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Whitford. - </title> - <style type="text/css"> - p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;} - - h1 {text-align: center; clear: both; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 3em;} - h2 {text-align: center; clear: both; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 2em;} - h3.left {text-align: left; clear: both; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 2em;} - h3.center {text-align: center; clear: both; font-weight: normal; font-variant: small-caps; margin-top: 2em;} - - div.centered table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} - - body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} - - a {text-decoration: none;} - - img {border: none;} - - .hidden {display: none;} - - .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-style: normal; - font-variant: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - text-indent: 0; - } /* page numbers */ - - .bbox {border: 2px black solid; padding: 1em; margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: 3em;} - - .center {text-align: center;} - .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - - .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center; padding-top: 2em;} - - .tdlt {text-align: left; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 1.5em;} /* left top align cell */ - .tdltnw {text-align: left; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 1.5em; white-space: nowrap;} /* left top align cell no rewrap to prevent breaks at hyphens */ - .tdltnp {text-align: left; vertical-align: top; padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;} /* left top align cell no padding */ - .tdlth {text-align: left; vertical-align: top; padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; padding-right: 1.5em;} /* left top align cell hanging indent */ - .tdc {text-align: center; padding-top: 1.5em; vertical-align: top;} - .tdrb {text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;} /* right bottom align cell */ - - .smlfont {font-size: 90%;} - .tinyfont {font-size: 60%;} - - .titlep {margin-top: 2em;} - .tpintro {text-align: center; font-size: 150%; padding-top: 2em;} - .volume {text-align: center; font-size: 110%; padding-top: 2em;} - .author {text-align: center; font-size: 130%; font-variant: small-caps; padding-top: 2em;} - .tpcontent {text-align: center; font-variant: small-caps; padding-top: 2em;} - .publications {text-align: center; font-size: 120%; padding-top: 3em; font-weight: bold;} - .currentvol {text-align: center; font-weight: bold;} - .reptitle {text-align: center; font-size: 130%; padding-top: 3em;} - -@media handheld -{ - h1, .tpintro, .volume, .author, .tpcontent, .figcenter {padding-top: .5em;} - .tdlt {text-align: left; vertical-align: top; padding-right: .5em;} - .tdltnw {text-align: left; vertical-align: top; padding-right: .5em; white-space: nowrap;} - .tdlth {text-align: left; vertical-align: top; padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; padding-right: .5em;} -} - -@media print, handheld -{ - body {margin-left: 2%; margin-right: 2%;} - h2, .reptitle, .publications {page-break-before: always;} - .titlep {page-break-before: always; page-break-after: always;} - .pagenum {visibility: hidden;} - .bbox {page-break-before: always; border: none;} -} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Textile Fibers used in Eastern Aboriginal -North America, by A. C. Whitford - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: Textile Fibers used in Eastern Aboriginal North America - -Author: A. C. Whitford - -Release Date: May 8, 2016 [EBook #52023] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TEXTILE FIBERS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Sam W. and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - - - - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 486px;"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="486" height="700" -alt="Front cover of the book" /> -</div> - - - -<div class="titlep"> -<p class="tpintro">ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS<br /> -<span class="tinyfont">OF</span><br /> -<span class="smlfont">THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY</span></p> - - -<p class="volume">VOLUME XXXVIII, PART I</p> - - -<h1>TEXTILE FIBERS USED IN EASTERN<br /> -ABORIGINAL NORTH AMERICA</h1> - -<p class="author">By A. C. Whitford</p> - - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 223px;"> -<img src="images/logo.png" width="223" height="223" -alt="The American Museum of Natural History: Science Education" /> -</div> - - -<p class="tpcontent">By Order of the Trustees<br /> -of<br /> -THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY<br /> -New York City<br /> -1941</p> -</div> - - - - -<p class="publications">THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY<br /> -<br /> -<span class="smlfont">PUBLICATIONS IN ANTHROPOLOGY</span></p> - - -<p>In 1906 the present series of Anthropological Papers was authorized by the -Trustees of the Museum to record the results of research conducted by the Department -of Anthropology. The series comprises octavo volumes of about 350 pages -each, issued in parts at irregular intervals. Previous to 1906 articles devoted to -anthropological subjects appeared as occasional papers in the Bulletin and also in -the Memoir series of the Museum. Of the Anthropological Papers 35 volumes have -been completed. A complete list of these publications with prices will be furnished -when requested. All communications should be addressed to the Librarian of the -Museum.</p> - -<p>The current volume is:—</p> - - -<p class="currentvol">VOLUME XXXVIII</p> - -<p>I. Textile Fibers used in Eastern Aboriginal North America. By A. C. -Whitford. Pp. 1-22. 1941. Price, $.25.</p> - -<p>II. (<i>In preparation.</i>)</p> - - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"><!-- half title --></a></span></p> - -<p class="reptitle">TEXTILE FIBERS USED IN EASTERN ABORIGINAL NORTH AMERICA<br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">By A. C. Whitford</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2"><!-- blank page --></a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>3]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="contents" id="contents"></a>CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - -<div class="centered"> -<table border="0" summary="Table of contents"> - <tr> - <td class="tdlt"> </td> - <td class="tdrb"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlt">INTRODUCTION</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#chap01">5</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlt">MONOCOTYLEDONOUS SPECIES</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#chap02">7</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlt">DIOCOTYLEDONOUS SPECIES</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#chap03">9</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlt">OBJECTS FROM SPIRO MOUND, OKLAHOMA</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#chap04">15</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlt">SUMMARY</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#chap05">17</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlt">FIBER PLANTS AS IDENTIFIED</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#chap06">17</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlt">TABLE OF IDENTIFICATIONS</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#chap07">19</a></td> - </tr> -</table> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4"><!-- blank page --></a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>5]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="chap01" id="chap01"></a>INTRODUCTION</h2> -</div> - - -<p>The author of this paper has studied the -vegetable fibers used in fabricating objects -in the ethnological and archaeological collections -from the Indian tribes of the Mississippi -drainage and eastward, now in the -American Museum. The first task was to -identify them and view them against the -background of existing textile knowledge. -The present paper reports these identifications -and comments upon fiber samples -from collections in other museums.</p> - -<p>The writing of this paper would have -been impossible without the generous and -whole-hearted coöperation of many institutions -and individuals. This assistance -has ranged from the furnishing of specimens -for determination, to advice as to -methods, classifications, and the supplying -of modern material for comparison. For -specimens of classified plants to be used -in the comparative work thanks are due -to The New York Botanical Garden in -Bronx Park, the Botanical Departments of -the University of Wisconsin, the University -of Oklahoma, and the University of -Georgia.</p> - -<p>The standard histological microscopic -methods were used for the determination -of the fiber. Slides were made of both -cross-sections and longitudinal sections -and these were compared with previously -prepared and classified modern material. -When the specimen was too colored for -microscopic examination it was bleached -in a solution of Sodium perborate until -clear enough for study. In charred material, -when sufficient detail was preserved -for identification the fiber sample was -treated with Schultz Maceration solution, -washed, dried, and fortified by saturating -in a collodion solution. Occasionally, it -was found necessary to stain the material -and in this either Delafield’s Haematoxylon -or Methylene Blue was used. In the differentiation -of certain species, it was found -necessary to make microscopic measurements -of the length and width of the cells, -but generally the shape, distribution, -medullation, and other constant characters -were sufficient for the identifications.