was three dollars per annum. Among the -contributors were J. Fenimore Cooper, William C. -Redfield, Esq., Chaplain Walter C. Colton and Dr. -Usher Parsons. In looking over the bound volumes -of this magazine—one of the mighty number of the -dead in the catacombs of American periodical literature—we -find some articles of sterling value and -perennial interest. It was fully abreast of the science -of the age, and urged persistently the creation of a -Naval Academy.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The magazine died, but the Lyceum lived on to -do a good work for many years, notably during our -great civil war. It is still flourishing and is visited -by tens of thousands of persons from all parts -of our country.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry had already made his reputation as a scientific -student. His motto was “<span class='it'>semper paratus</span>.” He -was ever in readiness for work. The British Admiralty -and the United States government were desirous -of fuller information about the tides and currents -of the Atlantic ocean, especially those off Rhode -Island and in the Sound. Chosen for the work, Perry -received orders, June 1st, to spend a lunar month on -Gardiner’s Island. The congenial task afforded a -pleasant break in the monotony of life in the navy -yard, and revived memories of the war of 1812. The -careful observations which he made during the month -<span class='pageno' title='104' id='Page_104'></span> -of June, embodied in a report, were adopted into the -United States and British Admiralty charts. He -returned home June 29.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Though Commodore Ridgley was officer-in-chief -in the yard, upon Perry fell most of the active clerical -and superintending work. The frigate, <span class='it'>United -States</span>, was fitting out for service in the Mediterranean, -and one of the young midshipmen ordered to -report to her was the gentleman who afterwards became -Rear-Admiral George H. Preble, a gallant -soldier, fighter of Chinese pirates, and author of the -<span class='it'>History of the American Flag</span> and of <span class='it'>Steam Navigation</span>.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>He reported to the Navy Yard, May 1, 1836, in -trembling anxiety as to his reception by his superiors. -The commandant was absent at the horse-races -on the Long Island course, so young Preble -returned to New York, to his hotel, and again reported -May 3.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>His first impressions of Master Commandant Perry -are shown in the following doggerel, written in a letter -to his sister:</p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='pageno' title='105' id='Page_105'></span></p> - -<div class='poetry-container' style=''><div class='lgp'> <!-- rend=';' --> -<p class='line0'>“Charley again was at the race,</p> -<p class='line0'>But I was minded that the place</p> -<p class='line0'>Should own me as a Mid.</p> -<p class='line0'>And since the Com. was making merry,</p> -<p class='line0'>Reported to big-whiskered Perry</p> -<p class='line0'>The Captain of the Yard.</p> -</div></div> <!-- end poetry block --><!-- end rend --> - -<div class='poetry-container' style=''><div class='lgp'> <!-- rend=';' --> -<p class='line0'>“ ‘Mat’ looked at me from stem to stern,</p> -<p class='line0'>His gaze I thought he ne’er would turn,</p> -<p class='line0'>No doubt he thought me green.</p> -<p class='line0'>For I had on a citizen’s coat</p> -<p class='line0'>Instead of a uniform as I ought,</p> -<p class='line0'>When going to report.</p> -</div></div> <!-- end poetry block --><!-- end rend --> - -<div class='poetry-container' style=''><div class='lgp'> <!-- rend=';' --> -<p class='line0'>“At last he said that I could go,</p> -<p class='line0'>There was no duty I could do,</p> -<p class='line0'>Until the next day morning.</p> -<p class='line0'>So I whisked o’er and moved my traps,</p> -<p class='line0'>And made acquaintance with the chaps</p> -<p class='line0' style='margin-bottom:1em;'>Who were to live with me.”</p> -</div></div> <!-- end poetry block --><!-- end rend --> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry at this time wore whiskers, and for some -years afterwards cultivated sides in front of the ear. -In later life he shaved his face clean. The fashion -in the navy was to wear only sides, as portraits of all -the heroes of 1812 show. The younger officers -were just beginning to sport moustaches. These -modern fashions and “such fripperies” were denounced -by the older men, who clung to their antique -prejudices. Hawthorne, in his American Note -Book, August 27, 1837, gives an amusing instance -of this, couched in the language with which he was -able to make the commonest subject fascinating.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>That the regulations should prescribe the exact -amount of hair to be worn on the face of both -officers and men seems strange, but it is true, and -illustrates the rigidity of naval discipline. Evidently -inheriting the modern British (not the ancient Brittanic) -<span class='pageno' title='106' id='Page_106'></span> -hatred of French and continental customs, the -Americans, in high office, forbade moustaches as savoring -of disloyalty. Wellington had issued an order -forbidding moustaches, except for cavalry. It was -not until the year of grace, 1853, that the American -naval visage was emancipated from slavery to the -razor. Secretary Dobbin then approved of the cautious -regulation: “The beard to be worn at the -pleasure of the individual, but when worn to be kept -short and neatly trimmed.” What a shame it must -have seemed to feminine admirers, and to the possessors -of luxuriant beards of attractive color! Both -the hairy and hairless were, perforce, placed in the -same democracy of homeliness. The ancient orders, -in the interest of ships’ barbers, and once made to -compensate for the wearing of perukes, were crowned -by the famous proclamation of Secretary Graham, -dated May 8, 1852, which at this date furnishes, -amusing reading:</p> - -<div class='blockquoter9'> - -<p class='pindent'>“The hair of all persons belonging to the Navy, when -in actual service, is to be kept short. No part of the -beard is to be worn long, and the whiskers shall not descend -more than two inches below the ear, except at sea, -in high latitudes, when this regulation may, for the time, -be dispensed with by order of the commander of a squadron, -or of a vessel acting under separate orders. <span class='it'>Neither -moustaches nor imperials are to be worn by officers or men -on any pretence whatever.</span>”</p> - -</div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='pageno' title='107' id='Page_107'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Our illustrious Admiral Porter shaved only once -or twice in his life. During the Mexican War he -found it difficult to get Commodore Conner to give -him service on account of his full whiskers. The -British army wore their beards and now fashionable -moustaches in the trenches of Sebastopol, when it -was difficult, if not impossible to get shaved, and -thus won a hairy victory, the results of which were -felt even across the Atlantic.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Another high honor offered to Perry, was the command -of the famous U. S. Exploring Expedition to -Antarctic lands and seas. This enterprise was the -evolution of an attempt to obtain from Congress an -appropriation to find “Symmes Hole.” The originator -of the “<span class='it'>Theory of Concentric Spheres</span>” was -John Cleves Symmes, born in 1780, and an officer -in the United States army during the war of 1812, -who died in 1829. In lectures at Union College, -Schenectady, and in other places, he expounded his -belief that the earth is hollow and capable of habitation, -and that there is an opening at each of the -poles, leading to the various spheres inside of the -greater hollow sphere, the earth itself. He petitioned -Congress to fit out an expedition to test this -theory, which had been set forth in his lectures and -in a book published at Cincinnati in 1826.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Despite the ridicule heaped upon Symmes and his -theories, scientific men believed that the Antarctic -region should be explored. Congress voted that a -<span class='pageno' title='108' id='Page_108'></span> -corps of scientific men, in six vessels, should be sent -out for four years in the interests of observation and -research. This was one of the first of those “peace -expeditions,” no less renowned than those in war, of -which the American nation and navy may well be -proud.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>By this time, however, Perry had become interested -in the idea of creating a steam navy. He -declined the honor, but took a keen interest in the -expedition. An ardent believer in Polar research, -he was heartily glad to see the boundaries of knowledge -extended. He had read carefully the record of -the five years’ voyage of the British sloop-of-war -<span class='it'>Beagle</span>. In this vessel, Mr. Darwin began those profound -speculations on the origin and maintenance of -animal life, which have opened a new outlook upon -the universe and created a fertile era of thought.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Secretary of the Navy applied to the Naval -Lyceum for advice as to the formation of a scientific -corps, for recommendation of names of members of -said corps, for a series of inquiries for research, and -details of the correct equipment of such an expedition. -To thus recognise the dignity and status of -the Lyceum was highly gratifying to its founder and -appreciated by the society. A committee consisting -of three officers, C. G. Ridgley, M. C. Perry and C. -O. Handy, was appointed to make the report. This, -when printed, filled eleven pages of the magazine. -It was mainly the work of M. C. Perry. The practical -<span class='pageno' title='109' id='Page_109'></span> -nature of the programme was recognized at once. It -was incorporated into the official instructions for the -conduct of the expedition. The command was most -worthily bestowed on Lieutenant Charles Wilkes.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The success of this, the first American exploring -expedition of magnitude is known to all, through the -publication entitled <span class='it'>The Wilkes Exploring Expedition</span>, -as well as by the additions to our herbariums and -gardens of strange plants, and the goodly spoils of -science now in the Smithsonian Institute.</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_7'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f7'><a href='#r7'>[7]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>J. K. Laughton, <span class='it'>Encyclopædia Brittanica</span>, vol. ix., article -“Farragut.”</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='110' id='Page_110'></span><h1>CHAPTER XIII.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>THE FATHER OF THE AMERICAN STEAM NAVY.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>Matthew Perry</span> was now to be called to a new and -untried duty. This was no less than to be pioneer -of the steam navy of the United States. When a -boy under Commodore Rodgers, he had often seen -the inventor, Fulton, busy with his schemes. He -had heard the badinage of good-natured doubters and -the jeers of the unbelieving, but he had also seen the -<span class='it'>Demologos</span>, or <span class='it'>Fulton 1st</span>, moving under steam. This -formidable vessel was to have been armed, in addition -to her deck batteries, with submarine cannon. She -was thus the prototype of Ericsson’s <span class='it'>Destroyer</span>. -Fulton died February 24th, 1815, but the trial trip -was made June 1st, 1815, and was successful.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Congress on the 30th of June, 1834, had appropriated -five thousand dollars to test the question of the -safety of boilers in vessels. The next step was to -order the building of a “steam battery” at the Brooklyn -Navy Yard in 1836. Perry applied for command -of this vessel July 28th. His orders arrived August -31st, 1837.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The second <span class='it'>Fulton</span>, the pioneer of our American -steam navy, was designed as a floating battery for -the defense of New York harbor. Her hull was of -<span class='pageno' title='111' id='Page_111'></span> -the best live oak, with heavy bulwarks five feet thick, -beveled on the outside so as to cause an enemy’s shot -to glance off. She had three masts and was 180 feet -long. She had four immense chimneys, which greatly -impeded her progress in a head wind. Her boilers -were of copper. Like most of those then in use, -these, where they connected with iron pipes were -apt to create a galvanic action which caused leaks. -Thrice was the vessel disabled on this account. The -paddle-wheels, with enormous buckets were 22 feet -10 inches in diameter. Her armament consisted of -eight forty-two pounders, and one twenty-four pounder. -Her total cost was $299,650. She carried in her -lockers, coal for two days, and drew 10 feet 6 inches -of water.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry took command of the <span class='it'>Fulton</span> October 4th, -1837, when the smoke-pipes were up, and the engines -ready for an early trial. His work was more than to -hasten forward the completion of the new steam battery. -He was practically to organize an entirely new -branch of naval economy. There were in the marine -war service of the United States absolutely no precedents -to guide him.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Again he had to be “an educator of the navy.” -To show how far the work was left to him, and was -his own creation, we may state that no authority had -been given and no steps taken to secure firemen, -assistant-engineers, or coal heavers. The details, -duties, qualifications, wages, and status in the navy -of the whole engineer corps fell upon Perry to settle. -<span class='pageno' title='112' id='Page_112'></span> -He wrote for authority to appoint first and second -class engineers. He proposed that $25 to $30 a -month, and one ration, should be given as pay to firemen, -and that they should be good mechanics familiar -with machinery, the use of stops, cocks, gauges, and -the paraphernalia of iron and brass so novel on a -man-of-war.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Knowing that failure in the initiative of the experimental -steam service might prejudice the public, -and especially the incredulous and sneering old salts -who had no faith in the new fangled ideas, he requested -that midshipmen for the <span class='it'>Fulton</span> should be -first trained in seamanship prior to their steamer life. -He was also especially particular about the moral -and personal character of the “line” officers who -were first to live in contact with a new and strange -kind of “staff.” It is difficult in this age of war -steamers, when a sailing man-of-war or even a paddle-wheel -steamer is a curiosity, to realize the jealousy -felt by sailors of the old school towards the un-naval -men of gauges and stop-cocks. They foresaw only -too clearly that steam was to steal away the poetry -of the sea, turn the sailor into a coal-heaver, and the -ship into a machine.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry demanded in his line officers breadth of view -sufficient to grasp the new order of things. They -must see in the men of screws and levers equality of -courage as well as of utility. They must be of the -co-operative cast of mind and disposition. From the -very first, he foresaw that jealousy amounting almost -<span class='pageno' title='113' id='Page_113'></span> -to animosity would spring up between the line and -staff officers, between the deck and the hold, and he -determined to reduce it to a minimum. The new -middle term between courage and cannon was caloric. -He would provide precedents to act as anti-friction -buffers so as to secure a maximum of harmony.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“The officers of a steamer should be those of -established discretion, not only that great vigilance -will be required of them, but because much tact and -forbearance must necessarily be exercised in their -intercourse with the engineers and firemen who, -coming from a class of respectable mechanics and -unused to the restraints and discipline of a vessel of -war, may be made discontented and unhappy by injudicious -treatment; and, as passed midshipmen are -supposed to be more staid and discreet I should prefer -most of that class.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“In this organization of the officers of this first -American steamer of war, I am solicitous of establishing -the service on a footing so popular and respectable, -as to be desired by those of the navy who may -be emulous of acquiring information in a new and -interesting field of professional employment, and I -am sure that the Department will co-operate so far as -it may be proper in the attainment of the object.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>That was Matthew Perry—ever magnifying his -office and profession. He believed that responsibility -helped vastly to make the man. He suggested that -engineers take the oath, and from first to last be held -to those sanctions and to that discipline, which would -<span class='pageno' title='114' id='Page_114'></span> -create among them the <span class='it'>esprit</span> so excellent in the line -officers.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Out of many applicants for engineer’s posts on the -<span class='it'>Fulton</span>, Perry, to November 16th, had selected only -one, as he was determined to get the best. He believed -in the outward symbols of honor and authority. -“In order to give them a respectable position, and to -encourage pride of character in their intercourse with -citizens, and to make them emulous to conduct themselves -with propriety, I would respectfully suggest -that a uniform be assigned to them.” He proposed -the usual suit of plain blue coat with rolling collar, -blue trousers, and plain blue cap. The distinction -between first and second engineers should be visible, -only in the number and arrangement of the buttons; -the first assistant to wear seven, and the second assistant -six in front, both having one on each collar, -and slight variation on the skirts. Later on, the -paddle-wheel wrought in gold bullion was added as -part of the uniform. “The olive branch and paddle-wheel -on the collars of the engineers designated their -special vocation, and spoke of the peaceful progress -of art and science.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The sailors, who as a class are too apt to be children -of superstition, were somewhat backward about -enlisting on a war-ship with a boiler inside ready to -turn into an enemy if struck by a shot; but at last -after many and unforeseen delays, the <span class='it'>Fulton</span> got out -into the harbor early in December. Steam was raised -in thirty minutes from cold water. Many of the -<span class='pageno' title='115' id='Page_115'></span> -leading engineers and practical mechanics were on -board. With ten inches of steam marked on the -gauge, and twenty revolutions a minute, she made -ten knots an hour, justifying the hope that she would -increase her speed to twelve or even thirteen knots. -The first assistant-engineers of this pioneer war -steamer were Messrs. John Farron, Nelson Burt, and -Hiram Sanford.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Chief Engineer was Mr. Charles H. Haswell, -now the veteran city surveyor of New York.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry wrote December 17, 1837, “I have established -neat and economical uniforms for the different -grades.” He also arranged their accommodations on -the vessel, and their routine of life was soon established. -A trial trip to go outside the bay and in the -ocean was arranged for December 28, but the old-fashioned -condensing apparatus worked badly. The -machinery of the <span class='it'>Fulton</span>, though perhaps the best for -the time, was of rude pattern as compared with the -superb work turned out to-day in American foundries. -Even this clumsy mechanical equipment had not -been obtained without great anxiety, patience, and -delay, and by taxing all the resources of the New -York machine shops.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Of her value as a moving fortress, Perry wrote: -“The <span class='it'>Fulton</span> will never answer as a sea-vessel, but -the facility of moving from port to port, places at -the service of the Department, a force particularly -available for the immediate action at any point.” -With the lively remembrance of the efficiency of the -<span class='pageno' title='116' id='Page_116'></span> -British blockade of New York and New London in -the war of 1812, he adds, “In less than an hour, -after orders are received, the <span class='it'>Fulton</span> can be moving -in any direction at the rate of ten miles an hour, -with power of enforcing the instructions of the -government.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the 15th of January 1838, Captain Perry received -orders to carry out the Act of Congress, and -cruise along the coast. Perry wrote pointing out, (1) -that the heavy and clumsy <span class='it'>Fulton</span>, a veritable floating -fortress being unlike ocean steamers, was not likely -to prove seaworthy, (2) she was adapted only to bays -and harbors, (3) she could carry fuel only for seventy -hours consumption; (4), that no deposits of coal -were yet made along the coast; (5), that her wheel -guards being only twenty inches clear, the boat would -be extremely wet and dangerous at sea. Nevertheless -he promised to take this floating battery out into -the ocean back to the coaling depot, and thence -through the Long Island Sound.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Accordingly January 18, the <span class='it'>Fulton</span> steamed down -to Sandy Hook and anchoring at night, ran out as -the wintry weather permitted during the day. In a -wind the vessel labored hard. She lay so low in the -water, that several of her wheel buckets were lost or -injured, and the previous opinion of naval men was -confirmed. Nevertheless, Perry was astonished at -her power, and her facility of management demonstrated -a new thing on board a vessel of war. Having -asked for the written opinion of his officers, -<span class='pageno' title='117' id='Page_117'></span> -several interesting replies were elicited. The Acting -Master C. W. Pickering noted that the <span class='it'>Fulton</span> carried -six forty-four pounders, and being a steamer could -have choice of position and distance. Two or three of -such vessels could cripple a whole enemy’s squadron -or destroy it. In case of a calm, she could fight a -squadron all day, and not receive a shot. In case of -chase, or light winds, she could destroy a squadron -one by one, or tow them separately out of sight as -was desired. The trial in the Sound proved her one -of the fastest boats known. From New London with -9½ inches steam she made twenty-eight miles in -one hour and fifty-seven minutes, or one hundred and -eighteen miles in little less than nine hours.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Her utility on a blockade was manifest, and her -advantage in every point over sailing vessels demonstrated. -She would in a fight be equal to any -“seventy-four” and in fact to any number of vessels -not propelled by steam. Her strength and power -were unrivalled in the world.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Lieut. Wm. F. Lynch, afterwards the Dead Sea explorer -and later the Confederate Commodore, suggested -a better arrangement of her battery. Taking -a hint from Jackson’s cotton-bale breastworks of -1815, he pointed out how the <span class='it'>Fulton</span> might be made -cotton-clad and shot-proof. He carried out his idea in -later years, and some of the confederate steamers in -the civil war were so armed and made formidable. -It is interesting to read now what he wrote in 1838. -“The machinery can easily be protected by cotton -<span class='pageno' title='118' id='Page_118'></span> -bales, or other light elastic material between it and -the ship’s side.” The idea of protecting armor to -war ships was first conceived by Americans.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In fact, all the opinions as to the <span class='it'>Fulton’s</span> capacity -for the offense or defense were favorable. A glow of -enthusiasm pervades the reports of those on board -the maiden trip of this the first American war -steamer. Perry himself saw her defects, and how -they could be remedied. Her machinery and horizontal -engines took up too much room. Yet even as -she was, her annual expenses would be less than a -first-class vessel of war under sail with proportionate -crew, provisions, and canvass.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>By prophetic insight, Perry saw that the revolution -in naval education, tactics and warfare had already -dawned. Writing from Montauk Point, February 6, -1838, he suggested that a training school for naval -engineers should be established by the government, -that firemen apprentices should be enlisted and -trained, stating that these had better be sons of engineers -and firemen. The Secretary immediately -approved of his suggestion in a letter dated February -13, 1838. He directed Commodore Ridgely to place -on the <span class='it'>Fulton</span> five apprentices to be exclusively attached -to the engineer’s department.<a id='r8'/><a href='#f8' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[8]</span></sup></a> What was first -suggested by Perry, is now magnificently realized in -the Annapolis Naval Academy, with its six years -course in engineering, graduating yearly a corps of -cadet engineers among the best in the world. -<span class='pageno' title='119' id='Page_119'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>In a further report, written from Gardiner’s Island -February 17, 1838, Perry uttered his faith that sea-going -war steamers of 1400 or 1500 tons could be -built to cruise at sea even for twenty days, and yet -be efficient and as safe from disaster as the finest -frigates afloat, while the expense would be considerably -less. This was a brave utterance at a time when -the number of believers in the possibility of the -financial success of ocean steam-navigation, or of the -practicability of large war vessels propelled by steam, -was very few indeed. Perry’s letter was read and -re-read by the Naval Commissioners.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In May, he took the <span class='it'>Fulton</span> to Washington, where -President Jackson and his cabinet enjoyed the sight -of a war-ship independent of wind and tide. It was -intimated to Perry that he should be sent to Europe -to study the latest results in steam, ordnance, and -lighthouse illumination.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The year 1837 was a memorable one for Matthew -Perry, marking his promotion to a Captaincy in the -United States Navy. The emblazoned parchment -bearing President Andrew Jackson’s signature is -dated February 9, 1837. He ranked number forty-four -in the list of the fifty naval captains allowed by -law. By the Act of Congress of March 8, 1835, the -pay of a captain off duty was $2,500, on duty, $3,500, -and in command of a foreign squadron, $4,000.</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_8'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f8'><a href='#r8'>[8]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>See <a href='#Page_435'>Appendix.</a>—The Naval Apprenticeship System.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='120' id='Page_120'></span><h1>CHAPTER XIV.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>PERRY DISCOVERS THE RAM.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>An</span> accident which happened to the <span class='it'>Fulton</span> belongs -to the history of modern warfare. It revealed to -Perry’s alert mind a valuable principle destined to -work a revolution in the tactics of naval battles. -Like the mountaineer of Potosi who when his bush -failed as a support, found something better in the -silver beneath, so Perry discovered at the roots of a -chance accident a new element of power in war.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The <span class='it'>Fulton</span> was rather a massive floating battery -than a sea-steamer. Once started, her speed for -those days was respectable, but to turn her was no -easy matter. To stop her quickly was an impossibility.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the 28th of August, the <span class='it'>Fulton</span>, while making her -way to Sandy Hook amid the dense crowd of sloops, -schooners, ships and ferry-boats of the East river, -came into partial collision with the <span class='it'>Montevideo</span>. -The brig lay at anchor, and Lieutenant Lynch in -charge of the <span class='it'>Fulton</span>, wished to pass her stern, and -ahead of her starboard quarter. When nearly up -with the brig, the flood tide running strongly caused -her to sheer suddenly to the full length of her cable -and thus brought her directly in line of the contemplated -<span class='pageno' title='121' id='Page_121'></span> -route. Lynch, to save life, was obliged to -destroy property and strike the brig.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The steamer’s cutter and gig were stove in and -her bulwarks, in paint and nails, somewhat injured. -With the brig the case was different. Though only -a glancing stroke, the smitten vessel was all but -sunk.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Captain Perry was not on board the <span class='it'>Fulton</span>, having -remained on shore owing to indisposition. On hearing -the story of Lieutenant Lynch, there was at -once revealed to him the addition that steam had -made to the number and variety of implements of -destruction. The old trireme’s beak was to reappear -on the modern steam war vessel and create a double -revolution in naval warfare. The boiler, paddle and -screw had more than replaced the war galley’s banks -of oars, by furnishing a motive power that hereafter -should not only sink the enemy by ramming, but -should change the naval order of battle. The -broadside to broadside lines of evolution must give -way to fighting “prow on.” In a word, he saw the -ram.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry required written reports of the affair from -his lieutenants, and wrote a letter to the Secretary of -the Navy suggesting the possibilities of the rostral -prow.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>To think of the new weapon was to wish to demonstrate -its power. He proposed to try the <span class='it'>Fulton</span> -again, purposely, upon a hulk, to satisfy himself as -to the sinking power of the steamer. He arranged -<span class='pageno' title='122' id='Page_122'></span> -to do this by special staying of the boiler pipes and -chimneys, so that no damage from the shock would -result. He was also prepared, by exact mathematical -computation of mass, velocity and friction, with -careful observations of wind and tide, to express the -results with scientific accuracy.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The report duly was received at Washington and, -instead of being acted upon, was pigeon-holed. -Perry was unable, at private expense, to follow up -the idea, but thought much of it at the time, and the -subject, though not officially noticed, remained in -his mind.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>After the Mexican War, having leisure, he wrote -the following letter:—</p> - -<div class='blockquoter9'> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:right;margin-right:1em;'><span class='sc'>Washington</span>, D. C., Nov. 11, 1850.</p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='it'>Sir</span>,—Since the introduction of steamers of war into -the navies of the world, I have frequently thought that a -most effectual mode of attack might be brought into operation -by using a steamer as a striking body, and precipitating -her with all her power of motion and weight upon -some weak point of a vessel of the enemy moved only by -sails, and, seizing upon a moment of calm, or when the -sail vessel is motionless or moving slowly through the -water.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>I had always determined to try this experiment, should -opportunity afford, and actually made preparations for -securing the boilers and steam pipes of the <span class='it'>Fulton</span> at New -York, when I thought it probable I might be sent in her -to our eastern border ports at the time of the expected -<span class='pageno' title='123' id='Page_123'></span> -rupture with Great Britain upon the North Eastern Boundary -question.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Experience has shown that a vessel moving rapidly -through the water, and striking with her stem another motionless, -or passing in a transverse direction, invariably -destroys or seriously injures the vessel stricken without -material damage to the assailant. Imagine for example -the steamer <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> under full steam and moving at -the moderate rate of 12 statute miles per hour, her weight -considered as a projectile being estimated as 2,500 tons, -the minimum calculation, and multiplying this weight by -her velocity, say 17½ feet per second, the power and -weight of momentum would be a little short of 44,000 tons, -and the effect of collision upon the vessel attacked, -whatever may be her size, inevitably overwhelming.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>It may be urged that the momentum estimated by the -above figures may not be as effective as the rule indicates, -yet it cannot be maintained that there would not be -sufficient force for all the purposes desired.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>I have looked well into the practicability of this mode of -attack, and am fully satisfied that if managed with decision -and coolness, it will unquestionably succeed and -without immediate injury to the attacking vessel. Much -would of course depend on the determination and skill of -the commander, and the self-possession of the engineers -at the starting bars, in reversing the motion of the engines -at the moment of collision; but coolness under dangers -of accident from the engines or boilers, is considered, by -well trained engineers, a point of honor, and I feel well -assured there would be no want of conduct or bearing in -either those or the other officers of the ship.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The preparations for guarding the attacking steamer -<span class='pageno' title='124' id='Page_124'></span> -against material damage would be to secure the boilers -more firmly in their beds, to prepare the steam pipes and -connections so as to prevent the separation of their joints, -to render firm the smoke-stack by additional guys and -braces, to strip off the lower masts and to remove the -bowsprit. All these arrangements could be made in little -time and without much inconvenience.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>It would be desirable that the bowsprit should be so -fitted as to be easily reefed or removed, but in times of -emergency, this spar should not for a moment be considered -as interposing an obstacle to the contemplated -collision.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>It will be said, and I am free to admit, that much risk -would be encountered by the steamer from the guns of -the vessel assailed, say of a line-of-battle ship or frigate, -but considering the short time she would be under fire, -her facilities for advance and retreat, of choice of position -and of the effect of her own heavy guns upon the least -defensible point of the enemy’s ship on which she would -of course advance, the disparity of armaments should not -be taken into view.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>I claim no credit for the originality of this suggestion, -well knowing that the ancients in their sea fights dashed -their sea-galleys with great force one upon the other, nor -am I ignorant of the plan of a steam prow suggested -some years ago by Commodore Barron.<a id='r9'/><a href='#f9' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[9]</span></sup></a> My proposition -<span class='pageno' title='125' id='Page_125'></span> -is simply the renewal of an ancient practice by the application -of the power unknown in early times, and, as many -believe, in the beginning of its usefulness.</p> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:right;margin-right:6em;'>With great respect, I have the honor to be,</p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:right;margin-right:2em;'>Your most obedient servant,</p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:right;margin-right:0em;'>M. C. PERRY.</p> - -<p class='noindent'><span class='sc'>The Hon. Wm. A. Graham</span>,</p> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:2em;'>Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.</p> - -</div> - -<p class='pindent'>Twenty years later in the river of her own name, -the war steamer <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> became a formidable ram, -though before this time in 1859, the French iron-clad, -<span class='it'>La Gloire</span> had been launched. It had been -said of the British Admiral, Sir George Sartorius, -that “He was one of the first to form, in 1855, the -revolution in naval warfare, by the renewal of the -ancient mode of striking an adversary with the prow.” -It will be seen that Perry anticipated the Europeans -and taught the Americans.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Other points in this letter of Perry’s are of interest -at this time. First, last, and always, Perry honored -the engineer and believed in his equal possession, -with the line officers, of all the soldierly virtues, notwithstanding -that the man at the lever, out of sight -of the enemy, must needs lack the thrilling excitement -of the officers on deck. He felt that courage -in the engine-room had even a finer moral strain than -the more physically exciting passions of the deck.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>We may here note that Perry really had part in -the naval victories of our civil war. The method -<span class='pageno' title='126' id='Page_126'></span> -of ramming action, as used by Farragut in his -brilliant victories of wooden steamers over Confederate -iron-clads, was that out-lined by Perry years -before.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry also made a thorough study, so far as it was -then possible, of the problems of resistance and -penetration, of rifled cannon and of iron-clad armor.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>He was for years on the board of officers appointed -to report upon the Stevens floating battery at -Hoboken. Until his death, he was familiar with the -whole question, and believed in the early adoption of -both rifles and armor on ships. Prior to the Mexican -War he thought the right course was to develop to -the highest stage of efficiency the ram and the -smooth-bore shell-gun. It turned out that in the -war for the Union in 1861, most of the naval officers -associated with him and who shared his ideas were -on the Confederate side. Hence the Southerners -were in a much better state of advanced naval -science than the Northerners. Even the <span class='it'>Monitor</span> -was the fruit of a private inventor, and not of a -naval officer. The first appearance of an iron coat on -an American war vessel, and the first ram effectively -used in war were upon the Confederate -steamer <span class='it'>Virginia</span> (the old <span class='it'>Merrimac</span>) which was the -idea and application of T. ap. Catesby Jones; while -the <span class='it'>Tennessee</span> in Mobile Bay was wholly the creation -of Franklin Buchanan. Both of these gentlemen -were life-long friends, and subordinate officers, who -were also familiar with the problem of ramming, and -<span class='pageno' title='127' id='Page_127'></span> -enjoyed Perry’s confidence and ideas. For the -methods of the <span class='it'>Merrimac</span> in her devastation of the -Federal fleet at Hampton Roads, the epistle of Perry -might seem almost a letter of instruction.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Had good machinists and founderies existed in the -South, in number proportionate to that of Confederate -naval officers, the story of Mobile Bay and the -Mississippi river might have been different. With -no lack of courage or skill in the northern sailors -and their leaders, their greatest ally lay in the poor -machinery of the Confederate iron-clads. These -were true testudos in armor, but fortunately for the -Union cause they were tortoises in speed also. Or, to -change the metaphor, though meant to act as swordfish, -they behaved as sluggishly as whales. They -fell a prey even to wooden vessels able to obey their -helms but moving rapidly with sinking force.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>With the old system of tactics under sail, no -ramming was possible, as the vessel under propulsion -would expose herself to a raking fire while slowly -working up to position. Gunpowder rendered obsolete -the trireme ram. Steam, by its gigantic -propelling force, had now in turn overcome gunpowder.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The model of the machine-ram, made by Captain -Samuel Barron in 1827, and referred to by Captain -Perry is now at Annapolis Naval Academy. So far -as we can gather, Perry had not seen this at the -time of his first writing of the ram in 1839. His -valuable paper was duly read, laid aside and bound -<span class='pageno' title='128' id='Page_128'></span> -up with other “Captain’s Letters” in 1839 and -forgotten. When in 1861, the <span class='it'>Merrimac</span>, steaming -out from Norfolk, by one thrust of her iron snout -turned the grand old wooden frigate, <span class='it'>Cumberland</span>, -into a sunken hulk, she revealed the powers of the -ram to the whole world. The curtain then fell on -the age of wood and ushered in the age of iron.</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_9'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f9'><a href='#r9'>[9]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Commodore James Barron’s model of his “prow-ship” was -exhibited in the rotunda of the capitol in Washington in 1836. -As described by him in the Patent Office reports, it was a mere -mass of logs, white pine, poplar, or gum-tree wood. Perry -meant to use a real ship always available for ramming.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='129' id='Page_129'></span><h1>CHAPTER XV.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>LIGHTHOUSE ILLUMINATION, LENSES OR REFLECTORS?</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>The</span> water-ways leading to New York are such as -to make Manhattan Island unique in its advantages -for commerce. Already the metropolis of the continent, -it is yet to be the commercial centre of the -world. Until 1837 these highways of sea, river, and -bay were greatly neglected, and on all except moonlight -nights, vessels had great difficulty in approaching -the city. Raritan and Newark bays were so -destitute of buoys and beacons, that pilots charged -double rates for navigating ships in them, rocks littered -their channels, and the benighted New Jersey -coast was jeeringly said to be “outside of the United -States.” During the summer of 1837, Captains -Kearney, Sloat, and Perry made a study of the water -approaches to New York, the latter concerning himself -with the Jersey side. His report, written at -Perth Amboy, December 9, 1837, was made such -good use of in Congress by Senator G. D. Wall, that -a bill for the creation of lighthouses was passed, and -Captain Perry was ordered to Europe for further -study.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Embarking on the steamer <span class='it'>Great Western</span> on her -second round trip, June 27, 1838, Perry crossed the -<span class='pageno' title='130' id='Page_130'></span> -ocean when such a voyage was a novelty. The passage -occupied twelve and a half days, during which a -constant study of the engines and their behavior, and -of wages and fuel satisfied him that steam could be -applied to war vessels with safety and economy. -This was in 1838, yet even as late as 1861, there were -American naval officers more afraid of the boilers -under their feet, than of the enemy’s guns; and many -old sea-dogs still believed in the general efficiency of -sailing frigates over steamers.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Arriving at Bristol his first business was to visit -the lighthouses of the United Kingdom, after which -he returned to London. In the foundries and shipyards -he acquainted himself with engineers and manufacturers. -He found a ferment of ideas. A real -revolution in naval science was in progress. The -British government was ambitious to have the largest -steamer force in the world ready for sudden hostilities -so as to possess an over-whelming advantage. So -much encouragement was given by the admiralty, -that nearly every mechanic in the kingdom, as it -seemed, was eager to invent, improve or discover new -steps to perfection. Especial attention was given to -the problem of the economy of fuel. Vessels wholly -built of iron were beginning to be common. These, -as Perry predicted, were ultimately to have the -preference for peaceful purposes, but their fitness as -war vessels was still uncertain. Two were then -building for the Emperor of Russia. The first paddle-wheel -steamers, <span class='it'>Penelope</span>, <span class='it'>Terrible</span>, and <span class='it'>Valorous</span>, -<span class='pageno' title='131' id='Page_131'></span> -were afloat or building. The era of steam appliances -as a substitute for manual labor aboard ships was -being ushered in.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>It is now seen that the immediate fruit of this -possession, by the British government, of steam both -as a motor and a substitute for manual labor on shipboard, -was the growth of an imperial policy of extensive -colonial dependencies and possessions for which -the Victorian era will ever be conspicuous in history. -The British Empire could never have become the -mighty agglomeration which it now is, except through -the agency of steam. The new force was not an -olive branch, nor calculated to keep the battle flags -furled; for already, the first of the twenty-five wars -which the Victorian era has thus far seen had begun.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At the time of Perry’s visit, however, Britain’s -exclusive domain seemed threatened by France. The -spirit of invention and improvement, encouraged by -Louis Philippe, was abroad in “la belle France.” -Already nine war steamers afloat, with more planned -on paper, the beginning of a respectable sea-force, -were within two hours of England. A vigorous -naval policy was in popular favor and the Prince de -Joinville, in command of a corvette, the <span class='it'>Creole</span>, was -beginning to express views which alarmed the Admiralty. -The brilliant successes of the French in -Mexican waters, the capture of the castle of St. Juan -d’Ulloa after six hours bombardment, in which the -terrific power of shells had been demonstrated, encouraged -them to believe that their rivalry with -<span class='pageno' title='132' id='Page_132'></span> -England on the ocean was again possible. The -undisputed supremacy of the British on the seas since -Trafalgar, had, except from 1812 to 1815, remained -unbroken because the only large navy left in Europe -was British. France, now recovering from the long -impoverishment inflicted upon her by the wars of -Napoleon, was investing her money largely in steam -war vessels of the finest type. Fortunately for her, -the revival of her financial fortunes co-incided with -the era of steam, and every franc applied to naval -uses was expended on first-class vessels equal to any -on the seas. On the contrary, many of the British -fleet were sailing vessels. Furthermore, the science -of artillery was undergoing a revolution, and France -led the way in ordnance as well as in ships. Such -an unexpected development of energy and wisdom -in her rival startled the English naval mind as it -afterward aroused the British public.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The carronades or “smashers” of the sailors, had -had their day and their glory was already passing -away. The Paixhans gun, or chambered ordnance -capable of horizontal shell-firing, was now to supersede -them. Fully alive to the needs of the times, -the British government had three war steamers -equipped, five were in course of construction, and the -keels of six others were soon to be laid. These were -to be of from eight hundred to twelve hundred tons -and to mount heavy shell-guns at each end and in -broadside. Even then, they had but fourteen against -the nineteen steamers of France and hence the feverish -desire for more. -<span class='pageno' title='133' id='Page_133'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry’s visit to Europe was exceedingly well-timed -to secure the largest results, for a revolution in optical -science and applied methods of illumination, as -well as in ships and guns, was at hand. Science and -invention were to do much for the saving of human -life as well as for its destruction. The balances of -Providence were to settle to a new equilibrium.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Crossing the channel, he visited Cherbourg and -Brest, there finding the same courtesy and cordial -reply to his questions. In Paris he came in contact -with a number of distinguished scientific men. He -was especially well assisted by the United States -Agent, Mr. Eugene A. Vail. The illustrious Augustin -Fresnel who had said in a letter to a friend, -December 14, 1814, that he did not know what the -phrase “the polarization of light meant,” was in 1819 -crowned by the French Academy of Science as the -first authority in optics. He had demonstrated to -his countrymen the error of the old theory of the -transmission of light by the emission of material -particles. This he had achieved by the study of -polarization. The practical application of his researches -to the apparatus of lighthouses struck a -death-blow to the old system of coast illumination.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Among other pleasant experiences in the French -capital, was a second visit to King Louis Philippe. -Invited by His Majesty to an informal supper, at -which the royal family were present, Captain Perry -took his seat at their table as a guest feeling more -honored by this private confidence than if at a state -<span class='pageno' title='134' id='Page_134'></span> -dinner. At the table sat the King’s wife and children, -tea being poured by the Queen herself. At this -time, the Duc d’Orleans, son of the King, was rejoicing -over the recent birth of a son. His name was -Louis Albert Philippe d’Orleans, Comte de Paris. -He afterwards served in the Union armies during -our civil war of 1861–65, and is the accomplished -author of the best general history of that series of -events yet published, <span class='it'>Historie de la Guerre Civile en -Amérique</span>. At this time, November 1838, the infant -boy was not quite three months old, and the talk and -thoughts of the royal family were centered on him.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Leaving Portsmouth December 10, by sailing -packet, Perry arrived in New York, January 14, 1839. -After a few days spent at home he went to Washington -to deliver up his rich spoil of contemporaneous -science, and his own elaborate reports, criticisms, -and suggestions. His face was flushed with the irresistible -enthusiasm of new ideas. And his thought -was in the direction of the future. The wires of a -magnetic telegraph had been strung across the campus -of Princeton college, four years before this, by -Professor Joseph Henry. Out of the discoveries of -Faraday and Henry, brilliant results had sprung, of -which application to the arts of war and peace was -already being made. Both as a naval officer and as a -lover of science, Perry rejoiced to see</p> - -<div class='literal-container' style=''><div class='literal'> <!-- rend=';fs:.9em;' --> -<p class='line' style='font-size:.9em;'>“Undreamed-of sciences from year to year</p> -<p class='line' style='font-size:.9em;'>Upon dim shores of unexplored Night</p> -<p class='line' style='font-size:.9em;'>Their steady beacons kindle.”</p> -</div></div> <!-- end rend --> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='pageno' title='135' id='Page_135'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>He now bent his energies to bring before Congress -the condition and needs of our lighthouse system. -He wrote a vigorous and detailed letter exposing the -abuses and the schemes of the ignorant set of plunderers -who were opposing improvement. He proved -that often important lighthouses were left for days in -charge of wholly incompetent persons. Hence there -was waste, robbery, and inefficiency, while a powerful -combination held the system in its coils. “The -Lighthouse Ring” was then as strong as that of -“The Indian Ring” of later years. Further, the -battle was one of science and new ideas against ignorance -and ultra-conservative old fogyism. The lenses -were struggling against the reflectors. The latter -were the outcome of the emission theory of the propagation -of light. The Lenticular method was based -on the undulatory theory. Ignorance and avarice -long held the field, but under the hammer-like facts -and arguments of Perry, and those who thought with -him, both were routed, and the present grand system -is the final result. Our lighthouse establishment is -not a creation, it is a growth.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia in -1876, the exhibit made by the government of the -United States was under the charge of Rear-Admiral -Thornton A. Jenkins, one of Perry’s pupils and -friends. The triumphs of a half century in the illuminating -art were manifest. Progress had at first crept -by slow steps, from rude beacons of wood or coal fires -on headlands, to oil lamps with flat wicks and spherical -<span class='pageno' title='136' id='Page_136'></span> -reflectors, to paraboloid mirrors and argand -burners, to eclipse revolving or flashing lights. The -katoptric system of Teulère, based on the reflection -of light by metallic surfaces was introduced about -1790, and soon came in vogue among most civilized -nations. It was costly and expensive, since half the -rays of light were lost by absorption in the mirror -even when new and perfectly polished; while the loss -was far more when the mirror was old, unclean, or in -constant use. Yet despite its many defects, it was -the best of its kind known until Fresnel’s brilliant -discoveries based on the principle of a burning-glass -or convex lens refraction. After a struggle, the -dioptric conquered the katoptric, and lenses rule -the coast.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>It was to introduce the dioptric system that Perry -now earnestly labored. The influence of his arguments -in Congress was powerful, and from this time -the lenticular method prevailed, and the system of -lighthouses on all our coasts was extended. From -the first lighthouse built by the general government -in 1791 at Cape Henry, the number had increased to -seven in 1800. In 1838 there were but sixteen. The -number now is not far from 250.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>No less an authority than Rear-Admiral Thornton -A. Jenkins, who, besides being the Naval Secretary -of the Light-House Board from 1869 to 1871, -framed the organic law under which the present efficient -Light-House Board was established in 1852, -says that “Through Perry’s influence the first real -<span class='pageno' title='137' id='Page_137'></span> -step was taken towards the present good system.” -The light on the Neversink Highlands which the -voyager to Europe sees, as the last sign of native -land as it sinks below the horizon is one of the first, -as it was the direct, fruits of Perry’s mission.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In an excellent article on this subject in the American -Whig Review, March 1845, the same which -contained Poe’s “Raven,” the writer, after commending -Perry’s work and expatiating on the excellence -of the Fresnel light, pleads for the union of -science and experience, and more administrative -method for this branch on the efficacy and perfection -of which depend, not only the wealth with which our -ships are freighted, but the lives of thousands who -follow the sea.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>When, in 1852, Perry lived to see his efforts -crowned with success, and Congress finally organized -the Light-House Board, Jenkins wished Perry to -take the presidency of the Board; but other matters -were pressing, Japan was looming up, and he -declined.</p> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='138' id='Page_138'></span><h1>CHAPTER XVI.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>REVOLUTIONS IN NAVAL ARCHITECTURE.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>On</span> his return from Europe, in 1839, Captain Perry -purchased a plot of land near Tarrytown, New York. -He built a stone cottage, to which he gave the appropriate -name of “The Moorings.” The farm comprised -about 120 acres; and, needing much improvement, -he set about utilizing his few leisure hours -with a view to its transformation. Revelling in the -exercise of tireless energy, he set out trees and -planted a garden.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>To get time for his beloved tasks he rose early in -the morning, and long before breakfast had accomplished -yeoman’s toil. If no nobler work presented -itself, this man of steam and ordnance weeded strawberry -beds. In due time this Jason sowing his pecks, -not of dragon’s teeth, but of approved peas and beans, -rejoiced in a golden fleece and real horn of plenty in -the darling garden which produced twelve manner of -vegetables.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At “Moorings” Perry was surrounded by most -pleasant neighbors and a literary atmosphere which -stimulated his own pen to activity during the winter, -when long evenings allured to fireside enjoyments or -studious labor. -<span class='pageno' title='139' id='Page_139'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>About this time, Lieutenant Alexander Slidell MacKenzie, -impelled by a request of the dead hero’s son, -and irritated at the criticisms of J. Fenimore Cooper, -began his life of Oliver Hazard Perry. In this he -was assisted somewhat by Captain Perry, who corresponded -with General Harrison and other eye-witnesses -of the Lake Erie campaign of 1814. Among -Perry’s papers, are several autograph letters in the -cramped handwriting of the hero of Tippecanoe. -Although admiring Harrison as a military man, and -highly amused at the popularity and oddities of his -hard cider and log cabin campaign, Perry voted, as -was his wont, the Democratic ticket.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Another neighbor was Washington Irving, the -great caricaturist of the Hollanders in America, who -dwelt in the many gabled and weather-vaned Woolfert’s -Roost. This quaint old domicile which Woolfert -the Dutchman built to find <span class='it'>lust in rust</span> (pleasure in -rest), crowned a hill over-looking the Tappan Zee, in -the south of Tarrytown, while the “Moorings” was -in the northern part towards Sing Sing. Perry -maintained with Irving a warm friendship to the last. -He was an ardent admirer of the genial bachelor -author of Sunnyside, and like him was a devoted -reader of Addison. A humbler but highly appreciated -neighbor was Captain Jacob Storm, who owned -the sloop <span class='it'>William A. Hart</span>, on which both Irving -and Perry often sailed up from New York. Storm -was a genial and unique character, famous until -his death in 1883, alike for his mother-wit and devotional -spirit. -<span class='pageno' title='140' id='Page_140'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>James Watson Webb, then the Hotspur, and afterwards -the Nestor, of the press was a genial neighbor -and life-long friend.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The changes in naval construction required by the -necessities of war, have been many. The history of -ship building is literally one of ups and downs. -Three great revolutions, of the oar, the sail, and the -boiler, have compelled the changes. The ancient -sea-boats grew into high decked triremes with many -banks of oars, and these again to the low galleys of -the Vikings and Berbers. The sides of these, in turn, -were elevated until cumbersome vessels with lofty -prow, many-storied and tower-like stern, and enormous -top-hamper sailed the seas. Again, the ship of the -Tudor era was only, by slow processes, cut down to -the trim hulls of Nelson’s line-of-battle ships.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In the clean lines of the American frigate, the -naval men of our century saw, as they believed, the -acme of perfection. They considered that no revolution -in the science of war could seriously affect their -shape. Down to 1862, this was the unshakable -creed of the average sailor. Naval orthodoxy is as -tough in its conservatism, as is that of ecclesiastical -or legal strain.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Yet both Redfield and Perry as early as 1835, -clearly foresaw that the old models were doomed; -the many-banked ships must be razed, and the target -surface be reduced. Steam and shells had wrought a -revolution that was to bring the upper deck not far -from the water, and ultimately rob the war-ship of -<span class='pageno' title='141' id='Page_141'></span> -sails and prow. The next problem, between resistance -and penetration, was to make the top and bottom -of ships much alike, and to put the greater -portion of a war vessel under water. It is scarcely -probable, however, that either of them believed that -the reduction of steam battery should proceed so -near the vanishing point, as in the Monitor, to be described -as “a cheese-box on a raft” or “a tomato-can -on a shingle.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The first idea concerning “steam batteries” as -they were called, was that they were not to have an -individuality of their own as battle ships, but were to -be subordinate to the stately old sailing frigates. -They were expected to be tenders to tow the heavy -battering ships into action, or to act as despatch -boats and light cruisers. They were conceived to be -the cavalry of the navy; ships mounted, as it were. -Redfield and Perry, on the other hand, laid claim for -them to the higher characteristics of cavalry and -artillery united in a single arm of the service.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The first English steamers were exceedingly cumbrous -and unnecessarily heavy. It was, with their -ships, as with their wagons, or axe-handles. The -British, ignorant of the virtues of American hickory, -knew not how to combine lightness with strength. -Redfield proposed to apply the Yankee jack-knife and -whittle away all superfluous timber. Denying that -the British type was the fastest or the best, he pled -earnestly that our naval men should discard transatlantic -models, and create an American type. Regretting -<span class='pageno' title='142' id='Page_142'></span> -that our government and naval men held aloof -from the use of steam as a motor in war, he yet demonstrated -that even a clumsy steamer, like the <span class='it'>Nemesis</span>, -had proved herself equal to two line-of-battle ships. -He prophesied the speedy disappearance from the seas -of the old double and trebled-banked vessels then so -proudly floating their pennants. Redfield writing to -Perry as a man of liberal ideas, said “Opinions will be -received with that spirit of candor and kindness which -has so uniformly been manifested in your personal -intercourse with your fellow-citizens.” The confidence -of this eminent man of science and practical -skill in the naval officer was fully justified.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>One thing which occupied Perry’s thoughts for a -number of years was the question of defending our -Atlantic harbors from sudden attacks of a foreign -enemy. Steam had altered the old time relations of -belligerents. He saw the modern system of carrying -on war was to make it sudden, sharp and decisive, -and then compel the beaten party to pay the expenses. -A few hostile steamers from England could devastate -our ports almost before we knew of a declaration of -war. While England was always in readiness to do -this, there was not one American sea-going war -steamer with heavy ordnance ready to meet her swift -and heavily armed cruisers, while river boats would -be useless before the heavy shell of the enemy. He -did not share the ideas of security possessed by the -average fresh-water congressman. The spirit of 1812 -was not dead, in him, but he knew that the brilliant -<span class='pageno' title='143' id='Page_143'></span> -naval duels of Hull and Decatur’s time decided -rather the spirit of our sailors than the naval ability -of the United States.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>He proposed a method for extemporizing steam -batteries by mounting heavy guns on hulks of dismantled -merchant vessels. These were to be moved -by a steamer in the center of the gang, holding by -chains, and able to make ten knots an hour. If one -hulk were disabled, it could be easily separated from -the others. Such a battery could be made ready in -ten days and fought without sailors. The engines -could be covered with bales of cotton or hay made -fire-proof with soap-stone paint.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>With the aid of his friend W. C. Redfield, he collected -statistics of all the privately-owned steamers -in the United States with their cost, dimensions and -consumption of fuel, showing their possible power of -conversion for war purposes. Encouraged by Perry, -Mr. Redfield treated the whole question of naval -offence and defence in a series of letters on “<span class='it'>The -Means of National Defence.</span>” These were printed in -the New York <span class='it'>Journal of Commerce</span> during the summer -of 1841, and afterwards reprinted in the <span class='it'>Journal -of the Franklin Institute</span> in Philadelphia. His note-books -with illustrations, diagrams and pen-sketches -show that his coming ideal war-ship was like the -<span class='it'>Lackawanna</span> of our civil war days which, while but -five feet narrower, is sixty-two feet longer than “Old -Ironsides,” the <span class='it'>Constitution</span> of 1812. His favorite -type was a long narrow and comparatively low vessel -<span class='pageno' title='144' id='Page_144'></span> -like the <span class='it'>Kearsarge</span> which is twenty-two feet less in -breadth than an old “seventy-four.” Like Perry, he -looked forward to the day when one eleven-inch shell -gun would be able to discharge the metal once hurled -by a twenty-gun broadside of the old <span class='it'>President</span>.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>During July 1840, Perry conducted a series of experiments -on the <span class='it'>Fulton</span>, to determine the effect on -the ship’s timbers of the firing of heavy ordnance -across the deck of a vessel. The introduction of -pivot guns on board men-of-war, rendered these experiments -of great value. The bowsprit and bulwarks -removed, and the eight-inch Paixhans placed in the -middle part of the forward cross bulwarks, thirty feet -of the <span class='it'>Fulton’s</span> deck was exposed to concussion. -Thirty-four rounds fired at a target on shore, showed -that every discharge produced an upheaval of the -deck. Empty buckets reversed and placed at various -distance and positions on the deck approaching the -gun, were upset, kicked into the air, destroyed, or -shaken overboard. The ease with which men could -be killed by the windage of the balls, was demonstrated. -A stout cask twelve feet forward of the gun -but out of line of fire was knocked overboard. A -glass phial which was hung three feet above the cannon’s -muzzle withstood the shock, but three feet forward -at the same elevation was shattered. Tarpaulin -of two thicknesses fastened over a scuttle was rent, -and pine boards securely nailed withstood only two -or three firings.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry at once gave the natural explanation that -<span class='pageno' title='145' id='Page_145'></span> -the expansion, pressure, and sudden contraction of -the gases generated by the gunpowder, caused the -air of the hold to rush up to fill the vacuum, and thus -pressed upon the planking of the deck. The heavily -built <span class='it'>Fulton</span> could resist, where a weaker vessel -would start her planks, just as a fish brought up in a -trawl from deep-sea beds, bursts when coming to the -air. He suggested that any slightly built vessel -could be rendered safe, simply by flooding the decks -with three inches of water. This he demonstrated -after many curious and interesting experiments, thus -adding to the sum of knowledge which every naval -officer, in the changed conditions of warfare, ought -to obtain.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perhaps no finer illustration of the value and power -of pivot guns was ever given than upon the <span class='it'>Kearsarge</span> -when sinking the <span class='it'>Alabama</span>. Yet of that very -ship, the British newspapers had said, “Her decks -cannot withstand the concussion and recoil of her -heavy guns.” They were evidently unaware of the -knowledge obtained by Perry on the <span class='it'>Fulton</span>, and -applied by American builders of our men-of-war.</p> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='146' id='Page_146'></span><h1>CHAPTER XVII.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>THE SCHOOL OF GUN PRACTICE AT SANDY HOOK.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>The</span> French Navy was at this time leading the -British in improved ordnance. A French man-of-war -of twenty-six guns was armed entirely with cannon -able to fire “detonating shot.” She was reckoned -equal to two old line-of-battle ships. Her visit -to American ports created great interest among our -naval officers, and the Navy Department awoke to -the necessity of improving our ordnance.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the 4th of May, 1839, Perry received orders -which he was glad to carry out. He was directed to -give his attention to experiments with hollow shot. -These were round projectiles, non-explosive, but in -that line of the American idea of low velocity, with -smashing power. With less weight, they were of -greater calibre, and required less powder in firing. -They were invented by W. Cochrane, known as the -father of heating by steam, and other useful appliances.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry selected a site near Sandy Hook and erected -platforms, targets, sheds, and offices for ammunition -and fuses. From this first trial and scientific study -in the United States, of bombs and bomb-guns, -down to the last experiments with dynamite shells, -<span class='pageno' title='147' id='Page_147'></span> -the waste space at Sandy Hook—the American -Sheerness—has been utilized in the interest of progress -in artillery. Perry set up butts at 800, 880, -1,000 and 1,200 yards distance from the guns, and -erected one target for firing at from the ship. He -devoted himself to the experiments with the best -methods and instruments of precision, then at -command, during the months of June and July, returning -to the navy yard once or twice a week for -letters, provisions and fuses. The experiments in -shell practice were interesting, instructive and sufficiently -conclusive. Those with hollow shot were -not so satisfactory.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The faith of Perry in the shell-gun was fixed. -Thenceforth he believed that bombs could be fired -with very nearly as much precision and safety from -accident as solid shot. He saw, however, that much -practice, even to the point of familiarity, was needed. -His report, at the end of the season, in which he -recommended a continuance of the experiments, -gives us a picture of the state of knowledge in our -navy at that time, concerning shell-shot. Not one -of those under his direction had ever seen a bomb-gun -discharged; nor had had his attention specially -called to a shell-gun when in the navy, which had so -long suffered from the dry rot of unmeaning routine. -He complains of the lamentable want of knowledge -in this important branch of the naval profession, -when already so many of the French and British -ships were armed with shell-guns. However, the -<span class='pageno' title='148' id='Page_148'></span> -officers trained at Sandy Hook, were now capable of -teaching others in the use of explosive projectiles -aboard the ship. Men and boys had all made progress -in expertness. He suggested that the winter -months be employed in teaching boys on the <span class='it'>Fulton</span> -a knowledge of pyrotechny, and that fifteen or -twenty boys from the <span class='it'>North Carolina</span> should be -associated with them, and a class of gunners be -thus trained.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>His plan was approved by the Department. A -course of study and drill in gunnery, pyrotechny and -the knowledge of the steam engine, was organized -and carried out during the winter. The graduates -of this school afterwards gave good account of themselves -in the Mexican and our Civil War. We see -in this school, the beginning of the present admirable -training of our sailors in the science of explosives.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry, meanwhile, kept himself abreast of the -latest developments and discoveries in every branch -of the naval art. We find him forwarding to the -War and Navy Departments the most recent European -publications on these subjects. He made himself -familiar with the applications of electricity to -daily use. Neither the science nor the art of ordnance -had made great progress in America, since -Mr. Samuel Wheeler cast, in 1776, what was probably -the first iron three-pounder gun made in the -United States, and which the British captured at -Brandywine and took to the Tower of London. The -<span class='pageno' title='149' id='Page_149'></span> -war of 1812 showed, however, that in handling their -guns, the Yankees were superior in theory and practice -to their British foes.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In 1812, Colonel Bomford, of the United States -Ordnance Department, invented the sea-coast howitzer, -or cannon for firing shells at long range, by -direct fire, which he improved in 1814 and called a -“Columbiad.” By this gun a shell was fired at an -English vessel, near New York, in 1815, which exploded -with effect. It was this invention which the -French General Paixhans, introduced into Europe in -1824.<a id='r10'/><a href='#f10' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[10]</span></sup></a> The Frenchman was another Amerigo, and -Bomford, being another Columbus, was forgotten, -for the name “Paixhans” clung to the <span class='it'>canons obusiers</span> -or improved columbiad. The making or the use of -bomb-cannons, in America, was not continued after -the war of 1812, and when first employed by Perry, -at Sandy Hook, were novelties to both the lay and -professional men of the navy on this side of the -Atlantic. When four shell-guns were, in 1842, put -upon the ship-of-the-line, <span class='it'>Columbus</span>, according to -Captain Parker, shells were still unfamiliar curiosities. -He writes in his <span class='it'>Recollections</span>, p. 21:—</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“The shells were a great bother to us, as they -were kept in the shell room and no one was allowed -even to look at them. It seemed to be a question -with the division officers whether the fuse went in -first, or the sabot, or whether the fuse should be -<span class='pageno' title='150' id='Page_150'></span> -ignited before putting the shell in the gun or not. -However, we used to fire them off, though I cannot -say I ever saw them hit anything.” As the jolly -captain elsewhere says: “It took so long to get -ready for the great event (of target practice) that we -seemed to require a resting spell of six months before -we tried it again.” About this time also pivot -guns came into general use on our national vessels, -all cannon having previously been so mounted that -they could only fire straight ahead.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Mexican War was a school of artillery practice -and marked a distinct era of progress. The -flying artillery of Ringgold, in the field, and Perry’s -siege guns, in the naval battery at Vera Cruz, were -revelations to Europe of the great advance made by -Americans in this branch of the science of destruction. -In the Civil War, on land and water, the -stride of centuries was taken in four years, when -Dahlgren introduced that “new era of gun manufacture -which now interests all martial nations.” -Since then, the enormous guns of Woolwich and -Krupp have come into existence, but perfection in -heavy ordnance is yet far from attainment. Much -has been done in improving details, but the original -principle of gun architecture is still in vogue. The -loss of pressure between breach and muzzle is not -yet remedied. To build a gun in which velocity and -pressure will be even “at the cannon’s mouth” is -the problem of our age. When a ball can leave the -muzzle with all the initial pressure behind it we may -<span class='pageno' title='151' id='Page_151'></span> -look for the golden age of peace: such a piece of -ordnance may well be named “Peace-maker.” This -problem in dynamics greatly interested Perry; but -foiled him, as it has thus far foiled many others.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The School of Gun Practice was opened again in -the spring of 1840. He was now experimenting -with an eight-inch Paixhans gun, and comparing with -it a forty-two pounder, which had a bore reamed up to -an eight-inch calibre. Not possessing the present delicate -methods of measuring the velocity of shot, such -as the Boulanger chronograph, invented in 1875, and -now in use at the United States ordnance grounds at -Sandy Hook, he obtained his measurements by -means of hurdles or buoys. After their positions -had been verified by triangulation, these were ranged -at intervals of 440 yards apart along a distance of -3¼ miles. Observers placed at four intermediate -points noted time, wind, barometer, etc. The extreme -range of a Paixhans shot was found to be 4067 yards, -or about 2-1/3 miles. In transmitting eight tables, -with his report he stated that “These experiments -have furnished singular and important information.” -After a summary of unusual, interesting and valuable -work, the school was closed November 23, 1840, the -weather being too severe for out-door work.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>It may be surmised that all articles of the new -naval creed in which Perry so promptly uttered his -faith, were very disagreeable to many of the old -school. The belief in the three-decker line-of-battle -ship and sailing wooden frigate approached, in many -<span class='pageno' title='152' id='Page_152'></span> -minds, the sacredness of an article of religion. The -new appliances and discoveries which upset the old -traditions savoured of rank heresy. Those who held -to the old articles, and to wooden walls were perforce -obliged, as ecclesiastics are, when driven to the wall, -to strengthen their position by damnatory clauses. -Anathemas, as numerous as those of the Council of -Trent, were hurled at the new reformation from the -side which considered that there was no need for -reform. It was in vain that the employment of explosive -shells was denounced as inhuman. History -follows logic. If “all is fair in war,” then inventions -first branded as too horrible for use by human -beings, will be finally adopted. The law of military -history moves toward perfection in the killing -machine.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Laymen and landsmen, outside the navy, who look -upon naval improvement and innovation as necessities, -in order that our soldiers of the sea may be -abreast of other nations in the art of war, consider -radical changes a matter of course: not so the old -salts who have hardened into a half century of -routine, until their manner of professional thinking -is simple Chinese. They saw that horizontal -shell firing was likely to turn floating castles into -fire-wood. In the good old days ships were rarely -sunk in battle, whether in squadron line or in naval -duels. Though hammered at for hours, and reduced -to hulks and charnel houses, they still floated; but -with the new weapon, sinking an enemy was comparatively -<span class='pageno' title='153' id='Page_153'></span> -easy work. British oak or Indian teak -was nothing against bombs that would tear out the -sides. The vastness of the target surface, on frigate -or liner, was now a source of weakness, for shells -produced splinters of a size unknown before. A -little ship could condense a volcano, and carry a sapping -and mining train in a bucket. The old three-deckers -must go, and the frigates become lower and -narrower with fewer and heavier guns.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>A brave British officer is said to have cried out, -“For God’s sake, keep out the shells.” New means -of defence must be provided. The mollusk-like -wooden ships must become crustacean in iron coats. -The demonstrated efficiency of shells and shell-guns, -and the increased accuracy of fire of the Paixhan -smooth-bore cannon—cultivated to high pitch even -before the introduction of rifles—had made impossible -the old naval duel and line-of-battle.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>During the whole of this extended series of experiments -on the <span class='it'>Fulton</span>, and at Sandy Hook, with -new apparatus and projectiles, with assistants often -ignorant and unfamiliar with the new engines of -war, until trained, no lives were lost, nor was a man -injured by anything that could be foreseen. The -bursting of a gun cannot always be guarded against, -and what befell Perry, in his boyhood, happened -again in 1841, though this time without injury to -himself. The forty-four pounder on the <span class='it'>Fulton</span> burst, -killing two men. Their funeral October 8, 1841, -was, by the Commodore’s orders, made very impressive. -<span class='pageno' title='154' id='Page_154'></span> -The flags of all ships on the station were -flown at half-mast. All the officers who could be -spared, and two hundred seamen and marines, formed -the cortege in ten boats, the rowers pulling minute -strokes. The flotilla moved in solemn procession -round the <span class='it'>Fulton</span>, the band playing a dirge. Perry, -himself, brought up the rear—a sincere mourner. -At the grave, Chaplain Harris made remarks befitting -the sad occasion.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Jackson’s administration being over, and with it -much of the corruption which the spoils system introduced -into the government service, it was now -possible to reform even the navy yards. An honor -all the more welcome and enjoyable, because a complete -surprise, was Perry’s appointment to the command -of the Brooklyn Navy Yard and New York -Naval Station. On the 24th of June, 1840, the Secretary -of the Navy wrote to Perry, stating his dislike -of the bad business conduct of the yard, and the -undue use of political influence. With full confidence -in Captain Perry’s character and abilities—stating, -also, that Perry had never sought the office -either directly or indirectly—he tendered him the -appointment. The Secretary desired that “no person -in the yard be the better or the worse off on -account of his political opinions, and that no agent -of the government should be allowed to electioneer.” -The letter was an earnest plea for civil service -reform.