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+      The Life, Times and Scientific Labours of the Second Marquis of Worcester.
+      Also His Century of Inventions 1663. by Henry Dircks&mdash;A Project Gutenberg eBook
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life, Times, and Scientific Labours of
+the Second Marquis of Worcester, by Henry Dircks
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: The Life, Times, and Scientific Labours of the Second Marquis of Worcester
+       To which is added a reprint of his Century of Inventions,
+              1663, with a Commentary thereon.
+
+Author: Henry Dircks
+
+Release Date: May 1, 2016 [EBook #51903]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE OF THE SECOND MARQUIS OF WORCESTER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Eric Hutton and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<div class="transnote covernote">
+  <p>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p id="Page_i"><span class="pagenum">[Pg i]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:100%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/pi.jpg" alt="A Family Group, being Portraits of the Marquis of Worcester with Margaret his second wife, and their infant daughter Mary." />
+
+ Engraved by J. Cochran.
+
+<br /><br /><span class="larger">EDWARD SOMERSET, SECOND MARQUIS OF WORCESTER,</span>
+
+<br /> Born about 1601. Died 3<sup>rd.</sup> April, 1667
+
+<br />WITH MARGARET, HIS SECOND WIFE, WHO DIED 26<sup>TH.</sup> JULY, 1681, AND
+THEIR ONLY DAUGHTER MARY, WHO DIED AN INFANT.
+
+<br /><i><span class="larger">Drawn by Henry Dircks, C.E. from the Original of Hanneman in the
+Collection of His Grace the Duke of Beaufort</span></i></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h1><span class="tiny">THE</span><br />
+<span class="smaller">LIFE, TIMES,</span><br />
+<span class="tiny">AND</span><br />
+<span class="smaller">SCIENTIFIC LABOURS</span><br />
+<span class="tiny">OF THE SECOND</span><br />
+MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.</h1>
+<p class="center">
+<span class="smaller">TO WHICH IS ADDED, A REPRINT OF HIS</span><br /><br />
+<span class="ph3">CENTURY OF INVENTIONS,</span><br />
+<span class="ph3">1663,</span><br /><br />
+<span class="ph3">with a Commentary thereon,</span><br /><br />
+
+<span class="smaller">BY</span><br />
+<span class="wide">HENRY DIRCK</span>S,<span class="wide">&nbsp;ES</span>Q.,<br />
+<span class="smaller">CIVIL ENGINEER, ETC. ETC.</span><br />&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="center smaller">Inventas aut qui vitam excoluêre per artes.<br />
+Quinque sui memores alios fecere merendo.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature smaller"><span class="smcap">Virgil.</span></p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent margin_top smaller">How few men of genius are there who have not been the victims of misfortune!</p>
+<p class="signed_signature smaller"><span class="smcap">Sir Egerton Brydges, Bart.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="center">LONDON:<br />
+BERNARD QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY.<br />
+1865.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_ii"><span class="pagenum">[Pg ii]</span></p>
+<p class="blank_page">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_iii"><span class="pagenum">[Pg iii]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:50%" ><img class="div_scaled" src="images/pv.jpg"
+ alt="Armorial bearings of His Grace the Duke of Beaufort" /></div>
+
+<p class="center smaller">TO</p>
+
+<p class="ph4">THE MOST NOBLE</p>
+
+<p class="ph3"><i>Henry Charles FitzRoy</i>,</p>
+
+<p class="ph2 bold">DUKE OF BEAUFORT,</p>
+<p class="ph3">MARQUIS AND EARL OF WORCESTER,</p>
+<p class="ph4">EARL OF GLAMORGAN, VISCOUNT GROSMONT,</p>
+<p class="center smaller">BARON HERBERT OF CHEPSTOW, RAGLAND, AND GOWER,</p>
+<p class="center smaller">BARON BEAUFORT OF CALDECOT CASTLE, AND</p>
+<p class="center smaller">BARON DE BATTETCOURT,</p>
+<p class="center smaller">ETC. ETC. ETC.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My Lord Duke</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent"><span class="smcap">Throughout</span> your Grace’s most ancient and regal line of ancestry it
+would be impossible to name a more truly exalted character than
+<span class="smcap">Edward Somerset</span>, the sixth Earl and second Marquis of
+Worcester, father of Henry, created first Duke of Beaufort by Charles
+the Second.</p>
+
+<p>This pre-eminence, due to his high intellectual<span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</span> gifts in
+<span class="smcap">constructive ingenuity</span>, distinguishes him not only amongst
+the illustrious descendants of Plantagenet, but renders it impossible
+to name his compeer, either among the highest nobility, or the
+most eminent scientific celebrities of Europe, during the last two
+centuries. Indeed, it may be justly said, that ancient lineage, noble
+descent, illustrious titles, even when crowned with all the glories
+of martial deeds, or senatorial honours, fade into comparative
+insignificance before the enduring renown, which it is alone the
+prerogative of original genius to confer on the memory of men
+remarkable for their discoveries in arts conducive to the elevation of
+mankind in the scale of being.</p>
+
+<p>The History of Science from the days of Archimedes presents a vast
+phalanx of men mighty in genius; but foremost in this intellectual
+group ranks the Marquis of Worcester, the originality, independence,
+and grandeur of whose mechanical conceptions have acquired a
+world-wide celebrity; for he it was who first evoked that Titanic
+power, which, through successive improvements, consequent on the
+accumulated ingenuity of two hundred years, has given to the present
+age the modern Steam-engine.</p>
+
+<p>It may be freely conceded that, <i>stupendous</i> as he himself pronounced
+the parent engine to be, it was, nevertheless, only as the acorn
+compared to the time-honoured monarch of the forest. Just as the
+existence of the plant is dependant on that of the seed, so, had the
+Engine he constructed never existed, we might have been unacquainted
+even to this day with the mechanical application of steam.</p>
+
+<p>Living at a period when Civil War convulsed this country, and
+unhappily brought severe suffering on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</span> all who were conspicuous for
+their loyalty, the Marquis of Worcester, in common with the Royalist
+party, had to succumb to intolerant rulers. For while Cromwell
+enjoyed an income of £2,500 per annum, derived from a portion of his
+Lordship’s princely estates, the Protector proudly granted to <span class="smcap">The
+Inventor of the Steam Engine</span>, a weekly stipend of Three pounds!</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, the Restoration of the monarchy contributed but little
+to ameliorate his Lordship’s sad condition; while his enthusiasm
+led him to sacrifice those personal comforts which his declining
+years would seem to have absolutely required; rather than jeopardize
+operations depending on his great invention.</p>
+
+<p>In offering for your Grace’s approval this first effort to realize a
+connected memoir of your Grace’s immortal ancestor, it is unnecessary
+to dwell on the fact of its matter being chiefly derived from very
+scattered sources, and often from but fragmentary materials, though
+in every instance the very best available authorities have been
+consulted; among which, the unique collection of Manuscripts, so
+freely and obligingly submitted for the present purpose by your Grace,
+being given entire, forms the most valuable and interesting portion.
+I sincerely regret my own insufficiency to do complete justice to
+this comprehensive labour. The result of my researches, however, may
+gratify your Grace’s curiosity, and prove interesting in respect to
+many early family details. And if my own earnestness of purpose,
+in prosecuting this attempt, does not mislead me, I may venture to
+hope, that the Memoir will not only meet with your Grace’s favourable
+reception, but prove, at the same time, acceptable to the general
+public.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</span></p>
+
+<p>With warm acknowledgments of heart-felt obligation to your Grace, for
+the exceedingly handsome and liberal manner in which manuscripts and
+paintings have been placed at my disposal,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line2 margin_top">I have the honour to be,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line3">My Lord Duke,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line4">Your Grace’s most obliged,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line5">And most humble, obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top signed_signature">HENRY DIRCKS.</p>
+
+<p class="smcap smaller continued">Blackheath, Kent,</p>
+<p class="smaller">January, 1865.</p>
+
+
+<p id="Page_vii"><span class="pagenum">[Pg vii]</span></p>
+
+
+<h2 id="PREFACE">PREFACE.</h2>
+
+<p>That a Memoir of the Inventor of the Steam Engine, should appear for
+the first time two hundred years after his decease, is an occurrence
+in our literature, which, of itself, might almost be considered
+sufficient to arouse public inquiry in respect to such a production.
+But far more solid ground exists for believing that the great country
+which gave birth to the Inventor, and his Invention of one of man’s
+noblest productions in art, will peruse it with true national pride,
+when assured of the amount and strength of the evidence now first
+adduced to establish those claims which, although never entirely
+doubted, yet have hitherto borne too misty and mythical a character to
+satisfy common comprehension. The labour encountered in carrying out
+the required design may be appreciated from the fact, that the present
+work has been to a great extent the study of thirty years, although
+literally completed within only the last few years. This field of
+inquiry has been, consequently, long open to more ambitious pens, and
+sooner or later would, no doubt, have received, as it demands&mdash;the
+attention of men of letters and of science.</p>
+
+<p>Probably no other country furnishes so singular a fact, as that
+of being for two centuries without information much better than
+tradition, and accumulated diversities of opinions freely indulged in,
+respecting the political and private character, and inventive talent
+of one of its most remarkable, interesting, and glorious benefactors.
+And, during so long a period, in consequence<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</span> of such defective and
+conflicting information, producing the most absurd and unreliable
+statements, even on the most ordinary points of individual history.
+In the whole range of English biography, within the same period of
+time, no important memoir has ever been so mythical as that of Edward
+Somerset, second Marquis of Worcester.</p>
+
+<p>So entirely unacquainted are his countrymen with the history of
+his life, that a very plausible work might be written to disprove
+both his authorship of the “Century,” and his invention of the
+steam-engine. Indeed Scotland has already contributed materials for
+the former, and M. Arago, late Astronomer Royal of France, has all
+but made out the latter! And such a production would excite little
+suspicion and probably no hostility of feeling. But this need not
+cause much surprise when it is mentioned, that it has not yet been the
+good fortune of any writer, touching on the Life of the Marquis of
+Worcester, to escape recording a mass of errors, such as occur in no
+other biography in our language; although the period usually selected
+seldom exceeds four or five years, out of a life of sixty-six. The
+reader, therefore, who takes up the present volume, under impressions
+derived from such dubious sources of information as those indicated,
+will find little to confirm his preconceived opinions. The histories
+of men as of nations require facts for their basis, judgment to
+guide in their arrangement, discretion to direct a wise selection,
+and a knowledge of the whole to perfect the desired work. The mixed
+character of the Marquis of Worcester has ever been a stumbling-block
+to the purely classical scholar, the divine, the politician, and
+the lawyer; while, on the other hand, the rapid advances in science
+during the last fifty years, have deprived “The Century” of more than
+half its interest. Science cannot<span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</span> hope to be advanced by discussing
+the automata of the 17th century, its fountains, improvements in
+fire-arms, bows, keys, stairs, boats, fortifications, and many other
+promising inventions. But a Life of the Marquis of Worcester, without
+the “Century,” would be a drama without its most important character.
+It is, therefore, no act of supererogation to give a commentary on
+that little, but perplexing book; it is something more than a mere
+amusement, it is a necessary adjunct, and is not wholly useless
+considered as a matter connected with the history of science. The
+commentator on the “Century” may hope to render the biography of its
+noble author interesting from another and most important point of
+view, which would be wholly lost by its omission, or by treating it
+as secondary or unimportant. The “Century” is the exponent of the
+man; the author without his pocket-journal of his life-long labours
+is reduced to a nonentity, with nothing higher left to him to boast
+of than his descent from royal blood, the unimpeachable character
+of his noble line of ancestry, and his own spotless rectitude of
+character&mdash;an amiable, unintellectual man!</p>
+
+<p>The “Century,” the only work he is known to have left to posterity,
+sorely perplexed the fastidious Horace Walpole, was too much of a
+mechanical production for the astute David Hume, and has thoroughly
+bewildered the legal acumen of Mr. Muirhead, the biographer of
+James Watt. It has challenged the skill of critics of every degree,
+from contributors to the Gentleman’s Magazine to those of the
+Harleian Miscellany, and even in all sketches of the history of the
+steam-engine, percolating thence through biographies, and popular
+accounts of Raglan Castle, to the latest and best illustrated works
+on our castles and abbeys. So many writers, so many minds, whose
+judgments in a collected form, would afford<span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</span> a very discordant and
+uninviting miscellany, a sad satire on the material and style of
+a certain class of criticism, too much encouraged in our current
+literature. It is painful to observe its constant want of sympathy
+with the pains and penalties which unhappily are the too frequent
+lot of lofty, original, inventive genius. The case might fairly be
+paralleled by supposing Voltaire and others to have successfully
+established a clique against Shakespeare, to misrepresent and malign
+the great dramatist up to the present time; when, suddenly should
+appear, the <i>first</i> work, to settle his literary claims! Of course it
+is declared impossible; and so it is, with a literary work; but it is
+not so with Inventions. The fame of the Marquis of Worcester rests
+less on his book than on his Water-commanding Engine. The book we see
+and read, but probably not one man in ten thousand knows anything
+about the Engine. Here is the weak point when the tide turns against
+the Inventor, against the man, a man politically and religiously
+proscribed. A great man for his Engine but hated by those politicians
+who side with the Stuart dynasty, for his luckless association with
+Charles the First. And misunderstood by the dilettanti Walpole, a
+connoisseur in paintings and works of <i>vertu</i>, but in matters of
+science more ignorant of the Marquis of Worcester’s worth, than
+Voltaire was of Shakespeare’s genius. But we regret there is a third
+conspicuous offender in the field, and as he is the latest, so we hope
+he is the last of the clan of vituperative critics.</p>
+
+<p>Our largely gifted historian, Lord Macaulay, never wrote such feeble
+lines as those in which he attempted to depict the Marquis of
+Worcester; but the historian is a tower of strength, and his words may
+here be quoted without a fear of our object being either mistaken,
+or open to misrepresentation. Depreciation is not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</span> our object, and
+nothing could be a greater folly than to attempt it on such ground; we
+give them in evidence, to prove how little really is known, even in
+well-informed circles, respecting this extraordinary inventor, when so
+brilliant a writer as Macaulay could be at fault, from no other cause
+than defective information. Speaking of Charles the Second’s reign,
+he says:&mdash;“The Marquess of Worcester had <i>recently</i>[?] observed the
+expansive power of moisture rarified by heat. After <i>many</i> experiments
+he had succeeded in constructing a <i>rude</i> steam engine,[?] which he
+called a fire water-work, and which he pronounced to be an admirable
+and most forcible <i>instrument of propulsion</i>.[?] But the Marquess
+was suspected to be a <i>madman</i>[?] and known to be a Papist. His
+inventions, <i>therefore</i>, found no favourable reception.[?] His fire
+water-work <i>might</i>, <i>perhaps</i>, furnish matter for conversation at a
+meeting of the Royal Society,[?] but was not applied to <i>any practical
+purpose</i>.[?]” These few lines suggest seven inquiries, but we are
+satisfied Macaulay could never have written thus upon the life of any
+great man of that period, much less on this illustrious inventor, had
+the proper materials been at command. This example is valuable, in as
+much as it is well known that Lord Macaulay was master of much curious
+reading, particularly of the class referring to that interesting
+period of our country’s history, and also that he possessed a
+remarkably retentive memory. But he was here dealing with a shattered
+monument; its goodly form wholly gone, and its fragments scattered in
+every direction; here ground to dust, there altogether buried, and so
+disfigured and dishonoured that he made the most he could of the faint
+traces within his immediate reach, and unquestionably felt satisfied
+that, considering the limit of these few lines, he had boldly,
+graphically, and truthfully pourtrayed the character<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</span> he had designed
+to delineate. How infinitely superior to this rough draught would have
+been the sketch, had Macaulay possessed proper documentary evidence.
+A more striking or satisfactory instance than is here adduced could
+not be presented for showing the paucity of information hitherto
+existing in a collected form; and those readers who might otherwise
+have doubted the fact, will readily gather from what is here brought
+forward, that the story of this singular man’s life has hitherto
+remained untold.</p>
+
+<p>The life of the Marquis of Worcester affords a tissue of the most
+violent contrasts, romantic in many incidents, exceeding any that
+have ever been experienced by any other descendant of our ancient
+nobility. He was a man of rigid honour and probity, remarkable too
+for his modesty, virtue, and genius, in an age distinguished for few
+excellencies, and notorious for many vices. He was the favourite of
+his Sovereign, although in but little favour at Court, and the very
+esteem which raises most men was his certain ruin; obliged to flee
+his country, he returned only to be imprisoned; and on his release,
+was allowed £156 per annum out of his own princely but confiscated
+estates! As the subject of Charles the Second, he received back
+his demolished castle, without the means to re-establish himself;
+and, steeped in debt, he sought royal patronage in vain, although
+his genius was perhaps of greater value to the state, than all the
+revenues of the Crown! Neglected by contemporaries, his memory has
+been preserved rather traditionally than by any literary effort
+(beyond fitful glimpses of doubtful praise), to raise a monument
+to the indisputable inventor of the Steam Engine&mdash;that greatest
+source of our country’s commercial and manufacturing greatness; and
+universal, moral and intellectual progress. Lord Macaulay has tersely
+and justly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</span> remarked that:&mdash;“The chief cause which made the fusion of
+the different elements of society (in the 17th century) so imperfect,
+was the extreme difficulty which our ancestors found in passing from
+place to place. Of all inventions, the alphabet and the printing press
+alone excepted, those inventions which abridge distance have done
+most for the civilization of our species.” He then adds, speaking of
+steam, that it has&mdash;“in our day, produced an unprecedented revolution
+in human affairs, which has enabled navies to advance in the face
+of wind and tide, and battalions, attended by all their baggage
+and artillery, to traverse kingdoms at a pace equal to that of the
+fleetest race-horse.”</p>
+
+<p>The general reader will be very likely to overlook one important
+fact, a golden hinge on which more rests than at first appears in
+the following narrative; and, therefore, a word of remark may not be
+altogether thrown away, in calling attention to the circumstance.
+There are very many persons, most intelligent and well informed on
+other matters, who have yet to learn that all invention is progressive
+in a regular series. There may be a long series of elementary
+principles developed without the occurrence of a single practical
+result, practical as regards any useful application to supply man’s
+wants. Then may arise a series combining these elements, so to speak,
+and for the first time producing a new instrument, machine, or engine.
+When a new machine is produced, we do not say, Why it only consists
+of a number of wheels and cylinders, therefore, surely there is
+nothing new in it! All the parts may be old, and yet the combination
+be quite new. To analyse an invention into its several parts, would
+be equivalent to finding that a poem was only composed of the letters
+of the alphabet, or the words in a dictionary. But there is another
+point of view not lightly to be passed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</span> over. Take this instance of
+the steam engine. We find a talented Scotch writer wondering that
+Englishmen take the trouble to claim the invention of the steam engine
+for the Marquis of Worcester, because of the “doubtfulness” existing
+respecting it, at the same time that he accompanies this statement
+with a large amount of evidence, but evidence which he does not
+fully admit. He thus places himself very much in the position of a
+philosopher, who should adopt as his theory some peculiar notion to
+the effect that the letter A, or the numeral 1, could be dispensed
+with, in consequence of some “doubtfulness existing” in respect to
+its value; and that, indeed, to retain either any longer would only
+be evidence of a “little national rivalry.” Although this may appear
+too absurd in this light, something very similar has been proposed as
+a kind of compromise in the contest between England and France, the
+“little national rivalry” between which countries might be settled,
+would Englishmen but give up all further advocacy of the Marquis of
+Worcester’s claim. This is not the reason given, but it is the happy
+result which would follow; and it is urged against the invention, that
+there is so much “doubtfulness existing” about it, that it is a wonder
+any one takes further trouble in the matter. So far as we can see,
+its value is A, or 1, it is the first of a series, it is the golden
+hinge, or link, on which all hangs; take this away, and we sever the
+head from the main body. Will any one in future be found to take up
+and maintain so foolish a line of argument? The Marquis of Worcester
+was unquestionably the Inventor of the Steam Engine in the first
+of its three stages, as a fire engine. Previous to the Marquis of
+Worcester, all that had been done, was solely in the series developing
+a principle, a mere idea, but still no invention, in the proper sense
+of such a term, as applied<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</span> to works of practical utility. All other
+early efforts were purely elementary or experimental.</p>
+
+<p>Let us take an illustration from another branch of science. It is not
+unreasonable to suppose that Electricity, using the term in its most
+extended sense, will some day or other supersede steam. We probably
+only require to be able to collect it cheaply and to control it
+effectually, to employ the artillery of heaven on the wide ocean,
+on our network of iron rails, and throughout all our manufacturing
+establishments. A, we will suppose, invents the first efficient
+Electric Engine, which with fifty horse power is fully at work; and
+in the course of a few years we sit down to write the history of this
+engine invented by A. Where shall we start in our history? Did not
+Faraday years ago produce an electro-magnetic engine; then of course
+Faraday invented A.’s engine! But we need not stop here; we have the
+whole history of electricity before us. There is no end of machines
+and engines; and a patent specification may come to light, the nearest
+possible thing to A. But we have not done yet, we have to consider
+France, &amp;c., where we may find some more elementary electrical models
+before Faraday, and then of course before A. So that, on this system,
+as hitherto adopted, in attempting to settle a claim for De Caus, and
+depreciating the claim of the Marquis of Worcester, we may venture
+to predict an analogous fate for the Electric Engine, <i>hereafter</i> to
+be invented by some inventor, A. Here we must plainly see that all
+that has hitherto been invented in this electrical line, does <i>not</i>
+go beyond model or elementary apparatus, and that however nearly some
+of these may approach any plan hereafter to be invented, it would
+be ridiculous and highly reprehensible to set up claims based on
+<i>no</i> practical value, and only colourably <i>similar</i> in <i>some single
+particular</i>, but otherwise of no greater concern than as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</span> amusing
+or illustrative scientific toys. De Caus’ fountain was one of these
+pleasing toys, and De Caus himself could never have thought otherwise
+of it, taking his own large book and his own few lines of description;
+although it served the purpose of M. Arago to assume for it a
+pre-eminence over the Marquis of Worcester’s invention, merely because
+the latter came half a century later.</p>
+
+<p>The author is not aware of any portion of his work that is open to
+controversy, unless it be that relating to a second visit to Ireland,
+asserted to have been made by the Earl of Glamorgan. However, should
+it be contended, or proved, that his negotiations refer to a <i>single</i>
+visit there, the circumstance would not affect the main story. The
+author has, however, had one essential difficulty to deal with,
+arising from the quantity of correspondence and documentary evidence,
+which, under the circumstances, he was obliged to introduce, thus
+materially affecting the text. It certainly was open to him to throw
+the greater part into the Appendix, but with considerable drawbacks
+to all readers really interested in such a work. The course adopted
+has been to introduce documents, of whatever kind, in their order of
+date, and to modernise the orthography (and that alone) to render them
+generally readable. The few pieces admitted in their original style
+will satisfy any one how thoroughly unreadable the work would have
+become, if largely occupied with such orthography. The prayer (for
+example) is a strict copy of the original, which appears to be in the
+handwriting of the Marchioness, with several interlinear corrections
+made by the Marquis himself, which certify to its genuineness.<a href="#Footnote_1" id="FNanchor_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>
+Every document is given with its own <span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</span>date, and no deviations occur
+beyond the modern spelling of words. The “Century,” however, being
+printed matter, has been re-produced verbatim, with scrupulous
+accuracy.</p>
+
+<p>The general reader will find that the really scientific portion of
+this memoir, is restricted to the “Century,” which has relieved the
+biographical portion of much technical detail: no more reference to
+inventions occurring therein than appeared absolutely necessary to
+preserve uniformity in the narrative.</p>
+
+<p>It was very desirable in such a work as the present to steer clear
+of a controversial strain, whether in reference to the past or the
+present. This has been effected in a great measure, as regards the
+numerous detractors that might be cited, who have given false views,
+both of the personal character of the Marquis, and the merit of some
+or most of his inventions, until we find the admiring biographer of
+the celebrated James Watt, as if blinded by too much light, speaking
+of the Marquis in the most disparaging terms. And lastly, it was
+impossible to escape recurring to the charge against Savery; the dates
+and facts, now for the first time supplied, going far to strengthen
+the belief, that the engine reputed to be Savery’s, is identical with
+that invented by the Marquis of Worcester.</p>
+
+<p>The materials of the present work are principally derived from
+original sources with respect to Manuscripts; and from the highest
+published authorities. All printed materials are scrupulously
+acknowledged in two catalogues, one historical and literary, the other
+wholly scientific. Through the kindness and liberality of His Grace
+the Duke of Beaufort, the entire collection of Manuscripts in his
+Grace’s possession, relative to the Marquis of Worcester, are here
+given at large. While at Raglan, on visiting Troy, Osmond A. Wyatt,
+Esq.,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</span> was especially obliging in affording information; as well
+as John Cuxson, Esq., of Raglan; and at Badminton, John Thompson,
+Esq., materially assisted in procuring the required manuscripts, and
+affording facilities for copying them, for which kindly aid the author
+can but insufficiently here express his obligations. The author is
+likewise greatly indebted generally to the rich stores of the British
+Museum, and the obliging attentions of its principal officers; to
+the State Paper Office, where he was especially assisted through the
+kindness of Mrs. M. A. E. Green, with the uncalendered papers given
+at pages 249, 270, 286, and 287, and to John Bruce, Esq. Also to the
+excellent Libraries of the Royal Society; the London Institution; and
+the particularly valuable scientific collection of the Patent Office.
+At Oxford, the privilege of consulting works and manuscripts at the
+Bodleian Library, was freely granted, and every facility afforded.
+The author would especially notice among other contributions of
+information, the able assistance of Bennet Woodcroft, Esq., F.R.S.,
+&amp;c. To the Rev. John Webb, of Hay, he is particularly indebted for the
+papers at pages 64, 88, and 142, to which that gentleman directed his
+attention, and which he might otherwise have overlooked. He has also
+received assistance from the collections of Robert Cole, Esq., and of
+the late Dawson Turner, Esq., which are noted where they occur. When
+inquiring for the autograph of “Glamorgan,” every possible effort to
+trace it, although unavailing, was kindly employed by the Librarian of
+St. Cuthbert’s College, Durham, and by the Rev. Dr. Grant, the Roman
+Catholic Bishop of Southwark.</p>
+
+<p>During the author’s visit to Dublin, Sir Bernard Burke, Ulster King at
+Arms, very obligingly searched for any documents referring to the Earl
+of Glamorgan, that might be in Dublin Castle, but without success;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xix">[Pg xix]</span>
+and the author is also much indebted for general information most
+courteously given by the Rev. Dr. Todd, of Trinity College, Dr. R. G.
+Travers, Marsh’s Library, and the Rev. C. P. Meehan; and likewise,
+through correspondence, by the Rev. James Graves, of Stonyford.</p>
+
+<p>It now only remains for the author to say, that in the event of any of
+our nobility or gentry, or other collectors, possessing any manuscript
+whatever, even although only a copy of matter here produced, he would
+esteem it a very particular favour to be informed of it (through his
+publisher), and to be permitted to examine any record, bearing either
+directly or indirectly on this subject.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top signed_signature">H. D.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_xx"><span class="pagenum">[Pg xx]</span></p>
+
+<p class="blank_page">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_1"><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> I am happy in being able to afford this testimony, were
+it only to dissipate the inuendoes of Mr. Muirhead.</p></div>
+
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<table summary="Contents">
+<tr>
+  <td><span class="smcap">Dedication</span></td>
+  <td class="contents">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="page">Page <a href="#Page_iii">iii</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td><span class="smcap">Preface</span></td>
+  <td class="contents">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>-<a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1599&ndash;1628.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;I.</td>
+  <td class="contents">&mdash;Marriage of Henry Somerset, Lord Herbert of Raglan&nbsp; &nbsp; </td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_1">1</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_9">9</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1601&ndash;1639.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;II.</td>
+  <td class="contents">&mdash;Birth, home, education, early career, times, and first marriage of Edward Somerset, Lord Herbert</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_10">10</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_29">29</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1639&ndash;1642.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;III.</td>
+  <td class="contents">&mdash;Edward, Lord Herbert’s second marriage</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_30">30</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_36">36</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1641&ndash;1642.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;IV.</td>
+  <td class="contents">&mdash;Henry, Earl of Worcester&mdash;created Marquis of Worcester&mdash;Raglan Castle</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_37">37</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_54">54</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1642&ndash;1644.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;V.</td>
+  <td class="contents">&mdash;Lord Herbert in his military capacity</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_55">55</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1644&ndash;1645.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;VI.</td>
+  <td class="contents">&mdash;Lord Herbert created Earl of Glamorgan&mdash;Irish affairs</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_69">69</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1640&ndash;1645.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;VII.</td>
+  <td class="contents">&mdash;Raglan Castle&mdash;Royal visits</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_95">95</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1645&ndash;1646.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;VIII.</td>
+  <td class="contents">&mdash;The Earl of Glamorgan’s second visit to Ireland</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_112">112</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_139">139</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1646&ndash;1647.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;IX.</td>
+  <td class="contents">&mdash;Raglan Castle; its defence and surrender&mdash;Death of Henry, Marquis of Worcester</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_140">140</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1645&ndash;1647.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;X.</td>
+  <td class="contents">&mdash;The Earl of Glamorgan’s transactions in Ireland, concluded</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_157">157</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_185">185</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxi">[Pg xxi]</span></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1646&ndash;1650.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;XI.</td>
+  <td class="contents">&mdash;The Marquis of Worcester in exile; resides in France</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_186">186</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_191">191</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1643&ndash;1659.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;XII.</td>
+  <td class="contents">&mdash;Affairs affecting the Marquis of Worcester’s family, in respect to Worcester House and other property in and near London</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_192">192</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_200">200</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1651.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;XIII.</td>
+  <td class="contents">&mdash;The Marquis of Worcester’s son, and two daughters</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_201">201</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_208">208</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1651&ndash;1661.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;XIV.</td>
+  <td class="contents">&mdash;His return to England&mdash;Imprisonment, and liberation&mdash;his “<i>Century</i>”&mdash;pecuniary difficulties&mdash;petitions&mdash;at Charles the Second’s Coronation&mdash;Lord Herbert</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_209">209</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_233">233</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1660&ndash;1662.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;XV.</td>
+  <td class="contents">&mdash;His prospects at the period of the Restoration&mdash;Proceedings in Parliament respecting the Patent to create him Duke of Somerset&mdash;Estates restored, &amp;c.&mdash;Parliamentary duties</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_234">234</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_246">246</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1660&ndash;1664.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;XVI.</td>
+  <td class="contents">&mdash;His Inventions&mdash;further Petitions&mdash;publication of his “<i>Century</i>”&mdash;Charles II. visits Lord Herbert at Badminton&mdash;Worcester House, Strand</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_247">247</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_261">261</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1664&ndash;1670.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;XVII.</td>
+  <td class="contents">&mdash;His operations at Vauxhall&mdash;Petitions and decease&mdash;Caspar Kaltoff and family&mdash;M. Sorbière&mdash;Cosmo, Grand Duke of Tuscany&mdash;The Dowager Marchioness of Worcester</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_262">262</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_308">308</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;XVIII.</td>
+  <td class="contents">&mdash;A brief retrospect of the Marquis of Worcester’s Genealogy, and his private, political, and philosophical character; including his own statement of expenditure during the Civil War</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_309">309</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_342">342</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p id="Page_xxiii"><span class="pagenum">[Pg xxiii]</span></p>
+
+<h2>LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.</h2>
+
+<p>From Drawings and Sketches made, and Ciphers and Autographs traced, by
+the author.</p>
+
+<p>The steel engraved Portraits executed by Mr. J. Cochran, and the Wood
+Engravings by Mr. Stevens, and Mr. J. H. Rimbault; and Coats of Arms
+by Mr. Layton.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p class="center smcap">Steel Engravings.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">A Family Group, being Portraits of the <span class="smcap">Marquis of Worcester</span>, with Margaret his second wife, and their infant daughter Mary. From a painting by Hanneman. (See&nbsp;pages&nbsp;<a href="#Page_30">30</a>,&nbsp;<a href="#Page_31">31</a>.)<span class="ml90">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="right line_above"> <span class="smcap"><a href="#Page_i">To face title page.</a></span></p> <!-- Leave room for right alined text with span=ml90 then next line overwrites with “line_above” -->
+
+<p class="margin_top extra_hanging_indent">Portrait of <span class="smcap">Elizabeth Lady Herbert</span>, first wife of Edward Lord Herbert, afterwards Marquis of Worcester. From a painting by Vandyke<span class="ml40">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="right line_above"><a href="#Page_16"><span class="smcap">Page</span> 16.</a></p> <!-- see above note -->
+
+
+<p class="margin_top center"><span class="smcap">Wood Engravings.</span></p>
+
+<table summary="Wood Engravings">
+<tr>
+  <th></th>
+  <th class="page">PAGE.</th>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">Armorial bearings of His Grace the Duke of Beaufort</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_iii">iii</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">Plan of the Castle and Citadel of Raglan, Monmouthshire</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">Baynard’s Castle, from Newcourt’s ancient Map of London, 1658</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">Worcester House, 1658 </td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">H. Herbert (autograph) Henry, 1st Marquis of Worcester</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">E. Worcester (autograph) Edward, 4th Earl of Worcester</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">Water-works side of the Citadel, Raglan Castle</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">Distant view of Raglan Castle</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">Ed. L. Herbert (autograph) afterwards 2nd Marquis of Worcester</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">The Earl of Glamorgan’s writing in the address of a Cipher letter</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">The letter written in his Cipher. [See also page <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.]</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">The Tower, Map of London, 1658.</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">Worcester [autograph, 1665&ndash;6, of the Author of the “Century”] </td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_283">283</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">St. Cadocus, Raglan Church</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">&mdash;〃&mdash; east end and plan</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">Arms of the Marquis of Worcester, and his two wives</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">C. Somerset (autograph) Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_309">309</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">One line of the Marquis of Worcester’s cipher writing </td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_333">333</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">A Cipher Seal</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_377">377</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">Portrait of Edward Lord Herbert, afterwards second Marquis of
+Worcester, from a painting by Vandyke, in the possession of his
+Grace, the Duke of Beaufort</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_389">389</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">A one line Cipher</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_392">392</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">The Marquis’s Cipher</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_398">398</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">Ancient Paddle Boat</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_408">408</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">A Balance Water-work</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">A Bucket-fountain</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_418">418</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">A double-drawing Engine</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_424">424</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">A to and fro Lever</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_426">426</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">A most easy level Draught</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_427">427</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">Tobacco-tongs</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_446">446</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">A weighted wheel </td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_454">454</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">A water-flowing and ebbing motion</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_457">457</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">A musketeer, 1643</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_465">465</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">De Caus’ Fountain</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_477">477</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">A forcer</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_483">483</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">Savery’s Engine, 1699</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_485">485</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">Engine to raise weights</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_532">532</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">Porta’s steam apparatus</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_541">541</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">A blowing Æolipile</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_542">542</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">A steam blow-pipe </td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_543">543</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">A fire-blowing Æolipile</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_543">543</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">A weather glass</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_546">546</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">The Marquis of Worcester’s Engine</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_551">551</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">&mdash;his Cipher Alphabet</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_553">553</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">Construction of a water-screw</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_554">554</a></td>
+</tr><tr>
+  <td class="contents">Christopher Copley (autograph)</td>
+  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_570">570</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p id="Page_xxiv"><span class="pagenum">[Pg xxiv]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="ph3">REFERENCES TO THE PLAN OF THE CASTLE AND CITADEL OF RAGLAN,
+MONMOUTHSHIRE.</p>
+
+<p><sup>*</sup><sub>*</sub><sup>*</sup> <i>All other portions are named on the plan.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">THE CASTLE.</p>
+
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">1. Outer portcullis; 1. A second portcullis within the arched entrance.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">2. Gateway.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">3. The gate.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">4, 4. Two barbican towers.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">5. A guard room.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">6. Parlour or ante-room.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">7. Stair-cases; all marked 7.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">8. The Closet or Library Tower.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">9, 10. Sitting Room or Parlour, originally wainscoted with oak, and
+over which was the Marquis’s Dining room.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">10. Large bay-window looking towards the moat.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">11. Broken porch.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">12. Entrance from the courtyard to the vaults.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">13, 13. Broken entrance to cellars.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">14. Remains of a staircase.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">15. This part is vaulted.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">16. Suite of family apartments.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">17. Gateway to the Bowling-green.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">18. Bridge.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">19. Bowling-green.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">20, 20. Cellars.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">21. Steps and door leading to&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">22. Way to stable-yard.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">23. One sipe of the outer wall of the Paved Court, where the first
+breach was made by the Parliamentary forces, 1646.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">24. Ruined tower.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">25. The buildings formerly here completely obliterated, having suffered
+most during the siege.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">26. The bakery and remains of its ovens.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">27. Entrance to the Wet Larder.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">28. An outside high level walk.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">29. Low ground.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">30. Pier wall.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">31. Deep space.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">32. The Kitchen Tower, remarkable for its great strength, and remains
+of a large fire-place.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">33. A draw-well.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">34. A long, narrow, vertical gap through former windows and door. The
+building probably had a corridor at top.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">35. Ruins of cellar or dry larder.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">36. The uppermost window in this part indicates the situation of the
+apartment occupied by Charles I.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">37. The Buttery.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">38. The Minstrels’ gallery was probably raised here.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">39. Porch leading to&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">40. The great Banqueting hall.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">41. Spacious fire place, with centre window high above.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">42. The large, handsome, and well-preserved bay-window, with a circular
+opening or ventilator in the roof.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">43. The recess.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">44. The arms of the Beaufort Family, carved in stone, are inserted
+centrally in the lofty wall on this side.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">45. The Pantry.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">46. Ruined entrance to the wine cellar.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">47. End of the Picture Gallery, a narrow upper apartment of great
+length, extending over and beyond the chapel.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">48. Supposed to be the Bell tower.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">49. The apartments above and below here were the ladies’ women’s rooms.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">50. A through passage.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">51. High watch tower.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">52. An ancient Arbor Vitæ grows in the Fountain Court at this point.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">53. Superior officers’ quarters, on the ground and upper floors.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">54. Basin of the fountain.</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE CITADEL, OR KEEP,<br />
+<i>called</i><br />
+<span class="smcap">The Melin-y-Gwent, or Yellow Tower of Gwent.</span></p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">A. There was probably a drawbridge here.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">B. B. Two broken bastions.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">C. A temporary wooden bridge.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">D. Site of arched bridge to the Keep.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">E. The Water-works side of the Keep, presenting large grooves cut into
+the stone work, probably to insert metal pipes, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">F. Stone stair-case to the top, in good preservation.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">G. Outer entrance to F.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">H. I. Ruins of the massy walls varying from 4 to 10 feet high; the
+upper portion destroyed in 1646, by order of Parliament.</p>
+
+<p class="ref_hanging_indent">L. A well.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_xxv"><span class="pagenum">[Pg xxv]</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/pxxiv.jpg" width="100%" alt="Plan of the Castle and Citadel of Raglan, Monmouthshire" />
+
+PLAN OF THE CASTLE AND CITADEL OF RAGLAN, MONMOUTHSHIRE, THE PROPERTY OF His Grace The Duke of Beaufort, &amp;c. &amp;c.<br />
+
+From Drawings by <span class="smcap">H. Dircks</span>, Civil Engineer 1865.</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p class="blank_page" id="Page_xxvi">&nbsp;<span class="pagenum">[Pg xxvi]</span></p>
+
+<p id="Page_1"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 1]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 id="LIFE">LIFE<br /><span class="tiny">OF</span><br /> THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.</h2>
+
+
+<h2 id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="chapter_heading">MARRIAGE OF HENRY SOMERSET, LORD HERBERT OF RAGLAN.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_bottom">Towards the close of the sixteenth century there was a rumour afloat
+in London, among aristocratic circles, respecting a marriage in high
+life. At that time Blackfriars was as much the seat of fashion, as St.