</p> - -<p>In the text and tables the following abbreviations -are used for the names of the -coöperating institutions:—</p> - -<div class="centered"> -<table border="0" summary="Organisations and abbreviations"> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">American Museum of Natural History</td> - <td class="tdltnp">AMNH</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation</td> - <td class="tdltnp">MAIHF</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Milwaukee Public Museum</td> - <td class="tdltnp">MPM</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">McGill University Archaeological Museum</td> - <td class="tdltnp">McGU</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Ohio State Historical and Archaeological Museum</td> - <td class="tdltnp">OSHAM</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Peabody Museum, Harvard University</td> - <td class="tdltnp">PMHU</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Rochester Museum of Arts and Science</td> - <td class="tdltnp">RMAS</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">University of Kentucky Museum</td> - <td class="tdltnp">UKM</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">United States National Museum</td> - <td class="tdltnp">USNM</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"><!-- blank page --></a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>7]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="chap02" id="chap02"></a>MONOCOTYLEDONOUS SPECIES</h2> -</div> - - -<p>The fibers from monocotyledonous plants, -as identified, are listed here. Approximately -five hundred objects were sampled, -so the frequencies for the several species -should be given that denominator.</p> - - -<h3 class="left">ARECACEAE, Reichenb. (Palm Family)</h3> - -<p>The palmetto (<i>Sabal palmetto</i>, Walt.) -seems to have been an article of commerce -as it was used by the Winnebago and the -Iroquois, north of its northern limit of distribution. -It was also used by the Cherokee. -The Winnebago used the fiber in the -production of stiff cords for their bags. In -three bags in the American Museum the -stiff cords are made from this material -(50-7531). For burden straps the Iroquois -used this fiber to produce stiff strong cords -which were covered with cotton or other -soft fiber (AMNH 50.1-1954). The Cherokee -used it in the manufacture of basketry -(AMNH 50.1-2141).</p> - - -<h3 class="left">BROMELIACEAE, J. St. Hil. (Pineapple -Family)</h3> - -<p>This Florida moss (<i>Tillandsia usneoides</i>, -L.) was found in specimens from the -Southern States only. The Koasati and the -people who built certain mounds in Florida -used it frequently. A specimen in the -United States National Museum from the -Parish Mound, Number 2, in Florida, consisted -of a bunch of loose material. The -Koasati material is in the Museum of the -American Indian, Heye Foundation, and -is represented by fibers from a blanket and -threads on a spindle (1-8551).</p> - - -<h3 class="left">DRACAENACEAE, Link. (Yucca Family)</h3> - -<p>Yucca (<i>Yucca arkansana</i>, Trelease) was -encountered in one specimen from the -Arkansas Bluff culture in a bundle of loose -fiber (MAIHF 11-7429).</p> - -<p>Yucca (<i>Yucca filamentosa</i>, L.) was -found once in a heavy cord made by the -cave and shelter people of Ohio (OSHAM -332-42)</p> - -<p><i>Nolina georgiana</i>, Michx., was found in -two specimens, a moccasin (OSHAM 332) -and a bristle-like fiber from the Spiro -Mound (2718-K, Trowbridge Collection). -It is possible that this plant may have been -used very frequently in objects from caves -and rock-shelters. It was not always convenient, -however, to examine complete -objects so that some occurrences of its -use may have been overlooked, especially -since these people commonly mixed several -fibers. In the specimen in question, for -example (OSHAM 332), <i>Nolina georgiana</i> -and <i>Eryngium yuccaefolium</i> were identified. -Similar combinations of fibers from widely -different plants have also been noted; frequently, -as in the example cited, a local -plant was mixed with one found at a great -distance.</p> - - -<h3 class="left">JUNIPERACEAE, Horan (Juniper Family)</h3> - -<p>Red cedar (<i>Juniperus virginiana</i>, L.) -was encountered in only one specimen, a -bag made by the Potawatomi Indians -(AMNH 50.1-7096).</p> - - -<h3 class="left">POACACEAE, R. Br. (Grass Family)</h3> - -<p>The grass family was the most commonly -and widely used of any of the monocotyledonous -families.</p> - -<p>Big blue stem grass (<i>Andropogon furcatus</i>, -Muhl.) was one of the major fibrous -plants used by the cave and rock-shelter -peoples of Ohio in the construction of -coarsely woven articles, such as rope and -moccasins. It was commonly used without -preliminary treatment, but was simply -twisted or braided into strands. The -specimens examined were from the Ohio -State Historical and Archaeological Museum. -A typical example of the use of this -fiber is in a woven moccasin (OSHAM -898-1).</p> - -<p>Sweet grass (<i>Hierochloe odorata</i>, L.), to -be distinguished from sweet vernal grass, -was encountered only once in a bag made -by the Michigan Ottawa Indians (MAIHF -19-7125).</p> - -<p>Canebrake (<i>Arundinaria tecta</i>, Muhl.) -was a common source of fiber for moccasins -and rope. It seems to have been utilized -by most of the prehistoric cave and rock-shelter -peoples within its range (OSHAM -332-27).</p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>8]</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="left">TYPHACEAE, J. St. Hil. (Cat-tail -Family)</h3> - -<p>The cat-tail (<i>Typha latifolia</i>, L.) was -observed in a mat found in the caves of -Tennessee (USNM 132252).</p> - - -<h3 class="left">ZEA MAYS, L. (Indian Corn)</h3> - -<p>Indian corn occurred only once. This -single occurrence has no real significance -as to the frequency of its use, for all specimens -in which it was obvious that corn was -the material used were not sampled. The -sample noted here was found in a knife -made by the Micmac Indians (McGU -H76). The material was a cornstalk which -had been subjected to considerable pressure -to force out the juice and pith to bring -the hardy flinty layers into juxtaposition. -It was then used as a wedge to fasten the -knife handle. It was extremely hard and -durable.</p> - -<p>The above are the monocotyledons -encountered in this survey, in all some twenty-four -objects using this material. It should -be noted that these materials are readily -adaptable to use since they need very little -preparation and are frequently used entire. -Sometimes the fiber is removed from the -surrounding materials by simply letting -them ret. Yucca and <i>Tillandsia</i> are ordinarily -used entire. The grasses were used -as they were gathered, simply twisted or -braided. <i>Tillandsia</i> is the only plant of -this group which was used for the manufacture -of fabrics as in the blanket above -noted (p. <a href="#Page_7">7</a>). The specimen of cornstalk -was an exception and its preparation was -evidently for a specific purpose.</p> - -<p>Palmetto fiber is especially adaptable. -At the base of the leaves, where they join -the main stem is a large mass of more or -less loose or loosely interwoven fibrous -material which needs only straightening to -be ready for use.</p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>9]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="chap03" id="chap03"></a>DIOCOTYLEDONOUS SPECIES</h2> -</div> - - -<h3 class="left">ANONACEAE, D. C. (Custard-Apple -Family)</h3> - -<p>The pawpaw (<i>Asimina triloba</i>, L.) seems -to have been universally used by all the -tribes who lived where it flourished. Its -use was apparently limited only by its distribution, -for it was encountered sixteen -times in the prehistoric material examined -from Kentucky, Arkansas, and Ohio, as -well as in historic objects made by the -Menomini and Wisconsin Potawatomi. In -the University of Wisconsin Museum is a -bunch of prepared fiber (16422) from the -caves of Kentucky. This fiber was commonly -used by the cave and rock-shelter -peoples of Arkansas for cords, mats, rope, -and in all coarsely woven materials. A -woven mat from Bushwick Cave is a fair -example (MAIHF 11-6243). The Ohio -cave and rock-shelter dwellers used the -pawpaw for coarse bags and fabrics, for -example, in a split bark bag (OSHAM 332-22). -In the Milwaukee Public Museum are -two bags in which this fiber was identified, -one, from the Menomini (4570) in which -only the weft is of pawpaw, and another -(23287) from the Wisconsin Potawatomi, -entirely composed of it.</p> - - -<h3 class="left">APOCYNACEAE, Lindl. (Dog-bane -Family)</h3> - -<p>The genera <i>Apocynum</i> is represented by -both the species indigenous to the territory -surveyed, but as Indian hemp is one of -them, it was rather surprising how infrequently -they were encountered. Only ten -examples of its use were found.</p> - -<p>This plant (<i>Apocynum androsaemifolium</i>, -L.) which is called dog-bane is so similar in -appearance and properties that it might -well have been and was used indiscriminately -with Indian hemp (<i>Apocynum cannabinum</i>, -L.). The species was found -three times in material examined. Its use -by the Nanticoke in the manufacture of -fish nets is demonstrated by a net (50.2-600) -in the American Museum. A burden -strap (50-7221) made from this fiber by -the Iroquois is also in the Museum collections.