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Henceforth, Matthew Perry’s symbol of office was -<span class='pageno' title='155' id='Page_155'></span> -“the broad pennant,” and his rank that of “commodore.” -Yet despite added responsibilities and -honors, he was but a captain in the navy. Until the -year 1862, there was no higher office in the United -States Navy than that of captain, and all of Perry’s -later illustrious services under the red, the white, or -the blue broad pennant, in Africa, Mexico and Japan, -added nothing to his pay, permanent rank, or government -reward. Not until four years after his death -was the title of commodore significant of grade, or -salary, higher than that of captain.</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_10'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f10'><a href='#r10'>[10]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>See P. V. Hagner, U. S. A., <span class='it'>Johnson’s Encyclopædia</span>, article -<span class='it'>Columbiad</span>.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='156' id='Page_156'></span><h1>CHAPTER XVIII.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>THE TWIN STEAMERS MISSOURI AND MISSISSIPPI.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>The</span> activity of American inventors kept equal -pace at this period in the two directions of artillery -and steam appliances. In 1841 the sum of fifty -thousand dollars was appropriated by Congress for -experiments in ordnance, and a possible one million -dollars for the “shot-and-shell proof” iron-clad -“Stevens Battery” then building at Hoboken, N. Y.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry was frequently called upon to pronounce -upon the various methods of harnessing, improving, -and economizing the new motor. We find him in -April, 1842, testing three new appliances for cutting -off steam, and, on May 17, 1842, praying that the -<span class='it'>Fulton</span> may be kept in commission for the numerous -experiments which he was ordered to make. The -Secretary of the Navy gladly referred the numerous -petitioners for governmental approval to Captain -Perry. In November the question is upon a ventilator; -again, it is on the comparative merits of Liverpool, -Pennsylvania, or Cumberland coal; anon, a score -or so of minor inventions claimed to be improvements. -Perry sometimes tried the temper of inventors who -lived in the clouds and fed on azure, yet he strove to -give to all, however visionary, a fair chance, for he -<span class='pageno' title='157' id='Page_157'></span> -believed in progress. He foresaw the necessity of -rifled ordnance and armor, and of steamers of the -maximum power for swiftness and battery: perfection -in these, he knew could be obtained only by prolonged -study and slow steps of attainment.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The collaborator of Washington Irving in <span class='it'>Salmagundi</span>, -James K. Paulding, was at this time Secretary -of the Navy. The position offered to Irving and declined, -was given, at Irving’s suggestion to his partner. -He was known more as a literary expert than -as a statesman or man for the naval portfolio, although -as far back as 1814, he had been appointed by President -Madison one of a Board of Naval Commissioners. -He was not a warm friend to the new fashions which -threatened to overthrow naval traditions, denude the -sea of its romance, and the sailing ships of their -glory. The ferment of ideas and the explosion of -innovations around him were little to his taste. To -his mind, the engineers who were beginning to invade -the sacred precincts of the Department seemed -little better than iconoclasts. In the <span class='it'>Literary Life of -J. K. Paulding</span> are some amusing references to his -horror of the new fire-breathing monsters; and the -entries in his journal show how intensely bored he -was by the new ideas, and the persistency with which -the advanced naval officers held them. He wrote -that he “never would consent to see our grand old -ships supplanted by these new and ugly sea-monsters.” -He cries out in his diary, “I am <span class='it'>steamed</span> to death.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>For this metaphorical parboiling of “the literary -<span class='pageno' title='158' id='Page_158'></span> -Dutchman in Van Buren’s cabinet,” Perry was -largely responsible. Steam had come to stay, and -with it the engineer, despite the Rip Van Winkles in -and out of the service. Officers call Perry “the father -of the steam navy.” An old engineer says, “He -certainly was, if any man may be entitled to be so -called.” Another writes “It was largely through his -influence and representations, that the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> -and <span class='it'>Missouri</span>, then the most splendid vessels of their -class, were built.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>A beginning of two steam war vessels had been -practically determined on, soon after Perry’s return -from Europe. He was summoned to Washington in -May 1839 to preside at the Board of Navy Commissioners -to consult concerning machinery for them. -The sessions from 9 <span class='sc'>a. m.</span> to 3.30 <span class='sc'>p. m.</span> were held -from May 23d to 28th.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The practical wisdom of Captain Perry’s decision -in regard to the engines most suitable for our first -steamers—the superb <span class='it'>Missouri</span> and the grand old -<span class='it'>Mississippi</span>—is seen in the fact that when ready for -service, the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> had no superior on the sea for -beauty, speed and durability. Probably out of no -vessel in the navy of the United States, was so much -genuinely good work obtained as out of the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, -during her twenty years of constant service in all -the waters. Had she not been burned off Port Hudson -in the river whose name she bore, in 1862, she -might have lived a ship’s generation longer. Her -praises are generously sung in the writings of all who -<span class='pageno' title='159' id='Page_159'></span> -lived on board her. Captain Parker speaks of “The -good old steamship <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, a ship that did more -hard work in her time than any steamer in the navy -has done since and she was built as far back as 1841.” -What the <span class='it'>Constitution</span> was among the old heavy -sailing frigates, the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> was to our steam -Navy. On the outside of Commodore Foxhall -Parker’s book on <span class='it'>Naval Tactics Under Steam</span> is fitly -stamped in gold a representation of the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>.<a id='r11'/><a href='#f11' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[11]</span></sup></a></p> - -<p class='pindent'>To speak precisely, she was begun in 1839, and -launched in 1841, at Philadelphia. She was of 1692 -tons burthen, and 225 feet long. She carried two ten-inch, -and eight eight-inch guns, and a crew of 525 men. -Her cost was $567,408. The cost of the iron-clad -“Steven’s Battery,” as limited by Congress, was not -<span class='pageno' title='160' id='Page_160'></span> -to exceed that of the twin wooden steamers. Hence, -its construction languished, while the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> and -<span class='it'>Missouri</span> were soon built. Perry, from the first, -strenuously urged that the greatest care should be -used, the best materials selected, and the most trustworthy -contractors be chosen. “In the first ocean -steamers to be put forth by the government, no cost -should be spared to make them perfect in all respects.” -As there was then no lack of harmony and -union among the bureaus, there was no danger of -constructing different parts of the ship on incompatible -plans, with the consequent peril of failure of the -whole. The various constructive departments wrought -in unison. These two steam war vessels were built -before naval architecture and the sea alike were -robbed of their poetry. The <span class='it'>Missouri</span> beside her -machinery, carried 19,000 square feet of canvass, and -the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> about as much, so that they looked -beautiful to the eye as well as excelled in power.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On her trip of March 5, starting at eight pounds -pressure and rising to sixteen, the <span class='it'>Missouri</span> made -twelve and a half statute miles per hour. Her motion -was quiet and graceful, the tremor slight, while at her -bow, above the cutwater, rose a <span class='it'>boa</span> of water five feet -high. A trial at sea with her heavy spars was made -on the 24th of March. In pointing out her merits -and the defects, Perry emphasized the necessity of -having in the persons, in charge of the equipment of -war steamers, a combined knowledge of engineering -and seamanship. In the men who presided over the -<span class='pageno' title='161' id='Page_161'></span> -machinery, this was noticeably lacking. Most engine-builders -and engineers in 1841 had never been at sea; -hence a knowledge of all the details necessary for -safety and efficiency was not common.</p> - -<div class='figcenter'> -<img src='images/ship.jpg' alt='' id='ship' style='width:80%;height:auto;'/> -<p class='caption'><span style='font-size:smaller'>THE UNITED STATES STEAM FRIGATE MISSISSIPPI.</span></p> -</div> - -<p class='pindent'>During the month of October, the twin vessels -were made ready, and on the 9th of November, proceeded -to Washington. On her return, the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> -made the time from the Potomac Navy Yard -to the Wallabout in fifty-one hours. -<span class='pageno' title='162' id='Page_162'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Commander A. S. Mackenzie having applied December -16th for the second in command, the Naval -Commissioners asked Perry in regard to the number -and arrangements of the crew of the <span class='it'>Missouri</span>. He -recommended that there should be on each of the large -steamers a captain, and a commander; so that, after -some experience, the latter could take command of the -medium or smaller steamers to be hereafter built. -From the first Perry urged that all our naval officers -should learn engineering as well as seamanship, so as -not to be at the mercy of their engineers. In the beginning, -from the habits, education, and manners of -engineers taken from land or the merchant service, -one must not look for those official proprieties derivable -only from a long course of education and -discipline in the navy. Hence there would be a -natural disposition to exercise more authority than -belonged to them, and to be chary of communicating -the little knowledge they possessed. A purely naval -officer in such condition would be like a lieutenant at -the mercy of the boatswain. The captain must not -carry sail without reference to the engines, and so the -steam power must not be exerted when mast, spars -or sails would be strained. Harmony between -quarter-deck and engine-room was absolutely necessary.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The British Government encouraged officers to take -charge of private steamers so as to acquire experience, -and no man unused to the nature of machinery could -command a British war steamer. In our navy no one -<span class='pageno' title='163' id='Page_163'></span> -should be appointed to command in sea steamers -unless he had a decided inclination to acquire the -experience.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Even while the <span class='it'>Missouri</span> was building, Perry wrote -a letter concerning her complement, and after speaking -a good word for the coal heavers and firemen, and -praying that their number might be increased, he -again proposed a scheme for the supply of naval -apprentices for steamers. He suggested also that a -class of Third Assistant Engineer should be formed. -This would create emulation and an <span class='it'>esprit du corps</span> -highly favorable for high professional character and -abilities among the engineers. The grade would be -good as a probationary position, besides reducing to -a minimum, jeopardy to the ship and crew.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In a word, Perry foresaw that, if the splendid new -steam frigate <span class='it'>Missouri</span> were left to incompetent -hands, she would fall a prey by fire or wreck, to carelessness -and ignorance.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“He was proud of these two vessels, and no one -had a better right to be proud of them than he. He -imagined them and created them, while others did -the details and claimed most of the credit of their -superiority over men-of-war of that day of other -nations;” for down to 1850, our policy was to build -better vessels than were built in any part of the -world. Thus our navy was small but very effective.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“Perry’s two vessels were without question not -only successes, but far beyond the most sanguine -hopes and expectations of friendly critics of the time. -<span class='pageno' title='164' id='Page_164'></span> -It is a remarkable fact that the <span class='it'>Susquehanna</span> (and -some others of smaller size) built after the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> -and the <span class='it'>Missouri</span> had proved themselves successes, -were not successes. With these latter, Commodore -Perry had nothing to do, as to plans, designs or construction.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>No sketch of the early history of the steam navy -of the United States could be justly made without -honorable mention of Captain Robert F. Stockton. -Nor was the paddle-wheel of the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> to remain -the emblem upon the engineer’s shoulder-strap. The -propeller screw was soon to supersede the paddle-wheel -as motor of the ship and emblem of the engineer’s -profession. The screw is one of the many -discoveries located, by uncritical readers, in China. -The French claim its invention, and have erected at -Boulogne a monument to Frederick Sauvage its reputed -inventor. Ericsson demonstrated its value in -1836, by towing the <span class='it'>Admiralty</span> up the Thames at -the rate of ten miles an hour; yet the British naval -officers reported against its possibility of use on -ships of war. Eight years afterward, the man-of-war, -<span class='it'>Rattler</span>, was built as a propeller, and a successful one -it was. Ericsson, after constructing the engines of the -propeller steamer, <span class='it'>Robert F. Stockton</span>, was invited to -Philadelphia, where he built the first screw steamer -of the United States Navy, and of the world, planned -as such. After the name of his native town, it was -called by the Commodore, the <span class='it'>Princeton</span>.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At the end of ten years of shore service, devoted -<span class='pageno' title='165' id='Page_165'></span> -to the mastery of the science and art of war as illustrated -in the applications of steam, chambered and -rifled ordnance, hollow shot and explosive shells, iron -armor and rams, the building and handling of new -types of ships, Perry was beginning to see clearly, in -outline at least, the typical American wooden man-of-war -of the future. Such a ship, we may perhaps -declare the <span class='it'>Kearsarge</span> to have been. In her build, -motor and battery, she epitomized all the points of -American naval architecture and ordnance, to which -Perry’s faith and works led. Yet these very features -were severely criticized by the English press, in -the days before the British-built <span class='it'>Alabama</span> was sunk. -These were, in construction, stoutness of frame, narrowness -of beam, heaviness of scantling, all possible -protection of machinery, lightness of draught, and a -model calculated for a maximum of speed; in battery, -the heaviest shell-guns mounted as pivots and firing -the largest shells, accuracy of aim combined with -rapidity of fire; in movement, the utmost skill with -sail, steam and rudder, and celerity in obtaining the -raking position. In such a ship and with such guns, -were the right executive officer, and commander, when -the first great naval duel fought with steam and -shells took place on Sunday June 19, 1864, at sea, -outside of Cherbourg. Historic and poetic justice to -the memory of Matthew Perry was then done with -glorious results, that will ever live in history. When -the <span class='it'>Alabama</span> sank from the sight of the sun with her -wandering stars and the bars of slavery after her into -<span class='pageno' title='166' id='Page_166'></span> -the ocean’s grave, the guns that sent her down were -directed by James S. Thornton,<a id='r12'/><a href='#f12' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[12]</span></sup></a> the efficient executive -officer of the <span class='it'>Kearsarge</span>, and by his own boast -and testimony, the favorite pupil of Commodore -Matthew C. Perry.</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_11'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f11'><a href='#r11'>[11]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>The <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> made six long cruises, two in the Gulf of -Mexico, one in the Mediterranean, two to Japan, and one in the -Gulf and Mississippi under Farragut. She twice circumnavigated -the globe. Thoroughly repaired, she left Boston, May 23, -1861, for service in the Civil War. In passing Forts Jackson and -Philip, April 24, 1862, and in the capture of New Orleans which -gave the Confederacy its first blow in the vitals, the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> -took foremost part under command of Captain Melancthon -Smith. Her guns sunk two steamers, and her prow sunk the -ram <span class='it'>Manassas</span>. Passing safely the fire rafts, and the Challmette -batteries, she was the first vessel to display the stars and stripes -before the city. In the attack on Port Hudson, March 14, 1863, -this old side-wheeler formed the rear guard of Farragut’s line. -In the dark night and dense smoke, the pilot lost his way. The -<span class='it'>Mississippi</span> grounded, and was for forty minutes under steady -fire of the rifled cannon of the batteries, and was burned to prevent -her use by the Confederates.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_12'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f12'><a href='#r12'>[12]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>See his portrait, p. 926, <span class='it'>Century Magazine</span>, 1885.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='167' id='Page_167'></span><h1>CHAPTER XIX.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>THE BROAD PENNANT IN AFRICA.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>The</span> work to which Matthew Perry was assigned -during the next three years grew out of the famous -treaty made by Daniel Webster and Lord Ashburton. -Of this treaty we, in 1883 and 1884, on account of -the transfer of so much of our financial talent across -the Canadian border, heard nearly as much as our -fathers before us in 1842. In addition to the rectification -of the long-disputed boundary question, the -eighth and ninth articles contained provisions for extirpating -the African slave-trade. By the tenth -article, the two governments agreed to the mutual -extradition of suspected criminals. Out of the interpretation -of this last, grew the famous “Underground -Railway” of slavery days, besides the residence in -Canada of men fleeing from conscription during the -civil war, and of defaulting bank officers in later years. -To the crimes making offenders liable to extradition, -in the supplementary treaty made under President -Cleveland’s administration, four others are added, -including larceny to the amount of fifty dollars, and -malicious destruction of property endangering life.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>It is very probable that war was averted by the -sound diplomacy of the Webster-Ashburton treaty. -The two nations instead of crossing swords were -<span class='pageno' title='168' id='Page_168'></span> -enabled through creative statesmanship, to join hands -for wholesome moral work, and especially to improve -off the face of the ocean, “the sum of all villainies.” -The discovery of America had given a vast impulse -to this ancient and horrible traffic, and about forty -millions of negroes had been seized for the markets -of the western continent. About seventy thousand -of these victims were brought to our country prior to -the year 1808, and many thousands have been surreptitiously -introduced since that epoch.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The United States was to send an eighty-gun -squadron to Africa to suppress piracy and the slave-trade. -The preparation for this real service to -humanity and the world’s commerce was curiously -interpreted in South America, as a menace to the -states of that continent. In their first thrills of independence, -these republics were naturally suspicious -of their nearest strong neighbor.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The work of the American men-of-war in overhauling -slavers, involved the question of the right of -search. Notwithstanding that the war of 1812 had been -fought to settle the question, it was not yet decided. -It required secession and the so-called Southern Confederacy -to arise, with the aid of Captain Wilkes and -Mr. Seward, to force the British government to disown -her ancient claim.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Orders to command the African squadron, and to -protect the settlements of the blacks established by -the American Colonization Society, were received -February 20, 1843. The spring was consumed in -<span class='pageno' title='169' id='Page_169'></span> -preparations, and on the 5th of June, the Commodore -hoisted his broad pennant on the <span class='it'>Saratoga</span>.<a id='r13'/><a href='#f13' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[13]</span></sup></a> In the -flag-ship of a squadron, Matthew Perry sped to -southern oceans, a helper in the progress of Africa. -Arriving at Monrovia, in due time, his first duty was -to mete out justice to the natives of Sinoe and Berribee -for the murders of American seamen. He found -awaiting him one of the head men of Berribee with -authority to arrange a palaver of all the chiefs with -the American commander. To understand the problem -before the Commodore, let us glance at the -situation.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The question of war or peace among the natives -on or near the coast is a financial one of monopoly -and privilege. The tribes occupying the coast or sea -“beach” have the advantage of all the tribes behind -them in the interior, inasmuch as they hold the -monopoly of foreign trade and barter with passing -ships. The coast men sell the coveted foreign goods, -rum, tobacco, powder and notions to the next tribe -inland at a handsome profit. These, in turn, sell -to the next tribe within, and these to the next, and -so the filtering process goes on. The prices, to the -last purchaser and consumer, one or two hundred -miles from the sea, after passing through all these -middle-men, are enormous. The position then next -the ships was a coveted one, and those in sight of -blue water had to keep it by arms as champions. -Only the most warlike tribes get and hold this place. -<span class='pageno' title='170' id='Page_170'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>To gain this supreme advantage of trade at first -hand, the Crack-Os, a tribe two days distant inland, -had fought their way seaward and captured from the -Bassa Cove and Berribee people, about ten miles of -coast on which they had built five towns. Giving -free rein to their predatory propensities, they seized -all canoes passing their front, and plundered or murdered -their crews. Growing bolder, they overwhelmed -by their numbers even foreign vessels after enticing -these to visit them, and their crews to land. The -captain and crew of the American schooner, <span class='it'>Mary -Carver</span>, were first tortured and then murdered. For -three hours, Captain Carver suffered unspeakable -horrors. He was bound and delivered to the tender -mercies of the savage women and children who -amused themselves by sticking thorns in his flesh. -In another instance, Captain Burke, mate and cook, -of the <span class='it'>Edward Barley</span>, were cruelly murdered. In -consequence of these atrocities, traders avoided this -villainous coast, and commerce came to a stand-still.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The mere destruction of any of the beach towns -would be of no avail, if the black rascals were allowed -to rebuild. With their rice and cassava or yam -plantations a few miles back, to which they removed -the women, children, and other valuables, they would -laugh at the white man’s pains. The only lasting -check on their villainy would be permanent exclusion -from the beach.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>There was enough of another side to the story to -<span class='pageno' title='171' id='Page_171'></span> -remove indiscriminate vengeance far from the Commodore’s -purposes. Our government heard many -complaints against the blacks, while their voice was -unheard. The native towns and fishing boats were -frequently fired into, their towns cannonaded and -burnt, and the blacks cruelly maltreated, or sold to -warlike tribes, in pure wantonness by white foreigners. -As all white men were the same to the negroes, -they were apt to take the first opportunity for -vengeance that offered itself. In this way, innocent -men suffered.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>An imposing force, more than sufficient for mere -punishment, was determined upon. The Commodore -had to move with caution, and both justice and -victory must be sure, as a failure to awe would make -matters worse. His first care was to obtain hostages -from the Berribees. In doing this he was able to -prove their guilt. He sent Lieutenant Stellwagen -in the brig <span class='it'>Porpoise</span>, disguised as a merchantman, to -their coast. Only five or six men, and these in red -shirts, showed themselves on deck. The Berribee -boats at once rushed out in a shoal to capture the -harmless looking vessel. As only a sample of the -thieving humanity was needed, the Lieutenant, -satisfied with a good joke, refrained from opening his -guns on the canoes. After witnessing the seizure of -those first climbing over the ship’s sides, and the -sudden resurrection from the hatches of his armed -crew, the other blacks scattered for the shore.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The squadron, consisting of the <span class='it'>Saratoga</span>, <span class='it'>Macedonian</span>, -<span class='pageno' title='172' id='Page_172'></span> -<span class='it'>Decatur</span> and <span class='it'>Porpoise</span> sailing from Mesurado -on the 22d of November, cast anchor on the 29th at -Sinoe. This settlement, nominally under the care of -the Mississippi Colonization Society had been greatly -neglected. The negroes from the United States -were there, but were little looked after. “Colonization,” -in their case meant simply good riddance.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Landing with seventy-five sailors and marines, the -procession moved to the Methodist Church edifice in -which the palaver was to be held. Before the -President of Liberia, Mr. Roberts, and the Commodore, -with their respective staffs on the one side, and -twenty “kings” or head men on the other, the -murder of Captain Burke’s mate and cook was discussed. -It appeared that the white man was the -first aggressor, and the Fishmen and not the Sinoe -people were the culprits. After listening patiently -to the black orators, the Commodore ordered the -Fishmen’s town to be burned, keeping three of them -as hostages to be sent to Monrovia. He advised the -settlers to build a stockade and block-house, assess -the expense in town meeting, and endeavor to enforce -the methods of self-government and protection -so well established in the United States. Only in -this way could civilization hold its own against the -savages of the bush.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The next point of landing was Settra Kroo, in -King Freeman’s dominions. At this place, the -force from the boats stepped on shore at 9 <span class='sc'>a. m.</span> -Before the palaver began, the Commodore heard a -<span class='pageno' title='173' id='Page_173'></span> -piece of news that caused him to hasten in person to -the scene of the incident. Humanity was the first -duty. The pace of the burly Commodore was quickened -to a run as he heard of the imminent danger of -an innocent victim. A wealthy man of one of the -Settra villages had been accused of having caused -the death of a neighbor by foul arts of necromancy. -To prove innocence in such a case, the accused was -compelled to drink largely of sassy-wood which made -a red liquid. In this case the elect victim was a hard-featured -fellow of about fifty years of age. His wealth -had excited envy, and avarice was doubtless his only -crime. His two wives with their satin-skinned -babies, were in agony and tears for the fate of the -husband and father.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The natives, seeing the Americans approach, and -suspecting their design of rescue, seized their victim -and paddled him in a canoe across the lake. Perry, -being told of this circumstance, on coming to a -group of men grasped the chief, ordering the officers -to seize others and hold them as hostages for the -ordeal man. The territory belonged to the Maryland -Colonization Society, and the rites of savagery were -not to be done in view of an American squadron. -This novel order of <span class='it'>habeas corpus</span> was obeyed. After -some delay and palaver, the negroes restored the -victim, and, under the emetics and remedies of Dr. -McGill, the man was delivered from the power of -sassy and of believers in its virtue. The squadron -had arrived just in time. -<span class='pageno' title='174' id='Page_174'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Returning from this lively episode with sharp -appetites, the Commodore and party of officers were -just about to sit down to dinner, when an alarm gun, -fired from Mount Tulman, startled them. Almost -immediately afterwards a messenger, running in hot -haste, announced that the wild natives from the bush -beyond were about to force their way to the settlement -and attack the colonists. They had mistaken -the salute to the Commodore, and thought that hostilities -had already begun with King Freeman. They -had come to support the native party and be in at -the division of the spoils.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At once the Commodore accompanied by the -Governor and his force marched through the blazing -sun four miles to the scene of hostilities. On the -Mount Tulman, named after a philanthropic Baltimorean, -they found a picketed level space to which -the civilized colonists, men, women and children, -had fled for refuge. They were defended by fifteen -or sixteen men then on the watch. The savage -natives had been repulsed and some of them killed.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>As there was nothing to do, the party enjoyed, for -a few minutes, the superb scenery. The village -beneath, and the white buildings of the Mount -Vaughan Episcopal mission glittered in the sun, and -the beach and ocean view was grand. The descent -of the hill with their belated dinner in view, was an -easy and grateful task.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At Cape Palmas, or “Maryland in Africa,” the -naval force landed Dec. 9th, for a palaver with -<span class='pageno' title='175' id='Page_175'></span> -twenty-three “kings” and head men. The Commodore -and Governor, at the usual table, were face to -face with the sable orators, whose talking powers -were prodigious. His Majesty, King Freeman, was -a prepossessing negro, who, in features, recalled to -the narrator Horatio Bridge,<a id='r14'/><a href='#f14' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[14]</span></sup></a> Henry Clay. The -interpreter was Yellow Will, a voluble and amazing -creature in scarlet and Mazarin-yellow lace.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The substance of the palaver was the request that -King Freeman should, for the good of the American -colonists, remove his capital. The meeting was adjourned -to re-assemble in the royal kraal or city two -days later. On December 11, twelve armed boats -were sent ashore from three ships. The feat of landing -in the surf was accomplished after several ridiculous -tumbles and considerable wetting from the -spray.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On shore there were about fifty natives in waiting, -as an escort to the palaver house. These braves -were armed with various weapons, muskets guiltless -of polish, iron war spears, huge wooden fish-harpoons, -and broad knives.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The royal capital was a palisaded village in the -centre of which was the palaver house. Most of the -male warriors were out of sight, evidently in ambush -while the women and piccaninnies were in “the -bush.” Some delay occurred in the silent town, -while arrangements were perfected by his Majesty. -<span class='pageno' title='176' id='Page_176'></span> -By orders of the wary Commodore, marines were -posted at the gates as sentinels, while the military -forces of either side were marched to opposite ends -of the town. The parties to the controversy being -seated, Governor Roberts spoke concerning the murder -of Captain Carver. The towns along the beach -governed by King Crack-O were implicated. They -shared in the plunder, the cargo of the ship being -worth twelve thousand dollars. The evil results were -great, inasmuch as all tribes on the coast wanted to -“catch” foreign vessels.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>His Majesty, King Crack-O, was a monstrous fellow -of sinister expression. He wore a gorgeous robe and -a short curved sword resembling the cleaver used by -Chicago pork-packers. The blade of this weapon was -six inches wide. He made a rather defiant reply to -President Robert’s charges, denying all participation -in the matter. Touching his ears and tongue symbolically -to his sword, he signified his willingness to -attend the great Palaver at Berribee.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At the Commodore’s suggestion, he was invited on -board the flag-ship with the object of impressing him -with the force at command of the whites.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>During the embarkation, several funny scenes -occurred. All the villagers, men, women and children, -came to see the canoes set off, many of which -were repeatedly upset, and the passengers tossed into -the water and soused. There was little dignity, but -no end of fun, in getting from shore to ship.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The next meeting was appointed at Little Berribee, -<span class='pageno' title='177' id='Page_177'></span> -because the great palaver for the division of the spoil -of the <span class='it'>Mary Carver</span>, had been held at this place. It -was hoped some exact information would be gained. -The line of boats leaving the flag-ship December 13, -moved to the shore, and the march was begun to the -village. The palaver house was about fifty yards -from the town gate inside the palisades, and King -Ben Crack-O’s long iron spear, with a blade like a -trowel, was, with other weapons, laid aside before the -palaver began; but arrayed in his gorgeous robes, -the strapping warrior, evidently spoiling for a fight, -took his seat, having well “coached” his interpreter.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>After the Governor spoke, the native interpreter -began. He quickly impressed the American officers -and the Liberian Governor as a voluminous but unskillful -liar, and himself as one of the most guilty of -the thieves. His tergiversations soon became impudent -and manifest, and his lies seemed to fall with a -thump. The Governor, had repeatedly warned him -in vain. At last, the Commodore, losing patience, -rose up and hastily stepping toward the villain sternly -warned him to lie no more.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Instantly the interpreter, losing courage, bolted out -of the house and started on a run for the woods. -Perry quickly noticing that King Crack-O was meditating -treachery, moved towards him. The black -king’s courage was equal to his power of lying and -treachery. He seized the burly form of the Commodore, -and attempted to drag him off where stood, on -its butt, his iron spear. It was already notched with -<span class='pageno' title='178' id='Page_178'></span> -twelve indentations—in token of the number of men -killed with it.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>His black majesty had caught a Tartar! The burly -Commodore was not easy to handle. Perry hurled him -away from the direction of the stacked arms, and before -he had more than got out of the house, a sergeant -of the marines shot the king, while the sergeant’s -comrades bayonetted him.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In the struggle, the king had caught his foot in the -skirts of his own robe and he was speedily left naked. -Spite of the ball and two bayonet wounds he fought -like a tiger, and the two or three men who attempted -to hold his writhing form needed all their strength to -make him a prisoner. His muscular power was -prodigious, but their gigantic prize was finally secured, -bound, and carried to the beach. The interpreter was -shot dead while running, the ball entering his neck.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The palaver, thus broken up, suddenly changed -into a melee in which the marines and blue-jackets -began irregular firing on the natives, in spite of the -Commodore’s orders to refrain. The two-hundred or -more blacks scattered to the woods, along the beach -and even into the sea, some escaping by canoes.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>As the real culprits had mostly escaped, the Commodore -ordered the town to be fired. Our sailors -forced the palisades or crept between the gates. -Meeting in the centre of the town, they gave three -cheers and then applied the torch. In fifteen minutes -the whole capital, built of wattles and mud was -on fire, and in little over a half hour a level waste. -<span class='pageno' title='179' id='Page_179'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>The blacks, from the edge of the woods, opened -fire on the Americans. With incredibly bad aim, -they shot at the blue-jackets with rusty muskets -loaded with copper slugs made out of the bolts of the -<span class='it'>Mary Carver</span>. From one pile of camwood, the fire of -the rascals was so near, that Captain Mayo’s face was -burned with their powder, so that he carried the -marks to his grave. Little harm was done by the -copper shower. Our men charged into the bush, and -presently the ships opened fire on the woods, and the -little war with the heathen ended for the day.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Among the trophies recovered in the town, was -a United States flag, articles from the <span class='it'>Mary Carver</span>, -and several war canoes. The king’s spear, made -of a central shaft of wood with iron butt and top -and the blade heart-shaped, was kept by the Commodore, -and now adorns the collection of his son-in-law.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Embarkation was then made to the ships, where -King Crack-O died next morning at eight o’clock.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the 15th, as the boats moved off at 7 <span class='sc'>p. m.</span>, -to a point twelve or fifteen miles below Berribee, -they were fired on by the natives when near the -shore. The boat’s crew and three marines dashed -ashore, and charged the enemy. The landing was -then made in good order, the line formed and the -march begun to the town. The palisades were at -once cut through, and the houses set on fire. -While this was being done, the blacks in the -woods were sounding war-horns, bells and gongs, -<span class='pageno' title='180' id='Page_180'></span> -which the buzzards, at least, understood, for they -soon appeared flying in expectation of a feast.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>A further march up the beach of a mile and a -half brought the force to a line of palisades behind -which were thirty or forty natives. The boat-keepers -rowing along the line of march, were enabled -to see that these were armed and ready to -fire. Halting at forty yards distance, the marines -and blue-jackets charged on a run, giving the -blacks only time to fire a few shots and then break -for cover. This they could easily do, as the woods -reached nearly to the water’s edge. After searching -for articles from the <span class='it'>Mary Carver</span>, this third -town was burned, and then the men sat down to -dinner. Another town three miles further up the -beach was likewise visited and left in ashes. All -day long the men were hard at work and in constant -danger from the whistling copper, but the -only bodily members in danger seemed to be their -ears, for the blacks were utterly unable either to -aim straight or to fire low. The men enjoyed the -excitement hugely, and only two of them were -wounded. The eight or ten cattle captured and -the relics of the <span class='it'>Mary Carver</span>, were taken on -board.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the 16th at daylight, the ships raised anchor -and proceeded to Great Berribee. White flags were -hoisted in token of amity. The king came on -board the flag-ship, and a “treaty” in which protection -to American seamen was guaranteed was -<span class='pageno' title='181' id='Page_181'></span> -made. Gifts were exchanged, and the five Berribee -prisoners released.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The effect of this powder and ball policy so -necessary, and so judiciously administered, was -soon apparent along a thousand miles of coast. -By fleet runners carrying the news, it was known -at Cape Palmas when the squadron arrived there -on the 20th. The degree of retribution inflicted -by no means exceeded what the original outrage -demanded. According to the well-understood African -law, the whole of the guilty tribe must suffer when -the murderers have not been delivered up. The -example, a peremptory necessity at the moment, -was, for a long time, salutary; the American vessels -not only experienced the good effect, but the -event had a powerful influence in the native -palavers.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>A year or so later, the king and headmen of -Berribee, visited Lieutenant Craven in the <span class='it'>Porpoise</span>. -The people had begun to make farms, and -cultivate the soil. They were very anxious to see -Commodore Perry, “to talk one big palaver, pay -plenty bullock, no more fight white man, and to -get permission to build their town again on the -beach.” The Lieutenant reported the effect on all -tribes as highly salutary, even as far as fifteen or -twenty miles in the interior. The Missionaries, -the Reverend and Mrs. Payne whose lives had been -threatened, and their schools broken up by the -wild blacks, were now enjoying friendly intercourse -<span class='pageno' title='182' id='Page_182'></span> -with the natives and suffered no more annoyance. -He also received the warm approval of the other -missionaries on the coast, both Roman Catholic as -well as Protestant, as well as of Governor Russworm, -of the Maryland Colony. The Reverend -James Kelly, of the Catholic Mission, in a letter, -said of Perry, “His services were tendered in a -way decidedly American—without ostentation—yet -carrying effect in every quarter.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>This systematic punishment, after examination, -and the certainty that the stripes were laid on the -right back was a new thing to the blacks. The -Berribee affair is remembered to this day. During -the forty years now gone, anything like the <span class='it'>Mary -Carver</span> affair has never been repeated. The coast -was made safe, and commerce increased.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the 25th, the Commodore arrived at Monrovia, -and on the 28th, sailed for Porto Praya, and -later for Funchal, where he found the inhabitants -bitterly complaining that the American taste for -other wines had greatly injured the trade in Madeira.</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_13'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f13'><a href='#r13'>[13]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Used as a training-ship now, May, 1887.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_14'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f14'><a href='#r14'>[14]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Journal of an African Cruiser, edited by Nathaniel Hawthorne.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='183' id='Page_183'></span><h1>CHAPTER XX.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>PERRY AS A MISSIONARY AND CIVILIZER.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>Perry</span>, in his report written Jan. 21, 1844, on the -settlements established by the Colonization Society -expresses the feelings that came over him as he gazed -on Cape Mesurado (Montserrado) after a lapse of -nearly a quarter of a century. When, as first Lieutenant -on the <span class='it'>Cyane</span>, he first looked upon the site of -Monrovia, the beautiful promontory was covered with -dense forests, of which the wild beasts were the only -occupants. On this, his third visit, he found a thriving -town full of happy people. Churches, school-houses, -missionary establishments, a court-house, printing-presses -and ware-houses, vessels at anchor in the -harbor, made a scene to delight the eyes. Though -there were farms and clearings, the people, he noticed, -preferred trade to agriculture. While many were poor, -many also were rich, and all were comfortable. He -considered that upon the whole the experiment of colonization -of the free blacks of the United States was -a success. More settlements, a line of them on the -coast, were however needed to enable the colonist to -assist in suppressing the slave-trade, to encourage the -civilized natives, and to increase commerce.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Monrovia, so named in honor of President James -Monroe, at this time contained five hundred houses -<span class='pageno' title='184' id='Page_184'></span> -with five churches and several schools. The Sunday-schools -were conducted like those in New England.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The flag of Liberia contained stripes and a cross, -emblems of the United States and Christian philanthropy. -The flag of the Liberian Confederation is -now a single white star on a square blue field with -stripes. Its twelve thousand square miles of territory -contain twenty thousand colored people from the -United States, five thousand “Congos” or recaptured -slaves, and eight hundred thousand aborigines.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At that time, the various settlements under the -care of the American Colonization Society were separate -petty colonies or governments and not, as now, -united into one republic of Liberia. Perry was, at -first, puzzled to know his exact relations to the governors -of Monrovia and Cape Palmas, who styled -themselves “Agents of the United States.” While -eager to assist them in every way, he yet knew it his -duty to refrain from anything calculated to give them -a wrong impression.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>There was to be no deviation from the settled policy -of the United States not to hold colonies abroad. The -political connection between the United States and -Liberia, the only colonial enterprise ever undertaken -by our country, was but a silken thread. The aim of -our government seemed to be to honor the rising -negro republic, to protect American trade and missionaries, -and to overawe the elements of violence -among the savages, so as to give the nascent civilization -on the coast a fair chance of life. In this spirit, -Perry performed faithfully his delicate duties. -<span class='pageno' title='185' id='Page_185'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>It was noted by the naval officers that the freedmen -from America looked down upon the natives as savages, -and were horrified at their heathenism and -nudity. The unblushing display of epidermis all -around them shocked their feelings. Each African -lady was a literal Flora McFlimsey “with nothing to -wear.” In building their houses, the settlers followed -rather the model of domestic architecture below Mason -and Dixon’s line than that above it. The excellent -feature of having the kitchen separate from the dwelling -was transported to “Maryland in Africa,” as in -“the old Kentucky home.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The colored missionaries were having encouraging -success. The pastor at Millsburg, a town named after -the Rev. Mr. Mills, one of the first missionaries from -the United States, was a fine, manly looking person. -One of the settlers was an Indian negro, formerly a -steward on Commodore McDonough’s ship and present -at the battle of Lake Champlain. He afterwards -removed to Sierra Leone to afford his daughters, who -were dressmakers, better opportunities.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Edina and Bassa Cove were settlements under the -patronage of the Colonization Societies of New York -and Pennsylvania. The Maryland colony was at Cape -Palmas, that of Mississippi at Sinoe, while another -settlement was named New Georgia. The freed slaves, -remembering the labors in the cotton fields under the -American overseer, could not easily rid themselves of -their old associations with mother earth. Labor spent -in tilling the soil seemed to be personal degradation. -<span class='pageno' title='186' id='Page_186'></span> -To earn their bread by the sweat of their brow and -the toil of their back in the new land of freedom -was, to them, so nearly the same as slavery that they -utterly forsook it, and resorted to small trade with the -men of the beach or deck. In the bush, imitating the -Yankees, whom they had been taught to abhor, they -peddled English slave-goods manufactured at Birmingham -for ivory and oil. In dress they followed -out the customs of their masters at home, copying or -parodying the latest fashion plates from New York, -Philadelphia or London. In church, many silk dresses -would be both seen and heard among the women.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Serious drawbacks to successful colonization existed. -Among the freed slaves the women were in the proportion -to men three and a half to one. Even the -adult males were like children, having been just released -from slavery, with little power of foresight or -self reliance. The jealousy felt by the black rulers -toward the white missionaries was great, while heathenism -was bold, defiant and, aggressive.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>American black men could be easily acclimated, -while the whites were sure to die if they persisted in -a residence. The strain on the constitution of a white -man during one year on the African station equalled -that of five or six years on any other. Most of the -British officers made it a rule of “kill or cure,” and, -on first coming out on the station, slept on shore to -decide quickly the question. It was almost certain -death for a white person unacclimated to sleep a night -exposed to the baleful influence of the land miasma. -<span class='pageno' title='187' id='Page_187'></span> -Perry as a lieutenant, when without instruction, did -the best he could to save the men from exposure. -He avoided the sickly localities and took great precautions. -Hence there was no death on the <span class='it'>Shark</span> in -two years, though, besides visiting Africa, all the -sickly ports in the West Indies, the Spanish Main and -Mexico were entered. Now a Commodore, while -cruising off “the white man’s grave,” Perry made the -health of his men his first consideration. When on -the <span class='it'>Fulton</span> in New York, he had been called upon by -the Department to express his views at length upon -the best methods of preserving life and health on the -Africa station. Possessing the pen of a ready writer, -amid the press of his other duties, he wrote out an -exhaustive and readable report of twelve pages in -clear English and in his best style.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>This epitome of naval life is full and minute in -directions. The methods followed in the <span class='it'>Shark</span>, -with improvements suggested by experience, were -now vigorously enforced on all the ships of the -squadron. The men were brought up on deck and -well soused, carefully wiped, dried, warmed and, willy-nilly, -swathed in woolens. Stoves were lighted -amidships, and the anthracite glowed in the hold, -throwing a dry, anti-mouldy heat which was most -grateful amid the torrid rains and tropical steam -baths. Fans, pumps, and bellows, plied in every -corner, drove out the foul air that lurked like demons -in dark places. All infection was quickly banished -by the smudges, villainous in smell but wholesome -in effect, that smoked out all vermin and miasma. -<span class='pageno' title='188' id='Page_188'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>The sailors at first growled fiercely, though some -from the outset laughed at what seemed to them -blank and blanked nonsense, but their maledictions -availed with the Commodore no more than a tinker’s. -Gradually they began to like scrub and broom drill, -and finally they enjoyed the game, becoming as -hilarious as Dutch housemaids on cleaning day. -Spite of the nightly rains, the ships in their interiors -were never mouldy, but ever fresh, dry, and clean. -Health on board was nearly perfect.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In his own way, the vigilant Commodore fought -and drove off the scorbutic wolf with broadsides of -onions and potatoes, and kept his men in superb -physical condition and his staff unbroken, while -British officers died by the score, and left their bones -in the white man’s grave. After the dinner parties -and entertainments on shore, the American officers -left promptly at eight o’clock so as to avoid night -exposure.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Long immunity from sickness at length began to -breed carelessness in some of the ships, when away -from the eye of the Commodore. In one instance -the results were heart-rending. The wild blacks in -1843 made an attack upon Bissas, a Portuguese -settlement on the coast south of the Gambia river, -incurring the loss of much American property. The -Commodore dispatched Lieutenant Freelon in the -<span class='it'>Preble</span> to help the garrison and prevent a further -attack from the hostile natives.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The <span class='it'>Preble</span> went up the river on which the settlement -<span class='pageno' title='189' id='Page_189'></span> -was situated, and anchored there for thirteen -days. Out of her crew of one hundred and forty-four -men, ninety were attacked by fever. The ship, from -being first a floating hospital, became a coffin, from -which nineteen bodies were consigned to the deep. -The plague-stricken vessel with her depleted crew -arrived at Porto Praya, and, to the grief of the Commodore, -there was an added cause of regret.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The ship’s commander and the surgeon had quarreled -as to the causes of the outbreak of the pestilence. -The lieutenant stoutly maintained that the -outbreak was owing to “the pestilential character of -the African coast, and the Providence of God.” The -surgeon, taking a less pseudo-pious, more prosaic but -truer view, laid it to nearer and easily visible causes. -The acrid correspondence between cabin and sick bay -was laid before Perry. He read, with much pain, of -the “insults,” “lies,” and other crimes of tongue or -pen mutually shed out of the ink bottles of the respective -literary belligerents. Kellogg, the surgeon, -asked the Commodore for an investigation. As -Perry did not think it wise at that time either to -withdraw the officers from survey duty, or to endanger -the convalescents by keeping the <span class='it'>Preble</span> near shore, -he ordered the infected vessel out to sea.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>One can easily imagine with whose opinions Perry -sympathized, as he read the documents in the case. -Perry never even suspected that religion and science -needed any reconciliation, both being to him forms -of the same duty of man. In narrating the actual -<span class='pageno' title='190' id='Page_190'></span> -occurrences at Bissas, the surgeon showed that most -of Perry’s hygienic rules had been systematically -broken. The <span class='it'>Preble</span>, for thirteen days, was anchored -within a quarter of a mile of the shore, exposed to the -exhalations of a bank of mud left bare by the ebb-tide -and exposed to the rays of a vertical sun. At night, -the men were allowed to sleep out on deck with the -miasma-laden breezes from the swamps blowing over -them. While painting the ship, the crew were -exposed to the sun’s glare. They were sent day and -night to assist the garrison of Bissas, and, in two -cases, returned from sporting excursions fatigued and -wet. The first case of fever began on the 5th, and -the disease was fully developed in fourteen days. -The sad results of the visit of the <span class='it'>Preble</span> up the -miasmatic river were soon manifest in scores of dead. -Perry’s grief at the loss of so many valuable lives -was as keen as his vexation was great, because it -was unnecessary and inexcusable.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In two other instances also the energy and promptness -of the Commodore proved the saving of many -lives. One of our ships put into Porto Praya, with -African fever on board and short of water. The -water of Porto Praya, being unfit for sick persons, -Perry at once supplied her tanks from the flag-ship. -Then quickly sailing to Porto Grande, he returned -promptly with fresh relief for the stricken men. -Another vessel being short of medicines, the Commodore -proceeded with the flag-ship to the French -settlement of Goree, immediately returning with -<span class='pageno' title='191' id='Page_191'></span> -quinine. His celerity at once checked the death -list and multiplied convalescents.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Within the cruising ground prescribed for the -African squadron, it was found that there was not -a suitably enclosed burial place for the officers and -sailors who might die. Men-of-war and merchant -sailors had been thrown overboard or buried in different -spots here, there, and everywhere, on beaches -just above high water mark, on arid plains and on -barren bluffs. So prevalent was the refusal, by -Portuguese, of the rites of burial to Protestant -sailors, that it was their custom to have a cross -tattooed on their arms so that when dead they -might get sepulture.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The reason for this sporadic burial of our men -must be laid at the doors of bigotry. In some -parts of Christendom, even among enlightened -nations, where political churches are established, -there lingers a heathenish relic of superstitious -sectarianism under the garb of the Christian religion, -in what is called “consecrated ground.” By -this pretext of holiness, the sectaries logically carry -into the grave the feuds and hatreds born of the -very wickedness from which by their creeds and -ritual they expect to be saved. This feeling is in -southern Europe and the papal colonies, so intensified -that it is next to impossible for a man denying -the Roman faith to obtain burial in a cemetery -governed by adherents of the Pope. Even the -semi-civilized Portuguese refused to give interment -<span class='pageno' title='192' id='Page_192'></span> -to American officers in what they denominate -“consecrated ground.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>This gave Perry an opportunity to establish a -burial place for the American dead of every creed. -In the words of the bluff sailor, after referring to -the fact that “Catholics” do not like “Protestants” -in their grounds, he says, “With us the same spirit -of intolerance shall not prevail, and in our United -States Cemetery the remains of Jew and Gentile, -Catholic and Protestant will be laid in peace together.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Accordingly, the cemetery for the dead of the -<span class='it'>Preble</span> was prepared at Porto Grande. A plot of -land having been purchased, was given in fee by -the authorities. It was duly graded, and a stone -wall seven feet high erected to enclose it, and thus -protect it from the wash of rains and the trespasses -of vagrant animals. Timber for headboards -was furnished from the ship, and the amount of -two hundred dollars for expenses incurred was subscribed -by the officers and men.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The governor of the island of Santa Iago was -ordered by the general government to give a legal -title to a cemetery for “persons not Catholics.” -The burial ground plotted out by the Commodore -adjoined the other village cemetery at the same -place called “The Cocoanuts.” The three new -walls enclosing it were respectively one hundred -by one hundred by ninety-four feet. The width of -the wall masonry was three “palms” or twenty-seven -<span class='pageno' title='193' id='Page_193'></span> -inches, and the foundation was to be three-fourths -of a yard deep. In this true God’s acre, -more truly consecrated by the christening of Christian -charity than the bigot’s benison, Perry was glad -to permit also the burial of some British sailors. In -a letter of thanks from Commodore W. Jones, of her -Britannic Majesty’s squadron, the latter writes of the -cemetery at Porto Grande, “In which you kindly -permitted the interment of such British seamen as -would have had their remains excluded from the -(Roman) Catholic cemeteries at those places.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“It seems hard that Englishmen should thus be -indebted to the charity of strangers for a little Portuguese -earth to cover them. It is a consolation that, -in countries where superstition so far cancels gratitude -and Christian feeling, that the noblest grave of -a seaman, and in my opinion far the most preferable, -is always at hand.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Relieved by Commodore Skinner, Perry arrived in -the <span class='it'>Macedonian</span>, off Sandy Hook, April 28, 1845.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>During his service on this station, Perry exhibited -his usual energy and patriotism in being ever sensitive -to the honor of the flag, the navy and his country. -In the exercise of his duty, he was frequently drawn -into situations which evoked sharp controversies with -the magistrates and officials of different nationalities -in regard to restrictions in their ports, certain ceremonies, -salutes, and minutiæ of etiquette. With -practiced pen, this American sailor, a loving reader of -Addison, showed himself a master in diplomacy and -<span class='pageno' title='194' id='Page_194'></span> -the art of expression. Uniting to the bluff ingenuousness -of a sailor, something of the polish of a courtier, -he almost invariably gained the advantage, and -came off the best man. His conduct in delicate matters -evoked the praise of both the American and -English governments.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The American commanders on the African coast -were too much handicapped by their instructions to -be equally successful with the British cruisers against -the slavers. Claiming the right of visitation and -search, the Englishmen boarded all suspicious vessels -except the American, and broke up the slave depots. -The American men-of-war, in the actual work of destroying -the slave traffic, formed rather a sentimental -squadron, “chasing shadows in a deadly climate.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The insatiable demand of Cuba for slaves made -man-stealing and selling profitable, even if the speculators -in human flesh lost four cargoes out of every five. -Most of the masters of barracoons were Spaniards, -and some were college-bred men, with harems and -splendid mansions. The price of a slave on the coast -was $30, while in Cuba it was $300. Blanco White, -who had a fleet of one hundred vessels, barracoons as -large as Chicago stock-yards, and a trade of eight -thousand human carcasses a year, lost in one year by -capture, eight vessels. As he recovered insurance -on all of them, his loss was slight. The business of -slave export, like that of the Nassau blockade-runners -during our civil war, had in it plenty of gain, some -lively excitement, but little or no danger. Decoys -<span class='pageno' title='195' id='Page_195'></span> -were commonly used. While a gun-boat was giving -chase to some old tub of a vessel, with fifty diseased -or worn-out slaves on board, a clipper-ship with several -hundred in her hold, with loaded cannon to sweep the -decks in case of mutiny, and with manacles for the -refractory, would dash out of her hiding-place among -the mangroves and scud across the open sea to Cuba -or Brazil.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>During Perry’s stay on the African coast, the -French had a squadron of eleven vessels, and the -British a fleet of thirty, eleven of which were steamers. -The other Powers were willing to save their -cash, and allowed the British to spend their money -and do the work. The French capturing not one -prize, turned their attention to seizing territory. -Their policy in Africa, as in Asia, was an attempt to -make new nations by means of priests and soldiers. -It began with brandy, progressed with bombardment, -and wound up with military occupation. The beginning -of their African possessions was the seizure of -Gaboon, where in 1842, five American missionaries -had begun labor. By limitation of his orders, Perry -was unable to do anything in the case, though notifying -the Department of the facts and the danger.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>A French critic writing in 1884, of French “expansion,” -“prestige,” and “civilization,” in their -so-called possessions, mostly in the torrid zone, -speaks of this system of “artificial hatching, which -was to produce a swarming brood of little Frenchmen.” -“We see,” says he, “the broken eggs, but -find neither omelette nor chicks.” -<span class='pageno' title='196' id='Page_196'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>At present, in 1887, the west coast of Africa, valuable -as affording gateways into the interior, is owned -as follows: by England, 1300 miles; by Portugal, 800 -miles; by Liberia, 350 miles; by Germany, 750 -miles; by natives, 900 miles. Missionary stations -now occupy many of the old slave-marts. By faith -and knowledge, prayer and quinine, the white man is -making the dark continent light. Ethiopia is lifting -up her gift-laden hands to God.</p> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='197' id='Page_197'></span><h1>CHAPTER XXI.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>THE MEXICAN WAR.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>The</span> long agitation, in behalf of the establishment -of a Naval Academy, by leading American naval -officers, prominent among whom was Captain Perry, -bore fruit in the year 1845. Mr. George Bancroft, -another of the eminent literary men who have acted -as Secretaries of the Navy, convened a board of officers -at Philadelphia, June 24, and directed them to -make suggestions in regard to a naval school. In -this board were Commodores George C. Read, T. ap. -Catesby Jones, M. C. Perry, Captains E. A. F. Lavallette -and Isaac Mayo. Full of enthusiasm for the -proposed enterprise, they wrote a report outlining -its leading features. Secretary Bancroft’s energy -secured the execution of the plan, and the United -States Naval Academy was begun on the grounds of -Fort Severn, near Annapolis. Many friends warmly -urged Perry’s name as principal, but he was not an -applicant for the post. Captain Franklin Buchanan -was most worthily chosen, and the sessions began -October 10, 1845. Under successive superintendents, -the Naval Academy has become one of the -first professional schools in the world, having thus -far graduated over twelve hundred naval officers, -equipped either for seamanship or engineering. -<span class='pageno' title='198' id='Page_198'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Service afloat, in the Gulf of Mexico, was preparing. -His first application for service, in case of -war, was made on the 16th of August. Meanwhile, -he called the attention of Secretary Bancroft to the -defective state of our signals, and forwarded the -code of Admiral Rohde, of the Danish navy, as the -basis of a new compilation; and, according to orders, -engaged in the examination of merchant steamers, -with a view to harbor and coast defence, and for use -in war. On the 4th of February, 1846, he received -information from Mexico which satisfied him that war -was inevitable, and that he would soon be in the land -of the cactus, the eagle, and the serpent. Further, -the frigate <span class='it'>Cumberland</span>, when in the act of starting -for the Mediterranean, was ordered to Vera Cruz.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In answer to repeated offers of service, Perry received -orders dated August 20, 1846, to command -the two new steamers, <span class='it'>Vixen</span> and <span class='it'>Spitfire</span>, which -were fitting out at New York. When these were -ready, he was to go out to relieve Captain Fitzhugh -of the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>. The younger officers, graduates -of the Sandy Hook School of Gunnery, were eager -to serve under their former instructor, especially -when they saw that he, himself, gladly accepted an -inferior command in order to serve his country well. -He arrived at Vera Cruz on the 24th of September. -He was subordinate to Commodore Conner, whose -date of commission preceded his own; but practically, -though not officially, the Gulf or Home squadron -was divided. Conner had charge of the sail, and -<span class='pageno' title='199' id='Page_199'></span> -Perry of the steam vessels. Owing to lack of ships -of light draught, Conner had been able to accomplish -little. The splendid opportunities of the first -year were lost, and naval expeditions, even when -attempted, proved failures. The most notorious of -these was the second unsuccessful demonstration at -Alvarado, October 16, which shook the faith of the -strongest believers in the abilities and resolution of -Commodore Conner.<a id='r15'/><a href='#f15' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[15]</span></sup></a> Because of the grounding of -the schooner <span class='it'>McLane</span>, on the bar, the enterprise was -given up for the day. On the morrow, when all was -ready for a second attempt, and the men eager for -the fray—their last will and testament having been -left numerously with the chaplain—the flag-ship’s -signals were read with amazement and wrath: “Return -to the anchorage off Vera Cruz.” Whether the -pilots feared a “norther,” or Conner doubted the -military qualities of his seamen on land, or believed -his craft unsuited to the task, is not certainly known.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The main squadron lay off Sacrificios Island, safely -out of range of the forts. Many glasses were -pointed anxiously night and day toward the flag-ship -for signals, which were not made. There were some -French vessels in the harbor. With characteristic -diligence, the officers, impatient to see hostilities -begin, yet athirst for archæological honors, began -<span class='pageno' title='200' id='Page_200'></span> -excavations for Aztec ruins, and found a number of -relics. The Americans chafed. Even the sight of -the snow-capped mountains in the distance, once -burning and still beautiful, and the Southern Cross -at night, palled on the eye. The sailors wearied of -polishing their small arms and furbishing their weapons, -and longed to use them. The big guns were -made lustrous with the fragrant sea-pitch, or “black -amber,” from off the sea-bottom, until their coats -shone like Japanese lacquer. This substance had a -perfume like guava jelly, but the sailors longed -rather to sniff the air of battle. Like Job’s war-horse, -they had thus far been able to do so only from -afar. Out of the north came news of successes continually, -while the sailors still scraped and scrubbed.<a id='r16'/><a href='#f16' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[16]</span></sup></a></p> - -<p class='pindent'>The senior commodore acted generously to Perry, -who, being allowed to do something on his own account, -and happy enough to do it, planned the capture -of Tabasco. It was in Tabasco that Cortez -fought his first battle on Mexican soil. This town, -on the river of the same name, had about five hundred -inhabitants garrisoned by state troops. These -were commanded by General Bravo, who had sent -several challenges inviting attack. The Mexicans -reckoned that the natural sandbar at the river’s -mouth was a better defence than guns or forts, and -the grounding of the <span class='it'>McLane</span> at Alvarado, doubtless -lulled them into this delusion. The object of the -<span class='pageno' title='201' id='Page_201'></span> -expedition was to capture the fleet of small craft -moored in fancied security in the river. This consisted -of two steamers, a brig, a sloop, five schooners -and numerous boats and lighters—just what was -needed for the uses of our squadron, then so deficient -in light draft vessels.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The attacking force consisted of the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, -the <span class='it'>Vixen</span>, <span class='it'>Bonita</span>, <span class='it'>Reefer</span>, <span class='it'>Nonita</span>, <span class='it'>McLane</span> and <span class='it'>Forward</span>, -with an extra force of two hundred marines -from the <span class='it'>Raritan</span> and <span class='it'>Cumberland</span>. Leaving Anton -Lizardo, October 16, they arrived at Frontera on the -23d. Without losing a moment of time, Perry made -a dash across the bar almost before the Mexicans -knew of his arrival, and captured the town. Two -river steamers, which plied between the city and -port, Tabasco and Frontera, were lying at the wharf -under the guns of the battery. One had steam up -and the supper-table spread. After these had been -captured by cutting out parties, the captors enjoyed -the hot supper.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The next two days, the 24th and 25th, were consumed -in accomplishing the seventy-two miles of -river navigation, in the face of a heavy, strong current. -The <span class='it'>Petrita</span> and <span class='it'>Vixen</span> did most of the towing. -Reaching the famous “Devil’s Turn,” at 2 -<span class='sc'>p. m.</span>, and finding a battery in view, Perry ordered -a landing party ashore, which speedily entered the -deserted fort and spiked the four twenty-four pound -cannon found there. The city was reached at 3 <span class='sc'>p. m.</span> -Anchoring the vessels in line ahead, at a distance of -<span class='pageno' title='202' id='Page_202'></span> -one hundred and fifty yards, so as to command the -principal streets, Perry summoned the city to surrender, -threatening to open fire in case of refusal. -The governor declining with defiance, returned -answer, “Fire as soon as you please.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>To give a mild taste of what bombardment might -mean, Perry ordered Commander Sands to let the -<span class='it'>Vixen’s</span> guns be trained on the flag-staff of the fort. -So accurate was the fire, that, of the three shots, one -cut the pole and the flag fell. This was taken by -the fleet as the sign of surrender. A Mexican officer -soon after came off, begging that the hospitals might -be spared. Perry at once granted the prayer. By -this time, it was nearly five o’clock and possibly time -to take the fort. As Perry believed in using the -men while their war-blood was hot, he ordered Captain -Forrest, a brave but deliberate man, to land his -two hundred marines and take the fort, the main body -of the military having left the town. While the men -were forming, impatiently awaiting the order to advance, -they had to stand under an irregular fire of -musketry from the chapparal. Seeing that it was -late, and the risk too great for the prize, Perry, -ordering the men on board again, saved his marines -for the morrow.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At daylight of the 26th, some Mexicans, who had -sneaked as near the flotilla as possible, opened a -sharp fire on our men. The cannon were at once -trained and kept busy in brushing away these -“ground-spiders,” as the Japanese would call such -<span class='pageno' title='203' id='Page_203'></span> -ambuscaders. “Pomegranate shot,” to use a term -from the same language, for shrapnel, were freely -used.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The display of a white flag from the city shore -stopped the firing, and the Commodore received a -petition from the foreign consuls and inhabitants -that the town should be spared. He granted the -petition, adding that his only desire was to fight -soldiers and not non-combatants.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Out of pure feelings of humanity, Perry spared the -city though there was much to irritate him. The -Mexican regulars and armed peasants were still in or -near the city, posted in military works or strong -buildings of brick or stone, and reached only by the -artillery of the flotilla. Yet the governor, while allowing -war on our vessels, would not permit the -people to leave the municipal limits; and so the -women and children, crouched in the cellars, while -the sneaking soldiers kept up their fusillade. Probably -most of those who had been killed or wounded -were peaceable inhabitants.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Commodore now made preparations to return, -and ordered the prizes to be got together. While -this was going on, even though the white flag was -conspicuously waving above the town, a party of -eighty Mexicans attacked Lieutenant W. A. Parker -and his party of eighteen men. Seeing this, Perry -sent forward Lieutenant C. W. Morris, son of Commodore -C. G. Morris, with orders and re-inforcement.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The young officer passed the gauntlet of the heavy -<span class='pageno' title='204' id='Page_204'></span> -fire which now opened along the banks. A musket -ball struck him in the neck inflicting a mortal wound, -but he stood up in the boat and cheered his men -most gallantly as they bent to their oars, until he fell -back in the arms of midshipman Cheever who was -with him. The loss of this accomplished young -officer and the treachery of the Mexicans made forbearance -no longer a virtue. Perry at once ordered -the guns of the fleet to open on the city and sweep -the streets as a punishment to treachery. He spared -as far as possible the houses of the consuls and those -of peaceful citizens.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The <span class='it'>Vixen</span>, <span class='it'>Bonita</span>, <span class='it'>Nonita</span> and <span class='it'>Forward</span> kept up -the cannonade for half an hour, by which some of the -houses were demolished.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Having no force to hold the place, no field artillery, -and a limited supply of muskets and equipments, -Perry, after reducing the town, and neighborhood to -silence, ordered the flotilla and prizes to move down -the river. Having the current with them, they -reached Frontera at midnight. One of the prizes, -the <span class='it'>Alvarado</span>, having grounded on a shoal at the -Devil’s Turn, was blown up and left. Lieutenant -Walsh and his command had kept all quiet at Frontera. -The <span class='it'>McLane</span>, with her usual luck, having -struck on the bar, could not get up to take part in -front of the city.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Tabasco affair, notwithstanding that the city -was not occupied, infused new spirit into the navy -and was the stimulus to fresh exploits. The name -<span class='pageno' title='205' id='Page_205'></span> -of Perry again became the rallying cry. The moral -influence on the whole squadron of the capture of -Tabasco was good, and all were inspirited for fresh -enterprises. Even if no other effect had been produced, -the expedition broke the monotony of blockade -duty and made life more endurable. Still the men -thirsted for more glory, and yearned to satisfy the -home press and people who were so eager for a “big -butcher’s bill.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The squadron returned to Anton Lizardo, where, -on the 1st, Lieutenant Morris died on board the -<span class='it'>Cumberland</span>. With the honors of war he was buried -on Salmadina Island, where already a cemetery had -begun. The prize <span class='it'>Petrita</span> distinguished herself by -capturing an American vessel violating the blockade -at Alvarado.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>One of the steamers captured at Tabasco was -formerly a fast river boat plying between Richmond -and Norfolk, well named the <span class='it'>Champion</span>. Under -Lieutenant Lockwood, she became a most valuable -dispatch boat and of great use to the squadron.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The town of Tampico, 210 miles north of Vera -Cruz, offered so tempting an opportunity of easy -capture that Commodore Conner resolved to make -the attempt.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The city was five miles from the mouth of the -river Panuco, and had already sent a crack battalion -to Santa Anna’s army. This perfidious leader was -using all his craft to raise an army, hoping to recruit -largely from American deserters. He supposed that -<span class='pageno' title='206' id='Page_206'></span> -all of General Taylor’s Irish Roman Catholic soldiers -would desert, because seventy or eighty of them had -done so. A battalion had been formed, and named -Santa Patricio.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In this, the Mexican was keenly mistaken, the -Irishmen holding loyally to their colors, and giving -not the first, nor the last, illustration of their valor -under the American flag. They here foreshadowed -their later career during the civil war which produced -a new character—the Irish-American soldier.