+James’s at a later period; and was conveniently situated while Queen
+Elizabeth held her court at Greenwich.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:55%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p1.jpg" width="100%" alt="Baynard’s Castle, from Newcourt’s ancient Map of London, 1658" />
+BIRD’S-EYE VIEW FROM MAP OF LONDON, 1658.</div>
+
+<p>A contemporary correspondent, writing in the usual quaint style of
+the day, states in a letter dated from Baynard’s Castle, the 23rd of
+November, 1599:&mdash;“I hear that the Lord Herbert, the Earl of Worcester’s
+son, shall marry Miss Anne Russell, and that it is concluded upon.”
+This announcement relates to no less a person than the future Marquis
+of Worcester, father of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span> that Edward, Marquis of Worcester, whose life
+we shall hereafter have to detail, and whose prowess was severely
+tested by the evil times of his closing career; it will be interesting,
+at this early stage of that eminent nobleman’s personal history, to
+follow this same correspondent through his future gossiping epistles
+touching the proposed matrimonial alliance.</p>
+
+<p>Writing to Sir Robert Sydney on the ensuing 22nd of December, he
+acquaints him:&mdash;“This afternoon your little daughter was christened by
+Edward, Earl of Worcester, the Lady Nottingham, and the Lady Buckhurst.
+My Lord of Worcester sent his son, Henry Lord Herbert, because he
+himself waited on the Queen, who rode abroad to take the air. Among the
+presents were a very fair bowl and a cover from the Earl.”</p>
+
+<p>After a lapse of nearly four months, we have again news from Baynard’s
+Castle, under date the 19th of April, 1600, stating that&mdash;“The marriage
+between Lord Herbert and Mrs. Anne Russell is concluded; for my Lady
+Russell was at court, to desire the Queen’s leave, which is obtained.”</p>
+
+<p>But on the 16th of May we are assured&mdash;“The marriage between Lord
+Herbert and Mrs. Anne Russell is at a stay, till it please her
+Majesty to appoint a day.” And further, that&mdash;“It will be honourably
+solemnized; and many take care to do her all the possible honour they
+can devise. The feast,” it is added, “will be in Blackfriars, my Lady
+Russell making exceeding preparations for it.”</p>
+
+<p>Her Majesty appears to have been somewhat deficient in considering
+either the distraction she was occasioning the lovers, or the
+disarranged domestic economy of the several attendants, for another
+month is allowed to glide gloomily away, only to find on the 24th of
+May that&mdash;“My Lord of Bedford is come to town, and his lady to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span> honour
+the marriage of Mrs. Anne Russell; but the day is not yet appointed by
+her Majesty, which troubles many of her friends, that stay in town to
+do her service.”</p>
+
+<p>Some weeks more pass on, when at length we learn from Greenwich, under
+date the 14th of June:&mdash;“Her Majesty is in very good health, and
+purposes to honour Mrs. Anne Russell’s marriage with her presence. It
+is thought she will stay there (at Blackfriars), Monday and Tuesday. My
+Lord Cobham prepares his house for her Majesty to lie in, because it is
+near the Bridehouse. There is to be a memorable masque of eight ladies;
+they have a strange dance newly invented; their attire is this: Each
+hath a skirt of cloth of silver, a rich waistcoat wrought with silks,
+and gold and silver, a mantle of carnation taffeta cast under the arm;
+and their hair loose about their shoulders, curiously knotted and
+interlaced. These are the masquers. My Lady Doritye, Mrs. Fitton, Mrs.
+Carey, Mrs. Onslow, Mrs. Southwell, Mrs. Bess Russell, Mrs. Darcy, and
+my Lady Blanch Somersett. These eight dance to the music Apollo brings;
+and there is a fine speech that makes mention of a ninth, much to her
+honour and praise. The preparation for this feast is sumptuous and
+great; but it is feared, that the house in Blackfriars will be little
+for such a company. The marriage is upon Monday.”</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly on Monday the 16th of June, 1600, her most gracious Majesty
+Queen Elizabeth, arrived at Blackfriars in all possible state to grace
+the marriage of the Lord Herbert and his wife. The Bride (the same
+gossiping authority states) met the Queen at the waterside, where my
+Lord Cobham had provided a Lectica, [used similar to a sedan chair]
+made like half a litter, whereon she was carried to my Lady Russell’s
+by six knights. Her Majesty dined there, and at night,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span> went through
+Dr. Pudding’s house (who gave the Queen a fan), to my Lord Cobham’s,
+where she supped. After supper the masque came in; and delicate it
+was to see eight ladies so prettily and richly attired. Mrs. Fitton
+led, and after they had done all their own ceremonies, then eight lady
+masquers chose eight ladies more to dance the measures.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Fitton went to the Queen, and wooed her to dance.</p>
+
+<p>Her Majesty asked her what she was.</p>
+
+<p>“Affection,” she said.</p>
+
+<p>“Affection!” said the Queen; “Affection is false.”</p>
+
+<p>Yet her Majesty rose and danced. So did my Lady Marquis (of Winchester).</p>
+
+<p>The Bride was led to the Church by the Lord Herbert of Cardiffe, and my
+Lord Cobham; and from the Church by the Earls of Rutland and Cumberland.</p>
+
+<p>The gifts given that day were valued at one thousand pounds, in plate
+and jewels, at least.</p>
+
+<p>The entertainment was great and plentiful, and my Lady Russell much
+commended for it.</p>
+
+<p>Her Majesty, upon Tuesday (following) came back again to the Court.
+But the solemnities continued till Wednesday night. “And now the
+Lord Herbert, and his fair lady are at Court,” (writes this pleasant
+correspondent on the 23rd of the same month.)<a href="#Footnote_2" id="FNanchor_2" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p>
+
+<p>The bride’s portion, as a younger daughter, was said to be about two
+thousand pounds in money; one hundred and fifty pounds a year in land;
+and a reversion of one thousand marks.<a href="#Footnote_3" id="FNanchor_3" class="fnanchor">[106]</a></p>
+
+<p>Thus was celebrated the marriage of Henry the young Lord Herbert, son
+of Edward, fourth Earl of Worcester, then Master of the Horse, who was
+eminently distinguished alike for his noble and ancient <span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span>lineage and
+courtly attainments. Greatly was his son’s marriage honoured, not only
+by the presence of royalty in the person of a queen of Elizabeth’s
+high-toned feelings and sentiments, but, if possible, more so by her
+condescending to participate in the dance on that festive occasion.</p>
+
+<p>The particulars afforded by this domestic incident take us far back to
+a most interesting period in our country’s history. The great Queen’s
+reign was then within three years of its close. The Pope had published
+his bulls to exclude King James from the throne of England. On the 19th
+of November following, was born at Dunfermline in Scotland, Prince
+Charles, whose future reign was destined materially to affect the
+family and fortunes of the Somersets, Earls of Worcester.</p>
+
+<p>The social habits of the aristocracy, as here briefly pourtrayed,
+evince a peculiarly primitive character. Three days’ feasting shows
+a singular lustihood of enjoyment in the revels attaching to such
+occasions of festivity. But, notwithstanding we are treating of the
+most elevated society, in the most flourishing period of the Augustan
+Age of our Literature, as it has been not inappropriately styled, a
+comparative grossness of habit prevailed, occasioning a particular
+relish for such carousals, during the period that viands and wine were
+served without stint or stay.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the modern common luxuries of the table were then unknown;
+asparagus, artichokes, cauliflowers, and other edibles were not
+introduced; while the finest clothing was costly, being of foreign
+manufacture. Considerations like these should check the forming of
+hasty judgments in reference to the manners and customs of olden times.</p>
+
+<p>The lady whom Henry Lord Herbert had thus espoused was Anne, sole
+daughter and heir of John Lord<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span> Russell, eldest son of Francis Russell,
+Earl of Bedford. She bore him nine sons, of whom Edward was the eldest
+son and heir, and four daughters, making in all a family of thirteen
+children.</p>
+
+<p>Sir John Somerset, the second son, married Mary, daughter of Thomas
+Arundel, Lord Arundel of Wardour; and, as will appear in the sequel, he
+resided at Troy House, near Monmouth.</p>
+
+<p>The fifth son, Thomas Somerset, lived at Rome, 1676; and his brother
+Charles was governor of Raglan Castle in 1646, and afterwards died a
+Canon at Cambray in Flanders.</p>
+
+<p>Four other sons died in infancy; and another, later in life, died
+unmarried.</p>
+
+<p>Kennet, the historian, records, in respect of one of the daughters,
+that King James reprimanded the Earl, her father, for his sending her
+to Brussels to be made a nun,<a id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> in 1620.</p>
+
+<p>But it will be our chief business hereafter to treat especially of the
+life and labours of the first-named son of this nobleman; only making
+such allusions to the father, and relating such circumstances affecting
+him, as serve to throw light on remote particulars of his son’s life.</p>
+
+<p>Of the age of Henry Lord Herbert, at the time of his marriage, we are
+afforded indirect evidence through Wood, who, speaking of him and his
+elder brother William (who died unmarried during his father’s lifetime)
+being at Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1591, states the brothers to have
+been of the respective ages of 15 and 14; so that Henry, being then
+only 14 years of age, would have been born on or about the year 1577,
+and marrying in the year 1600, he would at that time be in his 23rd
+year.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_7"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 7]</span>
+His age has been very variously, and, as it appears, vaguely stated;
+originating probably with hasty printed statements during the Civil
+War, when no particular purpose had to be served by accuracy on such a
+matter. Wood certainly was not likely to be ten years out of truth in
+recording the ages of youths. It is also more likely that his Lordship
+in his circumstances, and with his family, had married rather at 23
+than at 33 years of age.</p>
+
+<p>We meet with no accounts of the births or baptisms of his children,
+with the exception of his seventh son, Frederick Somerset, who,
+according to the Parish Registers of St. Dunstan’s in the West,<a href="#Footnote_5" id="FNanchor_5" class="fnanchor">[73]</a>
+London, was baptized on the 26th March, 1613, in the house of Lady
+Morrison in the Friars, she being related through the Russells to Anne
+Lady Herbert.</p>
+
+<p>James I. was proclaimed on the 24th of March, 1603. The same month Lord
+Herbert was summoned to Parliament, being then 26 years of age. A great
+plague was at that time raging in the metropolis, having destroyed
+30,000 of the population, rendering his residence in town very perilous.</p>
+
+<p>His Lordship’s father was, in 1604, invested with the Order of the
+Garter, and on resigning his office of Master of the Horse, on the 1st
+of January, 1616, having retained it fifteen years, he was, on the 2nd
+of the same month, made Keeper of the Privy Seal.</p>
+
+<p>In a literary and scientific point of view, this was a period of
+great historical interest. In December, 1608, Milton was born; while
+in April, 1616, <ins class="correction" title="Original has Shakspere">Shakespeare</ins> died. In 1611 the new translation of the
+Bible was published. Lord Napier, in Scotland, invented his system of
+logarithms; the great Harvey was propounding his discovery respecting
+the circulation of the <span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span>blood; and Sir Hugh Myddleton had completed
+his great undertaking of forming the New River. Such are a few among
+the prominent facts that mark the intelligence and enterprise of those
+times.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible that Henry Lord Herbert’s parliamentary duties, his
+attendance at court, with other circumstances, might occasion prolonged
+residence at Worcester House, in the Strand, the ancient family town
+mansion, a locality which was occupied by many noble families above two
+centuries ago. Nothing transpires to indicate his presence at Raglan
+Castle at that period.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:40%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p8.jpg" width="100%" alt="Worcester House, 1658" />
+BIRD’S-EYE VIEW FROM MAP OF LONDON, 1658.</div>
+
+
+<p>On the 24th of August, 1621, died Elizabeth, daughter of Francis
+Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon; and on the 3rd of March, 1627, in the
+79th year of his age, Edward, fourth Earl of Worcester, the honoured
+parents of Henry Lord Herbert, who succeeded to his father’s dignities
+and fortune. Their decease happened at their town residence, whence
+each was conveyed with great funeral solemnity to Raglan, where, being
+interred in the family vault of Raglan Church, suitable monuments were
+raised to their memory.</p>
+
+<p>Of Henry, now fifth Earl of Worcester, we have less intelligence as
+resident in London than as retired to his magnificent Castle of Raglan,
+in Monmouthshire. On the 13th of March, 1628, he obtained dispensation
+to be absent from Parliament,<a href="#Footnote_6" id="FNanchor_6" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> which appears to have <span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span>been the
+commencement of his decreased attention to public business.</p>
+
+<p>He had then been married twenty-eight years, being in the fifty-first
+year of his age. Of his numerous family he lost five sons and three
+daughters. Edward, his first born and heir was probably about
+twenty-six years old; Sir John Somerset, his second son, most likely
+occupied Troy House, a few miles off, while his next surviving and
+sixth son, Charles Somerset, he installed as Governor of his Castle.</p>
+
+<p>The noble Earl, inclined to a plethoric constitution, had not uniform
+good health, being subject to gout, yet was he of a joyous, hearty,
+kind, benevolent disposition. He was too a man of some learning,
+without being distinguished for its application, otherwise than in
+some verbal polemical discussions attributed to him by Dr. Bayly, the
+last chaplain in his service, who has preserved many of his witty
+apophthegms, presenting us with indications of his religious and
+political sentiments.</p>
+
+<p>Although our interest in this memoir concerns us less in reference to
+the father, than to be informed respecting his son, yet the intelligent
+reader cannot fail to discover, that Edward, now Lord Herbert, during
+the early years of his life, was necessarily so intimately associated
+with all matters of domestic history, affecting the large family then
+resident at Raglan Castle, that such relations as can be gathered
+respecting its several branches at that early period, are invested with
+a degree of interest which they might not under other circumstances
+possess.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_2"><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Collins.</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_3"><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Wiffin, v. ii. p. 56.</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_4"><a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Kennet.</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_5"><a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> J. B. Nichols, vol. vi. p. 371.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_6"><a href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers. Domestic Series. Charles I.
+1628&ndash;1629. Edited by John Bruce, Esq. 8vo. 1859.</p></div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_10"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 10]</span></p>
+
+<h2 id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="chapter_heading">BIRTH, HOME, EDUCATION, EARLY CAREER, TIMES, AND FIRST MARRIAGE OF
+EDWARD SOMERSET, LORD HERBERT.</p>
+
+
+<p>As already related, Henry,<a href="#Footnote_7" id="FNanchor_7" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> fifth Earl of Worcester, married in
+June, 1600, while yet attached to the Court of Queen Elizabeth, and,
+therefore, most likely he was resident at Worcester House, in the
+Strand, a building of some importance from its magnitude and position,
+as well as from the princely character of the noble possessor of the
+property.</p>
+
+<p>There, it is reasonable to conclude, was born Edward Somerset early in
+1601, the son and heir whose eventful history will hereafter mainly
+occupy our attention, first as Lord Herbert, afterwards as the Earl of
+Glamorgan, and lastly, on succeeding to his father’s titles, as Earl
+and Marquis of Worcester.</p>
+
+<p>The birth of this Lord Herbert has never before been attempted to be
+ascertained, wherefore the present assumed date requires confirmation.
+On the 14th of July, 1609, when he would thus probably be only eight
+years of age, we find him associated with his grandfather and father in
+a lease of lands in the manor of Wondy, Monmouth, and of the fishing,
+or river of Usk and Carlion, for their lives.<a href="#Footnote_8" id="FNanchor_8" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
+
+<p>His preceptor at Raglan Castle was Mr. Adams; but he does not appear,
+like his father, to have been at any college in England; as, however,
+he travelled much <span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span>on the Continent at an early period of his life, it
+is possible he also finished his education at some foreign university.
+In a communication of singular interest, written late in life,
+hereafter given in full, he specially observes:&mdash;“Amongst Almighty
+God’s infinite mercies to me in this world, I account it one of the
+greatest that his divine goodness vouchsafed me parents as well careful
+as able to give me virtuous education, and extraordinary breeding at
+home and abroad, in Germany, France, and Italy, allowing me abundantly
+in those parts.” This summary is sufficiently explicit as regards the
+circuit of his travels, and the easy, agreeable circumstances under
+which it was performed, but still leaves it open to doubt whether he
+had completed his educational course before entering on his continental
+tour. Wood expressly states, in reference to Lord Herbert’s father,
+that after he had been two or three years at college he was sent to
+travel in France, Italy, &amp;c., where he presumes he changed his religion
+for that of Rome.<a href="#Footnote_9" id="FNanchor_9" class="fnanchor">[109]</a></p>
+
+<p>During the reign of James I., and while his grandfather was Keeper of
+the Privy Seal, no mention occurs of Lord Herbert enjoying any favour
+at Court, his courtier life commencing only in that of Charles I.,
+according to allusions made in the document before noticed. On the
+accession of the latter monarch to the throne, Lord Herbert might be 24
+years of age. In alluding to his “education and breeding,” coupled with
+his travels, he adds: “And since most plentifully at my master of most
+happy memory, the late King’s Court;” making it almost conclusive that
+his education was considered as completed shortly prior to the King’s
+decease, in 1625.</p>
+
+<p>In 1627 his grandfather was at Worcester House, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span>whence he wrote to the
+Earl of Huntingdon on the 11th of June, informing him of his illness
+and inability to leave his bedchamber.<a href="#Footnote_10" id="FNanchor_10" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
+
+<p>The first year of the reign of Charles I. was an auspicious one,
+therefore, for the young Lord Herbert. His father, a stalwart, hale
+man, was in the prime of life, only 48 years of age, lord of one of
+the finest castles in the kingdom, whether considered for the beauty,
+strength and importance of its structure and its commanding situation,
+or the extent of its parks, pastures, plantations, and forests; it
+was a luxurious place well stored with paintings, furniture, and
+plate, while it was surrounded with every embellishment of fountains,
+fishponds, statuary, and gardens that art or wealth could command. Lord
+Herbert himself was rich in acquired knowledge, and in whatever way his
+natural genius then displayed itself, such a mind as he possessed must
+have afforded many evidences of latent talent. One important part of a
+young nobleman’s education in Elizabeth’s time, and later, was that of
+horsemanship, particularly in the tilt-yard, a kind of adjunct to noble
+residences, supposed by many to have existed even at Raglan Castle, but
+such an opinion is not even authorised by any tradition. Some interest
+he might take in tournaments, but we easily suspect without aiming at,
+or succeeding in that skill in manœuvres so requisite in the fierce
+and fiery jousts appertaining to such knightly contests, equipped in
+heavy armour, wielding a ponderous lance, and mimicking all the maddest
+encounters of the fellest enemies. We doubt if his talent lay that
+way. His grandfather’s horsemanship has been greatly extolled <span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span>by all
+writers, in alluding to his character. In his youth (it is said) he
+was remarkable for his athletic acquirements, distinguishing himself
+by the manly exercises of riding and tilting, in which he was perhaps
+superior to any of his contemporaries. But we have no reason to extol
+the grandson for like success in these chivalric exercises.</p>
+
+<p>We conceive he was otherwise disqualified, that he was too light of
+weight and too short in stature. He appears to have been of slender
+figure, and rather under than above the middle standard in height. In
+another point, indirectly perhaps affecting this same matter, he did
+not possess that easy, boisterous speech which armed assailants may
+often be called on to assume, to strike terror into a foe, by throwing
+him off his guard. He himself acknowledges, later in life, to this
+vocal defect, when, in writing to Charles II. he admits that he takes
+up the pen, as he says,&mdash;“To ease your Majesty of a trouble incident
+to the prolixity of speech, and a <i>natural defect of utterance</i> which
+I accuse myself of.” “The prolixity of speech” any one may imagine,
+both from the letter in which this passage occurs, as well as in the
+noble lord’s general correspondence throughout his life; it seems to be
+a style in which the close of each sentence, or its matter, suggests
+the next, to be followed again in like manner, until the main subject
+becomes so overlaid as to be lost in needless verbose amplification.
+But he could and did write tersely enough on occasion. No man could
+then better display the admirable art of compressing large meaning
+into small compass. If eloquence in speaking “troubled” him, eloquent
+writing assuredly cost him, it would appear, vastly more trouble in
+the labour of the pen. We suspect that concentration of thought was
+natural to him, but its elaboration to produce that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span> roundness of
+period assumed necessary for the style of a courtly gentleman, confused
+and perplexed him. We imagine the prosy writer, being conversationally
+sententious; perhaps painfully so to the ears of fashionable society,
+delighting as it does in the trivialties of such conversation as that
+which would principally characterise the Court of those days; rendered
+perhaps only the more irksome by his continuance in its fashionable
+frivolities for three or more years.</p>
+
+<p>A very fair specimen of the mechanical knowledge of the period, when
+Lord Herbert was finishing his education, is afforded in the work of
+Henry Peacham, published in 1627, entitled “The Compleat Gentleman.” In
+his ninth chapter, treating of Geometry, he says: “Out of Egypt, Thales
+brought it into Greece, where it received that perfection we see it now
+hath. For by means hereof are found out the forms and draughts of all
+figures, greatness of all bodies, all manner of measures and weights,
+the cunning working of all tools; with all artificial instruments
+whatsoever. All engines of war, for many whereof (being antiquated) we
+have no proper names; as, Exosters, Sambukes, Catapultes, Testudos,
+Scorpions, &amp;c. Petardes, Grenades, great Ordinance of all sorts.</p>
+
+<p>“By the benefit, likewise, of Geometry, we have our goodly ships,
+gallies, bridges, mills, chariots and coaches, (which were invented
+in Hungary, and there called Cotzki), some with two wheels, some with
+more; pullies and cranes of all sorts. She (Geometry) also with her
+ingenious hand rears all curious roofs and arches, stately theatres,
+the columns simple and compounded, pendant galleries, stately windows,
+turrets, &amp;c. And first brought to light our clocks and curious
+watches (unknown unto the ancients); lastly, <i>our kitchen jacks,
+even the wheel-barrow</i>. Besides whatsoever hath<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span> artificial motion,
+either by air, water, wind, sinews or cords, as all manner of musical
+instruments, water works and the like.</p>
+
+<p>“Yea, moreover, such is the infinite subtilty, and immense depth of
+this admirable art, that it dares contend even with nature’s self, in
+infusing life, as it were, into the senseless bodies of wood, stone,
+or metal. Witness the wooden dove of Archytas, so famous not only by
+Agellius, but many other authors beyond exception; which by reason of
+weights equally poised within the body, and a certain proportion of air
+(as the spirit of life enclosed), flew cheerfully forth, as if it had
+been a living dove.”</p>
+
+<p>This Cambridge Master of Arts appears much delighted with these and
+certain minute automata, occupying two pages in describing Scaliger’s
+ship, to swim and steer itself by means of the pith of rushes, bladder,
+and little strings of sinews; a wooden eagle “which mounted up into the
+air, and flew before the Emperor to the gates of Nuremberg;” an iron
+fly that flew about a table; ants and other insects made of ivory, so
+small that the “joints of their legs could not be discerned;” a four
+wheeled coach, which a fly could “cover with her wings;” a ship with
+all its sails, “which a little bee could overspread;” and, “of later
+times, Hadrian Junius, tells us that he saw with great delight and
+admiration, at Mechlin, in Brabant, a cherry-stone cut in the form of
+a basket, wherein were fifteen pair of dice distinct, each with their
+spots and number, very easily of a good eye to be discerned;” how “the
+Ilias of Homer written, was enclosed within a nut;” while, to conclude,
+Scaliger, relates “of a flea he saw with a long chain of gold about its
+neck.” The account of these wonders of art, winds up with descriptions
+of brazen, glass, and silver models, or planetariums illustrating<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span> the
+situations and motions of the heavenly bodies.</p>
+
+<p>From this serious discourse, by a grave scholar, and contemporary,
+relating to the labours of the first mathematicians of a bygone as
+well as of the existing age, we may form a valuable conception of
+the state of science, in its popular character, when Edward, Lord
+Herbert, entered upon his own course of practical philosophical
+pursuits, affording the ground work of his Century of Inventions,
+the accumulated digest of whatever he had effected during the early,
+middle, and later years of his life. Viewed from any other point than
+the period in which he lived, the means of information around him, and
+the comparatively limited extent of scientific knowledge, the modern
+reader would form a serious misconception of his singular abilities,
+his versatile mechanical talent and the fecundity of his inventive
+ingenuity. There can be little or no doubt but that he was well versed
+in the mathematical knowledge of his times, and that it principally
+contributed in aiding him to obtain those mechanical results, to which
+we consequently find him restricting his attention.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Bacon had died but the year before the publication of Peacham’s
+work. Alchemy still ruled and had its adepts and votaries; and Ashmole
+made a large collection of alchemical writings, for Chemistry was but
+just faintly emerging from the mysticisms of its precursor, Alchemy.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1628 Edward Somerset, Lord Herbert, being then about 27
+years of age, married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Dormer,
+eldest son of Robert Lord Dormer of Weng, and sister to Robert Earl
+of Carnarvon.<a href="#Footnote_11" id="FNanchor_11" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>
+She became in 1629 the mother of Henry<a href="#Footnote_12" id="FNanchor_12" class="fnanchor">[D]</a>
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span> Somerset
+(afterwards created first Duke of Beaufort); and had besides two
+daughters, Anne, who married Henry Frederick, third Earl of Arundel of
+the Howards; and Elizabeth, who married William Herbert, first Marquis
+of Powis.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p16f.jpg" width="100%" alt="BIRD’S-EYE VIEW FROM MAP OF LONDON, 1658." />
+
+
+ Engraved by J. Cochran.
+
+<br /><br /><span class="ph2">ELIZABETH, LADY HERBERT,</span>
+
+<br />Died 31<sup>st.</sup> May, 1635.
+
+<br /><br />FIRST WIFE OF EDWARD SOMERSET, LORD HERBERT.
+<br />AFTERWARDS SECOND MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.
+
+<br /><br /><span class="ph2"><i>Drawn by Henry Dircks, C.E. from the Original of Vandyke in the
+Collection of His Grace the Duke of Beaufort.</i></span>
+
+
+<br /><br />Published by B. Quaritch, Piccadilly, London, 1864.</div>
+
+<p class="margin_top">
+No contemporary or other hand has recorded any details of Lord
+Herbert’s marriage, or even any particulars of his early life; in the
+absence of decisive information, we can only surmise from stray facts
+the possibility of his having withdrawn from the Court, taken up his
+abode at Raglan Castle, and there occupied himself in those scientific
+studies and pursuits which were his special delight at that early
+period, and which were indeed the solace even of his declining years.</p>
+
+<p>Judging from a statement that occurs in his writings,<a href="#Footnote_13" id="FNanchor_13" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> it is most
+likely that in 1628, soon after his marriage, he engaged the services
+of “the unparalleled workman both for trust and skill, <span class="smcap">Caspar
+Kaltoff</span>,” of whom we shall have occasion to speak more at length
+hereafter, and who, he says, was “as in a school under me employed;”<a href="#Footnote_14" id="FNanchor_14" class="fnanchor">[F]</a>
+by which we understand that Kaltoff had the practical management of
+those mechanical and other inventions which, then commenced, became the
+principal study and employment of his Lordship’s leisure during the
+remainder of his life. He must have set up a complete laboratory or
+workshop in which to operate on the many varied ingenious contrivances
+and experiments, of only part of which he has left us a most
+interesting catalogue raisonné.</p>
+
+<p>The early genius of Lord Herbert would appear to have exhibited itself
+in an attachment to mathematical studies, and a singular predilection,
+in a young nobleman, for mechanical pursuits. He has himself <span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span>mentioned
+two instances which we consider may fairly be referred to his earliest
+continental tour, accompanied by his tutor. Speaking of a certain
+contrivance for a fountain, he explicitly declares:&mdash;“This I confess, I
+have seen and learned of the great mathematician Claudius his studies
+at Rome, he having made a present thereof unto a Cardinal.” And when,
+alluding to a peculiar kind of lever, he pointedly remarks: “This I
+saw in the arsenal at Venice;”<a href="#Footnote_15" id="FNanchor_15" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> thus showing how early his mind was
+impressed with those studies which became the distinguishing feature
+of his writings; and all the more surprising in him, considering
+his birth, his times, and the originality and fruitfulness of his
+inventive talent, which might have found ample scope in some branch of
+literature, in agriculture, or in military works.</p>
+
+<p>His employment of a foreign mechanic was quite in accordance with
+the spirit of the age. National and private undertakings, as well as
+manufacturing and other matters requiring engineering skill, were
+ordinarily superintended by eminent Italian, Dutch, German, French,
+Swiss, or other continental engineers.</p>
+
+<p>During a period of seven years, from the time of his marriage,
+his life appears to have borne an entirely studious and domestic
+character, spent, most likely, principally at Raglan. To the ample
+leisure and quiet thus afforded him we may attribute all his lesser
+inventions, such as the numerous schemes for effecting and conveying
+secret correspondence, which in early and troubled times were esteemed
+as highly useful; some of his automata, amusive toys, drawing and
+other instruments and mechanical devices. He appears to have taken
+considerable interest in multiplying these comparatively minor
+inventions almost to exhaustion, as it <span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span>were, of the several subjects
+to which they apply. So fertile, indeed, was this inventive faculty in
+him, that he himself has stated: “The more that you shall be pleased to
+make use of my inventions, the more inventive shall you ever find me,
+one invention begetting still another.”<a href="#Footnote_16" id="FNanchor_16" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></p>
+
+<p>Among his larger works we must rank his water-raising engines, in which
+his earliest efforts are exhibited in the water-works he erected in
+connection with the Citadel or Keep of Raglan Castle; which, as will
+be more minutely explained in a future commentary, belongs to this
+period. It probably depended for its operation on the influence of heat
+from burning fuel acting on a suitably constructed boiler containing
+water, and so arranged as to be able to apply the expansive force of
+steam to the driving of water through vertical pipes to a considerable
+elevation, which in this instance is supposed to have been limited to
+a large cistern on the summit of the Citadel or Donjon, known as the
+Tower of Gwent. This early work may, in fact, have been the occasion
+of calling in the aid of Caspar Kaltoff; and once thus employed, his
+after retention by such a master is readily conceivable. But master,
+and man, and works have all disappeared, and no printed, written,
+or drawn record or model remains of the waterworks there set up, to
+enable us to point distinctly to precise particulars of arrangement.
+All that the inquisitive and ingenious investigator can find to reward
+his most prying curiosity, are certain strange mysterious grooves
+in the external wall of the Citadel, on one side facing the moat
+and the castle, which point like a hieroglyphic inscription to the
+precise place where once stood in active operation the first practical
+application in a primitive form of a means of employing steam as a
+useful mechanical agent.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_20"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 20]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p20.jpg" width="100%" alt="Water-works side of the Citadel, Raglan Castle" /></div>
+
+<p id="Page_21"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 21]</span></p>
+
+<p>The annexed engraving represents a view of that side of the Citadel
+which looks across the moat towards the castle; that is, across the
+place where a bridge once stood, and opposite the Fountain Court.
+Commencing from below we observe a gothic doorway, which was the
+entrance to the draw and the permanent bridges. Over the arched
+interior of this entrance is a chamber or cell, measuring about seven
+feet by five feet, and better than six feet high in the centre. On the
+outside front of the cell are seen indications of two square places;
+and above them, one to each, two upright channels or grooves, each
+one foot wide and the same in depth. Adjoining is another groove but
+terminating at bottom in two lesser grooves of four inches and a half
+in width, connected a little way up with the large groove. This second
+portion has a distinct cell behind it, less in dimensions than the
+first. From the summit of the three large vertical channels to the
+ground measures forty-six feet.</p>
+
+<p>Now it would have been quite possible to work a small steam boiler in
+each cell, and the pipes from those boilers might have been enclosed
+in the grooves described, entering inwards at top to discharge their
+contents into a cistern on the Citadel roof. And the boilers might have
+been conveniently supplied with water from the moat either by hand
+pumps, or by forming a vacuum for that purpose. It is here, however,
+unnecessary to enter upon mechanical details, as the subject will
+appear at large when describing his matured Invention.</p>
+
+<p>That inimitable portrait painter Vandyck, who was born 1598&ndash;9, studied
+under Rubens, and was an especial favourite with Charles the First, has
+undoubtedly left us a faithful portraiture of the features of both his
+Lordship and of Elizabeth his first wife; the former dating probably<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span>
+between 1621 and 1626, the latter between 1628 and 1635.</p>
+
+<p>The portrait of Lady Herbert, three-quarter size, is to be seen in the
+dining-room at Badminton House. It displays an intellectual countenance
+of a serious, dignified and most pleasing cast; her dark auburn hair
+is combed close from the forehead backwards, but so as still to leave
+a fringe of small curls in front; her hair braided and knotted behind
+is entwined with a string of pearls, while a portion of her tresses
+from behind falls in abundant ringlets about her neck and shoulders.
+She wears a large plain pearl necklace; with single pearl-drops as
+ear-rings. Her dress is low-bodied, of white satin, with the usual long
+tight stomacher, full short sleeves and large white vandyked frills
+or cuffs; on her arms, near each elbow, are single strings of pearls,
+like bracelets. Over her shoulders is thrown a light narrow fur tippet
+with long ends terminating backwards in short tails. The artist has
+represented her looking slightly aside as she might appear crossing her
+drawing-room, in the highly graceful and becoming style which Vandyck
+always so happily selected for the subjects of his magic pencil.</p>
+
+<p>This may have been the period to which his Lordship later in life
+fondly looked back as his “golden days.” He was, however, doomed to
+suffer his first great bereavement in the decease of his young wife at
+Worcester House in the Strand, on Sunday the 31st of May, 1635. She
+was buried at St. Cadocus, the parish church of Raglan, within the
+family vault beneath the Beaufort Chapel. He was thus left a widower
+with the charge of his son and heir not above six years of age, and two
+daughters.</p>
+
+<p>A singular error, as to the date, occurring in all genealogies and
+biographical accounts that mention the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span> decease of Lady Herbert,
+renders it the more important to refer to the following certificate
+obtained from the Heralds’ Office:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“The right honourable Lady the Lady Elizabeth, late wife of the right
+honourable Edward Somerset Lord Herbert, son and heir to the right
+honourable Henry Earl of Worcester, and daughter of Sir William Dormer,
+Knight, eldest son of Robert Lord Dormer, of Wing, (which Sir William
+died in the lifetime of his father) and sister to the now Earl of
+Carnarvon, departed this mortal life at Worcester House in the Strand,
+near London, on Sunday the last of May, 1635, leaving issue, Mr. Henry
+Somerset, only son, about six years of age, Mrs. Anne eldest and Mrs.