</p> - -<p><i>Apocynum cannabinum</i> L., the so-called -Indian hemp, was found seven times and -of these is represented four times in the -archaeological cave and rock-shelter materials -examined. The Museum of the -American Indian, Heye Foundation, has -a bundle of prepared fibers (11-7384) found -at Allards Bluff, Arkansas. A dark colored -piece of fabric, attributed to the Hopewell -culture of Ohio, made in part from -this material (957) is in the collections of -the Ohio State Historical and Archaeological -Museum. Another piece of cloth -(1200) in the same museum is an Adena -culture example of the use of this fiber. -The Museum of the American Indian, Heye -Foundation, has a Sauk and Fox bag -(2-4694) made from this fiber. In the -American Museum a fish net (50.2-601) -made by the Nanticoke and an Iroquois -burden strap (50-7401) complete the catalogue -of objects in which this fiber occurs. -In many of the older specimens examined, -the fiber was crudely prepared before -twisting, but in the more recent Indian -material it is well broken down and fine, -so as to make small counts and even -threads or cords.</p> - - -<h3 class="left">ASCLEPIADACEAE, Lindl. (Milkweed -Family)</h3> - -<p>The milkweed family is represented by -four species of <i>Asclepias</i>, namely, <i>tuberosa</i>, -<i>pulchra</i>, <i>incarnata</i>, and <i>syriaca</i>. These -fibers were used in the manufacture of fine -threads and cords. In both archaeological -and recent Indian material the fibers were -well prepared before use. In the archaeological -objects it is possible that the fibers -were collected in the spring, after retting by -the weather; in any event, they all show -that they have been freed to a large extent -of their cementitious materials and epidermis.</p> - -<p>The highland milkweed (<i>Asclepias tuberosa</i>, -L.) was encountered twelve times -from all parts of its geographical range. -The cave dwellers of Arkansas used it, as -is exemplified by a bundle of knotted -fibers in the Museum of the American -Indian, Heye Foundation (11-6179). In -the Peabody Museum of Harvard University -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>10]</a></span> -is some textile material which accompanied -a knife found in an Ohio mound -(28328). The protohistoric Indians of -Massachusetts used the fiber to manufacture -textiles as may be seen in a piece of -plain cloth (A4127) and in a specimen of -twined cloth (A5478) in the same museum. -The Iroquois Indians employed it to make -fine threads for stringing wampum belts -as is shown by one (M1905) in the Archaeological -Museum of McGill University. -As stated above, all this material was -broken down to make comparatively fine, -smooth threads and cords.</p> - -<p>The species, <i>Asclepias pulchra</i>, Ehrh., -or swamp milkweed, is closely related to -<i>A. incarnata</i>, L. It was found in ten -specimens examined, but from only two -states, Ohio and Kentucky. In the University -of Kentucky Museum is a rope (Bh-15/V4), -made of this fiber. In the Ohio -State Historical and Archaeological Museum -are specimens of fabrics made from -it which are attributed to the Hopewell -culture. One of these, a piece of cloth -wrapped around a copper plate (283), also -contains <i>Urtica gracilis</i>.</p> - -<p>The milkweed (<i>Asclepias incarnata</i>, L.) -was noted four times in Ohio archaeological -objects. In the Ohio State Historical and -Archaeological Museum is a two-strand -rope (899-20), one strand of which is made -from this fiber. This is a typical cave and -rock-shelter sample. Wrapped around a -Hopewell culture copper plate in the same -museum is a piece of fabric containing five -different fibers, among them <i>Asclepias incarnata</i> -(957).</p> - -<p>The species <i>Asclepias syriaca</i>, L., seems -to be the most widely distributed geographically -of any used by the Indians -surveyed in this paper. It was found seventeen -times in material from all sections and -many tribes.</p> - -<p>In this Museum were observed the following -objects in which this fiber was used -in whole or in combination with other -fiber: a Sauk and Fox bag (50-4886); a -Delaware drum string (50.1-1609); a Delaware -burden strap (50-7244); a Matchapunga -fish net (50.1-9911); and a cord -used, for wrapping on a spear (50.1-7475), -Micmac. In the Museum of the American -Indian, Heye Foundation, is a Kickapoo -ball of string (2-5294) made of this fiber. -In an Iroquois wampum belt (M1913) in -the Archaeological Museum of McGill -University, the beads are strung on cords -made from this fiber. An Iroquois burden -strap (AE 360) in the Rochester Museum of -Arts and Sciences is composed of this -fiber. Fiber of this species was also used -by the prehistoric cave and rock-shelter -people of Ohio as is shown by a fish net -(OSHAM 332-23) in the Ohio State Historical -and Archaeological Museum.</p> - - -<h3 class="left">BETULACEAE, Agardh. (Birch Family)</h3> - -<p>The paper birch (<i>Betula papyrifera</i>, -Marsh.) was encountered in one specimen -(AMNH 50.2-1792). The bark was untreated, -simply twisted into a cord. In a -specimen of Iroquois horsehair embroidery -(McGU H49) the bark had received no -preliminary treatment, but was used in the -raw state.</p> - - -<h3 class="left">CANNABINACEAE, Lindl. (Hop Family)</h3> - -<p>This introduced plant, hemp (<i>Cannabis -sativa</i>, L.), was found in four specimens, -evidently made in post-Columbian times -as the plant is not indigenous to the Western -Hemisphere, but was introduced by the -colonists at a very early date. It was -found in a bag (MPM 28116) made by the -Wisconsin Potawatomi Indians. A bowstring -on an Algonkin bow (AMNH 50.2-4221A) -is made from this fiber as are also -portions of an Oneida burden strap (AMNH -50.1-1800).</p> - - -<h3 class="left">DAPHNACEAE (Mezereon Family)</h3> - -<p>This moose or leatherwood fiber (<i>Dirca -palustris</i>, L.) was encountered eleven times -in as widely separated states as Arkansas -and Wisconsin. It was used both in the -raw state, as strips twisted into cord, and -as treated fiber in finer cords and threads. -A prehistoric mat made by the inhabitants -of Bushwick Cave, Arkansas, is composed -of this material (MAIHF 19-4635). Cloth -of the Adena culture made, in part, from -this bast fiber (1200) is in the Ohio State -Historical and Archaeological Museum. -In the Milwaukee Public Museum is a -Wisconsin Potawatomi bag (23447) in -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>11]</a></span> -which the weft is nicely prepared fiber from -this plant. In the collections of this -Museum is a Winnebago bag (50-784D) -woven with two kinds of cord; light colored -cord of <i>Dirca palustris</i> and dark colored -cord of <i>Tilia americana</i>.</p> - - -<h3 class="left">JUGLANDACEAE, Lindl. (Walnut Family)</h3> - -<p>The bast from the black walnut (<i>Juglans -nigra</i>, L.) was encountered twice in burden -straps from the Iroquois (Museum of the -American Indian, Heye Foundation). -These fibers had apparently been previously -treated, both chemically and mechanically. -They were probably boiled in -ashes, pounded, and then straightened so -as to make them usable in twisting cord -and thread. One such specimen in the -above Museum carries the catalogue number -16-5208.</p> - - -<h3 class="left">LINACEAE, Dumort. (Flax Family)</h3> - -<p>Common flax (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i>, L.) -is another example of introduced fibers -used by the Indians in post-Columbian -times. The fiber was probably secured in -trade. It was found in five specimens -made by the Winnebago, Potawatomi, -Michigan, Ottawa, and Delaware Indians. -In the Milwaukee Public Museum is a bag -(14619), made by the Winnebago and -composed entirely of flax cords. In a -Delaware burden strap (50-7191) in this -Museum the fine cords are linen, but the -coarse cords are milkweed, <i>Asclepias syriaca</i>. -In the Archaeological Museum of McGill -University is a wampum belt (M5932), -the beads of which are strung on a commercial -linen thread.</p> - - -<h3 class="left">MALVACEAE, Neck. (Mallow Family)</h3> - -<p>As was to be expected, cotton (<i>Gossypium -herbaceum</i>, L.) became the most commonly -and universally used of any of the -fibers after it was introduced east of the -Mississippi River. No specimen was -encountered in the prehistoric material, -but after its introduction and sale by -traders it was the most commonly used -fiber. It does not seem advisable to discuss -these uses in detail, suffice it to say -that it served all purposes for which string -and thread are utilized.</p> - - -<h3 class="left">SALICACEAE, Lindl. (Willow Family)</h3> - -<p>Black willow (<i>Salix nigra</i>, Marsh.). This -species of black willow was used by the -Menomini, Winnebago, Michigan Ottawa, -and Ojibway Indians in the manufacture -of bags, pouches, fish nets, and cord. A -Menomini bag (MAIHF 8-1136) and a -similar Winnebago bag (AMNH 50.1-903) -contain black willow fiber. A Micmac -fish spear (AMNH 50-4754) is wrapped -with black willow twine. In the preparation -of black willow fiber the bark was -obviously stripped from the tree. Then -the inner white bast tissue was removed -and boiled in wood ashes; finally, this -bast was pounded and rubbed to remove all -the cementitious materials and loosen the -fibers so they could be arranged more or -less parallel to each other for twisting or -spinning. In none of the specimens examined -were crude strips of the inner bark -used without preliminary treatment.