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>As Conner had been formally and repeatedly urged -by General Bravo to visit and attack Tabasco, so also -was he invited to come to Tampico. This time, however, -it was by a lady, the wife of the American -consul. She sent him the invitation stating that the -city would yield without resistance. This proved to -be true, as Santa Anna’s policy was to weaken the -American forces by their necessity of a garrison to -hold the place if taken, while the Tampico troops -could be employed against General Taylor. In accordance -with his orders, the place was evacuated by -the military, who took along with them their stores -and artillery. Prudence prevailing over valor, the -Mexicans fell back to San Luis Potosi.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The squadron with the two Commodores, Conner -and Perry arrived on Saturday, the 14th of November -off the dangerous bar, the play-ground of numerous -sharks. The eight vessels were easily got into the -river Panuco. While this was going on, and the -forward vessels were ascending the river, the stars -<span class='pageno' title='207' id='Page_207'></span> -and stripes were seen to rise over the city. This -pretty act was that of the wife of the American -consul who bravely remained after her husband had -been banished.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>A force of one-hundred and fifty marines and -sailors was landed to occupy the town. This was -done silently, and not a hostile shot was fired. Thus -the second really successful operation of our navy in -the Gulf was achieved by a woman’s help. Captain -Tatnall was sent up the river eight miles, and captured -the town of Panuco.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Tampico was seen to be a place of military importance, -and troops were necessary to hold it, yet there -was not then, an American soldier in this part of -Mexico. All were in the north with General Taylor. -So important did Conner feel this to be that, within -a half hour after entering the town, he dispatched -Perry to Matamoros for troops. The ever ready -Commodore in his ever ready steamer, <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, -left at once for the north. At the mouth of the -Brazos on the Texan coast, Perry informed General -Patterson of the fall of Tampico, and notified him -that a re-inforcement would be needed from the -troops at Point Isabel. He then proceeded, of his -own accord and most judiciously, as Conner wrote, -to New Orleans, anchoring the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> off the -southwest pass of the river from which the steamer -took her name, and in which, sixteen years later, she -was to end her life.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry resolved to go up to New Orleans to stir up -<span class='pageno' title='208' id='Page_208'></span> -the authorities to greater energy and dispatch. He -succeeded in obtaining fifty soldiers, some provisions, -and from the governor of Louisiana, a fully equipped -field train of six six-pounders and two howitzers, with -two hundred rounds of shot and shell to each gun. -This battery belonged to the State. He also received -a large supply of entrenching tools and wheel-barrows.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>All these were secured in one day, and, arriving -back at Tampico after a week’s absence, November -21, he delighted and surprised the naval officers by -what was considered, for the times, a great feat of -transportation. Other steamers and military, arrived -November 30, so that Tampico soon had a garrison -of eight hundred men. Conner remained until -December 13, organizing a government for the city, -while Perry returned at once to Anton Lizardo.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Though life on shipboard was made more tolerable -by these little excitements, it was dull enough. -Fresh food supplies were low. The coming event of -scurvy was beginning to cast shadows before in -symptoms that betokened a near visitation. Perry, -with his rooted anti-scorbutic principles, selected as -the next point of attack a place that could supply the -necessary luxuries of fresh beef and vegetables. -Such a place was Laguna del Carmen, near Yucatan, -at the extreme southeast of Mexico. It was in a -healthy and well watered country rich in forests of -logwood. Receiving permission of Commodore Conner, -he made his preparations. -<span class='pageno' title='209' id='Page_209'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>The ever trusty <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, towing the <span class='it'>Vixen</span> and -two schooners the <span class='it'>Bonita</span> and <span class='it'>Petrel</span>, moved out from -the anchorage, like a hen with a brood of chickens, -December 17, arriving off the bar on the 20th. Perry -dashed in at once, and the place was easily taken.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Under a liberal policy, Laguna flourished and commerce -increased. The American officers, worthy -representatives of our institutions, were very popular -not only with the dark-eyed senoritas, but also with -the solid male citizens and men of business. Social -life throve, and balls were frequent. The fleet was -well and cheaply supplied with wholesome food. -The Lagunas were delighted with an object lesson in -American civilization, and during eighteen months -so prosperous was their city, that, even after the -treaty of peace, the people petitioned Commodore -Perry not to withdraw his forces until Mexico was -fully able to protect them.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>General Taylor’s battles were bloody, but not decisive. -His campaigns had little or no influence -upon Paredes, and the government at the capital, because -fought in the sparsely populated northern -provinces. The war thus far had been magnificent, -but not scientific. The country at large, scarcely -knew of the existence of a victorious enemy on the -soil. At the distance of five hundred miles from the -capital, there was no pressure upon the leaders or -people. The political nerves of Mexico, like China, -were not as sensitive then, as in our days, when -wires and batteries give the dullest nation a new -nervous system. -<span class='pageno' title='210' id='Page_210'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry made a study of the whole field of war. He -saw that the vitals of the country were vulnerable at -Vera Cruz, that the city and castle once occupied, -the navy, by sealing the ports, could enable the army -to reach the capital where alone peace could be dictated.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The administration at last understood the situation -and ordered a change of base. Recalling General -Scott, who had been set aside on account of a difference -of opinion with the War Department, and the -ultra-economical administration, preparations were -made for the advance, by sea and land, to the city of -Mexico, where peace was to be dictated. The full -and minute data which had been forwarded by Commodore -Conner enabled the general to map out fully -his brilliant campaign.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>While Scott was perfecting details in the United -States, the early winter in the Gulf passed away in -steady blockade duty. The <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> which was -the constant admiration of the squadron for her size, -power, sea-worthiness, and incessant activity, now -needing serious repairs and overhauling, was ordered -back to the United States. Perry, in command of -her, leaving Vera Cruz early in January, made the -run safely to Norfolk, Va., and went up to Washington -to hasten operations.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>An examination was duly made by the board of -survey. Their report declared that it would require -six weeks to get the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> ready for service.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>This, to Perry, was disheartening news. It cast a -<span class='pageno' title='211' id='Page_211'></span> -fearful damper upon his spirits, but, as usual, he -never knew when he was beaten. To remain away -from the seat of war when affairs were ready to culminate -at Vera Cruz, by the army and navy acting in -generous rivalry, was not to be thought of. In this -strait, he turned to his old and tried friend, Charles -Haswell, his first engineer, and had him sent for and -brought to Norfolk.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>His confidence was well founded. Haswell declared -that, by working night and day, the ship could -be made ready in two weeks. So thorough was his -knowledge and ability, and so akin to Perry’s was his -energy, that in a fortnight the Commodore’s broad -pennant was apeak, and the cornet, the American -equivalent for “Blue Peter,” was flying on the mizzen -truck. It was the signal for all officers to be -aboard and admitted of no delay.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Mr. Haswell adds, in a note to the writer, “When -I took leave of the Commodore on the morning of -sailing, he thanked me in a manner indicative of a -generous heart.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>We may safely add that, by his energies, and abilities -in getting the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> ready at this time, Mr. -Haswell saved the government many thousands of -dollars and contributed largely to the triumphs of a -quick war which brought early peace.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>While in Washington, Perry was in frequent consultation -with the authorities, furnishing valuable information -and suggestions. While the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> -was refitting, Perry was ordered to take the general -<span class='pageno' title='212' id='Page_212'></span> -oversight of the light draft vessels fitting out at New -York and Boston for service in the gulf. This order -read,—“You can communicate to heads of Bureaux, -to hasten them and give to their commanders any -necessary order.” The squadron in preparation consisted -of the <span class='it'>Scourge</span>, Lieutenant C. G. Hunter; -<span class='it'>Scorpion</span>, Commander, A. Bigelow; <span class='it'>Vesuvius</span>, Commander -G. A. Magruder; <span class='it'>Hecla</span>, Lieutenant A. B. -Fairfax; <span class='it'>Electra</span>, Lieutenant T. A. Hunt; <span class='it'>Aetna</span>, Commander -W. S. Walker; <span class='it'>Stromboli</span>, Commander J. G. -Van Brunt; <span class='it'>Decatur</span>, Commander R. S. Pinckney.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the 25th of February, 1847, Perry received the -following order, “You will proceed to the United -States Steam Ship <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, to the Gulf of Mexico, -and, on your arrival, you will report to Commodore -Conner, who will be instructed to transfer to you the -command of the United States naval forces upon that -station.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In a letter dated March the 27th, 1847, the Secretary -wrote, “The naval forces under your command -. . . form the largest squadron it is believed, which -has ever been assembled under the American flag -. . . steamers, bomb ketches and sailing vessels of -different classes.” Much was expected of this fleet, -and much was to be accomplished.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Yet despite Perry’s command and mighty responsibilities—equal -to those of an admiral—he was but -a captain with a pennant. So economical was our -mighty government.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In the matter of the war with Mexico—the war of -<span class='pageno' title='213' id='Page_213'></span> -a slave-holding against a free republic—Matthew -Perry acted as a servant of the government. He -was a naval officer whose business it was to carry out -the orders of his superiors. With the moral question -of invading Mexico, he had nothing to do. The responsibility -lay upon the government of the United -States, and especially upon the President, his cabinet -and supporters.<a id='r17'/><a href='#f17' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[17]</span></sup></a> Perry did not like the idea of invasion, -and believed that redress could be obtained -with little bloodshed, and hostilities be made the -means of education to a sister republic. He therefore -submitted to the government, a detailed plan for -prosecuting the war:</p> - -<p class='pindent'>1st. To occupy and colonize California, and annex -it to the territory of the United States.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>2nd. To withdraw all United States troops from -the interior of Mexico proper.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>3rd. To establish a military cordon along its northern -frontiers.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>4th. To occupy by naval detachments and military -garrisons, all its principal ports in the Atlantic and -Pacific oceans.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>5th. To establish these ports temporarily, and during -the continuance of the war, as American ports of -entry with a tariff of specific duties.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>6th. To throw these ports open for the admission -<span class='pageno' title='214' id='Page_214'></span> -under any friendly flag of all articles, foreign or -domestic not contraband of war.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>7th. To encourage the admission and sale of -American manufactured goods and the staples of the -country, “particularly that of tobacco, which is a -present monopoly of Mexico, and yields to the government -a large revenue.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>We should thus get a revenue to pay for the expenses -of the war.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The advantages of Perry’s plan, stated in his own -words, were that, “Instead of our waging a war of -invasion, it would become one of occupation and -necessary expediency, and consequently a contest -more congenial to the institutions and professions of -the American people.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“The cost of the war would be reduced three-fourths, -the results would be positive, and there would be an -immense saving of human life. Commerce and kindness -would remove false ideas of Mexicans concerning -North American people, ideas so actively fomented -by the Mexican clergy. As an argument in favor -of humanity, the Mexican people would be led to pursue -agriculture and mining, so that it would be hard -to rouse sufficient military spirit in them to dislodge -forces holding their ports.” The “baleful influence -of the clergy would be lessened,” and the despotic -power of the military be almost annihilated, so that -the people would sue for peace. In short, this plan, -if carried out, would be a great educational measure.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> in those days was among ordinary -<span class='pageno' title='215' id='Page_215'></span> -war vessels, what the racers of the Atlantic to-day -are among common steamers,—“an ocean greyhound.” -Fleetly the gallant vessel moved south, -passing exultingly the Bahamas, where many of our -transports were waiting for a change of wind. Many -of these were “ocean tramps”—hulks of such age -and rottenness, that a norther would surely strand -them. The <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> stopping at Havana, March -15, 1847, was after two days then pointed for Vera -Cruz, arriving on the evening of the 20th.</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_15'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f15'><a href='#r15'>[15]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>See Parker’s Recollections of a Naval Officer, with reply -of P. S. P. Conner, <span class='it'>Army and Navy Journal</span>, February 2, and -April 19, 1884, and <span class='it'>Magazine of American History</span>, July, 1885.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_16'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f16'><a href='#r16'>[16]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Chaplain Fitch W. Taylor, <span class='it'>The Broad Pennant</span>.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_17'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f17'><a href='#r17'>[17]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>See, for perhaps the best brief statement of the causes leading -to the Mexican war and the part played by Polk, the article -“Wars;” by Prof. Alexander Johnston, Lalor’s <span class='it'>Encyclopaedia</span>. -Vol. III, p. 1091.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='216' id='Page_216'></span><h1>CHAPTER XXII.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>“COMMODORE PERRY COMMANDS THE SQUADRON.”</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>The</span> precise methods and almost immutable laws -of military science required that the American invasion -of Mexico in 1847 should be at the exact spot -on which Cortez landed two centuries before, and -where the French disembarked in 1830, and in 1865. -This was at the only port on the Gulf coast of -Mexico, in which large vessels could anchor. Ships -entered by the North channel or fastened to rings in -the castle walls. Our war vessels lay a little south -of the Vera Cruz founded by the Spanish buccaneer.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>With but a few skirmishes and little loss, the line -of circumvallation was completed by the 18th, and -named Camp Washington. Ground was broken for -intrenchments, and platforms were built for the mortars -which were placed in sunken trenches out of -sight from the city. Waiting for a pause in the -raving norther, and then seizing opportunity by the -foremost hair of the forelock, the sailors landed ten -mortars and four twenty-four pounder guns. By the -22d, seven of the mortars were in position on their -platforms. Most of these latter were of the small -bronze pattern called coehorns, after their inventor -the Dutch engineer, Baron Mennon de Coehorn. -<span class='pageno' title='217' id='Page_217'></span> -These pieces could be handled by two men. A few -mortars were of the ten-inch pattern.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>This was a pitiful array of ordnance to batter -down a walled city, and a nearly impregnable castle. -With these in activity, both city and castle, if well -provisioned, could hold out for months. Shells -falling perpendicularly would destroy women and -children, but do little harm to soldiers. The forty -other mortars and the heavy guns were somewhere -at sea on the transports and as yet unheard of, while -every day the shadow of the dreaded <span class='it'>vomito</span> stalked -nearer. Vera Cruz must be taken before “King -Death in his Yellow Robe” arrived. The Mexicans -for the nonce, prayed for his coming.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The <span class='it'>vomito</span>, or yellow fever, is a gastro-nervous -disorder which prostrates the nervous system, often -killing its victims in five or six hours, though its -usual course is from two to six days. Men are more -susceptible to it than women. It was the Mexican’s -hope, for Vera Cruz was its nursery, and the month -of March its time of beginning. Northerners taken -in the hot season might recover. In the cold season, -an attack meant sure death. The disease is carried -and propagated by mosquitoes and flies, and no -system of inoculation was then known. An outbreak -among our unacclimated men would mean an epidemic.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Scott, despite his well known excessive vanity, was -a humane man and a scientific soldier. His ambition -was to win success and glory at a minimum of loss of -life, not only in his own army but among the enemy. -<span class='pageno' title='218' id='Page_218'></span> -His aim was to make a sensation by methods the -reverse of Gen. Taylor’s, whose popularity had won -him the soldier’s title of “Rough and Ready,” while -Buena Vista had built the political platform on -which he was to mount to the presidency. “Taylor -the Louisianian’s” battles were sanguinary, but indecisive. -He had driven in the Mexican left wing. -Scott hoped to pierce the centre, to shed little blood -and to make every shot tell. The people at home -knew nothing of war as a science. They expected -blood and “a big butcher’s bill,” and the newspapers -at least would be disappointed unless gore was abundant. -His soldiers and especially those who had -been under Taylor and whose chief idea of fighting -was a rush and a scuffle, failed at first to appreciate -him, and dubbed this splendid soldier “Fuss and -Feathers.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Scott determined at once to show, as the key to his -campaign, a city captured with trivial loss. Yet all -his plans seemed about to be dashed, because his -siege train had failed to come. The pitiful array of -coehorns and ten-inch mortars, with four light -twenty-four pounder guns and two Columbiads, -would but splash Vera Cruz with the gore of non-combatants, -while still the enemy’s flag was flaunted -in defiance, and precious time was being lost. The -general’s vanity—an immense part of him—was -sorely wounded. “The accumulated science of the -ages applied to the military art,” which he hoped to -illustrate “on the plains of Vera Cruz,” was as yet of -<span class='pageno' title='219' id='Page_219'></span> -no avail. Further, as a military man, he was unwilling -to open his batteries with a feeble fire which -might even encourage the enemy to a prolonged -resistance. Conner is said to have offered to lend -him navy guns, but he declined.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry arrived at Vera Cruz in the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, -March 20, 1847, after a passage of thirteen days from -Norfolk. He was back just in time. Steam had -enabled him to be on hand to accomplish one of the -greatest triumphs of his life. His orders required -him to attack the sea fort fronting Vera Cruz, “if the -army had gone into the interior.” The United States -fleet had lain before it for a whole year without aggression. -He found our army landed and Vera Cruz -invested on every side. The Mexicans were actively -firing, but as yet there was no response from our -side. That night it blew a gale from the North. -The vessels hidden in spray, and the camps in sand, -waited till daylight.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Early next morning, March 21, Perry was informed -that the steamer <span class='it'>Hunter</span> together with her prize a -French barque, the <span class='it'>Jeune Nelly</span>, which had been -caught March 20th running the blockade out of Vera -Cruz, and an American schooner, were all ashore on -the northeast breakers of Green Island. Their -crews, to the number of sixty souls, were in imminent -danger of perishing. Among them was a mother and -her infant child. Perry was quick to respond to the -promptings of humanity. In such a gale, not a -sailing vessel dared leave her moorings. The <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> -<span class='pageno' title='220' id='Page_220'></span> -had parted her cables, owing to the violence of -the wind. A British war steamer lay much nearer -the scene of disaster, without apparently thinking of -the possibility of moving in such a gale; but Perry -knew his noble ship and what to do with her. He -dashed out in the teeth of the tempest and forced -her through the terrific waves. In admiration of the -act, Lieutenant Walke made a graphic picture of the -rolling <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, which now hangs in the hall of -the Brooklyn Lyceum. Reaching Green Island, -Perry cast anchor. Captain Mayo and four officers -volunteered to go to the rescue of the wrecked people. -In spite of the great peril, they saved the entire -party. The scene was one of thrilling interest when -the young mother embraced husband and child in -safety on the deck of the noble steamer. Had not -the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> and Perry been at hand, the whole -party must have perished.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>It was on his return from this errand of humanity -that Commodore Matthew Perry was given and -assumed the command of the American fleet—the -first of such magnitude, and the greatest yet assembled -under the American flag. The time was 8 <span class='sc'>a. m.</span> -March 21st. As Captain Parker recollects: “On -the twenty-first of March shortly after the hoisting -of the colors, we were electrified by the signal from -the flag-ship ‘Commodore Perry commands the -squadron.’ ” At once, Perry called with Conner upon -General Scott concerning the navy’s part in the -siege. -<span class='pageno' title='221' id='Page_221'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>The order of relief to Commodore Conner dated -Washington March 3, 1847, was worded: “The uncertain -duration of the war with Mexico has induced -the President to direct me no longer to suspend the -rule which limits the term of command in our squadrons -in its application to your command of the Home -Squadron.”</p> - -<div class='figleft'> -<img src='images/medal.jpg' alt='' id='medal' style='width:80%;height:auto;'/> -<p class='caption'><span style='font-size:smaller'>PERRY AT THE AGE OF FIFTY-FOUR.</span></p> -</div> - -<p class='pindent'>Scott had opened fire March 18th, but seeing his -inability to breach the walls, he was obliged to apply -for help from the navy. When the new and the old -naval commanders visited him in his tent on the -morning of the 21st, the General requested of Perry -<span class='pageno' title='222' id='Page_222'></span> -the loan of six of the heavy shell-guns of the navy -for use by the army in battery. Perry’s reply was -instant, hearty, characteristic, naval: “Certainly, -General, but I must fight them.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Scott said his soldiers would take charge of the -guns, if the Commodore would land them on the -beach. To this Perry said “no!” That “wherever -the guns went, their officers and men must go with -them.” Scott objected, declined the conditions, and -renewed the bombardment with his small guns and -mortars; but finding that he was only wasting time, -he finally consented and asked Perry to send the -guns with their naval crews. The marines were -already in the trenches doing duty as part of the 3d -U. S. artillery. Hitherto the sailors had acted as -the laborers for the army, now they were to take -part in the honors of the siege. This was on -account of Perry’s demand.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>How the successor of Conner announced to his -sailors the glory awaiting them is told in the words -of Rear-Admiral John H. Upshur. “I shall never -forget the thrill which pervaded the squadron, when, -on the day, within the very hour of his succeeding to -the command, he announced from his barge, as he -pulled under the sterns of all the vessels of the fleet, -in succession, that we were to land guns and crews -to participate in the investment of the city of Vera -Cruz. Cheer after cheer was sent up in evidence of -the enthusiasm this promise of a release from a life -of inaction we had been leading under Perry’s predecessor -<span class='pageno' title='223' id='Page_223'></span> -inspired in every breast. In a moment -everything was stir and bustle, and in an incredibly -short space of time, each vessel had landed her big -gun, with double crews of officers and men. . . Perry -announced that those who did not behave themselves -should not be allowed another chance to fight the -enemy—which proved a guarantee of good conduct -in all. . . . Under the energetic chief who succeeded to -the command of a squadron dying of supineness, -until his magic word revived it, the navy of the -United States sustained its old prestige.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Not only were men and officers on the ships -thrilled at the sight of Perry’s pennant, but joy was -carried to many hearts on shore. A writer in the -<span class='it'>New York Star</span>, of August 7th, 1852, who was on -board the flag-ship during two days of the siege -details the incidents here narrated.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At the investment of the city there were still left -in it a few American women with their children -mostly of the working class, their husbands having -been driven from the city by the authorities. Governor -Landero was not the man to make war on -women and children, and they remained in peace -until the bombardment commenced. Then they -thronged to the house of Mr. Gifford the British -consul for protection, and he transferred them to the -sloop-of-war <span class='it'>Daring</span>, Captain George Marsden, who -found them what place he could on his decks, already -crowded with British subjects flying from the -doomed city. -<span class='pageno' title='224' id='Page_224'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>We had then seventy vessels, chartered transports -and vessels of war in front of the city, but from -negligence on the part of General Scott and Commodore -Conner no provision was made to succor and -relieve our homeless citizens, though “I,” says the -correspondent, “who write this from what I saw, -caused application to be made to both to have them -taken from the deck of the <span class='it'>Daring</span> (where they were -in the way and only kept for charity) to some of our -unoccupied transport cabins. Commodore Conner -flatly refused, as Captain Forrest of the navy knows, -for he heard it, to have anything to do with them, -and General Scott had no time. Just about then, -Commodore Perry came down, to the Gulf. At noon -his pennon of command floated from the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, -and before the sun went down, he had gathered into -a place of safety every person, whether common -working people or not, who had the right to claim -the protection of the American flag.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The same writer adds: “The other time I saw him, -he had just been told that Mr. Beach of the <span class='it'>New -York Sun</span> and his daughter were in great danger in -the city of Mexico, as Mr. Beach was accused of -being a secret agent of the United States. The -informant at the same time volunteered the information -that the <span class='it'>Sun</span> ‘went against the Navy and -Commodore Perry.’ ‘The Navy must show him -that he is mistaken in his bad opinion of it,’ said the -bluff Commodore, ‘and the question is not who likes -me but how to get an American citizen, and above -<span class='pageno' title='225' id='Page_225'></span> -all an unprotected female out of the hands of the -Mexicans.’ The son of Gomez Farias, the then -President of Mexico, and one or two other Mexican -gentlemen had come on board the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> from -the British steamer, to solicit the kind offices of -Commodore Perry for permits to pass the American -lines. The Commodore seized the occasion to make -exchange of honor, and courtesy with young Farias. -He stated the case of a father and daughter being -detained in dangerous uncertainty in the city of -Mexico, and obtained the pledges of the Mexicans to -promote their safe deliverance. It was effected -before they arrived in Mexico, but the quick and -generous action of Perry was none the less to be -esteemed.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>We may thus summarize the events of a day ever -memorable to Matthew Perry.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>March 20th. Arrival from the United States in -the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>. Norther.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>March 21. (<span class='it'>a</span>) Daylight—Rescue of the <span class='it'>Hunter</span>. -(<span class='it'>b</span>) 8 <span class='sc'>a. m.</span> Receives command of squadron. (<span class='it'>c</span>) Call -with Conner on Gen. Scott. (<span class='it'>d</span>) Proposal for naval -battery. (<span class='it'>e</span>) Perry returns to the fleet and assumes -command. (<span class='it'>f</span>) Under stern of each vessel, announces -naval battery. (<span class='it'>g</span>) Arranges for American -women and children from Vera Cruz. (<span class='it'>h</span>) Preparations -for landing the heavy navy guns.</p> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='226' id='Page_226'></span><h1>CHAPTER XXIII.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>THE NAVAL BATTERY BREACHES THE WALLS OF VERA CRUZ.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>Perry’s</span> first order being that the navy should give -the army the most efficient coöperation, by transferring -part of its heavy battery from deck to land, the -six guns of the size and pattern most desired by -Scott were selected. With a view to distribute honors -impartially among the ships, and to cheer the -men, a double crew of sailors and officers was assigned -to each gun; one of the crews being the regular -complement for the gun. As everyone wanted -to accompany the guns, lots were drawn among the -junior officers for the honor. The crews having been -picked, the landing of the ordnance began on -the 22d. The pieces chosen were two thirty-twos -from the <span class='it'>Potomac</span>, one of the same calibre from the -<span class='it'>Raritan</span>, and one sixty-eight chambered Paixhans or -Columbiad from the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, the <span class='it'>Albany</span>, and the -<span class='it'>St. Mary’s</span>. The three thirty-twos weighed sixty-one, -and the three sixty-eights, sixty-eight hundred-weight -each.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>These were landed in the surf-boats, and by hundreds -of sailors and soldiers were hauled up on the -beach. The transportation on heavy trucks was -<span class='pageno' title='227' id='Page_227'></span> -done by night, as it was necessary to conceal from -the Mexicans the existence of such a formidable -battery until it was ready to open. The site chosen -was three miles off. The road, as invisible for the -most part as an underground railway, was of sand, -in which the two trucks—all that were available—sunk -sometimes to the axles, and the men to the -knees, so that the toilsome work resembled plowing.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The naval battery, which, in the circumvallation -was “Number Four,” was constructed entirely of -the material at hand, very plentiful and sewn up in -bags. It had two traverses six or more feet thick, -the purpose of which was to resist a flanking, or in -naval parlance a “raking” fire, which might have -swept the inner space clean. The guns were mounted -in their own ship’s carriages on platforms, being run -out with side tackle and hand-spikes, and their recoil -checked with sandbags. The ridge on which -the battery was planted was opposite the fort of -Santa Barbara, parallel with the city walls and fifteen -feet above their level. It was directly in front of -General Patterson’s command. In the trenches beyond, -lay his brigade of volunteers ready to support -the work in case of a sortie and storming by the -Mexicans. The balls were stacked within the sandy -walls, but the magazine was stationed some distance -behind. The cartridges were served by the powder -boys as on shipboard, a small trench being dug for -their protection while not in transit.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Here then was “the accumulated science of ages” -<span class='pageno' title='228' id='Page_228'></span> -on the plains of Vera Cruz applied to the naval art, -and directed against the doomed city, erected by one -of the greatest engineers of the age, Robert E. Lee, -with ordnance served by the ablest naval artillerists -of the world, the pupils of the leading officer of -the American navy, Matthew C. Perry. Most of -them had been trained under his eye at the Sandy -Hook School of Gun Practice. They were now to -turn their knowledge into account. Not a single -random shot was fired.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The exact range of each of the familiar guns was -known, and the precise distance to the nearest and -more distant forts. The points to be aimed at had -been mathematically determined by triangulation -before a piece was fired. Shortly before 10 <span class='sc'>a. m.</span> -on the 24th of March, while the last gun mounted -was being sponged and cleared of sand, the cannon -of Santa Barbara opened with a fire so well aimed -that it was clear that the battery was discovered. -A few daring volunteers sprang out of the embrasures -to clear away the brush and unmask the work. -The chapparal was well chopped away to give free -range to the officers who sighted the pieces, the aim -being for the walls below the flag-pole. The direct -and cross fire of seven forts soon converged on the -sandbags, and the castle sent ten- and thirteen-inch -shells flying over and around. When one of these -fell inside, all dropped down to the ground. For the -first five minutes the air seemed to be full of missiles, -but our men after a little practice at houses and -<span class='pageno' title='229' id='Page_229'></span> -flag-staffs soon settled down to their work to do their -best with navy guns. One lucky shot by Lieutenant -Baldwin severed the flag-staff of Santa Barbara; at -which, all hands mounted the parapet and gave three -cheers. In order to allow free sweep to the big guns, -the embrasures had been made large, thus offering a -tempting target to the enemy.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Mexicans were good heavy artillerists, but -their shot was lighter than ours. Some of them -were killed by their own balls which had been picked -out of the sandbags by the Americans and fired back. -Their strongest and best served battery was that fronting -on the one worked by our sailors. The navy was -here pitted against the navy, for the commander on the -city side was Lieutenant of Marines D. Sebastian -Holzinger, a German and an officer of several year’s -service in the Mexican navy. He was as brave as -he was capable; and when his flag-staff had been cut -away, he and a young assistant leaped into the space -outside, seized the flag and in sight of the Americans, -nailed it to the staff again. A ball from the naval -battery at the same moment striking the parapet, -Holzinger and his companion were nearly buried in -rubbish.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Within the city the Mexican soldiers, who had -before found shelter in their bomb-proof places of -retreat from the mortar bombs falling vertically into -the streets, did not relish and could not hold out -against missiles sent directly through the walls into -their barracks and places of refuge. The Paixhans -<span class='pageno' title='230' id='Page_230'></span> -shells hit exactly among soldiers, and not into -churches among women. It is said that when the -Mexican engineers in the city picked up the solid -thirty-two pounder shot and one of the unexploded -eight-inch shells, they decided at once that the city -must fall.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In spite of the hammering which the sand battery -received, no material injury to its walls was done, -and what there was was easily repaired at night. -Captains Lee and Williams were willing to show -faith in their own work, and remained in the redoubt -during the fire. At 2.30 <span class='sc'>p. m.</span> the ammunition was -exhausted, and the heated ordnance was allowed to -cool. The last gun fired was a double-shotted one of -the <span class='it'>Potomac</span>. Captain Aulick wishing to send a -despatch to Commodore Perry, Midshipman Fauntleroy -volunteered to take it, and though the Mexicans -were playing with all their artillery, he arrived -safely on the beach and Perry received tidings of -progress.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The embrasures were filled up with sandbags, and -the garrison sat under the parapet, awaiting the -relief party which approached about 4 o’clock. The -Mexicans, who had been driven away from their guns, -now finding the Americans silent, opened with -redoubled vigor which made the approaching reinforcements -watch the air keenly for the black spots -which were round shots.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The result of the first day’s use of the navy guns -was, that fifty feet of the city walls built of coquina -<span class='pageno' title='231' id='Page_231'></span> -or shell-rock, the curtains of the redoubt to right and -left, were cut away. A great breach was made, about -thirty-six feet wide, sufficient for a storming party to -enter; while the thicker masonry of the forts was -drilled like a colander. These breaches were partly -filled at night by sandbags.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The relief party led by Captain Mayo reached the -battery at sunset, and after a good supper, fell to sound -sleep, during which time, the engineers repaired the -parapet. It was a beautiful starlight night. The -time for the chirping of the tropical insects had -come, and they were awakening vigorously to their -summer concerts. All night long the mortars, like -geyser springs of fire, kept up their rhythmic flow of -iron and flame. The great star-map of the heavens -seemed scratched over with parabolas of red fire, the -streaks of which were watched with delight by the -soldiers, and with tremor by the beleagured people -in the city.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At daylight the boatswain’s silver whistle called -the men to rise, and the day’s work soon after breakfast -began in earnest. The sailors manned their -guns, firing so steadily that between seven and eight -o’clock it was necessary to let the iron tubes cool. -At 7 <span class='sc'>a. m.</span> another army battery, of four twenty-fours -and two eight-inch Paixhans being finished, joined in -the roar. Their fire was rapid, but the dense growth -of chapparal hid their objective points from view -making good aim impossible, so that the damage -done was not strikingly evident. -<span class='pageno' title='232' id='Page_232'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>The castle garrison had now gained the exact -range of the naval battery, and thirteen-inch shell -from the castle began to fall all around and close to -the sandbags throwing up loose showers of soil. One -dropped within the battery but upon exploding, hurt -no one. The round shot from the city forts were -continually grazing the parapets, and it was while -Midshipman T. D. Shubrick was levelling his gun -and pointing it at a tower in one of the forts, that a -round shot entered the embrasure instantly killing -him. During the two days, four sailors were killed, -mostly by solid shot in the head or chest; while five -officers and five men were wounded, mostly by chapparal -splinters of yucca, or cactus thorns and spurs, -and fragments of sandbags.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Meanwhile, on deck, the Commodore co-operated -in the “awful activity” of the American batteries. -At daylight, Perry, seeing that the castle was -paying particular attention to the naval battery, -ordered Tatnall in the <span class='it'>Spitfire</span> to approach and open -upon it, in order to divert the fire from the land -forces. Tatnall asked the Commodore at what point -he should engage. Perry replied, “Where you can -do the most execution, sir.” The brave Tatnall took -Perry at his word. With the <span class='it'>Spitfire</span> and the <span class='it'>Vixen</span>, -commanded by Joshua R. Sands, each having two -gun-boats in tow, he steamed up to within eighty -yards distance, and began a furious cannonade upon -the fortress holding his position for a half hour. -The fight resembled a certain one, pictured on a -<span class='pageno' title='233' id='Page_233'></span> -Netherlands historical medal, of a swarm of bees -trying to sting a tortoise to death despite his armor. -Here was a division of “mosquito boats” blazing -away at the stone castle within a distance which had -enabled the Mexicans to blow them out of the water -had they handled their guns aright. The affair -became not only exciting but ludicrous, when Tatnall -and Sands took still closer quarters within the Punto -de Hornos, where the little vessels were at first -almost hidden from view in the clouds of spray -raised by the rain of balls that vexed only the water. -Tatnall’s idea seemed to be to give the surgeons -plenty to do. Perry, however, did not believe in -that sort of warfare. When he saw that the castle -guns which had been trained away from the land to -the ships were rapidly improving their range, he -recalled the audacious fighters.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Tatnall at first was not inclined to see the signals. -The Commodore then sent a boat’s crew with preemptory -orders to return. Amid the cheers of the -men who brought them, Tatnall obeyed, though -raging and storming with chagrin. Most of the men -on board his ships were wet, but none had been hurt. -To retreat without bloody decks was not to his -taste.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>General Scott, a thorough American, had long rid -himself of the old British tradition, that in all wars -there must be “a big butcher’s bill.” This idea was -not much modified until after the Crimean war, -which was mostly butchery, and little science,—magnificent, -<span class='pageno' title='234' id='Page_234'></span> -but not war. The Soudan campaign of -1884 threatened a revival of it. We have seen how -this idea dominated on the British side, in the wished-for -“yard arm engagements” of the navy in 1812, -and how, in place of it, the Americans bent their -energies to skill in seamanship and gunnery; or, in -other words, to victory by science and skill.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry and Scott were alike in their ideas and -tastes, they regarded war more as the application of -military science to secure national ends with rapidity -and economy, than as a scrimmage in which results -were measured by the length of the lists of killed -and wounded. Tatnall, a veteran of the old school, -however, seemed still to adhere to the old British -ideal, and was keenly disappointed to find so few -hurt on the American side.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>From daybreak to one <span class='sc'>p. m.</span>, over six hundred -Paixhans shells and solid shot were fired into the city -by the naval battery. Fort St. Iago, which had concentrated -its fire on the army batteries, now opened -on the naval redoubt, the guns of which were at -once trained in the direction of the new foe. A few -applications of the science of artillery proved the -unerring accuracy of Perry’s pupils, and St. Iago -was silenced.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Captain Mayo and his officers through their glasses -saw the Mexicans evacuate the fort. Chagrined at -having no foemen worthy of their fire, he ordered -both officers and sailors to mount the parapet and -give three cheers. “If the enemy intends to fire -<span class='pageno' title='235' id='Page_235'></span> -another shot, our cheers will draw it,” said the -gallant little Captain; but echo and then silence were -the only answers. The naval guns having opened -the breach so desired by General Scott and silenced -all opposition, had now nothing further to do, were -again left to cool. The naval battery had fired in all -thirteen hundred rounds.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At 2 <span class='sc'>p. m.</span>, Captain Mayo turned over the command -to Lieutenant Bissell and mounted his horse, the -only one on the ground, to give Commodore Perry -the earliest information of the enemy’s being silenced. -As he rode through the camp, General Scott was -walking in front of his tent. Captain Mayo rode up -to him and said “General, they are done, they will -never fire another shot.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The General, in great agitation, asked “Who? -Your battery, the naval battery?”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Mayo answered, “No, General, the enemy is -silenced. They will not fire another shot.” He -then related what had occurred.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>General Scott in his joy almost pulled Captain -Mayo off his horse, saying (to use his own expression) -“Commodore, I thank you and our brothers of the -navy in the name of the army for this day’s work.”<a id='r18'/><a href='#f18' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[18]</span></sup></a></p> - -<p class='pindent'>The General then went on and complimented in -most extravagant terms the rapid and heavy fire of -the naval battery upon the enemy; saying, when he -was informed that Captain Mayo had sent to Perry -<span class='pageno' title='236' id='Page_236'></span> -for an additional supply of ammunition, that the post -of honor and of danger had been assigned by him to -the navy. The General’s remarks then became -more personal. He said “I had my eye upon you, -Captain Mayo, as Midshipman,<a id='r19'/><a href='#f19' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[19]</span></sup></a> as a Lieutenant, as -a Captain, now let me thank you personally as -<span class='it'>Commodore</span> Mayo for this day’s work.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The loss of the second day in the navy was one -officer, Shubrick, and one sailor killed and three -wounded. Lieutenant Shubrick’s monument stands -in the Annapolis Naval Academy’s grounds.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On Captain Mayo’s notification to Perry of the results -of the cannonade by navy guns, preparations -for assault were continued. It had been agreed by -General Scott and Commodore Perry that the storming -party should consist of three columns, one of -sailors and marines, one of the regulars, and one of -volunteers. Perry had resolved to head his column -in person, and had already ordered ladders made. -The part assigned to the navy was to carry the sea -front. Perry had also planned the storming, by boat -parties, of the water battery of the castle so that its -guns might be spiked. For this a dark night was -necessary, and the waning of the moon had to be -awaited. Perry was unable to get into the position -which the French had occupied in 1839, because they -had treacherously moved there in time of peace; as -Courbet, in 1882, got into the Min river at Foo Chow, -<span class='pageno' title='237' id='Page_237'></span> -China. For the attack on the city, ladders were -already finished. Having no other material at hand, -the studding-sail booms of the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> had been -sawed up, and the navy was ready. The volunteers -were to enter through the breach made by the navy -guns.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The relief party from the ships under Captain, now -Rear-Admiral Breese, took their places in the naval -battery on the afternoon of the 25th, ready for -another day’s work if necessary. But this was not -to be. The Mexican governor ordered a parley to be -sounded from the city walls at evening. The -signal was not understood by our forces, and the -mortars kept belching their fire all night long. The -next morning, the 26th, a white flag was displayed; -and at 8 <span class='sc'>a. m.</span>, all the batteries ceased their fire, and -quietness reigned along our lines.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>A conference for capitulation was held at the lime -kilns at Point Hornos. The commissioners from the -army were General W. T. Worth, and Colonel Totten -of the engineers,—Scott’s comrades-in-arms at Fort -George in 1813—and General Pillow, who commanded -a brigade of volunteers, from Tennessee. By -this time, another frightful norther had burst upon -land and sea. Communication with the ships could -not be held, and so Perry could not be invited to sit -with the commissioners, for which General Scott -handsomely apologized. The navy, however, was -represented by the senior captain, J. H. Aulick; -while Commander Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, a -<span class='pageno' title='238' id='Page_238'></span> -fluent scholar in Spanish, officiated as interpreter. -These officers acted in the convention entirely independent -of the authority of the General, as naval -officers. The Mexican commandant’s propositions -were rejected, and unconditional surrender was dictated -and accepted.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In the great norther of the 26th of March, twenty-six -transports went ashore, and cargoes to the amount -of half a million of dollars were lost. On the night -of the frightful storm there was bright moonlight, -and the vessels driving shoreward to their doom or -dashing on the rocks were seen from the city.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Unexpectedly to General Scott, Landero, the successor -of Morales who was commandant both of the -city and castle, made unconditional surrender both -at once. Scott had expected to take the city first, -and then with the navy to reduce the castle, it being -unknown to him that Morales held command at both -places. It may safely be affirmed that the moral -effect caused by the tremendous execution of the -naval battery caused this unexpected surrender of the -castle. Nevertheless the credit of the fall of Vera -Cruz belongs equally to three men, Conner, Scott -and Perry.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>For his advance into the interior, General Scott -needed animals for transportation, and with Perry -the capture of Alvarado was planned. Horses were -abundant at this place, and good water was plentiful. -On two previous occasions, under Conner, attempts -to capture this town had proved miserable failures, so -<span class='pageno' title='239' id='Page_239'></span> -that Perry and his men were exceedingly anxious to -succeed in securing it themselves. It was hoped too, -that an imposing demonstration by sea and land -would, since Vera Cruz had fallen, intimidate and -conciliate the people and prevent them joining Santa -Anna. As usual, Perry distributed the honors impartially -among the crews of many vessels. Quitman’s -cavalry and infantry and a section of Steptoe’s artillery -went by land. A party of the sailors bridged -the rivers for the soldiers.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the day of the fall of Vera Cruz, Lieutenant -Charles G. Hunter of the <span class='it'>Scourge</span> had arrived. He -was ordered to blockade Alvarado, and report to Captain -Breese of the <span class='it'>Albany</span>. Hunter seeing signs of retreat, -without waiting for orders moved his vessel in. -He found the guns dismounted, and leaving two or -three men in the deserted place, went up the river to -Tlacahalpa, firing right and left at whatever seemed -an enemy. As not an ounce of Mexican powder was -burned in opposition the whole act seemed one of -theatrical bravado. He left no word to his superior -officers, only directing a midshipman to write to -General Quitman. The cavalry on arriving found -the town had surrendered.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry ordered the arrest of Hunter, preferred -charges against him, and after court martial he -was dismissed from the squadron. The people at -home feasted and toasted him, and “Alvarado -Hunter” was the hero of the hour, while Perry was -made the target of the newspapers. Hunter’s subsequent -<span class='pageno' title='240' id='Page_240'></span> -career is the best commentary upon the act of -Commodore Perry, and a full justification of it.<a id='r20'/><a href='#f20' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[20]</span></sup></a> -Between gallantry, and bravado coupled with a selfish -breach of discipline, Perry made a clear distinction -and acted upon his convictions.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Of the sixty guns found at Alvarado thirty-five -were shipped as trophies and twenty-five were -destroyed.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Midshipman Robert C. Rodgers had been captured -by the Mexicans near the wall of Vera Cruz and was -imprisoned in the castle of Perote as a spy. Though -Scott wanted to be the sole channel of communication -with the Mexican government, Perry claimed -equal power in all that relates to the navy. He sent -Lieutenant Raphael Semmes (afterwards of Confederate -and <span class='it'>Alabama</span> fame) with the army for the purpose. -Scott refused to allow him to communicate, -but permitted him to remain one of the general’s aids. -Semmes was thus enabled to see the battles of the -campaign, the story of which he has told in his interesting -book.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>One of Perry’s favorite young officers at this time -was Lieutenant James S. Thornton afterwards the -efficient executive officer on the <span class='it'>Kearsarge</span> in her -conflict with the <span class='it'>Alabama</span>.</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_18'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f18'><a href='#r18'>[18]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Letter of Captain Mayo to Commodore M. C. Perry, November -4th, 1848.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_19'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f19'><a href='#r19'>[19]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Isaac Mayo was on the <span class='it'>Hornet</span>, in her capture of the <span class='it'>Penguin</span> -in the war of 1812.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_20'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f20'><a href='#r20'>[20]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Captain W. H. Parker’s “Recollections of a Naval Officer,” -p. 105.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='241' id='Page_241'></span><h1>CHAPTER XXIV.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>THE NAVAL BRIGADE. CAPTURE OF TABASCO.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>Commodore Matthew C. Perry</span> was one of the -first American naval officers to overcome the prejudice -of seamen against infantry drill, and to form a corps -of sailor-soldiers. Under his predecessor, the navy -had lost more than one opportunity of gaining distinction -because [they were] unable to compete with infantry, or to -face cavalry in the open field. Perry formed the first -United States naval brigade, though Stockton in California -employed a few of his sailors as marines in -garrison. The men of Perry’s brigade numbering -twenty-five hundred, with ten pieces of artillery, were -thoroughly drilled first in the manual of arms and then -in company and battalion formations under his own -eye. His first employment of part of this body was -at Tuspan. Twenty-two days after the fall of Vera -Cruz, and on the day of the battle of Cerro Gordo, the -bar at the river’s mouth was crossed by the light ships, -the fort stormed, and Tuspan “taken at a gallop!” -Obliged to give up his marines to General Franklin -Pierce, Perry drilled his sailors all the more, so that -little leisure was allowed them.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The capture of Tabasco involved the problem of -fighting against infantry, posted behind breastworks, -<span class='pageno' title='242' id='Page_242'></span> -with sailors. This was somewhat novel work for our -navy. Hitherto all our naval traditions were of squadron -fights in line, ship-to-ship duels, or boat expeditions. -In the present case the flotilla was to ascend -a narrow and torturous river to the distance of nearly -seventy miles through an enemy’s country densely -covered with vegetation that afforded a continuous -cover for riflemen, and then to attack heavy shore -batteries.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>From various points on the coast, the ships and -steamers assembled like magic, and on Monday morning, -June 14, 1847, the squadron came to anchor off -the mouth of the Tabasco river. The detachments -from eleven vessels, numbering 1084 seamen and -marines in forty boats, were under the Commodore’s -immediate direction and command. He had prepared -the plan of attack with great care. Every contingency -was foreseen and provided against, and the minutest -details were subject to his thoughtful elaboration.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At that point of the river called the Devil’s Bend, -danger was apprehended. Here the dense chapparal -feathered down to the river’s edge affording a splendid -opportunity for ambush. The alert Commodore -was standing on the upper waist deck of the <span class='it'>Scorpion</span> -under the awnings entirely exposed, on the look-out -for the enemy. Suddenly, as the flag-ship reached -the elbow, from the left side of the river the guns of -at least a hundred men blazed forth in a volley, followed -by a dropping fire. In an instant the awnings -were riddled and all the upper works of wood and iron -<span class='pageno' title='243' id='Page_243'></span> -scratched, dented, and splintered, by the spatter of -lead and copper. Strange to say, not a single man -on the <span class='it'>Scorpion</span> was touched by the volley though a -sailor on the <span class='it'>Vesuvius</span> was hit later.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>As the smoke curled up from the chapparal, Perry -pointed with his glass to the guns still flashing, and -gave, or rather roared out, the order “Fire.” The -guns of the <span class='it'>Scorpion</span>, <span class='it'>Washington</span> and the surf-boats, -with a rattling fusillade of small arms, soon mowed -great swaths in the jungle. From the masthead of -the <span class='it'>Stromboli</span>, a number of cavalry were seen beyond -the jungle. A ten-inch shell, from the eight-ton gun -of the <span class='it'>Vesuvius</span>, exploding among them, seemed to -the enemy to be an attack in the rear, cutting off their -retreat, and they scattered wildly. Very few of the -Mexicans took time to reload or fire a second shot.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>It was now past six o’clock and it was determined -to anchor for the night. The whole squadron assembled -in the Devil’s Turn, and anchored in sight of the -Seven Palm Trees below which the obstructions had -been sunk. Due precautions were taken against a -night attack, as the dense chapparal was only twenty -yards distant. A barricade of hammocks was therefore -thrown up on the bulwarks for protection, and -the sailors, as soldiers are, in rhetoric, said to do, -“slept on their arms.” But one volley was received -from the shore during the night, the air only receiving -injury.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The enemy had placed obstructions at the bar to -prevent the further ascent of our forces. The Commodore, -<span class='pageno' title='244' id='Page_244'></span> -early in the morning, dispatched two boats -with survey officers to reconnoitre and sound a channel. -These drew the fire of a breastwork, La Comena, -on the shore, which severely wounded Lieutenant William -May.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The boats having been unable to find a channel, -Perry gave orders to land. With grape, bombs, and -musketry, the fleet cleared the ground, and then Perry -gave the order, “Prepare to land,” and led the way in -his barge with his broad pennant flying. All eyes -watched his movements as he pulled up the river. -When opposite the Palms, he steered for the shore, -and with his loud, clear voice heard fore and aft, called -out, “Three cheers, and land!” The cheers were -given with enthusiasm, and then every oar bent. His -boat was the first to strike the beach, and the Commodore -was the first man to land. With Captain -Mayo and his aids, he dashed up the nearly perpendicular -bank, and unfurled his broad pennant in the -sight of the whole line of boats. Instantly three -deafening cheers again rang out from the throats of a -thousand men who panted to be near it and share its -fortunes. It was a sight so unusual, for a naval Commander-in-chief, -to take the field under such circumstances -at the head of his command, that the enthusiasm -of our tars was unbounded and irrepressible. -They bent to their oars with a will and pulled for the -shore.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The artillery and infantry were quickly landed on -the narrow flats at the base of the high banks. -<span class='pageno' title='245' id='Page_245'></span> -Reaching these, the infantry were formed in line -within ten minutes. Then came the tug-work of -drawing seven field pieces up a bank four rods high, -and slanting only twenty-five feet from a perpendicular. -With plenty of rope and muscle the work was -accomplished. Three more pieces were landed later -from the bomb ketches and added as a reserve. -Most of the landing was done in five, and all within -ten minutes. In half an hour after the Commodore -first set foot on land, the column was in motion as -follows:—</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The pioneers far in advance under Lieutenant -Maynard, the marines under Captain Edson, the -artillery under Captain Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, -and the detachments of seamen under the various -captains to whose ships they severally belonged. -Captain Mayo acted as adjutant general, the Commodore -giving his personal attention to every movement -of the whole. In this, as in all things, Perry was a -master of details.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The march upon Tabasco now began, the burly -Commodore being at the front. Through a skirt of -jungle, then for a mile through a clear plain, and -again in the woods, they soon came in sight of Acachapan -where an advancing company of a hundred -musket-men opened fire on our column. At this -chosen place, the Mexican general had intended to -give battle, having here the main body of his army -with two field pieces and a body of cavalry. At the -first fire of the Mexican musketry, our field pieces -<span class='pageno' title='246' id='Page_246'></span> -were got into position, and a few round shots, well -served, put the lessening numbers of the enemy to -flight. The terrible execution so quickly done -showed the Mexicans that the Americans had landed -not as a mob of sailors but a body of drilled infantry -with artillery. A change came over the spirit of the -orator, Bruno, and he fell back in his intrenchments. -The road wound near the water and the march was -re-commenced.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Meanwhile the ships left in the river were not -idle. The flotilla, led by the <span class='it'>Spitfire</span> under Lieutenant, -now Admiral Porter, had passed the obstructions, -and according to Perry’s orders, were gallantly ascending -near the fort and town. The three hearty -cheers which were exchanged between ships and -shore when the two parties caught sight of each -other, greatly intimidated the <span class='it'>veteranos</span> in the fort. -Behind the deserted breastworks of Acachapan, -our men found the usual signs of sudden and speedy -exit. Clothes, bedding and cooking utensils were -visible. The bill of fare for the breakfast all ready, -but untasted, consisted of boiled beef, tortillas, -squash and corn in several styles.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Without delaying here, the advance column passed -on and rested under several enormous scyba trees -near a lagoon of water. Officers and men had earned -rest, for the work of hauling field pieces in tropical -weather along narrow, swampy and tortuous roads, -and over rude corduroy bridges hastily constructed -by the pioneers, was toilsome in the extreme. In -<span class='pageno' title='247' id='Page_247'></span> -some cases the wheels of a gun carriage would sink -to their hubs requiring a whole company to drag -them out. Some of the best officers and most athletic -seamen fainted from heat and excessive fatigue, but -reviving with rest and refreshment, resumed their -labors with zeal that inspired the whole line. This -march overland of a naval force with artillery along -an almost roadless country seemed to demoralize -both the veterans and militia in fort and trenches.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The <span class='it'>Spitfire</span> and <span class='it'>Scorpion</span> passed up the river unmolested -until within range of Fort Iturbide, a shot -from which cut the paddle-wheel of the <span class='it'>Spitfire</span>. -Without being disabled, the steamer moved on and -got in the rear of the fortification, pouring in so -rapid and accurate a fire, that the garrison soon lost -all spirit and showed signs of flinching. Seeing this, -Lieutenant, now Admiral, Porter landed with sixty-eight -men and under an irregular fire charged and -captured it, the Mexicans flying in all directions. -The town was then taken possession of by a force -detailed from the two steamers, under Captain S. S. -Lee, Lieutenant Porter remaining in command of the -<span class='it'>Spitfire</span>.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>When the Commodore at 2 o’clock <span class='sc'>p. m.</span> arrived at -the ditch and breastworks, a quarter of a mile from -the fort, and in sight of the town, he found the deserted -place well furnished with cooked dinners and -cast off but good clothing. The advance now waited -until the straggling line closed up, so that the -whole force might enter the city in company. Soon -<span class='pageno' title='248' id='Page_248'></span> -after reaching the fort which mounted two six, three -twenty-eight, and one twenty-four pounder guns with -numerous pyramids of shot and stands of grape, they -found the men from the ships in possession, and the -stars and stripes floated above, and each detachment -of the column, as it entered, cheered with enthusiasm.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Commodore and his aids were escorted by the -marines and the force marched, company front, to the -plaza. They moved almost at a run up the steep -street, the band playing Yankee Doodle. Bruno’s -prophecy was fulfilled, but without Bruno. A few of -the citizens and foreign merchants and consuls whose -flags were flying welcomed the Commodore. The -rain was now falling heavily and, as the public buildings -were closed, and no one seemed to have the -keys, the doors were forced. Quarters were duly -assigned to the Commodore, staff and marines. The -artillery was parked in the arcades of the plaza, so as -to command all the approaches to the city, and the -men rested. Even the Commodore had walked the -entire distance, only one animal, an old mule, having -been captured on the way and reserved for the -hospital party.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Six days were spent at Tabasco. From the first -hour of arriving, the Commodore made ample provision -for good order, health, economy, revenue, and the -honor of the American name. The scenes on the open -square during the American occupation, the tattoo, -reveille, evening and morning gun, the hourly cry of -“all’s well,” the shrill whistle of the boatswain, and -<span class='pageno' title='249' id='Page_249'></span> -the occasional summons of all hands to quarters, -showed that, with perfect discipline, the naval batallion -of the Home Squadron was perfectly at home in -Tabasco, and that the sailors could act like good -soldiers on land as well as keep discipline aboard ship.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The large guns and war relics were put on board -the flotilla, but the other military stores were destroyed. -Captain A. Bigelow was left in command of -the city with four hundred and twenty men. Perry’s -orders against pillage were very stringent. He -meant to show that the war was not against peaceful -non-belligerents, but against the Mexican official -class. Perry highly commended Captain Edson and -his body of marines for their share of the work at -Tabasco. His approbation of these men, who for -nine months had served under his immediate eye, was -warm and sincere. They afterwards did good service -before the gates and in the city of Mexico. Perry -wrote of the marines, “I repeat what I have often -said, that this distinguished and veteran corps is one of -the most effective and valuable arms of the service.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The capture of Tabasco, whose commercial importance -was second to that of Vera Cruz, was the last -of the notable naval operations of the war. So far as -the navy was concerned, the campaign was over, unless -the sailors should turn soldiers altogether, for -every one of the Gulf ports was in American hands. -Since the fall of Vera Cruz, the navy had captured -six cities with their fortresses and ninety-three cannon. -This work was all done on shore, off the proper -<span class='pageno' title='250' id='Page_250'></span> -element of a naval force. In addition to these operations, -the Commodore demanded and received from -Yucatan her neutrality, carried into effect at the ports -the regulation of the United States Treasury Department -for raising revenue from the Mexicans, and found -leisure to erect a spacious and comfortable hospital on -the island of Salmadina equipped with all the comforts -obtainable. This preparation for the disease certain -to come among unacclimated men was most -opportune.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>About this time Perry sent home to the United -States in the <span class='it'>Raritan</span>, in care of Captain Forest, the -guns captured at various places. Three of the six at -Tabasco were assigned to the Annapolis Naval Academy -to be used for drill purposes. This was also in -compliment to the first graduates of the institution, -several of whom were serving in the Mexican campaign, -as well as its first principal Captain Franklin -Buchanan.</p> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='251' id='Page_251'></span><h1>CHAPTER XXV.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>FIGHTING THE YELLOW FEVER. PEACE.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>After</span> his exploits at Tuspan, Tabasco and Yucatan, -Perry, having captured every port and landing -place along the whole eastern coast of Mexico, and -established a strict blockade, thereby maintaining intact -the base of supplies for the army in the interior, -turned his attention to new foes. Bands of guerrillas, -the fragments of the armies which Scott had destroyed, -were not the only things to be feared. Mosquitoes -and winged vermin of many species, malarial, -yellow and other fevers—two great hosts—were to -be fought night and day without cessation.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>It is said that in northern Corea, “the men hunt -the tigers during six months in the year, and the -tigers hunt the men during the other six months.” -In Mexico, along the coast, the northers rage during -one half of the year, while the yellow fever reigns -through the other half, maintaining the balance of -power and an equilibrium of misery.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Fire broke out on the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, owing to spontaneous -combustion of impure coal put on board at -Norfolk, in a wet condition. It was extinguished only -by pumping water into the coal-bunkers. Through this -necessity, the flag-ship, which had thus far defied the -<span class='pageno' title='252' id='Page_252'></span> -powers of air, sun and moisture, became a foothold -of pestilence. Yellow fever broke out, and, towards -the end of July, the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> had to be sent to -Pensacola.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry shifted his flag to the <span class='it'>Germantown</span>, (a fine -old frigate fated to be burned at Norfolk in 1861), -Capt. Buchanan, and sailed July 16, to inquire after -the health of the men on blockade and garrison duty -in the ports, while the two hundred or more patients -of the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> quickly convalesced in Florida.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Northers and vomito, though depended on by the -Mexicans to fight in their courses against the Yankees, -did not work together in the same time. The -northers thus far had kept back the yellow fever, but -now while Scott’s army moved in the salubrious highlands -of the interior, the unacclimated sailors remaining -on the pestilential coast were called to fight disease, -insects, and banditti, at once. They must hold ports -with pitifully small garrisons, enforcing financial regulations, -and grappling with villainous consuls who -desecrated their national flags by smuggling from -Havana, and by harboring the goods of the enemy. -Many so-called “consuls” in Mexican ports were -never so accredited, and could not appreciate the -liberal policy of the United States towards neutrals.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>While the plague was impending, there was a woeful -lack of medical officers; one surgeon on seven -ships at anchor, and two assistant surgeons in the -hospital, composing the medical staff. The patients -at Salmadina did well, but the fever broke out among -<span class='pageno' title='253' id='Page_253'></span> -the merchant vessels at Vera Cruz and the foreign -men-of-war at Sacrificios.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>By the middle of August, the sickly season was -well advanced, and with so many of the large ships -sent home for the health of the men, Perry’s force -was small enough, while yet the guerrillas were as -lively and seemingly as numerous and ubiquitous as -mosquitoes. Fortunately for the American cause, -some of the most noted of the guerrilla chiefs fell out -among themselves and came to blows.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry wrote to Washington earnestly requesting -that marines be sent out to act as flankers to parties -of seamen landed to cut off guerrilla parties. In the -night attacks which were frequent, the men and -officers had to stand to their guns for long hours in -drenching dews and heavy miasma.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The conditions of life on the low malarious Mexican -coast are at any time trying to the thick-skinned -whites, and unacclimated men from the north; but, -in war time, the dangers were vastly increased. The -marines left at the ports when on duty had to endure -the piercing rays of the sun at mid-day and the heavy -dews at midnight, and to beat off the guerrillas who -skirmished in darkness. Added to this, were the -investigations or excavations which mosquitoes, sandflies, -centipedes, scorpions and tarantulas, were continually -making into the human flesh with every sort -of digging, fighting, chewing, sucking, and stinging -instruments with which the inscrutable wisdom of -the Almighty has endowed them. Added to these -<span class='pageno' title='254' id='Page_254'></span> -foes without, was that peculiar form of <span class='it'>delirium -tremens</span> prevailing along the rivers and brought on by -tropical heat with which some of the Americans were -afflicted. The victims, prompted by an irresistible -desire to throw themselves into the water, were often -drowned. Hitherto only known in Dryden’s poetry -American officers now bore witness to its violence.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the ships, the miasma arising from decaying -kelp washed upon the barren reefs and decomposed -by the sun’s rays created the atmospheric conditions -well suited for the spread of vomito. A sour nauseating -effluvia blew over the ships all night, and easily -operated upon the spleen or liver of those who, from -exposure, fatigue or intemperate habits, were most -predisposed.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Commodore convened a board of medical officers -on board the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> prior to her departure -to inquire into the causes of the disorder. In their -opinion, it was atmospheric,—a theory justified by -the fact that patients convalesced as soon as the -ships moved out to sea. The theory of inoculation -by flies, mosquitoes and other insects was not then -demonstrated as now, though for other reasons netting -was a boon and protection to the hospital -patients.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>One of the first cases, if not the very first case, of -yellow fever attacking a ship’s crew in the American -navy was that on board the <span class='it'>General Greene</span>, commanded -by M. C. Perry’s father in 1799. Coming -north from the West Indies to get rid of the disease, -<span class='pageno' title='255' id='Page_255'></span> -it broke out again at Newport. So virulent was the -contagion, that even bathers in the water near the -ship, were attacked by it. The memories of his -childhood, which had long lain in his memory as a -dream, became painfully vivid to the Commodore as -he visited the yellow fever hospital, and saw so many -gallant officers and brave men succumb to the -scourge. “King Death sat in his yellow robe.” -Soon even the robust form of the Commodore succumbed -to the severe labors exposure and responsibilities -laid upon him, though fortunately he escaped -the yellow fever. Four officers died in one week; but -Perry, after a season of sickness, recovered, and, on -the approach of autumn was up again and active.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The expression of thanks to the navy for its services -was only to an extent that may be called -niggardly. Perry had sometimes to apply the art of -exegesis to find the desired passage containing praise. -After the brilliant Tuspan affair, he discovered a -fragment of a paragraph, in a dispatch alluding to -other matters, which was evidently intended to mean -thanks. Instead of reading it on the quarter-deck, -he mentioned it informally to his officers, lest the -men should be discouraged by such faint praise. In -response to the compliments of the city authorities -of New York and Washington, Perry made due -acknowledgment.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The truth seems to be that Matthew Perry was -not personally in favor with the authorities at Washington. -He had won his position and honors by -<span class='pageno' title='256' id='Page_256'></span> -sheer merit, and had compelled praise which else had -been withheld. In this matter, he was not alone, for -even Scott gained his brilliant victories without the -personal sympathies or good wishes of the Administration.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>It was as much as the Commodore of the great -fleet could do to get sufficient clerical aid to assist -him in his vast correspondence and other pen-work, -so great was the fear at Washington, that the public -funds would be squandered.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry persistently demanded more light draft -steamers drawing not over seven and a half feet and -armed with but one heavy gun, for river work. -Mexico is a country without one navigable river, and -only the most buoyant vessels could cross the bars. -He pled his needs so earnestly that the Secretary -of the Navy, John T. Mason, took him to task. It is -probable that the very brilliancy of the victories of -both our army and navy in Mexico, blinded, not only -the general public, but the administration to the -arduous nature of the service, and to the greatness of -the difficulties overcome. The campaign of the army -was spoken of as a “picnic,” and that of the navy as -a “yachting excursion.” Certain it is that the -administration seemed more anxious to make political -capital out of the war, than either to appreciate -the labors of its servants or the injustice done to the -Mexicans.