+Elizabeth youngest daughter. Her body was honourably conveyed to
+Ragland, in the County of Monmouth in Wales, there to be interred. This
+Certificate was taken by George Owen Yorke, herald, the 1st day of
+June, 1635, to be registered in the Office of Arms, and testified by
+the right honourable Lord,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Edward Herbert</span>.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">Among the family papers is a letter bearing date this year, alluding
+to Lord Herbert, but addressed by Secretary Coke to his Lordship’s
+father:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Right Honourable</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">“Upon a letter received from your noble son, the Lord Herbert, whereby
+he signifieth, that the Deputation is now come from the Lord President
+of Wales, I have according to his Lordship’s desire represented his
+thankfulness to his Majesty, and have order from his Majesty to signify
+to your Lordship that it is not only in this particular case; But
+hereafter also he will be graciously<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span> mindful of your good service done
+heretofore, in the Lieutenancies of Glamorgan and Monmouth, and your
+willing resigning of them. And he hath also commanded me to tell the
+Earl of Bridgewater, that he shall proceed therein with your Lordship
+in the same manner the Earl of Northampton his predecessor did, and not
+otherwise: which accordingly I have signified to his Lordship. And thus
+having imparted to your Lordship both his Majesty’s gracious favour
+towards yourself and your son, who in this business hath performed as
+much respect and duty as can be expected from a worthy son, I humbly
+take leave and so remain,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line3">“Your Lordship’s humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">John Coke</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="smaller extra_indent margin_bottom">“Whitehall, December 3rd. 1635.<br />
+To the right honourable <span class="smcap">the Earl of Worcester</span>, &amp;c.”</p>
+
+
+<p>It is not at all unlikely that after the funeral his Lordship returned
+to Worcester House. London would afford him many advantages for the
+gratification of his scientific pursuits, not to be obtained in the
+country. It appears, indeed, pretty evident that about this period he
+set up in the Tower his large wheel for exhibiting self-motive power,
+which the learned assume to be a mechanical fallacy, but which no
+one has yet proved to general comprehension to be an impossibility.
+In a scientific point of view, but particularly in connection with
+the life of this remarkable man, a subject of this nature cannot be
+lightly passed over. It affects his reputation more than appears on the
+surface, as we shall show in the course of our observations.</p>
+
+<p>It was a machine, consisting of a wheel fourteen feet in diameter,
+carrying forty weights of fifty pounds each,<a href="#Footnote_17" id="FNanchor_17" class="fnanchor">[I]</a> and is supposed to
+have rotated on an axle, supported <span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span>on two pillars or upright frames.
+His Lordship has been very precise in describing all the circumstances
+under which it was shown. There were present Charles the First,
+accompanied by two extraordinary Ambassadors, the Duke of Richmond, the
+Duke of Hamilton, with most of the Court; and Sir William Balfour was
+at the time Lord Lieutenant of the Tower. Now the latter circumstance
+would fix the date as not being later than 1641, while other facts
+make it reasonable to suppose the experiment took place at least two
+or three years earlier. Up to 1638 Charles the First had reigned for
+ten years in comparative peace and leisure. May it not have been during
+this lull in the portending storm of public discontent that royalty
+deigned to inspect a singular piece of mechanism, supposed to move of
+itself without any aid from external agency? In 1642, Sir John Byron
+was made Lord Lieutenant of the Tower; and Sir William Balfour<a href="#Footnote_18" id="FNanchor_18" class="fnanchor">[J]</a> was
+in command of the Parliamentary forces at Edge-hill.</p>
+
+<p>This wheel experiment may have been made in 1638&ndash;9, prior to the
+decease of his lady, and during the most peaceable portion of his
+Majesty’s reign; and indeed while his Lordship’s own domestic affairs
+were wearing their most cheerful and agreeable aspect.</p>
+
+<p>His Lordship has been charged with dealing in paradoxes, and none
+greater than the one under consideration need be sought for. It
+relates to a problem which for 2000 years has not only perplexed
+mathematicians, but likewise been a stumbling-block to many ingenious
+mechanicians during at least five centuries. What mathematicians
+fail to prove and what mechanicians fail to produce, every modern
+philosopher demands <span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span>shall be stamped as an impossibility, as absurd
+as it is impossible. Now the dilemma is, How has the author of the
+“Century of Inventions” fallen into the common, vulgar error of
+believing in the possibility of perpetual motion; and not only so, but
+publicly exhibiting a machine pretending to that character?</p>
+
+<p>We are not disposed to question either his talent, or his veracity,
+hence the difficulty of offering any simple, direct, satisfactory reply
+to what otherwise appears to be an easily answered interrogative.
+Eminent writers of the seventeenth and previous centuries maintained
+that perpetual motion was possible. Dr. Dee, in his very curious
+preface to the first translation of Euclid into English, wrote
+favourably on this very topic; so that, however the modern scientific
+sceptic may blame his Lordship for want of skill, or, worse, of
+veracity, his opinion was quite in accordance with the estimation in
+which the subject was viewed in his day. But he goes a step farther, he
+speaks of a practical result. Hence he leaves us no alternative but to
+declare that he propounds either a truth or a falsehood; and if false
+that he was either himself mistaken, or deceived by others. But either
+way it is difficult to arrive at a thoroughly satisfactory conclusion,
+even as to what his Lordship actually intended and performed in this
+instance, owing to the usual vagueness of his own statements.</p>
+
+<p>At 38 years of age Lord Herbert had enjoyed seven years of matrimonial
+felicity, and had been during four years a widower. In 1639, his son
+Henry would be 10 years old, his two daughters much younger, so that as
+well for their education as for the gratification of his own scientific
+investigations, he may have continued for some time to reside at
+Worcester House: the Strand and all that neighbourhood being then in
+the occupancy of families of title, wealth and high position.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span> During
+his father’s lifetime, the resident housekeeper was James Redman,
+Esquire, as we learn from the list of his household.</p>
+
+<p>The private studies and pursuits in which Lord Herbert was
+indefatigably engaged, must have occupied his attention from an
+innate love of physical science. The society in which he moved had no
+tendency that way, while the times in which he lived were far from
+affording any encouragement for such investigations as those in which
+he was principally engaged. The metropolis in his day was without
+coaches until 1625, when they were first used by the gentry, and ten
+years later hackney coaches were considered to have arrived at such a
+dangerous increase that their plying was restrained by law; and London
+streets were either so bad, or the treasury so low, that penalties
+were levied on all heavy vehicles passing over the highways. It is
+characteristic of the state of our laws at that period, that Dr.
+Leighton was for his writings sentenced to barbarous mutilations, as
+also happened in 1633 to the unfortunate learned Mr. Prynne, and four
+years later to John Lilburn. The pillory, whipping culprits through
+the streets, cropping ears and other mutilations and barbarities were
+ordinary punishments, and in 1636 the plague was raging throughout the
+metropolis and its suburbs, with all its accustomed terrors.</p>
+
+<p>But not in this view alone do we see little to inspirit him in the
+ardent pursuit of mechanical employments, another and more serious
+obstacle arose from his belonging, like his father and ancestors, to
+the Roman Catholic faith. The laws against Papists were inconsistently
+stringent in England on religious grounds; and strange to say,
+in imperial Rome, the very seat of the papacy, absurdly severe
+denunciations were pronounced against even the free discussion of
+scientific subjects. On the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span> memorable 22nd of June, 1633, Galileo,
+prosecuted by the Inquisition at Rome, was compelled to abjure his
+astronomical theories and discoveries as heretical! The inquiry
+with its results must have deeply interested Lord Herbert; but what
+could he hope to gain even from his own party, as the inventor of
+a “semi-omnipotent engine?” Thus situated he was surrounded by
+circumstances nowise calculated to stimulate his mental activity in
+the peculiar occupations that employed his leisure and his fortune;
+but the fact offers an invaluable proof of the intense satisfaction
+an inquiring mind always experiences in the realization of its mental
+speculations.</p>
+
+<p>There is every reason to believe that his studies were completed, his
+tastes fixed, his experiments pretty well matured at this period,
+and that it was, therefore, the occasion of stamping his future
+character. He was then terminating his “golden days,” to enter upon a
+very different career. While, therefore, most anxious to avoid every
+appearance of substituting fictions for facts, we feel impelled to
+indulge in an attempt to account for his long serious devotion to
+employments so apparently foreign to either his education, his station
+in life, or the necessities of the times; while, indeed, on the other
+hand, all operated against him, owing to the darkness, ignorance,
+persecution and prevailing prejudices of the age.</p>
+
+<p>It appears from his published work that Lord Herbert was better versed
+in mathematical than in classical literature. His mental activity may
+have been promoted by physical causes, assuming that from delicacy
+of constitution he may have been thereby disposed to those studious
+habits, to which he was ever after so much attached; the Vandyck
+portrait of him in his youth would indicate that he was not constituted
+for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span> undergoing much severity of exercise in the fatiguing sports and
+pastimes then in vogue.</p>
+
+<p>In 1639, his confidential workman, Caspar Kaltoff, would have expended
+eleven years in constructing models and machines to establish the
+practicability of the many novel schemes which his Lordship had, up to
+that time, developed. Meanwhile, his own reading was no doubt pursued
+with vigour, and we cannot believe him to have been unpossessed of
+the celebrated authorities among English and foreign writers. He must
+have studied with interest Ramelli’s very elaborate volume, 1588, on
+machines, illustrated with one hundred and ninety-five large, finely
+executed copper-plate engravings; the popular Spiritalia of Hero of
+Alexandria; with even, perhaps, the works of the engineer and architect
+Solomon De Caus, published in 1615; together with the labours of many
+kindred writers. Judging, however, from internal evidence, there was
+one, among many English authors, whose work especially gratified his
+taste, the “Mysteries of Nature and Art,” by John Bate, which went
+through two editions, dating 1634 and 1635, containing a “Booke of
+Water-workes,” treating of “evaporating water, and rarifying ayre.”
+The peculiarity of such studies was sufficient to separate him from
+the fashionable society of Courts, and the too frequently frivolous
+society attendant even at Raglan Castle. If he then made few enemies,
+his conversation and pursuits were little calculated to enlarge his
+social acquaintance, and may even have early inspired a belief in his
+possessing equal eccentricity and enthusiasm. His memory, however,
+cannot fail to be cherished by posterity as the illustrious possessor
+of a highly cultivated intellect, displaying a singularly powerful,
+original, protean inventive genius.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:40%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p10.jpg" width="100%" alt="H. Herbert (autograph) Henry, 1st Marquis of Worcester" /></div>
+<p><a id="Footnote_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> The annexed specimen of his Lordship’s autograph, during
+his father’s lifetime, is from a MS. certificate in the British Museum
+dated 21st May, 1604.
+</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_8"><a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1603&ndash;1610. Edited by
+Mrs. M. A. E. Green. 8vo. 1857, page 529.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_9"><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> An. à Wood. Vol. 3, pp. 199&ndash;204.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:50%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p12.jpg" width="100%" alt="E. Worcester (autograph) Edward, 4th Earl of Worcester" /></div>
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_10"><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Bodleian Library, “Carte Papers&mdash;Earl of Huntingdon’s
+Papers, Temp. Eliz. Car. II. 77.” No 120. The annexed engraving is a
+facsimile of his autograph to the letter in question.
+</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_11"><a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Atkyns.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_12"><a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> Henry, Duke of Beaufort, died in 1699, at 70 years of age, so that he must have been born in 1629.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_13"><a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Dedication to the “Century.”</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_14"><a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Ibid.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_15"><a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> “The Century,” articles Nos. 21 and 26.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_16"><a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> The “Century,” Dedication.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_17"><a href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> The “Century,” Article No. 56.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_18"><a href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> It is not certain how long Sir William Balfour was Lord
+Lieutenant of the Tower prior to 1641.</p></div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_30"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 30]</span></p>
+
+<h2 id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="chapter_heading">EDWARD, LORD HERBERT’S SECOND MARRIAGE.</p>
+
+
+<p>In 1639 Lord Herbert entered a second time into the matrimonial
+state, a prudential step as he was then situated, at the age of 38,
+having a young family without any sufficient guardian. He married the
+Lady Margaret, second daughter and co-heir of Henry O’Brien, Earl of
+Thomond; by which alliance he obtained some possessions, as well as a
+connexion with many of the best and most powerful families in Ireland.
+Of this, as of his first marriage, no particulars have been preserved,
+not even their date, or where celebrated; yet considering that both
+occurred during his father’s lifetime and greatest prosperity, we
+can readily believe that they were accompanied with all the usual
+demonstrations of joy, ceremony and feasting. They had but one
+daughter, Mary, who died during her infancy. In a family group, painted
+by Hanneman, a close imitator of Vandyck, Lord Herbert is represented
+as a Roman general, seated by his lady attired in a modern costume of
+pale blue satin, with their child standing before her in a reclining
+position. He has a very aged appearance, although one might presume
+that the portrait was executed when he was under forty-five. It is a
+very thinly and sketchily painted performance. His Lordship presents a
+singular appearance in a toga and tight fitting hose of deep scarlet,
+an ornamented leathern jerkin, and wearing a wig streaming over his
+breast and shoulders, sitting in a chair with his right hand resting
+on a walking stick, while his left hangs negligently over the arm of
+the chair in proximity with a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span> mighty sheathed sword. His lady in
+ample folds of silk, with the usual long, tightly fitting, jewelled
+stomacher, has her hair in a fringe of small curls over her forehead,
+combed closely back, where it terminates in a knot from which a few
+ringlets flow behind; she wears also pearl ear-drops and a pearl
+necklace, which ornaments are repeated on her child.</p>
+
+<p>The same year, on the 8th of April, he lost his mother, Anne, Countess
+of Worcester, who was buried at Raglan. It is possible, therefore, that
+his marriage was deferred during her illness, and not celebrated until
+some months after her decease.</p>
+
+<p>It was then the 15th year of Charles the First’s reign. Before
+the close of the year following, the Long Parliament commenced
+its sittings, when <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has Lenthal">Lenthall</ins> was chosen Speaker. All projectors and
+monopolists were denounced as incapable of holding office, several
+members, therefore, withdrew, whose places were speedily supplied. What
+must have been his Lordship’s impressions under the existing aspect of
+political affairs may easily be conceived, while as yet “Royalist” and
+“Roundhead” could scarcely be called popular terms of party distinction.</p>
+
+<p>In 1641, that martyr of science, Galileo, died, whose case so far
+assimilated with the Marquis’s own, that they were of the same
+religious persuasion: the one proscribed at home for the peculiar
+heretical turn his genius had taken, the other under the ban of
+suspicion for his papistical persuasion and supposed consequent
+prejudices.</p>
+
+<p>We now enter on the most critical era in the history of this great and
+good man. He was then residing in London, where he continued for some
+length of time, with the politic motive of avoiding as much as possible
+the suspicion of Parliament; for through his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span> father’s liberality he
+had already commenced supplying Charles the First with heavy loans.</p>
+
+<p>In the collection of manuscripts at Badminton, is an unpublished letter
+from Charles the First, dated 3rd of August, 1641, and also copies, in
+an ancient and probably contemporary hand, of letters, the originals
+of which, according to Birch, form part of the Harleian collection.<a href="#Footnote_19" id="FNanchor_19" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>
+In the first of these, dated 7th of December, 1641,&mdash;Charles the First
+requires Lord Herbert to repair to Whitehall, “not only for <i>his own
+particular use</i>, but <i>likewise for the good of the kingdom</i>,” so early
+had his Majesty taken him into his confidence and council. He had then
+not long returned from Scotland, and soon after he retreated to Hampton
+Court. He writes:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Right trusty and right well-beloved Cousin, We greet you
+well,&mdash;whereas We have heretofore by many letters and messages signed
+by us, given you testimony of Our favour and inclination to reward the
+good service of you and yours: These are further to assure you, that
+neither the times nor business shall ever make us unmindful of them:
+Yet upon occasions when Our good intentions therein may be really
+manifested, We desire to be put in mind that we may readily concur to a
+speedy performance, of which you may be ever most confident. And being
+[seeing?] your indisposition of body is such, that before Our intended
+journey We cannot signify the same to yourself in person, We have
+thought good to express it by these our Letters, Given at our Palace of
+Westminster, 3 day of August, In the seventeenth year of Our Reign and
+1641.”</p>
+
+<p class="smaller right">[Endorsed in an old handwriting, 1641.]</p>
+
+<p class="smaller left">“To Our Right trusty and right well beloved Cousin, <span class="smcap">Henry Earl of
+Worcester.</span>”</p>
+
+<p id="Page_33"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 33]</span></p>
+<p class="margin_top">Next comes the following:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Herbert</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Yours of the 1st of December has given me a just reason for your
+absence but certainly I have juster cause for your attendance, for
+it is well known how that you are to give me account of matters not
+only for my particular use, but likewise for the good of the kingdom;
+wherefore I require your repair hither with all convenient diligence;
+And the rather that you may find out the authors of these lying and
+scandalous Pamphlets concerning your father and you, touching [which] I
+not only promise you protection to your innocency but justice against
+those offenders, assuring you likewise that I shall be so mindful of
+you that, if I live, you shall neither be a loser in, nor repent you
+for the services you have done me. And so I rest</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line4">“Your assured friend,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Whitehall, the 7th December, 1641.<a href="#Footnote_20" id="FNanchor_20" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+
+<p>“I send you herein the paper that I could not find when you were with
+me.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">In his journey towards the north, his Majesty, on arriving at Royston,
+wrote to Lord Herbert as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Herbert</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Your services are expressed to me in so noble a way that I cannot
+but acknowledge to you under my own hand, and that I should think
+myself very unhappy, if I did not live by real testimonies to express
+my gratitude to you. And for your sister, Carnarvon, though I cannot
+punctually answer your expectation therein, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span>yet I hope you will be
+satisfied with the answer you will receive by your cousin Sir John
+Byron, to whom, referring myself for many things I have not time to
+write. I rest,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line2">“Your most assured constant friend,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Royston, 6 March, [1641&ndash;2.]”</p>
+
+
+<p>And again he addressed him a few lines, shortly before being refused
+admittance to Hull:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Herbert</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I entrusted your cousin Byron with the particular answers to your
+letter, reserving only to myself to answer you, that I esteem your
+services such as my words cannot express them; but by showing myself at
+all occasions to be</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line2">“Your most assured constant friend,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“York, 9 May, 1642.”</p>
+
+
+<p>We have here the earliest communications on record between these two
+remarkable individuals, whose personal histories have alike perplexed
+all political, polemical, and philosophical writers.</p>
+
+<p>Before setting out for Scotland, the King appears to have desired a
+personal interview with his Lordship, who seems to have been prevented
+from complying by some severe indisposition in July, 1641; his Majesty,
+therefore, conveys to him in writing, his “favour and inclination to
+reward the good service of you and yours.” His Lordship’s father had
+already made to the needy monarch some of those munificent advances,
+which, as long as he could obtain them, he was in the habit of repaying
+with ample promises and abundant flattery.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span></p>
+
+<p>In his second letter, he alludes to “lying and scandalous pamphlets
+concerning” his Lordship’s father, but what these may have been has not
+transpired; they may only have referred to him as connected with the
+Roman Catholic party.</p>
+
+<p>In another letter he expresses his “gratitude” for his Lordship’s
+noble expression of services; and alludes to his sister Carnarvon. And
+in the last of these letters, he flatteringly informs his Lordship,
+that,&mdash;“I esteem your services such as my words cannot express them;”
+yet by <i>words</i> alone were they ever, as then, expressed, only to be as
+conveniently repudiated.</p>
+
+<p>Up to forty years of age, Lord Herbert had lived as became a gentleman
+of ancient nobility, great expectations, and in the enjoyment of the
+most friendly intercourse with his sovereign. Well educated, travelled,
+accustomed to courtly life, devoted to learned studies and given to
+scientific pursuits, he has been hitherto only presented to us, in his
+domestic relations, as a dutiful son, a husband and father, having
+few engagements to withdraw him from the management of his estates,
+or distract him from the enjoyment of country sports and social
+intercourse. During this period, he had probably nothing more serious
+on hand than an occasional change of residence, as he passed some
+portions of the year at Raglan Castle, and occupied at others the ample
+accommodations of Worcester House.</p>
+
+<p>In a statement<a href="#Footnote_21" id="FNanchor_21" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> he wrote long after, he incidentally remarks:&mdash;“I was
+not privy, or present with his Majesty at Greenwich [26th February,
+1641] when he first took his resolution for the North, and removed,
+without the Queen, to Theobalds; from which he was pleased to write me
+a lamentable letter by the hands of Sir
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span>
+John Byron, averring that he had but £600, and £300 of which was given
+to defray his horses, which the Marquis of Hamilton, then Master of the
+Horse, refused to do, fearing to displease the Parliament.”</p>
+
+<p>For awhile he was necessitated to act with consummate caution to
+conceal his true political bias from the Parliamentary party. But the
+drama of his life has now to change; his “golden days” are gone, and
+hereafter we view him only in evil times, times so distracted and
+turbulent, that the materials they afford us of his future life, are
+but like the fragments of a terrible wreck.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_19"><a href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Inquiry, 1756, page 349.</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_20"><a href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, gives the date “11th of December, 1641.” p 356.</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_21"><a href="#FNanchor_21"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> See <a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII">Chapter XVIII</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_37"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 37]</span></p>
+
+<h2 id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="chapter_heading">HENRY, EARL OF WORCESTER.&mdash;CREATED MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.&mdash;RAGLAN CASTLE.</p>
+
+
+<p>The general aspect of public affairs in 1641, foreshadowed the coming
+storm. Charles the First had departed from Whitehall; civil war raged
+through the length and breadth of the land, terminating in fearful
+consequences to the monarch and all his wealthiest loyal supporters.</p>
+
+<p>On the 2nd of November, 1642,<a href="#Footnote_22" id="FNanchor_22" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> Henry was created Marquis of
+Worcester, being the first of his family raised to that dignity. He
+would then be 65 years of age, but does not appear to have enjoyed
+uniform good health; he was corpulent in body, possessed a vigorous
+intellect, and was remarkable for his flow of humour. It is recorded of
+him, but without reference to any authority for the statement,<a href="#Footnote_23" id="FNanchor_23" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> that
+he was singular for the custom of wearing a coat of frieze, a coarse
+narrow cloth much in use; the term being applied to garments having
+long wool, then said to be friezed. Sanderson speaks of him as a plain
+man, especially in his apparel.</p>
+
+<p>His great wealth enabled him to afford Charles the First early
+important pecuniary assistance, which, together with his great loyalty,
+although a papist, secured him all that esteem and favour, which the
+peculiar mental constitution of his royal master, alone best knew
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span>
+how to turn to the largest possible amount of personal profit, without
+being absolutely necessitated to make any adequate return other than
+his word and honour. If the materials for the personal character of
+Charles the First had to be drawn solely from his treatment of the
+first two Marquisses of Worcester&mdash;the veteran Lord of Raglan Castle,
+and his enthusiastic valorous son, the Lord Herbert, sufficient
+evidence would be found to establish that monarch’s perfidious nature,
+and the utter worthlessness of his plighted word and most solemn
+protestations.</p>
+
+<p class="margin_bottom">The Parliament took early notice of the proceedings of both the Earl
+of Worcester and his son Lord Herbert. The Journals of the House of
+Commons<a href="#Footnote_24" id="FNanchor_24" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> inform us that on the 29th of January, 1640&ndash;41:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="dated_at_top">“Die Veneris, 29 Jan., 1640.</p>
+
+
+<p>“Mr. Treasurer acquaints this House, that his Majesty’s pleasure is,
+that this House do attend his Majesty this afternoon, at two of [the]
+clock, in the Banqueting House, and that he had intimated his pleasure
+likewise to the Lords to attend him at the same time.</p>
+
+<p>“Ordered, That the consideration of the commission granted to the
+Earl of Worcester, and his eldest son the Lord Herbert, and the
+sub-commissions by them granted to others, for the levying of forces
+in several Counties of England and Wales, and all the circumstances
+depending thereupon, be referred to the Committee appointed to draw up
+the charge against the Earl of Stratford, &amp;c.”</p>
+
+<p class="margin2_top">And on the 11th of February following, that:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_top" id="Page_39">“Die Jovis, 11º Feb 1640.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 39]</span></p>
+
+
+<p>“Mr. Reignolds reports from the Committee of the Earl of Worcester, the
+substance of that business. * * * * * * (thus printed in Journal.)</p>
+
+<p>“And then it was resolved, upon the question, That the particulars
+reported by Sir W. Erle, Sir Jo. Clotworthy, and Mr. Reignolds, shall
+be the heads of the Conference to be desired with the Lords, concerning
+the disbanding of the new-levied Irish Army, and disarming of the
+Popish Recusants here in England.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">Later we find a guard set on his residence in London.<a href="#Footnote_25" id="FNanchor_25" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top dated_at_top">“Die Martis, 16º Nov. 1641.</p>
+
+<p>“Mr. Wittacre, Sir John Francklin, Sir John Hippisley, Mr. Wheler,
+Mr. G. Long, are appointed to go immediately, and take order to set a
+good guard upon the house of the Earl of Worcester; and to search for
+persons suspected of high treason.</p>
+
+<p>“They are to take like care for setting a guard upon, and searching * *
+*; and likewise upon such other houses, as they shall be informed; and
+that they have power to search all such houses at such times as they
+shall think fit.</p>
+
+<p>“... To acquaint their Lordships, what this House has done for the
+searching, and setting a guard upon, the Earl of Worcester’s house, and
+upon what grounds.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">On the 5th of January, 1642, his Majesty addressed the following letter
+to the Marquis, in which he says&mdash;</p>
+
+<p id="Page_40"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 40]</span></p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">“The large expressions which you and your son have made unto us of your
+forwardness to a service, shall <i>never be forgotten</i>.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Right trusty and right entirely beloved Cousin, We greet you well.
+Your son, the Lord Herbert, hath excused your not writing unto us; but
+where we find so much royalty, there needs not ceremony, and your last
+performance of our desires hath crowned the rest. And we would have
+you confident that the mentioning of leaving few forces at Raglan,
+was not out of any diminution of our care of you, or meant to lessen
+any provision fitting thereto: For we well understand that there were
+never any of the forces raised in the county, applied thereunto more
+than a private company under servants of your own. But the Ward of
+Raglan was given as a general ward attributive to the country, as that
+time we understood it. The large expressions which you and your said
+son have made unto us of your forwardness to a service, shall never be
+forgotten. He now commands in chief in the absence of the Lord Marquis
+[of] Hertford, and besides his dutifulness unto you, our command is,
+that his power and yours shall [be] the same, as your hearts are to our
+service. The acceptance whereof we shall not fail to make appear on all
+occasions, whereof you may rest assured. Given under and signed at our
+Court at Oxford, the 5th day of January, in the eighteenth year of our
+reign, 1642.<a href="#Footnote_26" id="FNanchor_26" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
+
+<p class="margin_top dated_at_bottom">“To Our Right trusty and right entirely beloved Cousin, <span class="smcap">Henry,
+Marquis of Worcester</span>.”</p>
+
+
+<p>The earliest direct intimation we have of money passing from the
+Marquis to the King occurs in two <span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span>letters from Sir John Byron. In his
+first communication he says:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“The King is so oppressed with [a] multitude of business that he has
+commanded me to write unto your Lordship this inclosed letter, not
+having leisure himself to write more than a short postscript to give
+credit to what I have written. I had thought to have sent some of my
+own servants to convey the money hither, but Mr. Griffin tells me
+your Lordship would rather send it by him and some other, whom you
+should think fit to trust, and then it may be brought so privately to
+Newstead, where I shall be ready to receive it, that none but such
+as your Lordship trusteth need to know of it. I humbly desire your
+Lordship it may be sent with all possible speed, because his Majesty
+hath allotted it for a service that must immediately be gone in hand
+with all [speed]. I shall not need to trouble your Lordship any
+farther, and therefore humbly kissing your hands, rest ever,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line3">“Your Lordship’s most humble Servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">John Byron</span>.
+<a href="#Footnote_27" id="FNanchor_27" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“York, July 8, 1642.<br />
+“To the <span class="smcap">Earl of Worcester</span>.”</p>
+
+
+<p>On the 24th of the same month Sir John Byron<a href="#Footnote_28" id="FNanchor_28" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> wrote a second letter
+as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My most honoured Lord</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Your Lordship hath honoured me with a title which I value above any
+other that can be given me, and of which I shall ever endeavour to make
+myself worthy by all real expressions of faithful and humble service.
+It was my misfortune to be from home when <span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span>Sir John Somerset came, and
+though I acquainted his Majesty therewith (upon whom I then attended),
+yet he would not permit me to go to him for a day or two, having some
+other service to employ me in by reason of his journey to Leicester,
+where it was thought he would have had some opposition; but upon his
+Majesty’s approach, his enemies fled, Hazelrick,<a href="#Footnote_29" id="FNanchor_29" class="fnanchor">[F]</a> the chief of them,
+was said to be lurking hereabouts, whereupon the King commanded me and
+some other gentlemen, to go out and see if we could apprehend him; but,
+though we used the best diligence we could, riding both day and night,
+yet we came short of him.</p>
+
+<p>“This is the cause of the delay in returning your Lordship an answer,
+for which I hope your Lordship will pardon me; and now, since Sir John
+Somerset is come hither, having left the £5000 your Lordship sent at
+Newstead, my house, his Majesty hath commanded me to make use of it
+for the levying of 500 horse, and withal, in his name, to return your
+Lordship all possible thanks for your seasonable assistance both now
+and heretofore, and that he hopes he shall not die in your debt. These
+are his own words, and desires to be excused for not writing himself,
+by reason of the little leisure he hath; for my own particular, I
+humbly beseech your Lordship to believe that, as there lives not any
+body more deeply engaged for real and noble favours to your Lordship
+than myself, so no man can be more sensible of them, or more ready upon
+all occasions to express myself, my Lord,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line2">“Your Lordship’s most humble</p>
+<p class="signed_line4">“and faithful servant,</p>
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">John Byron</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Leicester Abbey, this Sunday, being the 24th of July, 1642.”</p>
+
+<p id="Page_43"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 43]</span>
+Still later, and the House of Commons directs its
+attention to the disarming of the Earl, and the requiring
+of his son’s attendance.<a href="#Footnote_30" id="FNanchor_30" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top dated_at_top">“Die Sabbati, 20 Augusti, 1642. Post meridiem.</p>
+
+
+<p>“Message from the Lords by Sir Robt. Riche and Mr. Page;</p>
+
+<p>“That the Lords had sent them with Three Orders: 1. For the disarming
+of the Earl of Worcester, and all Papists; wherein they desire the
+concurrence of this House, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>“Answer returned by the same messenger (as to two of the Orders); And
+as to that of disarming the Earl of Worcester, will send an answer by
+messengers of their own.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">And again on the following month:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top dated_at_top">“Die Martis, 3º Septembris, 1642.</p>
+
+<p>“That Mr. Speaker shall write his letter to the Lord Herbert, son of
+the Earl of Worcester, to appear here, and attend the House.</p>
+
+<p>“Mr. Glyn to prepare this letter.</p>
+
+<p>“That the Lords be moved to send for the Earl of Worcester, to attend
+the Parliament.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">In August, 1642, had commenced that series of national disasters,
+which divided shires and even families into either Cavaliers or
+Roundheads&mdash;Royalists or Parliamentarians&mdash;Protestants or Puritans,
+in short, Tories or Whigs. It was then, or perhaps somewhat earlier,
+previous to his elevation, that the Earl of Worcester garrisoned
+Raglan Castle, strengthening his position by the raising of extensive
+earthworks on its most approachable<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span> side, and maintained there 800 men
+entirely at his own expense.</p>
+
+<p>In September, 1642, Lord Herbert was in personal communication with his
+Majesty at Nottingham. He was then, although 41 years of age, a man
+singularly inexperienced in the ways either of commerce or of courts.
+His studies, pursuits, domestic habits, were not calculated to foster
+that spirit of intrigue which a deep designing mind alone knows best
+how to conjure up and apply with consummate art, and the exercise
+of which base quality his position would seem to have frequently
+demanded. We have now to peruse a minute report, drawn up by Lord
+Herbert, of what passed between himself and the King in regard to a
+further loan.<a href="#Footnote_31" id="FNanchor_31" class="fnanchor">[H]</a> The cunning and artfulness of the royal negotiator is
+mirrored forth in this affair in most unmistakeable characters. But the
+whole document is a striking example of the arts by which Charles the
+First could practise on his unsuspecting victims. It is an engrossed
+copy&mdash;not signed&mdash;but has been endorsed on the back, “Lord Herbert’s
+Message from the King to be delivered to his father from Nottingham,
+Sept. 9th, 1642,” and runs as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“The effect of the message your Majesty desireth I should deliver to my
+father for your Majesty at Nottingham, the 9th of September, 1642.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“That your Majesty with many thanks expresseth yourself most sensible
+of the great expense and charge his Lordship hath been at for your
+service, far more than any man else, considering what I have had as
+well as Sir John Byron’s [expenses], that it is most true at this
+time, much lieth at stake both of your Majesty’s <span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span>honour and power
+for want of a little money, since £20,000, with what you have, would
+further your Majesty’s designs to a most hopeful condition; for want
+whereof, your Majesty is enforced to dally (though you will never
+yield), and at this present you offer that which is worth £100,000
+for £50,000, besides my Lord Capell, Sir William Savill and others
+of good estates do offer also theirs for security;&mdash;yet no want nor
+occasion can make your Majesty to press my Lord, who hath already done
+so much, but if he and his friends could procure £10,000, your Majesty
+would suddenly (if it please God to restore you) see it repaid, and
+would presently in token of thankfulness send my father the Garter,
+to be put on when he pleased, and also having the Great Seal in your
+Majesty’s own custody you would pass a patent of Marquis of what title
+my father should desire, and keep it private as long as he thought
+fitting; and to show that this proposition is far from urging him to
+his inconvenience, and so much doth your Majesty acknowledge yourself
+already beholding to him, as that even without procuring his Majesty
+this unspeakable advantage, your Majesty is graciously pleased that if
+he desire either or both these, your Majesty, at my return unto you,
+will vouchsafe them; but if this could be possibly performed, then the
+Crown, which hitherto your Majesty confesseth to stay upon your head
+by his assistance, will be then confirmed by him, and your Majesty;
+and your Majesty esteemeth so much of his understanding, as well as
+passionate zeal to your service, that if he will send your Majesty his
+advice (upon the relation of the state of business which your Majesty
+hath commanded me to make unto him) your Majesty will as soon follow
+it as any man’s, and the power you give, or intend to give me is, as
+I am subordinate, and most dutiful unto him to whom your<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span> Majesty
+esteemeth it to be given when it is to me; and your Majesty doth not
+only faithfully promise on the word of a King but of a Christian, that
+you will punctually perform your engagements advantageously to him and
+his, and never forsake either, whilst you breathe, joining his safety
+with your own, which is, and ever shall be your Majesty’s resolution.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">We have here a summary of the interview between Charles the First and
+Lord Herbert at Nottingham. The King was no doubt very gloomy, and
+the discourse between them most serious. There was on all occasions
+an imperturbable dignity of manner about his Majesty, although his
+personal appearance operated against him, his visage being long, with a
+narrow forehead, large nose, grey eyes, thick lips, and peaked beard.