</p> - - -<h3 class="left">TILIACEAE, Juss. (Basswood Family)</h3> - -<p>The bast layer from the basswood (<i>Tilia -americana</i>, L.) seems to have been the fiber -most commonly and universally used by -the Eastern Indians, for it was encountered -fifty-two times, in all areas from which -specimens were obtained, with the exception -of the extreme south. It was utilized -for nearly all purposes, from the manufacture -of bags to textiles. In the Milwaukee -Public Museum is a Menomini -bag (4586) made from the <i>Tilia</i> bast, carefully -and thoroughly prepared to remove -the gums and render the fibers parallel -and capable of being spun into good yarn. -A Potawatomi bag in this Museum (50.1-7091) -is made from the same material. -In the Museum of the American Indian, -Heye Foundation, is a bag made by the -Sauk and Fox (2-4966). In the Peabody -Museum of Harvard University is a twilled -woven garment (A5479B) made by the -protohistoric Indians of Massachusetts. -An Iroquois burden strap (AE 2963) in the -Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences is -woven of threads from prepared fibers from -this tree. In the Ohio State Historical and -Archaeological Museum is a prehistoric -fabric (957) containing <i>Tilia</i> and three -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>12]</a></span> -other species of fiber. Hopewell mound -and rock-shelter specimens in the same -museum show the use of <i>Tilia</i>.</p> - -<p>The above gives a general picture of basswood -fiber usage. It was found in an untreated -state, merely cut into strips, as -well as thoroughly treated and spun into -comparatively fine threads.</p> - - -<h3 class="left">ULMACEAE, Mirbel. (Elm Family)</h3> - -<p>The slippery elm (<i>Ulmus fulva</i>, Michx.) -was found three times. Once, in a burden -strap made by the Iroquois Indians -(AMNH 50-6680) in which the fibers had -received some preliminary treatment to -soften them and remove much of the natural -gum. Two other specimens, both -rather coarsely woven fabrics from mounds -of the Hopewell culture (OSHAM 283 and -125) were in the Ohio State Historical and -Archaeological Museum.</p> - -<p>The American elm (<i>Ulmus americana</i>, -L.) was encountered only once in an Iroquois -burden strap (MAIHF 19-4550). -The fiber had received some preliminary -treatment and differed decidedly from -<i>Ulmus fulva</i> in the shape of the cells, in -cross-section, and the residual amount of -amorphous material.</p> - - -<h3 class="left">UMBELLIFERAE</h3> - -<p>The <i>eryngium</i> (<i>Eryngium yuccaefolium</i>, -Michx.) was commonly used by the prehistoric -tribes of the area in which it occurs. -It was found fifty-five times in material -from the caves and rock-shelters of Arkansas, -Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio. -Its parallel veined long leaves lend themselves -to all uses as readily as the yuccas -of the south and west. It is easily shredded -or it can be used entire with equal facility. -The stem contains a very strong bast fiber -which was also utilized. It does not seem -to have been utilized by the historic Indians, -as it was not encountered outside of -the above cultures. Whatever, if any, -treatment it received before usage was very -slight and consisted apparently of shredding, -with no chemical treatment, as no -fine threads or cords were found. A sandal -from the Kentucky cave culture is made -from this plant by utilizing the leaf, as in -the Southwest. A cord from a reed mat -found in the Tennessee caves (USNM -132252) is made from this material. The -cord was used for tying reeds (<i>Typha latifolia</i>, -L.) together. The Museum of the -American Indian, Heye Foundation, contains -many specimens taken from the caves -and rock-shelters of Arkansas. Among -these is a bag (11-7315) from Allards -Bluff, made of this material.</p> - -<p>This plant was frequently encountered -in collections from the Hopewell and the -rock-shelter cultures of Ohio, in the State -Museum at Columbus; as, braided work -(957), and cloth from a burial (854). These -objects are believed to be typical, but the -same plant was used in all classes of cordage -and textiles found in collections representing -these cultures.</p> - - -<h3 class="left">URTICACEAE, Reichenb. (Nettle Family)</h3> - -<p>The nettle family is represented by three -genera, <i>Boehmeria</i>, <i>Urtica</i>, and <i>Laportea</i>. -Specimens of these three were encountered -forty-eight times, so it seems to have been -one of the most important families as a -source of fibrous materials. The tissues -were, almost without exception, treated -before use.</p> - -<p>The stingless nettle (<i>Boehmeria cylindrica</i>, -L.) was used by practically all the -Indian tribes covered by this survey. It -was invariably more or less treated, with -the possible exception of some twisted -strands from the Bushwick Cave of Arkansas -(MAIHF 19-4632). This cord appears -to have been made by simply peeling -the bark from the plant and twisting it. -The Delaware used the same fiber in a -wampum string (AMNH 50.1-1579), also -in a burden strap (AMNH 50.1-1592). -A Cherokee string used in a feather charm -occurs in the collection of the Museum of -the American Indian, Heye Foundation. -The handle of a Micmac curved knife -(McGU H76) is fastened to the blade by -wrapping with cord of this fiber. In the -same museum there are two Iroquois -wampum belts in which the strings for the -beads are made from <i>Boehmeria</i> fiber. -In the American Museum are two specimens -of cord, one on a Micmac fish spear -(50.1-7475) and the other the string to an -Ojibway bow (50-6874A).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>13]</a></span> -It is evident that raw <i>Boehmeria</i> fiber, -properly treated, produces especially fine, -soft, and strong material. It is easily distinguished -from the fibers of the other -members of the family by its smaller size, -the shape of the cells, and their distribution -when seen in cross-section. Both the -<i>Urtica</i> and <i>Laportea</i> fibers are coarser and -the ratio of length to width of the fiber is -much greater. The lumen in all three is -longer one way than the other, but is much -more open in <i>Boehmeria cylindrica</i> than -the other species.</p> - -<p>The slender nettle (<i>Urtica gracilis</i>, Ait.) -seems to have been a favorite source for all -peoples from prehistoric to modern Indians. -Its use extended from New England to -Wisconsin. It was usually processed before -use, except among some of the prehistoric -peoples where it was merely twisted into -cord. A bag from the caves of Tennessee -(USNM 132255) is made from this fiber -which has had some preliminary treatment. -A modern Sauk and Fox bag (MAIHF -2-7911) shows complete preliminary processing. -Some string in the Peabody Museum -of Harvard University (A4109), is -made from this plant; this is protohistoric -material. The Hopewell culture of Ohio -is represented by twelve specimens using -this fiber, all of which show some preliminary -treatment. A sample of cloth from a -copper plate is representative (OSHAM -283). The cave and rock-shelter cultures -of Ohio are represented, but here the fiber -seems to have received little, if any, preliminary -treatment prior to use (OSHAM -332-42).</p> - -<p>The woods nettle (<i>Laportea canadensis</i>, -L.) was most widely used of all of the <i>Urticaceae</i>, -both before and after treatment. -It was used by the Sauk and Fox for bags, -after it had received thorough treatment. -In the Milwaukee Public Museum is a bag -(30260) made of this material, thoroughly -treated before being twisted into fine cord. -A string used for tying a spear point to a -shaft is in the Ojibway collection of the -American Museum (50-4748). The Iroquois -used it to make burden straps -(MAIHF 19-8895). Braided cloth from -prehistoric Kentucky is represented by a -specimen (56795) in the Peabody Museum -of Harvard University. The cave -culture of Tennessee is represented in the -United States National Museum by a shirt -(132254) made from this fiber. The Hopewell -culture of Ohio is well represented by -fabrics in the Ohio State Historical and -Archaeological Museum (957, is an example). -The cave and rock-shelter culture -of the same state employed this fiber -to make twined cords as is exemplified by -a cord (OSHAM 332-34). The cave and -rock-shelter cultures of Arkansas used it -for the manufacture of twisted cords as -may be seen in a specimen (19-4630) in -the Museum of the American Indian, Heye -Foundation.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"><!-- blank page --></a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>15]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="chap04" id="chap04"></a>OBJECTS FROM SPIRO MOUND, OKLAHOMA</h2> -</div> - - -<p>The well-known Spiro Mound, clearly -prehistoric, furnished some examples of basketry, -matting, cord, and cloth. The -samples were sent to the writer by Mr. -H. M. Trowbridge, Bethel, Kansas.