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In all his dispatches, Perry was unstinting in his -praise of the army, to whose success he so greatly -<span class='pageno' title='257' id='Page_257'></span> -contributed. From intercepted letters, he learned -that the presence of his active naval force had kept -large numbers of the Mexican regulars near the coast, -and away from the path of Scott’s army. He had -seriously felt the loss of his marines, a whole regiment -of whom, under Colonel Watson, had been -taken away from him to go into the interior. Nevertheless, -he remitted no activity, but, by constantly -threatening various points, the coast was kept in -alarm so that Mexican garrisons had to remain at -every landing place along the water line. He thus -contributed powerfully to the final triumph of our -arms. On the 30th of September, he heard with -gratification of the entry, thirteen days before, of -Scott’s army into the city of Mexico. During -November and December, the Commodore made -several cruises up and down the coast, firmly maintaining -the blockade, until the treaty of peace was -signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2, 1848. In -Yucatan, Perry did much to hasten the end of the -war of race and caste, which was then raging between -the whites and the Indian <span class='it'>peones</span> and rancheros.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Santa Anna who had concealed himself in Pueblo, -hoping to escape by way of Vera Cruz, opened negotiations -with Perry, who replied, that he would receive -him with the courtesy due to his rank, provided -he would surrender himself unconditionally as a -prisoner of war. It turned out in the end, that, without -let or hindrance by either Mexicans or Americans, -Santa Anna the unscrupulous and avaricious, left his -<span class='pageno' title='258' id='Page_258'></span> -native land, April 5, 1848, on a Spanish brig bound -to Jamaica. Gallantly but vainly he had tried to -resist “the North American invasion.” After seventy-eight -years of amazing vicissitudes, the last years -of his life being spent on Staten Island, N. Y., chiefly -in cock-fighting and card-playing, he died June 20, -1876, at Vera Cruz. He was the incarnation of fickle -and ignorant Mexico.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The re-embarkation of the troops homeward began -in May. The city, the fortress, and the custom-house -of Vera Cruz, were restored to the Mexican government, -June 11, 1848. Four days later, the Commodore -leaving the <span class='it'>Germantown</span>, <span class='it'>Saratoga</span> and a few -smaller vessels in the gulf, sent the other men-of-war -northward to be repaired or sold. The frigate <span class='it'>Cumberland</span>, -bearing the broad pennant, entered New -York bay July 23, 1848.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In the war between two republics, the American -soldier was an educated freeman, far superior in physique -and mental power to his foeman. The Mexicans -were docile and brave, easily taking death while -in the ranks, but unable to stand against the rush -and sustained valor of the American troops; while -their leaders were out-generaled by the superior -science of officers who had been graduated from West -Point. In the civil war, thirteen years later, nearly -all the leaders, and all the great soldiers on both sides, -whose reputations withstood the strain of four years’ -campaigning, were regularly educated army officers -who had graduated from the school of service in -<span class='pageno' title='259' id='Page_259'></span> -Mexico. It was the preliminary training in this -foreign war, that made our armies of ’61, more than -mobs, and gave to so many of the campaigns the -order of science. The Mexican war was probably the -first in which the newspapers made and unmade the -reputation of commanders, and the war correspondent -first emerged as a distinct figure in modern -history. Some of the famous sayings, the texture of -which may be either historically plain, or rhetorically -embroidered, are still current in American -speech. Nor will such phrases, as “Rough and -Ready,” “Fuss and Feathers,” “A little more grape, -Captain Bragg,” “Wait, Charlie, till I draw their -fire,” “Certainly General, but I must fight them,” -“Where the guns go, the men go with them,” soon -be forgotten.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>As to the rights of the quarrel with Mexico, most -of the officers of the army and navy were indifferent; -as perhaps soldiers have a right to be, seeing the -responsibility rests with their superiors, the civil -rulers. Matthew Perry, as a soldier, felt that the -war was waged unjustly by a stronger upon a weaker -nation, and endeavored, while doing his duty in obedience -to orders, to curtail the horrors of invasion. -He was ever vigilant to suppress robbery, rapine, -cold-blooded cruelty, and all that lay outside of honorable -war. In the letters written to his biographer, -by fellow-officers, are many instances of “Old Matt’s” -shrewdness in preventing and severity in punishing -wanton pillage, and the infliction of needless pain -on man or beast. -<span class='pageno' title='260' id='Page_260'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Whatever may have been the sentiments of the -past, despite also the provocation of the Mexico of -Santa Anna’s time, the verdict of history as given -by Herbert Bancroft, will now find echo all over our -common country. “The United States was in the -wrong, all the world knows it; all honest American -citizens acknowledge it.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>President Polk and his party, in compelling the -war with Mexico, meant one thing. The Almighty -intended something different. Politicians and slave-holders -brought on a war to extend the area of human -servitude. Providence meant it to be a war for freedom, -and the expansion of a people best fitted to -replenish and subdue the new land. At the right -moment, the time-locks on the hidden treasuries of -gold drew back their bolts, and a free people entered -to change a wilderness to empire. There is now no -slavery in either the new or the old parts of the -United States.</p> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='261' id='Page_261'></span><h1>CHAPTER XXVI.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>RESULTS OF THE WAR. GOLD AND THE PACIFIC COAST.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>From</span> his home at the “Moorings” by the Hudson, -Perry gave his attention to the curiosities and -trophies brought home from Mexico. Ever jealous -for the honor of the navy, he noted with pain a -letter written by General Scott to Captain H. Brewerton, -superintendent of the Military Academy at -West Point, which was published in the newspapers -October 16th, 1848. General Scott had presented -sections of several Mexican flag-staffs captured in the -campaign that commenced at Vera Cruz and terminated -in the capital of Mexico. Three of them were -thus inscribed:—</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'>1. “Part of the flag-staff of the castle of San Juan -d’Ulloa taken by the American army March 29th, -1847.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>2. “Part of the flag-staff of Fort San Iago, Vera -Cruz, taken by the American army March 29th, 1847.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>3. “Part of the flag-staff of Fort Conception, Vera -Cruz, taken by the American army March 29th, 1847.”</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='pageno' title='262' id='Page_262'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>The four other staves from Cerro Gordo, Perote, -Chapultepec, and the National Palace of Mexico, -were in truth “taken by the American army” without -the aid of the navy.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry believing that the statements in the paragraphs -numbered 1, 2, and 3, were not strictly true, -protested in a letter dated Oct. 19th, 1848, to the -editors of the <span class='it'>Courier and Inquirer</span>. He maintained -that the city and castle of Vera Cruz “surrendered -not to the army alone, but to the combined land and -naval forces of the United States.” Appealing to the -facts of history concerning the bombardment of the -city by the squadron, the service of the marines in -the trenches, and of the ship’s guns and men in the -naval battery, he continued:—</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“Negotiations for the capitulation of the city and -castle were conducted on the part of the squadron by -Captain John H. Aulick, assisted by the late Commander -Mackenzie as interpreter, both delegated by -me, and as commander-in-chief at the time, of the -United States naval forces serving in the Gulf of -Mexico acting in co-operation with, but entirely -independent of the authority of General Scott, I -approved of and signed jointly with him the treaty of -capitulation.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“It seems to be a paramount duty on my part -to correct an error which, if left unnoticed, would be -the source of great and lasting injury to the navy; -and it may reasonably be expected that General -Scott will cause the inscriptions referred to to be so -<span class='pageno' title='263' id='Page_263'></span> -altered as to make them correspond more closely -with history.” In proof of his assertions, Perry -quoted an extract from General Scott’s Orders -referring to the services of the navy in blockade, in -disembarkation, in the attack on the city, and in the -battery No. 5.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Like a true soldier, Scott made speedy correction -on the brasses, and on the 24th of October wrote to -Captain Brewerton, “Please cause the plates of those -three objects to be unscrewed, efface the inscriptions -and renew the same with the words <span class='it'>and Navy</span> inserted -immediately after the word ‘Army.’ ” He -added, “No part of the army is inclined to do the -sister branch of our public defence the slightest -injustice, and that I ought to be free from the imputation, -my despatches written at Vera Cruz abundantly -show.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>As commentary on the last line above, it may be -stated that in his autobiography, in writing of Vera -Cruz, Scott never mentions Commodore Perry, the -navy, or the naval battery. Biographies of Scott, and -makers of popular histories, basing their paragraphs -on “Campaign Lives” of the presidential candidates, -give fulsome praise to Scott, and due credit to the -army; none, or next to none, to Perry and the navy.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The enlarged experience gained by our naval men -during the war was now put to good use, and two -great reforms, the abolition of flogging and the grog -ration, were earnestly discussed. The captains were -called upon for their written opinions. These, bound -<span class='pageno' title='264' id='Page_264'></span> -up in a volume now in the navy archives at Washington, -furnish most interesting reading. They are -part of the history of the progress of opinion as well -as of morals in the United States. The proposition -to do away with the “cat” and the “tot” found -earnest and uncompromising opponents in officers of -the old school; while, on the other hand, the credit -of reforms now well established has been claimed by -the friends of more than one eminent officer. Let -us look at Matthew Perry’s record.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>As early as 1824, Perry had studied the temperance -question from a naval point of view. He was, it is -believed, the first officer in our navy to propose the -partial abolition of liquor, which was at that time -served to boys as well as to men. This reform, he -suggested in a letter to the Department, dated -January 25th, 1824. His endeavor to stop the grog -ration from minors was a stroke in behalf of sound -moral principles and a plea for order. With a high -opinion of the marines, and their well-handled bayonets—before -which, the most stubborn sailor’s -mutiny breaks,—Perry yet wished to take away one -of the fomenting causes of evil on shipboard. When -a midshipman, Perry was heartily opposed to strong -drink for boys, and especially to the indiscriminate -grog system licensed by government on ships of war. -In his diary kept on board the <span class='it'>President</span>, the lad -notes, with sarcastic comment, the frequent calls for -whiskey from certain vessels of the squadron, especially -the <span class='it'>Argus</span>, the crew of which had a reputation -for a thirst of a kind not satisfied with water. -<span class='pageno' title='265' id='Page_265'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry’s letter dated New York, February 4th, 1850, -fills eleven pages, and shows his usual habit of -looking at a subject on all sides. To have answered -the question as to grog, without consulting the -sailors themselves, would have smacked too much -of the doctrinaire for him. He was personally -heartily in favor of abolishing grog, but with that -love for the comfort of his men which so endeared -“Old Matt” to the common sailor, he proposed for -the first-rate seamen, the optional use of light wines. -His attitude was that of temperance, rather than -prohibition.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Flogging had been introduced into the American -navy in 1799, when “the cat-of-nine tails” was made the -legal instrument of punishment, “no other cat being -allowed.” Not more than twelve lashes were allowed -on the bare back. Even a court martial could not -order over a hundred lashes. As to its total abolition, -Perry felt that his own opinion should be formed by -a consensus of the most respectable sailors. Personally -he was in favor of immediately modifying, but -not at once abolishing the penalty. This was to him -“the most painful of all the duties of an officer.” -He would rather make it more formal, leaving the -question of its administration not in the hands of -the captain, but of an inferior court on ship of three -officers, the finding of the court to be subject to the -captain’s revision. Perry believed, as the result of -long experience, that the old sailors and the good -ones were opposed to total abolition of flogging, -<span class='pageno' title='266' id='Page_266'></span> -since the punishment operated as a protection to -them against desperate characters. To satisfy himself -of public opinion, he went on board the <span class='it'>North -Carolina</span> and asked Captain J. R. Sands to call to -him eight of the oldest active sailors. The men -came in promptly to the cabin, not knowing who -called them or why. All were native Americans, -and all were opposed to the abolition of flogging. -Nevertheless, Perry was glad when this relic of -barbarism was abolished from the decks of the -American ships of war. On him fell the brunt of the -decision. He first enforced discipline, chiefly by -moral suasion, on a fleet in which was no flogging. -The grog ration was not abolished until 1862.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Until the great civil war, only two fleets—that is, -collections of war vessels numbering at least twelve—had -assembled under the American flag. These -were in the waters of Mexico and Japan. Both were -commanded by Matthew C. Perry.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Nearly forty years have now passed since the -Mexican war, and a survey of the facts and subsequent -history is of genuine interest. The United States -employed, in the invasion of a sister republic, about -one hundred thousand armed men. Of these, 26,690 -were regular troops, 56,926 volunteers, while over -15,000 were in the navy, or in the department -of commissariat and transportation. Probably as -many as eighty thousand soldiers were actually in -Mexico. Of this host, 120 officers and 1,400 men -fell in battle or died of wounds, and 100 officers and -<span class='pageno' title='267' id='Page_267'></span> -10,800 men perished by disease. These figures by -General Viele are from the army rolls. Another -writer gives the total, in round numbers, of American -war-employées lost in battle at 5,000, and by sickness -15,000. About 1,000 men of the army of occupation -died each month of garrison-fever in the city of -Mexico, and many more were ruined in health and -character. In all, the loss of manhood by glory and -malaria was fully 25,000 men. The war cost the -United States, directly, a sum estimated between -$130,000,000 and $166,500,000. Including the pensions, -recently voted, this amount will be greatly -increased.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Turning from the debit to the credit account, the -United States gained in Texas, and the ceded territory, -nearly one million square miles of land, -increasing her area one-third, and adding five thousand -miles of sea-coast, with three great harbors. -Except for one of those world-influencing episodes, -which are usually called “accidents,” but which -make epochs and history, this large territory would -long have waited for inhabitants. The vast desert -was made to bud with promise, and blossom as the -rose, by the discovery of some shining grains of -metal, yellow and heavy, in a mill race. California -with her golden hands rose up, a new figure in -history, to beckon westward the returned veteran, -the youth of the overcrowded East, the young blood -and sinew of Europe. The era of the “prairie -schooner” to traverse the plains, the steamer to ply -<span class='pageno' title='268' id='Page_268'></span> -to the Isthmus, the fast-sailing American clipper -ships to double the Cape, was ushered in. Zadoc -Pratt’s dream of a trans-continental railway, laid on -the Indian trails, soon found a solid basis in easy -possibility. In the eight months ending March 1850, -nine millions of gold from California entered the -United States. The volume of wealth from California -and Texas in thirty-two years, has equalled the debt -incurred during the great civil war to preserve the -American union; enabling the government to say to -Louis Napoleon, “Get out of Mexico, and take imperialism -from the American continent.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Yet even California, and the boundless possibilities -of the Pacific slope could not suffice for the -restless energy of the American. The merchant -seeking new outlets of trade, the whaler -careering in all seas for spoil, the missionary moved -with desire to enter new fields of humanity, the -explorer burning to unlock hidden treasures of -mystery, looked westward over earth’s broadest ocean. -China had opened a few wicket gates. Two hermit -kingdoms still kept their doors barred. Corea was -no lure. It had no place in literature, no fame to the -traveller, no repute of wealth to incite. Its name -suggested no more than a sea-shell. There was -another nation. Of her, travellers, merchants, and -martyrs had told; about her, libraries had been written; -religion, learning, wealth, curious and mighty institutions, -a literature and a civilization, gold and coal -and trade were there. Kingly suitors and the men of -<span class='pageno' title='269' id='Page_269'></span> -many nations had pleaded for entrance and waited -vainly at her jealously barred and guarded doors. -The only answer during monotonous centuries had -been haughty denial or contemptuous silence. Japan -was the sleeping princess in the eastern seas. -Thornrose castle still tempted all daring spirits. -Who should be the one to sail westward, with valor -and with force, held but unused, wake with peaceful -kiss the maiden to life and a beauty to be admired -of all the world?</p> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='270' id='Page_270'></span><h1>CHAPTER XXVII.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>AMERICAN ATTEMPTS TO OPEN TRADE WITH JAPAN.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>We</span> propose here to summarize the various attempts -by Americans to re-open Japan to intercourse -with other nations. For two centuries, after Iyéyasŭ -and his successors passed their decree of seclusion, -Japan remained the new Paradise Lost to Europeans. -Perry made it Paradise Regained.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In <span class='it'>The Japan Expedition</span>, the editor of Perry’s -work has given, on page 62, in a tabulated list, the -various attempts made by civilized nations to open -commerce with Japan from 1543 down to 1852. In -this, the Portuguese, Dutch, English, Russians, -American, and French have taken part. This table, -however, is incomplete, as we shall show.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The American flag was probably first carried -around the world in 1784, by Major Robert Shaw, -formerly an officer in the revolutionary army of the -United States First Artillery. It was, therefore, -seen in the eastern seas as early as 1784, and at -Nagasaki as early as 1797. In 1803, Mr. Waardenaar, -the Dutch superintendent at Déshima, not having -heard that the peace of the Amiens, negotiated -by Lord Cornwallis and signed March 27, 1802, had -been broken, boarded a European vessel coming into -<span class='pageno' title='271' id='Page_271'></span> -port, and recognized an American, Captain Stewart, -who during the war had made voyages for the Dutch -East India Company. Captain Stewart explained -that he had come with a cargo of wholly American -goods, of which he was proprietor. The following -dialogue ensued:—</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='it'>Q.</span> “Who is the King of America.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='it'>A.</span> “President Jefferson.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='it'>Q.</span> “Why do you come to Japan?”</p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='it'>A.</span> “To demand liberty of commerce for me and -my people.”</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'>Waardenaar suspected that the real chief of the -expedition was not Stewart, but “the doctor” on -board, and that it was a British ship. Hence, on -Waardenaar’s report to the governor of Nagasaki, -the latter forbade Stewart the coasts of Japan, allowing, -him, however, water and provisions.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The facts underlying this apparent attempt of -the enterprising Yankee to open trade with the -United States so early in the history of the country -seemed to be these. Captain Stewart, an -American in the service of the Dutch East India -Company, having made his first voyage from Batavia -to Nagasaki in 1797, was sent again the following -year, 1798. An earthquake and tidal wave -coming on, his ship dragged her anchors and the -cargo, consisting chiefly of camphor, was thrown -overboard. The vessel would have become a total -<span class='pageno' title='272' id='Page_272'></span> -wreck but for the ingenuity of a native. He “used -helps undergirding the ship,” floating her. Then -taking her in tow of a big junk, he drew her into -a safe quarter. For this, the Japanese was made -a two-sworded samurai. Stewart was sent back to -Batavia. Thence he fled to Bengal, where he most -probably persuaded the English merchants to send -him in a ship to Japan with a cargo, to open trade -for them under the name of Americans.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>A few days after Stewart had left, Captain Torry, -the accredited agent of the Calcutta Company, -came to Nagasaki, to open trade if possible. Torry -had sent Stewart before him, the Japanese not -daring, he thought, to refuse Englishmen after -allowing Americans to trade. Torry was, however, -sent away as being in league with Stewart, and -left after obtaining a supply of water.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In 1807, as Hildreth in his <span class='it'>Japan</span>, states, the -American ship, <span class='it'>Eclipse</span>, of Boston, chartered at -Canton, by the Russian American Company for -Kamschatka and the north-west coast of America, -entered the harbor of Nagasaki under Russian colors, -but could obtain no trade and only provisions and -water. The Dutch flag being driven from the ocean, -the annual ships from Batavia to Nagasaki in 1799, -1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, and at least one of the -pair in 1806, 1807 and 1809, were American bottoms -and under the American flag, so that the -Japanese became familiar with the <span class='it'>seventeen</span>-starred -flag of the United States of America. -<span class='pageno' title='273' id='Page_273'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>The brilliant and successful foreign policy of -President Andrew Jackson in Europe, has been already -noted. Even Asia felt his influence. Mr. -Edmund Roberts<a id='r21'/><a href='#f21' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[21]</span></sup></a>, a sea captain of Portsmouth, N. -H., was named by President Jackson, his “agent” -for the purpose of “examining in the Indian ocean -the means of extending the commerce of the United -States by commercial arrangements with the Powers -whose dominions border on those seas.” He -was ordered, January 27, 1832, to embark on the -United States Sloop-of-war, <span class='it'>Peacock</span>, in which he -was rated as captain’s clerk. On the 23rd of July, -he was ordered “to be very careful in obtaining -information respecting Japan, the means of opening -a communication with it, and the value of its -trade with the Dutch and Chinese.” Arriving at -Canton, he might receive further instructions. He -had with him blanks. On the 28th of October, -1832, Edward Livingstone, the United States Secretary -of State, instructed him that the United -States had it in contemplation to institute a separate -mission to Japan. If, however, a favorable -opportunity presented, he might fill up a letter and -present it to the “Emperor” for the purpose of -opening trade. Roberts was successful in inaugurating -diplomatic and commercial relations with -Muscat and Siam, but, on account of his premature -death, nothing came of his mission to Japan. -He died June 12, 1836, at Macao, where his tomb -duly inscribed, is in the Protestant cemetery. -<span class='pageno' title='274' id='Page_274'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Commodore Kennedy in the <span class='it'>Peacock</span>, with the -schooner <span class='it'>Enterprise</span>, visited the Bonin Islands in -August 1837, an account of which was written by -Doctor Ruschenberger,<a id='r22'/><a href='#f22' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[22]</span></sup></a> the fleet surgeon.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The sight of the flowery flag of “Bé-koku” or -the United States, became more and more familiar -to the Japanese coasting and ship population, as -the riches of the whaling waters became better -known in America. The American whalers were -so numerous in the Japan seas by the year 1850, -that eighty-six of the “black ships” were counted -as passing Matsumaé in twelve months. Perry -found that no fewer than ten thousand of our people -were engaged in this business. Furthermore, the -Japanese waifs blown out to sea were drifted into the -Black Current and to the Kurile and Aleutian islands, -to Russian and British America, to Oregon and -California, and even to Hawaii.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The necessity of visiting Japan on errands of -mercy to return these waifs became a frequent one. -Reciprocally, the Japanese sent the shipwrecked -Americans by the Dutch vessels to Batavia whence -they reached the United States. This was the -cause of the “<span class='it'>Morrison’s</span>” visit to the bay of Yedo -and to Kagoshima in 1837. This ship, fitly named -after the first Protestant English missionary to -China, whose grave lies near Roberts in the terraced -cemetery at Macao, was despatched by an American -mercantile firm. Included among the thirty-eight -<span class='pageno' title='275' id='Page_275'></span> -persons on board were seven Japanese waifs, Rev. -Charles Gutzlaff, Dr. S. Wells Williams, Peter -Parker, Mr. King, the owner, and Mrs. King. They -sailed July 3d. The vessel reached Uraga, bay of -Yedo, July 22d, and Kagoshima in Satsuma August -20, but was fired on and driven away. The name of -“Morrison Bluff” on the map of Japan is an honor -to American Christianity, as it is a shame to Old -Japan.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The proposition to open commercial relations with -the two secluded nations now came definitely before -Congress. On February 15th 1845, General Zadoc -Pratt, chairman of the select committee on statistics -introduced the following resolution in Congress to -treat for the opening of Japan and Corea. “Whereas -it is important to the general interests of the United -States that steady and persevering efforts should be -made for the extension of American commerce, -connected as that commerce is with the agriculture -and manufactures of our country; be it therefore -<span class='it'>resolved</span>, that in furtherance of this object, it is -hereby recommended that immediate measures be -taken for effecting commercial arrangements with -the Empire of Japan and the Kingdom of Corea,<a id='r23'/><a href='#f23' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[23]</span></sup></a> -for the following among other reasons.” Then -follows a memorandum concerning the proposed -mission.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Captain Mercator Cooper, in the whale ship -<span class='it'>Manhattan</span>, of Sag Harbor, returned twenty-two -<span class='pageno' title='276' id='Page_276'></span> -shipwrecked Japanese early in April 1845, from the -island of St. Peters to Uraga in the bay of Yedo, -where he lay at anchor four days obtaining books and -charts. When the Japanese embassy of 1861 reached -New York, one of the first questions asked by them -was, “Where is Captain Cooper?”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Our government authorized Commodore Biddle, -then in command of the East Indian squadron, to -visit Japan in the hope of securing a convention. -He left Chusan July 7th, and, on the 20th of July -1846, with the ship of the line, <span class='it'>Columbus</span>, 90 guns, -and the sloop of war, <span class='it'>Vincennes</span>, he anchored off -Uraga. Application for trade was made in due form, -but the answer given July 28th by the Shō-gun’s -deputy who came on board with a suite of eight -persons, was a positive refusal. Commodore Biddle -being instructed “not to do anything to excite a -hostile feeling or distrust of the United States,” -sailed away July 29, in obedience to orders.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At this very time, eight American sailors, or -seven, as the Japanese account states, wrecked on -the whale ship, <span class='it'>Lawrence</span>, June 6th, were imprisoned -in Yezo; but the fact was not then known in Yedo. -After seventeen months confinement, they were sent -to Nagasaki and thence in October 1847, to Batavia. -From one of these sailors, a Japanese samurai, or -two-sworded retainer of a damiō, named Moriyama -Yénosŭké, (Mr. Grove-mountain) learned to speak -and read English with tolerable fluency. He acted -as chief medium of communication between the -<span class='pageno' title='277' id='Page_277'></span> -Japanese and their next American visitor, Glynn; -and afterwards served as interpreter in the treaty -negotiations at Yokohama in 1854. At this time -the Dutch trade with Japan barely paid the expenses -of the factory at Déshima. The Dutch East India -Company some years before had voluntarily turned -over the monopoly to the Dutch government. Trade -was now upon a purely sentimental basis, being kept -up solely for the honor of the Dutch flag. The -next step, which logically followed, was a letter from -the King of Holland to the Shō-gun recommending -that Japan open her ports to the trade of the world. -Meanwhile, the Mikado commanded that the coasts -should be strictly guarded “so as to prevent dishonor -to the Divine Country.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In September, 1848, fifteen foreign seamen, eight -of them Americans, wrecked from the <span class='it'>Ladoga</span>, were -sent in a junk from Matsumaé to Nagasaki. The -Netherlands consul at Canton made notification -January 27, 1849, to Captain Geisinger, a gallant -officer on the <span class='it'>Wasp</span> in 1814, in command of the -<span class='it'>Peacock</span> during Mr. Roberts’s first embassy, and now -in command of the East India squadron, who sent Commander -Glynn in the <span class='it'>Preble</span>, the brig once in Perry’s -African squadron, and carrying fourteen guns, to -their rescue. Stopping at Napa, Riu Kiu, on his -way to Nagasaki, he learned from the Rev. Dr. J. -Bettelheim the missionary there, of the rumors -concerning “the Japanese victory over the American -big ships.” The snowball of rumor in rolling to the -<span class='pageno' title='278' id='Page_278'></span> -provinces had become an avalanche of exaggeration, -and Glynn at once determined to pursue “a stalwart -policy.” On reaching Nagasaki, he dashed through -the cordon of boats, and anchored within cannon -shot of the city. He submitted to the usual red -tape proceedings and evasive diplomacy for two days, -and then threatened to open fire on the city unless -the sailors were forthcoming. That the Japanese -had already learned to respect American naval -gunnery, having heard of it at Vera Cruz, the following -conversation will show. The Japanese, through -the Dutch, had been kept minutely informed as to -the Mexican war and, in their first interview with -Commander Glynn, remarked:—</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'>“You have had a war with Mexico?”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“Yes.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“You whipped her?”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“Yes.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“You have taken a part of her territory?”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“Yes.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“And you have discovered large quantities of gold -in it?”</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'>The imprisoned seamen were promptly delivered -on the deck of the <span class='it'>Preble</span>. They stated that, when -in Matsumaé, they had learned from the guards of -their prison of every battle we had with the Mexicans -and of every victory we had gained. The prestige -of the American navy won at Vera Cruz and on the -<span class='pageno' title='279' id='Page_279'></span> -two coasts had doubtless a good influence upon the -Japanese, making Glynn’s mission easier than it -otherwise might have been. In his report, Commander -Glynn suggested that the time for opening Japan -was favorable and recommended the sending of a -force to do it.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Commerce with China, the settlement of California, -the growth of the American whale-fishery in the -eastern seas, the expansion of steam traffic, with -the corollary necessities of coal and ports for -shelter, and the frequency of shipwrecks, were all -compelling factors in the opening of Japan—which -event could not long be delayed.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The shadows of the coming event were already -descried in Japan. Numerous records of the landing -or shipwreck of American and other seamen are -found in the native chronicles of this period. The -Dutch dropped broad hints of embassies or expeditions -soon to come. In September, 1847, the rank of -the governor of Uraga, the entrance-port to the Bay -of Yedo, was raised. In October, the daimiōs or -barons were ordered to maintain the coast defences, -and encourage warlike studies and exercises. In -November, the boy named Shichiro Marō, destined -to be the last Tai-kun (“Tycoon”) and head of -Japanese feudalism, came into public notice as heir -of one of the princely families of the Succession. -In December, a census of the number of newly cast -cannon able to throw balls of one pound weight and -over was ordered to be taken. The chronicler of the -<span class='pageno' title='280' id='Page_280'></span> -year 1848 notes that nineteen foreign vessels passed -through the straits of Tsushima in April, and closes -his notice of remarkable events by saying: “During -this year, foreign ships visited our northern seas -in such numbers as had not been seen in recent -times!”</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_21'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f21'><a href='#r21'>[21]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Embassy to the Eastern Courts, New York, 1837.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_22'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f22'><a href='#r22'>[22]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>A Voyage Round the World, Philadelphia, 1838.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_23'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f23'><a href='#r23'>[23]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Corea, the Hermit Nation, p. 390.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='281' id='Page_281'></span><h1>CHAPTER XXVIII.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN EXPEDITION TO JAPAN.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>Though</span> as a student and a man of culture, Perry -was familiar with the drift of events in China, and -was interested in Japan, yet it was not until the year -1850, that his thoughts were turned seriously to the -unopened country in the eastern seas. The receipt -of news about the <span class='it'>Preble</span> affair crystallized his -thoughts into a definitely formed purpose. He -began to look at the problem, of winning Japan into -the comity of nations, with a practical eye, from a -naval and personal view-point.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Highly approving of Commander Glynn’s course, -he believed that kindness and firmness, backed by a -force in the Bay of Yedo sufficient to impress the -authorities would, by tact, patience and care, result -in a bloodless victory. He now gathered together -literary material bearing on the subject and pondered -upon the question how to translate Ali Baba’s watch-word -into Japanese. There seemed, however, little -likelihood that the government would be willing to -send thither an imposing squadron. He did not -therefore seek the command of the East India squadron, -and the initial proposition to do the work with -which his name is connected, came to him and not -from him. -<span class='pageno' title='282' id='Page_282'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Commander James Glynn, on his return, early in -1851, went to Washington earnestly wishing to be -sent on a diplomatic mission to Japan with a fresh -naval force. To this gallant and able young officer, -belongs a considerable share of the credit of working -the President and Secretary of State up to the point -of action. The expedition, as it came to be organized, -however, grew to the proportions of a fleet, and Glynn -found himself excluded by his rank, the command of -the expedition being very properly claimed by an -officer of higher rank in the army. The applicant -for the honor of commander of the Japan expedition, -then in embryo, was Commodore J. H. Aulick, who -had been in the navy since 1809, and was master’s -mate of the <span class='it'>Enterprise</span> in her combat with the -<span class='it'>Boxer</span>, in the war of 1812.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Dismissing from his mind, or at least postponing -until a more propitious time his eastward possibilities, -Perry, March 21, 1851, applied for the command -of the Mediterranean squadron to succeed Commodore -Morgan if the way was clear. During the -summer and autumn, he was several times in Washington, -and frequently in consultation with the -Naval Committee. He was led to believe his desire -would be granted and made personal and domestic -arrangements accordingly. Yet the appointment -hung fire for reasons that Perry did not then understand.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>General Taylor, having been hustled into the -Presidency, promptly succumbed to the unaccustomed -<span class='pageno' title='283' id='Page_283'></span> -turmoil of politics. He yielded to an enemy more -dire and persistent than Santa Anna,—the office -seeker, and found his grave. The urbane Millard -Fillmore took his place, with Daniel Webster as -Secretary of State. The suggestions of Commander -Glynn for the opening of Japan had pleased both the -President and Secretary, and pretty soon, one of those -multiplying pretexts and opportunities for going -near the “Capital of the Tycoon” occurred. It -was the picking up at sea of another lot of waifs by -Captain Jennings, of the barque <span class='it'>Auckland</span> who took -them to San Francisco. On the 9th of May, 1857, -Commodore Aulick proposed to the Secretary of -State a plan for the opening of Japan, and on the same -day, Mr. Webster addressed an official note to Hon. -William Graham, Secretary of the Navy, in which -these words occur:</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“Commodore Aulick has suggested to me, and I -cheerfully concur in the opinion, that this incident -may afford a favorable opportunity for opening commercial -relations with the empire of Japan; or, at -least, of placing our intercourse with that Island upon -a more easy footing.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The nail already inserted in the wood by Glynn was -thus driven further in by Aulick’s proposition and -Mr. Webster’s hearty indorsement. The next day a -letter to the “Emperor” was prepared and, on the -30th of May, Commodore Aulick received his commission -to negotiate and sign a treaty with Japan. -He was to be accompanied by “an imposing naval -<span class='pageno' title='284' id='Page_284'></span> -force.” At least, so Mr. Webster’s letter suggested. -Unfortunately, for Commodore Aulick, he left before -the nail was driven in a sure place. He departed for -the East with slight preparation, foresight, or mastery -of details, and long before the “imposing” naval -force was gathered, or even begun. Even had Aulick -remained in command, he would probably never have -received any large accession to his force. Had he -attempted the work of negotiation with but two or -three vessels, he would most probably have failed. -The preparation and sailing of the fleet to follow -him was delayed. Promises were never kept, and he -was recalled. Why was this? Commodore Aulick, -on his return, demanded a court martial in order that -he himself might know the reasons, but his wishes -were not heeded. History has heretofore been silent -on the point.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>There are some who think that Perry is at fault -here; that he grasped at honors prepared for others, -reaping where he had not sowed.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The reason for the recall of Commodore Aulick -and the appointment of Perry in his place were -neither made public at the time, nor have they thus -far been understood by the public, or even by acquaintances -of Perry who ignorantly misjudge him. A -number of persons, some of them naval officers, have -even supposed that Perry was responsible for the -bad treatment of Commodore Aulick, and that he -sacrificed a fellow-officer to gratify his own ambition. -The writer was long under the impression that -<span class='pageno' title='285' id='Page_285'></span> -Perry’s own urgency in seeking the position secured -for himself the appointment, and that the government -favored Perry at the expense of his comrade. -With the view of sounding the truth at the bottom -of the well, the writer made search in both Aulick’s -and Secretary Graham’s official and confidential -letters.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The unexpected result was the thorough vindication -of Perry from the shadow of suspicion. The -facts reveal that harsh treatment may sometimes -hastily and needlessly be accorded to a gallant officer, -and illustrate the dangers besetting our commanders, -when non-naval people with a weakness for tittle-tattle -live on board a man-of-war. The arrows of -gossip and slander, whether on sea or land, are sufficiently -poisonous. They nearly took the life, and -ruined the reputation of Commodore Aulick; but of -their shooting, Perry was as innocent as an unborn -child. The simple facts in the case are that Commodore -Aulick was recalled from China long before Perry -had any idea of assuming the Japan mission, and that -his relations with his old comrade in Mexico were -always of the pleasantest nature. We must look from -the captains to their superior.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the 1st of May 1851, Commodore Aulick received -orders to proceed in the new steamer frigate -<span class='it'>Susquehanna</span> to Rio [de] Janeiro, taking out the Brazilian -minister Macedo as the guest of the United States. -He sailed from Norfolk June 8th, and by way of -Madeira, arrived at his destination July 22. The -<span class='pageno' title='286' id='Page_286'></span> -<span class='it'>Susquehanna</span> was a steam frigate of noble spaciousness -built at the Philadelphia Navy Yard in 1847. -Her launch amid a glory of sunshine, bunting, happy -faces, and the symbolic breaking of a bottle of water -from the river of her own name, the writer remembers -as one of the bright events of his childhood. -She carried sixteen guns, and was of two thousand four -hundred and fifty tons burthen, but though of excellent -model her machinery was constantly getting -out of order. From Rio [de] Janeiro Aulick proceeded -around the Cape of Good Hope on diplomatic business -with the Sultan of Zanzibar. This having been -finished, Aulick sailed to China and on arriving at -Hong Kong, began to organize a squadron and make -his personal preparations for a visit to Japan. He -secured as his interpreter, D. Bethune McCartee, Esq., -M. D. an accomplished American missionary at -Ningpo. He also investigated, as per orders, with the -aid of the missionaries of the Reformed [Dutch] -Church in America at Amoy, Rev. Messrs. Doty and -Talmage, (brother of T. De Witt Talmage of Brooklyn) -the coolie traffic. The <span class='it'>Saratoga</span> was sent after -the mutineers of the <span class='it'>Robert Bowne</span>, and visited the -Riu Kiu islands. While engaged in cruising -between Macao and Manilla, though smitten down -with disease, the old hero was astounded at receiving -a curt order from the Secretary of the Navy dated -November 18th, 1851. It directed him to hand over -his command to Captain Franklin Buchanan, but not -to leave the China seas until his successor should -<span class='pageno' title='287' id='Page_287'></span> -arrive. At the same time, he was informed that -grave imputations had been cast upon his conduct. -Prompt and full explanation of these was called for. -The charges were, that he had violated express -orders in taking a person (his son) on board a -national vessel as passenger without authority, and -that he had given out at Rio [de] Janeiro that the -Chevalier de Macedo was being carried at his -(Aulick’s) private expense.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Meanwhile, the Anglo-Chinese newspapers got -hold of the patent fact, and the ready inference was -drawn that Commodore Aulick had been recalled for -mis-conduct. This annoyed the old veteran to exasperation. -Worn out by forty-four years in his -country’s service, with both disgrace and an early but -lingering death staring him in the face, with the -prospect of being obliged to go home in a merchant -vessel and without medical attendance, he dictated -(being unable to hold a pen) a letter dated February -7, 1853 protesting against this harsh treatment -caused by “ex-parte statements of certain diplomats -in Rio [de] Janeiro, whose names, up to this time, have -never been officially made known to me.” For -months in precarious health, Aulick waited for his -unnamed relief, and at last, heard that it was his as -yet old friend Perry. By the advice of his physician, -Dr. Peter Parker and surgeon S. S. Du Barry, he -started homeward at the first favorable opportunity, -by the English mail steamer, passing the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> -on her way out. -<span class='pageno' title='288' id='Page_288'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>In London, Commodore Aulick called upon and was -the guest of Chevalier de Macedo, who learned with -surprise of the trouble into which he had fallen with -his government. A long letter now in the navy -archives, from the Brazilian, thoroughly exonerated -Aulick. Arriving in New York June 1st, 1863, and -reporting to Secretary Dobbin, Commodore Aulick -requested that, if his letter of explanation of February -17, 1853, were not deemed satisfactory, a court of -inquiry, or court martial, be ordered for his trial. -After careful examination, the secretary wrote, August -2, 1853, clearing Aulick of all blame, accompanying -his letter with waiting orders. In the letter of the -gratified officer in response dated August 4, 1853, -we have the last word in this painful episode in naval -history, in which the brave veteran was nearly sacrificed -by the stray gossip of a civilian apparently more -eager to curry Brazilian favor than to do eternal or -even American justice.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>One can easily see why, in addition to the rooted -instinct of a lifetime, Perry, in the light of Aulick’s -misfortune, declined to allow miscellaneous correspondence -with the newspapers, and sternly refused -to admit on the Japan expedition a single person not -under naval discipline.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The chronological order of facts as revealed by the -study of the documents is this: On the 17th of -November 1851, Secretary Graham dictated the -order of recall to Commodore Aulick. On the next -day, he wrote the following:— -<span class='pageno' title='289' id='Page_289'></span></p> - -<div class='blockquoter9'> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:right;margin-right:0em;'><span class='sc'>Navy Department</span>, November 18, 1851.</p> - -<p class='noindent'><span style='font-size:smaller'><span class='sc'>Commodore M. C. Perry, U. S. Navy, New York.</span></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Sir,—Proceed to Washington immediately, for the purpose -of conferring with the Secretary of the Navy.</p> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:right;margin-right:4em;'>Respectfully</p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:right;margin-right:1em;'>WILL. A. GRAHAM.</p> - -</div> - -<p class='pindent'>Unusual press of business and the writing of his -report for the impending session of Congress caused -the receipt by Perry on his arrival in Washington, of -a note, dated November 26, the substance of which -was that the Secretary was so busy that he could not -consider the business for which Perry was called -from home, until after Congress had met. He need -not, therefore, wait in Washington but was at liberty -to go home and wait instructions. This was the first -thorn of the rose on the way to the Thornrose castle, -in the Pacific.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Somewhat vexed, as Perry must have been, at -being forced on a seeming fool’s errand, he possessed -his soul in patience, and, at home expressed his -mind on paper as follows:—</p> - -<div class='blockquoter9'> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:right;margin-right:0em;'><span class='sc'>North Tarrytown, N. Y.</span>, December 3, 1851.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Sir,—Seeing that you were so much occupied during -my stay at Washington, I was careful not to intrude upon -your time and consequently had little opportunity of conversing -with you upon the business which caused me to be -ordered to that city—it has, therefore, occurred to me, -whether it would not be desirable that I should write down -the accompanying notes, in further explanation of the -<span class='pageno' title='290' id='Page_290'></span> -views entertained by me, with reference to the subject -under consideration.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>So far as respects my own wishes, I confess that it will, -to me, be a serious disappointment, and cause of personal -inconvenience not to go to the Mediterranean, as I was -led to believe from various reliable sources that it had -been the intention of the Department to assign me to the -command, and had made arrangements accordingly; but -I hold that an officer is bound to go where his services are -most required, yet I trust I may be pardoned for expressing -a strong disinclination to go out as the mere relief or -successor to Commodore Aulick without being charged -with some more important service, and with a force competent -to <span class='it'>a possible</span> successful issue the expectations of the -government.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Advance in rank and command is the greatest incentive -to a officer, and, having already been intrusted with -two squadrons, one of them the largest one put afloat -since the creation of the navy, I could only look to the -Mediterranean for advance in that respect, as that station, -in time of peace, has always been looked upon as the most -desirable. Hence it may not be surprising that I consider -the relief of Commodore Aulick who is much my -junior and served under me in my second squadron, a -retrograde movement in that great and deeply fostered -aim of an officer of proper ambition, to push forward; -unless indeed, as I have before remarked, the sphere of -action of the East India squadron and its force be so -much enlarged as to hold out a well-grounded hope of its -conferring distinction upon its commander.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Doubtless there are others my juniors as competent, if -not more so, who would gladly accept the command as it -<span class='pageno' title='291' id='Page_291'></span> -now is and, if it is not intended to augment it in view of -carrying out the important object with respect to Japan, I -may confidently hope that in accordance with your kind -promise on the occasion of my interview with you at your -house, on the evening of the day of my arrival in Washington, -I shall still be assigned to the command of the -Mediterranean squadron.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In thus expressing myself freely to you I feel assured -from a knowledge of your high tone of character, that you -will fully appreciate the motives which have influenced me -in desiring to embark only in that service in the prosecution -of which I could anticipate a chance of success, or -even escape from mortification, disappointment, and -failure.</p> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:right;margin-right:3em;'>With great respect I have the honor to be,</p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:right;margin-right:2em;'>Your most obedient servant,</p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:right;margin-right:1em;'>M. C. PERRY.</p> - -<p class='noindent'><span class='sc'>The Hon. Wm. Graham</span>,</p> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:1em;'>Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.</p> - -</div> - -<p class='pindent'>The secretary’s clerk wrote January 14, 1852, -“Commodore Perry will proceed to Washington -and report to the Secretary of the Navy without delay.” -The head of the Department added in autograph, -“Report in person at the Department.” This -time the trip to the Capital was made with something -definite in view.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the 6th of March, he received orders from the -Department detaching him from the superintendence -of United States Mail Steamers and transferring the -command to Commodore Reany. He had, since -<span class='pageno' title='292' id='Page_292'></span> -January 9, 1849, been in active connection with steamship -owners, manufacturers and inventors, and been -engaged in testing the newest inventions and improvements -in steam navigation. The transfer was -duly made on the 8th, and on the 23d, we find Perry -again in Washington holding long conversation with -the Secretary of the Navy, Hon. W. A. Graham, on -the outfit and personnel of the proposed Japan expedition. -On the 24th, he received formal orders to -command the East India squadron.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>One of the first officers detailed to assist the Commodore -was Lieut. Silas Bent who had been with -Glynn on the <span class='it'>Preble</span> at Nagasaki. He was ordered -to report on board the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>. Perry’s “Fidus -Achates,” Captain Henry A. Adams, and his special -friends, Captains Franklin Buchanan, Sidney Smith -Lee, were invited and gladly accepted. His exceeding -care in the selection of the personnel<a id='r24'/><a href='#f24' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[24]</span></sup></a> of the expedition -is shown in a letter from the “Moorings” -dated February 2, 1852, to Captain Franklin Buchanan. -He expected them to embark by the first of -April, and sent his ships ahead laden with coal for -the war steamers to the Cape of Good Hope, and -Mauritius. He congratulates his old friend on a -new arrival in his household, “You certainly bid fair -to have a great many grandchildren in the course of -time. I already have eight.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“In selecting your officers, pray be careful in -choosing them of a subordinate and gentlemanlike -<span class='pageno' title='293' id='Page_293'></span> -character. We shall be obliged to govern in some -measure, as McKeever says, by <span class='it'>moral</span> suasion. -McIntosh, I see by the papers, has changed with -Commander Pearson and leaves the <span class='it'>Congress</span>, and is -now on his way home in the <span class='it'>Falmouth</span>. We shall -now learn how the philanthropic principle of moral -suasion answers.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The reference is to the state of things consequent -upon the abolition of flogging. Perry was to gather -and lead to peaceful victory, the first American -fleet governed without the lash.</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_24'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f24'><a href='#r24'>[24]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>See complete list, vol. II. of his official Report.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='294' id='Page_294'></span><h1>CHAPTER XXIX.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>PREPARATIONS FOR JAPAN. AN INTERNATIONAL EPISODE.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>The</span> charts used in the Japan expedition came -mostly from Holland, and cost our government -thirty thousand dollars. Perry does not seem to -have been aware that Captain Mercator Cooper of -Sag Harbor, Long Island, had brought home fairly -good Japanese charts of the Bay of Yedo, more accurate -probably than any which he was able to purchase. -Captain Beechey of the B. M. S. <span class='it'>Blossom</span>, -had surveyed carefully the seas around Riu Kiu. -The large coast-line map of Japan, in four sheets, -made on modern scientific principles by a wealthy -Japanese who had expended his fortune and suffered -imprisonment for his work, which was published -posthumously, was not then accessible.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Intelligent Japanese have been eager to know, and -more than one has asked the writer: “How did -Perry get his knowledge of our country and people?” -We answer that he made diligent study of books and -men. He had asked for permission to purchase all -necessary books at a reasonable price. Von Siebold’s -colossal work was a mine of information from which -European book-makers were beginning to quarry, as -<span class='pageno' title='295' id='Page_295'></span> -they had long done from Engelbert Kaempfer, but -the importer’s price of Von Siebold’s <span class='it'>Archiv</span> was -$503. The interest excited in England by the expedition -caused the publication in London of a cheap -reprint of Kaempfer.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>By setting in motion the machinery of the librarians -and book-collectors in New York and London, -Perry was able to secure a library on the subject. -He speedily and thoroughly mastered their contents.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>So far from Japan being a <span class='it'>terra incognita</span> in literature, -it had been even then more written about than -Turkey. Few far Eastern Asiatic nations have -reason to be proud of so voluminous and polyglot -a European library concerning themselves as the -Japanese. On the subject about which information -was as defective as it was most needed, was the -political situation of modern Japan and the true relation -of the “Tycoon” to the Mikado.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Earnestly desirous of impressing the Japanese -with American resources and inventions, the Commodore -on March 27th, 1851, had notified the Department -of his intention to obtain specimens of every -sort of mechanical products, arms and machinery, -with statistical and other volumes illustrating the advance -of the useful arts. In addition to this, he -notified manufacturers of his wish to obtain samples -of every description. Armed with letters from his -friends, the Appletons of New York, he visited Albany, -Boston, New Bedford and Providence to obtain -what he desired, and to inquire into personal details -<span class='pageno' title='296' id='Page_296'></span> -and statistics of the American whalers engaged in -Japanese and Chinese waters. An unexpectedly -great interest was arising from all quarters concerning -Japan and the expedition thither. All with whom -he had interviews were enthusiastic and liberal in -aiding him. At New Bedford he learned that -American capital to the amount of seventeen millions -was invested in the whaling industry in the -seas of Japan and China. Thousands of our sailors -manned the ships thus employed.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>This was before the days of petroleum and the -electric light. It explained also why American shipwrecked -sailors were so often found in Japan. There -were reciprocal additions to the populations on both -sides of the Pacific. While the Kuro Shiwo, or -Black Current, was sweeping Japanese junks out to -sea and lining the west coast of North America with -wrecks and waifs, the rocky shores of the Sunrise -Kingdom were liberally strewn with castaways, to -whom the American flag was the sign of home.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The cause of this remarkable development of -American enterprise in distant seas lay in the liberal -policy of Russia toward our people. Our first treaty -of 1824 declared the navigation and fisheries of the -Pacific free to both nations. The second convention -of 1838, signed by James Buchanan and Count Nesselrode, -guaranteed to citizens of the United States -freedom to enter all ports, places and rivers on the -Alaskan coast under Russian protection. Already -the northern Pacific was virtually an American -possession. -<span class='pageno' title='297' id='Page_297'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>There was great eagerness on the part of scientific -men and learned societies to be represented in the -proposed expedition. Much pressure was brought to -bear upon the Commodore to organize a corps of -experts in the sciences, or to allow favored individual -civilians to enter the fleet. Perry firmly -declined all such offers.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>He proposed to duplicate none of his predecessor’s -blunders, nor to imperil his personal reputation or -the success of a costly expedition by the presence of -landsmen of any sort on board. He sent his son -to China at his own private expense. The expedition -was saved the previous tribulations of Aulick, or -the later afflictions of De Long in the <span class='it'>Jeannette</span>.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>As illustrating the variety of subordinate matters -to be looked into, he was instructed to inquire concerning -the product of sulphur, and about weights -and measures. The Norris Brothers of Philadelphia -furnished the little locomotive and rails to be laid -down in Japan. These, with a thousand other -details were carefully studied by the Commodore.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Indeed it may be truly said that Perry’s thorough -grasp of details before he left the United States -made him already master of the situation. He knew -just what to do, and how to do it. The Japanese did -not. He appreciated the advantage of having sailor, -engineer, diplomatist and captain in one man, and -that man himself. Not so with Rodgers in Corea, in -1871.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>If Perry, after his appointment as special envoy of -<span class='pageno' title='298' id='Page_298'></span> -the United States to Japan, had trusted entirely to -his official superiors, he would probably never have -obtained his fleet or won a treaty. Four months -after receiving his appointment, the Whig convention -met in Baltimore, June the 16th. When it adjourned, -on June 22nd, the ticket nominated was -“Scott and Graham.” Thenceforth, Secretary -Graham took little or no practical interest in Japan -or Perry. The Commodore’s first and hardest task -was to conquer lethargy at home. One instance of -his foresight is seen in his care for a sure supply of -coal, without which side-wheel steamers, almost the -only ones then in the navy, were worse than useless. -He directed Messrs. Howland and Aspinwall to send -out two coal ships, one to the Cape of Good Hope -and the other to Mauritius. These floating depots -were afterwards of the greatest service to the advance -and following steamers, <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, <span class='it'>Powhatan</span> and -<span class='it'>Alleghany</span>.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>A lively episode in international politics occurred -in July, 1852, which Perry was called upon to settle. -New England was convulsed over the seizure of -American fishing vessels by British cruisers. Congress -being still in session, the opposition were not -slow to denounce the Administration.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Mr. Fillmore invited Mr. John P. Kennedy of -“Swallow Barn” literary fame to succeed Mr. Graham -as Secretary of the Navy. Mr. Kennedy took -his seat in the cabinet July 24th. The excitement -over the fishery question was then at fever heat. -<span class='pageno' title='299' id='Page_299'></span> -Mutterings of war were already heard in the newspapers. -Employment for the Mexican veterans -seemed promising.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The cabinet decided that the new secretary -should give the law, and that Perry should execute -it. Mr. Kennedy, who wisely saw Perry -first, proceeded to draft the letter. On the night -of July 28th his studies resulted in a brilliant state -paper, which occupies seven folio pages in the Book -of Confidential Letters, and he then retired to rest. -Naturally his maiden effort in diplomacy tried his -nerves. His broken sleep was disturbed with dreams -of codfish and the shades of Lord Aberdeen till -morning.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Once more summoning to his aid his old sea-racer -the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, Captain McCluney, Perry left New -York July 31st, 1852, stopping at Eastport, Maine, -to get fresh information. There was much irritation -felt by British residents at the alleged depredations -of American fishermen, who, instead of buying their -ice, bait, fuel and other supplies, were sometimes -tempted to make raids on the shores of the islands. -One excited person wrote to the admiral of the fleet:</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“For God’s sake send a man-of-war here, for the -Americans are masters of the place—one hundred -sail are now lying in the harbor. They have stolen -my fire-wood and burnt it on the beach.” They had -also set fire to the woods and committed other spoliations. -Collisions with the British cruisers were imminent, -and acts easily leading to war were feared by -the cabinet. -<span class='pageno' title='300' id='Page_300'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry proceeded to Halifax. He traversed the -coast of Cape Breton Island, around Magdalen, and -along the north shore of Prince Edward’s Island, -visiting the resorts of the Yankee fishermen, and -passing large fleets of our vessels. He found by -experience, and was satisfied, that there had been -repeated infractions of treaty, for which seven seizures -had been made by British cruisers then in command -of Admiral Seymour. The question, at this -issue, concerning the rights of Americans fishing in -Canadian waters, was one of geographical science -rather than of diplomacy. It rested upon the answer -given to this, “What are bays?” The last convention -between the two countries had been made in 1818, -when the United States renounced her right to fish -within three miles of any of the coasts, bays and harbors -of Canada. Only after a number of American vessels -had been seized and prosecuted in the court at Halifax, -was this treaty made. Including those captured -for violating the convention of 1818, the number was -sixty in all. The British said to Perry that the -Americans had no right to take fish within three -marine miles of the shore of a British province, or -within three miles of a line drawn from headland to -headland across bays. Canadians in American bottoms -were especially expert in evading this law.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry found the American fishermen were intelligent -and understood the treaty, but he thought that -the Canadian government was too severe upon them. -About 2500 vessels and 27,500 men from our ports -<span class='pageno' title='301' id='Page_301'></span> -took part in the hazardous occupation, “thus furnishing,” -said the Commodore, “a nursery for seamen, -of inestimable advantage to the maritime interests of -the nation.” Added to the force employed in whaling -in the North Atlantic, there were thirty thousand -men, mostly native Americans, whose business was -with salt-water fish and mammals. At one point he -saw a fleet of five hundred sail of mackerel fishers.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>This diplomatic voyage revealed both the dangers -and pathos of the sailor-fisherman’s life. No class -of men engaged in any industry are subjected to such -sufferings, privations and perils. Their own name -for the fishing grounds is “The Graveyard.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The commercial and naval success of this country -is largely the result of the enterprise and seamanship -shown in the whaling fisheries. These nurseries of -the American navy had enabled the United States in -two wars to achieve on the seas so many triumphs -over Great Britain. By the same agencies, Perry -hoped to see his country become the greatest commercial -rival of Great Britain. This could be done -by looking to the quality of the common sailor, and -maintaining the standard of 1812. For such reasons, -if for no others, the fisheries should be encouraged.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry came to adjust amicably the respective rights -of both British and American seamen. He warned -his countrymen against encroaching upon the limits -prescribed by the convention of 1818, but at the same -time he would protect American vessels from visitation -or interference at points left in doubt. His -<span class='pageno' title='302' id='Page_302'></span> -mission had a happy consummation. The wholesome -effect of the <span class='it'>Mississippi’s</span> visit paved the way for the -reciprocity treaty between Canada and the United -States, negotiated at Washington soon after by Sir -Ambrose Shea, and signed June 5th, 1854. The -entrance of Mr. Kennedy in the cabinet was thus -made both successful and brilliant by Commodore -Perry. The “hiatus secretary” bridged the gulf of -war with the firm arch of peace. The reciprocity -treaty lasted twelve years, when the irrepressible -root of bitterness again sprouted. Despite diplomacy, -correspondence, treaties, and Joint High Commissions, -still, at this writing, in 1887, it vexes the -peace of two nations. The axe is not yet laid at the -root of the trouble.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>John P. Kennedy, another of the able literary men -who have filled the chair of secretary of the navy, -was an ardent advocate of exploration and peaceful -diplomacy. He was heartily in favor of the Japan -expedition. Perry trusted in him so fully that, at -last, tired of innumerable delays, having made profound -study of the problem and elaborated details of -preparation, he determined on his return from Newfoundland, -September 15th, to sail in a few weeks in -the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, relying upon the Secretary’s word -that other vessels would be hurried forward with -despatch.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Repairing to Washington, the Commodore had -long and earnest interviews with the Secretaries of -the State and Navy. Things were now beginning to -<span class='pageno' title='303' id='Page_303'></span> -assume an air of readiness, yet his instructions, from -the State department, had not yet been prepared. -Mr. Webster at this time was only nominally holding -office in the vain hope of recovery to health after a -fall from his horse. Perry, seeing his condition, and -fearing further delays, asked of Mr. Webster, through -General James Watson Webb, permission to write -his own instructions.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>We must tell the story in General Webb’s own -words as found in <span class='it'>The New York Courier and -Inquirer</span>, and as we heard them reiterated by him in -a personal interview shortly before his death:—</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“In the last of those interviews when we were -desired by Perry to urge certain matters which he -thought should be embraced in his instructions, -Mr. Webster, with that wisdom and foresight and -knowledge, for which he was so eminently the superior -of ordinary men, remarked as follows:</p> - -<p class='pindent'>‘The success of this expedition depends solely -upon whether it is in the hands of the right man. -It originated with him, and he of all others knows -best how it is to be successfully carried into effect. -And if this be so, he is the proper person to draft -his instructions. Let him go to work, therefore, and -prepare instructions for himself, let them be very brief, -and if they do not contain some very exceptionable -matter, he may rest assured they will not be changed. -It is so important that if the expedition sail it should -be successful, and to ensure success its commander -should not be trammeled with superfluous or minute -<span class='pageno' title='304' id='Page_304'></span> -instructions.’ We reported accordingly, and thereupon -Commodore Perry, as we can vouch, for we -were present, prepared the original draft of his instructions -under which he sailed for Japan.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Mr. Webster’s successor and intimate personal -friend, Edward Everett, simply carried out the wishes -of his predecessor and made no alteration in the instructions -to Perry. He, however, indited a new -letter to the “Emperor,” which is only an expansion -of the Websterian original. Everett’s “effort” differed -from Daniel Webster’s letter, very much as the -orator’s elaboration on a certain battle-field differed -from Lincoln’s simple speech. At Gettysburg the -one had the lamp, the other had immortality in it.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Japan document was superbly engrossed and -enclosed in a gold box which cost one thousand -dollars.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The <span class='it'>Princeton</span>, a new screw sloop-of-war had been -promised to him many months before, but the autumn -was well advanced before her hull, empty of machinery -and towed to New York, was visible. Captain -Sydney Smith Lee was to command her. In the -<span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, Perry towed her to Baltimore. Then -began another of those exasperating stages of suspense -and delay to which naval men are called, and -to endure which seems to be the special cross of the -profession. Waiting until November, as eagerly as a -blockader waits for an expected prize from port, he -wrote to his old comrade, Joshua R. Sands:— -<span class='pageno' title='305' id='Page_305'></span></p> - -<div class='blockquoter9'> - -<p class='pindent'>“I am desirous of having you again under my command, -and always have been, but until now no good opportunity -has occurred consistently with promises I had made to -Buchanan, Lee, and Adams.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“The <span class='it'>Macedonian</span> and <span class='it'>Alleghany</span> will soon have commanders -appointed to them. For myself I would prefer the -<span class='it'>Alleghany</span>, as from her being a steamer she will have a -better chance for distinction, and I want a dasher like -yourself in her.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“Rather than have inconvenient delay on account of -men, I would prefer that you take an over-proportion of -young American landsmen who would in a very short -time become more effective men in a steamer than -middle-aged seamen of questionable constitutions.”</p> - -</div> - -<p class='pindent'>Commander Sands was eventually unable to go -with Perry to Japan; but afterwards, in his eighty-ninth -year the Rear-Admiral, then the oldest living -officer of the navy, in a long letter to the writer -gleefully calls attention to Perry’s trust in young -American landsmen. The <span class='it'>Princeton</span> was finally -extricated, and with the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> moved down the -Chesapeake. Before leaving Annapolis, a grand -farewell reception was held on the flag-ship’s spacious -deck. The President, Mr. Fillmore, Secretary Kennedy, -and a brilliant throng of people bade the -Commodore and officers farewell.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> and the <span class='it'>Princeton</span> then steamed -down the bay together, when the discovery was made -of the entire unfitness of the screw steamer to make -the voyage. Her machinery failed utterly, and at -<span class='pageno' title='306' id='Page_306'></span> -Norfolk, the <span class='it'>Powhatan</span>, which had just arrived from -the West Indies, was substituted in her place. The -precedent of building only the best steamers, on the -best models, and of the best materials, set by Perry -in the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> and <span class='it'>Missouri</span>, had not been followed, -and disappointment was the result. The <span class='it'>Princeton</span> -never did get to sea. She was a miserable failure -in every respect, and was finally sent to Philadelphia -to end her days as a receiving-ship.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the evening before the day the Commodore -left to go on board his ship then lying at Hampton -Roads, a banquet was tendered him by a club of -gentlemen who then occupied a house on G street, -west of the War Department, now much modernized -and used as the office of the Signal corps.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>There were present at this banquet, as invited -guests, Commodore M. C. Perry, Lieutenant John -Contee, and a few other officers of the Commodore’s -staff, Edward Everett, Hon. John P. Kennedy—“Horseshoe -Robinson,” the “hiatus Secretary” of -the navy—Col. W. W. Seaton, the Hon. Alexander -H. H. Stuart, Mr. Badger, senator from North Carolina, -John J. Crittenden of Kentucky, Jefferson -Davis, the Honorables Beverly Tucker, Phillip T. -Ellicot, Theodore Kane, Johnson, Addison, and -Horace Capron afterwards general of cavalry, and -Commissioner of Agriculture at Washington, and in -the service of the Mikado’s government from 1871 to -1874, making in all a party of about twenty-four. -The dinner was served by Wormley, the famous -colored caterer. -<span class='pageno' title='307' id='Page_307'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>General Capron says in a letter dated September -13th, 1883:</p> - -<div class='blockquoter9'> - -<p class='pindent'>“I can only state the impressions made upon my mind -by that gathering, and the clear and well-defined plans of -the Commodore’s proposed operations which were brought -out in response to the various queries. It was apparent -that all present were well convinced that the Commodore -fully comprehended the difficulties and the delicate character -of the work before him. . . . I am bound to say -that to my mind it is clear that no power but that of the -Almighty Disposer of all things could have guided our -rulers in the selection of a man for this most important -work.”</p> - -</div> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry’s written instructions were to fulfil the unexecuted -orders given to Commodore Aulick, to assist -as far as possible the American minister in China in -prosecuting the claims of Americans upon the government -of Pekin, to explore the coasts, make pictures -and obtain all possible hydrographic and other information -concerning the countries to be visited. No -letters were to be written from the ships of the -squadron to the newspapers, and all journals kept by -officers or men were to be the property of the navy -Department. The Secretary, in his final letter, -said:—</p> - -<div class='blockquoter9'> - -<p class='pindent'>“In prosecuting the objects of your mission to Japan -you are invested with large discretionary powers, and you -are authorized to employ dispatch vessels, interpreters, -Kroomen, or natives, and all other means which you may -<span class='pageno' title='308' id='Page_308'></span> -deem necessary to enable you to bring about the desired -results.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“Tendering you my best wishes for a successful cruise, -and a safe return to your country and friends for yourself, -officers and companies of your ships,</p> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:right;margin-right:6em;'>“I am, etc.,</p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:right;margin-right:1em;'>“JOHN P. KENNEDY.”</p> - -</div> - -<p class='pindent'>From its origin, the nature of the mission was -“essentially executive,” and therefore pacific, as the -President had no power to declare war. Yet the -show of force was relied on as more likely, than anything -else, to weigh with the Japanese. Perry believed -in the policy of Commodore Patterson at -Naples in 1832, where the pockets of recalcitrant -debtors were influenced through sight and the -imagination.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The British felt a keen and jealous interest in the -expedition. <span class='it'>The Times</span>, which usually reflects the -average Briton’s opinion as faithfully as a burnished -mirror the charms of a Japanese damsel, said:—“It -was to be doubted whether the Emperor of Japan -would receive Commodore Perry with most indignation -or most contempt.” Japanese treachery was -feared, and while one editorial oracle most seriously -declared that “the Americans must not leave their -wooden walls,” Punch insisted that “Perry must -open the Japanese ports, even if he has to open his -own.” Sydney Smith had said, “I am for bombarding -all the exclusive Asiatics, who shut up the earth -<span class='pageno' title='309' id='Page_309'></span> -and will not let me walk civilly through it, doing no -harm and paying for all I want.” The ideal of a -wooer of the Japanese Thornrose, according to -another, was that no blustering bully or roaring -Commodore would succeed. “Our embassador -should be one who, with the winning manner of a -Jesuit, unites the simplicity of soul and straightforwardness -of a Stoic.