+He stammered, too, in his speech, being also somewhat impetuous and
+hurried amidst all the apparent coolness and calmness of his conduct
+and conversation. Lord Herbert, on the contrary, in the very prime
+of life, was a man of cheerful aspect, with small dark full eyes,
+and smooth, oval, delicately formed features. Both wore the flowing
+locks in fashion, the one in ample curls, the other in plain long
+wavy hair. The Marquis fastidiously observed all courtly etiquette;
+without the accomplishment of fluency in speech, his conversation would
+be deferential, simple, without any show of boldness other than what
+conscious integrity of purpose might naturally inspire; unaffected,
+direct, and straightforward; displaying much suavity without any taint
+of selfishness, and profound zeal without the slightest hypocrisy.</p>
+
+<p>We almost see and hear again the wily financier, (such is the freshness
+of the reported conversation) while the meek, unsophisticated Lord
+Herbert is scrupulously<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span> noting each suggestion as it is dictated
+by his suppliant royal master, anxious to give in their integrity
+the identical honeyed phrases the Sovereign employs in depicting his
+obligations, his necessities, his securities, with the readiest means
+for extricating the royal cause and assuredly giving stability to the
+already tottering crown. His Majesty is gracious to an extreme; he
+will in very “thankfulness send the Earl the Garter,” and having “the
+Great Seal” in his “own custody,” he offers to “pass a patent of what
+title the Earl should desire;” nay, should he desire unconditionally
+to have either or both “his Majesty will vouchsafe them.” It was by
+such unworthy arts in diplomacy that Charles the First drew the loyal,
+warm-hearted, sincerely attached Lord Herbert into his toils, inducing
+him by unremitting flattery, artfully simulated condescension, and
+consummate sophistry to become instrumental in the ruin of both himself
+and his father. There is not the slightest ground to suppose that from
+the first to the last advance of money made by this family to the King,
+a single offer in the first instance came direct from either the Earl
+or his son; but there are abundant proofs that his Majesty held out
+from time to time every possible inducement he could conceive to sap
+the wealth of the too-confiding Earl of Worcester. Transparent as the
+craftiness of the present transaction must appear to the reader, it was
+not so obvious to the peer whom it interested, for he having once made
+his election to support the royal cause magnanimously proceeded as he
+had begun, until he exceeded even the bounds of common prudence.</p>
+
+<p>It will be requisite, as we progress, to notice many particulars which
+might at first appear irrelevant, as relating more considerably to the
+father than to the son; but it is important to bear in mind, that Lord
+Herbert<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span> becomes intimately associated with events then apparently
+only concerning his father, but which really are those most seriously
+affecting that turn in events which colour all his future history,
+whether as regards his early military career or his later cheerless
+destiny.</p>
+
+<p>Raglan Castle was then in its glory; it was often gay with numerous
+noble visitors. Lord Herbert resided there with his lady, particularly
+at that disturbed period; his father too had a numerous family and
+household. Although rather isolated in position, it must have been a
+place possessing considerable internal comfort. The good old Marquis
+was constituted to make all around him as happy as circumstances would
+permit; with strong religious and moral principles he combined the
+strictest possible sense of honour, of a gentlemanly and military
+bearing, with a joyous temperament that refused no source of accidental
+innocent amusement, turning the very ills of life to sources either of
+merriment or moral reflection as the case might be: which, with his
+princely means and liberal spirit, must have largely contributed to the
+promoting of good feeling and hilarity within the fortress of Raglan.</p>
+
+<p>The Castle crowns one of the many broad low verdant hills occupying
+a valley of immense extent in Monmouthshire. It is at present so
+embowered in a forest of ancient lofty trees, as to be all but hid
+from view within the circuit of a mile radius. There is just one point
+from which may be seen at the same time towering above the foliage
+the Tower of Gwent or Citadel on the right, and the Closet Tower on
+the left. The Citadel, which in reality stands outside the Castle, as
+being the loftiest object, is visible from the village, the Warrage,
+and other points of view. In its palmy days there were attached to the
+Castle an extensive, well-wooded and highly picturesque home-park,
+with <span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span>
+a well-stocked red-deer park; also various gardens, orchards,
+lawns, pleasure grounds, and fish-ponds artfully constructed, affording
+islands here, fountains there, and summer houses where they could
+be most advantageously placed. Thus were the demesnes of Raglan
+characteristic of its noble possessor’s distinguished position.</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p49.jpg" width="100%" alt="Distant view of Raglan Castle" />
+DISTANT VIEW OF RAGLAN CASTLE, MONMOUTHSHIRE.</div>
+<p class="blank_page">&nbsp;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span></p>
+<p class="continued"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span></p>
+
+<p>The most ancient portions of the Castle itself, were probably raised
+in the reign of Henry V., others are of more recent construction, but
+not much, if any of it, dates later than that of Elizabeth. Its mixed
+styles of architecture are very obvious. Among its later improvements
+were, no doubt, those large windows, which were better suited for an
+elegant domestic mansion, than for a fortress. The grand entrance was
+secured by its double portcullis, as likewise by a gate, leading to the
+paved or pitched court; a portcullis also protected the south-eastern
+entrance, leading from the fountain court to the pleasaunce or
+bowling-green, supposed by some to have originally been the tilt-yard;
+both of which entrances were further guarded by draw-bridges. The tower
+of Gwent, citadel, or keep, stands before, and a little removed from
+the castle, surrounded with a broad moat, which it would appear could
+be crossed by two bridges; one permanent, connected with, and for the
+special use of the castle, reaching to the walls of the bastions,
+whence communication was kept up by a draw-bridge with the keep itself;
+the other a draw-bridge only, in an opposite direction, whereby to
+pass over the moat to the sunk walk, for ordinary use. The tower is of
+extraordinary strength, its form hexagonal, its walls ten and a half
+feet thick, and its summit reached by a stone staircase.</p>
+
+<p>The Castle may be described as presenting two portions, distinguished
+by two courts and two fortified<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</span> arched entrances. The grand entrance
+between two hexagonal towers leads to the paved court, with the closet
+tower or library to the right, a withdrawing or ball-room over head,
+and the banqueting or stately hall to the left, which last attracts
+much notice from its size, nobleness, and state of preservation. It had
+a magnificent oak roof lighted by a lantern or cupola window at the
+top; at one end is a large stone carving of the arms of the Beaufort
+family, with their celebrated motto, <i>Mutare vel timere, sperno</i>;
+at the opposite end rose the minstrels’ gallery. One entire side is
+occupied with an ample fire-place, having large windows above, and
+on the right hand side a magnificent bay window; the opposite side
+of this great apartment is a mere lofty blank wall. Returning to the
+court we see the kitchen-tower, larders, and other domestic offices.
+Passing to the second, or Fountain Court, we observe a small chapel,
+marked only by its foundation stones. Above it, on the same level and
+of no greater width, ran the picture gallery, which may have been
+126 feet long by 13 feet wide. In it were, among others, many family
+portraits, particularly one of Charles, the first Earl, and another of
+Henry, the second Earl of Worcester.<a href="#Footnote_32" id="FNanchor_32" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> The Marquis’s private chamber
+was probably over the gate; but here, the outer walls excepted and
+the grand staircase, few remains of the ruin rise above the ground to
+distinguish their character.</p>
+
+<p>The vaults and cellars are numerous, but not so large as is generally
+supposed, although sufficiently capacious. Some were undoubtedly used
+as cells for prisoners, others for various stores, while certain vaults
+are even reputed to have served the purpose of underground stables.</p>
+
+<p>The Fountain Court, derives its name from formerly <span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span>possessing a
+handsomely carved fountain which stood in its centre, supposed to
+have been supplied with water by means of water-works erected by Lord
+Herbert, in contiguity with the citadel, and sufficiently near for that
+purpose, as already noticed.</p>
+
+<p>Such then was Raglan Castle in the days of its magnificence, during
+the life-time of its last munificent lordly resident. But the time had
+arrived to protect it against the worst consequences of civil war. Its
+paved court afforded ample scope for the drilling of recruits, and
+the reviews of the regular soldiery, when the open ground could not
+be safely taken. A mill was also erected for the home manufacture of
+gunpowder, in which we imagine the combined skill of Lord Herbert and
+Caspar Kaltoff was actively exercised. The clang of arms, the beat of
+drum, the constant firing of artillery, with all the noise, the show,
+and circumstance of war, soon transformed the once quiet homestead
+into a most mortifying scene of discomfort, alarm, watchfulness, care,
+anxiety and activity.</p>
+
+<p>Charles, Lord Somerset, the Marquis’s sixth son, officiated as governor
+of the castle. The garrison, originally amounting to 300 foot,<a href="#Footnote_33" id="FNanchor_33" class="fnanchor">[93]</a>
+was considerably augmented to meet the threatening aspect of public
+affairs.<a href="#Footnote_34" id="FNanchor_34" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p>
+
+<p>Warfare, as at that time conducted, bore but a slight analogy to
+modern practice. The bow and cross-bow, it is true, were entirely
+superseded by the use of gunpowder, but that material was comparatively
+indifferent, and the ordnance and arms employed of the clumsiest
+possible description. Great guns weighing from 3&frac12; tons to half and
+less that weight were denominated cannon, demi-cannon, culvering,
+demi-culvering, saker, minion, drake, &amp;c. Then for small arms, they had
+the musket, carbine, arquebuse, blunderbuss, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span>pistol, &amp;c. Their weapons
+were chiefly swords and pikes. Armour was employed to a considerable
+extent. The curious in such military matters may consult with advantage
+“The exercise of arms for Calivers, Musketts, and Pikes,” in the
+masterly executed folio engravings by Jacob de Gheyne, printed at the
+Hague in 1607. The soldiers of the 17th century had to carry immense
+unwieldy fire-arms, requiring a crutch or rest on which to steady them
+while taking aim, and had to fire with the ignited end of prepared
+rope, used as a match for that purpose, and which for security against
+accidental extinction was usually kept lighted at both ends.</p>
+
+<p>In respect to the Marquis’s wealth, a contemporary authority informs
+us in reference to that period, that,&mdash;“His whole estate <i>ubique</i> was
+esteemed 24 thousand pounds per annum.”<a href="#Footnote_35" id="FNanchor_35" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> Indeed he was almost an
+universal landlord in the county.<a href="#Footnote_36" id="FNanchor_36" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> He had then altogether raised
+1500 foot and near 500 horse, the command of which he gave to his son,
+Lord Herbert; thus raising the first horse levied by the King.</p>
+
+<p>The writer of a contemporary pamphlet published at Oxford, entitled&mdash;“A
+short view of the late troubles,” states: “Moreover, within few days
+following, one John Davis discovered [12th Nov.] to the House that the
+Earl of Worcester had large stables under ground, at Raglan Castle, and
+a number of light horse in them; likewise arms for a hundred and forty
+horse, and two thousand men, whereof seven hundred were then in pay,
+and ammunition proportionate.”<a href="#Footnote_37" id="FNanchor_37" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p>
+
+<p>We learn little more personally affecting the Marquis of Worcester for
+about two years, during which his time must have been both fully and
+painfully absorbed in superintending the warlike preparations which
+environed his domicile.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_22"><a href="#FNanchor_22"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Sandford.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_23"><a href="#FNanchor_23"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Annual Register, 1769.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_24"><a href="#FNanchor_24"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> 1640. 16 Car. I. vol. ii. p. 75.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_25"><a href="#FNanchor_25"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Journals of House of Commons, 1641. 17 Car. I. vol. ii. p.
+317.</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_26"><a href="#FNanchor_26"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_27"><a href="#FNanchor_27"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_28"><a href="#FNanchor_28"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Ibid.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_29"><a href="#FNanchor_29"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Sir Arthur Hazilrigge, Bart.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_30"><a href="#FNanchor_30"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> Journal, House of Commons, 1642. 17 Car. I. vol. ii.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_31"><a href="#FNanchor_31"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> From MSS. at Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_32"><a href="#FNanchor_32"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Symonds.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_33"><a href="#FNanchor_33"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Symonds.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_34"><a href="#FNanchor_34"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Somers.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_35"><a href="#FNanchor_35"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Symonds.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_36"><a href="#FNanchor_36"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Corbet.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_37"><a href="#FNanchor_37"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Somers.</p></div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_55"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 55]</span></p>
+
+
+<h2 id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="chapter_heading">LORD HERBERT IN HIS MILITARY CAPACITY.</p>
+
+
+<p>The sad necessities of the times and the perilous position in which his
+tortuous policy had placed him, obliged Charles the First to court the
+assistance and presence of the wealthiest among the nobility, than whom
+none then ranked higher than the Marquis of Worcester, who, as we have
+seen, his Majesty pressingly sues, through his son, Lord Herbert, at
+Nottingham, for still further monetary supplies.</p>
+
+<p>It is not surprising then to find Lord Herbert, even against his better
+judgment, considering his tastes, habits and experience, taking an
+active part in military affairs, and the mailed philosopher actually
+setting forth as an enthusiastic Cavalier.</p>
+
+<p>In one of the political tracts of the day, published at Oxford in 1642,
+the writer gives as a reason for the Marquis of Hertford declining the
+service in which the King had employed him:&mdash;“For that the King hath
+not only given way to the raising of a popish army in the North, but
+hath granted commission to the Marquis of Worcester, a known papist,
+to be general of the forces in those parts, where he is; whose army
+consists of profest papists.”<a href="#Footnote_38" id="FNanchor_38" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p>
+
+<p>As early as 1640, rumours had been falsely circulated against the
+Marquis of Worcester, charging him with being concerned in a design to
+raise a large popish army in Lancashire, as also another in Ireland. In
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span>1642, however, he did raise a great number of Welsh in support of the
+royal cause;<a href="#Footnote_39" id="FNanchor_39" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> and the same year Lord Herbert was made General of
+South Wales.<a href="#Footnote_40" id="FNanchor_40" class="fnanchor">[95]</a></p>
+
+<p>Thus Lord Herbert, in command of troops raised by his father, being in
+favour with his sovereign, and generally esteemed both for his high
+nobility and his wealth, held a most important influential position.
+Fully to prepare himself for such a post, it appears most likely that
+he commenced the requisite course of training even previous to his
+second marriage, for so early as March, 1638, Lady Harley writes to
+inform her son:&mdash;“They say, my Lord of Worcester’s son shall be general
+of the horse.”<a href="#Footnote_41" id="FNanchor_41" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p>
+
+<p>In his first considerable exploit he appeared before Gloucester,
+then in the Parliamentary interest, stoutly defended by a company of
+volunteers, who had raised very extensive fortifications. In February,
+1642, it was summoned by Prince Rupert, and again later, but without
+effect. About the middle of the same month, Lord Herbert, with a body
+of about 1500 foot and 500 horse, well armed, attempted the reduction
+of the garrison. His eldest brother, Lord John Somerset, commanded the
+horse, while Sir Jeremiah Brett was general of the foot. A third time
+the city not only refused to surrender, but received with ridicule
+the summons from a Welsh brigade; the Welsh troops therefore encamped
+at Highnam within the distance of one mile and a half, where they lay
+still in their camp for five weeks in mistaken security, not even
+attacking the outguards, or attempting any great action, seemingly
+deluded by expectations of aid from Prince Rupert; who, however, could
+not leave Bristol. Sir William Waller, crossing the river by means of
+flat-bottomed boats, advanced on <span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span>them with a body of light troops,
+numbering about 2000. The Welsh, without taking the least advantage
+arising from their strong position, sounded a parley, and surrendered
+on conditions which were readily granted; in consequence of which, 1300
+foot and three troops of horse were led prisoners into Gloucester,
+where several were kept for some time under strict confinement.
+Rushworth states, under date 19th of March, 1642&ndash;3, that Lord Herbert
+lost 500 men killed, and above 1000 taken prisoners. Lord Herbert, we
+find from his own account, was not present on the occasion of this
+defeat, for in reference to this disaster he says:&mdash;“God forgive those
+of the King’s party, who were the occasion that 1500 gentlemen were
+surprised, and I not despatched from Oxford until the day after. Yet
+at 14 days’ warning I brought 4000 foot and 800 horse to the siege of
+Gloucester.” But Rushworth and others erroneously speak of his escaping
+to Oxford.<a href="#Footnote_42" id="FNanchor_42" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> From first to last the defeat cost his Lordship,
+according to his own showing, £60,000.<a href="#Footnote_43" id="FNanchor_43" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> Such was the unpromising
+result of his earliest enterprise in his new career, offering a very
+gloomy foreboding of the future. He had been untiring in his exertions
+to raise those troops throughout Monmouthshire, Herefordshire, and
+adjacent counties, in which, as also in efforts to obtain sufficient
+stores for the garrison at Raglan, he appears to have acted with
+extraordinary energy.<a href="#Footnote_44" id="FNanchor_44" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p>
+
+<p>During the progress of operations against Gloucester, Lady Harley
+in her correspondence with her son, on the 14th of February, 1642,
+says:&mdash;“Nine days past my Lord Herbert was at Hereford, where he stayed
+a <span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span>week. There was held a council of war, what was the best way to take
+Brompton [Castle&mdash;her residence]. It was concluded to blow it up, and
+which counsel pleased them all. The sheriff of Radnorshire, with the
+trained bands of that county, and some of the Hereford soldiers, were
+to come against me. My Lord Herbert had appointed a day to come to
+Preston, that so his presence might persuade them to go out of their
+county. He had commanded them to bring pay to victuals for 10 days. The
+soldiers came to Preston, but it pleased God to call my Lord Herbert
+another way, for those in the Forest of Dean grew so strong, that they
+were afraid of them.”<a href="#Footnote_45" id="FNanchor_45" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></p>
+
+<p>We ascertain from his own later statement of expenditure that from
+February, 1641, to October, 1642, or thereabouts, he was actively
+engaged in dispensing his father’s immense loans in support of the
+royal cause; he says,&mdash;“With as much privacy as might be, keeping good
+correspondence with the Parliament; remaining in London, to avoid
+suspicion, being then trusted both by King and Parliament.”</p>
+
+<p>Taking amounts as stated by his Lordship, the dates may be pretty
+correctly supplied from Iter Carolinum.<a href="#Footnote_46" id="FNanchor_46" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p>
+
+<table summary="expenditure amounts in support of the royal cause">
+<tr><td class="indent">Between 28th February, and 18th March, 1641, he sent to Theobalds for the “pressing necessities of his dear master,” the sum of</td>
+    <td class="right">£3,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="indent">About the same time to Huntingdon, after the King’s departure from Theobalds</td>
+    <td class="right">3,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="indent">On or after the 19th March, to York </td>
+    <td class="right">8,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="indent">On or after 21st July, 1642, to Nottingham, “where his Majesty set up his royal standard.”
+<a href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></td>
+    <td class="right">4,000<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="indent">Officers’ expenses to York</td>
+    <td class="right">1,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="indent">Besides, by his Majesty’s command, victualling the Tower, Sir John Byron being <ins class="correction" title="Original has Lord-Lieutenant">Lord Lieutenant</ins>, for which purpose, he “sent him in old plate, under pretence of coining it”</td>
+    <td class="right">2,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="indent">And further, obtaining through some pretence, leave of absence, from the Parliament, he proceeded with their pass to York, carrying to the King in ready money</td>
+    <td class="right">15,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="indent">And in bills and assurances</td>
+    <td class="right">80,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="indent">For these his Majesty giving his “note for ninety-five thousand five hundred pounds,” his Lordship returned in two days.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="indent">Raising Sir John Byron’s regiment of Horse, the first completed</td>
+    <td class="right underline">5,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right">Representing a total of &nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="right double_underline">£122,500</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p>Annexed to the record of this vast outlay, Lord Herbert has left us
+a short piece of autobiography. “Things being thus set in order,
+(he says) between his Majesty and me, I fairly took leave of the
+Parliament, to go down to my father; where I no sooner arrived
+but there came directed unto me from his Majesty a Commission of
+Array; whereof I presently, by a servant of my own, sent word to the
+Parliament, with a letter to the House of Lords, which I directed to
+my Lord of Holland, and to the House of Commons, to Mr. Pym; in both
+which I offered to intercede to his Majesty, and conceived I should
+prevail to suspend the Commission of Array, if they should make an Act
+that their Militia should not come into my country. But they with civil
+compliments and thanks replied that his Majesty’s [proceedings] was so
+illegal, and theirs for the good of the kingdom so just and necessary,
+that by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span> no means would they waive the one for the other. At which I
+declared myself irritated, to see that they durst tell me that anything
+commanded by my master was illegal, and professed I would obey his
+Majesty’s commands, and let them send at their perils. So immediately,
+and in eight days’ time, I raised six regiments, fortified Monmouth,
+Chepstow, and Raglan, fetching away the magazine [of powder and
+ammunition] from the Earl of Pembroke’s town, Carlyon, and placed it in
+Raglan Castle, leaving a garrison in lieu thereof. Garrisoned likewise
+Cardiff, Brecknock, Hereford, Goodrich Castle and the Forest of Dean,
+after I had taken them from the enemy.”</p>
+
+<p>We have here a striking instance of his unflinching loyalty, of his
+first public expression of his political sentiments, with a brief
+sketch of the course he adopted in his first decisive military measures.</p>
+
+<p class="margin2_bottom">In the month of September several horses, the property of Lord Herbert,
+being seized in Gloucestershire, the same was formally reported, as
+appears first from the Journals of the House of Commons,<a href="#Footnote_47" id="FNanchor_47" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> as follows:</p>
+
+
+<p class="dated_at_top">“Diè Martis, 13º Septembris, 1642.</p>
+
+<p>“A letter, from the city of Gloucester, from Mr. Perry, &amp;c. concerning
+the Lord Herbert, son of the Earl of Worcester, seven horses of war
+stayed there; and concerning some provisions they desire for the safety
+of the city; was this day read: And</p>
+
+<p>“It is ordered, that Sergeant Wilde do prepare an Order concerning both
+these particulars.</p>
+
+<p>“That Mr. Speaker shall write his letter to the Lord Herbert, son of
+the Earl of Worcester, to appear here, and attend the House.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_61"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 61]</span></p>
+
+<p>“Mr Glyn to prepare this letter.</p>
+
+<p>“That the Lords be moved to send for the Earl of Worcester, to attend
+the Parliament.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">And further, afterwards, from the particulars afforded by the annexed
+document:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="dated_at_top">“Die Jovis, 15º Septembris, 1642.</p>
+
+<p>“Whereas information hath been given to the Lords and Commons assembled
+in Parliament, that seven great horses or geldings, of the Lord
+Herbert, son of the Earl of Worcester, were lately brought to the city
+of Gloucester, to be by them employed (as is justly suspected) upon
+some design against the Parliament; and that great endeavours are used
+by divers commissioners of array, and other ill-affected persons, in
+the several counties of Hereford, Monmouth, Glamorgan, Carmarthen,
+Brecknock, and Radnor, to draw the said counties by way of association
+against the Parliament, and their adherents, and in particular against
+the said city, as a place the most advantageous for the furtherance
+of their malignant designs; therefore upon the humble desire of
+the citizens of the said city of Gloucester, and for the better
+preservation of the safety of the said city, being a place of great
+importance, and of the counties and parts adjoining; it is thought
+fit and <span class="smcap">Ordered</span> by the said Lords and Commons, that the
+Mayor, aldermen, and citizens of the said city, shall have the use and
+disposal of the said horses, for the defence of the said city and parts
+adjacent, and the services of the Parliament; and that, for the same
+purpose, they shall have power to raise one or more troop or troops of
+horse and men, and to train, exercise, and employ the same, and other
+forces of the said city, as by the ordinance concerning the militia
+is appointed; and further, that, for their better encouragement and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span>
+assistance in this behalf, some such small pieces of ordnance shall be
+forthwith sent down to the said city, to be used, ordered, and employed
+for the uses and purposes aforesaid, as to them shall seem most meet
+and expedient; and that they and every of them, in so doing, shall be
+protected and assisted by the power and authority of both Houses of
+Parliament.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">The records of Gloucester frequently allude to these seven great
+horses, which were afterwards placed under the command of Lieutenant
+Backhouse, and kept together till the close of the war.</p>
+
+<p>In February, Lord Herbert wrote to Prince Rupert,<a href="#Footnote_48" id="FNanchor_48" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Highness</span> [Prince Rupert],</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Your commands came unto me but the last night late, and being now upon
+making my entry into the Forest [of Dean], I cannot so suddenly execute
+the same; but as soon as it is any way feasible, there shall be no
+delay therein. Upon Thursday next, I have given order, that accordingly
+as I shall receive intelligence from the other side of Severn (which
+when I have taken order to receive), there shall be men sent over,
+hoping by that time to master all on this side of Severn. And in what I
+may I shall ever most readily obey your Highness’ commands, and remain,
+Sir,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Your Highness’ most affectionately</p>
+<p class="signed_line4">devoted Servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Ed. Herbert</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent smaller margin_bottom">“Raglan Castle,<br />
+“This Tuesday morning, 7th Feb. 1643.”</p>
+
+
+<p>A contemporary, a clergyman,<a href="#Footnote_49" id="FNanchor_49" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> has preserved an interesting account
+of Lord Herbert’s operations before <span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</span>Monmouth, on the 1st of April,
+1643. Sir William Waller having accepted the invitation of a number
+of resident gentlemen, when he came near the town of Monmouth, where
+Lord Herbert had begun to place a garrison, his presence occasioned
+the precipitate flight of his Lordship’s troops. But Waller, although
+so far victorious, failed in obtaining needful supplies, owing to the
+devotion of the stream of the people, most of whom were the Marquis’s
+tenantry.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Herbert afterwards united with Sir John Winter, the reputed plague
+of the Forest of Dean, who had strongly fortified and defended his own
+residence; he was, too, considered a most active enemy, as well as a
+chief agent of the popish faction. His Lordship’s horse so materially
+assisted Sir John’s operations as to compel the rebels to quit the
+forest, having made a passage over the Severn, at Newnham.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after this affair, rumours were current that forces were expected
+from Oxford for Paineswick and Stroud, while the Irish it was believed
+were to lie on one side of Berkeley, Lord Herbert and Sir John Winter
+holding the Forest. The same chronicler assures us that the taking of
+Monmouth gave a fearful alarm to the whole country, the Marquis of
+Worcester calling in Prince Rupert’s horse to their assistance. The
+result of these preparations was that Sir William Blaxton, with his
+brigade of horse, joined the country train-bands, with the forces from
+Raglan and Chepstow, making together about 500 horse and 1200 foot.
+They fell upon the enemy’s horse quarters, where were lodged two troops
+and ten musketeers; while 150 musketeers speedily came from Monmouth to
+their assistance. With these and further supplies of foot the Monmouth
+party routed the cavaliers, of whom many were slain and threescore
+taken prisoners.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_64"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 64]</span>
+Sir John Winter, despairing of longer subsistence, at length deserted
+the Forest, after first firing his house at Lidney, and somewhat
+revenging himself for past disasters by spoiling the Forest itself.<a href="#Footnote_50" id="FNanchor_50" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p>
+
+<p>In June, Charles I. addressed the following letter<a href="#Footnote_51" id="FNanchor_51" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> to the harassed
+Marquis of Worcester, conveying promises as usual, after a personal
+interview with his son:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I am very sensible of the miseries and dangers which of late you have
+been in, and do hope the time will come when I shall be able to requite
+all my good subjects, and none sooner than you; concerning the changing
+of your title, and other particulars, I leave to your son’s relation,
+who knows my mind therein, who will ever remain</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Your most assured constant friend,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span>”</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Oxford, 19th, June, 1643.<br />
+“For the Marquis of Worcester.”</p>
+
+<p>Lady Harley, writing on the 13th of June, 1643, observes:&mdash;“My Lord
+Herbert and Colonel Vavasour, who is to be Governor of Hereford, is
+gone up into Montgomeryshire to raise soldiers.”<a href="#Footnote_52" id="FNanchor_52" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the 25th of July, 1643, Lord Herbert, having sent a dispatch to
+Prince Rupert,<a href="#Footnote_53" id="FNanchor_53" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> in which he found he had omitted some important
+particulars, afterwards transmitted the same day by letter, dated from
+Raglan Castle, to the following effect:</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Highness</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Since my dispatch to you this morning there occurs one thing which
+I then omitted, which I <span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</span>thought fit to represent to your Highness;
+that some Parliament ships now lie in and about Milford Haven, which
+hath hitherunto so far countenanced the county of Pembroke, that
+they (dissenting from all Wales besides) have only showed themselves
+refractory to his Majesty’s commands; and could your Highness so
+dispose, that some of the ships late come in might speedily (before
+notice be given them there of their professing themselves for the King)
+surprise them, or draw them to their allegiance that county would be
+soon reduced to its due obedience, which otherwise by land will not
+without much difficulty and loss be done. One other thing I likewise
+forgot in my last; that in case your Highness became master of the
+city of Bristol, and the castle holding out, your Highness should need
+pioneers, for undermining the same, which (the situation considered)
+will easily be effected, upon notice from your Highness I shall procure
+some of the forest miners, who being very expert at those works shall
+speedily attend your pleasure. I wish all fortunate success in all your
+attempts as becomes your Highness’</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Most obedient and humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Ld. Herbert</span>.<a href="#Footnote_54" id="FNanchor_54" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Ragland Castle, 25th July.<br />
+<span style="font-size: larger;">“After 10 of the clock in the morning.”</span></p>
+
+
+<p>Lord Herbert (probably immediately after the defeat
+at Gloucester) raised a regiment of foot and ten troops
+of cavalry, offering, however, according to Sir William
+Vavasour, to act only under the command of Prince
+Rupert or the King: the former writes:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_55" id="FNanchor_55" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“Whereas the Right Honourable Henry Marquis of Worcester hath by his
+care and expenses long saved <span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</span>the town and county of Monmouth from
+the hands of the enemies, and of late regained the said town from
+them; and in regard likewise that the towns of Monmouth and Chepstow
+are belonging to him of inheritance, and the interest he hath in the
+whole county, my desire is, that the Commander-in-chief of the said
+county and the Governors of both or each of those towns, or of any
+other garrison within the said county, should be complying with or
+observing any desires of his, intimated unto them: either concerning
+his Majesty’s service, the good of that county, or the particular
+safety and interest of him and his (whereof I am very tender). As also
+the High Sheriff, Commissioners of Array, Justices of the Peace, or
+other officers of the said county, martial or civil (as they tender my
+pleasure), and will answer the contrary at their perils. And for their
+so doing, the sight of these, or a copy hereof, attested by that Right
+Honourable Henry Marquis of Worcester, shall be their and either of
+their warrant. Given under my hand at Oxford, the 5th day of January,
+in the twentieth year of his Majesty’s reign.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Rupert.</span>”
+<a href="#Footnote_56" id="FNanchor_56" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">The accounts we have of Lord Herbert’s military operations are
+extremely meagre; in a patent hereafter to be noticed, the sieges
+and battles at which he was present are briefly announced; with what
+courage and successful conduct he took Goodrich Castle, the Forest
+of Dean, and the city of Hereford; indeed with what remarkable good
+fortune, with what unhoped-for success, he made himself master of the
+strongly fortified town of Monmouth.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_67"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 67]</span>
+The achievements, as thus recorded, are sufficiently high sounding, but
+no contemporary historian seems to have considered them of sufficient
+importance to put on record. Neither his own letters, nor those of
+his numerous family and connexions, neither political nor religious
+partizans nor opponents give us a glimpse of our general’s skill,
+bravery, and final successes; while the few particulars actually
+recorded leave but a faint impression as regards facts, and a most
+unfavourable one as regards results. In short, in his military capacity
+he bears a most mythical character.</p>
+
+<p>We have his own statement<a href="#Footnote_57" id="FNanchor_57" class="fnanchor">[H]</a> that, through the means supplied by his
+father and himself, the Marquis of Hertford, after his defeat in the
+West, was supplied with recruits to attend his Majesty at Oxford, at a
+cost of £8000. They also raised Sir John Byron’s regiment of horse, at
+an expense of £5000.</p>
+
+<p>He further expressly alludes to having rendered his Majesty’s army
+considerable service before Edge-hill, by the men he furnished. And he
+was likewise at the charge, if not personally engaged in the reducing
+of Abergavenny and Carlyon to the service of the Crown.</p>
+
+<p>His own troop of Life Guards, consisted of one hundred and twenty
+noblemen and gentlemen, whose estates amounted to above sixty thousand
+pounds per annum, most of whom he supplied with arms and horses. This
+troop he acknowledges to have raised without consulting his father, who
+reproving him said: “The consequence would be that the love and power
+he had in the country would be perspicuous, although he should have
+thanks from the King, yet others, though his Majesty’s well-wishers,
+through envy, would hate him for it.” His Lordship adds:&mdash;“which I
+confess I have found too true, my services having been more <span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</span>retarded
+by those who called themselves the King’s friends, than obstructed by
+his enemies.”</p>
+
+<p>It is certain that Lord Herbert acquired no military celebrity. He
+was bold, determined, and energetic when acting on the defensive, but
+he was not remarkable for any adventurous or brilliant aggressive
+successes. His troops were formidable in number, well paid, and
+abundantly supplied with every requisite; but in all his reputed
+sieges, in all his encounters with the foe, we seek in vain for any
+return of the slain, the wounded, the prisoners taken, the disasters
+surmounted and inflicted, and the splendid store of spoil acquired.
+The red hand and unpitying slaughter of war are only shadowed forth to
+us like shapeless forms, creations of the imagination rather than even
+faint pictures of reality. His Lordship’s naturally studious habits
+would seem to have incapacitated him from entering ardently into the
+wanton destruction of human life and the infliction of severe injuries
+on multitudes, regarded by him more as deluded neighbours than cruel
+adversaries. Above forty years having passed over his head in the
+experience only of plenteous, peaceful times, and scholarly pursuits,
+he was no longer like the pliant sapling, but partook more of the
+stability of the sturdy oak. In perfect agreement with his own noble
+and generous spirit, he no doubt expected, as he desired, an early
+and complete compromise of the political differences which were then
+spreading their baleful contagion over the land.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, it is rather remarkable that operations on so extensive
+a scale, prosecuted at a large cost by a single family, should have
+obtained comparatively so little renown in the annals of the civil war:
+among which we search in vain for details characterising the martial
+deeds of Edward Somerset, Lord Herbert of Raglan.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_38"><a href="#FNanchor_38"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Somers’ Tracts, vol. iv. p. 459.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_39"><a href="#FNanchor_39"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Whitelock.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_40"><a href="#FNanchor_40"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Thomas&mdash;also Clarendon.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_41"><a href="#FNanchor_41"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Harley.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_42"><a href="#FNanchor_42"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Rushworth.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_43"><a href="#FNanchor_43"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Somers’ Tracts, vol. v. p. 312.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_44"><a href="#FNanchor_44"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Rapin states that after thus relieving Gloucester, Sir
+William Waller took first Chepstow, and afterwards Monmouth.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_45"><a href="#FNanchor_45"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Washbourn.</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_46"><a href="#FNanchor_46"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Somers’ Tracts, vol v. ed. 1811, 4to. page 263.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_47"><a href="#FNanchor_47"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Journals of the House of Commons. 18 Car. I. 1642. vol.
+ii. page 763.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_48"><a href="#FNanchor_48"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Warburton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_49"><a href="#FNanchor_49"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Corbet.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_50"><a href="#FNanchor_50"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Corbet.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_51"><a href="#FNanchor_51"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_52"><a href="#FNanchor_52"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Harley.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_53"><a href="#FNanchor_53"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> “Rupert’s correspondence, No. 18,980, vol. i.<ins class="correction" title="Original has single closing quote">”</ins> Brit. Mus.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_54"><a href="#FNanchor_54"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> The letter is in a clerk’s writing; the autograph in a
+different ink.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_55"><a href="#FNanchor_55"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_56"><a href="#FNanchor_56"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> Endorsed in the same hand&mdash;“Prince Rupert, his Warrant.”
+And endorsed by a private hand,&mdash;“Prince Rupert’s Warrant to the
+Marquis of Worcester, Oxford, January 5, 1644.”</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_57"><a href="#FNanchor_57"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> See <a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII"><ins class="correction" title="The original has see Chapter XIX, typo as chapter XVIII is the last chapter">Chapter XVIII</ins></a>, giving the entire statement.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p id="Page_69"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 69]</span></p>
+
+<h2 id="CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="chapter_heading">LORD HERBERT CREATED EARL OF GLAMORGAN. IRISH AFFAIRS.</p>
+
+
+<p>Although many successes had early attended the Royalists’ arms,
+the chances of war in 1643 were interminably perplexing to all
+parties. The royal cause was becoming desperate, and the King, never
+over-scrupulous, then endeavoured to obtain speedy assistance at all
+hazards. After taking the sacrament at Oxford, in sacred repudiation of
+employing papists, yet was he privately urging his generals to engage
+all who would serve. The fact of the Marquis of Worcester being of the
+proscribed religion was no obstacle to his maintaining correspondence
+with him, personally communicating with his son, and constantly
+draining their fortunes and other resources.</p>
+
+<p>The impoverished monarch was at least liberal in promises and niggardly
+in fulfilling even those referring to mere dignities in acknowledgment
+of immense services, so long as farther demands might thereby possibly
+be the better secured; such was his insincerity in all social
+relations, and such his intriguing policy in all his acts of sovereign
+power.</p>
+
+<p>At home the battle of Edge-hill had just been fought, and in Ireland
+a rebellion had to be suppressed, and troops to be raised to swell
+the royal army. The King must have been much confounded how best to
+conciliate friends and enemies, protestants and papists, until he could
+fearlessly assert his claims in accordance with his own construction of
+regal rights.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_70"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 70]</span></p>
+
+<p>In the early part of the year 1644, the King conferred on Lord Herbert,
+during his father’s lifetime, the dignity of Earl of Glamorgan. “But,”
+says Sir Harris Nicolas,<a href="#Footnote_58" id="FNanchor_58" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> “great doubt exists whether the patent
+ever passed the great seal.” And Mr. Nichols states that, on reference
+to the original Docquet Book of grants made by the King at Oxford,
+commencing in December 1642, and ending in June 1646, nothing of the
+kind occurs among the numerous grants of Dignities there recorded.<a href="#Footnote_59" id="FNanchor_59" class="fnanchor">[74]</a>
+Yet the title was constantly employed by Charles the First in his
+several letters and commissions, and later in a message to the Houses
+of Parliament; and the following is a copy of the <span class="smcap">Patent</span> he
+privily granted to his Lordship on the 1st April, 1644.<a href="#Footnote_60" id="FNanchor_60" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“Charles, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France,
+and Ireland, defender of the faith, &amp;c. to our right trusty and
+right well-beloved cousin, Edward Somerset, alias Plantagenet, Lord
+Herbert, Baron Beaufort of Caldicote, Grismond, Chepstow, Ragland,
+and Gower, Earl of Glamorgan, son and heir apparent of our entirely
+beloved cousin, Henry Earl and Marquis of Worcester, greeting. Having
+had good and long experience of your prowess, prudence, and fidelity,
+do make choice, and by these nominate and appoint you, our right
+trusty and right well-beloved cousin, Edward Somerset, &amp;c. to be our
+Generalissimo of three armies, English, Irish, and foreign, and Admiral
+of a fleet at sea, with power to recommend your lieutenant-general
+for our approbation, leaving all other officers to your own election
+and denomination, and accordingly to receive their commission from
+you; willing and commanding them, and every of them, you<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</span> to obey, as
+their general, and you to receive immediate orders from ourself only.