</p> - -<div class="centered"> -<table border="0" summary="Reference number, description and material"> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2716-C</td> - <td class="tdlth">Twisted fibers covered with feathers</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arundinaria tecta</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2716-H</td> - <td class="tdlth">Twisted fibers covered with feathers</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asimina triloba</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2717-C</td> - <td class="tdlth">Twisted fibers covered with feathers</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asimina triloba</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2717-G</td> - <td class="tdlth">Woody material with feathers attached</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asimina triloba</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2717-I&E</td> - <td class="tdlth">Twisted fiber mass</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asimina triloba</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2718-E</td> - <td class="tdlth">Twisted fiber mass</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asimina triloba</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2718-K</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bristle-like vegetable fiber</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Nolina georgiana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2719-J</td> - <td class="tdlth">Twisted vegetable fiber</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asimina triloba</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2721-A</td> - <td class="tdlth">Mat</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arundinaria tecta</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2721-S</td> - <td class="tdlth">Fragment of basketry</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arundinaria tecta</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2722-D</td> - <td class="tdlth">Twisted fiber</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arundinaria tecta</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2722-I</td> - <td class="tdlth">Twisted fiber covered with feathers</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arundinaria tecta</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2724-A</td> - <td class="tdlth">Twisted fiber covered with feathers</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arundinaria tecta</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2724-K</td> - <td class="tdlth">Fawn colored string</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arundinaria tecta</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2731</td> - <td class="tdlth">Mat</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arundinaria tecta</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2782</td> - <td class="tdlth">Copper stained rope</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asimina triloba</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2781</td> - <td class="tdlth">Charred basket</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arundinaria tecta</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2783</td> - <td class="tdlth">Fibers adhering to copper sheet</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arundinaria tecta</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div> - -<p>A comparison of materials in prehistoric -collections reveals an excess of animal -materials in the artifacts from Spiro -Mound. One gets the impression that in -Spiro textiles strings of vegetable fiber are -usually surfaced with hair or other animal -materials to increase the softness of -the product. This may account for the -almost exclusive use of canebrake and -pawpaw, both relatively coarse fibers used -without preliminary treatment. A striking -contrast is between the slipshod way of -making string and the highly precise fine -techniques of covering it with hair and -feathers.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"><!-- blank page --></a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>17]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="chap05" id="chap05"></a>SUMMARY</h2> -</div> - - -<p>This survey makes no pretension of -being complete, but it is an adequate -sampling of the fibers utilized by the -Eastern Indians and illustrates their resourcefulness -in exploiting the raw materials -at hand. It is noticeable that they -used a great variety of plants and that one -of the determining properties or qualifications -was the local abundance of a plant. -There seems to have been a tendency to -use the monocotyledonous plants and the -bast from the trees for coarser work and -the diocotyledonous herbaceous plants for -the manufacture of finer cords and threads.</p> - -<p>Several general points of interest are apparent -from the comparative study of these -prehistoric and historic plant materials.</p> - -<p>1. The plant fibers used by the prehistoric -people were rarely if ever treated -before utilization, while among the modern -Indians a high degree of skill has been attained -in the preparation of the fibers before -spinning.</p> - -<p>2. There seems to have been some commercial -interchange between the Northern -and the Southern tribes, both in historic -and prehistoric times. The occurrence of -palmetto fibers in modern Mohawk and -Potawatomi collections and the use of -<i>Nolina</i> by the cave and rock-shelter people -of Ohio, shows commerce.</p> - -<p>3. It seems that most, if not all, of the -materials utilized were wild plants for -there was no discoverable evidence of the -cultivation of these plants. Such evidence -would be far from obvious since cultivation -does not seem to improve the fibers in -textile plants.</p> - -<p>4. Among the prehistoric peoples the -purposeful mixing of fibers was the rule. -This is especially notable in the collections -from Ohio and Arkansas. These mixtures -of fibers occur both in the same strand and -in the two-ply cords. It is not apparent -why the fibers from different plants -were mixed, but the combinations seem intentional, -as nettle and milkweed, blue stem -grass and pawpaw, nettle and yucca, basswood -and nettle, and pawpaw and yucca. -Yet, such intentional mixtures were rarely -encountered in the historic collections examined.</p> - -<p>5. It is apparent that the prehistoric -peoples used such fibers as were adapted -to their immediate purpose without previous -treatment. They were stripped from -the plant and twisted at once. This seems -to account for the dominance of monocotyledonous -fibers in prehistoric collections. -The historic Indians, on the other hand, -used a greater variety of species of fiber -plants because they were able to prepare -them properly before using. The determining -factors seem to have been -strength, fineness of fiber, and abundance -of supply.</p> - -<p>All the above observations are consistent -with the assumption of a steady advance -in textile skill and knowledge from prehistoric -time to the present.</p> - - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2><a name="chap06" id="chap06"></a>FIBER PLANTS AS IDENTIFIED</h2> -</div> - - -<div class="centered"> -<table border="0" summary="Latin and common names"> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Andropogon furcatus</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Blue stem grass</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Apocynum cannabinum, androsaemifolium</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Indian hemp</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Arundinaria tecta</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Canebrake</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Asclepias syriaca, tuberosa, pulchra, incarnata</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Milkweed</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Asimina triloba</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Pawpaw</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Betula papyrifera</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Paper birch</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Boehmeria cylindrica</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Stingless nettle</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Cannabis sativa</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Hemp</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Dirca palustris</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Moosewood</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Eryngium yuccaefolium</td> - <td class="tdltnp"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Gossypium herbaceum</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Hierochloe odorata</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Sweet grass</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Juglans nigra</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Black walnut</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Juniperus virginiana</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Red cedar</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Laportea canadensis</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Woods nettle</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Linum usitatissimum</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Flax</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Nolina georgiana</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Yucca</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>18]</a></span>Sabal palmetto</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Palmetto</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Salix nigra</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Black willow</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Tilia americana</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Basswood</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Tillandsia usneoides</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Florida moss</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Typha latifolia</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cat-tail</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Ulmus americana, fulva</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Elm</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Urtica gracilis</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Slender nettle</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Yucca arkansana, filamentosa</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Yucca</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlth">Zea mays</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Indian corn</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>19]</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="chap07" id="chap07"></a>TABLE OF IDENTIFICATIONS</h2> -</div> - - -<p>Selected objects in museum collections -to show the range and frequencies in the -use of vegetable fibers, including geographical -and chronological distributions.