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Providence timed the sailing of the American -Expedition and the advent of the ruler of New Japan -so that they should occur well nigh simultaneously. -The first circumnavigation of the globe by a steam -war vessel of the United States began when Matthew -Perry left Norfolk, November 24th, 1852 three weeks -after the birth in Kiōto of Mutsŭhito, the 123d, and -now reigning Mikado of “Everlasting Great Japan.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry had remained long enough to learn the -result of the national election, and the choice of his -old friend Franklin Pierce to the Presidency. Tired -of delay, he sailed with the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> alone. At -Funchal the Commodore made official calls in the -fashionable conveyance of the place, a sled drawn by -oxen, and laid in supplies of beef and coal. The -incidents on the way out, and of the stops made -at Madeira, St. Helena, Cape Town, Mauritius, Ceylon -and Singapore, have been described by himself, -in his official narrative, and by his critic J. W. -Spalding,<a id='r25'/><a href='#f25' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[25]</span></sup></a> a clerk on the flag-ship. Anchor was cast -off Hong Kong on the 6th of April, where the <span class='it'>Plymouth</span>, -<span class='it'>Saratoga</span>, and <span class='it'>Supply</span>, were met. The next -<span class='pageno' title='310' id='Page_310'></span> -day was devoted to the burning of powder in salutes, -and to the exchange of courtesies. Shanghai was -reached May 4th. Here, Bayard Taylor, the “landscape -painter in words,” joined the expedition as -master’s mate. The Commodore’s flag was transferred -to the <span class='it'>Susquehanna</span> on the 17th.</p> - -<div class='figcenter'> -<img src='images/funchal.jpg' alt='' id='funchal' style='width:80%;height:auto;'/> -<p class='caption'><span style='font-size:smaller'>PERRY MAKING OFFICIAL CALLS IN FUNCHAL.</span></p> -</div> - -<p class='pindent'>The low, level and monotonous and uninteresting -shores of China were left behind on the -23d, and on the 26th, the bold, variegated and -rocky outlines of Riu Kiu rose into view. An -impressive reception, with full military and musical -honors, was given on the third, to the regent -and his staff on the <span class='it'>Susquehanna</span>. The climax of -all was the interview in the cabin. In lone dignity, -<span class='pageno' title='311' id='Page_311'></span> -the Commodore gave the Japanese the first taste of -the mystery-play in which they had thus far so -excelled, and in which they were now to be outdone. -Perry could equal in pomp and dignity either Mikado -or Shō-gun when he chose. He notified the grand -old gentleman that, during the following week, he -would pay a visit to the palace at Shuri. Despite -all objections and excuses, the Commodore persisted, -as his whole diplomatic policy was to be firm, take -no steps backward, and stick to the truth in everything. -His open frankness helped by its first blows -to shatter down that system of lying, deception, and -espionage, under which the national character had -decayed during the rule of the Tokugawas.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the 9th of June, with the <span class='it'>Susquehanna</span> having -the <span class='it'>Saratoga</span> in tow, the Commodore set out northwards -for a visit to the Ogasawara or Bonin islands, -first explored by the Japanese in 1675, and variously -visited and named by European navigators. Captain -Reuben Coffin of Nantucket, in the ship <span class='it'>Transit</span>, -from Bristol, owned by Fisher, Kidd and Fisher, -landed on the southern or “mother” island September -12th, in 1824, fixing also its position and giving it his -name. British and Russian captains followed his example, -and also nailed inscribed sheets of copper -sheathing to trees in token of claims made. “Under -the auspices of the Union Jack” a motley colony -of twenty persons of five nationalities settled Peel -island, one of the group, in 1830. Perry found eight -whites, cultivating nearly one hundred acres of land, -<span class='pageno' title='312' id='Page_312'></span> -who sold fresh supplies to whalers. The head of the -community was Nathanael Savory of Massachusetts. -Perry left cattle, sheep, and goods, seeds and supplies -and an American flag. He arrived at Napa again -June 23d, and the 2d of July, 1853, the expedition -left for the Bay of Yedo. Many and unforeseen delays -had hindered the Commodore, and now that he was -at the doors of the empire, how different was fulfilment -from promise! Over and over again “an imposing -squadron” of twelve vessels had been promised -him, and now he had but two steamers and two -sloops. Uncertain when the other vessels might -appear, he determined to begin with the force in -hand. The <span class='it'>Supply</span> left behind, and the <span class='it'>Caprice</span> sent -back to Shanghai, he had but the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, <span class='it'>Susquehanna</span>, -<span class='it'>Plymouth</span> and <span class='it'>Saratoga</span>.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The promontory of Idzu loomed into view on the -hazy morning of the 7th, and Rock island—now -crowned by a lighthouse, and connected by telephone -with the shore and with Yokohama, but then bare—was -passed. Cape Sagami was reached at noon, and -at 3 o’clock the ships had begun to get within range -of the forts that crowned or ridged the headlands of -the promontory. The weather cleared and the cone -of Fuji, in a blaze of glory, rose peerless to the skies.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Cautiously the ships rounded the cape, when from -one of the forts there rose in the air a rocket-signal. -“Japanese day fire-works” are now common enough -at Coney Island. Made of gunpowder and wolf -dung, they are fired out of upright bamboo-bound -<span class='pageno' title='313' id='Page_313'></span> -howitzers made of stout tree trunks. The “shell” -exploded high in air forming a cloud of floating dust. -The black picture stained the sky for several minutes. -It was a signal to the army lying in the ravines, and -a notice, repeated at intervals, to the court at Yedo. -The expected Perry had “sailed into the Sea of -Sagami and into Japanese history.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In the afternoon, the first steamers ever seen in -Japanese waters, dropped anchor off Uraga. As -previously ordered, by diagram of the Commodore, -the ships formed a line broadside to the shore. The -ports were opened, and the loaded guns run out. -Every precaution was taken to guard against surprise -from boats, by fire-junks, or whatever native ingenuity -should devise against the big “black ships.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The first signal made from the flag-ship was this, -“Have no communication with the shore, have none -from the shore.” The night passed quietly and -without alarms. Only the boom of the temple bells, -the glare of the camp-fires, and the dancing of -lantern lights told of life on the near land. This is -the view from the American decks. Let us now -picture the scene from the shore, as native eyes -saw it.</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_25'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f25'><a href='#r25'>[25]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>The Japan Expedition, New York, 1855</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='314' id='Page_314'></span><h1>CHAPTER XXX.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>THE FIRE-VESSELS OF THE WESTERN BARBARIANS.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>Among</span> the many names of their beautiful country, -the Japanese loved none more than that of “Land -of Great Peace,”—a breath of grateful repose after -centuries of war. The genius of Iyéyasŭ had, in -the seventeenth century, won rest, and nearly a -quarter of a millennium of quiet followed. The fields -trampled down by the hoof of the war-horse and the -sandal of the warrior had been re-planted, the -sluices and terraces repaired, and seed time and -harvest passed in unintermitting succession. The -merchant bought and sold, laid up tall piles of gold -kobans, and thanked Daikokŭ and Amida for the -blessings of wealth and peace. The shop keeper -held a balance of two hundred <span class='it'>rios</span> against the day of -devouring fire or wasting sickness, or as a remainder -for his children after the expenses of his funeral. -The artisan toiled in sunny content, and at daily -prayer, thanked the gods that he was able to rear -his family in peace. Art and literature flourished. -The samurai, having no more use for his sword, yet ever -believing it to be “his soul,” wore it as a memento of -the past and guard for the future. He lounged in -<span class='pageno' title='315' id='Page_315'></span> -the tea-houses disporting with the pretty girls; or if of -studious tastes, he fed his mind, and fired his heart -with the glories of Old Japan. As for the daimiōs, -they filled up the measure of their existence, alternately -at Yedo, and in their own dominions, with -sensual luxury, idle amusement, or empty pomp. All, -all was profound peace. The arrows rusted in the -arsenals, or hung glittering in vain display, made into -screens or designs on the walls. The spears stood -useless on their butts in the vestibules, or hung in -racks over the doors hooded in black cloth. The -match-locks were bundled away as curious relics of -war long distant, and for ever passed away. The -rusty cannon lay unmounted in the castle yards, -where the snakes and the rats made nests and led -forth their troops of young for generations.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Upon this scene of calm—the calm of despotism—broke -the vision of “the black ships at Uraga.” At this -village, long noted for its <span class='it'>Midzu-amé</span> or rice-honey, -the Japanese were to have their first taste of modern -civilization. Its name, given nine, perhaps eleven -centuries before, was auspicious, though they knew it -not. The Chinese characters, sounded Ura-ga, mean -“Coast Congratulation.” At first a name of foreboding, -it was to become a word of good cheer!</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“The fire-vessels of the western barbarians are coming -to defile the Holy Country,” said priest and -soldier to each other on the afternoon of the third -day of the sixth month of Kayéi, in the reign of the -Emperor Koméi. The boatman at his sculls and the -<span class='pageno' title='316' id='Page_316'></span> -junk sailor at the tiller gazed in wonder at the painted -ships of the western world. The farmer, standing -knee deep in the ooze of the rice fields, paused to -gaze, wondering whether the barbarians had harnessed -volcanoes. With wind blowing in their teeth and -sails furled, the monsters curled the white foam at -their front, while their black throats vomited sparks -and smoke. To the gazers at a distance, as they -looked from their village on the hill tops, the whole -scene seemed a mirage created, according to their -childhood’s belief, by the breath of clams. The Land of -Great Peace lay in sunny splendor. The glorious -cone of Fuji capped with fleecy clouds of white, never -looked more lovely. Even the great American admiral -must surely admire the peerless mountain.<a id='r26'/><a href='#f26' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[26]</span></sup></a> The -soldiers in the fort on the headlands, obeying orders, -would forbear to fire lest the fierce barbarians should -begin war at once. The rocket signal would alarm -great Yedo. The governor at Uraga would order the -foreigners to Nagasaki. Would they obey? The -bluff whence the <span class='it'>Morrison</span> had been fired upon years -before, once rounded, would the barbarians proceed -further up the bay? Suspense was short. The -great splashing of the wheels ceased. As the imposing -line lay within an arrow’s range, off the shore, -the rattling of the anchor-chains was heard even on -<span class='pageno' title='317' id='Page_317'></span> -land. The flukes gripped bottom at the hour of the -cock (5 <span class='sc'>p. m.</span>)</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The yakunin or public business men of Uraga had -other work to do that day than to smoke, drink tea, -lounge on their mats, or to collect the customs from -junks bound to Yedo. As soon as the ships were -sighted, the buniō, his interpreter, and satellites, -donned their ceremonial dress of hempen cloth and -their lacquered hats emblazoned with the Tokugawa -trefoil, thrust their two swords in their belts, their -feet in their sandals, and hied to the water’s edge. -Their official barge propelled by twelve scullsmen shot -out to the nearest vessel. By their orders a cordon -of boats provisioned for a stay on the water was -drawn around the fleet; but the crews, to their -surprise could not fasten their lines to the ships nor -climb up on board. The “hairy barbarians,” as was -not the case with previous visitors, impolitely pitched -off their ropes, and with cocked muskets and fixed -bayonets really threatened to use the ugly tools if -intruders mounted by the chains. A great many -<span class='it'>naru hodo</span> (the equivalent of “Well I never!” “Is it -possible?” “Indeed!”) were ejaculated in consequence.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Mr. Nakashima Saburosŭké (or, in English, Mr. -Middle Island, Darling No. 3) vice-governor, and an -officer of the seventh or eighth rank, was amazed to -find that even he, a yakunin and dressed in <span class='it'>kami-shimo</span> -uniform, his boat flying the governor’s pennant, -and his bearers holding spears and the Tokugawa -<span class='pageno' title='318' id='Page_318'></span> -trefoil flag, could not get on board. The <span class='it'>i-jin</span> -(outlanders) did not even let down their gangway -ladder, when motioned to do so. This was cause -for another official <span class='it'>naru hodo</span>. The barbarians -wished to confer with the governor himself. Only -when told that the law forbade that functionary from -boarding foreign ships, did they allow Mr. Nakashima -and his interpreter Hori Tatsunosūké (Mr. Conch -Dragon-darling,) to board. Even then, he was not -allowed to see the grand high yakunin of the fleet, -the Commodore, who was showing himself master of -Japanese tactics.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry was playing Mikado. The cabin was the -abode of His High Mighty Mysteriousness. He -was for the time being Kin-réi, Lord of the Forbidden -Interior. He was Tennō, (son of the skies) -and Tycoon (generalissimo) rolled into one. His -Lieutenant Contee acted as Nai-Dai-Jin, or Great Man -of the Inner Palace. A tensō, or middle man, -secretary or clerk, carried messages to and fro from -the cabin, but the child of the gods with the topknot -and two swords knew it not. Since the hermits of -Japan were not familiar [with] the rank of Commodore, -but only of Admiral, this title came at once and -henceforth into use. The old proverb concerning -the prophet and his honors abroad found new illustration -in all the negotiations, and Perry enjoyed -more fame at the ends of the earth than at home.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Mr. Nakashima Saburosŭké was told the objects -for which the invisible Admiral came. He had been -<span class='pageno' title='319' id='Page_319'></span> -sent by the President of the United States on a -friendly mission. He had a letter addressed to -“the emperor.” He wished an officer of proper rank -to be chosen to receive a copy, and appoint a day -for the momentous act of accepting with all the pomp -and ceremony and circumstance, so august a document -from so mighty a ruler, of so great a power. -The Admiral would <span class='it'>not</span> go to Nagasaki. With imperturbable -gravity of countenance, but with many -mental <span class='it'>naru hodo</span>, the dazed native listened. The -letter must be received where he then was.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Further, while the intentions of the admiral were -perfectly friendly, he would allow of no indignity. If -the guard-boats were not <span class='it'>immediately</span> removed, they -would be dispersed by force. Anxious above all -things to preserve peace with the <span class='it'>i-jin</span> or barbarians, -the functionary of Uraga rose immediately, and -ordered the punts, sampans and guard-boats away.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>This, the first and master move of the mysterious -and inaccessible Commodore in the game of diplomacy, -practiced with the Riu Kiu regent was repeated -in Yedo Bay. The foiled yakunin, clothed -with only a shred of authority, could promise nothing, -and went ashore. There is scarcely a doubt -that he ate less rice and fish that evening. Perhaps -he left his bowl of <span class='it'>miso</span> (bean-sauce) untasted, his -<span class='it'>shiru</span> (fish soup) unsipped. The probabilities approach -certainty that he smoked a double quota of -pipes of tobacco. A “hairy” barbarian had snubbed -a yakunin. Naruhodo! -<span class='pageno' title='320' id='Page_320'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Darkness fell upon the rice fields and thatched -dwellings. The blue waters were spotted with -millions of white jelly-fishes looking as though as -many plates of white porcelain were floating submerged -in a medium of their own density. Within -the temples on shore, anxious congregations gathered -to supplicate the gods to raise tempests of wind such -as centuries ago swept away the Mongol armada and -invaders. The “divine breath” had wrought -wonders before, why not now also?</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Indoors, dusty images and holy pictures were -cleansed, the household shrines renovated, fresh oil -supplied to the lamps, numerous candles provided, -and prayers uttered such as father and mother had -long since ceased to offer. The gods were punishing -the people for neglect of their altars and for their -wickedness, by sending the “ugly barbarians” to -destroy their “holy country.” Rockets were shot -up from the forts, and alarm fires blazed on the headlands. -These were repeated on the hills, and told -with almost telegraphic rapidity the story of danger -far inland. The boom of the temple bells, and the -sharp strokes on those of the fire-lookouts, kept up -the ominous sounds and spread the news.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>For several years past unusual portents had been -seen in the heavens, but that night a spectacle of -singular majesty and awful interest appeared. At -midnight the whole sky was overspread with a luminous -blue and reddish tint, as though a flaming white -dragon were shedding floods of violet sulphurous -<span class='pageno' title='321' id='Page_321'></span> -light on land and sea. Lasting nearly four hours, it -suffused the whole atmosphere, and cast its spectral -glare upon the foreign ships, making hull, rigging -and masts as frightfully bright as the Taira ghosts on -the sea of Nagatō. Men now living remember that -awful night with awe, and not a few in their anxiety -sat watching through the hours of darkness until, -though the day was breaking, the landscape faded -from view in the gathering mist.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The morning dawned. The barbarians had remained -tranquil during the night. The unhappy -yakunin probably forgot the lie<a id='r27'/><a href='#f27' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[27]</span></sup></a> he had told the -day before, for at 7 o’clock by the foreigners’ time, -the governor himself, Kayama Yézayémon, with his -satellites arrived off the flag-ship. Its name, the <span class='it'>Susquehanna</span>, -struck their fancy pleasantly, because the -sound resembled those of “bamboo” (suzuki) and -“flower” (hana). The grand dignitary of Uraga in -all the glory of embroidery, gilt brocade, swords, and -lacquered helmet with padded chin straps, ascended -the gangway as if climbing to the galleries of a -wrestling show. Alas, that the barbarians, who did -not even hold their breath, should be so little impressed -by this living museum of decorative art. -There was not one of them that fell upon his hands -and knees. Not one Jack Tar swabbed the deck with -his forehead. Some secretly snickered at the bare -<span class='pageno' title='322' id='Page_322'></span> -brown legs partly exposed between the petticoat and -the blue socks. This buniō in whose very name are -reflected the faded glories of the old imperial palace -guard in medieval Kiōto, was accustomed to ride in -splendid apparel on a steed emblazoned with crests, -trappings and tassels, its mane in pompons, and its -tail encased, like an umbrella, in a silk bag. His -attendant outwalkers moved between rows of prone -palms and faces, and of upturned top-knots and -shining pates. Now, he felt ill at ease in simple -sandals on the deck of a mighty ship. The “hairy -foreigners” were taller than he, notwithstanding his -lacquered helmet. In spite of silk trousers, and -rank one notch higher than the official of yesterday, -he was unable to hold personal intercourse with the -Lord of the Forbidden Interior. The American -Tycoon could not be seen. The buniō met only the -San Dai Jin, Captains Buchanan and Adams, and -Lieutenant Contee. A long discussion resulted in -the unalterable declaration that the Admiral -would <span class='sc'>not</span> <span class='it'>go to Nagasaki</span>. He would <span class='it'>not</span> wait <span class='it'>four</span> -days for an answer from Yedo, but only <span class='it'>three</span>. The -survey boats <span class='it'>would</span> survey the waters of the bay.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“His Excellency” (!) the buniō was shown the -varnish and key hole of the magnificent caskets containing -the letters from the great ruler of the United -States. Eve did not eye the forbidden fruit of the -tree of knowledge of good and evil with more consuming -curiosity, than did that son of an inquisitive -race ogle the glittering mysterious box. It was not -<span class='pageno' title='323' id='Page_323'></span> -for him to know the contents. He was moved to -offer food and water. With torturing politeness, the -“hairy faces” declined. They had enough of everything. -The ugly barbarians even demanded that the -same term of respect should be applied to their -President as that given to the great and mighty -figure-head at Yedo. This came near being a -genuine comedy of Much Ado about Nothing, since -one of the Tycoon’s titles expressed, in English print -was “O.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In spite of the rising gorge and other choking -sensations, the republican president was dubbed -Dairi. The buniō of Uraga was told that further discussion -was unnecessary, until an answer was received. -No number of silent volleys of “<span class='it'>naru hodo</span>” -(indeed) “<span class='it'>tai-hen</span>” (hey yo) or “<span class='it'>dekinai</span>” (cannot) -could possibly soothe the internal storm in the -breast of the snubbed buniō. He gathered himself -up, and with bows profound enough to make a right -angle of legs and body, and much sucking in of the -breath <span class='it'>ad profundis</span>, said his “<span class='it'>sayonara</span>” (farewell) -and went ashore.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The third day dawned, again to usher in fresh -anomaly. The Americans would transact no business -on this day! Why? It was the Sabbath, for rest and -worship, honored by the “Admiral” from childhood -in public as well as private life. “Dōntaku” (Sunday,) -the interpreter told the buniō. With the aid -of glasses from the bluffs on shore, they saw the -<span class='it'>Mississippi’s</span> capstan wreathed with a flag, a big book -<span class='pageno' title='324' id='Page_324'></span> -laid thereon, and smaller books handed round. One, -in a gown, lowered his head; all listening did likewise. -Then all sang, the band lending its instrumental -aid to swell the volume of sound. The strains -floated shoreward and were heard. The music was -“Old Hundred.” The hymn was “Before Jehovah’s -awful throne, Ye nations bow with sacred joy.” The -open book on the capstan was the Bible. In the -afternoon, a visiting party of minor dignitaries was -denied admittance to the decks of the vessels; nor -was this a mere freak of Perry’s, but according to a -habit and principle.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>This was the American rest-day, and Almighty -God was here worshiped in sight of His most glorious -works. The Commodore was but carrying out a -habit formed at his mother’s knee, and never slighted -at home or abroad. To read daily the Bible, receiving -it as the word of God, and to honor Him by -prayer and praise was the chief part of the “provision -sufficient to sustain the mind” so often recommended -by him to officers and men. “This was the only -notable demonstration which he made before -landing.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“Remarkable was this Sabbath morning salutation, -in which an American fleet, with such music as -those hillsides never re-echoed before, chanted the -glories of Jehovah before the gates of a heathen -nation. It was a strange summons to the Japanese.” -Its echoes are now heard in a thousand glens and in -the cities of the Mikado’s empire. The waters of -<span class='pageno' title='325' id='Page_325'></span> -Yedo Bay have since become a baptismal flood. -Where cannon was cast to resist Perry now stands -the Imperial Female Normal College. On the treaty -grounds rises the spire of a Christian church.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Meanwhile, the erection of earth-works along the -strand and on the bluffs progressed. The farm -laborers, the fishermen, palanquin-bearers, pack-horse -leaders, women and children were impressed -into the work. With hoe and spade, and baskets of -rope matting slung from a pole borne on the shoulders -of two men, or each with divided load depending -scale-wise from one shoulder, receiving an iron cash -at each passing of the paymaster, they toiled day -and night. Rude parapets of earth knit together -with grass were made and pierced with embrasures. -These were twice too wide for unwieldly, long, and -ponderously heavy brass cannon able to throw a three -or six pound ball. The troops were clad in mail of -silk, iron and paper, a kind of war corset, for which -rifle balls have little respect. Their weapons were -match-locks and spears. Their evolutions were those -of Taikō’s time, both on drill and parade. Curtained -camps sprung up, around which stretched impressive -walls of cotton cloth etched by the dyer’s mordant -with colossal crests. These were not to represent -“sham forts, of striped canvas,” and thus to frighten -the invaders, as the latter supposed; but, according -to immemorial custom, to denote military business, -and to display either the insignia of the great Shō-gun -or the particular clan to which a certain garrison or -<span class='pageno' title='326' id='Page_326'></span> -detachment belonged. The political system headed -by the Tycoon, had to the Japanese mind nothing -amusing in its name of Bakafu or Curtain Government, -though to the foreigner, suggestive of Mrs. -Caudle. It had, however, a certain hostile savor. It -was a mild protest against the camp over-awing the -throne. It implied criticism of the Shō-gun, and reverence -to the Mikado.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The names and titles which now desolated the air -and suffered phonetic wreck in collision with the -vocal organs to which they were so strange, furnish -not only an interesting linguistic study, but were a -mirror of native history. The uncouth forms which -they took upon the lips of the latest visiting foreigners -are hardly worse in the scholar’s eyes, than the deviations -which the Japanese themselves made from -the Aino aboriginal or imported Chinese forms. In -its vocabulary the Japanese is a very mixed language, -and the majority of its so called elegant terms of -speech is but mispronounced Chinese. To the -Americans, the name of one of the interpreters -seemed “compounded of two sneezes and a cough,” -though when analyzed into its component elements, -it reflects the changes in Japanese history as surely -as fossils in the rocks reveal the characteristics of bygone -geological ages. In the old days of the Mikado’s -supremacy, in fact as well as in law, when he led his -troops in war, instead of being exiled in a palace; that -is, before the thirteenth century, both military and -civil titles had a meaning. Names had a reality behind -<span class='pageno' title='327' id='Page_327'></span> -them, and were symbols of a fact. A man with -<span class='it'>kami</span> (lord) after his name was an actual governor of -a province; one with <span class='it'>mon</span> terminating his patronymic -was a member of the imperial guard, a soldier or -sentinel at the <span class='it'>Sayé mon</span> (left gate) or <span class='it'>Uyé mon</span> (right -gate) of the palace; a <span class='it'>Hei</span> was a real soldier with a -sword or arrow, spear or armor. A <span class='it'>suké</span> or a <span class='it'>jō a marō</span> -or a <span class='it'>himé</span>, a <span class='it'>kamon</span> or a <span class='it'>tono</span> was a real deputy or -superior, a prince or princess, a palace functionary -or a palace occupant of imperial blood. All this was -changed when, in the twelfth century, the authority -was divided into civil and military, and two capitals -and centers of government, typified by the Throne -and the Camp, sprang up. The Mikado kept his seat, -the prestige of antiquity and divinity, and the fountain -of authority at Kiōto, while the Shō-gun or usurping -general held the purse and the sword at Kamakura. -Gradually the Shō-gun (army-commander, general) -usurped more and more power, claiming it as necessary, -and invariably obtaining new leases of power -until little was left to the Mikado but the shadow of -authority. The title of Tai-kun (“Tycoon”) meaning -Great Prince, and the equivalent of a former title of -the Mikado was assumed. Next the military rulers at -Kamakura, from the twelfth to the sixteenth -century and in Yedo from the seventeenth century, -controlled the appointments of their nominees -to office, and even compelled the Emperor to -make certain of them hereditary in elect families. -The multitude of imperial titles, once carrying with -<span class='pageno' title='328' id='Page_328'></span> -their conferment actual duties and incomes, and theoretically -functional in Kiōto became, as reality decayed, -in the higher grades empty honorifics of the -Tycoon’s minions, and in the lower were degraded to -ordinary personal names of the agricultural gentry or -even common people. What was once an actual official -title sunk to be a mere final syllable in a name.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The writer, when a resident in the Mikado’s empire, -was accustomed to address persons with most lofty, -grandiloquent, and high flown names, titles and decorative -patronymics, in which the glories of decayed -imperialism and medieval history were reflected. -His cook was an Imperial Guardsman of the Left, his -stable boy was a Regent of the University, while not -a few servants, mechanics, field hands and manure -carriers, were Lords of the Chamber, Promoters of -Learning, Superintendents of the Palace Gardens, or -various high functionaries with salary and office. -Just as the decayed mythology and far off history of -the classic nations furnished names for the slaves in -Carolina cotton fields, in the days when Lempriêre -was consulted for the christening of newly born negro -babies, so, the names borne by thousands of Japanese -to-day afford to the foreign analyst of words and to -the native scholar both amusement and reflection. -To the Americans on Perry’s fleet they furnished -endless jest as phonetic and linguistic curiosities.</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_26'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f26'><a href='#r26'>[26]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>A Japanese poet puts this stanza in the mouth of Perry; -“Little did I dream that I should here, after crossing the salty -path, gaze upon the snow-capped Fuji of this land.”</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_27'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f27'><a href='#r27'>[27]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>“M—— Y—— is at Shimoda, and has not forgotten -the art of lying.” Townsend Harris to Perry, October 27, -1857.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='329' id='Page_329'></span><h1>CHAPTER XXXI.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>PANIC IN YEDO. RECEPTION OF THE PRESIDENT’S LETTER.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>Opening</span> upon the beautiful bay (<span class='it'>yé</span>), like a door -(<span class='it'>do</span>), the great city in the Kuantō, or Broad East of -Japan, was well-named Bay-door, or Yedo. Founded -as a military stronghold tributary to the Shō-gun at -Kamakura in the fourteenth century, by Ota Dō -Kuan, it was made in 1603 the seat of the government -by Iyéyasŭ. This man, mighty both in war -and in peace, and probably Japan’s greatest statesman, -made the little village a mighty city, and -founded the line of Shō-guns of the Tokugawa -family, which ruled in the person of fifteen Tycoons -until 1868. To the twelfth of the line Iyéyoshi, -President Fillmore’s letter was to be delivered, and -with the thirteenth, Iyésada, the American treaty -made. The Americans dubbed each “Emperor”!</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Yedo’s chief history and glory are associated with -the fortunes of the Tokugawas. It had reached the -zenith of its greatness when Perry’s ships entered -the bay. Its palaces, castles, temples, and towers -were then in splendor never attained before or beheld -in Japan since. It was the centre of wealth, -learning, art and gay life. Its population numbered -<span class='pageno' title='330' id='Page_330'></span> -one million two hundred thousand souls, of whom -were five hundred thousand of the military class.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Upon this mass of humanity the effect of the news -of “black ships” at their very doors was startling. -All Yedo was soon in a frightful state of commotion. -With alarmed faces the people thronged to the shrines -to pray, or hastily packed their valuables, to bury or -send off to the houses of distant friends. In the -southern suburbs thousands of houses were emptied -of their contents and of the sick and aged. Many -who could, left their homes to go and dwell with -relatives in the country. Couriers on horseback had -first brought details of the news by land. Junks and -scull-boats from Uraga arrived hourly at Shinagawa, -and foot-runners bearing dispatches panted in the -government offices. They gave full descriptions of -what had been said and done, the number, shape and -size of the vessels, and in addition to verbal and -written statements, showed drawings of the black -ships and of the small boats manned by the sailors. -It was no clam’s-breath mirage this time. The rumor -so often pooh-poohed had turned to reality.<a id='r28'/><a href='#f28' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[28]</span></sup></a></p> - -<p class='pindent'>The samurai went to their <span class='it'>kura</span> (fire proof storehouses) -<span class='pageno' title='331' id='Page_331'></span> -and unpacked their armor to repair and -furbish, and to see if they could breathe, as they certainly -could perspire in it, and brandish a sword with -both hands, when fully laced up. They scoured the -rust off their spears, whetted and feathered their -arrows, and restrapped their quivers upon which -the moths had long feasted. The women rehemmed -or ironed out flags and pennants. Intense -activity prevailed on the drill grounds and matchlock -ranges. New earth-banks for targets were -erected. Vast quantities of powder were burned in -practice. It was the harvest time of the priests, -the armorers, the sword-makers, and the manufacturers -of oiled paper coats, leggings, hats and sandals, -so much needed in that rainy climate during -camp-life. The drug business boomed with activity, -for the hastily gathered and unseasoned soldiers -lying under arms in camp suffered from all sorts of -maladies arising from exposure.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Hokŭsai, whose merciless caricatures of carpet -soldiers once made all Japan laugh, and who had died -four years before with the snows of nearly ninety -years upon his head, was not there to see the fun. -His pupils, however, put the humor of the situation -on paper; and caricatures, lampoons and jokes -directed against these sons of luxury in camp were -numerous, and after the departure of the ships they -found ready sale.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>One enterprising merchant and ship owner in -Yedo had, months before Perry arrived, made a -<span class='pageno' title='332' id='Page_332'></span> -fortune by speculating in oiled paper, buying up all -he could lay his hands upon, making water-proof -garments and selling at high prices. Indiscreetly -exulting over his doings, he gave a feast to his many -friends whom his sudden wealth had made. The -two proverbs “<span class='it'>In vino veritas</span>,” and “Wine in, -wit out,” kissed each other. Over his merry cups -he declared that “the vessels of the barbarians” had -been “the treasure-ships of the seven gods of happiness” -to him. The authorities got wind of the -boast, and clapped the unlucky wight in prison. He -was charged with secretly trading with foreign -countries. His riches took wings and flew into the -pockets of the yakunin and the informer. While -the American ships were at Napa he was beheaded. -His fate sobered other adventurous spirits, but did -not injure business.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The book-sellers and picture-shop keepers, who -had sent artists down to Uraga, also coined <span class='it'>kobans</span> -by selling “brocade pictures” or broadsides bedizened -with illustrations in color, of the floating monsters -and the tall man of strange garb, speech, tonsure, -hirsute fashion, and shape of eyes. Fans, gaily -colored and depicting by text and drawing the -wonders that now thrilled the nation, were sent into -the interior and sold by thousands. The governor -was compelled to issue proclamations to calm the -public alarm.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Meanwhile, in the castle, the daimiōs were acquainted -with the nature of the despatches and the -<span class='pageno' title='333' id='Page_333'></span> -object of the American envoy. Discussion was invited, -but there was nothing to be said. Innumerable -pipes were smoked. Long hours were spent on -the mats in sedentary recumbence on knees and -heels. Uncounted cups of tea were swilled. Incredible -indignation, impotent wrath and contempt -were poured upon the ugly barbarians, but still an -answer to the unanswered question, “what was to -be done?” could not be deferred. This was the -problem.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>They must first lie to the foreigners and make -them believe that the Shō-gun was a Tai-kun and -had imperial power. This done, they would then -have the chronic task of articulating lie after lie to -conceal from prying eyes the truth that the Yedo -government was a counterfeit and subordinate. The -Shō-gun was no emperor at all, and what would they -do if the hairy devils should take a notion to go to -Kiōto? They could not resist the big ships and -men, and yet they knew not what demands the -greedy aliens would make. They had no splendid -war vessels as in Taikō’s time, when the keels of -Japan ploughed every sea in Asia and carried visitors -to Mexico, to India, to the Phillipines. No more, as -in centuries ago, were their sailors the Northmen of -the sea, able to make even the coasts of China and -Corea desolate, and able to hurl back the Mongol -armada of Kubhlai Khan. Then should the Americans -land, and, by dwelling in it, defile the Holy -Country, the strain upon the government to keep -<span class='pageno' title='334' id='Page_334'></span> -the foreigners within bounds and to hold in the -Yedo cage the turbulent daimiōs would be too great. -Already many of the vassals of Tokugawa were in -incipient rebellion. If Japan were opened, they -would have a pretext for revolt, and would obey only -the imperial court in Kiōto. The very existence of -the Tokugawa family would then be jeoparded. If -they made a treaty, the “mikado-reverencers” would -defy the compact, since they knew that the Tycoon -was only a daimiō of low rank with no right to sign. -In vain had the official censors purged the writings -of historical scholars. Political truth was leaking out -fast, and men’s eyes were being opened. In vain -were the prisons taxed to hold in the whisperers, the -thinkers, the map-makers, the men who believed the -country had fallen behind, and that only the Mikado -restored to ancient authority could effect improvement.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Finally, two daimiōs were appointed to receive the -letter. Orders were given to the clans and coast -daimiōs to guard the most important strategic positions -fronting the bay of Yedo, lest the foreigners -should proceed to acts of violence. Several thousands -of troops were despatched in junks to the -earth forts along the bay of Yedo.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Meanwhile Perry, the Lord of the Forbidden Interior, -had allowed no Japanese to gaze upon his -face. The buniō had held several consultations with -the Admiral’s subordinates, had been shown the -ship and appointments, and had tasted the strangers’ -<span class='pageno' title='335' id='Page_335'></span> -diet. The barbarian pudding was delicious. The -liquors were superb. One glass of sugared brandy -made the whole western world kin. The icy armor -of reserve was shuffled off. The august functionary -became jolly. “Naruhodo” and “tai-hen” dropped -from his lips like minted coins from a die. So -happy and joyful was he, that he forgot, while his -veins were warm, that he had not gained a single -point, while the invisible Admiral had won all.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>A conference was arranged to be held at Kurihama -(long-league strand), a hamlet between Morrison -Bluff and Uraga for July 13th. The minutest -details of etiquette were settled. The knowing subordinates, -inspired by His Inaccessibility in the -cabin, solemnly weighed every feather-shred of -punctilio as in the balances of the universe. In -humiliation and abasement, Mr. Yézayémon regretted -that upholstered arm-chairs and wines and brandies -could not be furnished their guests on the morrow. -It was no matter. The “Admiral” would sit like -the dignitaries from Yedo; but, as it ill befitted his -Mysterious Augustness to be pulled very far in a -small boat, he would proceed in the steamers to a -point opposite the house of deliberation within -range of his Paixhans. He would land with a -proper retinue of officers and soldiers. Possibly a -Golownin mishap might occur, and the Admiral -wished to do nothing disagreeable. Even if the -government was perfectly sincere in intentions, the -swiftness of Japanese assassins was proverbial, and -the <span class='it'>rō-nin</span> (wave-man) was ubiquitous. -<span class='pageno' title='336' id='Page_336'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>The day before, sawyers had been busy, boards -and posts hauled, and all night long the carpenters -sent down from Yedo plied chisel and mallet, -hooked adze and saw. Mat sewers and binders, -satin curtain hangers, and official canvas-spreaders -were busy as bees. Finally the last parallelogram -of straw was laid, the last screen arranged, the last -silk curtain hung. The retainers of Toda, Idzu -no kami, the hatamoto, with all his ancestral insignia -of crests, scarlet pennants, spears, banners, -lanterns, umbrellas, and feudalistic trumpery were -present. The followers of Ito were there too, in -lesser numbers. For hundreds of yards stretched -canvas imprinted with the Tokugawa blazon, a -trefoil of Asarum leaves. On the beach stood the -armed soldiers of several clans, while the still waters -glittering in the beams of the unclouded sun were gay -with boats and fluttering pennants.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In the matter of shine and dazzle the Japanese -were actually outdone by the Americans.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The barbarian officers had curious looking golden -adornments on their shoulders, and pieces of metal -called “buttons” on the front of their coats. What -passed the comprehension of the spectators, was that -the same curious ornaments were found at the back of -their coats below the hips. Why did they wear buttons -behind? Instead of grand and imposing <span class='it'>hakama</span> -(petticoat trousers) and flowing sleeves, they had on -tight blue garments. As the sailors rowed in utterly -different style from the natives, sitting back to the -<span class='pageno' title='337' id='Page_337'></span> -shore as they pulled, they presented a strange spectacle. -They made almost deafening and hideous -noises with brass tubes and drums, with which they -seemed pleased. The native scullers could have -beaten the foreign rowers had the trial been one of -skill. The Uraga yakunin and Captain Buchanan -led the van of boats. When half way to the shore, -thirteen red tongues flamed out like dragons, and -thirteen clouds of smoke like the breath of the mountain -gods, leaped out of the throats of the barbarian -guns.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Then, and then only, the High, Grand, and Mighty, -Invisible and Mysterious, Chief Barbarian, representative -of the august potentate in America, who had -thus far augustly kept himself behind the curtain in -secrecy, revealed himself and stepped into his barge. -The whole line then moved to the beach. A few -minutes later there were a thousand scowls and curses, -and clinching of fingers on sword-hilts, and vows of -revenge, as the soil of the holy country was defiled -by the first barbarian, Buchanan, who sprang -ashore on the jetty hastily made of straw rice bags -filled with sand.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Many a countryman in the crowds of spectators -on the hills around, as he saw the three hundred -sailors, mariners, bandsmen and officers, went home -to tell his fellow-villagers of foreigners ten feet in -stature, as hairy in face as dogs, with polls on their -crown as red as the shōjo (or scarlet-headed demons), -and of ships as big as mountains, having guns -<span class='pageno' title='338' id='Page_338'></span> -that made heaven and earth crash together when -they were fired. The numbers as reported in the -distant provinces ran into myriads.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>There was no one that gazed more upon Commodore -Perry than Kazama Yézayémon. He, the -snubbed buniō, had waited through the minutes of -the hours of five days to see the mighty personage. -With vast officiousness he now led the way to the -pavilion. Two gigantic tars carried the American -flag, and two boys the mysterious red box whose -outside Kazama had seen. Of majestic mien and -portly form, tall, proud and stately, but not hairy -faced, “big as a wrestler, dignified as a kugé,” (court -noble) the august Commodore, already victor, advanced -forward. On either side as his guard, stalked -a colossal <span class='it'>kurumbō</span> (black man) armed to the teeth. -This sable pair, guarding the burly Commodore, like -the Ni O (two kings) of a temple portal, constituted -one of the greatest curiosities of the pageant. Many -in the gazing crowds had never seen a white man; -but probably not one had ever looked upon a human -being whose whole skin was as black as the eyes of -Fudō. Only in the theatre, when they had seen the -candle-holders with faces smeared with lamp black, -had they ever beheld aught like what now smote -their eyes.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The procession entered the pavilion with due -pomp. The Japanese officials were all dressed in -kami-shimo (high and low) or ceremonial winged -dress of gold brocade. Toda, Idzu no kami, and Ito, -<span class='pageno' title='339' id='Page_339'></span> -Iwami no kami, the two commissioners, sat on camp-stools. -When all was ready, the two boys advanced -and delivered their charge to the blacks. These, -opening in succession the scarlet cloth envelope and -the gold-hinged rosewood boxes, with true African -grace, displayed the letter written on vellum bound -in blue velvet, and the gold tasseled seals suspended -with silk thread. In perfect silence, they laid the -documents on the lacquered box brought from Yedo. -It was like Guanzan handling the sacred books.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“The First Counsellor of the Empire,” as the -Americans called Toda, acknowledged in perfect -silence receipt of the documents. The interpreter -who had been authorized by the “Emperor”—according -to the foreigners’ ideas—handed the receipt to the -Commodore, who sat during the ceremony. What -little was spoken was in Dutch, chiefly between Perry -and the interpreters. The whole affair was like a -“Quaker” meeting of the traditional sort. The official -reply read:—</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“The letter of the President of the United States -of North America and copy are hereby received and -delivered to the Emperor. Many times it has been -communicated that business relating to foreign -countries cannot be transacted here in Uraga, but in -Nagasaki. Now it has been observed that the Admiral -in his quality of embassador of the President -would be insulted by it; the justice of this has been -acknowledged, consequently the above mentioned -letter is hereby received in opposition to the Japanese -<span class='pageno' title='340' id='Page_340'></span> -law. Because this place is not designed to treat -of anything from foreigners, so neither can conference -nor entertainment take place. The letter being -received, you will leave here.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Commodore then gave notice that he would -return “in the approaching spring, probably in -April or May.” This concluded the ceremonies of -reception, which lasted half an hour. With all due -care and pomp the Americans returned to their decks. -That part of the Bay of Yedo fronting Kurihama -was named “Reception Bay,” as a certain headland -was dubbed by Perry himself Rubicon Point.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The “black ships” remained in the bay eight days. -Their boats were busily employed in surveying the -waters. Perry kept his men on ship’s food, holding -them all in leash, allowing no insults to the people, -receiving no gifts. In no instance was any Japanese -molested or injured. The Americans burned no -houses, stole no valuables, outraged no women. -None was drunk. Not a single native was kicked, -beaten, insulted or robbed. One party landed, and -actually showed a politeness that impelled the people -to set out refreshments of water, tea and peaches. -These “hairy” Americans were so kind and polite -that they smoked friendly pipes, showed the people -their trinkets and watches, and even patiently -explained, in strange and unintelligible language, -but with pantomimic gesture, the uses of many -things which drew forth volleys of <span class='it'>naru hodo! -kiréi! rippani! médzurashi! so désŭ, né!</span> and many -<span class='pageno' title='341' id='Page_341'></span> -a characteristic grimace, shrug and mutual nod from -the light-hearted and impressible people.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>All this was strange and unlooked-for. This -was not the way the Russians in Saghalin, nor -the British sailors at Nagasaki, had acted. The -people began to think that probably the foreigners -were not devils, but men after all. Eyes were -opened on both sides.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>More than one American made up his mind that -the Japanese were not so treacherous, murderous, or -inhospitable as they had heard. The natives began -to believe that if the “hairy faces” were devils, they -were of an uncommonly fine species, in short as jolly -as <span class='it'>tengus</span> or spirits of the sky. Strangely enough, -the “hairy” foreigners were clean shaven.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>One authentic anecdote related by the Japanese -is worth mentioning. At the banquet given by the -governor of Uraga, Perry tasted the <span class='it'>saké</span> served so -plentifully at all entertainments, and asked what -the cost or price of the beverage might be. On -being told, finding it exceedingly cheap, the Commodore -with a very serious face remarked to his -host that he feared it was highly injurious to the -people to have so ridiculously cheap an intoxicant -produced in the country. All present were deeply -impressed with the Commodore’s remark.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Despite the fact that the decoction of fermented -rice, called <span class='it'>saké</span>, which contains alcohol enough to -easily intoxicate, and fusel oil sufficient to quickly -madden, was not <span class='it'>relatively</span> as cheap as Perry supposed, -<span class='pageno' title='342' id='Page_342'></span> -yet Japan’s curse for centuries has been -cheap liquor.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Another anecdote, less trustworthy, is preserved -in a native book. The time suits Shimoda, but -other considerations point to Uraga or Yokohama. -The subjective element, probably predominates over -historical fact. Some enemy of Buddhism or its -priests, some wit fond of sharp barbs, from a Shintō -quiver, probably, manufactured the story, which runs -as follows:—</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'>“When Perry came to Shimoda, he took a ramble -through the town, and happened to enter a monastery -yard. It was in summer, and two bonzes -were taking a nap. Of course they were shaved as -to their heads, and their bodies were more than half -uncovered. At first glance, Perry thought that these -shaven-pated and nude <span class='it'>savages</span> were in an unseemly -act. ‘This is a savage land’, he said; and until he -saw and talked with the better representatives of -Japan, he was of a mind to treat the Japanese as he -would the lowest African tribes.”</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'>Without a yard of canvas spread, the four ships -moved rapidly out of the Bay on the morning of -March 17th. The promontory of Uraga was black -with spectators who watched that stately procession -whose motor was the child born of wedded fire and -water.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Japan now gave herself up to reflection.</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_28'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f28'><a href='#r28'>[28]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Ota Dō Kuan the founder of Yedo (Gate of the Bay) in -the fifteenth century, wrote in the summer-house of his castle -a poem, said to have been extant in 1854, and to have been -pointed out as fulfilled by Perry:</p> - -<div class='literal-container' style=''><div class='literal'> <!-- rend=';' --> -<p class='line'>“To my gate ships will come from the far East,</p> -<p class='line'> Ten thousand miles.”</p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:right;margin-right:0em;'>—Dixon’s <span class='it'>Japan</span>, p. 218.</p> -</div></div> <!-- end rend --> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='343' id='Page_343'></span><h1>CHAPTER XXXII.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>JAPANESE PREPARATIONS FOR TREATY-MAKING.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>The</span> <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> touching at Napa, found there the -<span class='it'>Supply</span>, and met the <span class='it'>Vandalia</span> on the way to Hong -Kong, where the Commodore arrived on the 7th of -August. The <span class='it'>Powhatan</span> returned from a futile visit -to Riu Kiu on the 25th. To protect American lives -and property against the imminent dangers of the -Tai-ping rebellion, the <span class='it'>Supply</span> was sent to Canton -and the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> anchored off Whampoa. The remainder -of the squadron was ordered to Cum-sing-moon, -between Macao and Hong Kong, where the -machinery which sadly needed repair was refitted.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Having thus disposed of his force, the Commodore, -in order to arrange the accumulated results of his -voyage to Japan, took a house at Macao for his own -accommodation and that of the artists and surveying -party. A hospital, which was also established in the -town, under the care of the fleet surgeon, was soon -full of fever patients; and an annex, in the form of a -cemetery, was found necessary. The Japan expedition -left American graves at Macao, Napa, Uraga, -Yokohama, Shimoda, and Hakodaté. Among the -officers lost, was Lieutenant John Matthews drowned -<span class='pageno' title='344' id='Page_344'></span> -at the Bonin islands. His name was given by Perry -to a bay near Napa, which he surveyed. His monument -in Vale Cemetery at Schenectady, N. Y. was -erected by his fellow-officers of the Asiatic Squadron.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Commodore himself, worn-out by heavy and -multifarious duties, was finally prostrated by an attack -of illness. Nevertheless the work of the expedition -suffered no remission. The making of charts, -and the completion of nearly two-hundred sketches -and drawings, and the arrangement and testing of -the scientific apparatus which was to be proved -before the Japanese, were perfected. The daguerreotype, -talbotype, and magnetic telegraphic apparatus -were especially kept in working order. The Japanese -from the first, as it proved, were mightily impressed -by these “spirit pictures,” into which as they believed, -went emitted particles of their actual souls.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The lengthened stay of the Commodore at Macao -enabled him to see the places of interest and to -study life in this old city, once so prosperous; whence -had sailed, three centuries before, in the Portuguese -galleons explorers, traffickers and missionaries to -Japan. The opulent American merchants of Canton -made Macao their place of summer sojourn, so that -elegant society was not lacking. With the French -commodore, Montravel, whose fleet lay at anchor in -the roadstead, and with Portuguese whom he had -met in Africa, his intercourse was especially pleasant. -It had been the intention of the Commodore to wait -until spring before sailing north, but the suspicious -<span class='pageno' title='345' id='Page_345'></span> -movements of the French and Russians, spoken of -below, induced him to alter his plans.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Towards the end of November, the French naval -commander suddenly left port under sealed orders. -About the same time the Russian Admiral Pontiatine -in the <span class='it'>Pallas</span> and with three other vessels lay at -Shanghai, having returned from Nagasaki. Suspecting -that either or both the Russians and French contemplated -a visit to Yedo Bay, Perry became very -anxious for the arrival of the <span class='it'>Lexington</span>, which had -more presents for the Japanese on board. Rather -than allow others to get advantage and reap where -he had sown, before he himself had thrust in the -sickle, Perry resolved to risk the exposure and inconvenience -of a mid-winter cruise to Japan, despite the -stories told of fogs and storms on the Japanese coast. -The dangers of a winter sea-journey between the two -countries are portrayed, even in very ancient Chinese -poetry.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The object of the American mission had been reported -at Kiōto, where it created a profound impression -and intense excitement. The first thing done, -and that within four days after Perry left, was to -despatch a messenger to the Shintō priests at the -shrines of Isé to offer up prayers for the peace of the -Empire, and for the divine breath to sweep away “the -barbarians.” One week later, the Shō-gun Iyéyoshi -died. He was buried in Shiba in Yedo in a superb -mausoleum among his ancestors, but not until the -7th of September. -<span class='pageno' title='346' id='Page_346'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>At Yedo, the question of acceeding to the demand -of the barbarians was hotly debated. The daimiōs -“nearly lost their hearts in consultation that lasted -day and night.” The Prince of Mito wanted to -fight them. “The officials knew it would be madness -to resist an enemy with myriads of men-of-war -who could capture all their junks and blockade their -coasts.” The Shō-gun’s minister was Abé, Isé no -Kami, the daimiō of Bizen, who had married the -adopted daughter of Echizen. He it was who inspired -the arguments of the government. He believed -that as Japan was behind the world in mechanical -arts, it would be better to have intercourse with -foreigners, learn their drill and tactics, and thus fight -them with their own weapons. If the Japanese -pleased, they might then shut up their country or -even go abroad to conquer other nations. Others -doubted the ability or willingness of many of the -disaffected class to fight for Tokugawa.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The native historians tell us that “the Shō-gun -Iyéyoshi, who had been ill since the beginning of the -summer, was rendered very anxious about this sudden -and pressing affair of the outer barbarians;” -and, soon after sickened and died. He was the -father of twenty-five children, all but four of whom -had died in infancy. One of his daughters had married. -His death at this alarming crisis plunged his -retainers in the deepest grief. Iyésada, his seventh -child, succeeded him as the thirteenth Shō-gun of the -Tokugawa line. -<span class='pageno' title='347' id='Page_347'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Of this fact, Perry had received official notice from -the Japanese through the Dutch authorities. As the -communication hinted that delay was necessary on -account of official mourning, Perry, instead of cock-billing -his yards, thought it a ruse, and delayed not a -moment.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Accordingly, on the 14th of January 1854, in the -<span class='it'>Susquehanna</span>, with the <span class='it'>Powhatan</span> and <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> -towing the stores ships <span class='it'>Lexington</span> and <span class='it'>Southampton</span>, -the Commodore left for Riu Kiu; the <span class='it'>Macedonian</span> and -<span class='it'>Supply</span> having gone on a few days before to join the -<span class='it'>Vandalia</span>. The <span class='it'>Plymouth</span> and <span class='it'>Saratoga</span> were to -come later. The steamers arrived at Napa, January -20th, and the Commodore thus paid his fourth visit -to Riu Kiu.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The slow sailers were to be sent ahead to Yedo -Bay, with one week’s start. Captain Abbot in the -<span class='it'>Macedonian</span>, in company with the <span class='it'>Vandalia</span>, <span class='it'>Lexington</span>, -and <span class='it'>Southampton</span> set out northward on the 1st -of February. The Commodore followed on the 7th -with the three steamers, meeting the <span class='it'>Saratoga</span> just -outside. The <span class='it'>Supply</span> with coal and live stock from -Shanghai, was to join the squadron in Yedo Bay. -The promise of an “imposing squadron of twelve -vessels,” seemed about to be fulfilled.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In Yedo, the new Shō-gun Iyésada and his advisers -had felt that something must be done both in -peaceful and warlike preparations. The ex-daimiō of -Mito, released from confinement, was appointed commissioner -of maritime defences. A series of forts -<span class='pageno' title='348' id='Page_348'></span> -was built on the shallow part of the bay in front of -Yedo, off Shinagawa its southern suburb. Thousands -of laborers were paid <span class='it'>isshiu</span> (6¼ cts.) per day, and -the coins minted for that purpose are still called -<span class='it'>dai-ba</span> (fort, or fort money) by the people around -Shinagawa. They were creditably built of earth, and -faced with stone; but having no casements, would -have illy defended the wooden city from bombardment -by Perry’s columbiads. A great number of -cannon were cast, and military preparations continued -unceasingly. The expenses were met by a levy -on the people of Yedo and vicinity, and on the rich -merchants of Ozaka.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The old edict of Iyéyasŭ concerning naval architecture -was rescinded, and permission was given to the -daimiōs, to build large ships of war. Their distinguishing -flag was a red ball representing the sun on a -white ground. This was the origin of the present -flag of Japan. The law of 1609 had commanded vessels -of over five hundred koku (2,500 bushels, or -30,000 cubic feet capacity) to be burned, and none -but small coasting junks built. Orders were given -to the Dutch to build a man-of-war, and to import -books on modern military science. A native who -had learned artillery from the Dutchmen at Nagasaki, -was now released from the prison, and was made -musketry instructor. His method soon became fashionable -and he thus became the introducer of the -European system of warfare into Japan. Drilling, -cannon-casting and fort-building were now the rage. -<span class='pageno' title='349' id='Page_349'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Yet in all this fuss and preparation, wise men saw -only the fulfilment on a national scale of their own -old proverb. “On seeing the enemy, to begin to -whet arrows.” Belated war-preparations, when the enemy -was at their gates, seemed futile. On the 1st day -of the 11th month (December 2d) a notification was -issued, that “owing to want of military efficiency, -the Americans would, on their return, be dealt with -peaceably.” The salary of the governor of Uraga -was raised. Very significantly, at the end of the -year, the old practice of Fumi-yé, or trampling on the -cross and Christian emblems, so long practiced at -Nagasaki, was abolished. Perry’s way was now clear, -though he knew it not.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>There was a native scholar in Yedo, a typical -progressive Japanese of this period, a student, through -the medium of the Dutch language, of European literature. -Hearing of the order for a man-of-war and -books from Holland, he petitioned the government -rather to send Japanese to Europe to study the most -important arts, and to assist in building and working -the ship. They would thus learn the art of navigation -on the voyage, and see the foreign countries. -The authorities did not favor his proposition. Yoshida -Shoin, one of his former pupils, heard of his old -master’s plan, and resolved himself to make a sea-voyage.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>When Admiral Pontiatine with the Russian ships -put in at Nagasaki in September “to discuss the -question of the northern boundary of the two nations -<span class='pageno' title='350' id='Page_350'></span> -in Saghalin,” Yoshida bade his master good-bye, -merely saying that he was going on a visit to Nagasaki, -but secretly intending to go abroad.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Sakuma, who divined his plan, gave him money -for his expenses; and, according to the custom of -polite farewells, composed a stanza of Chinese poetry -in which he wished him a safe and pleasant journey. -On his arrival at Nagasaki, the ship had gone. He -then returned to Yedo, and Sakuma secretly told him -how to set about getting passage on the American -vessels. We shall hear of Yoshida again. He and -Sakuma were typical men in a small, but soon to be -triumphant, majority.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>As the time for Perry’s return was near at hand, -the Bakafu chose Hayashi, the chief Professor of -the Chinese language and literature in the Dai Gakkō -(Great School, or University) to treat with Perry. -As the American interpreters were Chinese scholars, -the documents, besides those in the Dutch and English -language for the benefit of Americans, would -be in the Chinese character for the benefit of the -Japanese. Hayashi was a man profoundly versed in -Chinese learning, a pedant, and a stickler for exact -terms. He was also a most devotedly loyal retainer -of the house of Tokugawa. His rank was that of a -Hatamoto (flag-bearer), and his title Dai Gaku no -Kami, or Regent of the University, (not “Prince” of -Dai Gaku.) He was of benevolent countenance, and -courtly manners, dignified presence. He had lived -the life of a scholar, expounding the classics of Confucius -<span class='pageno' title='351' id='Page_351'></span> -and Mencius, and was highly respected at -court for his vast learning. In brief, he was a typical -product, and one of the best specimens of Yedo -culture in the later days of the Tokugawas. The -Hayashi family was noted for the many scholars in -Chinese literature that adorned the country and the -name. He was carefully instructed by his superior -officers as how he should deal with Perry. He made -his preparations so as to leave the academic groves -of Séido for the treaty-house at Uraga; for there, it -was decreed in Yedo that the treaty was to be made.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Fortunately for the Japanese, they had a first-rate -interpreter of English, though Perry knew it not. -His name was Nakahama Manjiro. With his two -companions, he had been picked up at sea in 1841, -by an American captain, J. H. Whitfield, and brought -by way of Honolulu to the United States, where he -obtained a good school education. Returning to -Hawaii in 1850, he resolved with his two companions -to return to Japan. Furnished with a duly attested -certificate of his American citizenship by the United -States consul, Elisha Allen, afterwards minister to -Washington, he built a whale-boat named <span class='it'>The Adventurer</span>, -sailed to Riu Kiu in the <span class='it'>Sarah Boyd</span>, -Captain Whitmore, and in January, 1851, landed. -The three men proved their nationality to the natives -of Riu Kiu not by their language, which they had -forgotten, but by their deft manipulation of chopsticks, -the use of which a Japanese baby learns before -he can talk. -<span class='pageno' title='352' id='Page_352'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>After six months in Riu Kiu and thirty months in -Nagasaki, the waifs reached their homes. On -being brought to Yedo with his boat, Manjiro was -made a samurai or wearer of two swords. As an -official translator, he wrestled with Bowditch and -logarithms, even to the partial bleaching of his -hair. After several years of severe work, twenty -manuscript copies of his book were made. His -boat, now come to honor, was used as a model for -others. The original was placed in a fire-proof storehouse -as an honorable relic.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On Saturday, the 11th of February, 1854 three -days after the Russians had left Nagasaki, and on -the ninth day of the Japanese New Year, the watchers -on the hills of Idzu descried the American -squadron approaching. The <span class='it'>Macedonian</span> had grounded -on the rocks a few miles from Kamakura, the medieval -capital of the Minamoto Shō-guns, and near the -spot over which Nitta Yoshisada, three hundred and -twenty years before, had led his victorious hosts to -overthrow the Hōjō usurpers. The powerful <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, -which had extricated and saved from utter loss -during the Mexican war, the fine old frigate <span class='it'>Germantown</span> -from a similar peril, easily drew off the <span class='it'>Macedonian</span> -on Sunday, the 12th. On Monday, the 13th, -amid all the lavish splendors of nature, for which the -scenery of Adzuma, as poets call eastern Japan, is -noted, the stately line of ships, the sailers towed by -the steamers, moved up the bay,</p> - -<div class='literal-container' style=''><div class='literal'> <!-- rend=';fs:.9em;' --> -<p class='line' style='font-size:.9em;'>“With all their spars uplifted,</p> -<p class='line' style='font-size:.9em;'>Like crosses of some peaceful crusade.”</p> -</div></div> <!-- end rend --> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='pageno' title='353' id='Page_353'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>The superb panorama that unfolded before the -eyes from the decks charmed all eyes. Significant and -portentous seemed the position of the lights of -heaven on that eventful day. To the west of the -peerless mountain Fuji, “the moon was setting -sharply defining one side with its chill cold rays.”<a id='r29'/><a href='#f29' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[29]</span></sup></a> -In the orient, the sun arising in cloudless radiance -burnished with brilliant glory the lordly cone as it -swelled to the sky. Did the natives recall their -poet’s comparison and contrast of “the old -sage, grown sad and slow,” and “the youth” who -“new systems, laws and fashions frames?” The -moon typified Old Japan ready to pass away, the -the sun heralded the New Japan that was to be. -Matthew Perry was set for the rising and fall of -many in the then hermit land.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Passing Uraga and Perry Island, the seven vessels -dropped anchor at the “American anchorage,” -not far from Yokosŭka, and off the place, called in -Japanese, Koshiba-ōki, (the little grass-plot looking -out on the far-off sea). Unconsciously, the officers -paced their decks beneath the shadows of the twin -tombs of Will Adams<a id='r30'/><a href='#f30' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[30]</span></sup></a> and his Japanese wife. -From these very headlands, over which the English -exile, who may have seen Shakespeare, took his -evening walks two centuries before, he had perhaps -seen in prophetic vision a sight like that below. -<span class='pageno' title='354' id='Page_354'></span> -Happy coincidence, that Perry’s right-hand man, -bore the same name, Adams!</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Commodore, still mysterious, invisible and -inapproachable, had again out-flanked the wily -orientals with their own weapons and turned their -heavy guns against themselves. The mystery-play -was kept up in a style that exceeded that of -either Kiōto or Yedo. The naval generalissimo -remained in the Forbidden Interior of his cabin as if -behind bamboo curtains.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Kurokawa Kahéi and his two interpreters were -received with excruciating politeness by Captain -Adams, assisted by Messrs. Portman, Williams and -the Commodore’s son. In the delegation of official -men were <span class='it'>ométsŭkes</span> (censors, spies, or checks). They -were well named “eye-appliers” (to holes usually -made noiselessly, with moistened finger-tips, in the -paper screens of the houses). These suggested -that the negotiations should be carried on at Kamakura -or Uraga. The programme, foreshadowed -by answers to their questions, was an American -advance on that of the previous year. The “Admiral” -would do no such thing. It must be near -the present safe anchorage. All the visits, conferences, -discussions, presents, bonbons, oranges and -confectionery, offers of eggs, fish and vegetables -were impotent to alter the fiat of the Invisible -Power in the cabin.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>For the benefit of the United States and the -civilized world, the survey boats were out daily -<span class='pageno' title='355' id='Page_355'></span> -making a map of the bottom of the bay. No boats’ -crews were allowed to land. No native was in any -way injured in person or property. The visitors -received on deck refreshments, champagne, sugared -brandy, port, and politeness in profusion. Of information -concerning the invisible “Admiral’s” -policy, save as His Invisibility allowed it, they received -not a word.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Several days passed, the broad pennant was -transferred to the <span class='it'>Powhatan</span>, and the Japanese -were given till the 21st to make up their mind. -Captain Adams was sent to Uraga to inspect the -proposed place of anchorage and the new building -specially erected for treaty making. There an incident -occurred which afforded more fun to the -Japanese than to the Americans. On the 22nd of -February, while the guns of the <span class='it'>Vandalia</span> were -thundering a salute in honor of Washington, Captain -Adams with fourteen officers and attendants entered -the hall of reception. Here were gathered a formidable -array of dignitaries, retainers and no less than -fifty soldiers. A suspicion of treachery dawned on -the Americans. Was this to be a Golownin affair?</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perhaps Izawa, the daimiō in charge, was fond of -a joke. He was, in fact, in favor of foreign intercourse, -but more noted for high living and gay sport -than for dignity of word and mien, withal a lively -and popular fellow. After preliminaries, Captain -Adams handed him the Commodore’s note. Preparatory -to getting out his goggle-spectacles, he -<span class='pageno' title='356' id='Page_356'></span> -folded his fan with a tremendous snap. Instantly -the American officers, alarmed and exchanging -glances of concern, clapped hands to their revolvers.<a id='r31'/><a href='#f31' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[31]</span></sup></a> -All the more amused, Izawa most deliberately and -with scarcely repressed inward merriment, adjusted -his goggles, and read the document, finding it in -good form. After decoctions of rice and tea, with -sponge-cake and oranges (<span class='it'>saké</span>, <span class='it'>cha</span>, <span class='it'>Castile</span>, <span class='it'>mikan</span>) -had been served, the officers returned to their ships -at the 8th hour, Japanese time, the Hour of the Ape, -or about 3 <span class='sc'>p. m.</span> Captain Adams decided that the -building proposed for treaty negotiations was “for -simple talk large enough, but not for the display of -presents.” Kurihama was then suggested. “No, -the Admiral would rather go to Yedo,” “No, no! -better go to Kanagawa, but do please, <span class='it'>please</span> go back -to Uraga.” This was the simple substance of much -conversation carried on in Japanese, Dutch and English, -with not a little consumption of paper, India -ink and Chinese characters. The one word of Perry -and Adams was “Yedo.” The tongues of the interpreters, -or in Japanese “word-passers,” grew -weary, yet no backward step was taken.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Meanwhile on the 24th, Perry moved his six ships -forward up the bay ten miles, anchoring beyond Kanagawa. -From the masthead the huge temple-gables, -castle-towers, fire-lookouts and pagodas of Yedo -<span class='pageno' title='357' id='Page_357'></span> -could be easily seen, and the bells of Shiba and -Asakŭsa heard. More exactly, the anchorage was off -Dai-shi-ga-wara, a lovely meadow (<span class='it'>wara</span>) named in -honor of Japan’s greatest medieval scholar, His -Most Exalted Reverence, Kōbō, the inventor of the -Japanese alphabets, learned in Chinese and Sanskrit, -and the Philo of the Land of the Gods. He it was -who absorbed Shintō, the primitive religion, into the -gorgeous cult of India, and made Buddhism triumphant -in all Japan. Another happy omen for -Perry!</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The <span class='it'>Vandalia’s</span> boats now brought Hayashi’s letter -to Perry, and Yezaémon the interpreter came nominally -to plead again for Uraga, but in reality to accede -to the American’s decision. A fleet messenger, -riding hard on relays of horses, had brought the word -to Hayashi—“If the American ships come to Yedo, -it will be a national disgrace. Stop them, and make -the treaty at Kanagawa.”<a id='r32'/><a href='#f32' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[32]</span></sup></a> As Perry writes, “Finding -the Commodore immovable in his purpose, the -pretended ultimatum of the Japanese commissioners -was suddenly abandoned, and a place directly opposite, -at Yokohama, was suggested as the place of -treaty.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The official buildings and enclosure finished March -9th, were erected on the ground now covered by the -British consulate, the Custom House, the American -Union Church and two streets of the modern city. -<span class='pageno' title='358' id='Page_358'></span> -They were guarded on the left, right and rear by the retainers -of Ogasawara, a high officer in the Tycoon’s -palace, and Sanada, lord of Shinano; and on the -water side by Matsudaira, lord of Sagami, who had -hundreds of boats and their crews under his command. -Against possible fanatics and assassins who -might attack, or the too progressive spirits who -would communicate with the Americans, the precautions -were not wholly in vain. The writer has heard -Japanese officers, now in high rank but enlightened, -declare that they had devoted themselves by vows to -the gods to kill Perry, the arch-defiler of the Holy -Country. Only the strong hand of government held -them back.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Further than this, the Japanese did not know how -the Americans would act. Either from malice intent -or provoked by unruly natives, they might begin -war. Every one of Sanada’s and Ogasawara’s retainers -were sworn<a id='r33'/><a href='#f33' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[33]</span></sup></a> to ask no quarter, but fight till the -last man was slain.</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_29'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f29'><a href='#r29'>[29]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Spalding’s “The Japan Expedition,” p. 213.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_30'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f30'><a href='#r30'>[30]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>The Mikado’s Empire, p. 262.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_31'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f31'><a href='#r31'>[31]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Record of Conference with the American Barbarians. Japanese -Official Manuscript.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_32'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f32'><a href='#r32'>[32]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Record of Conference. Jap. MS.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_33'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f33'><a href='#r33'>[33]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Japanese Record.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter'> -<img src='images/treaty.jpg' alt='' id='treaty' style='width:80%;height:auto;'/> -<p class='caption'><span style='font-size:smaller'><span class='sc'>Commodore Perry entering the Treaty-House.</span></span></p> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='359' id='Page_359'></span><h1>CHAPTER XXXIII.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>THE PROFESSOR AND THE SAILOR MAKE A TREATY.