+And lest through distance of place we may be misinformed, we will and
+command you to reply unto us, if any of our orders should thwart or
+hinder any of your designs for our service. And there being necessarily
+great sums of money to the carrying on so chargeable an employment,
+which we have not to furnish you withal; we do by these empower you
+to contract with any of our loving subjects of England, Ireland, and
+dominion of Wales, for wardships, customs, woods, or any our rights and
+prerogatives; we by these obliging ourselves, our heirs and successors,
+to confirm and make good the same accordingly. And for persons of
+generosity, for whom titles of honour are most desirable, we have
+intrusted you with several patents under our Great Seal of England,
+from a Marquis to a Baronet; which we give you full power and authority
+to date and dispose of, without knowing our further pleasure, so great
+is our trust and confidence in you, as that, whatsoever you do contract
+for or promise, we will make good the same accordingly, from the date
+of this our commission forwards; which for the better satisfaction, we
+give you leave to give them, or any of them, copies thereof, attested
+under our hand and seal of arms. And for your encouragement, and in
+token of our gratitude, we give and allow you henceforward such fees,
+titles, preheminences, and privileges, as do and may belong unto your
+place and command above-mentioned, with promise of our dear daughter
+Elizabeth to your son Plantagenet, in marriage, with three hundred
+thousand pounds in dower or portion, most part whereof we acknowledge
+spent and disbursed by your father and you in our service; and the
+title of Duke of Somerset to you and your heirs male for ever; and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</span>
+from henceforward to give the Garter to your arms, and at your pleasure
+to put on the George and blue ribbon. And for your greater honour, and
+in testimony of our reality, we have with our own hand affixed our
+Great Seal of England unto these our Commissions and letters, making
+them patents.</p>
+
+<p>“Witness ourself at Oxford, the first day of April, in the 20th year
+of our reign, and the year of our Lord, One thousand six hundred and
+forty-four.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">Under any ordinary circumstances there would appear to be no
+possibility of obscurity respecting this title, and that any should
+exist only occasions the more surprise, when considered in reference to
+a family so eminently in favour with Charles the First. But the subtle
+Monarch might have his own reasons for favouring any source of possible
+remote obscurity, until assurance of the Earl of Glamorgan’s success in
+his new enterprise should embolden him to make his title clear; for it
+has been well observed of him, that he was not only a most unscrupulous
+but a most unlucky dissembler.<a href="#Footnote_61" id="FNanchor_61" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p>
+
+<p>This much disputed title is, however, acknowledged by Charles the
+Second in a royal warrant, bearing date the 6th of April, 1661, as one,
+he is informed, “settled by our Royal Father, of blessed memory.”<a href="#Footnote_62" id="FNanchor_62" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">His Majesty gave the Earl the following instructions:<a href="#Footnote_63" id="FNanchor_63" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="quoted_indent margin_top">“<i>Oxford, this 2nd of January, 1644. Several heads whereupon you our
+right trusty and right well-beloved Cousin Edward Earl of Glamorgan may
+securely proceed in execution of our commands.</i></p>
+
+<p class="margin_top" id="Page_73"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 73]</span>
+“First, you may engage your estate, interest and credit, that we will
+most really and punctually perform any our promises to the Irish, and
+as it is necessary to conclude a peace suddenly, whatsoever shall be
+consented unto by our Lieutenant the Marquis of Ormond, We will die a
+thousand deaths rather than disannul or break it; and if upon necessity
+anything be to be condescended unto, and yet the Lord Marquis not
+willing to be seen therein, or not fit for us at the present publicly
+to own, do you endeavour to supply the same.</p>
+
+<p>“If for the encouragement of the Lord Marquis of Ormond you see it
+needful to have the Garter sent him, or any further favour demonstrated
+from us unto him, we will cause the same to be performed.</p>
+
+<p>“If for the advantage of our service you see fit to promise any titles,
+even to the titles of Earls in either of our kingdoms, upon notice from
+you we will cause the same to be performed.</p>
+
+<p>“For the maintenance of our army under your commands, we are graciously
+pleased to allow the delinquents’ estates where you overcome to be
+disposed by you, as also any our revenues in the said places, customs
+or other, our profits, woods, and the like, with the contributions.</p>
+
+<p>“Whatever towns or places of importance you shall think fit to possess,
+you shall place commanders and governors therein at your pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>“Whatever order we shall send you (which you are only to obey) we give
+you leave to impart the same to your council at war, and if they and
+you approve not thereof, we give you leave to reply; and so far shall
+we be from taking it as a disobedience, that we command the same.</p>
+
+<p>“At your return we will accept of some officers<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</span> upon your
+recommendation, to the end no obstacle or delay may be in the execution
+of your desires in order to our service, and our commands in that
+behalf.</p>
+
+<p>“At your return you shall have the command of South Wales,
+Herefordshire, and Gloucestershire of the Welsh side returned to you in
+as ample manner as before.</p>
+
+<p>“In your absence we will not give credit or countenance to anything
+which may be prejudicial to your father, you, or yours.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“C. R.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">Next month his Majesty wrote the following letter:<a href="#Footnote_64" id="FNanchor_64" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I herewith send you the rest of my dispatches for Ireland, whither
+I pray hasten, time being most considerable. I am sensible of the
+dangers you will undergo, and the great trouble and expenses you must
+be at, not being able to assist you, who have already spent a million
+of crowns [£250,000] in my service; neither can I say more than I well
+remember to have spoke and written to you that already words could not
+express your merits, nor my gratitude: and that next to my wife and
+children I was most bound to take care of you, whereof I have, besides
+others, particularly assured your Cousin Byron, as a person dear unto
+you.</p>
+
+<p>“What I can further think at this point is to send you the Blue Ribbon,
+and a Warrant for the Title of Duke of Somerset, both which accept, and
+make use of at your discretion; and if you should defer the publishing
+of either for a while to avoid envy, and my <span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</span>being importuned by
+others, yet I promise your antiquity for the one, and your Patent for
+the other shall bear date with the Warrants.</p>
+
+<p>“And rest assured, if God should cross me with your miscarrying, I will
+treat your son as my own, and that you labour for a dear friend as well
+as a thankful master, when time shall afford means to acknowledge, how
+much I am</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Your most assured, real, constant</p>
+<p class="signed_line3">“and thankful friend,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Oxford, Feb. 12th, 1644.”</p>
+
+
+<p>The Earl being from some cause detained at home, his Majesty wrote in
+March, as follows:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_65" id="FNanchor_65" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Herbert</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I wonder, you are not yet gone for Ireland; but since you have stayed
+all this time, I hope these will overtake you, whereby you will the
+more see the great trust and confidence I repose in your integrity,
+of which I have had so long and so good experience; commanding you to
+deal with all ingenuity and freedom with our Lieutenant of Ireland the
+Marquis of Ormond, and on the word of a King and a Christian I will
+make good anything, which our Lieutenant shall be induced unto upon
+your persuasion; and if you find it fitting, you may privately show
+him these, which I intend not as obligatory to him, but to myself;
+and for both your encouragements and warrantise, in whom I repose my
+chiefest hopes, not having in all my kingdoms two such subjects; whose
+endeavours joining, I am confident to be soon drawn out of the mire, I
+am now<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</span> enforced to wallow in; and then shall I show my thankfulness to
+you both; and as you have never failed me, so shall I never fail you,
+but in all things show how much I am...</p>
+
+<p class=" margin_top dated_at_bottom">“Oxford the 12th of March, 1644.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">The newly created Earl of Glamorgan was now just entering on what
+afterwards proved to be the most perilous period of his life. He no
+doubt felt the weighty importance of the duties he was undertaking, and
+one cannot help imagining that it was under a lively impression of the
+possible change in his fortune, which, whether for good or for evil, it
+was past human wisdom to divine, that he addressed the following most
+reverential letter to his honoured father, in August, 1644.<a href="#Footnote_66" id="FNanchor_66" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Lordship</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Amongst other memorable expressions which have taken deep root in
+my heart, I assure your Lordship, that those you were pleased to use
+towards me on Sunday last, shall never be defaced out of my memory; for
+you were pleased so to interlace terror and comfort, as that I knew
+not whether joy or fear possessed me most, or whether you showed more
+justice or clemency; but at last a tender fatherly affection appeared
+to steer your words and deeds which shall be, God willing, answered
+with a filial duty and tenderness, and your unparalleled goodness shall
+not, with God Almighty’s grace, undo, but strengthen me in my duty to
+God and your Lordship, with as much zeal and true-hearted devotion as
+can be witnessed, with the uttermost endeavours of thought, word, and
+deed, lying in the power and uttermost abilities which I can at any
+time attain<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</span> unto, whose ambition is not greater to anything in this
+world than really and entirely to appear, my Lord,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Your Lordship’s most dutifully obedient son,</p>
+<p class="signed_line3">“and most devoted servant,</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:80%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p77.jpg" width="100%" alt="Ed. L. Herbert (autograph) afterwards 2nd Marquis of Worcester" /></div>
+
+<div class="continue_text"></div>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“This 13th of August, 1644.”</p>
+
+<p>His military career in Wales appears to have terminated late in 1644,
+at which time the Parliament having protested against the cessation
+made by the Marquis of Ormond with the Irish rebels, by the King’s
+express orders, his Majesty determined not only on a speedy peace in
+Ireland, but also on the raising of troops there to be sent over to
+England. Difficulties, however, arising consequent on the demands
+made by the Irish Roman Catholics, the King devised the expedient
+of engaging the services of the Earl of Glamorgan in that hazardous
+negotiation. Adopting his customary narrow policy, he planned and
+plotted alike with friends and foes. Ormond was to be flattered
+and deceived, next Glamorgan, and in succession all his ministers,
+council and court, yea, the very Parliament and the public were to
+be hood-winked by a master-stroke of double-dealing. Such a net-work
+of intrigue had he woven, before the least of his measures could
+be finally executed, that Charles the First’s course of conduct
+throughout this affair, has confounded early as well as later and most
+dispassionate politicians. That the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</span> King was wavering and uncertain,
+at least in his decisions, is admitted by all, and it is very evident
+that expediency was with him a sufficient plea for the most perfidious
+treachery, without distinction of parties. He first wrote to the
+Marquis of Ormond that well-known letter, in which he says:<a href="#Footnote_67" id="FNanchor_67" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Ormond</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“My Lord Herbert having business of his own in Ireland (wherein I
+desire you to do him all lawful favour and furtherance), I have thought
+good to use the power I have, both in his affection and duty, to engage
+him in all possible ways to further the peace there; which he hath
+promised to do. Wherefore, as you find occasion, you may confidently
+use and trust him in this, or any other thing he shall propound to you
+for my service; there being none in whose honesty and zeal to my person
+and crown I have more confidence. So I rest,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Your most assured constant friend,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Oxford, 27 Decemb. 1644.</p>
+
+
+<p><a href="#Footnote_68" id="FNanchor_68" class="fnanchor">[F]</a>“His honesty or affection to my service will not
+deceive you; but I will not answer for his judgment.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">In this letter we detect the artful arrangement of its
+matter, making Lord Herbert’s real mission secondary
+to some private business of his own, to the forwarding
+of which the wily monarch solicits the kind offices of
+his minister. Yet, secondary as was his mission apparently,
+he is much lauded for his “honesty and zeal” to
+the royal person and crown; while the same hand adds
+a postscript in cipher,&mdash;“but I will not answer for his
+<i>judgment</i>.”</p>
+
+<p id="Page_79"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 79]</span>
+Yet he was not so insufficient in “judgment,” but that the royal
+adept in deception could purpose his eventually superseding the Lord
+Lieutenant, whom he was thus cajoling meanwhile.</p>
+
+<p>On the 12th of January, 1644, his Lordship received a Commission under
+the Great Seal from the King, empowering him to levy any number of men
+in Ireland and elsewhere, with other considerable powers, requiring
+for their exercise a man of no ordinary “judgment.” So that when the
+King wrote one thing, he meant another, for his acts reversed his own
+statement, and offer the best proofs of the want of truth, although
+he might consider himself obliged to adopt this shallow species of
+subterfuge, in such an emergency.</p>
+
+<p>The Commission is as follows:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_69" id="FNanchor_69" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Whereas we have had sufficient and ample testimony of your approved
+wisdom and fidelity, so great is the confidence we repose in you, as
+that whatsoever you shall perform, as warranted under our sign-manual,
+pocket signet, or private mark, or even by word of mouth, without
+further ceremony, we do on the word of a King and a Christian, promise
+to make good to all intents and purposes, as effectually as if your
+authority from us had been under the Great Seal of England, with this
+advantage, that we shall esteem ourself the more obliged to you for
+your gallantry, in not standing upon such nice terms to do us service,
+which we shall, God willing, reward. And although you exceed what law
+can warrant, or any powers of ours reach unto, as not knowing what you
+have need of; yet it being for our service, we oblige ourself, not only
+to give you our pardon, but to maintain the same<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</span> with all our might
+and power; and though either by accident, or by any other occasion, you
+shall deem it necessary to deposit any of our warrants, and so want
+them at your return, we faithfully promise to make them good at your
+return; and to supply anything wherein they shall be found defective,
+it not being convenient for us at this time to dispute upon them; for
+of what we have here set down you may rest confident, if there be faith
+and trust in men. Proceed, therefore, cheerfully, speedily, and boldly;
+and for your so doing this shall be your sufficient warrant.</p>
+
+<p>“Given at our Court at Oxford under our sign-manual and private signet,
+this 12th of January, 1644.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">The Warrant his Lordship received from his Majesty, to treat and
+conclude with the Irish confederates, dated 12th of March, 1644,
+proceeds as follows:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_70" id="FNanchor_70" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Charles, by the grace of God, of England, Scotland, France, and
+Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &amp;c., to our trusty and right
+well-beloved cousin, Edward Earl of Glamorgan, greeting. We, reposing
+great and especial trust and confidence in your approved wisdom and
+fidelity, do by these (as firmly as under our Great Seal, to all
+intents and purposes) authorise and give you power, to treat and
+conclude with the confederate Roman Catholics in our kingdom of
+Ireland, if upon necessity any be to be condescended unto, wherein our
+Lieutenant cannot so well be seen in, as not fit for us at present
+publicly to own. Therefore we charge you to proceed according to
+this our warrant, with all possible secrecy; and for whatsoever you
+shall engage yourself, upon such valuable considerations as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</span> you in
+your judgment shall deem fit, we promise on the word of a King and
+a Christian, to ratify and perform the same, that shall be granted
+by you, and under your hand and seal; the said confederate Catholics
+having by their supplies testified their zeal to our service. And this
+shall be in each particular to you a sufficient warrant.</p>
+
+<p>“Given at our Court at Oxford, under our signet and royal signature,
+the 12th of March, in the twentieth year of our reign, 1644.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">It is generally asserted that the visit of the Earl of Glamorgan to
+Ireland was of a personal nature, having by his marriage become allied
+to some of the first Irish families; but no one can doubt that the
+important commission he had received from the monarch swayed all other
+considerations. He was then about 43 years of age. His royal master was
+profuse in the professions of the most sincere attachment to the person
+of his Lordship; his acts and words being such as were best calculated
+to ensnare an honourable man quite incapable of insincerity. But the
+King, after his own fashion, had sound reasons for his conduct; the
+Marquis of Worcester was still rich, and might continue his liberality;
+and, as belonging to the Roman Catholic faith, the son might promote
+his measures in Ireland. He only felt it necessary to flatter without
+serious meaning, and to promise without feeling the duty of performing,
+should expediency cause him to change his views.</p>
+
+<p>To Ormond, however, from whom he was not seeking any favour, yet whose
+suspicion he desired not to awaken, the royal diplomatist made light
+of this visit to Ireland&mdash;“having business of his own” there; spoke
+sneeringly of the Earl&mdash;“I will not answer for his judgment;” and yet
+employed him on matters of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</span> such vital importance for the success of
+his own measures, that we at once detect the sophistry of such language.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Glamorgan, it would appear, went to Ireland at the end of
+1644 or commencement of 1645, as his Majesty addressed the following
+letters to him in 1645;<a href="#Footnote_71" id="FNanchor_71" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> the first in February:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Herbert</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I am confident that this honest trusty bearer will give you good
+satisfaction why I have not in every thing done as you desired, the
+want of confidence in you being so far from being the cause thereof
+that I am every day more and more confirmed in the trust that I have of
+you, for believe me it is not in the power of any to make you suffer in
+my opinion by ill offices, but of this and divers other things I have
+given so full instructions that I will say no more, but that I am</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Your most assured constant friend,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Oxford, 26th Feb. 1645.”<a href="#Footnote_72" id="FNanchor_72" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></p>
+
+
+<p>The next in June following:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I am glad to hear that you are gone to Ireland, and assure you that
+as myself is no wise disheartened by our late misfortune so neither
+this country; for I could not have expected more from them, than
+they have now freely undertaken, though I had come hither absolute
+victorious, which makes me hope well of the neighbouring Shires. So
+that (by the grace of God) I hope shortly to recover my late loss
+with advantage, if<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</span> such succours come to me from that kingdom which
+I have reason to expect, but the circumstance of time is that of the
+greatest consequence, being that which is chiefliest and earnestliest
+recommended you by</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Your most assured, real constant friend,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Hereford, 23rd June, 1645.”</p>
+
+
+<p>The Earl wrote the annexed letter to the Marquis of
+Ormond, dated from Kilkenny in February, 1645:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_73" id="FNanchor_73" class="fnanchor">[I]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Excellency</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I need not give you a relation of the public audience given to the
+Nuncio yesterday by the Assembly, nor of his addresses thereunto; all
+which (I am confident) will be at Dublin before this can have the
+happiness to arrive with your Excellency. Neither need I use many words
+to persuade your Lordship, that the expectance of a more advantageous
+peace, wrought by the powerful hand of her Majesty, soon wipes out
+the clandestine hopes of my endeavours to serve this nation, to which
+any professions of mine have never been other, and always in order
+to the King my master’s service, which my duty commands me ever to
+have before mine eyes. And my zeal unto that transports me beyond all
+other considerations. Neither was ever anything of vanity in me to
+be esteemed the person that should contribute to the satisfaction of
+this kingdom, which I have ever aimed more to do than to seem to do
+(as the private way of my proceedings may well testify for me). But
+the saying is, a burnt child dreads the fire; and, therefore, if I
+be contented to <span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</span>withdraw my hands from meddling with concessions, I
+conceive it is your Excellency’s own dictamen, not only as you are so
+great a public Minister of State, but likewise as your Excellency is
+pleased in all things to express yourself my noble friend. And sure
+I am in all things you will find me a devoted servant unto you; and
+according unto the freedom that your Excellency is pleased to give me
+in order to his Majesty’s service, I must needs deal so plainly with
+your Excellency, as to put you in mind how absolutely necessary it is
+not to disgust the Nuncio, since that the supplies out of this kingdom
+unto the King can be but men. And certainly, before I can put myself
+into a handsome posture to serve the King my master by sea and land,
+and in some kind to supply his Majesty’s private purse, I think it
+will stand me in little less than £100,000, within three months; all
+which whence can I have it but out of Catholic countries; and how cold
+I shall find Catholics bent to this service, if the Pope be irritated,
+I humbly submit to your Excellency’s better judgment. And here am I
+constrained, to your friends and mine here, absolutely to profess not
+to be capable to do the King that service which he expects at my hands,
+unless the Nuncio here be civilly complied with, and carried along with
+us in our proceedings. Besides (if there be understanding or reality
+in me), it is impossible to carry this nation, and make them do any
+notable service for the King my master, against the hair, and contrary
+to the Nuncio’s satisfaction. And (pardon me to tell you) he is not a
+friend to your Excellency that will persuade to the contrary, knowing
+very well that you place your happiness and contentment in serving
+his Majesty and this kingdom, as far as any great and public Minister
+of State and real Protestant can attain unto. According to which
+conditions I confess<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</span> it is not fit for your Excellency to appear in it
+yourself; but if you please to interest myself and some others of your
+chief assured friends and servants here (even with whom your Excellency
+must give me leave to vie in reality and zeal to serve you), to deal
+with the Nuncio, I am most confident in a few days (if not in a few
+hours), we shall bring him so far to comply in order to his Majesty’s
+service, as may give your Excellency satisfaction. And for the present
+I alone have dealt with him so efficaciously, as that he hath not only
+given his consent and approbation for the 3000 men to go for Chester
+(for the transporting whereof I shall find shipping sufficient ready);
+and if that will not serve, he means to-morrow or the next day to
+make it his absolute business. And I beseech your Excellency to take
+what I have said here into your serious and speedy consideration, as
+proceeding from me, who am not only transported with zeal to the King
+my master’s service herein, but also to manifest myself how much I am</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line4">“Your Excellency’s, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Kilkenny, the 8th of February, 1645.”</p>
+
+
+<p>To which the Marquis replied from Dublin Castle on the 11th of
+February:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_74" id="FNanchor_74" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top extra_indent">“I hope the supplies your Lordship labours for
+with so much diligence will yet come seasonably for
+the relief of Chester, notwithstanding the rumours
+raised here of the taking of it; but of this and the rest
+of the 10,000 men I can say no more than I lately
+have done, in a letter commended to Mr. Browne’s
+conveyance.”</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top"  id="Page_86"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 86]</span>
+And in a letter of the 26th of March, he observes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">“By intercepted letters of the 16th (Feb.) of this month out of the
+North, I find it confirmed that Chester held out, and was not delivered
+on the second, as was confidently written hither out of North Wales by
+some that desired it should not be relieved; but it will infallibly be
+lost if the succours be not speedily sent.”</p>
+
+<p>And also writes desiring to be informed when the shipping and men will
+be in readiness.</p>
+
+<p class="margin2_top">Again the Earl addressed the Lord Lieutenant on the 24th:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_75" id="FNanchor_75" class="fnanchor">[J]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Excellency</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I am now setting foot in stirrup for Waterford, having made an embargo
+of all the shipping there, at Wexford, and all other places of that
+coast, towards the exportation of six thousand men, and have likewise
+sent an express to St. Ives and Falmouth for shipping, either to convoy
+or to help to transport these men. And if your Excellency please to
+inform yourself what may be done to forward this business out of
+Dublin, I shall not fail to see performed any agreement your Excellency
+shall make, whose zeal to the service I know to be such as that it were
+vanity in me to recommend it unto you. I will, therefore, only desire
+to know your Excellency’s pleasure as soon as may be, and as it is my
+part, so it is my affection always to obey you, and ever to remain,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line4">“Your Excellency’s, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Kilkenny, the 24th Feb. 1645.”</p>
+
+<p id="Page_87"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 87]</span>
+These letters seem at variance with the statement made by Dr. Birch and
+others, that “the Earl left Oxford, in March, 1644&ndash;5, in company with
+Sir Brian O’Neile and some Romish Priests, and went to Wales;”
+<a href="#Footnote_76" id="FNanchor_76" class="fnanchor">[K]</a>
+<a href="#Footnote_77" id="FNanchor_77" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>
+unless we suppose he went to Ireland in December or January, and
+returned to England sometime in February or March, which, although not
+impossible, yet was a matter not so easily accomplished in those times
+and under existing circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible, however, that his own private, and the urgency of
+public affairs, might induce his setting out early to arrange the one,
+and to settle preliminaries in the other; for this latter purpose he
+would certainly require his commissions of the 6th and 12th of January,
+1644&ndash;5.</p>
+
+<p>Then in March, 1644&ndash;5, being returned from Ireland, he waits on his
+Majesty at Oxford, and receives from him his Warrant of the 12th of
+March, and on the 1st of April his extraordinary and ever-memorable
+patent; than which nothing could possibly show more convincingly his
+Majesty’s surpassing confidence in the newly-created Earl, and his
+determination to “answer for his judgment.”</p>
+
+<p>But this last favour had to be sent to him, as we find from his
+instructions to Edward Bosdon, accompanied by a letter to his Majesty,
+dated the 21st of March, 1644.</p>
+
+<p>We are here enabled to clear up a mystery which has hitherto hung over
+this portion of his personal history, through a very humble source,
+fortunately preserved in the Letter Book of Sir William Brereton,
+now in the British Museum, wherein is the copy of a letter from John
+Bythell, apparently the commander of <span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</span>the “Peter,” bound for Dublin.
+The circumstance is too interesting to epitomise, and might suffer in
+graphic description by any attempt to curtail its minute particulars
+intended to interest his father and family.</p>
+
+<p>From this document we learn that the party left Carnarvon for Dublin on
+the 25th of March, 1645:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="margin2_top reference_quoted_indent"><a href="#Footnote_78" id="FNanchor_78" class="fnanchor">[L]</a>
+“John Bythell his letter to his father Rich:
+Bythell, in Wyre hall. Wherein the much
+admired Providence of God is to be observed
+in commanding the seas, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">“Loving Father and Mother,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“My duty remembered unto you, and my love to my brother Peter and my
+sister. These are to certify you that I am in health, but am very sorry
+that I have such an occasion as this to write to you of. But I pray you
+be not dismayed nor discouraged, for I trust that that God that hath
+preserved me from my child-hood, and brought me into these troubles,
+will in his good time deliver me from them again. For when I went into
+a place into Wales, called Carnarvon, with a small barque laden with
+corn, intending to go for Dublin, which [where] it was my fortune to
+stay some six weeks for a wind; in the interim there came some great
+men from Oxford, and pressed the barque for the King’s service to
+carry them to Dublin, and said if I did deny they would throw my corn
+overboard; and they being of that power forced the barque to go out
+with them. There was the Lord Herbert, and the Lord John Somerset, the
+Lord Herbert’s brother, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</span>and many knights and colonels and captains,
+all being strangers to me. But as it seemed, and so it fell out, God
+was not pleased to grant them a passage, for we left Carnarvon upon the
+25th day of March, being our Ladyday, with a very fair wind, although
+north-east, and as fair a day as possibly could be. But when we came
+over the bar of Carnarvon the wind began to calm, and to come to the
+south and south-east. And when we had not sailed past three or four
+leagues, but the wind came to the south-west, and began to blow very
+hard about two or three of the clock in the next morning, so that we
+could not possibly get the Holyhead; and it increased more and more
+still, insomuch that when we came to the Skerries the storm grew to
+that [remorselessness?] that the barque had much ado to recover for
+being swallowed up in those great waves. But when we had passed the
+Skerries the wind grew greater and greater, and with much ado we
+recovered the shore with the [ship], but could not possibly gain any
+harbour, but were driven to the main sea. And seeing the danger we were
+now in, the passengers threw over some of my corn and cheese, so we lay
+on the sea Tuesday and Wednesday; and on Thursday we could not gain any
+land but in the North of England, at a place called Pillen; there we
+came to anchor on Thursday about five of the clock in the afternoon.
+But Lord Herbert would not go on shore, nor suffer any that was in the
+barque to land before him. But on the Friday the storm increased more
+and more, insomuch that no man did expect life, but every man prepared
+himself for death. But God (out of his great mercy) was pleased to
+spare our lives for that time most miraculously; for about ten of the
+clock in the morning, about one hour before full sea, the barque not
+being able to ride, we were forced to cast our main-mast<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</span> overboard,
+and presently after cut both her cables, and committed ourselves to
+God’s mercy. But it pleased God we run on a part of the sand called
+Cockram Sand, near to Pillen, but she struck many times before she came
+near any shore; but at the last we recovered shore, but had neither
+anchor nor cable to hold her, so she did [lie] all a-dry, and as soon
+as she did ebb a-dry all the great men went away that were papists,
+and are got to some garrison under the king’s command. But one Mr.
+Nutterfield and his wife, and one Mr. Argent and his daughter, and one
+Mr. Collour and his wife, and myself, went to Pillen with some few men
+more, to comfort ourselves with the fire and to refresh ourselves. And
+the next morning being Saturday, Mr. Collour and one Mr. Hambleton and
+myself hired horses from Pillen to go to the governor of that place
+to make him acquainted with our landing. His name is Colonel George
+Doddinge, and when we came to him and told him our cause, he said he
+could not do any less than commit us to Lancaster, where now I am, at
+a very good place, one Capt. Rippendshoupe’s. The Colonel was pleased
+to remove me out of the Castle to his house, a very good place, where I
+am well used; but it has pleased the Colonel to seize on all my corn,
+and to take it from me, so that I cannot tell what course to take; for
+all our names are sent up to the Parliament, and the Colonel cannot
+release any till he receives an answer, how we must be disposed of.
+The best course that you can take to have me released will be to make
+some friends to Sir Wm. Brereton and Colonel More, and to procure
+their answer to Colonel Doddinge, and to inform him where I lived,
+and that I never took up any arms on either side, but have lived in
+Ireland this ten years. And so I hope that will be answer to procure my
+enlargement,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</span> for here I am a stranger, and am not known by anybody,
+so I desire this truly may be certified, and by the hands of Sir Wm.
+Brereton and Colonel More; and I hope that will give satisfaction.
+I desire my brother Peter to use his best endeavour herein for my
+liberty, and to come to see me. The Colonel hath granted Mr. Collour
+and me the favour [and me <i>sic</i>] to send to his friends, being at
+Namptwich, and the same messing [messenger?] to come down from thence
+to you with my letter for fear [if] ours were sent before [they] should
+miscarry, so we sent letters by the Colonel’s directions to Namptwich
+from hence on Wednesday, being the first of April; my letters were
+inclosed in Mr. Collour’s letters, and he desired his father-in-law,
+Lieut.-Col. Jones, Sir Wm. Brereton, Lieut. Coa, that as soon as his
+letters came to his hands, to send my letters down to you. But for fear
+these should miscarry, we have sent the bearer to you with this letter.
+I had all my money taken from me, therefore I pray you to make shift
+to procure me four or five pounds, for I have not a penny but what I
+do borrow. I pray you to send a shirt and two or three bands, for I
+have none left me. I hope my brother Peter will not fail to come and to
+bring these things along with him, that I have written for; so desiring
+you to remember my love to all our friends, especially to Mr. Glegg and
+Mrs. Gregg, to Capt. Edw. and Capt. John Glegg, and to Capt. Robert,
+and to Mr. Wm. and Mrs. Elizabeth and Miss Jones, and all the rest; so
+desiring a happy meeting, I rest,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Your loving and obedient son, till death,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Jo. Bythell</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Lancaster, 6 April, 1645.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_92"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 92]</span>
+“I pray you give the bearer hereof, Mary Goadfine, 2<i>s</i> and 6<i>d</i>, and
+make much of her. But let her make what haste she can back again to me.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">We have next:&mdash;<ins class="correction" title="original has unreferenced footnote, placed here."><a href="#Footnote_79" id="FNanchor_79" class="fnanchor">[M]</a></ins></p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">“A list of their names that were aboard the ‘Peter,’ bound for Dublin
+and distressed by storms, and cast upon the coast of Lancashire, and
+[who] afterwards escaped to Skipton Castle.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top extra_indent">(The name of the Prisoners taken at Lancaster, 1st
+April, 1645.)</p>
+
+<p class="continued">The Earl of Glamorgan, the Lord Herbert.</p>
+<p class="continued">The Lord John his brother.</p>
+<p class="continued">Sir Brian, uncle of Sir Francis Edmonds.</p>
+<p class="continued">Sir Charles Hayward, the Duke of Norfolk’s grandchild.</p>
+<p class="continued">Lieut. Vivian Mouelex, a man who was very decrepid.</p>
+<p class="continued">Col. Cave, Col. Mitchell (Irish).</p>
+<p class="continued">Mr. F. Flemmia, a Lancashire man.</p>
+<p class="continued">Captain Mulbrian, Captain Bacon.</p>
+<p class="continued">Mr. Peters, the Lord Peters’ brother, Mr. Poynes.</p>
+<p class="continued">Mr. Hutton, Col. Pristoe, Captain Butler.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“Some two or three more whose names are not known to any passenger, but
+they were men of ordinary quality.</p>
+
+<p>“The Protestants that are now prisoners at Lancaster, and went of their
+own voluntary will, and not taken by force, and hired horses.</p>
+
+<p>“Mr. Collham, Mr. Jones, James Hambleton, Jo. Bythell, Mr. Rob.
+Noterfield, his wife and children and three servants; not siding with
+the papists, Mr. Argent a gentleman, his daughter, and Boyes, and his
+maid; Mr. Barker, Mr. Floyde, a minister.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_93"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 93]</span>
+“Two of the Lord Herbert’s men who were taken in their escape after
+their Lordship; two poor sailors.”</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Carte, in his Life of the Duke of Ormond,<a href="#Footnote_80" id="FNanchor_80" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> and Dr. Birch,<a href="#Footnote_81" id="FNanchor_81" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>
+following the same authority, assert that&mdash;“The Earl of Glamorgan,
+having embarked on board a small vessel, was near being taken by a
+Parliament ship, which pursued him till he took refuge in a port of
+Cumberland.” This, however, must refer to his second, and not to his
+first, attempt to set sail from Wales.</p>
+
+<p>We can now understand the occasion of delay previously unaccounted for;
+thus, Dr. Birch, after informing us through Mr. Trevor’s letter of the
+9th of April, 1645,<a href="#Footnote_82" id="FNanchor_82" class="fnanchor">[N]</a> that the Earl has actually “gone into Ireland,”
+proceeds in the next page to quote a passage from Lord Digby’s letter,
+dated Dublin, 8th of May, 1645:&mdash;“Though I have no full knowledge of
+what Lord Herbert was to bring with him; yet by his letter to me out of
+Wales, I guess his <i>missing this place</i> (Dublin) was a great misfortune
+to the King’s service, even in relation to the credit I found the Irish
+were apt to give to his services and undertakings; and therefore if he
+be where he can <i>get once more to the water’s edge, and will venture
+over</i>, I am very confident the little frigate I now send to stay the
+return of the bearer, will land him in some safe port of Ireland.”</p>
+
+<p>In consequence of this arrangement he at length arrived at Dublin about
+the end of July or beginning of August,<a href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> 1645, being a space of
+about six months from the time of his leaving Oxford.</p>
+
+<p>An incident with which the Earl of Glamorgan was connected occurred
+during his stay in Wales, affords an amusing episode illustrating the
+prevailing superstition of the age, against which his Lordship was
+by no <span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</span>means proof. Dr. Bayly states that: “The Earl, accompanied by
+officers, knights, and gentlemen of high rank, all of the red letter,
+as they were in their journey for Ireland, quartered in the town of
+Carnarvon, a sea-port in North Wales, where they were entertained with
+discourse at their table by some of the gentlemen of the country, who
+informed them of the fulfilling of an old Welsh prophecy, at that
+very time and place.” The legend related to the building of nests in
+the crown on the head of King Edward I., over the gate of Carnarvon
+Castle, and was interpreted as significant of the times. “Dinner being
+ended, they all went to the castle gate.” Thereon the Earl of Glamorgan
+“commanded the nest to be pulled down, which was done accordingly; and
+being thrown down, they found the materials of the nest to be such, as
+wherewith never any bird did build her nest, viz. with white thorn,
+which, for a memorandum or rarity, every one of them stuck a thorn in
+his hat-band, and wore it.”<a href="#Footnote_83" id="FNanchor_83" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<p>But we must now, however, revert to Raglan Castle, to keep in view what
+had been passing there in the interim.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_58"><a href="#FNanchor_58"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Synopsis of the Peerage.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_59"><a href="#FNanchor_59"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Nichols.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_60"><a href="#FNanchor_60"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch and others.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_61"><a href="#FNanchor_61"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Macaulay.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_62"><a href="#FNanchor_62"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Nichols.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_63"><a href="#FNanchor_63"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_64"><a href="#FNanchor_64"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_65"><a href="#FNanchor_65"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_66"><a href="#FNanchor_66"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_67"><a href="#FNanchor_67"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Carte, Birch and others.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_68"><a href="#FNanchor_68"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Several lines of numerals have been deciphered as here
+given.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_69"><a href="#FNanchor_69"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch and others.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_70"><a href="#FNanchor_70"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch and others.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_71"><a href="#FNanchor_71"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_72"><a href="#FNanchor_72"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> Birch, p. 359, gives the date 28 Feb. 1645.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_73"><a href="#FNanchor_73"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Bodleian Library, MS. Vol. “Carte Papers, 1634&ndash;57,
+Ireland,” No. 159.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_74"><a href="#FNanchor_74"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Carte, vol. vi. p. 353.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_75"><a href="#FNanchor_75"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> Bod. Lib. MS. Vol. “Carte Papers, 1634&ndash;1657, Ireland, 63,”
+Nos. 160 and 161.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_76"><a href="#FNanchor_76"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> Birch’s Inquiry, p. 56.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_77"><a href="#FNanchor_77"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Carte.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_78"><a href="#FNanchor_78"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> Additional Manuscripts, Brit. Museum, 11,331, Plnt.
+CLXXIII. E, 3 vols. folio. Lettered&mdash;“Letter-Book of Sir W. Brereton,
+1645.” 3 vols. folio. Vol. I. (old page, 13; pencil page, 15.)