</p> - -<p>The objects from the Ohio State Historical -and Archaeological Museum are all -prehistoric. In other museums prehistoric -objects are marked with an asterisk (*).</p> - - -<h3 class="center">American Museum of Natural History</h3> - -<div class="centered"> -<table border="0" summary="Objects in the museum collection, organised by nation"> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">Number</td> - <td class="tdlth">Object</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Fiber</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">ALGONKIN</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.2-4221A</td> - <td class="tdlth">String from bow</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cannabis sativa</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHEROKEE</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-2141</td> - <td class="tdlth">Basket</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Coarse material, Sabal palmetto; fine material, cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-9911</td> - <td class="tdlth">Fish net</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asclepias syriaca</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-1901a</td> - <td class="tdlth">Moccasin</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Corchorus capsularis, jute</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">DELAWARE</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-7191</td> - <td class="tdlth">Burden strap</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Fine cord, Linum usitatissimum; coarse cord, Asclepias syriaca</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-1592</td> - <td class="tdlth">Burden strap</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Boehmeria cylindrica</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-7244</td> - <td class="tdlth">Burden strap</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asclepias syriaca</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-7243</td> - <td class="tdlth">Burden strap</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asclepias syriaca</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-7203</td> - <td class="tdlth">Ceremonial wampum</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-1609</td> - <td class="tdlth">Drum string</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asclepias syriaca</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-1621</td> - <td class="tdlth">Rope</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-1579</td> - <td class="tdlth">Wampum string</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Boehmeria cylindrica</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">IROQUOIS</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-6683</td> - <td class="tdlth">Burden strap</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Light-colored string, Asclepias syriaca; dark-colored loose material, Sabal palmetto; dark-colored string, Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-6682</td> - <td class="tdlth">Burden strap</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Light-colored string, cotton; dark-colored string, Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-6680</td> - <td class="tdlth">Burden strap</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Ulmus fulva</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-6681</td> - <td class="tdlth">Burden strap</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Brown cord, cotton; light-colored material, Laportea canadensis; dark-colored material, Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-7221</td> - <td class="tdlth">Burden strap</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Apocynum androsaemifolium</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-7401</td> - <td class="tdlth">Burden strap</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Apocynum cannabinum</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-1800</td> - <td class="tdlth">Burden strap</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cannabis sativa, hemp</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-1954</td> - <td class="tdlth">Pack frame</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton, palmetto, and Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">MATCHAPUNGA</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-9911</td> - <td class="tdlth">Fishnet</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asclepias syriaca</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">MENOMINI</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-9885</td> - <td class="tdlth">Reed mat</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-5880</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-9864</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Soft string, cotton; stiff cord, Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-9871</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-9873</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-9867</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-9872</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-9866</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-4798</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-9877</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-6862</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-9880</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>20]</a></span>MICMAC</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-7475</td> - <td class="tdlth">Fish spear</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Dark stiff cord, Boehmeria cylindrica; gray cord, Asclepias syriaca</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">NANTICOKE</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.2-601</td> - <td class="tdlth">Netting</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Apocynum cannabinum</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.2-600</td> - <td class="tdlth">Netting</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Apocynum androsaemifolium</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">OJIBWAY</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-6874a</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bow</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Boehmeria cylindrica</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-4754</td> - <td class="tdlth">Fish net</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Salix nigra</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-4749</td> - <td class="tdlth">Fish hook wrapping</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Salix nigra</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-4748</td> - <td class="tdlth">Spear wrapping</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Laportea canadensis</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-5690</td> - <td class="tdlth">Woven bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-4600</td> - <td class="tdlth">Woven bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Yellow threads, animal; gray threads, cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">PAMUNKEY</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-9907</td> - <td class="tdlth">Net</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-9906</td> - <td class="tdlth">Net</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-9897</td> - <td class="tdlth">Net</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">POTAWATOMI</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-7098</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-6895</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">White cord, cotton; dark loose fiber, Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-7091</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-6899</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-7096</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton and cedar</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-6897</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton and animal</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-7090</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-7095</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton and animal</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">SAUK AND FOX</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-2169</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-4886</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Light and dark, Asclepias syriaca</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-3558</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-3550</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-2219</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-2168</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-4885</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Animal</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-3570</td> - <td class="tdlth">Fiber for making bags</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Laportea canadensis</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-2204</td> - <td class="tdlth">String</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asclepias tuberosa</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">WINNEBAGO</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-903</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Red fiber, Salix nigra</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-7573</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Blue and red yarn, animal; gray, cotton; stiff cord, Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-7531</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Soft cord, cotton; hard cord and loose fiber, Sabal palmetto</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-7572</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">White cord, cotton; loose fibers, Sabal palmetto</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-906</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-907</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton and animal (wool?)