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>The</span> morning of March 8th, 1854, dawned clear -and beautiful. The bay was alive with gorgeous -state barges, swift punts, and junks with tasseled -prows. On land, in the foreground were a few hundred -feudal retainers in gay costumes, while on the -bluffs beyond stood dense masses of spectators. -These were kept back with rope-barriers, and by -petty officials of prodigious self-importance. The -sunbeams glittered on the bare heads and freshly-pomatumed -top-knots of country folk, and was reflected -dazzlingly from lacquered hats and burnished -weapons. In the variegated paraphernalia of feudalism,—then -of such vast importance, but now as cast -off trumpery transmigrating through the parlors and -museums to dusty nirvana in the garrets of christendom,—could -be distinguished the insignia of the commissioners -and feudal lords, whose troops darkened -the hill tops as spectators. The striped oval figure -of Hayashi; the five disks surrounding a smaller -central dot like satellites about Jupiter, belonging to -Ito; the feminine millinery, three curved women’s -hats, of Isawa; the revolving disks suggesting a -<span class='pageno' title='360' id='Page_360'></span> -<span class='pageno' title='361' id='Page_361'></span> -wind-mill, of Tsudzuki; the three Euclid-recalling -cubes of Udono; the ring-enclosed goggle-spectacles -of Takénouchi; appeared and reappeared on banner, -umbrella, hat, coat, and cover of dignitaries and -retainers. Many and various were the explanations -offered by the Americans as to the cabalistic meaning -of these crests of Japanese heraldry. One in particular, -which looked like three commas in perpetual -revolution, but prevented from flying off into a -nebular hypothesis by a tire, attracted special attention.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Only the stern discipline to which they were -accustomed, and the suspicion of possible need for -powder and ball, in case of treachery, kept grim the -faces of marines and sailors. The whole tableau -seemed to the officers a well-sustained joke from the -pages of Gulliver’s Travels. To Jack Tar, it looked -as if a pack of euchre-cards had come to enlarged life. -The gay-costumed figures and bronze visages moved -before him like the flesh-and-blood originals of the -kings, jacks, and knaves on his favorite pasteboards. -Can we doubt but that more than one Japanese now -saw himself in a new light?</p> - -<p class='pindent'>With five hundred men landed in twenty-seven -boats, each one, including musicians, thoroughly well-armed, -the marines forming a hollow square, the -three bands discoursing music, the Paixhans on the -<span class='it'>Macedonian</span>, and the howitzers in the boats, making -fire, flame, thunder, and echoes; with all possible fuss, -parade, shine and glitter, the sailor-diplomatist made -<span class='pageno' title='362' id='Page_362'></span> -disembarkation at noon, in his white gig from the -<span class='it'>Powhatan</span>. With due deliberation and stately march, -he entered the treaty-house, where negotiations -began. The Commodore knew as he confesses, “the -importance and moral influence of such show upon -so ceremonious and artificial a people as the Japanese.” -Without being at all anxious to imitate or copy them, -he yet impressed them amazingly. How he came to -know so much about etiquette and propriety, without -having lived in Kiōto, or studied Confucius or -Ogasawara (the Chesterfield of Japan) strained their -wits to discover. Perhaps they noticed that while -“the emperor,” that is the chief daimiō of Yedo, and -the Mikado’s lieutenant styled “Tycoon,” (as <span class='it'>Koku-O</span>, -king of a country) received a salute of twenty-one -guns, and his hatamoto Hayashi, officer of the sixth -rank seventeen guns, the first salute was from the -heavy ordnance on the <span class='it'>Macedonian</span>, while the others -were from boat-howitzers. The <span class='it'>Powhatan</span> hoisted at -the masthead the striped pennant, which the Americans -innocently supposed was the national emblem.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The tedious business of diplomacy began by -interchange of notes and answers. Then Hayashi -remarked that attention would be given to the supply -of wood, coal, and water for needy ships, and to the -care of shipwrecked sailors, but that no proposition -for trade could be allowed. To this Perry made no -reply, but spoke up suddenly upon the question of -burial. A marine on the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> named Williams, -had died two days previously, and it was proposed to -<span class='pageno' title='363' id='Page_363'></span> -bury him on Matsu-shima (Pine Isle) or Webster’s -Island. After private conferences by the Japanese -in another room, exchange of much sentiment on -both sides, and an exposition of Japanese law and -custom by Hayashi—during which Perry intimated -his readiness to stay in the bay a year or two if -necessary—permission was granted to bury in one -of the temple-grounds at Yokohama. Thus began -with Christian ceremonies, under the very shadow of -the edicts promulgated centuries before, denouncing -“the Christian criminal God,” with offer of gold to -informers against the “outlawed sect,” that God’s -acre now so beautiful. Its slope was to fatten with -many a victim by the assassin’s sword before Japan -should become a Land of Great Peace either to the -alien or the Christian.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The native scribe adds in a note to his <span class='it'>Record</span>, -“This subject was brought up suddenly, as if the -American wished to find out how quickly we were in -the habit of deciding questions. Hence the commissioners -made their decision promptly. Thereupon -Perry seemed to be very glad and almost to shed -tears.” In response to the Commodore’s assertion -that to esteem human life as very precious was the -first principle of the United States government, -while the contrary was the case with that of Japan, -Hayashi answered, warmly defending his countrymen -and superiors against intentional cruelty, but -denouncing the lawless character of many of the -foreign sailors. Like all Japanese of his school and -<span class='pageno' title='364' id='Page_364'></span> -age, he wound up with a panegyric of the pre-eminence -of Japan above all nations in virtue and -humanity, and the glory and goodness of the great -Tokugawa family which had given peace to the land -during two centuries or more.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“The frog in the well knows not the great ocean,” -say his countrymen of to-day.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In the further negotiations, the Japanese official -account of which agrees with the details given in -Perry’s own narrative, the Commodore made -wholesome use of the fears of the islanders. The -reputation of American ships, ordnance, and armies -had preceded him. The invaders of Mexico were -believed fully when the wealth, power, and rapidity -of movement possessed by the United States were -dilated upon. Perry threatened to make use of “the -resources of civilization,” if the plain demands of -humanity were ignored. It is more than probable -that cold statistics would not have justified his glowing -vision of fifty or a hundred war steamers, full of -soldiers, coming from California to make war on -Japan, in case her government refused to help shipwrecked -Americans. Yet, of his patience, persistency, -and resolve neither to provoke nor to take an insult, -there can be no question. Perry, in person, impressed -the Japanese commissioners as much as by -the fleet itself. They noted, as the <span class='it'>Record</span> declares, -that Captains Adams, Abbot, and Buchanan, as -shown by their uniform and epaulettes, were of the -same rank, “so that if Perry were killed, either of -<span class='pageno' title='365' id='Page_365'></span> -the others could command,” and continue the matter -in hand.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The <span class='it'>Record</span> also reflects the character of Perry as -a man of kindly consideration. His friendly regard -for and sympathy with a people of high and sensitive -spirit, which had been weakened by centuries of -enforced isolation, is also witnessed to. In one sense -the Japanese feel, to this day, proud to have been -put under pressure by so true a soldier, and so -genuine a friend.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Between ship and shore, during the blustery -March weather, the Commodore made many trips -in his barge, accompanied by chosen officers. One -day, with Pay-director J. G. Harris, who relates the -incident, Perry and his companions entered the -treaty-house. Their boat-cloaks, which they had -worn to protect the “bright-work” of epaulettes, -buttons and belts from the salt spray, were still over -their shoulders. One of the first questions asked the -Japanese commissioners was, whether they had favorably -considered the proposition of the day before, -that certain ports should be opened.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Hayashi replied that they had pondered the matter, -and had concluded that Shimoda and Hakodaté should -be opened; provided that Americans would not -travel into the interior further than they could go -and return the same day; and provided, further, <span class='it'>that -no American women should be brought to Japan</span>.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>When the translation of Hayashi’s reply was announced, -the Commodore straightened up, threw -<span class='pageno' title='366' id='Page_366'></span> -back his boat-cloak, and excitedly exclaimed: “Great -Heavens, if I were to permit any such stipulation as -that in the treaty, when I got home <span class='it'>the women would -pull out all the hair out of my head</span>.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Japanese fairly trembled at the Commodore’s -apparent excitement, supposing they had grossly -offended him. When, however, explanation was made -by the interpreters, they all laughed right heartily, -and the business continued.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Ninth Article, or the “favored nation” clause -was introduced at the suggestion of Dr. S. Wells -Williams.<a id='r34'/><a href='#f34' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[34]</span></sup></a></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Unknown to any of the Americans, Nakahama -Manjiro, who had received a good common school -education in the United States, sat in an adjoining -room, unseen but active, as the American interpreter -for the Japanese. All the documents in English and -Chinese were submitted to him for correction and -approval.<a id='r35'/><a href='#f35' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[35]</span></sup></a> He was afterwards made curator of the -scientific and mechanical apparatus brought by -Perry and presented by the United States government, -and in 1860, he navigated the first Japanese -steamer, commanded by Katsŭ Awa, to Hawaii and -California. Katsŭ Awa was one of the captains commanding -the troops detailed to watch carefully “the -American barbarians, lest they should proceed to -acts of violence.” -<span class='pageno' title='367' id='Page_367'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>While the negotiations were progressing, the other -ships arrived, making ten in all. Presents and bouquets -were exchanged, and guests and hosts amused -each other. American palates were tickled with -<span class='it'>castira</span> (Castile) or sponge-cake, rice beer, candied -walnuts, Suruga tea, pickled plums, sugared fruits, -sea-weed jelly, luscious crabs and prawns, dried persimmons, -boiled eggs, fish soups, broiled <span class='it'>tai</span>, <span class='it'>koi</span> and -<span class='it'>karei</span> fresh from the nets of the Yokohama fisherman. -They essayed or avoided the impossible -dishes of cuttle and sliced raw fish. All was served -in the baby-house china and lacquered ware of the -country. Some of the officers were vividly reminded -of their infantile days.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Japanese were regaled with viands that -were master-pieces of American cookery. To the -intense amusement of the “children of the gods,” -the lords of the kitchen were kurumbō (blacks), a -color and a creature such they had seen only in their -own theatres when candle-holders with lamp-blacked -faces illuminated the facial performances of actors. -Save the dignified professor, Hayashi, they became -over-flowingly merry over champagne and the national -mixed drinks of the Great Republic. They -learned the mysteries of mint-juleps and brandy-smashes. -They lost their center of gravity over -puddings and potations, and then laughed themselves -sober at the sailors’ exhibition of negro minstrelsy. -They were shown the discipline and drill of the -ships, and the evolution of the marines. They -<span class='pageno' title='368' id='Page_368'></span> -were delighted with presents which revealed the -secrets of the foreigners’ power. Rifles and gunpowder, -the electric telegraph, the steam locomotive -and train, life-boats, stoves, clocks, sewing-machines, -agricultural implements and machinery, standard -scales, weights, measures, maps and charts, the -works of Audubon and other American authors -were presented, most improperly labeled or engraved -“To the Emperor of Japan.” The Mikado, -Japan’s only emperor, never saw them, though the -writer did in the storerooms of the exiled Tycoon -at Shidzŭoka in 1872. The American may proudly -note how very large a share his countrymen have -had in inventions and in applications of the great -natural forces that have revolutionized modern society. -That one mile of telegraph wire has now -become thousands; and that tiny railway, with toy -locomotive and one car able to hold only a child, was -the germ of the railway system in the Mikado’s -empire. Historic truth compels us to add that -among the presents there were one hundred barrels -of whiskey, a good supply of cherry cordial, and champagne. -Thus did the new civilization with its good -and evil confront the old. New Japan was to be -born in the age of steam, electricity, the photograph, -the newspaper and the printing-press; yet in the -train of the culture of the West was to follow its -curses and enemies. With the sons of God came -Satan also.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In return, the Japanese presented the delicate specialties -<span class='pageno' title='369' id='Page_369'></span> -of the artisans of their country, in bronze, -lacquer, porcelain, bamboo, ivory, silk and paper; -with coins, match-locks and swords, which now rest -in the Smithsonian Institute. For the squadron, one -hundred kokŭ (five hundred bushels) of rice and -three hundred chickens were provided. They entertained -their guests with wrestling matches between -the prize bipeds whose diet includes the entire fauna -of Japan. Strangely enough, they did not play <span class='it'>dakiu</span> -or polo, their national game on horseback, in which -so many of their riders excel. All the presents were -duly wrapped in paper, with a symbolic folded paper -and dried fish skin.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>During the two months and more of the presence -of the ships in the bay, the Japanese cruisers and -spy-boats kept watch and ward in cordon, though at -a distance from the Americans. This was to prevent -political enemies and too eager students from -getting aboard in order to leave Japan. Again and -again did Yoshida Shoin and his companion attempt -to break the blockade, but in vain. The pair then -set off overland to Shimoda.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>When the telegraph poles and rails for the locomotive -had been made ready, the news of the exhibition -about to be given fired the <span class='it'>samurai</span> of Yedo -with consuming curiosity to see. All sorts of pretexts -were made to obtain permission to be on the -spot. Egawa, a noted flag-supporter whose <span class='it'>yashiki</span> -or feudal palace lay near Shiba in Yedo, insisted on -coming to Yokohama on the pretext of guarding the -treaty building. He was ordered back, and it was -<span class='pageno' title='370' id='Page_370'></span> -hinted that Sanada’s men at arms could perform -worthily the coveted duty. If the Americans made -war and proceeded to Yedo, Egawa’s picked men -could die more nobly “under the Shō-gun’s knee.” -As the Japanese narrator learned afterwards, Egawa’s -real purpose was to learn telegraphy and the -secrets of steam engineering. It is not at all improbable -that among his band of well-dressed gentlemen -were expert mechanics as well as students who -had from the Dutch at Nagasaki obtained their first -knowledge of western inventions.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The treaty was signed March 31st, 1854. Its provisions -are thus given by a Japanese author<a id='r36'/><a href='#f36' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[36]</span></sup></a>:—</p> - -<div class='figcenter'> -<img src='images/signatures.jpg' alt='' id='signatures' style='width:350px;height:auto;'/> -<p class='caption'><span style='font-size:smaller'>SIGNATURES AND PEN-SEALS OF THE JAPANESE TREATY COMMISSIONERS.</span></p> -</div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='pageno' title='371' id='Page_371'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>“The Bakafu promised to accord kind treatment to -shipwrecked sailors, permission to obtain wood, -water, coal, provisions and other stores needed by -ships at sea, with leave also to anchor in the ports of -Shimoda in Idzu and Hakodaté in Matsumaé.” Trade -or residence was not yet secured. “The hermit” -was as yet unwilling to enter “the market-place.” -The gains by treaty did not seem great, but Perry -knew then, as we know more fully now, that the -thin end of a great wedge had been inserted in the -right place. He had made a beginning which was -half the end, as we shall see farther on.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The sleeping princess had received her first kiss, -and the gates of Thornrose castle would soon fly -open. They were now ajar. More than one native -of this “Princess Country” recalled the hiding of -the Sun-goddess in the cave, and how with music -and dance, feast and frolic, and show of cunning inventions -exciting her curiosity, she was lured to -peep out, so that the strong-handed god could open -the door fully and all faces become light with joy.<a id='r37'/><a href='#f37' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[37]</span></sup></a></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Moving his steamers up the bay to within sight of -Yedo, the Commodore left on the 18th of April for -Shimoda, having sent the sailing ships ahead for -survey. For nine weeks he had held in leash his -two thousand or more ship’s people, and had impressed -the Japanese with the decency and dignity -of the American sailor’s behavior. Grand as was -<span class='pageno' title='372' id='Page_372'></span> -the triumph he accomplished in diplomacy, his -victory in discipline seems equally praiseworthy -and remarkable.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At Shimoda (now noted chiefly for the quarries -which furnish stone for the modern government -buildings in Tōkiō) the squadron remained until the -end of the first week in May. One day late in April -as Dr. S. Wells Williams and clerk J. W. Spalding -were botanizing on land, Yoshida Shoin and his devoted -companion, Ichiji Koda met them, and pressed -into the clerk’s bosom a letter.<a id='r38'/><a href='#f38' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[38]</span></sup></a> On the appearance -of Japanese officers, they disappeared. Somewhat -after midnight of the 25th the watch-officer on the -<span class='it'>Mississippi</span> heard the cry of “American, American!” -With their delicate and blistered hands they implored -in the language of gesture to be taken on board, that -their boats be cast adrift, and they be secreted aboard. -Their clothing was stuffed full of writing-paper and -materials, on which they expected to note down what -they saw in foreign countries. They were sent to -the flag ship, and Perry, as he felt in honor and in -conscience bound, despite his own sympathies and -desires and their piteous appeals, sent them ashore. -Further than this, he was unable to get at the -real motive of the suppliants. “It might have -been a stratagem to test American honor, and some -believed it so to be,” yet Perry wrote in addition, -<span class='pageno' title='373' id='Page_373'></span> -with the prophecy of hope, “In this disposition of -the people in Japan, what a field of speculation, -and it may be added, what a prospect full of hope -opens for the future of that interesting country.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The prisoners sent to Chôshiu, were kept incarcerated -within the limits of their own clan for five years. -Sakuma was punished as an accomplice, because his -stanza of poetry was discovered in Yoshida’s baggage. -Active in those events leading to the revolution -of 1868, Yoshida (who altered the name to -Toraijiro) suffered decapitation and political martyrdom -in Yedo January 31st, 1859. He died thinking -it</p> - -<div class='literal-container' style=''><div class='literal'> <!-- rend=';fs:.9em;' --> -<p class='line' style='font-size:.9em;'>“Better to be a crystal, though shattered,</p> -<p class='line' style='font-size:.9em;'>  Than lie as a tile unbroken on the housetop.”</p> -</div></div> <!-- end rend --> - -<p class='noindent'>His indomitable spirit possessed others, and his -pupils rose to high office and power in the wave of -revolution that floated the boy-mikado to supreme -power and placed the national capitol in Yedo in -1868.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Commodore arrived at Hakodaté May 17 and -remained in the waters of Yezo until June 28th, -1854. He little knew then that the beautiful harbor -would fourteen years later be made famous by a naval -battle between the Shō-gun’s force of Dutch and -American-built wooden war steamers, and the Mikado’s -iron-clad ram Adzuma Kan (Stonewall).</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Sailing for Riu Kiu, he entered Napa harbor, July -1st. On the 12th, the regent presented him with a -large bronze bell of fine workmanship, cast in 1168 -<span class='pageno' title='374' id='Page_374'></span> -<span class='sc'>a. d.</span>, by two Japanese artizans, and inscribed with -flowery sentences. One, which declared that “the -barbarians would never invade the land,” had a striking -significance, though its composer had proved a -false prophet. It now hangs, tongueless but useful, -in the grounds of the Annapolis Naval Academy. -As from China and Formosa, so from Japan at -Shimoda and in Riu Kiu, blocks of native stone -duly engraved were accepted as contributions to the -obelisk on the banks of the Potomac, in perpetuation -of the memory of Washington. On the 17th, -the other vessels of the squadron having been despatched -on various missions, the Commodore in the -<span class='it'>Mississippi</span> left Napa for Hong Kong.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The glory of Commodore Perry’s success is not -that he “invented,” or “first thought of” or was -the “sole author, originator, and father of the Japan -expedition.” Such language is nonsense, for the -thought was in many minds, both of naval men and -civilians, from Roberts to Glynn and Aulick; but it -was Perry’s persistency that first conquered for himself -a fleet, his thorough-going method of procedure -in every detail, and his powerful personality and invincible -tenacity in dealing with the Japanese, that -won a quick and permanent success without a drop -of blood. A thorough man of war he was from his -youth up; yet he proved himself a nobler hero, in -that he restrained himself and his lieutenants from -the use of force, while yet not giving place for a -moment to the frivolities of Japanese yakunin of the -Tokugawa period.</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_34'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f34'><a href='#r34'>[34]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Autograph letter to the writer. February 8th, 1883.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_35'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f35'><a href='#r35'>[35]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='it'>The Friend</span>, Honolulu. October, 1884—“An unpublished -chapter in the History of Japan.” Rev. S. C. Damon’s interview -with Manjiro in Tokio, summer of 1884.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_36'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f36'><a href='#r36'>[36]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Kinsé Shiriaku, p. 3.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_37'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f37'><a href='#r37'>[37]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Japanese Fairy World, p. 300.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_38'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f38'><a href='#r38'>[38]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry’s Narrative, pp. 484-489. Spalding’s Japan Expedition, -pp. 276-286. R. L. Stevenson’s Familiar Studies of Men -and Books.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='375' id='Page_375'></span><h1>CHAPTER XXXIV.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>LAST LABORS.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>For</span> over two years, since leaving his native -country, Perry had been under a constant burden of -responsibility incurred in anxiety to achieve the -grand object of his mission. His close attention to -details, the unexpected annoyances in a sub-tropical -climate, and the long strain upon his nerves had -begun to wear upon a robust frame. He now looked -eagerly for his successor, and to the rest of home. -To his joy he found at Hong Kong orders permitting -him to return either in the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, or in the -British mail steamer by way of India. He chose the -latter.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The store-ships, <span class='it'>Supply</span> and <span class='it'>Lexington</span>, were ordered -homeward by way of the Cape of Good Hope and the -<span class='it'>Susquehanna</span> and <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> for New York by way -of Shimoda, Honolulu and Rio [de] Janeiro. The <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> -was to tow the <span class='it'>Southampton</span>, which contained -coal for the two steamers. The Commodore awaited -only the arrival of the <span class='it'>Macedonian</span> from Manilla, -whither she had gone to return the waifs picked up -at sea, to turn over his command to Captain Abbot.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Before permitting Perry to leave for home, the -American commercial residents in China gave the -<span class='pageno' title='376' id='Page_376'></span> -Commodore an expression of their estimate of his -character as a man, and their appreciation of his -services as a diplomatist to their country. This took -the form of a banquet, with an address of unusual -merit by Gideon Nye, and the presentation of an -elaborate candelabrum made by Chinese jewelers in -crystal and sycee silver. In return, Perry presented -to Mr. Nye a cane made of gun carriages from San -Juan d’Ulloa. Owing to war and the local troubles, -the work of art did not reach New York until -December 1858.<a id='r39'/><a href='#f39' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[39]</span></sup></a></p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the morning of September 11th, at Hong -Kong, the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> and <span class='it'>Macedonian</span> fired parting -salutes. The yards and rigging were manned by -the sailors who gave three hearty cheers, and the -British mail steamer, <span class='it'>Hindostan</span>, moved off bearing -the diplomatist and his flag-lieutenant homeward.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>From England Perry crossed to the continent, and -at Hague, spent several delightful days at the house -of his son-in-law, the American Minister, the Hon. -August Belmont. With Mrs. Belmont, the Commodore’s -daughter Caroline, were then visiting Mrs. -Perry and Miss Perry, the Commodore’s wife and -youngest daughter. Thence returning to Liverpool -on Christmas day, he paid a visit to the American -consul at Liverpool, one Nathaniel Hawthorne, who -has thus recorded his impression of his visitor:—<a id='r40'/><a href='#f40' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[40]</span></sup></a> -<span class='pageno' title='377' id='Page_377'></span></p> - -<div class='blockquoter9'> - -<p class='pindent'>“Commodore P—— called to see me this morning—a -brisk, gentlemanly, off-hand, but not rough, unaffected -and sensible man, looking not so elderly as he might, on -account of a very well made wig.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“He is now on a return from a cruise to the East -Indian seas and goes home by the <span class='it'>Baltic</span> with a prospect -of being very well received on account of his treaty with -Japan. I seldom meet with a man who puts himself -more immediately on conversable terms than the Commodore. -He soon introduced his particular business with -me,—it being to inquire whether I could recommend -some suitable person to prepare his notes and materials for -the publication of an account of his voyage. He was -good enough to say that he had fixed upon me, in his own -mind, for this office; but that my public duties would, of -course, prevent me from engaging in it. I spoke of -—— ——, and one or two others but he seemed to have some -acquaintance with the literature of the day, and did not -grasp very cordially at any name that I could think of; -nor indeed could I recommend any one with full confidence. -It would be a very desirable task for a young -literary man, or for that matter for an old one; for the -world can scarcely have in reserve a less hackneyed -theme than Japan.”</p> - -</div> - -<p class='pindent'>The master of English style, the literary American -Puritan, so thoroughly at home in spirit-land -and in analysis of conscience, was not expert in -judging visible things. His mistake in describing -the material on Perry’s scalp was amusing though -natural. Not a few persons supposed that the Commodore -wore a wig, yet the only head-ornament made -<span class='pageno' title='378' id='Page_378'></span> -use of by him was that given him by the Almighty, -and still duplicated in his children. His handsome -and luxuriant hair grew well forward on his forehead.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry, though exultant of his success, was uncertain -of his political reception. There were dangers -in a change of administration. The Japan expedition -was a Whig measure, while the party now in power -was Democratic. The English newspapers seemed -to entertain a high opinion of the Commodore’s -ability, and very flattering were some of their accounts -of the expedition and the editorials concerning -its leader. Not able to understand our Republican -institutions, one of them wondered, with a “blush of -shame,” “Why the government does nothing for -Perry or Scott.” Others may wonder too.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Had a Whig administration been in power, it is -doubtful whether Perry would have received any -reward further than the thanks of the Navy Department, -the honor of the publication of his journal, and -a few copies of his own book. Looking back now at -Pierce’s barren administration, the one bright spot in -it seems to be the opening of Japan to diplomatic -intercourse. It was a time of intense political excitement. -The Kansas troubles, the World’s Fair in -New York, and the beginning of surveys for the -Union Pacific Railroad helped to turn attention from -foreign matters. Nevertheless, the Senate at the -opening of its session December 6th, called for the -correspondence relating to the Japan Expedition. -<span class='pageno' title='379' id='Page_379'></span> -President Pierce delayed action until after an interview -with Perry, and on January 30th, 1855, transmitted -the report. The Commodore had arrived -home on the 12th, eighteen days before, after an -absence of two years and two months. The official -documents were published in an octavo volume of -195 pages.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> left Hong Kong the next morning -after the Commodore’s departure, a few hours after -that of the United States brig, <span class='it'>Porpoise</span> (which was -never heard of again), on the 21st of September, entered -Shimoda harbor finding there the <span class='it'>Susquehanna</span> -and <span class='it'>Southampton</span>. The <span class='it'>Susquehanna</span> left on the 24th, -and the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> on the 1st of October, the latter -completing her journey around the globe on the 23d -of April, 1855. On the next day, the Commodore -repairing to the Brooklyn Navy Yard, formally -hauled down his flag, and thus consummated the -final act in the story of the United States Expedition -to Japan. He now set himself to work in a hired -room in Washington to tell that story in manuscript. -Aided by Lieutenants Maury and Bent, secretaries, -artists, printers, and a Japanese lad as attendant, -it took shape in the sumptuous publication of three -richly illustrated folio volumes.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Though receiving no marked token of respect from -the government, yet other honors social and substantial, -were not wanting. By the city of New York he -was presented with a set of silver plate. The -merchants of Boston had a medal struck in his -<span class='pageno' title='380' id='Page_380'></span> -honor. The original was presented to him in gold<a id='r41'/><a href='#f41' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[41]</span></sup></a> -the subscribers receiving copies in silver and bronze. -From the city of Newport, his native place, he was -tendered a reception by the municipal authorities.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Little Rhode Island, so justly proud of her many -eminent sons, was not unmindful that the Perrys -were of her own soil. She accordingly summoned -Matthew Calbraith Perry to receive at the hands of -her chief magistrate, and in presence of her legislature, -a token of her regard in the form of a solid silver salver -weighing three hundred and nineteen ounces, suitably -chased and inscribed. The resolutions of the -legislature ordering the token were passed February -25th 1855.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>An open air ceremony or presentation was decided -upon and took place at 5 o’clock in the afternoon of -June 15th upon the balcony in front of the old State -House, the legislators occupying the room within. -In response to the governor’s address Perry, deeply -moved, spoke as follows:—</p> - -<div class='blockquoter9'> - -<p class='pindent'>“It was in my earliest boyhood, before the introduction -of steamboats or railroads, that I often watched upon the -shore for the first glimpse of the gaily decorated packet-sloop, -that in those days usually brought the governor -from Providence to this town, and witnessed with childlike -delight, in sight of this very edifice, the pomp, parade -and festivities of ‘Election Day.’ Since then I have -traversed almost every part of the globe in the prosecution -of the duties of a profession of which I am justly -proud, and now, after a lapse of nearly half a century, -when declining in life, to be called by the representatives -of my native state back to these hallowed precincts, here to -receive from the lips of its Chief Magistrate the commendation -of my fellow-citizens, is an honor I little expected -when as a boy midshipman, forty-six years ago, I first -embarked upon an element, then and always the most congenial -to my aspirations for honorable emprise.”</p> - -</div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='pageno' title='381' id='Page_381'></span></p> - -<div class='figcenter'> -<img src='images/salver.jpg' alt='' id='salver' style='width:80%;height:auto;'/> -<p class='caption'><span style='font-size:smaller'>SILVER SALVER IN POSSESSION OF COMMODORE PERRY’S DAUGHTER,<br/> MRS. AUGUST BELMONT.</span></p> -</div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='pageno' title='382' id='Page_382'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Cherishing a keen remembrance and love of his -boyhood’s home, he resolved to visit it, and also the -ancestral farm and cemetery at South Kingston. -In a call made upon one of his earliest friends he -stated that his object was to purchase the Perry -homestead, which he said would never have gone -out of the family if he had not been at sea. He -wished to erect a monument to his grandfather, -Freeman Perry.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>While thus on his native heather, the burly Commodore -would visit also Tower Hill where his father -once lived, and his youngest sister, Mrs. Jane Butler -of South Carolina, was born. When offered a guide -he said he thought he knew the way better than his -guide. Every foot, indeed, was familiar ground. Miss -Oprah Rose, in writing, March 15th 1883, of this -visit, says further: “I had never seen the Commodore -before, but had seen his younger brother and -sister. His hair, I noticed, was handsome and grew -well on his forehead. His eyes indicated thought, -and, as he turned them rather slowly, seemed to take -in or comprehend what he saw; in manner he was -<span class='pageno' title='383' id='Page_383'></span> -easy and natural. As he walked away, I saw that he -expressed character in the manner he carried his -shoulders. It was a military air. He looked as if he -expected to do his duty even if he made sacrifices.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Resuming his literary tasks during the months of -June and July, between artists and engravers, he -collected the illustrative matter for the text of his first -volume. This, with the first part of the manuscript -amounting to one hundred and fifty-nine pages, he sent -to the printer on the 7th of August. He then hied -away to Saratoga to forget the novel cares of authorship -in drinking at the famed health-fountains and -inhaling the air of the Kayaderosseras hills. He found -much change and some improvement. The hostelry -of the old Revolutionary soldier, Jacobus Barhyte, -where all the famous people gathered to enjoy the -host’s famous fish dinners, and in whose groves Poe -elaborated his poem of <span class='it'>The Raven</span>, was gone, along -with the well stocked preserves; but in grander hotels -and on ampler porches, the gay throng chatted and -enjoyed life. The Commodore after a ten day’s stay -returned to New York, April 27.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>When his first volume was out, Perry enjoyed the -author’s genuine delight of sending autograph presentation -copies of his book to personal friends and -those most interested in the Japan enterprise. -Among several autographs letters of acknowledgement, -is one from Irving in which he says:—</p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='pageno' title='384' id='Page_384'></span></p> - -<div class='blockquoter9'> - -<p class='pindent'>“You have gained for yourself a lasting name and have -won it without shedding a drop of blood, or inflicting -misery on a human being. What naval commander ever -won laurels at such a rate?”</p> - -</div> - -<p class='pindent'>This first volume was afterward republished for -popular use by D. Appleton & Co., and a smaller -book based upon it was compiled by Dr. Robert S. -Tomes under the title of “The Americans in Japan.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The preparation of the second volume required -great care. Here the delicate work of specialists -was called in. Fortunately Perry was sufficiently -familiar, by personal acquaintance with scientific experts, -to easily find the right men for the right work. -On September 9th 1856, Perry sent to the printers a -goodly portion of the manuscript of the second volume, -and was pleased to find volume third—the work -of Chaplain Jones—also in press. It now looked as -if the whole work would be ready for delivery at -the next session of Congress. Ever conscientious -in the expenditure of government money, Perry relieved -his aids of further service and continued the -work alone. He read every line of script before -going to the printer, and corrected all the proof -sheets. We find him writing December 28th 1856, to -Townsend Harris, our consul-general to Japan then -living at Shimoda, who was slowly but surely driving -in the wedge inserted by the sailor-diplomatist.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>When in sight of the consummation of his literary -enterprise, February 2d 1857, Perry wrote, “I have -been drawn into much expense not to be put into a -public bill,” . . . “The greater portion of the -<span class='pageno' title='385' id='Page_385'></span> -labor has been performed by myself and those employed -under my direction.” He sought help outside -of the navy only when it was impossible to do -otherwise. The completed work was therefore a -true product of the navy. Dr. Francis L. Hawkes -wrote the preface, added a few footnotes and here -and there a sentence, and Dr. Robert Tomes prepared -the introduction, but the narrative was of -Perry’s own writing. Nathaniel Hawthorne or some -other master of letters might have made a better product -as literature, but for history it is well that Perry -told his own story.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>A set of six superbly drawn and colored pictures -of the most striking scenes of the Japan Expedition -was prepared for the government archives and for -sending abroad for foreign rulers and cabinets. They -were drawn by the eye-witnesses Brown and Heine,<a id='r42'/><a href='#f42' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[42]</span></sup></a> -and were executed in lithograph by Brown and Lewis -of Albany. Three hundred copies of the set were -printed, and the plates then destroyed. Each set -was in a portfolio.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Eighteen thousand copies of the Japan Expedition -were published, at a total cost of $360,000. Fifteen -thousand copies were given to members of Congress, -two thousand to the Navy Department chiefly for -distribution among the officers, and one thousand to -the Commodore of the Expedition. Of this thousand, -Perry gave five hundred copies to Dr. Hawkes.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>This was the reward of a grateful republic! -<span class='pageno' title='386' id='Page_386'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>During the Commodore’s absence in Japan, his -family had lived at No. 260 Fourth avenue, New -York City. He now took steps to secure a permanent -home and so purchased the house at No. 38 -West 32d street. The forty years growth of the -metropolis was vividly brought before his mind when -on first looking out of the window of his new home, -the old in Bloomingdale, from which he took his -bride, was in sight. His new home stood on what -was part of the lawn of the old Slidell homestead.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>He became interested in the work of the American -Geographical Society, and attended its meetings. -He prepared two papers, “Future Commercial relations -with Japan and Lew Chew,” (Riu Kiu), and -“The Expediency of Extending Further Encouragement -to American Commerce in the East,” which -were printed in the society’s journal, and excited -much interest. On the 6th of March 1856, at a -crowded meeting in the chapel of the New York -University, at which Perry was present, Rev. Francis -L. Hawkes read his paper, afterwards published in -pamphlet form, on “The Enlargement of Geographical -Science, a consequence to the opening of new avenues -to commercial enterprise.” The president of -Columbia college, Charles King, in moving a vote of -thanks, spoke in high praise of the merits and -polished literary style of the essay. The prospects -of trade, of coal, of mail-steamers to China, the new -avenues open to American commercial enterprise, -and the work of Christian missions heartily believed -<span class='pageno' title='387' id='Page_387'></span> -in by Perry, were discussed by him with clearness, -strength and beauty.</p> - -<div class='figright'> -<img src='images/boston.jpg' alt='' id='boston' style='width:50%;height:auto;'/> -<p class='caption'><span style='font-size:smaller'>MEDAL PRESENTED BY THE MERCHANTS OF BOSTON.</span></p> -</div> - -<p class='pindent'>James Buchanan was inaugurated President, and -Lewis Cass became Secretary of State, March 4th -1857. General James Watson Webb was eager to -have the mission to China filled by his friend Commodore -Perry. He was long held back by Perry’s -modesty and refusal to give assent to his friend’s -warm importunity. After permission had been -given, General Webb hastened to Washington, but -was one day too late. Less than twenty-four hours -<span class='pageno' title='388' id='Page_388'></span> -before, the Hon. Wm. B. Reed had received the appointment -as envoy to Peking. Perry’s fame as a -diplomatist was to be inseparably linked to Japan -only.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>General Webb, in speaking to the writer in 1878 -in New York, said that the regret of General Cass in -not having known of Perry’s willingness to go, and -that it was too late, seemed very sincere. Perry -had allowed his friends to make the proposition, inasmuch -as great events were about to take place in -China and he was eager to advance American interests -in the East. Further, he expected if he were -appointed, to have the personal services of Dr. S. -Wells Williams his old interpreter and friend whose -character, knowledge and abilities, we know, constituted -the real power behind the American Legation -in China from 1858 to 1876.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the 28th of December 1857, Perry reported -that his work on the book would end with the year, -and his office in Washington be closed. On the 30th, -he was detached from special duty to await orders. -It was intimated to him at the Department that he -was to have command of the squadron in the Mediterranean—the -American naval officers’ paradise, -when away from home. To this duty Perry looked -forward with delight. Thornton A. Jenkins was to -be his chief of staff. He spent the pleasant winter -in New York enjoying social life.<a id='r43'/><a href='#f43' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[43]</span></sup></a> Early in January, -<span class='pageno' title='389' id='Page_389'></span> -1858, he made a report on the cause of the loss of the -<span class='it'>Central America</span>, with suggestions for changes in the -laws which should secure greater safety of life and -property on the ocean. These studies, which have -since borne good fruit, were with other matter published -in a pamphlet of seven pages, January 15th, -1858. His last official services were performed as a -member of the Naval Retiring Board.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The time was now drawing near when this man of -tireless activity, who was ever solicitous about the -life and safety of others, was to part with his own -life. The inroads upon a superb constitution, made -by constant work on arduous and trying service, at -many stations, in two wars, in three or four diplomatic -missions, and in protracted study so soon after -return from Japan, were becoming more and more -manifest. In the raw weather of February 1858, the -Commodore caught a severe cold which from the first -gave indications of being serious. The old torment -of rheumatism developed itself, and yet not until the -hour of his death was he believed to be in mortal -danger. It became manifest, however, that the -disease, contracted thirty-five years before, in his -energy and anxiety to save life and property, had -undermined his constitution. Symptoms of rheumatic -gout appeared. One token of organic change -was a strong indisposition to ascend elevations of any -sort. For four weeks he felt more or less out of -health. A change of physicians did not better his -case. On the 4th of March at midnight, the disease, -<span class='pageno' title='390' id='Page_390'></span> -leaving the region of the stomach, began to assault -the citadel, and at 2 <span class='sc'>a. m.</span> at his home in Thirty-second -street, New York City, he died of rheumatism -of the heart.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>His nephew, by marriage to the daughter of Commodore -Oliver H. Perry, the Rev. Dr. Francis Vinton, -who was with him in his sickness says, “His last -wish expressed to me was to be buried by his father -and mother and brother in the old burial ground, to -mingle his dust with his native soil. He even choose -his grave there.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>At his death, Matthew Calbraith Perry was third -on the list of captains, having served at sea twenty-five -years and three months, and on other duties -nineteen years. Since entering the navy in 1808, he -had been unemployed less than five years, and had -completed a term of service within one year of a -half century.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>As a member of numerous civic and scientific associations, -as well as President of the Montezuma -Society, the loss of Matthew Perry was that of a -citizen of broad tastes, sympathies, labors and influences. -The great city offered profuse tokens of -regard and manifestations of sorrow. The flags of -the shipping in the harbor, and on the public buildings -and hotels, were flying at half-mast during three -days. It was arranged that on Saturday, in the -grave-yard of St. Mark’s church at Second avenue -and Tenth street, the hero should be buried with appropriate -honors. -<span class='pageno' title='391' id='Page_391'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>The military pageant which preceded the hearse -consisted of five hundred men of the Seventh Regiment, -two hundred officers of the First Division of -the New York State Militia, followed by a body of -United States Marines. The pall-bearers included -the Governor of the State, General Winfield Scott, -Commodores Sloat, Breese, McCluney and Bigelow, -and seven others, eminent and honored in the various -fields of achievement; but the most touching sight -was the simplest. The sailors who had served under -Commodore Perry in the Japan Expedition and the -Mexican war, had volunteered on this occasion to do -honor to their old commander. They were the most -interesting among the mourners. Although engaged -in various pursuits, in different places, they all managed -to appear in the regular working uniform of the -United States Navy. This they had procured at -their own expense. They paraded under the command -of Alonzo Guturoz and Philip Downey. All -bore evidence of having seen hard service. They attracted -much attention as they paraded through the -streets, and the simple music of their fifes and drums -seemed more appropriate and more impressive, than -even that of the regimental band.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The route lay through Fifth Avenue, Fourteenth -street, and Second Avenue to Saint Mark’s Church.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The sensation produced throughout the community -by the loss of so illustrious a naval commander was -shown in the faces of the crowd. Despite the cold -weather, the people lined the streets to see and listen -<span class='pageno' title='392' id='Page_392'></span> -and feel. The tolling of the church bells, and the -boom of the minute guns rolling up from the ships -and yard of the naval station, added solemnity to the -scene.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Within the church, the burial service was conducted -by the Rev. Drs. Hawks, Vinton, Higbee, and -Montgomery. The anthem “Lord let me know my -end,” the hymn “I would not live alway,” and the -interlude “I heard a voice from Heaven,” were sung, -moving all hearts by their sweetness and solemnity.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The service over, the coffin was carried out and -deposited in the grave in the church-yard adjoining, -and lowered into its last resting place. The committal -service and prayer over, the marines fired the -three volleys of musketry. The weather-beaten tars -of the Japan Expedition took a last look at the -wooden enclosure which contained all that was -mortal of their beloved Commander, and all turned -to depart. “The sight of those honest hardy marines, -who had collected from all quarters, and at great -personal inconvenience, to pay this last tribute of -respect and affection to one whom they had once -loved to obey, was interesting and suggestive. One -almost expected to witness a repetition of the scene -that occurred at the funeral of Lord Nelson, and to -see the stars and stripes that floated above the grave -torn into shreds and kept as momentoes of the man -and the occasion; but their affection though deep -and strong did not run into the poetical, and the flag -remained whole and untouched.” -<span class='pageno' title='393' id='Page_393'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>In the church of St. Nazaro in Florence, may be -read upon the tomb of a soldier the words:</p> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:center;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:.8em;'>“Johannes Divultius, who never rested, rests—Hush!”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>That is Perry’s real epitaph.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The unresting one now rests in the Isle of Peace. -The two brothers, Perry of the Lakes, and Perry of -Japan, sleep in God, near the beloved mother on -whose bosom they first learned the worth of life, -whose memory they worshipped throughout their -careers, and beside whose relics they wished to lie.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On a hill in the beautiful Island cemetery at Newport, -which overlooks aboriginal Aquidneck, the City -and Isle of Peace, the writer found on a visit, October -30th, the family burying-ground. In the soft -October sunlight, the sight compelled contrast to the -ancestral God’s acre in South Kingston, among whose -lichened stones of unwrought granite the Commodore -proposed erecting a fitting monument to his fathers. -Within the evergreen hedge, in the grassy circle -ringed with granite and iron lay, on the north side, -the tomb of the Commodore’s grand-daughter, a -lovely maiden upon whose grave fresh flowers are -laid yearly by the loving parent’s hands.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The tomb of M. C. Perry is of marble, on a granite -base, with six garlands of oak leaves chiselled on it -and bearing the modest inscription:</p> - -<div class='blockquoter9'> - -<p class='pindent'>“Erected by his widow to the memory of Matthew -Calbraith Perry, Commodore in the United States Navy, -Born April 19th, 1794. Died March the 4th, 1858.”</p> - -</div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='pageno' title='394' id='Page_394'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the south side beneath and across, lies the son -of the Commodore who bore his father’s name:</p> - -<div class='blockquoter9'> - -<p class='pindent'>“In memory of Matthew Calbraith Perry, Captain in -the U. S. Navy. Died November 10th, 1848.”</p> - -</div> - -<p class='pindent'>Another stone commemorates his son Oliver, who -was with his father in China and Japan, and for some -time, United States consul at Hong Kong:</p> - -<div class='blockquoter9'> - -<p class='pindent'>“In memory of Oliver Hazard Perry, son of Matthew -C. and Jane Perry. Died May 17th, 1870, aged 45.”</p> - -</div> - -<p class='pindent'>The Commodore’s widow, Jane Slidell Perry survived -her husband twenty-one years; and died in -Newport, R. I., at the home of her youngest daughter, -Mrs. Tiffany, on Saturday, June 14, 1879, at the -age of 82.</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_39'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f39'><a href='#r39'>[39]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>See letter of James Purdon Esq., <span class='it'>New York Times</span>, January -6th, 1859.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_40'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f40'><a href='#r40'>[40]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>English Note Books, Vol. I., Dec. 25, 1854.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_41'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f41'><a href='#r41'>[41]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>See page <a href='#Page_221'>221</a>.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_42'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f42'><a href='#r42'>[42]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Putnam’s Magazine, August 1856, pp. 217, 218.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_43'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f43'><a href='#r43'>[43]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>See “A Dinner at the Mayor’s,” Harper’s Magazine, October -1860.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='395' id='Page_395'></span><h1>CHAPTER XXXV.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>MATTHEW PERRY AS A MAN.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>The</span> active life of Matthew Perry spanned the -greater part of our national history “before the war.” -He lived to see the United States grow from four to -thirty-two millions of people, and the stars in her flag -from fifteen to thirty-one. He sailed in many seas, -visited all the nations of Christendom, saw most of -the races of the earth, and all flags except that of the -stars and bars. He saw the rise and fall of many -types of naval architecture. He was familiar with -the problems of armor and ordnance, resistance -and penetration, and had studied those questions in -the science of war, which are not yet settled. He -had made himself conversant with the arts auxiliary -to his profession, and was one of the foremost naval -men of his generation. His personal importance was -far beyond his rank. He died fully abreast of his -age, and looked far beyond it. Had he lived until -the opening of “the war,” he would have been fully -prepared, by alertness of mind, for the needs of the -hour, and would doubtless have held high rank. He -was called to rest from his labors before feeling the benumbing -effects of old age. As it was, his influence -was clearly traceable in the navy, and younger officers -<span class='pageno' title='396' id='Page_396'></span> -carried out his ideas into practice, when opportunity -came. Had the United States, at the opening -of the rebellion possessed a respectable modern navy, -such as Perry labored for, the great southern ports -could have been at once sealed; and that foreign aid, -without which the Confederacy could not have lived -six months, would have been made null. Indeed, -with a first-class navy, the slave-holder’s conspiracy -could never have been hatched. As it was, the navy -kept off foreign intervention.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Despite the long and brilliant succession of services -rendered his country, Matthew Perry never received -either rank or reward beyond those of an -ordinary captain.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The rank of admiral was provided for in the Act -of Congress of November 15th, 1776, and the title of -admiral was conceded to Paul Jones in the correspondence -of the State Department. Yet although -the original law, creating the American navy, allowed -the rank of captains in three grades of commodore, -vice-admiral and admiral, there was no legal title -higher than captain in the United States navy until -1862; until Farragut hoisted his flag at the main -peak of the <span class='it'>Hartford</span> August 13th, 1862, as senior -rear-admiral; becoming, July 25th, 1866, admiral. -In compliment to his services Charles Stewart was -commissioned senior flag-officer, and at the time of -Perry’s death, Stewart was senior to himself. Yet -if the title of admiral, prior to Farragut, belongs to -any American officer by virtue of largeness of fleets -<span class='pageno' title='397' id='Page_397'></span> -commanded, by responsibility of position, or by results -achieved, surely we may speak as the Japanese -did of “Admiral Perry.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>With most of his subordinate officers, Perry’s relations -were of the pleasantest nature compatible -with his own high sense of duty and discipline. If -he erred, it was usually in the right direction. Professor -Henry Coppée, who was a young officer in the -Mexican war, writes, from memory, in 1882:—</p> - -<div class='blockquoter9'> - -<p class='pindent'>“He (Perry) was a blunt, yet dignified man, heavy and -not graceful, something of a martinet; a duty man all -over, held somewhat in awe by the junior officers, and -having little to do with them; seriously courteous to -others. The ship seemed to have a sense of importance -because he was on board.”</p> - -</div> - -<p class='pindent'>The same gentleman relates that once, upon going -on board the flag-ship, the midshipmen, with the -intent of playing a practical joke, told him to go to -Commodore Perry and talk with him. They expected -to see the landsman gruffly repelled. The -tables were turned, when the would-be jokers saw -“the old man” kindly welcome the young officer and -engage in genial conversation with him. “I remember,” -adds Dr. Coppée, “years afterwards -when I heard of what he accomplished in Japan, saying -to myself, ‘Well, he is just the man of whom I -should have expected it all.’ ”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>He had both the qualities necessary for war and -for peaceful victory. Though his conquests in war -<span class='pageno' title='398' id='Page_398'></span> -and in peace, in science and in diplomacy, were -great, the victory over himself was first, greatest -and most lasting. He always kept his word and -spoke the truth.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“The Commodore was not a genial man socially. -His strong characteristics were self-reliance, -earnestness of purpose and untiring industry, which -gave such impetus to his schemes as to attract -and carry with them the support of others long -after they had passed out of his own hands. It -was the magnetic power of these qualities in the -character of the man that enlisted the services of -others in behalf of his purposes, and not any special -amenities of manner or sympathies of temperament, -that drew them lovingly toward him. And yet, -under this austere exterior, which seemed intent -only upon the performance of cold duty, as duty, -he had a kind and gentle nature that in domestic -life was an ornament to him. Never afraid of responsibility -in matters of official duty, he was -ever on the alert to seek employment when others -hesitated. He was bluff, positive and stern on -duty, and a terror to the ignorant and lazy, but -the faithful ones who performed their duties with -intelligence and zeal held him in the highest estimation, -for they knew his kindness and consideration -of them.”<a id='r44'/><a href='#f44' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[44]</span></sup></a></p> - -<p class='pindent'>He was not inclined to allow nonsense and cruel -practical jokes among the midshipmen, and could -<span class='pageno' title='399' id='Page_399'></span> -easily see when a verdant newcomer was being imposed -upon, or an old officer’s personal feelings hurt -by thoughtless youth. The father of a certain captain -in the Mexican war, whose record was highly -honorable, was reputed to have handled the razor for -a livelihood. The young officers knowing or hearing -of this, delighted occasionally to slip fragments -of combs, old razors, etc., under his cabin door. -Perry, angry at this, treated him with marked consideration.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>He was far from being entirely deficient in humor, -and often enjoyed fun at the right time. At -home, amid his children and friends, he enjoyed -making his children laugh. Being a fair player on -the flute, he was an adept in those lively tunes -which kept the children in gleeful mood. Even on -the quarter-deck and in the cabin, he was merry -enough <span class='it'>after</span> his object had been attained. The -usual tenor of his life was that of expectancy and -alertness to attain a purpose. Hence, the tense set -of his mind only occasionally relaxed to allow mirth. -Captain Odell says, “He was not a very jolly or -joking man, but pleasant and agreeable in his manners, -and respected by all who had intercourse with -him.” The moral element of character, which is -usually associated with habitual seriousness in men -who aspire to be founders, educators or leaders, was -very marked in Matthew Perry.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The impressions of a young person or subordinate -officer, will, of course, differ from those formed in -<span class='pageno' title='400' id='Page_400'></span> -later life, and from other points of view. We give -a few of both kinds:—</p> - -<div class='blockquoter9'> - -<p class='pindent'>“His many excellent qualities of heart and head were -encased in a rough exterior. ‘I remember,’ says a -daughter of Captain Adams, ‘when I was a little girl at -Sharon Springs, being impressed by a singular directness -of purpose in the man. I used to like to watch him go -into the crowded drawing-room. He would stand at the -door, survey the tangled scene, find his objective point, -and march straight to it over and through the confusion of -ladies, children and furniture, never stopping till he -reached there. He was a man of great personal bravery, -as were all the Perrys, of undoubted courage and gallantry, -bluff in his manners, but most hearty and warm -in feelings, and with that genuine kindness which impresses -at the moment and leaves its mark on the memory. -Children instinctively liked the big and bluff hero. -As a friend he was most true and constant, and his friendship -was always to be relied on.’ ”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“Such was the vein and character of the man, that the -impression he made on my mind and affections was such -as to make me desirous of following him to the cannon’s -mouth, or wherever the fortunes of peace or war should -appoint our steps.”<a id='r45'/><a href='#f45' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[45]</span></sup></a></p> - -<p class='pindent'>“He was an intense navy man, always had the honor -of the navy at heart, and lost no opportunity to impress -this feeling upon the officers of his command.”<a id='r46'/><a href='#f46' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[46]</span></sup></a></p> - -<p class='pindent'>“I have no unfavorable recollections of Commodore -Perry. On the contrary, I think he was one of the -greatest of our naval commanders. He had brains, courage, -<span class='pageno' title='401' id='Page_401'></span> -industry and rare powers of judging character, and I -believe he would not have spared his own son had he -been a delinquent. He seemed to have no favorites but -those who did their duty.”<a id='r47'/><a href='#f47' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[47]</span></sup></a></p> - -<p class='pindent'>“I consider that Commodore Matthew C. Perry was one -of the finest officers we ever had in our navy—far superior -to his brother Oliver. He had not much ideality -about him, but he had a solid matter-of-fact way of doing -things which pleased me mightily. He was one of the -last links connecting the old navy with the new.”<a id='r48'/><a href='#f48' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[48]</span></sup></a></p> - -</div> - -<p class='pindent'>He seemed never idle for one moment of his life. -When abroad, off duty he was remembering those at -home. He brought back birds, monkeys, pets and -curiosities for the children. He collected shells in -great quantities, and was especially careful to get rare -and characteristic specimens. With these, on his return -home, he would enrich the museums at Newport, -Brooklyn, New York and other places.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>As he never knew when to stop work, there were, -of course, some under his command who did not like -him or his ways.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In the matter of <span class='it'>pecuniary responsibility</span>, Perry was -excessively sensitive, with a hatred of debt bordering -on the morbid. This feeling was partly because of -his high ideal of what a naval officer ought to be, -and partly because he feared to do injustice to the -humblest creditor. He believed a naval officer, as a -servant of the United States Government, ought to -<span class='pageno' title='402' id='Page_402'></span> -be as chivalrous, as honest, as just and lovely in -character to a bootblack or a washerwoman as to a -jewelled lady or a titled nobleman. His manly independence -began when a boy, and never degenerated -as he approached old age, despite the annoyances -from the law-suits brought upon him by his -devotion to duty regardless of personal consequences. -He refused to accept the suggestion of assistance -from any individual, believing it was the Government’s -business to shield him.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In reply to an allusion, by a friend, when harassed -by the lawsuit, to the pecuniary assistance he might -expect from a relative by marriage, he replied, “I -would dig a hole in the earth and bury myself in it, -before I would seek such assistance.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>He had a great horror of debt, of officers contracting -debts without considering their inability to pay -them. He often lectured and warned young officers -about this important matter.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Under date of Nov. 16th, 1841, we find a long -letter from him to Captain Gregory of the <span class='it'>North -Carolina</span> concerning midshipmen’s debts. He blames -not so much “the boys” as Mr. D. (the purser), who -indulged them, for “a practice utterly at variance with -official rectitude and propriety, and alike ruinous to -the prospects of the young officer.” He insists that -the middies must be kept to their duties and studies, -and their propensity to visit shore and engage in unsuitable -expenses be restrained.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In ordinary social life, and in council, Perry appeared -<span class='pageno' title='403' id='Page_403'></span> -at some disadvantage. He often hesitated -for the proper word, and could not express himself -with more than the average readiness of men who -are not trained conversers or public speakers. With -the pen, however, he wrought his purpose with ease -and power. His voluminous correspondence in the -navy archives and in the cabinets of friends, show -Matthew Perry a master of English style. A faulty -sentence, a slip in grammar, a misspelling, is exceedingly -rare in his manuscript. From boyhood he -studied Addison and other masters of English prose. -In his younger days especially, he exercised himself -in reproducing with the pen what he had read in -print. He thus early gained a perspicuous, flowing -style, to which every page of his book on the Japan -Expedition bears witness. Like Cæsar, he wrote -his commentaries in the third person. Perry himself -is the author of that classic in American exploration -and diplomacy. Others furnished preface, -introduction, index, and notes, but Matthew Perry -wrote the narrative.<a id='r49'/><a href='#f49' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[49]</span></sup></a></p> - -<p class='pindent'>He rarely wrote his name in full, his autograph in -early life being Matthew C. Perry; and later, almost -invariably, M. C. Perry. In this he affected -the style neither of the fathers of the navy nor of -the republic, who abbreviated the first name and -added a colon. -<span class='pageno' title='404' id='Page_404'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>It was the belief of Matthew Perry that the Bible -contained the will of God to man, and furnished a -manual of human duty. It was his fixed habit to -peruse this word of God daily. On every long cruise -he began the reading of the whole Bible in course.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Rear-Admiral Almy says: One pleasant Sunday -afternoon in the month of April, 1845, and on the -way home by way of the West Indies, I was officer -of the deck of the frigate <span class='it'>Macedonian</span>, sailing along -quietly in a smooth sea in the tropics, nearing the -land and a port. The Commodore came upon deck, -and towards me where I was standing, and remarked: -“I have just finished the Bible. I have read it -through from Genesis to Revelation. I make it a -point to read it through every cruise. It is certainly -a remarkable book, a most wonderful book.” As he -uttered these words, the look-out aloft cried “Land -O!” which diverted his attention, perhaps, or he -would have continued with further remarks.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“Perry,” writes another rear-admiral, “was a man -of most exemplary habits, though not perhaps a communicant -of any church, and upright, and full of -pride of country and profession, with no patience -or consideration for officers who felt otherwise.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Keenly enjoying the elements of worship in divine -service, he was also a student of the Book of Common -Prayer. His own private copy of this manual -of devotion was well marked, showing his personal -appreciation of its literary and spiritual merits. -Often, in the absence of a chaplain, he read service -<span class='pageno' title='405' id='Page_405'></span> -himself. Of the burial service, he says it is “the -English language in its noblest form.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>He enjoyed good preaching, but never liked the -sermon to be too long. “The unskilled speaker,” -says the Japanese proverb, “is long-winded.” The -parson was encouraged not to tire his hearers, or to -cultivate the gift of continuance to the wearing of -the auditor’s flesh. In flagrant cases, the Commodore -usually made it a point to clear his usually healthy -throat so audibly that the hint was taken by the -chaplain. In his endeavor to be fair to both speaker -and hearers, Perry had little patience with either -Jack Tar or Shoulder Straps who shirked the duty of -punctuality, or shocked propriety by making exit -precede benediction. When leave was taken, during -sermon, with noise or confusion, the unlucky wight -usually heard of it afterwards. While at the Brooklyn -Navy Yard, Perry had the old chapel refurnished, -secured a volunteer choir, and a piano, and so gave -his personal encouragement, that the room was on -most occasions taxed beyond its capacity with willing -worshippers. When in 1842, the ships fitted out at -the yard were supplied with bibles at the cost of the -government, Perry wrote of his gratification: “The -mere cost of these books, fifty cents each, is nothing -to the moral effect which such an order will have in -advancing the character of the service.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry manifested a reverence for the Lord’s Day -which was sincere and profound. He habitually -kept Sunday as a day of rest and worship, for -<span class='pageno' title='406' id='Page_406'></span> -himself and his men. Only under the dire pressure -of necessity, would he allow labor or battle to take -place on that day. In the presence of Africans, -Mexicans and Japanese, of equals, or of races -reckoned inferior to our own, Perry was never -ashamed or afraid to exemplify his creed in this -matter, or to deviate from the settled customs of his -New England ancestry. Japan to-day now owns and -honors the day kept sacred by the American commodore -and squadron on their entrance in Yedo Bay.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>With chaplains, the clerical members of the naval -households, Perry’s relations were those of sympathy, -cordiality and appreciation. About the opening of -the century, chaplains were ranked as officers, and -divine service was made part of the routine of ship -life on Sundays. The average moral and intellectual -grade of the men who drew pay, and were rated as -“chaplains” in the United States Navy, was not -very high until 1825, when a new epoch began under -the Honorable Samuel L. Southard. This worthy -Secretary of the Navy established the rule that none -but accredited ministers of the gospel, in cordial -relations with some ecclesiastical body, should be -appointed naval chaplains. From this time onward, -with rare exceptions, those holding sacred office on -board American men-of-war have adorned and dignified -their calling. Until the time of Perry’s death, -there had been about eighty chaplains commissioned. -With such men as Charles E. Stewart, Walter Colton, -George Jones, Edmund C. Bittenger, Fitch W. Taylor, -<span class='pageno' title='407' id='Page_407'></span> -Orville Dewey, and Mason Noble,—whose literary -fruits and fragrant memories still remain—Perry -always entertained the highest respect, and often -manifested personal regard. For those, however, in -whom the clerical predominated over the human, and -mercenary greed over unselfish love of duty, or who -made pretensions to sacerdotal authority over intellectual -freedom, or whose characters fell below their -professions, the feelings of the bluff sailor were those -of undisguised contempt.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>We note the attitude of Perry toward the great enterprise -founded on the commission given by Jesus -Christ to His apostles to make disciples of all nations. -Naval men, as a rule, do not heartily sympathize -with Christian missionaries. The causes of this -alienation or indifference are not far to seek, nor do -they reflect much credit upon the naval profession. -Apart from moral considerations, the man of the -deck, bred in routine and precedent is not apt to take -a wide view on any subject that lies beyond his -moral horizon. Nor does his association with the -men of his own race at the ports, in club or hong, -tend to enlarge his view. Nor, on the other hand, -does the naval man always meet the shining types of -missionary character. Despite these facts, there -are in the navy of the United States many noble -spirits, gentlemen of culture and private morals, who -are hearty friends of the American missionary. -Helpful and sympathetic with all who adorn a noble -and unselfish calling, they judge with charity those -<span class='pageno' title='408' id='Page_408'></span> -less brilliant in record or winsome in person. Perry’s -attitude was ever that of kindly sympathy with the -true missionary. With the very few who degraded -their calling, or to those who expected any honor -beyond that which their private character commanded, -he was cool or even contemptuous. He had met and -personally honored many men and women who, in -Africa, Greece, the Turkish Empire, and China, make -the American name so fragrant abroad. In the ripeness -of his experience, he took genuine pleasure in -penning these words: “Though a sailor from boyhood, -yet I may be permitted to feel some interest -in the work of enlightening heathenism, and imparting -a knowledge of that revealed truth of God, which -I fully believe advances man’s progress here, and -gives him his only safe ground of hope for hereafter.<a id='r50'/><a href='#f50' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[50]</span></sup></a> -To Christianize a strange people, the first important -step should be to gain their confidence and respect -by means practically honest, and in every way consistent -with the precepts of our holy religion.” Of -the Japanese people, he wrote: “Despite prejudice, -their past history and wrongs, they will in time -listen with patience and respectful attention to the -teachings of our missionaries,” for they are, as he -considered, “in most respects, a refined and rational -people.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>How grandly Perry’s prophecy has been fulfilled, -all may see in Christian Japan of the year 1887.</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_44'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f44'><a href='#r44'>[44]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Silas Bent, U. S. N.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_45'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f45'><a href='#r45'>[45]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Rear-Admiral Joshua R. Sands, U. S. N.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_46'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f46'><a href='#r46'>[46]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Rear-Admiral John Almy, U. S. N.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_47'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f47'><a href='#r47'>[47]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Engineer John Follansbee.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_48'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f48'><a href='#r48'>[48]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>D. D. Porter, Admiral U. S. Navy.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_49'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f49'><a href='#r49'>[49]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Rev. Dr. Vinton’s Oration at Perry Statue, Newport, Oct. -2nd, 1868. Letters of Dr. Robert Tomes and John Hone, New -York Times, October 1868.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_50'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f50'><a href='#r50'>[50]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Paper read before the American Geographical Society, -March 6th, 1856.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='409' id='Page_409'></span><h1>CHAPTER XXXVI.<br/> <span class='sub-head'>WORKS THAT FOLLOW.</span></h1></div> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>The</span> momentum of Perry’s long and active life left -a force which, a generation after his death, is yet unspent. -He rests from his labors, but his works do -follow him. His thoughts have been wrought towards -completion by others.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The opening of Japan to foreign commerce and -residence, and ultimately to full international intercourse, -occupied his brain until the day of his -death. His interest did not flag for a moment. What -we see in New Japan to-day is more the result of the -influence of Matthew Perry and the presence of -Townsend Harris, than of the fear of British armaments -in China. English writers have copied, even -as late as 1883,<a id='r51'/><a href='#f51' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[51]</span></sup></a> the statement of Captain Sherard -Osborn<a id='r52'/><a href='#f52' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[52]</span></sup></a> and the <span class='it'>London Times</span>,<a id='r53'/><a href='#f53' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[53]</span></sup></a> that “as soon -as the Tientsin Treaty was arranged, the American -commodore [Tatnall] rushed off to Japan to take -advantage of the consternation certain to be created -by the first news of recent events in the Peiho. It -<span class='pageno' title='410' id='Page_410'></span> -was smartly imagined.” We propose to give a -plain story of the facts.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Townsend Harris the United States Consul at -Ningpo, China, was appointed July 31st, 1855, by -President Pierce, Consul-General to Japan. No more -fortunate selection could have been made. By experience -and travel, thoroughly acquainted with -human nature and especially the oriental and semi-civilized -phases of it, Mr. Harris possessed the -“dauntless courage, patience, courtesy, gentleness, -firmness and incorruptible honesty” needed to deal -with just such <span class='it'>yakunin</span> or men of political business, -as the corrupt and decaying dynasty of Yedo usurpers -naturally produced. Further, he had a kindly feeling -towards the Japanese people. Best of all, he -was armed with the warnings, advice and suggestions -of Perry, whom he had earnestly consulted.