+Indexed&mdash;“From John Bythell to his father Richard Bythell in Wyrehall,
+wherein the providence of God, in commanding the seas, is observable.”</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_79"><a href="#FNanchor_79"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> From additional MSS. Brit. Museum, 11,338&ndash;3. “Letter Book
+of Sir W. Brereton, 1645.” 3 vols. folio, Vol. 1, page 69.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_80"><a href="#FNanchor_80"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Carte.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_81"><a href="#FNanchor_81"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Birch.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_82"><a href="#FNanchor_82"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> Birch’s Inquiry, p. 58.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_83"><a href="#FNanchor_83"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Bayly, Ap. XIX.</p></div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_95"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 95]</span></p>
+
+<h2 id="CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="chapter_heading">RAGLAN CASTLE&mdash;ROYAL VISITS.</p>
+
+
+<p>While the Earl of Glamorgan was zealously prosecuting Charles the
+First’s designs in Ireland, he had left his Countess under his father’s
+protection at Raglan Castle. At the commencement of this period the
+noble Marquis would be in about the 63rd year of his age, rather
+feeble, and a martyr to gout, which his fondness for claret may have
+aggravated; a pleasant story being related by his chaplain, that on
+the physician recommending abstinence from his favourite beverage, he
+declared that he would rather incur the attacks of his old enemy than
+abandon his favourite claret.<a href="#Footnote_84" id="FNanchor_84" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<p>Between the years 1640 and 1641 Raglan Castle had been strongly
+garrisoned, when much activity was evinced in providing and securing
+stores, arms, and the munitions of war. It must, therefore, have worn a
+very animated and impressive appearance, occupied as it was by hundreds
+of soldiers, with a large number of war-horses. The exercising of the
+troops would most likely take place daily in the extensive paved or
+pitched court, under full view of the drawing-room windows, a spacious
+upper apartment, ranging behind the hexagonal towers of the grand
+entrance, all of which remain to this day.</p>
+
+<p>A contemporary writer<a href="#Footnote_85" id="FNanchor_85" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> states that in the hall windows <span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</span>of this
+princely castle might be seen the ancient arms:&mdash;Argent, a lion
+rampant, sable, within a garter. Thomas Lord Morley, died 1416; and an
+old carving on the outside walls, representing three lions rampant,
+impaling, a fess, in chief three martlets.</p>
+
+<p>In the adjoining village of Raglan the old parish church of St. Cadocus
+had its large pedestal sun-dial perfect, its yew-tree flourishing, and
+its burial-ground hedged in with trees. Within the sacred edifice, the
+Worcester chapel possessed its funeral ornaments in varieties of fine
+marble, sculptured with artistic skill. Against the north wall was the
+statue of an armed knight, in parliamentary robes, decorated with the
+Garter, in memory of William Somerset, who died 21st of March, 1589,
+aged 61 years. Another fair monument consisted of two statues, male
+and female, under an arch between the chancel and this chapel; he in
+parliamentary robes, garter, badge, <i>sans gloire</i>, an earl’s crown, and
+the privy-seal purse. Edward Somerset died 1627&ndash;8.<a href="#Footnote_86" id="FNanchor_86" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p>
+
+<p>Dr. Bayly, in his capacity of chaplain to the then Marquis of
+Worcester, appears to have resided in the Castle from 1643 to 1646. His
+collection of the Marquis’s sayings and family anecdotes, under the
+title of “Apophthegms,” includes some antecedent matters related on the
+authority of others. He expressly remarks:&mdash;“I have lived in Raglan
+Castle three years, and in all that time I never saw a man drunk, nor
+heard an oath amongst any of all his servants; neither did I ever see a
+better ordered family.”</p>
+
+<p>He describes from hearsay, in his usual gossiping strain, the ceremony
+of a mock wedding, which was conducted as a kind of masque at the
+Castle some <span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</span>years previously, on the occasion of the marriage of
+the Marquis’s fourth daughter Elizabeth to Francis Brown, Viscount
+Montagu, the particulars of which graphically illustrate the domestic
+manners and customs prevailing in those times, affording also a fair
+example of the Marquis’s own peculiar humour, and further offering a
+scene in which there can be little doubt that the then Lord Herbert
+fully participated: for he would scarcely have absented himself on so
+important an occasion as that of his sister’s marriage.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Bayly expresses himself as not being sure whether the mock ceremony
+happened on the occasion of Lord Herbert’s marriage, or on that of his
+fourth sister Elizabeth.<a href="#Footnote_87" id="FNanchor_87" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> However, it seems that no sooner had the
+marriage party been seated at the feast provided for the occasion,
+than, as the chaplain states, “Tom Deputy, an old bachelor, chanced
+to cast his eye upon a pretty piece of waiting woman, one of the
+appurtenances of this honourable bride. He, this jovial Tom, having
+whetted his wits by the sides of the marriage bowl, fixes upon her,
+being enabled sufficiently thereby to follow any humour, as a fit
+subject to make their lordships some sport; which happened to be so
+suitable to the occasion and so well performed, that it soon captivated
+the ears also.” Tom, being informed he may have the lady for asking,
+makes that request of the fair bride, remarking, “I protest I will
+marry her, and fancy myself to be a lord, and herself a lady. <i>My mind
+to me a kingdom is</i>, which shall make her a sufficient jointure.”</p>
+
+<p>“Tom, Tom,” said the Marquis, “such men as you and I, whose joints are
+enfeebled with the strokes of many years, must not think to win young
+maids, by promising to make them jointures of the mind, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</span>but will you
+make her Deputy of Deputy Hall? and landlady of all the land that is
+belonging to it? and mistress of all the stock that is upon the land,
+and goods that are within the house, and then you shall hear what my
+daughter<a href="#Footnote_88" id="FNanchor_88" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> and her waiting woman will say unto you.”</p>
+
+<p>“With all my heart,” said Tom, “and all the hogs and poultry that are
+about the house to boot, and she shall lie upon six feather-beds the
+first night.”</p>
+
+<p>Matters being arranged after some jocular preliminary promises, Tom
+telling the bride that they were agreed, the lady drank to him, he
+promising to marry her after dinner; the only difficulty appearing to
+arise from the want of wedding clothes. The Marquis, willing to remove
+that obstacle, told Tom that he thought his clothes would fit him, and
+bid him go into his wardrobe, and take what he had a mind to.</p>
+
+<p>“Give me your key,” said Tom; and receiving it, went up, and equipped
+himself with the Marquis’s beaver hat, satin cloak laid with plush,
+daubed with a gold and silver lace, suit of the same, silk-stockings,
+with roses and garters suitable, inside and outside, cap-a-pie, all as
+brave as if he carried a lordship on his back.</p>
+
+<p>“The lady bride takes her woman aside, and dresses her in one of her
+richest and newest gowns, with all things answerable thereto, not
+without some store of slight jewels, and brings her down as glorious as
+the morn that breaks from the eastern hill, and chases night away.</p>
+
+<p>“Tom acted this scene of mirth in the Hall, which proved to be a thing
+of that convenience, as if it had been an act of some set policy to
+keep the crowd out of <span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</span>the parlour, that the Masquers might have room
+enough to dance in. At last, when the Masque was ended, and Time had
+brought in supper, the Cushion led the dance out of the Parlour into
+the Hall,<a href="#Footnote_89" id="FNanchor_89" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> and saluted the old new-made bridgroom and his lady,
+leading them into the parlour to a table which was furnished with the
+same allowance that was allotted for all the nobles; where they were
+soon forced to sit down,” and were bountifully served.</p>
+
+<p>“Supper being ended, the Marquis of Worcester asked the Lady, his
+daughter, if she had a hundred pounds about her. No, my Lord, she
+answered, but I can send for as much. I pray do, said the Marquis, but
+it must be all in gold. She sent for it accordingly, presenting it to
+her father, who pulled out another purse of a hundred pieces; and put
+the two hundred pieces in the basin, saying&mdash;‘Madam, if you do not
+give earnest, Deputy will tell you in the morning, that he married
+your woman but in jest.’ Whereupon some gave fifty, others forty, some
+twenty, others ten, the least gave five pieces, who sat at the table,
+in all seven hundred pounds; the apparel and other gifts amounting to
+no less value than one thousand pounds, which so transported the old
+man, that he protested, that now he was in the humour, he would marry
+all the waiting gentlewomen they had; one every day in the week, as
+long as the wedding lasted.”</p>
+
+<p>Thomas, however, was at that period of the entertainment overcome with
+the potent effects of the good wine of which he had freely partaken.
+The Marquis, desirous of making the practical experiment of trying
+whether Thomas could be persuaded that the past was all a dream; had
+him carried to his old lodging in the <span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</span>Porter’s Lodge, and disrobed
+of his fine clothes, which was done accordingly. Next morning the
+experiment realized all their expectations; and the Marquis, after many
+good exhortations to both parties, delivered unto them the money that
+had been collected.</p>
+
+<p>During the troubles preceding the civil war, a circumstance occurred
+at the castle which establishes the early attachment of the Earl of
+Glamorgan to scientific and mechanical pursuits, whilst it affords
+tolerably conclusive proof of his having actually constructed the
+identical invention which has immortalized his name.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Bayly informs us, to quote his own words, that “At the beginning
+of this Parliament (Nov. 1640), there were certain rustics who came
+into Raglan Castle to search for arms, his Lordship being a Papist.”
+The Marquis met them at the castle gate, desiring to know whether they
+came to take away his money, seeing they intended to disarm him. They
+stated that they made the application merely in consequence of his
+being a recusant. To which he replied, “he was a peer of the realm, and
+no convict recusant, therefore the law could not in reason take notice
+of any such things.” Finding some sharp and dubious expressions coming
+from the Marquis, they were at last willing to take his word; but he,
+not wishing to part with them on such easy terms, had before resolved
+to return them one fright for another. With that view he conveyed them
+up and down the castle, until at length he “brought them over a high
+bridge that arched over the moat, that was between the castle and the
+great tower,<a href="#Footnote_90" id="FNanchor_90" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> wherein the Lord Herbert had newly contrived certain
+water-works, which, when the several engines and wheels were to be <span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</span>set
+a-going, much quantity of water, through the hollow conveyances of the
+aqueducts, was to be let down from the top of the high tower; which,
+upon the first entrance of these wonderful asinegoes, the Marquis had
+given order that these cataracts should begin to fall, which made
+such a fearful and hideous noise, by reason of the hollowness of the
+tower, and neighbouring echoes of the castle, and the waters that were
+between, and round about, that there was such a roaring as if the mouth
+of hell had been wide open, and all the devils conjured up, occasioning
+the poor silly men to stand so amazed, as if they had been half dead;
+and yet they saw nothing. At last, as the plot was laid, up came a man
+staring and running, crying out, <i>Look to yourselves, my masters, for
+the lions are got loose</i>. Whereupon the searchers tumbled so over one
+another escaping down the stairs, that it was thought one half of them
+would break their necks, never looking behind them until out of sight
+of the castle.”<a href="#Footnote_91" id="FNanchor_91" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+<p>It was probably not long after the commencement of the civil war that
+the occurrence we have next to notice happened at the castle, affecting
+the then Lord Herbert, which is related by the family chronicler in
+his 48th Apophthegm thus:&mdash;“My Lord Herbert of Raglan (eldest son of
+the Marquis) came into Raglan Castle, attended with 40 or 50 officers
+and commanders; and his business with his father being about procuring
+from the old man more money for the King, the Lord Herbert in his
+request unto his father (unhappily and unawares) chanced to use the
+word <i>must</i>; which his father (the Marquis) laying hold on, asked him,
+<i>Must you? I pray take it</i>; and threw him the keys of his treasury, out
+of his pocket; whereat his son was wonderfully out of <span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</span>countenance,
+and abashed (being otherwise ever a dutiful and respectful son to his
+father) replied: ‘Sir, the word was out before I was aware, I do not
+intend to put it in force; I pray will you put up your key again?’</p>
+
+<p>“To which the Marquis returned his son these words. ‘Truly, son, I
+shall think my keys not safe in my pocket, whilst you have so many
+swords by your side; nor that I have the command of my house whilst you
+have so many officers in it; nor that I am at my own disposal, whilst
+you have so many commanders.’</p>
+
+<p>“My Lord (replied the son), I do not intend that they shall stay in the
+castle, I mean they shall be gone.</p>
+
+<p>“I pray let them (said the Marquis), and have care that <i>must</i> do not
+stay behind.</p>
+
+<p>“Whereat, after my Lord Herbert was gone out of the room, there were
+some who, as mannerly as they could, blamed the Marquis for his too
+much severity to his son, after that he had seen him express so much
+of sorrow for that over-slip; whereupon the Marquis replied:&mdash;‘Hark
+ye, if my son be dejected, I can raise him when I please; but it is
+a question, if he should once take a head, whether I could bring him
+lower when I list. Ned was not wont to use such courtship to me, and I
+believe he intended a better word for his father; but <i>must</i> was for
+the King.’”<a href="#Footnote_92" id="FNanchor_92" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+<p>In August, 1644, Charles the First wrote to the Marquis, in the
+following gracious and flattering terms:<a href="#Footnote_93" id="FNanchor_93" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I am sensible of the great affection which you and your son have
+expressed unto me, by eminent services, and of the means he may have
+of doing me more in that way wherein he is now engaging himself,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</span> that
+I cannot choose, before his going, but express unto you, in a very
+particular manner, the value I have of you both, and to assure you,
+that if God bless me, I will not be behind-hand with either of you. In
+the meantime, finding your son so much more desirous that there should
+be placed upon you some mark of my favour, rather than upon himself,
+I have thought fit to let you know that as soon as I shall confer the
+Order of the Garter upon any, you shall receive it as a testimony of my
+being,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line3">“Your assured constant friend,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Liskeard, Aug. 2nd, 1644.”</p>
+
+
+<p>And again, the same month, he further assured and
+promised him as follows:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_94" id="FNanchor_94" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Yours and your son’s daily endeavours to serve me, makes me think
+which way to give you assurance of my gracious acceptance. And,
+therefore, as a further testimony, I have sent you this enclosed,
+only known to him and me, and fit, for several reasons of importance
+to you and me, to be kept private, until I shall esteem the time
+convenient, when, as God shall enable me, I will show my tender care
+of you and yours; as, by a match propounded for your grandchild, you
+will easily judge; the particulars I leave to your son, Glamorgan his
+relation, which I have commanded him to make to you only; and you may
+be confident that I so much esteem your merits, and your upholding your
+son in my service (wherein no subject I have equals either of you), as
+that I cannot think anything <span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</span>too much that lies in my power; though,
+as yet, some considerations hinder me from doing all I would towards
+you and yours. But, by your son’s endeavours, I make no question but
+in short time to pass them so over, as that I shall make good the
+intentions I have, to manifest that I esteem your services such as
+my words cannot express them; nor I, but by showing myself at all
+occasions, and in all things to be,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line3">“Your assured friend,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“For the Marquis of Worcester.”</p>
+
+<p>Which communication conveyed the following enclosure, prepared some
+time previously.<a href="#Footnote_95" id="FNanchor_95" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Our will and pleasure is, that you prepare a
+bill for our signature, for creating our right trusty and
+entirely-beloved cousin, Henry, Marquis of Worcester,
+Duke of Somerset, to him and the heirs male of his
+body issuing, with all the privileges and immunities
+thereunto belonging, and with a grant of an annuity of
+fifty pounds yearly, to be paid to him and them, out of
+our customs of Swansea, in our county of Glamorgan,
+for the support of the said dignity, for which this shall
+be your sufficient warrant. Given at our Court in
+Oxford, the sixth day of January, in the twentieth year
+of our reign.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“To our Attorney or Solicitor-General</p>
+<p class="signed_line4">“for the time being.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">After the fatal battle of Naseby, 14th June, 1645, the position of
+Charles the First becoming desperate, he early sought the repose and
+security afforded by Raglan Castle, with the equally or more important
+purpose <span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</span>of stimulating a further drain on the fast diminishing
+resources of its munificent proprietor. It will be requisite to
+relate some particulars in reference to these royal visits from their
+connection with this memoir, incidentally proving the position and
+prospects of the Earl of Glamorgan; while they account for much of both
+his father’s and his own misplaced confidence in the fickle monarch
+and false friend, whose obligations to the aged Marquis of Worcester
+and his noble minded son were equally of personal as well as political
+importance to him, during the many mischances of his career at that
+most critical period of his reign.</p>
+
+<p>On Thursday, the 3rd of July, 1645, late in the afternoon, Charles the
+First arrived at Raglan Castle, where he was received with all possible
+state and ceremony. We are informed that:&mdash;When the King first entered
+the castle, the Marquis having kissed the King’s hand, on rising, he
+saluted his Majesty with the compliment&mdash;<i>Domine non sum dignus</i>. The
+King replied:&mdash;“My Lord, I may very well answer you again; I have not
+found so great faith in Israel; for no man would trust me with so much
+money as you have done.” To which the Marquis rejoined:&mdash;“I hope your
+Majesty will prove a defender of the faith.”<a href="#Footnote_96" id="FNanchor_96" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> He was entertained to
+supper on the occasion, remaining at the castle until Wednesday, the
+16th of the same month, when his Majesty left to proceed to Cardiff.</p>
+
+<p>From a Warrant issued on the 5th of July, 1645, we learn the losses
+sustained by and the situation of the Earl of Glamorgan’s regiment of
+horse. It is a manuscript in the Harleian Collection, as follows:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_97" id="FNanchor_97" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p>
+
+<p>“Whereas the Earl of Glamorgan’s regiment of horse being over at least
+200, is now by reason of continual <span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</span>duty, 2 troops taken from it, and
+60: (<i>sic</i>) more lost in fight, much weaker, therefore it is desired
+that the remainder of this horse may be by order secured in Colonel
+Lingen’s regiment; till such time the rest of the money by the said
+Earl, appointed for the raising of his regiment, may be received.”</p>
+
+<p>On Friday, the 18th of July, his Majesty returning to the Castle dined
+there, continuing his visit until the 22nd, when he set out for a
+place called The Creek. In the evening, however, he had supper at the
+Castle, and remained there until Thursday, the 24th. He purposed going
+to Bristol, but apprehending the approach of the Scots, on arriving
+at The Creek, he went thence to Newport, Cardiff, Radnor, and Ludlow
+Castle. After a lapse of six weeks, his Majesty, on Sunday, the 7th of
+September, paid his third visit to Raglan Castle in time to partake of
+supper. He staid until Monday, the 15th of September,<a href="#Footnote_98" id="FNanchor_98" class="fnanchor">[H]</a> when he took a
+final leave of his bountiful host. During this last visit his Majesty
+appears, on different occasions, to have gone to Abergavenny on the 8th
+and 11th, attended with his guards.<a href="#Footnote_99" id="FNanchor_99" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></p>
+
+<p>Much misapprehension prevails respecting these royal visits, which it
+is clear were made on three distinct occasions, his Majesty staying the
+first time thirteen days, on the second six days, and on the last eight
+days.</p>
+
+<p>A singular instance of the Marquis’s freedom in addressing the King
+occurs in the following statement made by his chaplain:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_100" id="FNanchor_100" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+<p>“The Marquis had a mind to tell the King as handsomely as he could,
+of some of his (as he thought) faults; and thus he contrived his plot
+against the time that his Majesty was wont to give his Lordship a
+visit, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</span>as commonly he used to do, after dinner. His Lordship had the
+book of John Gower<a href="#Footnote_101" id="FNanchor_101" class="fnanchor">[I]</a> lying before him on the table; the King, casting
+his eye upon the book, told the Marquis that he had never seen it
+before.</p>
+
+<p>“Oh,” said the Marquis, “it is a book of books, which if your Majesty
+had been well versed in, it would have made you a King of Kings.”</p>
+
+<p>“Why so, my Lord?” said the King.</p>
+
+<p>“Why,” said the Marquis, “here is set down how Aristotle brought up and
+instructed Alexander the Great in all his rudiments, and the principles
+belonging to a prince.”</p>
+
+<p>“And under the persons of Alexander and Aristotle, he read the King
+such a lesson, that all the standers by were amazed at his boldness;
+and the King, supposing that he had gone further than his text would
+have given him leave, asked the Marquis whether he had his lesson by
+heart, or whether he spoke out of the book.</p>
+
+<p>“Sir,” the Marquis replied, “if you could read my heart, it may be you
+might find it there; or if your Majesty please to get it by heart, I
+will lend you my book.”</p>
+
+<p>“Which latter proffer the King accepted, and did borrow it.</p>
+
+<p>“Nay,” said the Marquis, “I will lend it you upon these conditions: 1.
+That you read it; and 2. That you make use of it.”</p>
+
+<p>“But perceiving how some of the new made Lords fretted and bit their
+thumbs at certain passages in the Marquis’s discourse, he thought a
+little to please his Majesty, though he displeased them, the men who
+were so much displeased already, protesting unto his Majesty <span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</span>that no
+man was so much for the absolute power of a King as Aristotle. Desiring
+the book out of the King’s hand, he told the King he would show him one
+remarkable passage to that purpose; turning to that place that had this
+verse, viz.:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“A king can kill, a king can save,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;A king can make a lord a knave,</span>
+<span class="i2">And of a knave, a lord also, &amp;c.”</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>“Whereupon there were divers new-made Lords who slunk out of the room,
+which the King observing, told the Marquis&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“My Lord, at this rate you will drive away all my nobility.”</p>
+
+<p>“I protest unto your Majesty,” the Marquis replied, “I am as new a made
+lord as any of them all, but I was never called knave and rogue so much
+in all my life, as I have been since I received this last honour; and
+why should they not bear their shares?”</p>
+
+<p>An incident is related as occurring during one of the entertainments
+given to the royal visitor, which is too characteristic to be omitted.
+A dessert of Welsh grown fruit having been provided, had to be
+presented to the King. Sir Thomas Somerset, the Marquis’s brother,
+living at Troy House, five miles from Raglan, delighted much in fine
+gardens and orchards, ordering and replenishing them with all the
+varieties of choicest fruits. He sent his brother a present of fair,
+ripe fruit, which the Marquis could not suffer to be presented to
+the King by any other hands than his own, the particulars of which
+are circumstantially detailed by Dr. Bayly, who was very likely an
+eye-witness. He says:&mdash;“In comes the Marquis to the King, at the latter
+end of the supper, led by the arm, having such a goodly presence
+with him, that his being led became him, rather like some ceremony
+of state, than show of impotence; and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</span> his slow pace, occasioned by
+his infirmity, expressed a Spanish gravity rather than feebleness.
+Thus, with a silver dish in each hand filled with rarities, and a
+little basket upon his arm, as a supply in case his Majesty should be
+over-bountiful of his favours to the ladies that were standers by.”
+Making his third obeisance, he, in his own peculiar mode of pleasantry,
+presenting the fruit, observed: “I assure your Majesty that this
+present came from Troy.”</p>
+
+<p>The royal reply was no less witty. The King, smiling, said, “Truly, my
+Lord, I have heard that corn now grows where Troy town stood, but I
+never thought there had grown any apricots there before.
+<ins class="correction" title="Typo original has &quot;’">”</ins><a href="#Footnote_102" id="FNanchor_102" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+<p>During his stay at Raglan the King made the tour of neighbouring towns.
+At the Castle he was sumptuously entertained; the apartment he occupied
+is still marked by its fine large remaining window, and its proximity
+to the picture gallery; also the Pleasaunce or Bowling-green, where he
+sought amusement and exercise.</p>
+
+<p>It was most likely about or soon after the King’s last visit that the
+next circumstance occurred we shall have to record affecting the Earl
+of Glamorgan, which is related as follows by Dr. Bayly:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_102" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+<p>“My Lord Herbert, after that he had sufficiently exhausted his father,
+by all the means he could possibly use, for his Majesty’s relief, and
+had taken up all his father’s moneys far and near, where he could
+either prevail with force or argument, he chanced to hear of a sum of
+money to the value of £6000, which the Marquis had committed to the
+Lord John (his son), his care and trusty preservation abroad. This
+money my Lord Herbert happened to hear of, and acquaints the King
+therewith, engaging the King in the business, and tells <span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</span>the King,
+that if he would send for his brother the Lord John, to come unto him,
+and would say but thus and thus unto him, that he would undertake he
+might have the £6000. The King’s occasions were then urgent (being then
+before Gloucester, and hard pinched for lack of money); through my Lord
+Herbert’s persuasion, my Lord John was sent for, came, and the business
+took effect; the King promising to repay it by such a time. When time
+and suspicion persuaded the Marquis to call in his money, excuses
+made delays for a time, but at last all excuses being set apart, by
+importunity, the Marquis wished his son John to go and fetch the money,
+or else never to see his face any more; part of which injunction the
+Lord John performed, but never the other. Not long after the Lord
+Herbert coming to his father, his father received him with wonted, but
+unexpected, cheerfulness. It so happened that my Lord Herbert began to
+excuse himself unto his father, concerning this business; on whom the
+father bestowed this language:&mdash;‘Son, I pray save yourself the labour,
+for I do not blame you at all, neither am I angry with you; for I never
+trusted you with the money. I love no man the worse for following his
+profession; and you have made it your profession (all along) to deceive
+your father, to help the King; but I do not love a man that will take
+away another man’s profession from him, and deceive his own father of
+his money, and his brother of his calling.’”</p>
+
+<p>In 1650, the chronicler of this anecdote dedicated his book to the
+subject of it, in the following strain:&mdash;“The many favours which I
+received from your noble family, especially from your Lordship, wrought
+upon a disposition, some-deal a pretender unto gratitude, how it might,
+in some measure or other, answer the respect and clear the heart, that
+had lain charged so long with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</span> benefits.” Such expressions seem to
+qualify the sense in which the affair just related should be taken,
+coming as it does from no unfriendly hand, and certainly could never
+have been indited in the way of serious censure on the prevailing
+character of Lord Herbert. While we cannot omit relating so striking a
+family incident, it evidently should not be too rigidly construed, when
+the recorder of it dedicates the recital to Lord Herbert himself at a
+future day, without offering any apology for introducing a narrative,
+which, to modern ears, reads exceedingly harsh and offensive; but it is
+clear that the Sub-Dean of Wells, never contemplated any unfavourable
+construction, relying probably on the generally well known character of
+his Lordship at the time of publication.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_84"><a href="#FNanchor_84"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Bayly.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_85"><a href="#FNanchor_85"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Symonds.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_86"><a href="#FNanchor_86"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Symonds.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_87"><a href="#FNanchor_87"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Bayly, Ap. XX.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_88"><a href="#FNanchor_88"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Elizabeth, his fourth daughter.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_89"><a href="#FNanchor_89"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> The Banqueting Hall. See
+<a href="#Page_xxv">plan</a>, preceding Chapter I.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_90"><a href="#FNanchor_90"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> The Citadel, or Yellow tower of Gwent. The bridge crossing
+the moat was a gothic arched bridge, terminating with a drawbridge,
+leading direct from the tower to the bridge. See <a href="#Page_xxv">Plan of the Castle</a>,
+preceding Chapter I.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_91"><a href="#FNanchor_91"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Bayly, Ap. LI.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_92"><a href="#FNanchor_92"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Bayly, Ap. XLVIII</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_93"><a href="#FNanchor_93"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_94"><a href="#FNanchor_94"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_95"><a href="#FNanchor_95"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_96"><a href="#FNanchor_96"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Bayly, Ap. VIII.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_97"><a href="#FNanchor_97"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> Mus. Brit. Bibl. Harl. 6852. Plut. LXIV. F.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_98"><a href="#FNanchor_98"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> Symonds in his Diary states that, on “Sunday, 14th [Sep.],
+About noon his Majesty left Raglan, and marched to Monmouth; thence
+that night to Hereford.”</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_99"><a href="#FNanchor_99"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Somers’ Tracts,&mdash;Iter Carolinum.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_100"><a href="#FNanchor_100"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Bayly, Ap. XIV.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_101"><a href="#FNanchor_101"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Gower, the poet.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_102"><a href="#FNanchor_102"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Bayly, Ap. IX. and Ap. XLIX.</p></div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_112"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 112]</span></p>
+
+<h2 id="CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="chapter_heading">THE EARL OF GLAMORGAN’S SECOND VISIT TO IRELAND.</p>
+
+
+<p>The Earl of Glamorgan, actuated by private claims and public business
+visited Ireland early in 1645, as already stated. Returning to England
+he again set out for Ireland in March of the same year, but being
+defeated in his intentions, he had to delay his departure until some
+months later, arriving at length in Dublin either in July or August.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis of Ormond had been fully apprized of his Lordship’s mission
+through Charles the First’s letter from Oxford, dated the 27th of
+December, 1644, as also by personal communications with his Lordship
+during his first visit. The powers granted by the Crown to the Earl of
+Glamorgan and the nature of his patent, dated 1st of April, 1644&ndash;5,
+are matters of history, so remarkable as to have been already made
+the subject of distinct treatises, and their peculiar features ably
+discussed by Dr. Birch and others.</p>
+
+<p>The dates of his Lordship’s several commissions and powers are:&mdash;I. On
+the 6th of January, 1644&ndash;5, a commission, of which a Latin translation
+is given in the Nuncio’s Memoirs.<a href="#Footnote_103" id="FNanchor_103" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> II. Another commission dated the
+12th of January, 1644&ndash;5.<a href="#Footnote_104" id="FNanchor_104" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> III. Another warrant dated the 12th of
+March, 1644&ndash;5. And IV. a patent granting him, as Earl of Glamorgan,
+most extensive and extraordinary powers, dated the 1st of April, 1644&ndash;5.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_113"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 113]</span>
+At this period the Marquis of Ormond addressed a letter to the Earl,
+as follows:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_105" id="FNanchor_105" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Mr. O’Neill hath with him, to be delivered to the Commissioners that
+treated here, two kinds of dispatches, the one an answer to their
+paper of the 11th of November, which contains likewise conditional
+answers to the several requests made upon the propositions that were,
+for the most part, debated on in your Grace’s presence. This is drawn
+and sent with the full approbation of the Council; the other contains
+some observations of mine, together with undertakings in some points
+wherein I held it unseasonable to press the Council to a concurrence,
+considering that, in the paper transmitted by their advice, there
+is a clear and full obligation, both upon them and me, to transmit
+as bills whatsoever his Majesty shall hereafter direct for the good
+of his subjects. In these two I have stretched my authority to the
+uttermost that, either with safety to the treaty or myself it will
+endure, which meeting with equal desires of accommodation there, I
+doubt not will produce the intended effects of seasonable succour to
+his Majesty; and therein of safety to his kingdom. Having told your
+Grace that I am at the highest I will venture on in this great affair,
+I should beseech your Grace for accomplishment of those noble ends that
+induced you through so great and apparent dangers to undertake this
+your journey, now to set all your strength upon bringing it to a good
+(that is a speedy) conclusion; but my experience of your judgment and
+indefatigable industry informs me that such a request is needless.</p>
+
+<p>“We have here reports (made I believe without ground of truth) of the
+manner of the Italian Bishop’s reception <span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</span>at Kilkenny; but though I
+believe not all here said of his errand, yet I conceive your Grace may
+observe something, the knowledge whereof might direct me how to govern
+myself, in the account I take myself obliged to give his Majesty of the
+coming of so unbidden a guest into his kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>“I have not yet had time to put your commands touching the parties
+mentioned in your last letter, received by Col. Fitzwilliams, into a
+way of execution; but I shall not fail to satisfy your Grace, either in
+doing the things or in giving such reasons why I could not, as shall
+still manifest my being</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Your Grace’s most faithful Kinsman,</p>
+<p class="signed_line3">“and humblest servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Ormond</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Dub. Cast. 22 of Novem. 1645.”</p>
+
+
+<p>This communication contains the Marquis’s remarkable expression of
+confidence in the Earl of Glamorgan, when he says&mdash;“my experience of
+your judgment and indefatigable industry.” Only that courtiers are as
+little to be put faith in as princes, one might take this as sufficient
+evidence of the King’s false estimate of his Lordship’s “judgment,” as
+expressed in his letter to the Marquis.<a href="#Footnote_106" id="FNanchor_106" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
+
+<p>His Lordship’s negotiations with the Irish related to the raising of
+a body of 10,000 men to be transported to England in the royal cause;
+their first destination being for the relief of Chester, which measure
+was to be promoted through certain arrangements to conclude a peace
+with the rebellious party in Ireland: to be mainly effected through
+important concessions being made to the Irish Roman Catholic Clergy, to
+afford extended religious liberty to their cause in Ireland.</p>
+
+<p>It had been arranged that the political articles of <span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</span>peace, to be
+made with the Lord Lieutenant, should be published at once; but other
+articles, affecting the Roman Catholic religion, concluded with the
+Earl of Glamorgan, were meanwhile to be kept secret, until ratified by
+his Majesty himself. The Lord Lieutenant was disposed to act liberally;
+but the Earl of Glamorgan, from his political and religious bias,
+combined with his warm, enthusiastic disposition, was fully disposed to
+approve and support demands in which he saw no extravagance, but, on
+the contrary, anticipated much real benefit to his own party.</p>
+
+<p>All his Lordship’s negotiations, treaties, plans, promises, all
+his well laid schemes, and all the plottings of his party broke
+down through delays and repeated disasters, further promoted by the
+pertinacity with which the clergy held out to the last for the entire
+acceptance and complete settlement of their every demand; indeed the
+Nuncio went so far as to insist on the necessity of having a Roman
+Catholic Lord Lieutenant.</p>
+
+<p>On the 24th of December, 1645, the Earl of Glamorgan went from Kilkenny
+to Dublin to confer with the Marquis of Ormond. On the 25th he was
+received by the Lord Lieutenant with the greatest possible civility,
+and every assurance of regard for his Lordship. But on the 27th, the
+whole course of events had changed, causing his Excellency to adopt a
+totally different line of conduct; an unexpected circumstance having
+meanwhile brought to light transactions of which he was not previously
+cognisant, which naturally aroused his worst suspicions, at so critical
+a period.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Birch has very lucidly narrated the particulars. The Popish
+Archbishop of Tuam, President of Connaught, and one of the Supreme
+Council at Kilkenny, going into Ulster to visit his diocese, and put
+into execution an order for arrears of his Bishopric, granted to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</span>
+him by that Council, met with a body of Irish troops marching to
+besiege Sligo, and joined with them. When they came near that town,
+the garrison made a sally on the 17th of October, charged the troops,
+utterly routed them, killing the Archbishop of Tuam in the encounter;
+among whose baggage was found an authentic copy, attested and signed
+by several bishops, of the treaty concluded with them by the Earl of
+Glamorgan; together with an order from the Supreme Council for the
+arrears of his Archbishopric; a bull of the Pope; and several letters
+between the Archbishop and his agents at Rome, Paris, and other
+places.<a href="#Footnote_107" id="FNanchor_107" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p>
+
+<p>The result of these disclosures was, that when the Council was
+assembled at Dublin on the 26th of December, 1645, the Lord Digby came
+to the board, and charging the Earl with suspicion of high treason,
+moved that his person might be secured. This done, he proceeded to
+substantiate the charge on most irrefragable evidence; wherefore the
+Lord Lieutenant and Council gave a warrant for the commitment of the
+Earl to the custody of the Constable of Dublin Castle, in condition of
+a close prisoner.<a href="#Footnote_108" id="FNanchor_108" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p>We have uninterruptedly, thus far, followed Lord Herbert, seen him
+created Earl of Glamorgan, and eventually engaged by Charles the First
+in an extraordinary and extra-official capacity in Ireland; where he
+was delegated by the King to act in certain matters intended to promote
+the royal cause. So secret and so unheard of was this mysterious
+affair, that it is without a parallel in history. A Protestant monarch
+and a Roman Catholic nobleman are the sole actors in this strange
+drama; a monarch whose crown was tottering to its fall consequent
+on successive losses, opposed to <span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</span>surprising successes continually
+accruing to his enemies; for the battle fields of Marston Moor and of
+Naseby were alone sufficiently disheartening to have paralysed even
+a stouter heart; yet he finds in addition that, to the surrender of
+Bristol, he may soon have to add that of the strong city of Chester.
+His immediate necessities, added to the increasing expenses of the
+long continued war, were rapidly impoverishing not only his nobles
+but the country. While his own and the public distress thus gradually
+lessened every prospect of success, one last ray of hope seemed to
+present itself to the unhappy monarch. There was still a chance of
+succour from Ireland, the acceptance of which, however, was fraught
+with many difficulties. The loyalty of the Irish, it was quite evident,
+could only be ensured by nothing short of conciliatory measures of a
+more than ordinary nature, especially if desired to bring over to his
+service ten thousand of his Irish subjects.</p>
+
+<p>The King had written from Liskeard, in August, 1644, to the enfeebled
+Marquis of Worcester, respecting himself and his son, of “the value I
+have of you both,” assuring him, “that if God bless me, I will not be
+behindhand with either of you.”</p>
+
+<p>The most ordinary delays pressed heavily on his Majesty, whose nerves
+seem to have been completely unstrung by successive misfortunes and
+the pitiable state of his entire kingdom. In June, 1645, he expressed
+himself to the Earl of Glamorgan, “I am <i>glad</i> to hear that you
+are gone to Ireland;” so keenly alive was he to the importance of
+the mission on which he had engaged him, and in one short sentence
+expresses the sincere trust of his heart, when he says&mdash;“So that,
+by the grace of God, I hope shortly to recover my late loss with
+advantage, if such succours come to me from that kingdom, which I
+have reason to expect, <i>but</i> the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</span> circumstance of <i>time</i> is that
+of the <i>greatest consequence</i>, being that which is <i>chiefliest and
+earnestliest</i> recommended you.”</p>
+
+<p>No one better knew than Charles the First himself, that he was
+incurring great risk, that he was adopting a bold, daring course, which
+success would scarcely palliate, which nothing but his own ideas of
+expediency could extenuate, and from the effects of which, at best, he
+could only hope to escape by artifice or by some strange amplification
+of his royal prerogative. Whatever might be the issue, the King well
+knew that the means he had taken would divide the opinions of all
+classes, and leave the final decision open to endless litigation. Such,
+indeed, has been the result even of its failure, but the success of the
+Earl’s negotiations would have brought far more important interests to
+bear on the questions involved in such strange transactions, than has
+ever yet occupied the pens of historians or biographers.</p>
+
+<p>The plan for realizing this last hopeful event appeared well arranged.