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-7533</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton and animal</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-7759</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton and animal</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-784D</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Light-colored cord, Dirca palustris; dark-colored cord, Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-7532</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Light cord, Tilia americana; dark-colored cord, Salix nigra</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-7574</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Stiff cords, Tilia americana; soft cords, Dirca palustris</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-904</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cords, cotton; loose fibers, Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>21]</a></span>50-7760</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton and animal</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-7763</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton and animal</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-7843</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton and animal</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.2-8024</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50-7762</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cotton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">50.1-905</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Soft cord, cotton; hard cord, Sabal palmetto</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div> - - -<h3 class="center">Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation</h3> - -<div class="centered"> -<table border="0" summary="Objects in the museum collection"> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">Number</td> - <td class="tdlth">Object</td> - <td class="tdlth">Fiber</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Tribe or Location</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2-4694</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdlth">Apocynum cannabinum</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Sauk and Fox</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2-4966</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdlth">Tilia americana</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Sauk and Fox</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2-7911</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdlth">Urtica gracilis</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Sauk and Fox</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">8-1136</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdlth">Salix nigra</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Menomini</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">11-6232*</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdlth">Eryngium yuccaefolium</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arkansas</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">11-7315*</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdlth">Eryngium yuccaefolium</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arkansas</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">19-7125</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdlth">Hierochloe odorata</td> - <td class="tdltnp"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">16-5208</td> - <td class="tdlth">Burden strap</td> - <td class="tdlth">Juglans nigra</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Mohawk</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">19-4550</td> - <td class="tdlth">Burden strap</td> - <td class="tdlth">Ulmus americana</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Iroquois</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">2-5294</td> - <td class="tdlth">Cord</td> - <td class="tdlth">Asclepias syriaca</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Kickapoo</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">19-4632*</td> - <td class="tdlth">Cord</td> - <td class="tdlth">Boehmeria cylindrica</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arkansas</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">11-6179*</td> - <td class="tdlth">Cord</td> - <td class="tdlth">Asclepias tuberosa</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arkansas</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">11-7384*</td> - <td class="tdlth">Cord</td> - <td class="tdlth">Apocynum cannabinum</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arkansas</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">11-7429*</td> - <td class="tdlth">Cord</td> - <td class="tdlth">Yucca arkansana and Asimina triloba</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arkansas</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">1-8551</td> - <td class="tdlth">Cord</td> - <td class="tdlth">Tillandsia usneoides</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Koasati</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">11-8575*</td> - <td class="tdlth">Cord</td> - <td class="tdlth">Asimina triloba</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arkansas</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">19-4630*</td> - <td class="tdlth">Cord</td> - <td class="tdlth">Laportea canadensis</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arkansas</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">1-8672</td> - <td class="tdlth">Saddle blanket</td> - <td class="tdlth">Tillandsia usneoides</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Koasati</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">19-8146</td> - <td class="tdlth">Cord on a kettle</td> - <td class="tdlth">Apocynum androsaemifolium</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Iroquois</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">11-6243*</td> - <td class="tdlth">Mat</td> - <td class="tdlth">Asimina triloba</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arkansas</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">19-4635*</td> - <td class="tdlth">Mat</td> - <td class="tdlth">Dirca palustris</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arkansas</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div> - - -<h3 class="center">Ohio State Historical and Archaeological Museum</h3> - -<div class="centered"> -<table border="0" summary="Objects in the museum collection"> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">Number</td> - <td class="tdlt">Object</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Fiber</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">332-22</td> - <td class="tdlt">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asimina triloba</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">332-34</td> - <td class="tdlt">Cord</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Eryngium yuccaefolium; Laportea canadensis</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">332-42</td> - <td class="tdlt">Cord</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Yucca filamentosa</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">898-1</td> - <td class="tdlt">Cord</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Andropogon furcatus</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">899-20</td> - <td class="tdlt">Cord</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asclepias incarnata</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">7</td> - <td class="tdlt">Fabric</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asclepias pulchra</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">125</td> - <td class="tdlt">Fabric</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Ulmus fulva</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">283</td> - <td class="tdlt">Fabric</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asclepias pulchra; Urtica gracilis; Ulmus fulva</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">332</td> - <td class="tdlt">Fabric</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Andropogon furcatus; Asimina triloba; Arundinaria tecta</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">854</td> - <td class="tdlt">Fabric</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Eryngium yuccaefolium</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">957</td> - <td class="tdlt">Fabric</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Eryngium yuccaefolium; Tilia americana; Asclepias incarnata; Apocynum cannabinum; Laportea canadensis</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">1200</td> - <td class="tdlt">Fabric</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Dirca palustris; Apocynum cannabinum</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">1175</td> - <td