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Ordered, September 8th, 1855, by President Pierce -to follow up Captain Edmund Robert’s work and -make a treaty with Siam, Mr. Harris after concluding -his business, boarded the <span class='it'>San Jacinto</span> at Pulo -Pinang, and arrived in Shimoda harbor, August 22d, -1856. The propeller steamer was brought to safe -anchorage by a native pilot who bore a commission -printed on “The Japan Expedition Press,” and signed -by Commodore Perry. The stars and stripes were -hoisted to the peak of the flag-staff raised by the -<span class='it'>San Jacinto’s</span> carpenters on the afternoon of September -3d. Then in his quiet quarters at Kakisaki, or -Oyster Point, Mr. Harris, following out Perry’s plan -<span class='pageno' title='411' id='Page_411'></span> -of diplomatic campaign, won alone and unaided, after -fourteen months of perseverance, a magnificent victory. -Lest these statements seem inaccurate we -reprint Mr. Harris’ letter in full.</p> - -<div class='blockquoter9'> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:right;margin-right:1em;font-size:.8em;'><span class='sc'>U. S. Consulate General, Simoda</span>,</p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:right;margin-right:0em;font-size:.8em;'><span class='it'>October 27, 1857</span>.</p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>My Dear Commodore Perry</span>,—Your kind favor of -December 28th 1856, did not come to hand until the 20th -inst., as I was fourteen months at this place without receiving -any letters or information from the United States. -The U. S. sloop of war <span class='it'>Portsmouth</span> touched here on the -8th of last month, but she did not bring me any letters; -her stay here was very short, just enough to enable me to -finish my official letter; had time permitted I would have -written to you by her.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>I am much obliged to you for your good advice; it was -both sound and well-timed advice, and I have found every -one of your opinions, as to the course the Japanese would -pursue with me, prove true to the letter.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Early last March I made a convention with the Japanese -which, among other provisions, secured the right of -permanent residence to Americans at Simoda and Hakodadi, -admits a Consul at Hakodadi, opens Nagasaki, settled -the currency question, and the dollar now passes for -4670 cash instead of 1600, and lastly admits the enterritoriality -of all Americans in Japan. It was a subject of -deep regret to me that I was not able to send this convention -to the State Department until quite six months -after it had been agreed on.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In October 1856, I wrote to the Council of State at -Yedo that I was the bearer of a friendly letter from the -<span class='pageno' title='412' id='Page_412'></span> -President of the United States addressed to the Emperor -of Japan, and that I had some important matter to communicate -which greatly concerned the honor and welfare of -Japan. I desire the Council to give orders for my proper -reception on the road from this to Yedo, and to inform me -when those arrangements were completed. For full ten -months the Japanese used every possible expedient to get -me to deliver the letter at Simoda, and to make my communications -to the Governors of this place. I steadily refused -to do either, and at last they have yielded and I shall -start for Yedo some time next month. I am to have an -audience of the Emperor, and at that time I am to -deliver the letter.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>I am satisfied that no commercial treaty can be made by -negotiations carried on any where but at Yedo, unless -the negotiator is backed up by a powerful fleet.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>I hope when at Yedo to convince the government that -it is impossible for them to continue their present system -of non-intercourse, and that it will be for their honor and -interest to yield to argument rather than force.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>I do not expect to accomplish all that I desire on this -occasion, but it will be a great step in the way of direct -negotiations with the Council of the State, and the beginning -of a train of enlightenment of the Japanese that -will sooner or later lead them to desire to open the -country freely to intercourse with foreign nations.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>I have just obtained a copy of your “Expedition to -Japan and the China Seas,” and have read it with intense -interest. I hope it is no vanity in me to say that no one -<span class='it'>at present</span> can so well appreciate and do justice to your -work as I can.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>You seem at once and almost intuitively to have -adopted the best of all courses with the Japanese. I am -<span class='pageno' title='413' id='Page_413'></span> -sure no other course would have resulted so well. I have -seen quite a number of Japanese who saw you when you -were at Simoda and they all made eager inquiries after -you. M—— Y—— is at Simoda, and has not forgotten -the art of lying.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Please present my respectful compliments to Mrs. -Perry and to the other members of your family, and -believe</p> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:right;margin-right:6em;'>Yours most sincerely,</p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:right;margin-right:1em;'>TOWNSEND HARRIS.</p> - -</div> - -<p class='pindent'>As Perry predicted, the Japanese yielded to Mr. -Harris who, a few days after he had sent the letter -given above, went to Yedo, and had audience of the -Shō-gun Iyésada. He afterwards saw the ministers -of state, and presented his demands. These were: -Unrestricted trade between Japanese and American -merchants in all things except bullion and grain, the -closing of Shimoda and the opening of Kanagawa -and Ozaka, the residence in Yedo of an American -minister, the sending of an embassy to America, and -a treaty to be ratified in detail by the government of -Japan.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Professor Hayashi was first sent to Kiōto, to obtain -the Mikado’s consent. As he had negotiated the -first treaty it was thought that with his experience, -scholarly ability and eminent character, he would be -certain to win success, if anyone could. Despite his -presence and entreaties, the imperial signature and -pen-seal were not given; and Hotta, a daimiō, was -<span class='pageno' title='414' id='Page_414'></span> -then despatched on the same mission. The delay -caused by the opposition of the conservative element -at the imperial capital was so prolonged, that Mr. -Harris threatened if an answer was not soon forthcoming, -to go to Kiōto himself and arrange matters.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The American envoy was getting his eyes opened. -He began to see that the throne and emperor were -in Kiōto, the camp and lieutenant at Yedo. The -“Tycoon”—despite all the pomp and fuss and circumlocution -and lying sham—was an underling. -Only the Mikado was supreme. Quietly living in -Yedo, Mr. Harris bided his time. Hotta returned -from his fruitless mission to Kiōto late in April -1858; but meanwhile Ii, a man of vigor and courage, -though perhaps somewhat unscrupulous, was made -Tairō or regent, and virtual ruler in Yedo. With -him Mr. Harris renewed his advances, and before -leaving Yedo, in April 1858, secured a treaty granting -in substance all the American’s demands. This -instrument was to be signed and executed September -1st, 1858. Ii hoped by that time to obtain the -imperial consent. A sub-treaty, secret, but signed -by the premier Ii and Mr. Harris, binding them to -the execution of the main treaty on the day of its -date, was also made, and copies were held by both -parties.<a id='r54'/><a href='#f54' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[54]</span></sup></a> This diplomacy was accomplished by Mr. -<span class='pageno' title='415' id='Page_415'></span> -Harris, when he had been for many months without -news from the outside world, and knew nothing of -the British campaign in China.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Meanwhile Flag-Officer Josiah Tatnall, under order -of the United States Navy Department, was on -his way to Japan, to bring letters and dispatches to -the American Consul-general, was ignorant of Mr. -Harris’ visit to Yedo, or his new projects for treaty-making. -On the <span class='it'>Powhatan</span> he left Shanghai July -5th, joining the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> at Nagasaki five days -later. Here the death of Commodore Perry was announced, -the Japanese receiving the news with expressions -of sincere regret. The Treaty at Tientsin -had been signed June 26, but Tatnall, innocent of the -notions of later manufacture, so diligently ascribed -to him of rushing “off to Japan to take advantage of -the consternation certain to be created by the first -news of recent events in the Peiho,” . . . was so far -oblivious of any further intentions on the part of Mr. -Harris of making another treaty with Japan, that he -lingered in the lovely harbor until the 21st of July. -In the <span class='it'>Powhatan</span> he cast anchor in Shimoda harbor, -on the 25th, the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> having arrived two days -before. On the 27th, taking Mr. Harris on board the -<span class='it'>Powhatan</span>, Tatnall steamed up to Kanagawa, visiting -also Yokohama, where Perry’s old treaty-house was -still standing. Meeting Ii on the 29th, negotiations -were re-opened. In Commodore Tatnall’s presence, -the main treaty was dated July 29th (instead of -September 1st) and to this the premier Ii affixed his -<span class='pageno' title='416' id='Page_416'></span> -signature, and pen-seal. By this treaty Yokohama -was to be opened to foreign trade and residence July -1st of the following year, 1859, and an embassy was -to be sent to visit the United States. The Commodore -and Consul-general returned to Shimoda August -1st. Mr. Harris then took a voyage of recreation to -China.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On the 30th of June 1859, the consulate of the -United States was removed from Shimoda to Kanagawa, -where the American flag was raised at the -consulate July 1st. The Legation of the United -States was established in Yedo July 7, 1859. Amid -dense crowds of people, and a party of twenty-three<a id='r55'/><a href='#f55' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[55]</span></sup></a> -Americans, Mr. Harris was escorted to his quarters -in a temple.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The regent Ii carried on affairs in Yedo with a -high hand, not only signing treaties without the -Mikado’s assent, but by imprisoning, exiling, and -ordering to decapitation at the blood-pit, his political -opposers. Among those who committed <span class='it'>hara-kiri</span> or -suffered death, were Yoshida Shoin, and Hashimoto -Sanai. The daimiōs of Mito, Owari, and Echizen,<a id='r56'/><a href='#f56' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[56]</span></sup></a> -were ordered to resign in favor of their sons and go -into private life. “All classes now held their breath -<span class='pageno' title='417' id='Page_417'></span> -and looked on in silent affright.” On the 13th of -February 1860, the embassy, consisting of seventy-one -persons left Yokohama in the <span class='it'>Powhatan</span> to the -United States, arriving in Washington May 14, 1860. -The English copy of the Perry treaty had been -burned in Yedo in 1858, and one of their objects was -to obtain a fresh transcript. The writer’s first sight -and impression of the Japanese was obtained, when -these cultivated and dignified strangers visited Philadelphia, -where they received the startling news of the -assassination in Yedo, March 23d, of their chief Ii, by -Mito <span class='it'>rō-nins</span>.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The signing of treaties without the Mikado’s consent -was an act of political suicide on the part of the -Yedo government. Not only did “the swaggering -prime minister” Ii, become at once the victim of -assassin’s swords, but all over the country fanatical -patriots, cutting the cord of loyalty to feudal lords, -became “wave-men” or <span class='it'>rō-nin</span>. They raised the cry, -“Honor the Mikado, and expel the barbarian.” Then -began that series of acts of violence—the murder of -foreigners and the burning of legations, which foreigners -then found so hard to understand, but which -is now seen to be a logical sequence of preceding -events. These amateur assassins and incendiaries -were but zealous patriots who hoped to deal a -death-blow at the Yedo usurpation by embroiling it -in war with foreigners. More than one officer prominent -in the Meiji era has boasted<a id='r57'/><a href='#f57' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[57]</span></sup></a> of his part in -<span class='pageno' title='418' id='Page_418'></span> -the plots and alarms which preceded the fall of the -dual system and the reinstatement of the Mikado’s -supremacy. To this the writer can bear witness.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Meanwhile the ministers of the Bakafu were “like -men who have lost their lanterns on a dark night.” -Their lives were worth less than a brass <span class='it'>tem-pō</span>. Amid -the tottering framework of government, they yet -strove manfully to keep their treaty engagements. -“No men on earth could have acted more honorably.”<a id='r58'/><a href='#f58' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[58]</span></sup></a> -All the foreign ministers struck their -flags, and retired to Yokohama, except Mr. Harris. -He, despite the assassination, January 14, 1861, of -Mr. Heusken his interpreter, maintained his ground -in solitude. English and French battalions were -landed at Yokohama, and kept camp there for over -twelve years. On the 21st of January, 1862, another -embassy was despatched to Europe and the United -States. Their purpose was to obtain postponement of -treaty provisions in regard to the opening of more -ports. In New York, they paid their respects to the -widow of Commodore Perry, meeting also his children -and grandchildren.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Plots and counterplots in Kiōto and Yedo, action -and reaction in and between the camp and the throne -went on, until, on the 3rd of January, 1868, two days -after the opening of Hiogo and Ozaka to trade, the -coalition of daimiōs hostile to the Bakafu or Tycoon’s, -government, obtained possession of the Mikado’s palace -<span class='pageno' title='419' id='Page_419'></span> -and person. The imperial brocade banner of -chastisement was then unfurled, and the “Tycoon” -and all who followed him stamped as <span class='it'>chō-téki</span> traitors—the -most awful name in Japanese history. One of -the first acts of the new government, signalizing the -new era of Meiji, was to affix the imperial seal to the -treaties, and grant audience to the foreign envoys. In -the civil war, lasting nearly two years, the skill of the -southern clansmen, backed by American rifles and -the iron-clad ram, <span class='it'>Stonewall</span>, secured victory. Yedo -was made the <span class='it'>Kiō</span> or national capital, with the prefix -of Tō (east), and thenceforward, the camp and the -throne were united in Tōkiō, the Mikado’s dwelling -place.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>All power in the empire having been consolidated -in the Mikado’s person in Tōkiō, one of the first results -was the assertion of his rule over its outlying -portions, especially Yezo, Ogasawara and Riu Kiu islands, -the resources of Yezo and the Kuriles included -in the term Hokkaido or Northern sea-circuit -were developed by colonists, and by a commission -aided by Americans eminent in science and skill. -Sappōro is the capital city, and Hakodaté the chief -port. The thirty-seven islands of Riu Kiu, with their -one hundred and sixty thousand inhabitants are organized -as the Okinawa Ken, one of the prefects of -the empire. The deserted palace-enclosure of Shuri, -to which in 1853, Perry marched, with his brass bands -marines and field-pieces, to return the visit of the -regent, is now occupied by battalion of the Mikado’s -<span class='pageno' title='420' id='Page_420'></span> -infantry. The dwellings of the king and his little court -now lie in mildew and ruin,<a id='r59'/><a href='#f59' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[59]</span></sup></a> while the former ruler -is a smartly decorated marquis of the empire. Despite -China’s claim<a id='r60'/><a href='#f60' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[60]</span></sup></a> to Riu Kiu, Japan has never relaxed -her grasp on this her ancient domain.<a id='r61'/><a href='#f61' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[61]</span></sup></a> Variously -styled “the Southern Islands,” “Long Rope” -(Okinawa), “Sleeping Dragon,” “Pendant Tassels,” -the “Country which observes Propriety,” or the -“Eternal Land” of Japanese mythology, and probably -some day to be a renowned winter health-resort, -Riu Kiu, whether destined to be the bone of contention -and cause of war between the rival great nations -claiming it, or to sleep in perpetual afternoon, has -ceased to be a political entity. No one will probably -ever follow Perry in making a treaty with the once -tiny “Kingdom.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Ogasawara (Bonin) islands were formally -occupied by the civil and military officers of the -Mikado in 1875, and the people of various nationalities -dwell peaceably under the sun-flag. An American -lady-missionary and a passenger in the steamer -<span class='it'>San Pablo</span>, Mrs. Anna Viele of Albany, spent from -January 14th to 31st, 1855, at the Bonin Islands. -She found of Savory’s large family three sons and -three daughters living. The old flag of stars and -<span class='pageno' title='421' id='Page_421'></span> -stripes given to Savory by Commodore Perry is still -in possession of his widow, and is held in great -reverence by his children and grandchildren, all of -whom profess allegiance to the United States. The -boys, as soon as of age, go to Yokohama and are -registered in the American consulate. One of the -sons bears the name of Matthew Savory, so named -by the Commodore himself when there. A grandson -having been born a few days before the arrival of the -<span class='it'>San Pablo</span>, Mrs. Viele was invited to name him. -She did so, and Grover Cleveland Savory received -as a gift a photograph of the President of the United -States. Trees planted by the hand of the Commodore -still bear luscious fruit. Though the cattle were -long ago “lifted” by passing whalers, the goats are -amazingly abundant.<a id='r62'/><a href='#f62' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[62]</span></sup></a> The island of Hachijō (Fatsizio,) -to which, between the years 1597 and 1886, -sixteen hundred and six persons, many of them -court ladies, nobles, and gentlemen from Kiōto and -Yedo, were banished, is also under beneficent rule. -The new penal code of Japan, based on the ideas of -christendom, has substituted correctional labor,<a id='r63'/><a href='#f63' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[63]</span></sup></a>—even -with the effect of flooding America and Europe -with cheap and gaudy trumpery made by convicts -under prison contracts,—and Hachijō ceases to -stand, in revised maps and charts, as the “place of -exile for the grandees of Japan.” -<span class='pageno' title='422' id='Page_422'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Ancient traditions, vigorously revived in 1874 -claimed that Corea was in the same relation to Japan -as Yedo or Riu Kiu; or, if not an integral portion of -Dai Nihon, Corea was a tributary vassal. A party -claiming to represent the “unconquerable spirit -of Old Japan,” (Yamatō damashii,) to reverence the -Mikado, and to cherish the sword as the living soul of -the samurai, demanded in 1875, the invasion of Corea. -The question divided the cabinet after the return of -the chief members of it from their tour around the -world in 1875, and resulted in a rebellion crushed -only after the expenditure of much blood and treasure. -It was finally determined not to invade but to -“open” Corea, even as Japan had been opened to -diplomacy and commerce by the United States. -Only twelve years after Perry’s second visit to the -bay of Yedo, and in the same month, a Japanese -squadron of five vessels and eight hundred men -under General Kuroda appeared in the Han river, -about as far below the Corean capital as Uraga is -from Tōkiō. In the details of procedure, and -movement of ships, boats and men, the imitation of -Perry’s policy was close and transparent.<a id='r64'/><a href='#f64' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[64]</span></sup></a> Patience, -skill and tact, won a “brain-victory,” and a treaty of -friendship, trade, and commerce, was signed February -27th, 1876. The penultimate hermit nation had -led the last member of the family into the world’s -market-place. In this also, Perry’s work followed -him. -<span class='pageno' title='423' id='Page_423'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>Two years after this event, a company of Japanese -merchants in Yokohama, assembled together of their -own accord; and, in their own way celebrated with -speech, song and toast, the twenty-fifth anniversary -of the arrival of Commodore Perry and the apparation -of the “Black ships” at Uraga. The general -tenor of the thought of the evening was that the -American squadron had proved to Japan, despite occasional -and temporary reverses, an argosy of treasures -for the perpetual benefit of the nation.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The object-lesson in modern civilization, given by -Perry on the sward at Yokohama, is now illustrated -on a national scale. Under divine Providence, with -unique opportunity, Japan began renascence at a -time of the highest development of forces, spiritual -mental, material. With Christianity, modern thought, -electricity, steam, and the printing-press, the Mikado -comes to his empire “at such a time as this.” Since -the era of Meiji, or Enlightened Peace, was ushered -in, January 26, 1858, the Mikado Mutsŭhito, the 123d -sovereign of the imperial line, born twenty-one days -before Perry sailed in the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span> for Japan, has -abolished the feudal system, emancipated four-fifths of -his subjects from feudal vassalage and made them -possessors of the soil, disarmed a feudal soldiery numbering -probably six hundred thousand men trained to -arms, reorganized the order of society, established -and equipped an army forty thousand strong, and a -navy superior in ships and equipments to that of the -United States, assured the freedom of conscience, -<span class='pageno' title='424' id='Page_424'></span> -introduced the telegraph, railway, steam-navigation, -general postal and saving, and free compulsory public -educational systems;<a id='r65'/><a href='#f65' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[65]</span></sup></a> declared the equality of -all men before the law, promised limitation of the -imperial prerogative, and the establishment of a -national parliament in <span class='sc'>a. d.</span> 1890.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>All this looks like a miracle. “Can a nation be born -at once,” a land in one day?</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The story of the inward preparation of Nippon for -its wondrous flowering in our day, of the development -of national force, begun a century before Perry was -born, which, with outward impact made not collision, -but the unexpected resultant,—New Japan, deserves -a volume from the historian, and an epic from the -poet. We have touched upon the subject elsewhere.<a id='r66'/><a href='#f66' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[66]</span></sup></a> -Suffice it to say that the Dutch, so long maligned by -writers of hostile faith and jealous nationality, to -whom Perry in his book fails to do justice, bore an -honorable and intelligent part in it.<a id='r67'/><a href='#f67' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[67]</span></sup></a> Even Perry, -Harris and the Americans constitute but one of many -trains of influences contributing to the grand result. -Perry himself died before that confluence of the -streams of tendency, now so clearly visible, had been -fully revealed to view. The prayers of Christians, -<span class='pageno' title='425' id='Page_425'></span> -the yearning of humanity, the pressure of commerce, -the ambition of diplomacy, from the outside; the -longing of patriots, the researches of scholars, the -popularization of knowledge, the revival of the indigenous -Shintō religion, the awakening of reverence for -the Mikado’s person, the heated hatred almost to -flame of the Yedo usurpation, the eagerness of students -for western science, the fertilizing results of -Dutch culture, from the inside; were all tributaries, -which Providence made to rise, kept in check, and -let loose to meet in flood at the elect moment.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Meanwhile, Japan groans under the yoke imposed -upon her by the Treaty Powers in the days of her -ignorance. “Extra-territorialty” is her curse. The -selfishness and greed of strong nations infringe her -just and sovereign rights as an independent nation. -In the light of twenty-eight years of experience, -treaty-revision is a necessity of righteousness and -should be initiated by the United States.<a id='r68'/><a href='#f68' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[68]</span></sup></a> This -was the verdict of Townsend Harris, as declared to -the writer, in 1874. This is the written record of the -English and American missionaries in their manifesto -of April 28th, 1884 at the Ozaka Conference.<a id='r69'/><a href='#f69' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[69]</span></sup></a> -Were Matthew Perry to speak from his grave, his -voice would protest against oppression by treaty, and -in favor of righteous treatment of Japan, in the spirit -of the treaty made and signed by him; to wit: -<span class='pageno' title='426' id='Page_426'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>“There shall be a perfect, permanent, and universal -peace, and a sincere and cordial amity, between -the United States of America on the one part, and -the Empire of Japan on the other, and between their -people, respectively, without exception of persons or -places.”</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_51'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f51'><a href='#r51'>[51]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Young Japan, J. R. Black.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_52'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f52'><a href='#r52'>[52]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>A Cruise in Japan waters, and Japan fragments.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_53'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f53'><a href='#r53'>[53]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>November 1st, 1859.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_54'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f54'><a href='#r54'>[54]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Commodore Tatnall told this to Gideon Nye. See Mr. Nye’s -letter, January 31st, 1859, to the Hong Kong <span class='it'>Times</span>; reprinted -in pamphlet form Macao, March 22, 1864.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_55'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f55'><a href='#r55'>[55]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>See their names, and dates of the <span class='it'>Mississippi’s</span> movements, in -“A Cruise in the U. S. S. Frigate Mississippi,” July 1857 to -February 1860, by W. F. Gragg, Boston, 1860.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_56'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f56'><a href='#r56'>[56]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>It was in the educational service of this baron and his -son, that the writer went to Japan and lived in Echizen. The -Mikado’s Empire, pp. 308, 426-434, 532-536.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_57'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f57'><a href='#r57'>[57]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Episodes in a Life of Adventure, p. 163, by Laurence -Oliphant, 1887.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_58'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f58'><a href='#r58'>[58]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Townsend Harris’s words to the writer, October 9th, 1874.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_59'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f59'><a href='#r59'>[59]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Cruise of the Marquesas, London, 1886.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_60'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f60'><a href='#r60'>[60]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>The story of the Riu Kiu (Loo Choo) complication by -F. Brinkley, in <span class='it'>The Chrysanthemum</span>, Yokohama, 1883. Audi Alteram -Partem, by D. B. McCartee Esq. M. D.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_61'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f61'><a href='#r61'>[61]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Asiatic Soc. of Japan. Transactions Vol. I, p. 1; Vol. IV. p. 66.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_62'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f62'><a href='#r62'>[62]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Asiatic Society of Japan, Transactions Vol. IV, p. 3.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_63'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f63'><a href='#r63'>[63]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Asiatic Society and Japan Transactions, Vol. VI, part III, -pp. 435-478.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_64'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f64'><a href='#r64'>[64]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Corea, the Hermit Nation, p. 423.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_65'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f65'><a href='#r65'>[65]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Hon. John A. Bingham to Mr. Evarts, U. S. Foreign Relations, -1880.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_66'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f66'><a href='#r66'>[66]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>The Recent Revolutions in Japan, chapter XXVIII in The -Mikado’s Empire, and pamphlet The Rutgers Graduates in -Japan, New Brunswick N. J. 1886.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_67'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f67'><a href='#r67'>[67]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Transactions, Asiatic Society of Japan, Vol. V. p. 207.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_68'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f68'><a href='#r68'>[68]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Japanese Treaty Revision by Prof. J. K. Newton, <span class='it'>Bibliotheca -Sacra</span>, January 1887.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_69'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f69'><a href='#r69'>[69]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Published in <span class='it'>The Independent</span>, N. Y.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter'> -<img src='images/autograph.jpg' alt='' id='autograph' style='width:80%;height:auto;'/> -<p class='caption'><span style='font-size:smaller'>COMMODORE PERRY’S AUTOGRAPH.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class='pbk'/> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:center;margin-top:4em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:1.2em;'><span class='gesp'>APPENDICES</span></p> - -<hr class='tbk102'/> - -<h3><span class='pageno' title='427' id='Page_427'></span>I.<br/> AUTHORITIES.</h3> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:center;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:.8em;'>WRITINGS OF M. C. PERRY.</p> - -<div class='blockquoter8'> - -<p class='noindent'><span class='it'>Autograph.</span></p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='hang'><span class='sc'>Diary, Remarks, etc.</span> (on board the United States frigate -<span class='it'>President</span>, Commodore Rodgers), made by M. C. Perry. -[From March 19, 1811, to July 25, 1813].</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>Letters</span> of M. C. Perry to his superior officers, and to the -United States Navy Department, in the United States Navy Archives, -Washington D. C.; in all, about two thousand. These -are bound up with others, in volumes lettered on the back <span class='sc'>Officers' -Letters</span>, <span class='sc'>Master Commandants’ Letters</span>, <span class='sc'>Captains' -Letters</span>. As commodore of a squadron, M. C. Perry’s autograph -letters and papers relating to his cruises are bound in separate -volumes and lettered: <span class='sc'>Squadron, Coast of Africa, under -Commodore M. C. Perry, April 10 1843, to April 29 1845</span>, -[1 volume, folio]; <span class='sc'>Home Squadron, Commodore M. C. -Perry’s Cruise</span> [2 volumes, folio, on <span class='sc'>The Mexican War</span>]; <span class='sc'>East -India, China and Japan Squadron, Commodore M. C. Perry</span>, -Volume I, December 1852 to December 31 1853; Volume II, January -1854 to May 1855 [2 volumes, folio].</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>Letters</span> to naval officers, scientific men, and personal friends.</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='noindent'><span class='it'>Printed.</span></p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'>Unsigned articles in <span class='it'>The Naval Magazine</span>, Brooklyn, N. Y.</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>Future Commercial Relations with Japan and Lew -Chew.</span></p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>The Expediency of Extending Further Encouragement -to American Commerce in the East.</span> -<span class='pageno' title='428' id='Page_428'></span></p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>Enlargement of Geographical Science</span>, Pamphlet, New -York, 1856.</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron -to the China Seas and Japan.</span> 3 volumes, folio. Washington, -1856. 1 volume, folio. New York: D. Appleton & Co., -1857.</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'>The Perry family Bible, dates of births, marriages and deaths.</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'>Scrap books, kept at various periods of M. C. Perry’s life by -the children and relatives of M. C. Perry.</p> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:center;margin-top:2em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:.8em;'>JAPANESE AUTHORITIES.</p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='it'>Kinsé Shiriaku</span> (Short History of Recent Times, 1853–1869, -by Yamaguchi Uji, Tokio, 1871 translated by Ernest Satow, -Yokohama, 1873).</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='it'>Genji Yumé Monogatari</span> (Dream Story of Genji, inside history -of Japan from 1850 to 1864), translated by Ernest Satow in -<span class='it'>Japan Mail</span>, 1874.</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='it'>Kinsé Kibun</span> (Youth’s History of Japan, from Perry’s arrival, -3 volumes, illustrated, Tokio, 1874).</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='it'>Hoku-é O Setsu Roku</span>, Official Record of Intercourse with the -American Barbarians (made by the “Tycoon’s” officers, during -negotiations with Perry in 1854; manuscript copied from the Department -of State, Tokio, 1884).</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='it'>A Chronicle</span> of the Chief Events in Japanese history from -1844 to 1863, translated by Ernest Satow; in <span class='it'>Japan Mail</span>, 1873.</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'>Japanese poems, street songs, legends, notes taken by the -writer during conversations with people, officers, and students, -chiefly eyewitnesses to events referred to.</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<hr class='tbk103'/> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p class='pindent'>The other authorities quoted, are referred to in the text and -footnotes, or mentioned in the preface.</p> - -</div> - -<h3><span class='pageno' title='429' id='Page_429'></span>II.<br/> ORIGIN OF THE PERRY NAME AND FAMILY.</h3> - -<div class='blockquoter8'> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>In</span> answer to an inquiry, Hext M. Perry, Esq., M.D., -of Philadelphia, Pa., who is preparing a genealogy of -the Perry family, has kindly furnished the following -epitome:—</p> - -<div class='blockquote'> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>Dear Sir</span>,—I have no doubt of our name being of -Scandinavian origin. The Perrys were from Normandy, -the original name being Perier which has in course been -reduced to its present—and for many hundred years past -in England and America—Perry. A market town in -Normandy, France, is our old Perry name—Periers. The -name doubtlessly originated from the fruit, Pear, French -<span class='it'>Poire</span>; or, the fruit took its name from the family which is -perhaps more likely. At any rate <span class='it'>Poire</span> is easily modulated -into Perer, Perier, Periere, etc., and so across the -Channel to England, with William the Conqueror, in 1086, -it soon ripens into our name Perry. Perry is a delightful -fermented beverage in England made from pears—a -sort of pear cider.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>“Perry” identifies by its arms with “Perers.” The -family of Perry was seated in Devon County, England, -in 1370.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>That of “Perier” was of Perieres in Bretagne (Brittany, -France), and descended from Budic, Count of Cornuailles, -A. D. 900, whose younger son Perion gave name to -Perieres, Bretagne. A branch came to England, 1066, -and Matilda de Perer was mother to Hugo Parcarius who -lived in time of Henry I. The name continually recurs -in all parts of England, and thence the <span class='it'>Perrys</span>, Earls of -Limerick. There was also a Norman family of Pears intermarried -<span class='pageno' title='430' id='Page_430'></span> -with Shakespere which bore different arms -“Perrie” for Perry—“Pirrie,” for Perry.</p> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:center;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:.8em;'>“PERRIER.”</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Odo, Robert, Ralph, Hugh, &c., de Periers, Normandy -1180-95. Robert de <span class='it'>Pereres</span>, England, 1198.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>It appears that the family Saxby, Shakkesby, Saxesby, -Sakespee, Sakespage or Shakespeare was a branch of -that of De Perers, and this appears to be confirmed by the -armorial. The arms of one branch of Perire or Perers -were: Argent, a bend sable (charged with three pears for -difference). Those of Shakespeare were:—Argent, a bend -sable (charged with a spear for difference). As before -stated, the family of Perere came from Periers near -Evreux, Normandy, where it remained in the 15th century. -Hugo de Periers possessed estate in Warwick 1156; -Geoffrey de Periers held fief in Stafford, 1165, and Adam -de Periers in Cambridge. Sir Richard de Perers was -M. P. for Leicester 1311, Herts 1316-24, and Viscount -of Essex and Herts in 1325.</p> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:right;margin-right:3em;'>Courteously Yours,</p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:right;margin-right:1em;'>HEXT M. PERRY.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<hr class='tbk104'/> - -<h3>III.<br/> THE NAME CALBRAITH.</h3> - -<div class='blockquoter8'> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>It</span> is interesting to inquire whether the family of Calbraith -is still in existence. An examination of the directory -of the city of Philadelphia during the years 1882, -1883, 1884 recalls no name of Calbraith, and but one of -Calbreath, though fifty-two of Galbraith are down in the -<span class='pageno' title='431' id='Page_431'></span> -lists. The spelling of the name with a C is exceedingly -rare, the name Galbraith, however, is common in North -Ireland and in Scotland. Arthur, the father of our late -president of the same name, in his “Derivation of Family -Names,” says it is composed of two Gaelic words <span class='it'>Gall</span> and -<span class='it'>Bhreatan</span>; that is “strange Breton,” or “Low Country -Breton.” The Galbraiths in the Gaelic are called Breatannich, -or Clanna Breatannich, that is “the Britons,” -or “the children of Britons,” and were once reckoned a -great clan in Scotland, according to the following -lines:—</p> - -<div class='literal-container' style=''><div class='literal'> <!-- rend=';fs:.9em;' --> -<p class='line' style='font-size:.9em;'>“Galbraiths from the Red Tower,</p> -<p class='line' style='font-size:.9em;'>Noblest of Scottish surnames.”</p> -</div></div> <!-- end rend --> - -<p class='pindent'>The Falla dhearg, or Red Tower was probably Dumbarton, -that is the Dun Bhreatan, or stronghold of the -Britons, whence it is said the Galbraiths came.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Of one of the unlucky bearers of the name Galbraith, a -private of our army in Mexico, Longfellow has written in -his poem of “Dennis Galbraith.” In his “History of -Japan,” Mr. Francis Ottiwell Adams, an English author, -naturally falls into the habit of writing Matthew G. Perry. -The Rev. Calbraith B. Perry of Baltimore, nephew of -Matthew C. Perry, suggests that the initial letter of the -name is merely the softening of the Scotch G.</p> - -</div> - -<hr class='tbk105'/> - -<h3>IV.<br/> THE FAMILY OF M. C. PERRY.</h3> - -<div class='blockquoter8'> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>Of Matthew C. Perry</span>, born in Newport, April 10, 1794, -and <span class='sc'>Jane Slidell</span> born in New York, February 29, 1797, -<span class='pageno' title='432' id='Page_432'></span> -who were married in New York, October 24, 1814, there -were born four sons and six daughters:—</p> - -<div class='literal-container' style=''><div class='literal'> <!-- rend=';' --> -<p class='line'><span class='sc'>John Slidell Perry</span>, died March 24, 1817.</p> -<p class='line'><span class='sc'>Sarah Perry</span> (Mrs. Robert S. Rodgers.)</p> -<p class='line'><span class='sc'>Jane Hazard Perry</span> (Mrs. John Hone) died December 24, 1882.</p> -<p class='line'><span class='sc'>Matthew Calbraith Perry</span>, Jr., died November 16, 1873.</p> -<p class='line'><span class='sc'>Susan Murgatroyde Perry</span>, died August 15, 1825.</p> -<p class='line'><span class='sc'>Oliver Hazard Perry</span>, died November 17, 1870.</p> -<p class='line'><span class='sc'>William Frederick Perry</span>, died March 18, 1884.</p> -<p class='line'><span class='sc'>Caroline Slidell Perry</span>, (Mrs. August Belmont.)</p> -<p class='line'><span class='sc'>Isabella Bolton Perry</span>, (Mrs. George Tiffany.)</p> -<p class='line'><span class='sc'>Anna Rodgers Perry</span>, died March 9, 1838.</p> -</div></div> <!-- end rend --> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>Matthew C. Perry</span> died in New York, March 4, 1858; his -wife, who was his devoted companion and helper, <span class='sc'>Jane Slidell -Perry</span>, survived him twenty years, and died in Newport, R. I., -June 14, 1879, at the home of her daughter, Mrs. George Tiffany. -A pension of fifty dollars per month was granted to her, by Act -of Congress, from the date of her husband’s death.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Of the Commodore’s children, who grew to adult life, Sarah -was married to Col. Robert S. Rodgers (brother of the late Rear-Admiral -John Rodgers, U. S. N.), at the Commandant’s house, -Navy Yard, Brooklyn, N. Y., December 15, 1841, and now lives -near Havre de Grace, Maryland.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Jane Hazard was married to John Hone, Esq., of New York, -at the Commandant’s house, Brooklyn Navy Yard, October 20, -1841.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Matthew Calbraith married Miss Harriet Taylor of Brooklyn, -April 26, 1853. He entered the United States Navy as Midshipman, -June 1, 1835, was appointed Lieutenant April 3, 1848, and -later Captain. He was placed on the retired list April 4, 1867.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Oliver Hazard Perry, an officer in the United States Marine -Corps, was appointed Lieutenant February 25, 1841; was in the -Mexican war, and resigned July 23, 1849; was appointed United -States Consul at Hong Kong. He died in London May 17, 1870. -He was unmarried. -<span class='pageno' title='433' id='Page_433'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>William Frederick Perry, died unmarried.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Caroline Slidell Perry was married, in New York, to the Hon. -August Belmont, late Minister of the United States to the -Netherlands, November 7, 1849.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Isabella Bolton Perry married Mr. George Tiffany in New -York, August 17, 1864.</p> - -</div> - -<hr class='tbk106'/> - -<h3>V.<br/> OFFICIAL DETAIL OF M. C. PERRY, UNITED STATES NAVY.</h3> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:center;margin-bottom:1em;'><span style='font-size:smaller'>(Furnished by the Chief Clerk United States Navy Department, 1883.)</span></p> - -<div class='blockquoter8'> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>Matthew C. Perry</span> was appointed a Midshipman in the -United States Navy, January 16th, 1809; March 16th, 1809, -ordered to the naval station, New York; May 11th, 1809, -furloughed for the merchant service; October 12th, 1810, -ordered to the <span class='it'>President</span>; February 22d, 1813, appointed -Acting Lieutenant; July 24th, 1813, appointed -Lieutenant; November 16th, 1813, ordered to New -London; December 20th, 1815, granted six month’s furlough; -September 22d, 1817, ordered to the navy yard, -New York; June 8th, 1821, ordered to command the -<span class='it'>Shark</span>; July 29th, 1823, ordered to the receiving ship -at New York; July 26th, 1824, ordered to the <span class='it'>North -Carolina</span>; March 21st, 1826, promoted to Master Commandant; -August 17th, 1827, ordered to the naval -rendezvous at Boston; September 2d, 1828, granted -leave of absence; April 22d, 1830, ordered to command -the <span class='it'>Concord</span>; December 10th, 1832, detached and -granted three months’ leave; January 7th, 1833, ordered to -the navy yard, New York; February 9th, 1837, promoted -to Captain; March 15th, 1837, detached from the navy -<span class='pageno' title='434' id='Page_434'></span> -yard, New York; August 29th, 1837, ordered to command -the <span class='it'>Fulton</span>; March the 2d, 1840, ordered to the -steamer building at New York to give general superintendence -over the gun-practice; June 12th, 1841, ordered to -command the navy yard, New York; February 20th, -1843, ordered to hold himself in readiness for command -of the African squadron; May 1st, 1845, detached and -granted leave; December 27th, 1845, ordered to examine -merchant steamers at New York; January 6th, 1846, -ordered to examine docks at New York—examination -finished February 4th, 1846; May 18th, 1846, ordered to -examine steamers at New York; 21st July, 1846, ordered -to report at Department; August 20th, 1846, ordered to -command the <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>; March 4th, 1847, ordered -to command the Home Squadron; November 20th, 1848, -detached from command of Home Squadron, and ordered -as General Superintendent of ocean mail-steamers; November -3d, 1849, ordered to report at the Department; January -22d, 1852, given preparatory orders to command the -East India Squadron; 3d March, 1852, detached as Superintendent -of ocean mail-steamers; March 24th, 1852, -ordered to command the East India Squadron; January -12th, 1855, reported his arrival at New York; June 20th, -1855, ordered to Washington as a Member of Efficiency -Board under Act of Congress, February 28th, 1855; September -13th, 1855, Board dissolved; December 30th, 1857, -detached from special duty and wait orders.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>He died at New York City, N. Y., on the 4th of March, -1858.</p> - -</div> - -<hr class='tbk107'/> - -<h3><span class='pageno' title='435' id='Page_435'></span>VI.<br/> THE NAVAL APPRENTICESHIP SYSTEM.</h3> - -<div class='blockquoter8'> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>Matthew C. Perry</span> may be called the founder of the -apprenticeship system in the United States Navy, however -much the present improved methods may differ from -his own. He was the first officer to attempt a systematic -improvement on the hap-hazard and costly method of recruiting -formerly in vogue. Under the old plan, one-fourth -the men and boys picked up at random became invalided or -were discharged as unfit. It took four month’s work at five -recruiting stations to get a crew for the “<span class='it'>North Carolina</span>.” -The daily average of recruits at five stations, New York, -Philadelphia, Boston, Norfolk and Baltimore, was but -seven, at the utmost, and could not be increased without -bounties. Perry’s experience at recruiting stations -prompted him to a thorough study of the subject, and attempt -at reform. He addressed the Department on this -theme as early as 1823. In a letter of eleven pages, -dated January 25, 1824, a model of clearness and strength, -he elaborated his idea of providing crews for men-of-war -by naval apprentices properly educated. He proposed -that a thousand apprentices be engaged yearly, saving in -expense of pay (from $792,000 to $462,000) the sum of -$330,000. He suggested withholding the ration of spirits -for the first two years of indenture, so that a further saving -of $43,800, and total saving $373,800, would be secured.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In this paper he treats the problem of the great difficulty, -delay and expense of obtaining men for our naval -service, which becomes greater in time of hostilities. This -was shown in the war of 1812 when large bounties were -offered. The sea-faring population of the United States -<span class='pageno' title='436' id='Page_436'></span> -had not increased since 1810. Whereas there had been -in 1810, 71,238 seamen, there were in 1821 only 64,948. -In case of another war, the merchant ships should not be -suffered to rot in port as in 1812, but ought to pursue -their usual voyages. Hence merchant ships would want -sailors, and when there was considered the number wanted -for that popular branch of speculation—privateering, he -feared that few would be left for the public service, unless -exorbitant pay and bounties were given as inducements -for enlisting. Owing to the decay of the New England -carrying trade, and the fisheries, the sources for sea-faring -men had dried up; and it was easier to get ships than -men. Even in New York a sloop’s crew was unobtainable -in less than twenty days. If this were so, how hard -would it be to equip a fleet!</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The remedy proposed was to receive boys as apprentices -to serve until of age and to be educated and clothed by -the government. Such a system would be a blessing to -society. It would reform bad and idle boys, and create -in a numerous class of men attachment to the naval service, -besides raising up warrant and petty officers of native -birth. These at present were mostly foreigners. Boys -shipped only for two years; they then got discharged and -perhaps went roaming on distant voyages all over the -earth, losing the <span class='it'>discipline</span> they had acquired. There was -no difficulty to get boys in New York. The city alone -could supply five hundred annually, and the city corporations -would assist the plan. “Experience proves that -these lads do well. The very spirit which prompts them -to youthful indiscretion gives them a zest for the daring -and adventurous life to which they are called in our ships -of war.” -<span class='pageno' title='437' id='Page_437'></span></p> - -<p class='pindent'>With characteristic tenacity, he returned to the subject -in a letter to the Department, January 10 1835, giving the -results of further studies. One half of all the men enlisted -for the navy came from the New York rendezvous. -From April 2d, 1828 to October 14, 1834, there were enlisted -17 petty officers, 2,335 seamen, 1,174 ordinary seamen, -842 landsmen and 414 boys, a total of 4,782, or 19 a -week. Nearly ten months were necessary to get 750 men, -the crew of a line-of-battle ship, twenty weeks to furnish a -frigate with 380 men, and eight weeks to enlist 150 men -for a sloop of war.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Perry noticed another glaring defect in the system, and -wrote September 25, 1841, concerning frauds on the government, -by men enlisting in the navy getting advance pay -and then deserting. Parents connived at enlistment, and -often got off “minors” by habeas corpus writs, and the -government thus lost both the recruit and the advance -money. The same trouble had been found in the British -navy. Native-born men enlisted, got advance pay, and -then claimed alien birth. Perry consulted with the district -attorney as to how to stop this practice.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>While on the <span class='it'>Fulton</span>, Perry returned to his idea of perfecting -the apprenticeship system first suggested by him. -He asked permission to have his letters of 1823 and 1824 -copied for him by Dr. Du Barry, that he have authority to -increase the complement of the <span class='it'>Fulton</span> as vacancies should -occur, and to employ as many as the vessel would accommodate. -His requests were finally granted. The law of -Congress passed in March or April 1847, authorizing the -apprenticeship system, was the result of his persistent presentation -of his own plan elaborated in 1824.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Seventeen indentured apprentices were received, and a -<span class='pageno' title='438' id='Page_438'></span> -daily school on board the <span class='it'>Fulton</span> was instituted, in which -the lads who proved apt to learn were taught the English -branches, seamanship, war exercises, and partially the -operations of the steam engine. After one year’s experience, -Perry wrote July 8th, 1839, reporting that the -boys already performed all the duties of many men. -They gave less trouble and were more to be depended -upon. While the utmost vigilance of officers was required -to prevent desertions of sailors on account of the -near allurements of the great city, the boys with a greater -attachment were more to be trusted.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>As only one-fifth of the sailors in the navy were -native Americans, Perry took intense pride in the enterprise -of rearing up men for the national service, in whom -patriotism would be natural, inherited and heartfelt. He -cheerfully met all the difficulties in the way—such as -parents claiming their boys on various pretexts, and the -law-suits which followed. To the boys themselves, Perry -was as kind as he was exacting. He believed in tempting -boys in the sense of proving them with responsibility -enough to make men of them. Sufficient shore liberty -was given, and once in a while, even the joys of the circus -were allowed them.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>He proposed to man one of the new national vessels -with a crew of his trained apprentices, and under picked -officers to send them on a long cruise to demonstrate the -success of his system. When the brig <span class='it'>Somers</span> was launched -April 16, 1842, the time seemed ripe, and he obtained -permission of the Department to carry out his plan. The -vessel had been built, and the boys had been trained -under his own eye. After a conference with Secretary -Upshur in September, it was arranged she should make -<span class='pageno' title='439' id='Page_439'></span> -a trip to Sierra Leone and back, occupying ninety days, -traversing seven thousand miles, and visiting the ports or -colonies of four great nations. A few days afterwards -the <span class='it'>Somers</span> sailed away, full of happy hearts beating with -joyful anticipations, yet destined to make the most painful -record of any vessel in the American navy.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>On this sad subject, either to state facts or give an -opinion, we have nothing to say. The real or imaginary -mutiny and its consequences did much to injure and -finally destroy the apprenticeship system as founded by -Perry. Other reasons for failure lay in the fact that boys -of good family expected by enlistment to become line and -staff officers. Disappointed in their groundless hopes, -they deserted or wanted to be discharged. Failing in -this, they sought release by civil process.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>By the system of 1863, the same failure resulted. In -1872 “training ships,” as we now understand the term, -were put in use. On June 20, 1874, the Marine School -Bill was passed which created the present admirable -system, which has little or no organic connection with any -other system previously in vogue. It is now possible, -with the Annapolis Naval Academy and the School-ship -system, to provide abundantly both officers and sailors -for the military marine of the United States. In any -history of the naval-apprenticeship system of the United -States navy, despite the claims made by others, or the -many names associated with its origin or development, -the name of Matthew Perry must not be lost sight of as -prime mover.</p> - -</div> - -<hr class='tbk108'/> - -<h3><span class='pageno' title='440' id='Page_440'></span>VII.<br/> DUELLING.</h3> - -<div class='blockquoter8'> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='sc'>Matthew Perry</span> never fought a duel, or acted as a -second, though duelling was part of the established code -of honor among naval men of his school and age, and -provocation was not lacking. On his return from the -cruise in the <span class='it'>North Carolina</span>, an unpleasant episode occurred, -growing out of idle gossip and the malignant -jealousy felt towards an officer of superior parts by -inferiors unable to understand one so intensely earnest as -Matthew Perry. The manner in which Perry dealt with -the man and the matter strengthens the claim we have -made for him as an educator of the United States Navy. -The conversation at a dinner party in Philadelphia filtered -into the ear of a certain lieutenant in Washington, who -reported that Captain M—— had spoken of Matthew -Perry as “a d——d rascal.” Perry at once took measures -to ferret out the anonymous slanderer. He first learned -from Captain M—— the total falsity of the report, and -then demanded from the disseminator of the scandal the -name of his informant, which was refused. Thereupon -Perry wrote to the Secretary of the Navy, pleading the -general injury to the service from calumnies and unfounded -reports. The Secretary wrote to the offending -lieutenant to tell the truth. The latter pleaded the -“privacy of his room,” “sacred confidence among gentlemen,” -and declined to give the name of the person -“understood” to have made the offensive remark to him. -The Secretary, Hon. Samuel L. Southard, in a letter which -is a model of terse English, read the offender a lecture on -the unmanly folly of dabbling in idle gossip, and laid -<span class='pageno' title='441' id='Page_441'></span> -down the principle of holding the disseminator of reports responsible -for the truth of statements made on the authority -of another. The triangular and voluminous correspondence -from Boston, Washington and Norfolk, from November -15th 1827, to April 1828, may be read in the United -States Navy Archives. Perry demanded a court-martial, -if necessary, to clear himself from unjust suspicion. It -was not needful. His tenacity and perseverance conquered. -The gossipper begged permission to withdraw -his remark, and then crawled into oblivion.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In this paper war, extending over several months, the -officer whose victories both in peace and war were many, -scored points in behalf of truth and good morals, of the -discipline and order of the Navy, and of the advance of -civilization. Heretofore, the custom of duelling had -largely prevailed in the corps, and to this savage tribunal -of arbitration a thousand petty questions of personal -honor had been brought. Yet despite all arguments in -favor of the bloody code, which believers in or admirers -of its supposed benefits may fabricate in its favor, the -fact remains that it served but an insignificant purpose. -Its direct influence was slight in repressing those petty -personal differences which, belonging to human nature, -have such congenial soil in a crowded ship. Duelling -was a cure but no preventative, the killing being as -frequent as the curing.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Matthew Perry might have challenged the lieutenant, -and, like scores of his brother officers, appealed to the -savage code; but having long pondered upon and frequently -witnessed the slight benefit accruing from the -costly sacrifice of life and limb from duelling, he aimed to -cut out from the life of the service the whole system, root -<span class='pageno' title='442' id='Page_442'></span> -and branch, and to substitute the more rigid test of -personal responsibility. In choosing the slower and, in -old naval eyes, more inglorious method of correspondence, -and appeal to considerate judgment of his peers in court, -he exhibited more moral courage, showed his true character -and motive, and lifted higher the splendid standard -of the American Navy. To the formation of that <span class='it'>esprit</span> -of discipline which all now concede to be “the life of the -service,” Perry, in this episode nobly contributed. He -made the pen mightier than the sword.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Despite his clear record on this subject, made thus early, -he came very near being made the victim of a political -quarrel, and a reformer’s zeal. Readers of the works of -John Quincy Adams may get an impression unjust to -Captain Matthew Perry, because of the Resolution of -Inquiry, December 3d, 1838, “into the conduct of Andrew -Stevenson (United States Minister to Great Britain, -and J. Q. Adams’s political enemy) in his controversy -with Daniel O. Connell, as well as the participation of Captain -Perry in that affair.”<a id='r70'/><a href='#f70' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[70]</span></sup></a> To make a long story short, Mr. -Adams, in his political zeal to injure an enemy and moral -purpose to abolish “the detestable custom of private war,” -struck the wrong man. All the information on which Mr. -Adams based his inquiry was contained, as he confessed, -in “those published letters of James Hamilton of South -Carolina;” whereas, Mr. Hamilton regretted and publicly -apologized for writing the principal letter which gave rise -to the other two.<a id='r71'/><a href='#f71' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[71]</span></sup></a> The whole controversy is not without -<span class='pageno' title='443' id='Page_443'></span> -interest, and humor of both the Irish and American sort. -It is possible that Perry never knew till he found his -name dragged into Congress, what use of his name had -been made by Hamilton. So far as manifested in his -official record,<a id='r72'/><a href='#f72' style='text-decoration:none'><sup><span style='font-size:0.9em'>[72]</span></sup></a> Matthew Perry’s example, influence and -energetic action were totally opposed to duelling. In his -African cruises, and at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, we find -him earnestly laboring to root out of existence a practice -at war with Christian civilization.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>How well he and like-minded men succeeded, is now -known to all—except an occasional hot head in which -passion outruns information. It is perfectly safe for a -person seeking either notoriety or satisfaction to challenge -a naval officer of the United States to fight a duel. One -familiar with the “Laws for the better government of the -Navy” need have no fears of the result. Neither government -nor individuals now consider “a single person -entitled to a whole war.”</p> - -<hr class='footnotemark'/> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_70'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f70'><a href='#r70'>[70]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>J. Q. Adams’ <span class='it'>Works</span>, Vol. X, p. 48; and <span class='it'>Journal</span> of same -year.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_71'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f71'><a href='#r71'>[71]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'><span class='it'>Niles Register</span>, Vol. LV, (from September, 1838 to March, -1839, pp. 61, 62, 104, 105, 132, 133, 258.)</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class='footnote'> -<table summary='footnote_72'> -<colgroup> -<col span='1' style='width: 3em;'/> -<col span='1'/> -</colgroup> -<tr><td style='vertical-align:top;'> -<div id='f72'><a href='#r72'>[72]</a></div> -</td><td> - -<p class='pindent'>Letters. U. S. Navy Archives, August, 10th, 1841; February, -1845.</p> - -</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -</div> - -<hr class='tbk109'/> - -<h3>VIII.<br/> MEMORIALS IN ART OF M. C. PERRY.</h3> - -<div class='blockquoter8'> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:center;margin-bottom:1em;font-style:italic;'>Portraits.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>By William Sidney Mount in 1835, when M. C. Perry was -forty years old, now in possession of one of the Commodore’s -children.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>One at the time of his marriage.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>One painted from a photograph by Brady, about 1864.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>One at the Brooklyn Naval Lyceum.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>One at the Annapolis Naval Academy, by J. R. Irving.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>A painting from a daguerreotype was made in Japan by a -Japanese artist. -<span class='pageno' title='444' id='Page_444'></span></p> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:center;margin-top:2em;margin-bottom:1em;font-style:italic;'>Photographs.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Of these, there are several taken from life, from one of which -the frontispiece of this volume has been made.</p> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:center;margin-top:2em;margin-bottom:1em;font-style:italic;'>Engravings.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In <span class='it'>Harper’s Magazine</span> for March, 1856, from a photograph by -Brady of New York, in an illustrated article on “Commodore -Perry’s Expedition to Japan,” by Robert Tomes, Esq., M.D.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In a London illustrated paper, about 1853.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In Gleason’s Pictorial, Boston, of August 5th, 1854.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper of Saturday March 13, -1858.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Other prints in newspapers and lithographs of the face or -bust of M. C. Perry were made during his lifetime.</p> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:center;margin-top:2em;margin-bottom:1em;font-style:italic;'>Bust and Statue.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>A bust in marble of M. C. Perry, in sailor garb by E. D. -Palmer, of Albany N. Y., was made in 1859, and is now in possession -of the Commodore’s daughter, Mrs. August Belmont of -New York.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>In Touro Park, Newport, R. I., the city of his birth, about -fifty yards east of the “old round tower” is a bronze statue of -M. C. Perry, on a pedestal of Quincy granite. The extreme -height is sixteen feet, the statue being eight, and the pedestal -eight feet in height. The face, modelled partly from photographs -and partly from Palmer’s bust, is considered a good likeness. -The effect of the figure is grand, and the position easy and -natural. The model was designed by John Quincy Adams -Ward of New York, and the pedestal by Richard M. Hunt. On -the latter are four excellent bas-reliefs in bronze, representing -prominent events in M. C. Perry’s life.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>These are, “Africa, 1843,” Perry’s rescue of the man condemned -to undergo the sassy ordeal, (p. 173); “Mexico, 1846,” -transportation of the heavy ship’s guns through the sand and -<span class='pageno' title='445' id='Page_445'></span> -chapparal to the Naval Battery; “Treaty with Japan, 1854,” two -scenes, representing the reception of the President’s letter at -Kurihama (p. 359), and the negotiation of the treaty at Yokohama -(p. 366). On the front of the plinth of the pedestal is cut an -American ensign; on the north and south sides an anchor, and -in the rear, “Erected in 1868, by August and Caroline S. Belmont.” -The bronzes were cast at the Wood Brothers’ foundry -in Philadelphia. Pa. The statue was unveiled October 2d, 1868, -when the city of Newport was given up to public holiday in -honor of the event. The military display consisted of marines, -sailors, and apprentices from the U. S. S. <span class='it'>Saratoga</span> and cutter -<span class='it'>Crawford</span>, under command of Captain, now Rear-Admiral, J. H. -Upshur; and four militia companies. One thousand children from -the public schools were ranged within the hollow square formed -by the military, and sang chorals. Besides seven or eight thousand -spectators, there were officers of the army and navy, clergy -and the children and grand-children of Commodore M. C. Perry. -After prayer by Rev. J. P. White, unveiling of the statue by Mrs. -Belmont, salutes from guns in the park and on shipboard, music, -a speech of presentation by Mr. Belmont, and responses by Mayor -Atkinson, the orator of the day, the Rev. Francis Hamilton -Vinton, D. D. delivered the oration and eulogy. The exercises -were closed by a speech from Captain J. H. Upshur, U. S. N., -who drew a glowing picture of M. C. Perry’s action at Vera -Cruz, and of his success in Japan. See the <span class='it'>Newport Mercury</span> -of October 3d, 1868, and the published oration of Dr. Vinton -“The statue” says Pay Director J. Geo. Harris, U. S. N., in a -letter to the writer May 19, 1887, “is in all respects a likeness.” -“I was impressed with its remarkable fidelity in stature, pose -and bearing, as in full dress he met the Japanese commissioners -on the shore at Yokohama.”</p> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:center;margin-top:2em;margin-bottom:1em;font-style:italic;'>Medals.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>The gold medal struck in Boston had on its face the head of -“Commodore M. C. Perry,” and on the reverse the following -legend with a circle of laurel and oak leaves: “Presented to -Com. M. C. Perry, Special Minister from the United States of -<span class='pageno' title='446' id='Page_446'></span> -America, By Merchants of Boston, In token of their appreciation -of his services in negotiating the treaty with Japan signed at -Yoku-hama, March 31, and with Lew Chew at Napa, July 11, -1854.” On the band at the base of the wreath is the word <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, -and over it the figures of two Japanese junks, between the -sterns of American ships. Copies of this medal in silver and -bronze were received by subscribers to the gold original. The -die was cut by F. N. Mitchell.</p> - -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' title='447' id='Page_447'></span><h1>INDEX.</h1></div> - -<div class='lgl' style=''> <!-- rend=';' --> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>A.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Adams, Will, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Admiral, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Admiralty, British, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Alabama Claims, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Albany, <a href='#Page_365'>365</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Alexander, Sarah, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>American Geographical Society, <a href='#Page_386'>386</a>, <a href='#Page_408'>408</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Anecdotes, see under Perry.</p> -<p class='line'>Annapolis, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>-<a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>, <a href='#Page_439'>439</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Antarctic Exploration, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>-<a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Arctic Exploration, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Army and Marine Officers:</p> -<p class='line'>  Capron, Horace, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Coppée, Henry, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Edson, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Forrest, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Holzinger, D. S., <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Lee, R. E., <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Patterson, R., <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Pillow, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Perry, O. H., <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>, <a href='#Page_394'>394</a>, <a href='#Page_432'>432</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Quitman, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Ringgold, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Scott, Winfield, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>-<a href='#Page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Shaw, R., <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>-<a href='#Page_263'>263</a>, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a>, <a href='#Page_391'>391</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Steptoe, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Taylor, Zachary, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Totten, <a href='#Page_337'>337</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Viele, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Watson, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Worth, W. T., <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Asiatic Society of Japan, <a href='#Page_420'>420</a>, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Artillery, see Ordnance.</p> -<p class='line'>Ashburton Treaty, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Authors quoted or referred to:</p> -<p class='line'>  Adams, F. O. <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Addison, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#Page_403'>403</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Audubon, <a href='#Page_368'>368</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Arthur, Rev. Wm., <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Bancroft, Herbert, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Berkely, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Black, J. R., <a href='#Page_409'>409</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Bowditch, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Brinckley, F., <a href='#Page_420'>420</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Comte de Paris, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Confucius, <a href='#Page_357'>357</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Cooper, J. F., <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Darwin, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Dimon, S. C., <a href='#Page_366'>366</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Halleck, Fitz Greene, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Hawthorne, Nathaniel, <a href='#Page_376'>376</a>, <a href='#Page_377'>377</a>, <a href='#Page_385'>385</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Hildreth, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Hugo, Victor, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Irving, W., <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_383'>383</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  James, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Japanese, <a href='#Page_316'>316</a>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a>, <a href='#Page_341'>341</a>, <a href='#Page_342'>342</a>, <a href='#Page_346'>346</a>, <a href='#Page_362'>362</a>, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>, <a href='#Page_370'>370</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Johnston, Alex., <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Kaempfer, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Longfellow, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Mackenzie, A. S., <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Mencius, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Oliphant L., <a href='#Page_417'>417</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Osborne, Sherard, <a href='#Page_409'>409</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Parker, W. H., <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Perry, Hext M., <a href='#Page_429'>429</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Poe, Edgar A., <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_383'>383</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Roosevelt, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Satow, Ernest, <a href='#Page_428'>428</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Semmes, Raphael, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Shakespeare, <a href='#Page_430'>430</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Smith, Sydney, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Spalding, J. W., <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Taylor, Bayard, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Taylor, F. W., <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Taylor, Henry, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Tomes, R., <a href='#Page_384'>384</a>, <a href='#Page_385'>385</a>, <a href='#Page_403'>403</a>, <a href='#Page_444'>444</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Von Siebold, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Watson, R. G., <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Webb, J. W., <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>, <a href='#Page_387'>387</a>, <a href='#Page_388'>388</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Wordsworth, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>B.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Barhyte, J. <a href='#Page_383'>383</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Bells, <a href='#Page_313'>313</a>, <a href='#Page_357'>357</a>, <a href='#Page_373'>373</a>, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a>, <a href='#Page_392'>392</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Berribee affair, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>-<a href='#Page_182'>182</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Bible, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_404'>404</a>, <a href='#Page_405'>405</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Blue Peter, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Boilers and protection, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Bombs, see Shells.</p> -<p class='line'>Boston, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#Page_379'>379</a>, <a href='#Page_387'>387</a>, <a href='#Page_445'>445</a>, <a href='#Page_446'>446</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Blockade, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_369'>369</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Bloomingdale, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_386'>386</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Boulanger, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>British empire, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>British Naval Officers:</p> -<p class='line'>  Beechey, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Bingham, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Byron, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Cook, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Dacres, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Franklin, J., <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Jones, W., <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Marsden, G., <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Nelson, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_392'>392</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Osborn, S., <a href='#Page_409'>409</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Sartorius, G., <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Seymour, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>British Navy, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>-<a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>-<a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_409'>409</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>British Ships of War:</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Admiralty</span>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Beagle</span>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Belvidera</span>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>-<a href='#Page_41'>41</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Blossom</span>, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Daring</span>, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Galatea</span>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Guerriere</span>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Jersey</span>, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Leopard</span>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Little Belt</span>, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Mackerel</span>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Nemesis</span>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Penelope</span>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Penguin</span>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Rattler</span>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Reindeer</span>, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Shannon</span>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Terrible</span>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Valorous</span>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Watt</span>, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Broad pennant, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>C.