+The agent employed was unexceptionable, he was eminently loyal, he had
+laid his fortune in his royal master’s lap, and zealously offered to
+do his bidding to the utmost of his power. The King was not wanting
+in condescension, affability and every gracious expression in the
+acknowledgment of the money and means raised by, and the energetic
+operations throughout, of the Earl of Glamorgan. He and his father
+were further each offered a dukedom; and a matrimonial alliance was to
+rivet their future connexion. But the King had his confidence in this
+singular mission strengthened materially by his intimate knowledge
+that both as being in accordance with his religious and political
+sympathies, the Earl was the most fitting instrument he could employ
+in so delicate an undertaking. In<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</span> what respect the Earl of Glamorgan
+acted inconsistently or over-zealously in this perilous affair does not
+appear; while, on the contrary, his wonderful tact, patient submission,
+and judgment throughout make his remarkable discretion in every act
+conspicuous.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Glamorgan, on the 5th of January, 1645&ndash;6, was formally
+examined before the Lord Lieutenant and the Council of Ireland, a copy
+of which proceeding the Committee forwarded to Secretary Nicholas,
+the nature of which will be understood from the following copy of
+interrogations put to him, with his replies annexed:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_109" id="FNanchor_109" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p>
+
+<p>1. “Did your Lordship enter into Articles of Agreement with the Rt.
+Hon. Richard Lord Viscount Mountgarret, Donogh Lord Viscount Muskerry,
+Alexander McDonnell, and Nicholas Plunkett, Esq.; Sir Robert Talbott,
+Bart; Dermott O’Bryen, John Dillon, Patrick Darcy and Geffry Browne,
+Esqs., for and on the behalf of his Majesty’s Roman Catholic subjects,
+and the Catholic Clergy of Ireland, or with any of them, and with
+which of them in the month of August last, or at any time since
+your Lordship’s coming into Ireland, for or concerning any grants,
+or commissions, to be made on behalf of his Majesty, his heirs and
+successors, to his Roman Catholic subjects, or their clergy; or did
+your Lordship make any articles or agreement with any other person or
+persons, for or concerning any such grants or commissions?”</p>
+
+<p><i>Earl of Glamorgan’s Answer.</i> “That being at Kilkenny, he did before
+Michaelmas last (but knows not the exact time), enter into Articles
+of agreement with the Lord Viscount Mountgarret, and for and on the
+behalf, &amp;c.; for and concerning certain grants or <span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</span>concessions made
+on the behalf of his Majesty, &amp;c.; and he did not make any Articles
+or agreements with any other person or persons for or concerning any
+such grants or concessions other than those in this his examination
+mentioned, for the matter of which he refers himself to the Articles;
+and that an oath of secrecy was taken by himself and the others to
+keep the said Articles secret, and conceives he hath done nothing but
+what he hath warrant for; and done without intention of prejudice to
+his Majesty’s peace and service, or to the Protestant religion, all
+circumstances considered.”</p>
+
+<p>2. “Was there any counterpart of the said Articles delivered by the
+persons above named, or any of them, or by any other, unto your
+Lordship? And if so what have you done therewith? Who were the
+witnesses at the signing, sealing and delivering thereof; and where or
+in whose custody or keeping are the said Articles or counterpart? And
+were not John Somerset, Geffry Brown and Robert Barry present at the
+signing, sealing, and delivering of the said Articles, and subscribed
+their names?”</p>
+
+<p><i>Answer.</i> “That there was a counterpart to deliver to him, and it
+remains among his things at Kilkenny or Bonretty; he remembers not all
+witnesses, but refers to the counterpart, only he remembers Geffry
+Brown (who was entrusted to write the Articles), signed as a witness,
+and so did Lord John Somerset, whom he called to sign, but he did not
+read the Articles.”</p>
+
+<p>3. “What is the substance of the said Articles?”</p>
+
+<p><i>Answer.</i> “He refers to the Articles for the substance.”</p>
+
+<p>4. “Did your Lordship grant, conclude, and agree on the behalf of
+his Majesty, his heirs, and successors, to and with the persons
+in the first interrogatory named,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</span> or any of them, or any others,
+that the Roman Catholic Clergy of the said kingdom should and might
+from thenceforth for ever hold and enjoy all, and every such lands,
+tenements, tithes, hereditaments whatsoever by them respectively
+enjoyed within this kingdom, or by them possessed at any time since the
+23rd of October, 1641, and all other such lands, tenements, tithes,
+and hereditaments belonging to the Clergy within this kingdom, other
+than such as are now actually enjoyed by all his Majesty’s Protestant
+Clergy; or did your Lordship make any grant, conclusion, or agreement
+to the like effect.”</p>
+
+<p><i>Answer.</i> “He refers as before, but conceives the Articles are not
+obligatory to his Majesty (to which he afterwards desired might be
+added these words, <i>and yet without any just blemish of my honour, my
+honesty, or my conscience</i><ins class="correction" title="Typo original has .&quot;) ">.)”</ins></p>
+
+<p>5. “Did the said Richard Lord Viscount Mountgarret and the rest of
+the persons above named, or any of them, or any others agree with
+your Lordship on the behalf of the Confederate Roman Catholics of
+Ireland, that two parts in three parts to be divided of all the said
+lands, tithes, and hereditaments whatsoever mentioned in the precedent
+question, shall for three years next ensuing the feast of Easter,
+which shall be <span class="smcap">A. D.</span> 1646, be disposed of and converted for
+and to the use of his Majesty’s forces, employed or to be employed in
+his service; and the other third part to the use of the said Clergy
+respectively; and so the like disposition to be renewed from three
+years to three years by the said Clergy during the wars? Or, did your
+Lordship make any agreement to that or the like effect?”</p>
+
+<p><i>Answer.</i> “Refers to the Counterpart.”</p>
+
+<p>6. “Did your Lordship agree for and in the behalf of his Majesty, his
+heirs and successors, that the Lord<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</span> Marquis of Ormond, Lord Lieutenant
+of Ireland, or any other or others authorised by his Majesty, should
+not disturb the professors of the Roman Catholic religion in their
+present possession and continuance of the possession of their churches,
+lands, tenements, tithes, and hereditaments, jurisdiction, or any other
+of the matters aforesaid, until his Majesty’s pleasure were signified
+for confirming and publishing the said grants? Or, did your Lordship
+make any agreement to that or the like effect?”</p>
+
+<p><i>Answer.</i> “That (for aught he knows), he did not agree for, &amp;c.; but
+saith that he promised to use his best endeavours therein with the Lord
+Lieutenant.”</p>
+
+<p>(And so on to the 15th Interrogatory.)</p>
+
+<p>16. “Did your Lordship take an oath in these following words, viz.: I,
+Edward Earl of Glamorgan, do protest and swear faithfully to acquaint
+the King’s most excellent Majesty, with the proceedings of this
+kingdom, &amp;c.”<a href="#Footnote_110" id="FNanchor_110" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Answer.</i> “He remembers something to this effect, but refers to
+original or copy, which he will produce.”</p>
+
+<p>The proceedings involved by this affair, the Earl’s examination
+before the Council, the documents in evidence against him, his own
+counter-statements, the correspondence between parties, and especially
+Charles the First, who entirely repudiated and ignored the acts of his
+duped agent; together with the proceedings in Parliament, and opinions
+expressed there, with others published in the political tracts of
+those agitated times, have been handled by every eminent historian,
+and still afford abundant matter for dispute. Those who take up the
+cause of the King, censure the Earl of Glamorgan in most unmeasured
+terms: Hume assails his intellect, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</span>Carte charges him with forgery.
+While those who see in the whole transaction but another instance of
+the King’s duplicity, of his contempt of every obligation (which a
+Christian feels bound to respect), so long as he fancies expediency
+offers him, in his high position, a sufficient excuse for the boldest
+tergiversation, exonerate the Earl from the charge of having acted on
+his own responsibility.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed it requires a large amount of credulity to believe that any
+subject, much less a man of the mild and honourable tone characteristic
+of the Earl’s whole conduct, could have acted as he did, otherwise
+than with a full and perfect previous understanding with his misguided
+sovereign, and empowered with sufficient proofs, if even legally
+insufficient instruments under his hand and seal to warrant his
+proceedings. That he had such powers is well authenticated, and that
+he did not abuse them is his highest merit. He did not coin money, or
+appropriate property, or commit any other extravagance, such as a man
+deficient in “judgment” possibly would have done, under the grant of
+similar powers.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_124"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 124]</span>
+We cannot be mistaken as advocates of his acts in the Irish affairs,
+by merely showing that those acts were in strict conformity with the
+injunctions of the Royal will; for so long as troops were required,
+no means were to be spared that were found absolutely requisite to
+gain the desired end. We rejoice that the warm-hearted Earl did <i>not</i>
+succeed, that all his negotiations failed, and that the exorbitant
+demands made on him destroyed the measures they were intended to
+render unbounded and permanent; at the same time, as a Roman Catholic,
+the Earl of Glamorgan acted honestly, consistently, and by no means
+extravagantly. The folly and blame and entire shame of the whole affair
+weighs heavily on the King’s memory.</p>
+
+<p>While the death of the Archbishop of Tuam in October, 1645, led to
+this exposure in Ireland, very different circumstances conveyed the
+intelligence to England.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Thomas Fairfax, having some dragoons at Padstow in Cornwall,
+boarded a packet boat from Ireland, and seized Captain Allen, one of
+the passengers, who threw a parcel and some loose papers overboard;
+among those recovered were the Earl of Glamorgan’s articles of
+agreement with the Confederate Irish Roman Catholics, and letters
+from himself. These were published by order of Parliament, the 17th
+of March, 1645&ndash;6<a href="#Footnote_111" id="FNanchor_111" class="fnanchor">[43]</a>: viz. “Articles of Agreement made and concluded
+between the Right Honourable Edward Earl of Glamorgan, in pursuance,
+and by virtue of his Majesty’s authority under his signet and royal
+signature, bearing date at Oxon, the 12th day of March, in the 20th
+year of his reign, signed, sealed and delivered by the Earl, 25th
+August, 1645, in the presence of John Somerset, Jeffrey Browne, and
+Robert Barry.”</p>
+
+<p>To this document was appended his declaration as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“I, Edward Earl of Glamorgan, do protest and swear faithfully to
+acquaint the King’s most excellent Majesty with the proceedings of this
+kingdom, in order to his service and in the endearment of this nation,
+and punctual performance of what I have (as authorized by his Majesty)
+obliged myself to see performed, and in default not to permit the army
+intrusted to my charge to adventure itself, or any considerable part
+thereof, until conditions from his Majesty, and by his Majesty, be
+performed.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan.</span></p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Sep. 3. 1645.”</p>
+
+<p id="Page_125"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 125]</span>
+From the same source we have a letter addressed to Lord Culpepper, in
+which the Earl says:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Having overpassed many rubs and difficulties, the expected work is at
+last compassed, which by what means it was retarded, your Lordship,
+perhaps, before hath learned; and will be more faithfully and amply
+related by the bearer, Captain Bamber, whom I have employed to his
+Highness the Prince, to give an account of the state of affairs here,
+and in what a mist we are for want of intelligence, whereby we might
+be ascertained of the King’s and Prince’s condition, which one Allen,
+a merchant of Waterford, proposeth to undertake a course for. And &mdash;&mdash;
+his Highness desire, which moved for 300 men for the Prince’s Life
+Guard, which the Irish party is willing should be sent him, by the
+return of such shipping as I have humbly desired from his Highness,
+might be sent hither to Waterford for to waft over the men, whereof
+six thousand are in readiness for the relief of Chester, which yet we
+hear holds out, and the other four thousand by the first of May are
+to follow. Your Lordship would extremely further the service by your
+representing to his Highness the necessity of a course of intelligence,
+that we might not [be] as we are now, buried in ignorance of his
+Majesty’s and the Prince’s being and condition: of which I hope your
+Lordship will vouchsafe me some light, that our motion may be according
+thereunto; by which likewise to be ascertained of your Lordship’s
+welfare and happiness would be most welcome news to,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“My Lord,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line2">“Your Lordship’s most affectionate</p>
+<p class="signed_line4">“and humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Waterford, the 27th of Febr. 1645.”</p>
+
+<p id="Page_126"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 126]</span>
+Also to Lord Hopton he wrote as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My noble Lord</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“If the report of the many difficulties wherewith I have struggled
+in compassing the designs of his Majesty’s service, have not before
+this reached you, a faithful relation of the whole will be made to
+you by the bearer hereof, Captain Allen, whom I desire your Lordship
+to present unto the Prince his Highness as an honest man, and one
+that proposeth a course of intelligence to pass between this country
+and his Majesty’s quarters, whereof there is great need. Now (God be
+thanked) the business is brought to that upshot, that the 10,000 men
+are designed for his Majesty’s service, 6000 whereof are ready for
+transportation; the means for which are wanting, unless your Lordship
+will please to solicit his Highness the Prince for transmitting what
+shipping those parts are furnished with, that all possible expedition
+may <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has he">be</ins> used. We hear, God be thanked, that as yet Chester holds out, to
+relieve which the 6000 men are ready are transportation. This bearer
+hath intimated the Prince’s desire for having 300 men hence for his
+Highness’ Life-Guard, which may be transported to his Highness by the
+return of such shipping as shall be sent hither, for the aforesaid
+service. By his return I desire to learn from your Lordship, the King’s
+present state and being, that we may shape our designs accordingly.
+Thereby I should be most glad to know the Prince’s and your Lordship’s
+good success and prosperity, for which none can be more solicitous than
+I who am,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line3">“My Lord,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Your Lordship’s most affectionate</p>
+<p class="signed_line4">“humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Waterford, 28 Feb. 1645.”</p>
+
+<p id="Page_127"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 127]</span>
+In the same publication appears Fairfax’s communication
+to the Parliament, that he had given Captain
+Moulton of the Lyon, cruising on the Irish Seas, intimation
+of the enemy’s intentions, which resulted in his
+capturing a barque from Dublin, taking her into
+Milford Haven, and seizing various letters intrusted
+to one of the passengers.</p>
+
+<p>Among these are copies of a long undated letter
+from his Lordship to his Lady, the Countess of Glamorgan,
+then resident at Raglan Castle. He writes:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_112" id="FNanchor_112" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My dear Heart</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I hope these will prevent any news shall come unto you of me, since
+my commitment to the Castle of Dublin, to which I assure thee I went
+as cheerfully and as willingly as they could wish, whosoever they
+were by whose means it was procured; and should as unwillingly go
+forth, were the gates both of the Castle and Town open unto me, until
+I were cleared: as they are willing to make me unserviceable to the
+King, and lay me aside, who have procured for me this restraint; when
+I consider thee a Woman, as I think I know you are, I fear lest you
+should be apprehensive. But when I reflect that you are of the House
+of <i>Thomond</i>, and that you were once pleased to say these words unto
+me, That I should never, in tenderness of you, desist from doing,
+what in honour I was obliged to do, I grow confident, that in this
+you will now show your magnanimity, and by it the greatest testimony
+of affection, that you can possibly afford me; and am also confident,
+that you know me so well, that I need not tell you how clear I am,
+and void of fear, the only effect of a good conscience; and that I am
+guilty of nothing, that may testify one thought of disloyalty to his
+Majesty, or of what may stain the honour<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</span> of the family I come of,
+or set a brand upon my future posterity. Courage (my heart), were I
+amongst the King’s enemies you might fear; but being only amongst his
+friends and faithful subjects, you need doubt nothing, but that this
+cloud will be soon dissipated, by the sunshine of the King my Master;
+and did you but know how well and merry I am, you would be as little
+troubled as myself, who have nothing that can afflict me; but lest
+your apprehension might hurt you, especially since all the while I
+could get no opportunity of sending, nor yet by any certain probable
+means, but by my Cousin <i>Brereton’s</i>, Master <i>Mannering’s</i>, our Cousin
+<i>Constable</i> of the Castle, and my Lord Lieutenant’s leave: and hope you
+and I shall live to acknowledge our obligations to them, there being
+nothing in this world that I desire more, than you should at least hear
+from me. And believe it (sweet heart), were I before the Parliament
+in <i>London</i>, I could justify both the King and myself in what I have
+done. And I pray acquaint my father, who I know so cautious, that he
+would hardly accept a letter from me, but yet I presume most humbly to
+ask his blessing, and as heartily as I send mine to pretty <i>Mall</i>; and
+I hope this day or to-morrow will set a period to my business, to the
+shame of those who have been occasioned of it. But I must needs say
+from my Lord Lieutenant, and the Privy Council here, I have received
+as much justice, nobleness, and favour, as I could possibly expect.
+The circumstances of these proceedings are too long to write unto you,
+but I am confident all will prove to my greater honour. And my Right
+Honourable accuser, my Lord <i>George Digby</i>, will be at last rectified
+and confirmed in the good which he is pleased to say he ever had of me
+hitherto, as the greatest affliction that he ever had, did do what his
+conscience enforced<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</span> him unto; and indeed did wrap up the bitter pill
+of the impeachment of suspicion of high treason in so good words, as
+that I swallowed it, with the greatest ease in the world, and it hath
+hitherto had no other operation than that it hath purged melancholy:
+for I was not at the present any way dismayed, so have I not since been
+any way at all disheartened. So I pray let not any of my friends that’s
+there, believe anything, until ye have the perfect relation of it from
+myself. And this request I chiefly make unto you, to whom I remain a
+most faithful, and most passionately devoted husband and servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“Remember my service to my brother, my cousin <i>Browne</i>, and the rest of
+my good friends.”
+</p>
+
+<p class="margin2_top">There is also a letter from her Ladyship’s relative in Dublin, Mr.
+Roger Brereton, probably very near the same date, being the 5th of
+January, 1645&ndash;6.<a href="#Footnote_113" id="FNanchor_113" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Madam</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I presume that some rumours of my Lord of Glamorgan’s being confined
+in the Castle of Dublin for some matters laid to his charge by the Lord
+George Digby have before this time come to your Ladyship’s hearing; I
+thought fit therefore by these few lines to let you know that my Lord
+is in perfect health, hearty and very cheerful, not doubting to give a
+satisfactory answer to what may be laid to his charge, I have so much
+confidence in your Ladyship’s accustomed discretion, that I know there
+needs no dissuasive arguments to your Ladyship from either grieving or
+taking any reports you may receive to heart too much, not doubting but
+his Lordship will ere long see your Ladyship, when you may partake of
+all things more fully than<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</span> may be by writing. My Lord your uncle is in
+health at Bunraly, and with him there the Earl of P. my Lord John and
+my Lady Honora. I wish your honour all health and happiness, and am,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Your Ladyship’s still faithful servant</p>
+<p class="signed_line4">“and kinsman,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Roger Brereton</span>.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">Mr. Brereton likewise wrote, as follows, to Colonel Pigot:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Worthy Cousin</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I have here enclosed sent two letters to the
+Countess of Glamorgan at Raglan, her Lord being
+lately confined here to the Castle of Dublin; and lest
+her Ladyship may take things too much to heart,
+these letters are sent to add some comfort. Both my
+Lord and I shall acknowledge our thankfulness unto
+you, if you be pleased to use the best and speediest
+course you may, for conveying them to my Lady.***</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Yours, &amp;c.,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Roger Brereton</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Dublin, January 5, 1645&ndash;6.”</p>
+
+
+<p>The King in his message of the 29th of January, 1645&ndash;6, to Parliament,
+as Sir Thomas Fairfax and others believed, and as Vittorio Siri
+declares,&mdash;“thundered against the Earl in his Declaration only in
+appearance, that he might be thought not to have been privy to the
+obnoxious concessions made by the Earl in his Majesty’s name to the
+Irish Roman Catholics.”<a href="#Footnote_114" id="FNanchor_114" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p id="Page_131"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 131]</span>
+The next day the King addressed a <i>private</i> letter to the Lord
+Lieutenant, affording sufficient evidence of the shifts to which he had
+recourse to uphold his miserable policy, which no experience of ensuing
+hazards and vexations could induce him to abandon.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Ormond</span>,<a href="#Footnote_115" id="FNanchor_115" class="fnanchor">[13]</a><a href="#Footnote_116" id="FNanchor_116" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I cannot but add to my long letter, that, upon the word of a
+Christian, I never intended Glamorgan should treat anything without
+your approbation, much less without your knowledge. For besides the
+injury to you, I was always diffident of his judgment (though I could
+not think him so extremely weak) as now to my cost I have found, which
+you may easily perceive by the postscript in a letter of mine to
+you,<a href="#Footnote_117" id="FNanchor_117" class="fnanchor">[H]</a> that he should have delivered you at his coming into Ireland,
+which if you have not had, the reason of it will be worth the knowing;
+for which I have commanded Digby’s service, desiring you to assist
+him. And albeit I have too just cause, for the clearing of my honour,
+to command (as I have done) to prosecute Glamorgan in a legal way; yet
+I will have you suspend the execution of any sentence against him,
+until you inform me fully of all the proceedings. For I believe it was
+his misguided zeal, more than any malice, which brought this great
+misfortune on him and on us all. For your part, you have in this, as in
+all other actions, given me such satisfaction, that I mean otherwise,
+more than by words, to express my estimation of you. So I rest</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line3">“Your most assured,</p>
+<p class="signed_line4">“constant, real friend,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Jan. 30, 1645&ndash;6.”</p>
+
+
+<p>On the 31st of January, 1645, Secretary Nicholas wrote to the Lord
+Lieutenant and Council of Ireland, as follows:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_118" id="FNanchor_118" class="fnanchor">[13a]</a><a href="#Footnote_119" id="FNanchor_119" class="fnanchor">[25a]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lords</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“His Majesty having, with the Lords of the Privy Council here, heard
+and duly weighed your<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</span> Lordship’s [letter] to me of the 5th present,
+concerning your prudent and grave proceedings, in the business of the
+Lord Edward Herbert of Raglan, so highly importing his Majesty, hath
+commanded me to send your Lordships his royal thanks, as well for your
+affectionate expressions of your tenderness of his honour, as your
+just resentment, how scandalous and disadvantageous such the said
+Lord Herbert’s proceedings might have been to his Majesty’s affairs
+and service here, and on that side, if the wise course your Lordships
+have taken to vindicate his Majesty, had been deferred. Your Lordships
+will, by the King’s own letter herewith sent, receive the particulars
+of all, that his Majesty can call to mind or imagine he may have done
+or said to the Lord Herbert in that business. And since the Warrant,
+whereby his Lordship pretends to be authorised to treat with the Roman
+Catholics there, is not sealed with the signet, as it mentions, nor
+attested by either of his Majesty’s Secretaries, as it ought, nor
+written in the style that Warrants of that nature used to be; neither
+refers to any instructions at all; your Lordships cannot but judge it
+to be, at least, surreptitiously gotten, if not worse; for his Majesty
+saith, he remembers it not. And as the Warrant is a very strange one,
+so hath been also the execution of it. For it is manifest, the Lord
+Herbert did not acquaint the Lord Lieutenant with any part of it,
+before he concluded with the said Roman Catholics, nor ever advertised
+his Majesty, the Lord Lieutenant, or any of the Council here or there,
+what he had done in an affair of so great moment and consequence four
+months before, till it was discovered by accident. This doth not sound
+like good meaning; and I am sure is not fair dealing. But his Majesty
+having, by his letter to your Lordships, left the charge against the
+Lord Herbert, to be prosecuted by your Lordships, I shall say no more
+of that unhappy subject.”
+</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top" id="Page_133"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 133]</span>
+To the Lord Lieutenant he wrote the same day another and separate
+letter, viz.&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_120" id="FNanchor_120" class="fnanchor">[25]</a><a href="#Footnote_121" id="FNanchor_121" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">“We are all here much amazed at the news of the Lord Herbert’s
+imprudent action (to say no more of it) which hath most extremely
+prejudiced his Majesty and his affairs here. Your Excellency, and the
+Council there, will herewith receive a full and particular relation
+from his Majesty, of all that he can call to mind concerning that
+business, wherein as the Lord Herbert hath dealt very unworthily
+with his Majesty, so it is believed, that even the Roman Catholics
+themselves will condemn him for his imprudent proceeding therein.
+For if his pretended Warrant had been authentic, yet to do anything
+thereupon without your Excellency’s privity, was a madness, rather than
+a folly; and the concealing so long what he had done argues something
+worse. The King hath commanded me to advertise your Lordship, that the
+patent for making the said Lord Herbert of Raglan Earl of Glamorgan is
+not passed the Great Seal here, so as he is no Peer of this kingdom;
+notwithstanding he styles himself, and hath treated with the rebels in
+Ireland, by the name of Earl of Glamorgan, which is as vainly taken
+upon him, as his pretended Warrant (if any such be) was surreptitiously
+gotten. And I am sure, that honour cannot be conferred upon him under
+the signet (as firmly as under the Great Seal, to all intents and
+purposes) as his Lordship’s pretended warrant and power is alleged to
+be, though there be no signet to it.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">In a letter from the King dated Oxford, March 22nd, 1645&ndash;6, addressed
+to the Queen while in France, he says:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_122" id="FNanchor_122" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Dear Heart</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">* * * “I find that Sir Edw. Nicholas his gloss upon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</span> Lord Glamorgan’s
+business hath made thee apprehend that I had disavowed my hand, but
+I assure thee I am very free from that in the understandings of all
+men here, for it is taken for granted the Lord Glamorgan neither
+counterfeited my hand, nor that I have blamed him more than for not
+following his instructions, as Secretary Nicholas will more at large
+show thee.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">On the 3rd of February, 1645, the King addressed the Earl himself, by
+his title, which we have just seen disputed:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I must clearly tell you, both you and I have been abused in this
+business; for you have been drawn to consent to conditions much beyond
+your instructions, and your treaty hath been divulged to all the world.
+If you had advised with my Lord Lieutenant (as you promised me), all
+this had been helped. But we must look forward. Wherefore, in a word, I
+have commanded as much favour to be shown to you as may possibly stand
+with my service or safety; and if you will yet trust my advice (which I
+have commanded Digby to give you freely), I will bring you so off, that
+you may be still useful to me; and I shall be able to recompense you
+for your affection. If not, I cannot tell what to say. But I will not
+doubt of your compliance in this; since it so highly concerns the good
+of all my Crowns, my own particular, and to make me have still means to
+show myself</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line4">“Your most assured friend,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature"><span class="smcap">Charles R.</span><a href="#Footnote_123" id="FNanchor_123" class="fnanchor">[I]</a></p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Oxford, 3rd Feb. 1645.”</p>
+
+
+<p>But this letter was no doubt written by the King under some restraint,
+as it might be read both by <span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</span>Ormond and Digby. Yet no further evidence
+need be required of Charles the First’s consummate duplicity, or how
+thoroughly he could make a convenience of his subjects to serve his own
+subtle and deceitful policy.</p>
+
+<p>The tone of these last three letters sufficiently shows the weakness
+of the cause in which they were interested; if we credit the
+statements they contain we are required to believe that Lord Herbert
+presumptuously assumed the title of Earl of Glamorgan; and that his
+treaty with the Irish Catholic party was without the privity, much less
+instructions of his sovereign!</p>
+
+<p>Lingard says, “I have in my possession the original warrant itself,
+with the King’s signature and private seal; bearing the arms of the
+three kingdoms, a crown above, and C. R. on the sides, and endorsed
+in the same handwriting with the body of the warrant,&mdash;‘The Earl of
+Glamorgan’s especial warrant for Ireland.’”<a href="#Footnote_124" id="FNanchor_124" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Earl’s imprisonment created great sensation, many insisting on
+his release by force of arms. The General Assembly of the Confederate
+Catholics pressed for his being liberated, as absolutely necessary
+for the relief of Chester, then besieged, and in distress; for which
+service 3000 men were reported as being ready to embark, waiting only
+for the ships contracted for by the Earl, for their transport; the
+expedition being thus delayed through his imprisonment, and likewise
+the treaty of peace frustrated.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Glamorgan was set at liberty on the 21st of January,
+on giving up to the Lord Lieutenant the Instrument by which the
+Confederate Catholics obliged themselves to the articles of their
+treaty; but he would not resign the command of the Irish troops, for
+England, intended for the King’s service; bail being accepted <span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</span>in
+£20,000, on his own recognizance, and the Marquis of Clanricarde, and
+the Earl of Kildare, for £10,000 each, to appear on thirty days’ notice.</p>
+
+<p>Returning to Kilkenny, he zealously endeavoured to obtain from the
+Confederate Catholics acceptance of the Lord Lieutenant’s offer of
+terms to conclude a peace; but they, persisting in their exorbitant
+demands, refused to accept the slightest modification of their own
+views, so that the Earl was at length compelled to abandon his own
+measures in despair, only to fall under the suspicion of his own
+party as well as of his opponents. On the 11th of March, he wrote the
+following letter to the Marquis of Ormond:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_125" id="FNanchor_125" class="fnanchor">[J]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Excellency</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“The perfect knowledge I have of your Excellency’s desire to perform
+what may be of most advantage to the King our master’s service, makes
+me confident to lay before you what I humbly conceive may most conduce
+thereto; my duty and affection obliging me not only to adventure my
+life and fortune therein, but also plainly to declare my sense thereof;
+which being made known to your Excellency, I shall ever most willingly
+and readily submit to your better judgment. I, therefore, take the
+boldness to acquaint you, that as I intend (God willing) to go into
+France, without which journey I cannot possibly bring things to that
+height of advantage to his Majesty’s service, either in the business of
+shipping, ammunition or money, as I have designed to myself, and can
+(God willing) infallibly perform; yet if, before my own return, and
+during my abode in any of those places, the Articles of Peace should
+be proclaimed here, and not appear so really advantageous, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</span>as is by
+them in other countries expected. It would not only prove a cooling
+card to many, whose zeal otherwise would transport them to supply me
+gallantly in order to his Majesty’s service, but also perhaps render
+me incapable thereof; for which reason of great importance, I should
+humbly beseech that the cessation should be continued until about the
+middle of June next; yet so as that the condition of having the residue
+of the ten thousand men by the first of May next may be enforced by
+your Excellency, against which time, though I return not myself, yet
+shipping shall be provided, and that service no way neglected. But
+with this motion of mine I have not acquainted the Commissioners that
+are gone to Dublin, nor the Supreme Council, lest in some I might have
+raised a spirit I could not lay down: who might have taken a rise at
+this my inclination for the furtherance of his Majesty’s service,
+to countenance their backwardness in preparing the supplies, or in
+their unwillingness to submit to a perfect peace; than which nothing
+is more heartily desired or aimed at by me, to the end that, under
+your Excellency’s most judicious and wise conduct, all things may
+unanimously proceed to the furtherance of the King my master’s service,
+and the happiness and contentment of this kingdom. And to receive
+your Excellency’s commands hereupon I have sent Sir Vivien Molineux,
+who goes with me into France. And give me leave to tell you that the
+continuance of the cessation upon the terms above mentioned (without
+which I cannot resolve to go myself into France), will be likewise
+advantageous to your Excellency and this kingdom; since during it,
+the Nuncio (whose mission is only to the Confederate Catholics) will
+plentifully contribute here to the maintenance of the war against
+the common enemy. And your Excellency, giving me a power to engage
+your<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</span> word with mine, I will promise you at my return, to bring for
+the King’s service and the good of this kingdom, ten, if not twenty
+thousand pounds sterling; which, if managed by you, I conceive will
+be better than £60,000, as hitherto moneys have been disposed. And of
+this business, if you please, you may acquaint my Lord Digby, to whom I
+have intimated something thereof in my letter. But your Excellency, nor
+my Lord Digby, need not be told with what secrecy my intended journey
+ought to be kept, though I fear not the Parliament, since I have bought
+a gallant ship at Galway, with 16 pieces of ordnance, and victualled
+for two months, manned with 34 good seamen, an excellent captain, and
+good pilots, of 300 tons, English built, and a good sailer. And for my
+return, I intend (God willing) it shall be with a fleet, which how it
+is to be left under your Excellency’s command, I hope you are already
+well assured, as you may be of anything within my power, who am,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line3">“Your Excellency’s, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature"><span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Kilkenny, 11th of March, 1645&ndash;6.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">Ormond wrote from Dublin Castle, 4th March, 1645, naming “the sad
+certainty of the loss of Chester,”&mdash;the men, long expected, he hopes
+will arrive “seasonably for some other service;” and says, “there are
+many reasons against the prolonging of the cessation till the midst of
+June,” but especially “the inevitable ruin that must in the meantime
+come upon all his Majesty’s true servants,” promising in his next to
+send the “authority to engage me for such money as you shall be able,
+upon so small an assurance as mine, to get.”</p>
+
+<p id="Page_139"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 139]</span>
+On the 29th of September, 1645&ndash;6, the Earl addressed a letter of
+explanations to the Lord Lieutenant.</p>
+
+
+<p>“For to endear myself to some, the better to do his Majesty service, it
+is true I did declare a promise from the King of the assent that after
+your Excellency’s time he would make me Lord Lieutenant. But it is no
+meaning of mine but to keep your Excellency in during your life, and
+not really to pretend unto it, or anything in discrimination of your
+Excellency’s honour or profit; or derogating from the true amity and
+real service which I have professed, and will ever make good towards
+your Excellency. And my intention was ever to acquaint your honour
+herewith, and I once intended to do it before my going to Kilkenny,
+but never to conceal it totally from you, though for some reasons it
+being hitherto omitted, I think it not necessary for the present but as
+an obligation upon me thereunto. And in witness of my true intent and
+meaning, I leave this sealed in your Excellency’s hands this 29th of
+September, 1645, at Dublin.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature"><span class="smcap">Glamorgan.</span>”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">The Earl being thus bound to continue his residence in Ireland,
+notwithstanding the unpromising aspect of affairs, we shall proceed,
+in order of date, to consider the position of his father, at Raglan
+Castle.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_103"><a href="#FNanchor_103"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Fol. 713. Also Carte, vol. i. p. 557.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_104"><a href="#FNanchor_104"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Nuncio’s Mem. fol. 715; and Carte, vol. i. p. 554.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_105"><a href="#FNanchor_105"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_106"><a href="#FNanchor_106"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_107"><a href="#FNanchor_107"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Husband’s Collection, p. 787, &amp;c. edit. London, 1646, fol.
+and Rushworth, Part IV. Vol. I. p. 239.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_108"><a href="#FNanchor_108"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, p. 94.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_109"><a href="#FNanchor_109"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers, 1634&ndash;57, Ireland, 63.” No. 150.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_110"><a href="#FNanchor_110"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_111"><a href="#FNanchor_111"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Glamorgan.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_112"><a href="#FNanchor_112"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Glamorgan.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_113"><a href="#FNanchor_113"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Glamorgan.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_114"><a href="#FNanchor_114"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, p. 121, and p. 124&ndash;5.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_115"><a href="#FNanchor_115"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, p. 121, and p. 124&ndash;5.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_116"><a href="#FNanchor_116"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Carte, vol. ii. Append. No. xxiii. p. 12.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_117"><a href="#FNanchor_117"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_118"><a href="#FNanchor_118"><span class="label">[13a]</span></a> Birch, p. 121, and p. 124&ndash;5.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_119"><a href="#FNanchor_119"><span class="label">[25a]</span></a> Carte, vol. iii. No. 426, p. 446.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_120"><a href="#FNanchor_120"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Carte, vol. iii. p. 447.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_121"><a href="#FNanchor_121"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, p. 133.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_122"><a href="#FNanchor_122"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Bruce.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_123"><a href="#FNanchor_123"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Harl. libr. 163, c. 3, 147. Birch, p. 356.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_124"><a href="#FNanchor_124"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Lingard, 5th edition, Vol. vii. p. 627.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_125"><a href="#FNanchor_125"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers, 1634&ndash;1657, Ireland, 63.”</p></div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_140"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 140]</span></p>
+
+
+<h2 id="CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="chapter_heading">RAGLAN CASTLE: ITS DEFENCE AND SURRENDER. DEATH OF HENRY, MARQUIS OF
+WORCESTER.</p>
+
+
+<p>From the close of 1645 to the middle of 1646 the military operations
+within and surrounding the strong fortress of Raglan were conducted
+with untiring energy. Parties from the castle were continually annoying
+the enemy, while they on their part pushing their works with vigour at
+several points caused many disasters, keeping the favourably situated
+garrison in a state of constant agitation and watchfulness; finding
+their course of operations gradually limited to acting entirely on
+the defensive, not being in sufficient force to disperse the stronger
+besieging army, against whom it is next to a miracle how they
+maintained their position so long, Raglan Castle having held out longer
+than any other.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis of Worcester, the last lord of Raglan Castle, usually
+occupied, as is supposed, a handsomely carved oak wainscotted parlour
+or sitting room in the ground floor of the south side of the castle,
+nearly the whole side of which was a large, handsome window looking
+over the moat towards the tall, massive tower or citadel. Over that
+chamber was his dining room, and from his table the various dishes
+would be conveyed to the grand banqueting hall, the most complete and
+spacious apartment within the present ruin.</p>
+
+<p>The great state in which the noble Marquis was accustomed to live may
+be gathered from the following authentic account of the order of his
+household:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_126" id="FNanchor_126" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p>
+
+<p>At 11 o’clock the Castle gates were shut and the tables laid&mdash;two in
+the Dining Room, three in the Hall, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</span>one in Mrs. Watson’s apartment
+where the Chaplains eat (Sir Toby Mathews being the first), in the
+Housekeeper’s room for the Ladies’ women.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl came into the Dining Room attended by his gentlemen. As soon
+as he was seated Sir Ralph Blackstone, Steward of the House retired,
+the Comptroller, Mr. Holland, attended with his staff, the Sewer, Mr.