class="tdlt">Mat</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arundinaria tecta</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">332</td> - <td class="tdlt">Moccasin</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Nolina georgiana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">332-27</td> - <td class="tdlt">Moccasin</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Arundinaria tecta</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">332-23</td> - <td class="tdlt">Net</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asclepias syriaca</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>22]</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="center">Milwaukee Public Museum</h3> - -<div class="centered"> -<table border="0" summary="Objects in the museum collection"> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">Number</td> - <td class="tdlt">Object</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Fiber</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">4570</td> - <td class="tdlt">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asimina triloba</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">4586</td> - <td class="tdlt">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">14619</td> - <td class="tdlt">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Linum usitatissimum</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">23287</td> - <td class="tdlt">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asimina triloba</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">23447</td> - <td class="tdlt">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Dirca palustris</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">28116</td> - <td class="tdlt">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Cannabis sativa</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">30260</td> - <td class="tdlt">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Laportea canadensis</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">33076</td> - <td class="tdlt">Fabric</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Urtica gracilis</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div> - - -<h3 class="center">University of Kentucky Museum</h3> - -<div class="centered"> -<table border="0" summary="Objects in the museum collection"> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">Number</td> - <td class="tdlt">Object</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Fiber</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">Le-5/V2*</td> - <td class="tdlt">Netting</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asclepias pulchra</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">Bh-15/V4</td> - <td class="tdlt">Netting</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asclepias pulchra</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div> - - -<h3 class="center">University of Wisconsin Museum</h3> - -<div class="centered"> -<table border="0" summary="Object in the museum collection"> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">Number</td> - <td class="tdlt">Object</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Fiber</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">16422*</td> - <td class="tdlt">Fiber</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asimina triloba</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div> - - -<h3 class="center">Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences</h3> - -<div class="centered"> -<table border="0" summary="Objects in the museum collection"> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">Number</td> - <td class="tdlth">Object</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Fiber</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">AE2963</td> - <td class="tdlth">Burden strap</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">AE 360</td> - <td class="tdlth">Burden strap</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asclepias syriaca</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div> - - -<h3 class="center">McGill University Archaeological Museum</h3> - -<div class="centered"> -<table border="0" summary="Objects in the museum collection"> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">Number</td> - <td class="tdlth">Object</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Fiber</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">H76</td> - <td class="tdlth">Cord</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Zea mays; Boehmeria cylindrica</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">M1911</td> - <td class="tdlth">Cord</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">11083</td> - <td class="tdlth">Cord</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asclepias tuberosa</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">M1905</td> - <td class="tdlth">Wampum belt</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asclepias tuberosa</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">M1908</td> - <td class="tdlth">Wampum belt</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asclepias tuberosa</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">M1912</td> - <td class="tdlth">Wampum belt</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Boehmeria cylindrica</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">M1913</td> - <td class="tdlth">Wampum belt</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asclepias syriaca</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">M5932</td> - <td class="tdlth">Wampum belt</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Linum usitatissimum</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div> - - -<h3 class="center">United States National Museum</h3> - -<div class="centered"> -<table border="0" summary="Objects in the museum collection"> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">Number</td> - <td class="tdlth">Object</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Fiber</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">132255*</td> - <td class="tdlth">Bag</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Urtica gracilis</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">132254*</td> - <td class="tdlth">Fabric</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Laportea canadensis</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">132252*</td> - <td class="tdlth">Mat (reeds)</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Typha latifolia</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">132252*</td> - <td class="tdlth">Cord</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Eryngium yuccaefolium</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">132253*</td> - <td class="tdlth">Fabric</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Laportea canadensis</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div> - - -<h3 class="center">Peabody Museum, Harvard University</h3> - -<div class="centered"> -<table border="0" summary="Objects in the museum collection"> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">Number</td> - <td class="tdlt">Object</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Fiber</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">A4109</td> - <td class="tdlt">Cord</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Urtica gracilis</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">A4127*</td> - <td class="tdlt">Fabric</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asclepias tuberosa</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">A5478</td> - <td class="tdlt">Fabric</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asclepias tuberosa</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">A5479B</td> - <td class="tdlt">Fabric</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Tilia americana</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">28328*</td> - <td class="tdlt">Fabric</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Asclepias tuberosa</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">28390*</td> - <td class="tdlt">Fabric</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Eryngium yuccaefolium</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">56795</td> - <td class="tdlt">Fabric</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Laportea canadensis</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdltnw">8232</td> - <td class="tdlt">Moccasin</td> - <td class="tdltnp">Eryngium yuccaefolium</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div> - - - -<div class="bbox"> -<p><b>Transcriber’s Note</b></p> - -<p>Variant spelling is preserved as printed.</p> - -<p>Minor punctuation errors have been repaired.</p> - -<p>On page <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, the common name for Eryngium yuccaefolium is omitted from the table -‘Fiber Plants as Identified.’ It is typically identified as button eryngo, button -snake-root or rattlesnake master. The omission in the table is preserved as printed.</p> - -<p>On page <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, there is nothing in the ‘Tribe or location’ column for the -bag, 19-7125, in the table ‘Museum of the American Indian, Heye -Foundation.’</p> - -<p>On page <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, there were no column labels on the tables from ‘University of Kentucky -Museum’ onwards. For ease of reference, the transcriber has added column labels.</p> -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Textile Fibers used in Eastern -Aboriginal North America, by A. C. 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