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Calbraith family, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_430'>430</a>, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Calabar, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>California, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Cannon, see Ordnance.</p> -<p class='line'>Cape Palmas, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Cape Mount, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Carronade, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Cemeteries, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_343'>343</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Chaplains, <a href='#Page_406'>406</a>, see Clergymen.</p> -<p class='line'>Circumnavigation of the globe, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_379'>379</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Clay, Henry, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Columbiads, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Confederates, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>-<a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Congo, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Cortez, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Cotton-clad vessels, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Clergymen, chaplains and missionaries:</p> -<p class='line'>  Andrews, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Bacon, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Bettelheim, J., <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Bowen, N., <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Bittenger, E. C., <a href='#Page_406'>406</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Coke, D., <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Colton, Walter, <a href='#Page_406'>406</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Cuffee, Paul, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Dewey, Orville, <a href='#Page_407'>407</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Harris, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Hawkes, F., <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>, <a href='#Page_385'>385</a>, <a href='#Page_386'>386</a>, <a href='#Page_392'>392</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Jenks, J. W., <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Jones, <a href='#Page_384'>384</a>, <a href='#Page_406'>406</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Kelly, J. <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Mills, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Noble, M., <a href='#Page_407'>407</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Payne, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Perry, Calbraith, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Robertson, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Stewart, C. E., <a href='#Page_406'>406</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Talmage, John, <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Taylor, F. W., <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#Page_406'>406</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Vinton, F., <a href='#Page_390'>390</a>, <a href='#Page_392'>392</a>, <a href='#Page_403'>403</a>, <a href='#Page_445'>445</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  White, J. P., <a href='#Page_445'>445</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Williams, S. Wells, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>, <a href='#Page_366'>366</a>, <a href='#Page_388'>388</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Winn, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Countries:</p> -<p class='line'>  Canada, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>-<a href='#Page_302'>302</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  China, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a>, <a href='#Page_376'>376</a>, <a href='#Page_386'>386</a>, <a href='#Page_387'>387</a>, <a href='#Page_388'>388</a>, <a href='#Page_394'>394</a>, <a href='#Page_408'>408</a>, <a href='#Page_409'>409</a>, <a href='#Page_415'>415</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Corea, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a>, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>, <a href='#Page_422'>422</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Egypt, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>-<a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  France, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>-<a href='#Page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Great Britain, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>-<a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>-<a href='#Page_302'>302</a>, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>, <a href='#Page_409'>409</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Greece, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>-<a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_408'>408</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Hawaii, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>, <a href='#Page_366'>366</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Holland, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Ireland, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  India, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Japan, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a>, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>-<a href='#Page_386'>386</a>, <a href='#Page_409'>409</a>-<a href='#Page_425'>425</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Liberia, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>-<a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>-<a href='#Page_196'>196</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Mexico, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>-<a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>-<a href='#Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>-<a href='#Page_268'>268</a>, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a>, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>, <a href='#Page_364'>364</a>, <a href='#Page_376'>376</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Naples, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>-<a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Norway, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Russia, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>-<a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Siam, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>, <a href='#Page_410'>410</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Sierra Leone, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Spain, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Turkey, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>-<a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_408'>408</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Yucatan, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Cross-trampling, <a href='#Page_349'>349</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Courbet, Admiral, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Cutlass, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>D.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Diplomatists and Statesmen:</p> -<p class='line'>  Aberdeen, <a href='#Page_299'>299</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Allen, Elisha, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Ashburton, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Belmont, August, <a href='#Page_376'>376</a>, <a href='#Page_432'>432</a>, <a href='#Page_445'>445</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Bingham, J. A., <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Cass, Lewis, <a href='#Page_387'>387</a>, <a href='#Page_388'>388</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Cassaro, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Davis, Jefferson, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Everett, Edward, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Harris, Townsend, <a href='#Page_384'>384</a>, <a href='#Page_409'>409</a>-<a href='#Page_418'>418</a>, <a href='#Page_425'>425</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Lafayette, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Macedo, <a href='#Page_285'>285</a>, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Nelson, John, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>-<a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Nesselrode, <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Nye, Gideon, <a href='#Page_376'>376</a>, <a href='#Page_414'>414</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Pratt, Zodoc, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Randolph, John, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Reed, Wm. B., <a href='#Page_387'>387</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Roberts, President, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>-<a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Roberts, Edmund, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>, <a href='#Page_410'>410</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Rochambeau, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Russwarm, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Seward Wm. H., <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Shea, Ambrose, <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Slidell, John, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Stevenson, A., <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Vail, E. A., <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Wall, G. D., <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Webster, Daniel, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Williams, S. Wells, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>, <a href='#Page_366'>366</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Duelling, <a href='#Page_440'>440</a>-<a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Dutch, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>-<a href='#Page_274'>274</a>, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a>, <a href='#Page_339'>339</a>, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a>, <a href='#Page_348'>348</a>, <a href='#Page_349'>349</a>, <a href='#Page_370'>370</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>, <a href='#Page_425'>425</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>E.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Engineers, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>-<a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>-<a href='#Page_163'>163</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>F.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Feudalism, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>-<a href='#Page_329'>329</a>, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>, <a href='#Page_358'>358</a>, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a>, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>, <a href='#Page_417'>417</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Fever: African <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>-<a href='#Page_191'>191</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Yellow, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Fire, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#Page_313'>313</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Fireworks, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Fisheries, <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>-<a href='#Page_302'>302</a>, <a href='#Page_436'>436</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Flags: British, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Japan, <a href='#Page_348'>348</a>, <a href='#Page_420'>420</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Liberia, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Pirate, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  United States, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_395'>395</a>, <a href='#Page_410'>410</a>, <a href='#Page_416'>416</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Flogging, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a>-<a href='#Page_266'>266</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>French, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>-<a href='#Page_134'>134</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>  in Africa, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>  in China, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>, <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>  in Mexico, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Frigate, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Funchal, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>G.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Gaboon, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Galbraith, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_430'>430</a>, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Gardiner’s Island, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Germans, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Gettysburg, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Golownin, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Greeks, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>-<a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>-<a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Grog ration, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a>-<a href='#Page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#Page_435'>435</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Guinea, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Gunnery, see Ordnance.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>H.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Halifax, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Hazard family, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Hessians, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Heusken, Mr., <a href='#Page_417'>417</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Hong Kong, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_343'>343</a>, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a>, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>, <a href='#Page_376'>376</a>, <a href='#Page_394'>394</a>, <a href='#Page_432'>432</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>I.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Impressment, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>-<a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>International rifle match, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Inventors, artists, men of science: <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>, <a href='#Page_370'>370</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Bomford, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Bowditch, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Cochrane, W., <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Coehorn, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Ericsson, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Faraday, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Fresnel, A., <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Fulton, R., <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Henry, J., <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Humphries, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Irving, J. R., <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Krupp, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Mount, W. S., <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Paixhans, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Palmer, E. D., <a href='#Page_444'>444</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Redfield, W. C., <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>-<a href='#Page_143'>143</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Symmes, J. C., <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Teulère, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Toussard, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Ward, E. C., <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Ward, J. Q. A., <a href='#Page_444'>444</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Wheeler, S., <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Irish soldiers, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Iron-clads, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>-<a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_373'>373</a>, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Iron ships, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>J.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Japan:</p> -<p class='line'>  Adzuma, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>, <a href='#Page_373'>373</a>, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Art of, <a href='#Page_314'>314</a>, <a href='#Page_332'>332</a>, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a>-<a href='#Page_361'>361</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Bonin islands, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>-<a href='#Page_421'>421</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Buddhism, <a href='#Page_320'>320</a>, <a href='#Page_342'>342</a>, <a href='#Page_357'>357</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Christianity in, <a href='#Page_324'>324</a>, <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>, <a href='#Page_349'>349</a>, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>, <a href='#Page_423'>423</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Fatsisio, (Hachijo), <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Fuji yama, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>, <a href='#Page_316'>316</a>, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Gorihama, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>-<a href='#Page_342'>342</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Hachijo, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Hakodaté, <a href='#Page_343'>343</a>, <a href='#Page_365'>365</a>, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a>, <a href='#Page_373'>373</a>, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Hiogo, <a href='#Page_418'>418</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Idzu, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Kamakura, <a href='#Page_327'>327</a>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Kanagawa, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>, <a href='#Page_413'>413</a>, <a href='#Page_415'>415</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Kiōto, <a href='#Page_413'>413</a>, <a href='#Page_414'>414</a>, <a href='#Page_418'>418</a>, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Kurihama, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>-<a href='#Page_342'>342</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Kuro Shiwo, <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Loo Choo, see Riu Kiu.</p> -<p class='line'>  Matsumaé, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a>, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Meiji era, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>, <a href='#Page_423'>423</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Midzu-amé, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Nagasaki, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>-<a href='#Page_272'>272</a>, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a>, <a href='#Page_316'>316</a>, <a href='#Page_319'>319</a>, <a href='#Page_411'>411</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Nagato, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Names and titles, <a href='#Page_318'>318</a>, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>, <a href='#Page_328'>328</a>, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Napa, see Riu Kiu.</p> -<p class='line'>  Nitta, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Ogasawara islands, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>, <a href='#Page_420'>420</a>, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Okinawa, see Riu Kiu.</p> -<p class='line'>  Ozaka, <a href='#Page_413'>413</a>, <a href='#Page_418'>418</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Riu Kiu, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>, <a href='#Page_343'>343</a>, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a>, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>, <a href='#Page_420'>420</a>, <a href='#Page_446'>446</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Ronin, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>, <a href='#Page_417'>417</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Sapporo, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Shidzuoka, <a href='#Page_368'>368</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Shimoda, <a href='#Page_342'>342</a>, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a>, <a href='#Page_410'>410</a>, <a href='#Page_411'>411</a>, <a href='#Page_412'>412</a>, <a href='#Page_415'>415</a>, <a href='#Page_416'>416</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Shuri, <a href='#Page_314'>314</a>, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Tokio, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>, <a href='#Page_422'>422</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Uraga, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>, <a href='#Page_313'>313</a>, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>, <a href='#Page_423'>423</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Yamato damashii, <a href='#Page_338'>338</a>, <a href='#Page_422'>422</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Yedo, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>-<a href='#Page_328'>328</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>-<a href='#Page_334'>334</a>, <a href='#Page_412'>412</a>, <a href='#Page_416'>416</a>, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Yokohama, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>, <a href='#Page_357'>357</a>, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>, <a href='#Page_415'>415</a>, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>, <a href='#Page_423'>423</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Yokosŭka, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Japanese:</p> -<p class='line'>  Bonzes, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>, <a href='#Page_342'>342</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Buniō, see Kayama Yézayémon.</p> -<p class='line'>  Cho-teki, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Embassies, <a href='#Page_417'>417</a>, <a href='#Page_418'>418</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Echizen, <a href='#Page_346'>346</a>, <a href='#Page_416'>416</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Fudo, <a href='#Page_338'>338</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Guanzan, <a href='#Page_339'>339</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Hayashi, <a href='#Page_350'>350</a>, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>, <a href='#Page_357'>357</a>, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a>, <a href='#Page_362'>362</a>, <a href='#Page_365'>365</a>, <a href='#Page_413'>413</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Hokusai, <a href='#Page_331'>331</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Hori Tatsunoske, <a href='#Page_318'>318</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Hotta, <a href='#Page_413'>413</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Ii, <a href='#Page_413'>413</a>-<a href='#Page_417'>417</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Ito, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>, <a href='#Page_338'>338</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Izawa, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Iyésada, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>, <a href='#Page_346'>346</a>, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a>, <a href='#Page_413'>413</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Iyeyasu, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>, <a href='#Page_314'>314</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>, <a href='#Page_348'>348</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Iyéyoshi, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>, <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>, <a href='#Page_346'>346</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Katsu Awa, <a href='#Page_366'>366</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Kayama Yézayémon, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>, <a href='#Page_338'>338</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Kobo, <a href='#Page_357'>357</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Kuroda, <a href='#Page_422'>422</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Kurokawa Kahéi, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Manjiro, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>, <a href='#Page_366'>366</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Mikado, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>, <a href='#Page_318'>318</a>, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>-<a href='#Page_328'>328</a>, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>, <a href='#Page_417'>417</a>, <a href='#Page_410'>410</a>, <a href='#Page_423'>423</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Mito, <a href='#Page_346'>346</a>, <a href='#Page_416'>416</a>, <a href='#Page_417'>417</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Moriyama, Yenosuke, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Nagashima Saburosuke, <a href='#Page_317'>317</a>, <a href='#Page_318'>318</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Nitta, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Nio, <a href='#Page_338'>338</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Ota Do Kuan, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Sakuma, <a href='#Page_349'>349</a>, <a href='#Page_350'>350</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Taiko, <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Taira ghosts, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Toda, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>, <a href='#Page_338'>338</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Tokugawa, <a href='#Page_317'>317</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>, <a href='#Page_346'>346</a>, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Tycoon, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>, <a href='#Page_327'>327</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>, <a href='#Page_414'>414</a>, <a href='#Page_417'>417</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Yoshida Shoin (Toraijiro), <a href='#Page_349'>349</a>, <a href='#Page_350'>350</a>, <a href='#Page_369'>369</a>, <a href='#Page_416'>416</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>K.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Khartoum, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Kings and rulers.</p> -<p class='line'>  Bomba, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Bonaparte, J., <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Catharine, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Crack-O, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>-<a href='#Page_178'>178</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Cromwell, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Freeman, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  George III., <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Gomez Farias, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Iturbide, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Koméi, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Louis Phillipe, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Mehemet Ali, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Murat, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Mutsuhito, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>, <a href='#Page_423'>423</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Napoleon, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Nicholas, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>-<a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Santa Anna, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Victoria, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>L.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Lake Erie, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Langrage shot, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></p> -<p class='line'>Lighthouses, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>-<a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Line-of-battle ships, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>-<a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Liquor, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a>, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>, <a href='#Page_341'>341</a>, <a href='#Page_367'>367</a>, <a href='#Page_368'>368</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Loo choo, see Riu Kiu.</p> -<p class='line'>Louisiana, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Lyceum, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>-<a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>M.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Macao <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>, <a href='#Page_343'>343</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Maryland in Africa, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Massachusetts Horticultural Society, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Mesurado, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Mexican war, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>-<a href='#Page_269'>269</a>, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a>, <a href='#Page_364'>364</a>, <a href='#Page_444'>444</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Mexico, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Alvarado, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a>, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Cerro Gordo, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Green Island, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Laguna, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Mexico City, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Sacrificios island, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Salmadina island, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  St. Juan d'Ulloa, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Tabasco, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>-<a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>-<a href='#Page_249'>249</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Tampico, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>-<a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Tuspan, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Vera Cruz, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>-<a href='#Page_240'>240</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Missionaries, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>-<a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_407'>407</a>, <a href='#Page_425'>425</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Missions, Christian, <a href='#Page_407'>407</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Mongols, <a href='#Page_320'>320</a>, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Monitor, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Monrovia, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, 184.</p> -<p class='line'>Montravel Com., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Mosquito fleet, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Mother of M. C. Perry, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>-<a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_393'>393</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Moustaches, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>-<a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>N.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Naval Academy, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Navy of the United States.</p> -<p class='line'>  admiral, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  archives, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#Page_285'>285</a>, <a href='#Page_441'>441</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  beards and mustaches, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  benefit of, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>-<a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  broad pennant, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  bureaus, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  cemeteries, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>-<a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_343'>343</a>, <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  commodore, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  comet, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>-<a href='#Page_11'>11</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  discipline, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>, <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a>, <a href='#Page_436'>436</a>, <a href='#Page_440'>440</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  duelling, <a href='#Page_440'>440</a>-<a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  flogging, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>-<a href='#Page_266'>266</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  grog ration, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>-<a href='#Page_266'>266</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  honor of, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>-<a href='#Page_263'>263</a>, <a href='#Page_400'>400</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  hospitals, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#Page_343'>343</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  hygiene, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>-<a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  marine corps, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  mutiny, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#Page_439'>439</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  nursery, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_435'>435</a>-<a href='#Page_439'>439</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  recruiting service, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_435'>435</a>-<a href='#Page_439'>439</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  reforms, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>, <a href='#Page_435'>435</a>-<a href='#Page_439'>439</a>, <a href='#Page_440'>440</a>-<a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  sailors, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>-<a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>-<a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>-<a href='#Page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a>, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>-<a href='#Page_249'>249</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a>-<a href='#Page_266'>266</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_367'>367</a>, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a>, <a href='#Page_391'>391</a>, <a href='#Page_440'>440</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  ships, types and varieties of, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>-<a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>-<a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  signals, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#Page_313'>313</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  staff and line, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>-<a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  steam, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>-<a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>-<a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  tactics, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  torpedoes, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  trophies, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>New Orleans, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Newport, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#Page_380'>380</a>, <a href='#Page_393'>393</a>, <a href='#Page_444'>444</a>, <a href='#Page_445'>445</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Newspapers, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a>, <a href='#Page_405'>405</a>, <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>, <a href='#Page_445'>445</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>New York, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>-<a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_379'>379</a>, <a href='#Page_383'>383</a>, <a href='#Page_386'>386</a>, <a href='#Page_391'>391</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Norfolk, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>O.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>O'Connell, Daniel, <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Officers, Merchant marine:</p> -<p class='line'>  Burke, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Carver, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Cooper, Mr., <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Coffin, R., <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Jennings, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Odell, <a href='#Page_399'>399</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Stewart, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Storm, J., <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Whitfield, J. H., <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Whitmore, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Officers, U. S. Navy:</p> -<p class='line'>  Abbot, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a>, <a href='#Page_364'>364</a>, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Adams, H., <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>, <a href='#Page_400'>400</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Almy, J., <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_400'>400</a>, <a href='#Page_404'>404</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Aulick, J., <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>-<a href='#Page_288'>288</a>, <a href='#Page_290'>290</a>, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Babcock, G. W., <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Bainbridge, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Barron J., <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Bent, Silas, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>, <a href='#Page_379'>379</a>, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Biddle, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Bigelow, A., <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>, <a href='#Page_391'>391</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Breese, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#Page_391'>391</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Bridge, H., <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Buchanan, F., <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>, <a href='#Page_337'>337</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Burt, N., <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Cheever, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Conner, D., <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>-<a href='#Page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Contee, J., <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>, <a href='#Page_318'>318</a>, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Craven, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Dahlgren, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Decatur, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  De Long, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Fairfax, A. B., <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Farragut, D. G., <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Farron, J., <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Follansbee, J., <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Freelon, 188-<a href='#Page_190'>190</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Geisinger, D., <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Glynn, J., <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>-<a href='#Page_279'>279</a>, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a>, <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Gregory, <a href='#Page_402'>402</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Harris, J. G., <a href='#Page_365'>365</a>, <a href='#Page_445'>445</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Haswell, C. H., <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Hunt, T. A., <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Hunter, C. G., <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a>, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Hull, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Jenkins, T. A., <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_388'>388</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Jones, Paul, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Jones, T. ap C., <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Kennedy, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Kearney, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Lawrence, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Lee, S. S., <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Lockwood, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Lynch, Wm. F., <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Mackenzie, A. S., <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Magruder, G. A., <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  May, Wm., <a href='#Page_244'>244</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Matthews, J., <a href='#Page_343'>343</a>, <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Maury, <a href='#Page_379'>379</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Mayo, J., <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  McIntosh, <a href='#Page_293'>293</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  McCluney, <a href='#Page_299'>299</a>, <a href='#Page_391'>391</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  McKeever, <a href='#Page_293'>293</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Moller, B. C., <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Morgan, C. W., <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_440'>440</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Morris, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Nicholson, J., <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Parker, F. A., <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Parker, W. A., <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Parker, W. H., <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Patterson, D., <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Pearson, <a href='#Page_293'>293</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Perry, C. R., <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>-<a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Perry, J. A., <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Perry, O. H., <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_390'>390</a>, <a href='#Page_393'>393</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Perry, R., <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Pinckney, R. S., <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Pickering, C. W., <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Porter, D. D., <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Porter, D. D., <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Preble, Geo. H., <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Reany, <a href='#Page_291'>291</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Ridgely, C. G., <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Rodgers, John, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Rodgers, John, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_432'>432</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Rodgers, R. C., <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Sands, J. R., <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>, <a href='#Page_400'>400</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Sanford, H., <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Semmes, R., <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Shubrick, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Skinner, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Sloat, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_391'>391</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Stellwagen, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Stewart, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Stockton, F., <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Swift, W., <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Tatnall, J., <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_409'>409</a>, <a href='#Page_414'>414</a>, <a href='#Page_415'>415</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Thornton, J. S., <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Townsend, J. S., <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Trenchard, E., <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Upshur, J., <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#Page_445'>445</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Van Brunt, J. G., <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Walke, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Walker, W. S., <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Wilkes, C., <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Williamson, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Ordnance, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>-<a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>-<a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>-<a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>-<a href='#Page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Ordeal, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>-<a href='#Page_174'>174</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>P.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Pacific Ocean, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>, <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Packenham, Gen., <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Paddle-Wheels, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Paixhans Cannon, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>-<a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>-<a href='#Page_361'>361</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Palaver, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>-<a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Perry, C. R., <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>-<a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Perry, Edmund, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>-<a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>-<a href='#Page_12'>12</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Perry, Freeman, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_382'>382</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Pension, <a href='#Page_432'>432</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Port Hudson, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Perry, Matthew Calbraith:</p> -<p class='line'>  ancestry, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>-<a href='#Page_7'>7</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  anecdotes of, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>, <a href='#Page_341'>341</a>, <a href='#Page_342'>342</a>, <a href='#Page_366'>366</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#Page_399'>399</a>, <a href='#Page_400'>400</a>, <a href='#Page_404'>404</a>, <a href='#Page_405'>405</a>, <a href='#Page_440'>440</a>-<a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  birth, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  childhood, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>-<a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_380'>380</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  children, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>-<a href='#Page_433'>433</a>, <a href='#Page_445'>445</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  citizen of New York, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  commodore, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  commodore’s aid, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Europe, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>-<a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>-<a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_440'>440</a>, <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Japan, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>-<a href='#Page_379'>379</a>, <a href='#Page_427'>427</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Mediterranean, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>-<a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Mexico, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>-<a href='#Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#Page_427'>427</a>, <a href='#Page_444'>444</a>, <a href='#Page_445'>445</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  West Indies, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>-<a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  cruise in Africa, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>-<a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>-<a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_427'>427</a>, <a href='#Page_444'>444</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>  —— —— Europe, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>-<a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>-<a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_440'>440</a>, <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>  —— —— Japan, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>-<a href='#Page_379'>379</a>, <a href='#Page_427'>427</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>  —— —— Mexico, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>-<a href='#Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#Page_427'>427</a>, <a href='#Page_444'>444</a>, <a href='#Page_445'>445</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>  —— —— West Indies, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>-<a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  death, <a href='#Page_390'>390</a>, <a href='#Page_415'>415</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  detail, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>, <a href='#Page_434'>434</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  diary, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>, <a href='#Page_403'>403</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  duelling, <a href='#Page_440'>440</a>-<a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  executive officer, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>-<a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  family, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>, <a href='#Page_429'>429</a>-<a href='#Page_433'>433</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  fights pirates, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>-<a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  first battles, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>-<a href='#Page_41'>41</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  founds U. S. Naval Lyceum, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  funeral, <a href='#Page_390'>390</a>-<a href='#Page_393'>393</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  habits, <a href='#Page_395'>395</a>-<a href='#Page_408'>408</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  hair, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Japanese regard for, <a href='#Page_364'>364</a>, <a href='#Page_365'>365</a>, <a href='#Page_415'>415</a>, <a href='#Page_418'>418</a>, <a href='#Page_423'>423</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  knowledge of Japan, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  letters, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_403'>403</a>, <a href='#Page_427'>427</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  marriage, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>-<a href='#Page_433'>433</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  mother, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>-<a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>-<a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_393'>393</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  name, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_429'>429</a>-<a href='#Page_431'>431</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  nick-name, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Revenge</span>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>-<a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <span class='it'>President</span>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>-<a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>United States</span>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <span class='it'>Chippewa</span>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Cyane</span>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>-<a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <span class='it'>Shark</span>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>-<a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>North Carolina</span>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>-<a href='#Page_76'>76</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Concord</span>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>-<a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <span class='it'>Brandywine</span>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>-<a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Fulton</span>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>-<a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <span class='it'>Saratoga</span>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>-<a href='#Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Germantown</span>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>, <span class='it'>Cumberland</span>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Susquchanna</span>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>-<a href='#Page_355'>355</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Powhatan</span>, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>-<a href='#Page_372'>372</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  organizes engineer corps, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  organizes Japan expedition, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  organizes naval brigade, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>-<a href='#Page_246'>246</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  organizes school of apprentices, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_435'>435</a>-<a href='#Page_439'>439</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  organizes school of gun-practice, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>-<a href='#Page_148'>148</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  personal traits, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>-<a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>-<a href='#Page_408'>408</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  politics, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  portraits, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>-<a href='#Page_446'>446</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  refuses salute, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  reimbursed by Congress, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  religion, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_324'>324</a>, <a href='#Page_404'>404</a>-<a href='#Page_406'>406</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  residence in Macao, <a href='#Page_343'>343</a>, <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>    Naples, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>-<a href='#Page_98'>98</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>    New London, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>    New York, <a href='#Page_386'>386</a>, <a href='#Page_388'>388</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>    Tarrytown, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>-<a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>, <a href='#Page_289'>289</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>    Washington, <a href='#Page_379'>379</a>, <a href='#Page_388'>388</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  rheumatism, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>-<a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_389'>389</a>, <a href='#Page_390'>390</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  selects site of Monrovia, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  shore duty, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>-<a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_379'>379</a>-<a href='#Page_390'>390</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  statue, <a href='#Page_444'>444</a>, <a href='#Page_445'>445</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  takes orders to Rodgers, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  training at home, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>-<a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  training on ship, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>-<a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  visits, the Czar, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>-<a href='#Page_85'>85</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>    England, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>-<a href='#Page_131'>131</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>    Egypt, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>    France, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>-<a href='#Page_134'>134</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>    Funchal, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>-<a href='#Page_310'>310</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>    Greece, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>    Holland, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>    Khedive, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>    Louis Philippe, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>    Shuri, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  wounded, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  writings, <a href='#Page_427'>427</a>, <a href='#Page_428'>428</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Perry, Oliver Hazard, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_390'>390</a>, <a href='#Page_393'>393</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Perry, Sarah Alexander, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>-<a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>-<a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_324'>324</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Physicians and surgeons:</p> -<p class='line'>  Ayres, Eli, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Du Barry, S.S., <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#Page_437'>437</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Kellogg, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  McCartee, D. B., <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>, <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>, <a href='#Page_420'>420</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  McGill, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Parker, P., <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Rush, Benjamin, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Wiley, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Pirates, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>-<a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Pivot-guns, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Pontiatine, Ad., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Portsmouth, N. H., <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Portuguese, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>, <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Presidents of the United States:</p> -<p class='line'>  Washington, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Jefferson, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Adams, J., <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Madison, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Monroe, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Adams, J. Q., <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Jackson, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Van Buren, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Harrison, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Polk, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Taylor, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Fillmore, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>, <a href='#Page_323'>323</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Pierce, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_387'>387</a>, <a href='#Page_410'>410</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Buchanan, <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>, <a href='#Page_387'>387</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Arthur, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Cleveland, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Press-gang, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Prince de Joinville, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Privateers, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_436'>436</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Propellers, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>Q.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Quakers, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Quarantine, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Quarrels on ship, <a href='#Page_441'>441</a>, <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>R.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Ram, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>-<a href='#Page_128'>128</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Rhode Island, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_380'>380</a>-<a href='#Page_383'>383</a>, <a href='#Page_393'>393</a>, <a href='#Page_444'>444</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Right of search, see Impressment.</p> -<p class='line'>Rohde, Ad., <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Russians, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>-<a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>, <a href='#Page_349'>349</a>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>S.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Saké, <a href='#Page_341'>341</a>, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Saratoga, <a href='#Page_383'>383</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Savory, N., <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Schenectady, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Scurvy, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Sebastopol, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Secretaries U. S. Navy, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Smith, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Southard, <a href='#Page_406'>406</a>, <a href='#Page_440'>440</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Paulding, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Mason, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Bancroft, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Graham, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>, <a href='#Page_289'>289</a>, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Kennedy, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>, <a href='#Page_299'>299</a>, <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Dobbin, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Settra Kroo, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Shells, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>-<a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>-<a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Sherbro, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Shinto, <a href='#Page_342'>342</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Ships, merchant:</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Adventurer</span>, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Auckland</span>, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Caroline</span>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Central America</span>, <a href='#Page_389'>389</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Edward Barley</span>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Elizabeth</span>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Great Western</span>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Jeune Nelly</span>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Ladoga</span>, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Lawrence</span>, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Manhattan</span>, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Mary Carver</span>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Morrison</span>, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>, <a href='#Page_316'>316</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>San Pablo</span>, <a href='#Page_420'>420</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Sara Boyd</span>, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Transit</span>, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Ships of War:</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>John Adams</span>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Aetna</span>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Alabama</span>, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Albany</span>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Alleghany</span>, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Alliance</span>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Argus</span>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Bonita</span>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Boston</span>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Boxer</span>, <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Brandywine</span>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>-<a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Chesapeake</span>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Chippewa</span>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Columbus</span>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Concord</span>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>-<a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Congress</span>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_293'>293</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Constitution</span>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Creole</span>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Cumberland</span>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Cyane</span>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>-<a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Decatur</span>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Demologos</span>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Destroyer</span>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Electra</span>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Enterprise</span>, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>, <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Erie</span>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Falmouth</span>, <a href='#Page_293'>293</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Forward</span>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Fulton, 1st</span>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Fulton, 2nd</span>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>-<a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#Page_437'>437</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Gallinipper</span>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>General Greene</span>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Germantown</span>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Gnat</span>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Grampus</span>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Hartford</span>, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Hecla</span>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Hornet</span>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Hunter</span>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Jeannette</span>, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Kearsarge</span>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>La Gloire</span>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Lackawanna</span>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Lawrence</span>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Lexington</span>, <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a>, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Macedonian</span>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>, <a href='#Page_404'>404</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Merrimac</span>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>McLane</span>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Miantonomah</span>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Midge</span>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Mifflin</span>, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Mississippi</span>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>-<a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>-<a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>-<a href='#Page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>, <a href='#Page_299'>299</a>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>, <a href='#Page_379'>379</a>, <a href='#Page_415'>415</a>, <a href='#Page_423'>423</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Missouri</span>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>-<a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Mosquito</span>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Nautilus</span>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Nonita</span>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>North Carolina</span>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>-<a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>, <a href='#Page_402'>402</a>, <a href='#Page_435'>435</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Ontario</span>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Pallas</span>, <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Peacock</span>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Petrel</span>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Petrita</span>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Porpoise</span>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_379'>379</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Portsmouth</span>, <a href='#Page_411'>411</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Powhatan</span>, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>, <a href='#Page_362'>362</a>, <a href='#Page_415'>415</a>, <a href='#Page_417'>417</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>President</span>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>-<a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>-<a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Princeton</span>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>-<a href='#Page_306'>306</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Plymouth</span>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Raritan</span>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Reefer</span>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Revenge</span>, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>-<a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Sand-fly</span>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>San Jacinto</span>, <a href='#Page_410'>410</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Saratoga</span>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a>, <a href='#Page_445'>445</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Sea-gull</span>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Scorpion</span>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Shark</span>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>-<a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>-<a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Somers</span>, <a href='#Page_438'>438</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Southampton</span>, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Spitfire</span>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>St. Mary’s</span>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Stockton</span>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Stonewall</span>, <a href='#Page_373'>373</a>, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Stromboli</span>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Susquehanna</span>, <a href='#Page_285'>285</a>, <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>, <a href='#Page_379'>379</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Supply</span>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>, <a href='#Page_343'>343</a>, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a>, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Tennessee</span>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Thistle</span>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Trumbull</span>, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>United States</span>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Vandalia</span>, <a href='#Page_343'>343</a>, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a>, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>, <a href='#Page_357'>357</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Vesuvius</span>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Vincennes</span>, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Virginia</span>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Vixen</span>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>-<a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Washington</span>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Wasp</span>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  <span class='it'>Weehawken</span>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Sinoe, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Shō-gun, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>-<a href='#Page_328'>328</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>, <a href='#Page_362'>362</a>, <a href='#Page_368'>368</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Slave-trade, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>-<a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>-<a href='#Page_196'>196</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Slavery in America, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>-<a href='#Page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Slidell, Jane, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_376'>376</a>, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>, <a href='#Page_432'>432</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Slidell, John, Mr., <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Smithsonian Institute, <a href='#Page_369'>369</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Soudan, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>South Carolina, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_382'>382</a>, <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Statistics, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>:</p> -<p class='line'>  U. S. Navy, Revolution, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  —— ——, War of 1812, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  —— ——, Mexican war, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>-<a href='#Page_268'>268</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  —— ——, Civil war, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  —— ——, in Japan, <a href='#Page_343'>343</a>, <a href='#Page_364'>364</a>, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a>, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>, <a href='#Page_379'>379</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Africa, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  broadsides, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Japan, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>-<a href='#Page_424'>424</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  lighthouses, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  merchant marine, <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  ordnance, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Perry’s work, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#Page_385'>385</a>, <a href='#Page_389'>389</a>, <a href='#Page_390'>390</a>, <a href='#Page_395'>395</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  recruits, <a href='#Page_435'>435</a>-<a href='#Page_439'>439</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  slave-ships, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  steamships, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Steam, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>-<a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_368'>368</a>, <a href='#Page_423'>423</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Steven’s battery, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Submarine cannon, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Sunday, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_324'>324</a>, <a href='#Page_405'>405</a>, <a href='#Page_406'>406</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>T.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Tarrytown, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>-<a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>, <a href='#Page_289'>289</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Telegraphs, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#Page_368'>368</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Telephones, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Temperance, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a>-<a href='#Page_265'>265</a>, <a href='#Page_435'>435</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Torpedoes, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Tower Hill, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_382'>382</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Trafalgar, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Treaty-house, <a href='#Page_357'>357</a>, <a href='#Page_415'>415</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Treaty, Canadian of 1818, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>  reciprocity, <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>  of Ghent, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>  Naples, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>  Hidalgo Guadalupe, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>  with Japan, <a href='#Page_370'>370</a>, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a>, <a href='#Page_412'>412</a>-<a href='#Page_416'>416</a>;</p> -<p class='line'>  of Tientsin, <a href='#Page_415'>415</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Triremes, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Tycoon, see Shō-gun.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>U.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Union College, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>United States, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_395'>395</a>, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>—— ——, colonial policy, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>—— ——, policy in war, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>V.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Victorian era, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Viele, Mrs. A., <a href='#Page_420'>420</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>W.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Wallace, Sir William, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Wars:</p> -<p class='line'>  Revolutionary, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>-<a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_383'>383</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Tripolitan, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  1812, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>-<a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_435'>435</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Mexican, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>-<a href='#Page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Civil, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>-<a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>  Victorian era, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Washington obelisk, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>West Point, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Whalers, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>, <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Wheatley, Phillis, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line' style='text-align:left;margin-left:6em;'>Y.</p> -<p class='line'> </p> -<p class='line'>Yamato, damashii, <a href='#Page_338'>338</a>, <a href='#Page_422'>422</a>.</p> -<p class='line'>Yellow fever, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>.</p> -</div> <!-- end rend --> - -<hr class='pbk'/> - -<p class='line' style='text-align:center;margin-top:4em;margin-bottom:2em;font-size:1.2em;'>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Misspelled words and printer errors have been corrected. -Where multiple spellings occur, majority use has been -employed.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Punctuation has been maintained except where obvious -printer errors occur.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>Some illustrations were moved to facilitate page layout.</p> - -<p class='pindent'>A cover was created for this eBook and is placed in the -public domain.</p> - -<p class='line'> </p> - -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MATTHEW CALBRAITH 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