+Blackburn, the Daily Waiters, Mr. Clough, Mr. Selby and Mr. Scudamore,
+with many gentlemen’s sons, from £2. to £700. a year, bred in the
+castle. My Lady’s Gentleman Usher, Mr. Harcourt. My Lord’s Gentlemen of
+the Chamber, Mr. Morgan and Mr. Fox.</p>
+
+<p>At the first table sat the noble family and such of the nobility as
+came there.</p>
+
+<p>At the second table in the dining room sat Knights and honourable
+gentlemen attended by footmen.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Sir Ralph Blackstone, Steward.<br />
+The Comptroller.<span class="ml30"> The Secretary.</span><br />
+The Master of the Horse, Mr. Delaware.<br />
+The Master of the Fish ponds, Mr. Andrews.<br />
+My Lord Herbert’s preceptor, Mr. Adams,</p>
+
+<p class="continued">with such gentlemen as came there under the degree of a knight,
+attended by footmen and plentifully served with wine.</p>
+
+<p>At the second table in the Hall, served from my Lord’s table and with
+other hot meat&mdash;The Sewer, with the gentlemen waiters and pages, to the
+number of twenty-four or more.</p>
+
+<p>At the third table in the Hall&mdash;The Clerk of the Kitchen, with the
+Yeomen Officers of the House, two Grooms of the Chamber, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Chief Auditor, Mr. Smith.<br />
+Clerk of the Accounts, George Wharton.<br />
+Surveyor of the Castle, Mr. Salisbury.<br />
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</span>Ushers of the Hall, Mr. Moyle and Mr. Cook.<br />
+Closet Keeper.<br />
+Gentleman of the Chapel, Mr. Davies.<br />
+Keeper of the Record.<br />
+Master of the Wardrobe.<span class="ml30">Master of the Armory.</span><br />
+Master Groom of the Stables for the war horses, twelve.<br />
+Master of the Hounds.<span class="ml30">Master Falconer</span></p>
+
+<p class="continued">Porter and his Men, two Butchers, two Keepers of the Home Park, two
+Keepers of the Red Deer Park, Footmen, Grooms, and other menial
+servants to the number of 150. Some of the footmen were butchers and
+bakers.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top center">Out Officers.</p>
+
+<p>Steward of Raglan, Wm. Jones, Esq. Governor of Chepstow, Sir Mich.
+Keneys, Bart. Housekeeper of Worcester House in London, James Redman,
+Esq. Bailiffs thirteen; two Counsel for the Bailiffs to have recourse
+to. Solicitor, Mr. Jos. Smith.</p>
+
+<p>His Lordship appears to have been very indifferently informed
+respecting his son’s operations in Ireland. The conveyance of
+communications of any kind was difficult, hazardous, and uncertain. Of
+this a rather romantic instance occurs in the relation given of his
+adventures, by Allen Boteler, in his documentary evidence entitled:&mdash;“A
+most true account of my business from his Majesty at Oxford, intended
+for the most honourable the Marquis of Ormond, it being the last of my
+[engagements in?] these employments.” It is a long, prolix account,
+but sufficiently interesting from the facts it details to be given in
+extenso. He states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“On Friday night being the 22nd of February, 1646, I was conveyed to
+Abbington by Sir George Lisle, and a party under his command, and from
+thence near Cisseter, where I parted from them, took a guide and went
+to Sir William Pooles, from whence by night I was carefully guided to
+Sir Robert Poyntz’s at Acton,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</span> which his Majesty conceived to be the
+safest way; there by Sir Robert was I exceedingly welcomed as coming
+from his Majesty, and in that employment, and for the space of five
+days I was concealed in Sir Robert’s house whilst he did continually
+employ some of his trusty servants to endeavour a way for my passage
+over Severn, which both by land and water was very strongly guarded;
+yet having disguise from him I hired a boat for Black Rock, and passed
+as a grazier, and a farmer, a friend of his with me, to assist me; but
+no sooner had we landed but we had, by a grazier, intelligence that
+in the village, and in all that country of the Moors, were Parliament
+forces driven by his Majesty’s party from Newport and Carlisle.
+Thereupon the farmer brought me to a church on a rock [a] few yards
+from the sea side, into which rock I conveyed my dispatches, and myself
+and horse into the porch, whilst the farmer bought [brought?] me a
+guide, a man of his acquaintance, well known to the enemy’s party but
+honest to his Majesty’s; and after night he conveyed me through their
+guards by the name of a butcher of Bristol, and on the break of day,
+three Parliament officers, newly landed at Gouldcliffe from Bristol,
+seeing me riding fast, charged me in a lane and questioned me who I
+was for; and I answered that it was then no time to ask impertinences,
+by my being here you may judge who I am for; I intended for Newport or
+Carleon in business for the States, but my guide tells me that there
+is my Lord Charles Somerset with 300 horse, for God’s sake tell me how
+I shall avoid them. Whereupon they being as much affrighted with my
+word, as I with their summons, hastily pointed me out a way, and ran
+themselves another way into the Moors. By this means I came to Carleon,
+from whence the King’s party were marched two days before; and being
+then within four<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</span> miles of Raglan I came (as I thought) undiscovered
+to Colonel Richard Herbert’s, and finding the passage full of dangers,
+by reason of Langibby Castle and many soldiers quartered in the way,
+I sent to the Lord Charles, desiring a convoy, and acquainting him
+with what business I was in. His Lordship returned me answer that by
+one of the clock, the next day, by a windmill on Christ Church hill,
+a party should meet me punctually; and so there did, but it was of
+the enemy, who having foot with the horse made me distrust and betake
+myself to a wood adjoining; and when they were past, no convoy coming,
+nor intended, as it appeared afterwards, I returned to the Lady Mary
+Herbert’s, who then lay in, and some intelligence being given to the
+enemy, so soon as it was dark, a party being sent to take me, my Lady
+Mary secured the despatches in or under her bed, commanded a servant
+of hers to go with me, called my horse hers; and [I] going on foot all
+night in most bitter weather and bad way, full of danger, I came to
+the Castle about the day’s dawning, where I presently appeared myself
+to my Lord Charles, made my relation, and besought him for a present
+convoy. His answer was that that house was their own, and not as other
+garrisons, they must look on their own securities, and had done more
+than they had thanks for, but would bring me to his father, so soon
+as he was ready. His Lordship did so, and in the first place my Lord
+asked me whether in my despatches I had any letters from his Majesty
+to his son Glamorgan. I answered, not that I knew of, but there might
+be within the Lord Marquis of Ormond’s; on that I delivered to his
+
+<span class="sidenote">That message I well remember and so will his Majesty, I
+having set it down so soon as I went out of the bed chamber.</span>
+
+Lordship his Majesty’s most gracious and comfortable message concerning
+my Lord his son, with thanks for their former loyal expressions; unto
+which my Lord Marquis answered that it was the grief of his heart that,
+he was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</span> inforced to say that the King was wavering and fickle, and that
+at his Majesty’s last being there, he lent him a book<a href="#Footnote_127" id="FNanchor_127" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> to read in his
+chamber, the beginning of which he knows he read, but if he had ended,
+it would have showed him what it was to be a fickle prince; for was it
+not enough, said his Lordship, to suffer him, the Lord Glamorgan to
+be unjustly imprisoned by the Lord Marquis of Ormond for what he had
+his Majesty’s authority for; but that the King must in print protest
+against his proceedings and his own allowance, and not yet recall it.</p>
+
+
+<p>But I will pray for him, and that he may be more constant to his
+friends, saith my Lord; and so soon as my other employments will give
+leave, you shall have a convoy to fetch securely your despatches;
+that I daily pressed and expected, sometimes it was delayed with fair
+language and sometimes with such as was very unwelcome to me, both
+from the father and the son; it being invectives against his Majesty
+and the Lord Marquis of Ormond, and after fourteen days delay,<a href="#Footnote_128" id="FNanchor_128" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> I
+advised with Colonel Ratcliffe Jarrard, Colonel Thomas Butler, Major
+Hugh Butler, and William Watkins, Receiver General for South Wales,
+being all Protestants, and of the Council of War, who agreed in opinion
+that the delay was of purpose, and caused by jealousy, conceiving
+that if I got over before Captain Bacon who was then attending for a
+despatch to his Lord the Lord Glamorgan, my despatch might tend to
+the prejudice of his said Lord. On this I took occasion to wait on my
+Lady Glamorgan, and remembering her of the King’s gracious intentions
+towards her Lord, I <span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</span>besought her assistance, to which she answered
+that my going so hastily was not material whatsoever I considered of
+it, for that there were others gone with duplicates of business to her
+Ladyship’s knowledge, of whom her cousin Will. Winter was one, and he
+had no relation to the Lord Marquis of Ormond, but was her husband’s
+friend. To which I answered that my Lord was her Lord’s very good
+friend, as I was very much his servant, but if his Majesty’s business
+be done I care not by whose hand it is; but I thank your honour, for
+now I know wherefore I am stayed here; and from her Ladyship I went to
+my Lord Charles, and told him that by his neglect his Majesty might
+be undone, and that to acquit myself I must lay the blame on those
+that deserved it; but if his Lordship would yet give way Captain Spite
+would undertake to do the business with twenty horse. His Lordship
+answered, that he took my importunity ill, but would impart it to
+the Council of War, and take their advice, which he did indeed, but
+that caused so general a knowledge, that the country was laid for me
+and my business, as I had very good intelligence; and thereupon the
+Protestant party showed themselves to be much discontented, insomuch
+that Colonel Butler, Major Butler, and others quitted the Castle the
+next day, being the nineteenth of my stay there. My Lord sent a party,
+who bringing the despatches, I desired my Lord, in obedience to his
+Majesty’s Warrant to afford me a convoy, or if not, two guides, one
+to ride before me to discous [discover or discourse?] and the other
+to direct me in my way, both which he refused because, as he said, I
+had no letters to his brother. Thereupon I went discontentedly away to
+Aburgainy [Abergavenny] with Colonel Ratcliffe Jarrard, Colonel Butler,
+and Major Butler, with whom I advised, and sent with their approbation
+for a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</span> woman who was continually employed betwixt the Castle of Denby
+in North Wales and Raglan in South Wales. I agreed with her to go to
+Denby, Conway, or Harlo Castles, with the letters quilted up in a truss
+of linen and tied next to her body, and with her my own man disguised
+to receive them from her, and to go over with them, if I could not make
+my way to overtake him, but directed him by the Governors to whom I
+wrote. The man and woman were taken and carried before Howell Gwynn,
+then High Sheriff; but what became of the despatches, or how the woman
+concealed or made them away, I know not, nor dare enquire, but she saw
+the man taken, being a great distance from her, as I had directed them,
+to keep in sight one of the other, but not to go together; and she
+was not taken in two or three hours after, so that by all likelihood
+she conveyed them away, otherwise the Parliament pamphlets would have
+told us of it as they did not, for with much fear, I expecting it,
+perused all the diurnals for more than a quarter of a year. This is all
+I can deliver of it, and the particulars of these will be punctually
+justified by those several parties formerly meant, some of them being
+now about the Court, and for the truth of this I am ready to make Oath
+when I shall there unto be called.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Allan Boteler.</span>”<a href="#Footnote_129" id="FNanchor_129" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">Boteler or Butler’s evidence would appear to have been taken during the
+Marquis of Ormond’s temporary sojourn in England, after his leaving
+Dublin in June, 1647, previous to his shortly after going to Paris for
+six months, when he returned to Ireland to assume his <span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</span>post of Lord
+Lieutenant.<a href="#Footnote_130" id="FNanchor_130" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> The document derives considerable interest from its
+conveying to us the sentiments of the Marquis of Worcester, in his
+reflections on the King’s conduct affecting himself and his son. It was
+on no light grounds he charged Charles the First with being “wavering
+and fickle;” declaring his son to have been “unjustly imprisoned;” and
+bitterly lamenting that the King should, in print, “protest against
+his [son’s] proceedings;” being no doubt well satisfied through his
+Majesty’s own discourse and his after written instructions, that the
+Earl of Glamorgan had, in every sense, been most unworthily used from
+first to last by his royal master. The upright old Marquis, touched
+in a tender part, was not disposed to overlook the injury done to his
+family, although coming from so high a quarter, for he must have felt
+it as nothing short of a gratuitous maligning and blackening of his
+son’s character from the most sordid, selfish motives, reckless of all
+risks and hazards. No considerations swayed him to conceal his utmost
+anger at the indignity put on himself and his house, rendered perhaps
+all the keener by the presence of the unsuspecting messenger from that
+prince who had so utterly deceived him, and that peer who had aided
+in his dishonour. The blunt Boteler adds, in a marginal notification,
+“That message I well remember, and so will his Majesty; I having set it
+down, as soon as I went out of the bed chamber.”<a href="#Footnote_131" id="FNanchor_131" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Marquis, a shrewd, observant man, appears to have expressed his
+wrath not only by words but acts; not caring that the messenger should
+return with any favourable account of his reception or dismissal, for
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</span>after having so unequivocally expressed his mind to him, he is left to
+shift for himself, is long detained, and at length departs at his own
+expense.</p>
+
+<p>The siege of Raglan Castle was maintained by Colonel Morgan, Major
+General Laughorne, Sir Trevor Williams, Baronet, and Colonel Robert
+Kirle, with about 5000 horse and foot.</p>
+
+<p>It became necessary for the besieged, in their extremity, in the
+pleasant month of May, 1646, to destroy every shelter or advantage the
+enemy might derive from the houses in the village, or its old church.
+They, therefore, levelled the goodly tower of the latter, as also the
+houses near, burning likewise whatever might in any way have been
+likely to prove available.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Trevor Williams, at the same time, was arranging to blockade
+Raglan, garrisoning his men in the town of Usk. On the other side,
+Colonel Kirle, with his force, was stationed within two miles of
+Raglan; while Laughorne occupied Abergavenny; and Colonel Birch,
+besieging Gutbridge Castle, left Raglan without hope of relief.</p>
+
+<p>In their skirmishes with the enemy, posted in these positions, the
+Royalists lost 16 killed, and 20 taken prisoners; while Sir Trevor
+Williams seized 80 horses grazing under the castle walls. Colonel
+Morgan, then at Worcester, shortly after, joining the army, made
+Landenny his head-quarters, within a distance of three miles.</p>
+
+<p>A domestic incident may be here mentioned, not only as showing the
+discomfort of the place, but as connected with the wife of the subject
+of this memoir; and also as characteristic of the Marquis’s religious
+sentiments. Dr. Bayly states that:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“One evening, during the hottest period of the cannonade, there came
+a musket ball in at the window of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</span> the withdrawing room, where my
+Lord used to entertain his friends with his pleasant discourses after
+dinners and suppers, which, glancing upon a little marble pillar of the
+window, from thence hit the Marquis upon the side of his head, and fell
+down flattened upon the table, which breaking the pillar in pieces, it
+made such a noise in the room, that his daughter-in-law, the Countess
+of Glamorgan, who stood in the same window, ran away as if the house
+had been falling down upon her head, crying out, ‘O Lord! O Lord!’ But
+at length, finding herself more afraid than hurt, she returned back
+again, no less excusing her&mdash;as she was pleased to call it&mdash;rudeness to
+her father, than acknowledging her fears to all the company. To whom
+the Marquis said, ‘Daughter, you had reason to run away, when your
+father was knocked on the head.’ Then pausing some little while, and
+turning the flattened bullet round with his finger, he further said,
+‘Gentlemen, those who had a mind to flatter me, were wont to tell me
+that I had a <i>good head</i> in my younger days; but, if I don’t flatter
+myself, I think I have a good head-piece in my old age, or else it
+would not have been <i>musket proof</i>.’”</p>
+
+<p>It shows how closely Raglan Castle was besieged, when on the 26th of
+May, about 11 o’clock at night, some of the Parliamentary soldiers
+could be drinking at a public house, but a little distance from
+the Castle, having alighted from their horses, and sent a scout
+to reconnoitre: who bringing them favourable news, they refreshed
+themselves at their ease. Meanwhile, having been observed, 60 or 80
+horse were sent from Raglan to surprise them, and they succeeded in
+seizing three or four of their horses; but some of the Roundheads
+escaped in a cornfield, while most of their companions quickly mounted;
+some riding off were lost in the darkness, while the remainder, in a
+skirmish of half an hour, took<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</span> two prisoners and rescued their lost
+horses. Many fruitless skirmishes appear to have been thus made; often
+as many as 150 horsemen rushing forth, only to return with the report
+of bootless labour.<a href="#Footnote_132" id="FNanchor_132" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the part of the besiegers, Captain Hooper was employed to conduct
+the mining approaches, which were pushed forward with great vigour.</p>
+
+<p>The garrison of Raglan (estimated when in full force at 800 strong,
+in horse and foot) made several desperate sallies on Colonel Morgan’s
+forces: their bold commander often personally encountering the hostile
+party with marked gallantry, losing on one occasion a colour; and a
+cornet his life. While on the Royalist side a major and a captain
+were slain, besides many wounded. But when General Fairfax, sending
+reinforcement from Oxford, had raised Colonel Morgan’s regiment of
+1500 to 3500 men, such sallies became less frequent.<a href="#Footnote_133" id="FNanchor_133" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> The General,
+who had been at Bath to recruit his health, hastening to Raglan, put
+life into the siege by his presence, and, on the 7th of August, he
+sent in his summons to the Castle; in consequence of which, numerous
+messages passed between the Marquis and the General, the Marquis
+reminding him in one of his replies how well he was known “in Henry,
+Earl of Huntingdon’s time, unto your [the General’s] noble grandfather
+at York;” at the same time inviting some propositions to be made;
+specially requiring on his own behalf to have any acts of his first
+approved by the King, through whom, moreover, he was “above £20,000
+out of purse.” The conditions offered, required, among others, that
+the Marquis should submit to the mercy of the Parliament; while those
+affecting the garrison and inmates of the Castle were honourable to
+all parties. In <span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</span>consequence of these negotiations, the Marquis,
+on the 13th of August, sent out a drum, desiring leave for his
+Commissioners to meet the next day, to arrange articles of peace;
+which being approved, the drum was returned with safe-conduct for the
+Commissioners’ coming forth, and orders given for five hours cessation
+of arms.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis must have been fully alive to the jeopardy in which he
+was placed, after ten weeks of close siege, hemmed in on every side,
+stores fast diminishing, the cannon ball of the enemy knocking down
+turret and tower, and demolishing the weaker portions of his castle,
+never originally intended to withstand more than the ravages of time,
+with the exception of a very limited portion, the Citadel itself. The
+main work of the enemy’s approaches, too, was then within 60 yards of
+the garrison’s works, and a breach already made in the eastern wall,
+near the library or closet tower; besides which, four mortar pieces had
+been advantageously planted, capable of carrying grenado shells of 12
+inches diameter; also two mortar pieces in another position, capable
+of delivering similar shells. Captain Hooper, the engineer, expressed
+his expectation to be in a few days within ten yards of the castle,
+with trenches, which he was constructing very exact and secure; from
+these he purposed making galleries, mines, and numerous batteries. The
+General himself, not only took great interest in these military works,
+visiting them daily, but at that very time had designed a new approach.</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th of August, final terms were to be concluded; for which
+purpose the meeting of the Commissioners was appointed to take place at
+Keventilla House, the residence of Mr. Oates, about a mile and a half
+from Raglan.<a href="#Footnote_134" id="FNanchor_134" class="fnanchor">[84]</a></p>
+
+<p id="Page_153"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 153]</span>
+The terms of peace being concluded on the 17th of August, the
+Castle was to be surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax for the use
+of the Parliament, the articles of the treaty, among others,
+stipulating:&mdash;That all the officers, soldiers, and gentlemen of the
+garrison, should march out with horses and arms, colours flying, drums
+beating, trumpets sounding, matches lighted at both ends, bullets in
+their mouths; and every soldier with twelve charges of powder and ball;
+with permission to select any place within 10 miles of the Castle, for
+the purpose of delivering up their arms to the General in command;
+after which the soldiers were to be disbanded and set at liberty; and
+safe-conduct and protection given to all the gentlemen and others who
+had sought refuge within the walls of Raglan Castle.</p>
+
+<p>Wednesday, the 19th of August, 1646, in conformity with the treaty,
+the Castle was taken possession of by General Fairfax. The Marquis of
+Worcester, bordering on 70 years of age, infirm and careworn as he was,
+accosted Fairfax in a pleasant, jocose mood; yet it must have been
+but a melancholy cortege by which he was attended, on abandoning that
+roof which was soon to be destined to irreclaimable ruin. It must have
+appeared to the bystanders more like a military funeral procession than
+any other conceivable spectacle, in which, however, the glistening of
+arms and armour, the rustling of banners, the blast of trumpets, and
+the roll of drums must have been felt by all alike, as though more in
+mockery than evincing any cause of exultation.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis was accompanied by his son, the Lord Charles Somerset,
+governor of the Castle; the Countess of Glamorgan; Lady Jones and Sir
+Philip Jones; Dr. Thomas Bayly, the chaplain, who had also acted as one
+of the Commissioners from the Castle; Commissary<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</span> Guilliam; together
+with 4 colonels, 82 captains, 16 lieutenants, 6 cornets, 4 ensigns,
+4 quarter-masters, and 52 esquires and gentlemen; including also his
+Lordship’s numerous visitors, household, and retainers.</p>
+
+<p>The General, having thus secured the last stronghold that had withstood
+the power of the Parliamentary army, went to Chepstow to take part the
+same night in a splendid entertainment, returning thence the following
+day to recruit himself at Bath.</p>
+
+<p>There were found in Raglan Castle, a mill for the manufacture of
+gunpowder, 20 pieces of ordnance, only 3 barrels of powder, good store
+of corn and malt, beer, and various wines; not many horses, and but
+little hay or oats. The apartments, however, were amply supplied with
+rich furniture, and well stored with goods. All these the General
+committed to the charge of Mr. Herbert, the Army Commissioner, and
+others to be inventoried.</p>
+
+<p>Thus far the articles of capitulation were punctually performed with
+regard to all matters, except only the Marquis himself. We are not
+very precisely informed respecting his removal, but only assured that
+he was in the custody of the Black Rod; and next hear of him as being
+in Covent Garden, probably at that official’s residence, where he was
+repeatedly visited by his former chaplain, the loquacious Dr. Bayly.<a href="#Footnote_135" id="FNanchor_135" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>
+It was a base violation of the conditions in the treaty, on the part
+of the Parliament, to keep the Marquis in confinement, and still worse
+considering his age, corpulency, and bad state of health, aggravated
+no doubt by the excessive toils and troubles of the last few years,
+together with the more recent fatigues of his journey from Wales to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</span>London. Harassed, afflicted, and a prisoner, he died within the space
+of four months, in the custody of the Parliament’s Black Rod, in Covent
+Garden, on the &mdash; of December, 1646.<a href="#Footnote_136" id="FNanchor_136" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></p>
+
+<p>The House of Commons, on the 20th of December, proposed allowing
+£500<a href="#Footnote_137" id="FNanchor_137" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> for the funeral, out of the Marquis’s estate; the votes being
+168 for, and 92 against so much liberality. It was resolved&mdash;“That
+the £500 be raised out of the plate and other goods of the Earl of
+Worcester, brought up by Mr. Thomas Herbert; and that the disposing of
+it be referred to his care, to be accountable for it to the House; and
+especially to take care that the said Earl of Worcester may be buried
+according to the Directory, and not otherwise.”<a href="#Footnote_138" id="FNanchor_138" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
+
+<p>In dedicating to the son his collection of the father’s “Apophthegms,”
+Dr. Bayly observes&mdash;“I laid your noble father in his grave, with my own
+hands.” He was interred in the vault of the Chapel of our Lady, now
+known as the Beaufort Chapel, in St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle,
+near his great ancestor, Charles first Earl of Worcester.</p>
+
+<p>Among the property at Raglan Castle, the most interesting to the
+biographer was that respecting which an order passed the House of
+Commons, on the 25th of August 1646, to the effect:&mdash;“That Mr. Thomas
+Herbert be enjoined to deliver all the letters and papers found at
+Raglan Castle, and remaining in his hands, to the Committee of the
+Army: Who have hereby further power to send for all such other letters
+and papers, found at Raglan Castle, which they shall have information
+of to be in the hands of any other Committee <span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</span>or persons; and are to
+report the whole to the House.”</p>
+
+<p>The fate of Raglan Castle was decided by an order of the House the
+same day, when it was resolved:&mdash;“That the Castle of Raglan, the works
+about it, and the house and buildings thereof, be forthwith pulled down
+and demolished.” And further, “That it be referred to the Committee
+of the county of Monmouth, to take care that the same may be totally
+demolished, and all the materials thereof sold and disposed of for the
+best advantage of the state; deducting the charges for pulling it down;
+and a due account rendered for the same.”</p>
+
+
+<p>Various orders were passed regarding the sale of estates, and
+disposition of the funds, sometimes to raise money for the service of
+Ireland, at others for reparation of losses through depriving certain
+noblemen of the Court of Wards, with other and numerous demands. But we
+must return to review the closing scene of affairs in Ireland.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_126"><a href="#FNanchor_126"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_127"><a href="#FNanchor_127"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_128"><a href="#FNanchor_128"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Note opposite sentence commencing “after fourteen days
+delay.”&mdash;“After myself, Colonel Butler and the rest were gone, Lord
+Charles threatened to take from Mr. Watkins £800 which was in the
+Castle (his Majesty’s money) for siding with us, as he now present is
+ready to testify.”</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_129"><a href="#FNanchor_129"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> In MS. Index entitled, “No. 145. Boteler’s Account of his
+business at Oxford, 1646. f. 210.” The MS. vol. containing above is
+lettered at back, “Carte Papers, 1604&ndash;1660. 30.”</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_130"><a href="#FNanchor_130"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, p. 262.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_131"><a href="#FNanchor_131"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> It is generally believed that this chamber was over the
+south-west gate.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_132"><a href="#FNanchor_132"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Raglan Castle.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_133"><a href="#FNanchor_133"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> Sprigge.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_134"><a href="#FNanchor_134"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Raglan Castle.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_135"><a href="#FNanchor_135"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Bayly.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_136"><a href="#FNanchor_136"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Sandford.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_137"><a href="#FNanchor_137"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Whitelock states £1000.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_138"><a href="#FNanchor_138"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jo. Ho. of Comm. Vol. V. p. 20.</p></div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_157"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 157]</span></p>
+
+
+<h2 id="CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="chapter_heading">THE EARL OF GLAMORGAN’S TRANSACTIONS IN IRELAND&mdash;CONCLUDED.</p>
+
+
+<p>We left the Earl at Kilkenny after his enlargement. That his own
+confidence in his position was not misplaced all his acts clearly
+prove, and no attempt has been successfully made by his adversaries to
+show him in any other light than that of being a too ready instrument
+in the hands of his prince to work out his mystified political schemes.</p>
+
+<p>It requires considerable calmness and consideration on the part of the
+biographer while undertaking to become the apologist of the Earl’s
+conduct, particularly when wholly differing in political and religious
+views. But sincerity will always command respect. That he was strictly
+conscientious in all his conduct there cannot be the shadow of a
+doubt; nor can he be accused of rather tempting the monarch than being
+tempted by him, a man open and most anxious to adopt any measures to
+regain his despotic authority over the people. Charles the First was
+all things to all men who offered him service; he was a Catholic to
+the Catholics, and a Protestant to the Protestants; and it was this
+duality of character, united with unbounded selfishness and a fatal
+attachment to secrecy, that perplexed his most discreet ministers.
+No man’s life or property was safe in his hands. No engagements were
+held sacred or inviolable, all being artfully contrived to conceal
+some mental reservation, which expediency always found it convenient
+to be shifting to serve some opposite purpose or other. All this
+subtle<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</span> strategy was perfectly consistent with the possession of the
+most distinguished domestic affections and habits, and tastes most
+refined for art and literature, which, after all, may have been but the
+consummation of that all-grasping selfishness which shows but little
+integrity beyond the confines of self and home. His Majesty united so
+many inconsistencies of character that he completely deluded not the
+Earl alone but the entire Roman Catholic party throughout the land.
+He had succeeded in draining the Marquis of Worcester of his enormous
+wealth, and had not blushed to degrade his son, the Earl, by a public
+accusation (which his private conduct repudiated) to give colour to his
+own sophisms.</p>
+
+<p>A letter written by the Earl to the Nuncio, in February, together with
+the oath he afterwards took, are not a little remarkable.<a href="#Footnote_139" id="FNanchor_139" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Most illustrious and most reverend Lord</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“There is no occasion for me to employ any further protestations to
+persuade your Lordship, how sincerely I desire that the whole glory
+of the advantages, which this nation and we poor Catholics of England
+may attain, should, as it ought, be ascribed to his Holiness, through
+your Lordship’s intervention; whom I beseech to consider the authority
+granted your Lordship by his Holiness, and to recall to your memory
+the letter written by the King my master to your Lordship, and my
+powers for treating with your Lordship. These things being laid down
+as a foundation, let us not sleep over our cause, but finish all the
+conventions made or to be made between his Holiness and our Queen
+(though without suffering them to be published), till your Lordship
+shall have received the original instruments themselves, or till an
+answer shall be returned <span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</span>from the King by means of my brother, who
+shall be sent to his Majesty in the name of your Lordship and myself.
+During which interval, though there be only a cessation of arms, yet
+our peace will be secure, and depend only on such conditions, as
+shall be acceptable to his Holiness; for it will not be such a peace,
+as the Pope disapproves of in his letters, but the same which your
+Lordship desires. But while the articles are agreed upon and concluded
+between your Lordship and me, and no change is made in the government,
+or in any other respect, till the peace shall be published, and the
+ratification transmitted hither by the King from England, no danger
+will arise either on your Lordship’s or my part, since the seven
+thousand soldiers will not pass over into England, till the peace
+be concluded and published, nor ever depart, till I shall return
+from Italy, and there shall be a certainty concerning his Holiness’
+pleasure.”</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">He proceeds to suggest the conclusion of the peace at the end of three
+months; the signing of the articles by the Nuncio and himself, on the
+part of the Pope and the King respectively; thus satisfying the Irish,
+while affording the King security, the articles not being published;
+the safety of the kingdom ensured, and the Nuncio at ease in having
+thus conformed to the Pope’s instructions.</p>
+
+<p>He afterwards signed, on the 18th February, 1646, an engagement to the
+Nuncio; and the next day took the following oath.<a href="#Footnote_140" id="FNanchor_140" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“I, Edward Earl of Glamorgan, promise and swear to your most
+illustrious and most reverend Lordship, that I will adhere to your
+party, not only against the Marquis of Ormond, and all his relations
+and favourers, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</span>but likewise against all others, who shall oppose the
+Pope’s treaty and your measures for the good of the Catholic Religion,
+and the service of the King my master, to supply your Lordship with&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center"> 200,000 crowns,<br />
+<span class="ml25">10,000 arms for foot,</span><br />
+<span class="ml35">2,000 cases of pistols,</span><br />
+<span class="ml50"> 800 barrels of powder,</span><br />
+<span class="ml90">and 30 or 40 ships well provided, over</span></p>
+<p class="continued">which your Lordship shall name an Admiral. For I esteem your cause
+to be the cause of God, and of the King my master, in whose name I
+make all the concessions agreed upon between your Lordship and me;
+and am therefore ready, if your Lordship pleases, to confirm this my
+resolution before the most holy sacrament. In the mean time I subscribe
+my name, and affix my seal, this 19th day of February, 1646.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan.</span>”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">The Earl, in conformity with the power granted him on the 1st of April,
+by the King, agreed with the Nuncio to create, at his recommendation,
+one Earl, two Viscounts, and three Barons, hoping thereby to gratify
+the Irish.</p>
+
+<p>But previously, on his arrival in Waterford, he wrote to the
+King:<a href="#Footnote_141" id="FNanchor_141" class="fnanchor">[87]</a><a href="#Footnote_142" id="FNanchor_142" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Majesty</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I am now at Waterford, providing shipping immediately to transport
+6000 foot; and 4000 more are by May to follow them. I hope these will
+yet come opportunely to the relief of Chester. What hath been the
+occasion of so long delays, and yet suffers <span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</span>not your Majesty’s service
+herein to proceed with that advantage it might do, I conceive not so
+fit to commit to paper; but I will shortly send my brother, who shall
+fully inform your Majesty with all particulars, and thereby rectify
+your opinion, and give you true knowledge, who are your faithful
+servants. I hope long ere this Captain Bacon hath arrived with you
+since my enlargement; and, therefore, I need only tell your Majesty
+that, my further services intended for you will, I hope, without
+further crosses, be suffered to go on; though strange is the industry
+used by many seeming friends to hinder me therein. But I am confident
+it shall not lie in their power, your Majesty remaining still constant,
+as I doubt not but you will, to your favourable opinion, and right
+interpretation of my poor endeavours; which, if they may take place,
+will procure you to be a gracious and happy prince, I having no other
+ends, but to approve myself,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Sir, your sacred Majesty’s</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line3">“Most dutiful, obedient subject,</p>
+<p class="signed_line2">“and passionately devoted servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Waterford, Feb. 23, 1645&ndash;6.”</p>
+
+<p>The same month, however, Chester surrendered to the Parliamentary
+forces, after a stubborn siege; while in March following news arrived
+at Kilkenny of his Majesty’s message of the 29th of January, addressed
+to the Parliament, denying any participation in and unreservedly
+disavowing all knowledge of the Earl’s treaty of the 25th of August,
+1645. The Roman Catholics were astounded; all their labour and expense,
+all their negociations at once appeared worse than vain, being only
+calculated to arouse public indignation.</p>
+
+<p>But the Parliamentary party appeared pretty well satisfied that the
+Earl’s imprisonment was a merely<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</span> colourable affair, suspecting that
+the King was merely sacrificing a devoted friend to clear himself and
+appease the public wrath.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding this state of affairs in Ireland, the Earl was, on the
+4th of March, 1646, created “Duke of Somerset and Beaufort,” which
+title he afterwards resigned, but the original patent, still existing
+at Badminton, is translated as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“Charles, by the grace of God of England, France, and Ireland King,
+Defender of the Faith, &amp;c. To all our Archbishops, Dukes, Marquesses,
+Earls, Viscounts, Bishops, Barons, Knights, Governors of Towns,
+Freemen, and all other Officers, Ministers, and subjects to whom these
+Presents shall come Greeting.</p>
+
+<p>“We esteem the greatness of our Royal Dignity not only to be highly
+adorned but even to be augmented and enlarged when men eminent for
+their nobility and virtue, who have deserved well of their country, and
+by notable achievements and particularly by trophys and other monuments
+of military valour acquired at home and abroad and distinguished
+and adorned by any illustrious accession of Honour, Dignity, or
+Titles.&mdash;And Whereas our right trusty and well beloved Cousin Edward
+Somerset, alias Plantagenet, Knight of the most noble order of the
+Garter, Earl of our County of Glamorgan, son and heir apparent of
+our right trusty and well beloved Cousin Henry Earl and Marquess of
+Worcester, Baron of the Honours of the castles of Raglan, Chepstow, and
+Gower, a man eminent for the nobleness of his blood, and his approved
+attachment and fidelity to us, (by always furnishing the most ready
+supplies out of his own fortune to us in these most calamitous times)
+Hath in a special manner recommended himself to our favour: as he is
+rendered illustrious by a long train of noble ancestors, and by the
+high<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</span> nobility transmitted by paternal succession from John of Gaunt
+Duke of Lancaster, and his son John Plantagenet Duke of Somerset, from
+the place of his nativity surnamed Beaufort&mdash;and by other connections
+of blood with the Royal Houses of Lancaster and York, to Charles the
+first Earl of Worcester; All which dignity of birth and accumulated
+honours he hath himself greatly surpassed by his own personal virtues
+and inviolable fidelity to Us.</p>
+
+<p>“For with what integrity, with what constancy, with what expense, he
+did execute the royal command of President of the six counties of South
+Wales and the places adjoining to the Severn coast? He was present at
+sieges and battles.&mdash;With what courage and successful conduct did he
+take Goodridge Castle, the Forest of Dean and the city of Hereford? In
+short, with what remarkable good fortune, with what unhoped for success
+he made himself master of the strongly fortified town of Monmouth? And
+not content with the confined limits of one kingdom, go to the most
+distant places beyond the seas, through the midst of hostile forces and
+the dangers of shipwreck, yet at his own private expense, regardless
+of all dangers, at the loss of his own private fortune, that he might
+raise succours for the support of the tottering crown of his King.
+These things, &amp;c.”</p>
+
+<p>Endorsed&mdash;“1646, 4 March. 21 Charles I. Creation of Edward, Earl of
+Glamorgan, Duke of Somerset and Beaufort, 4 March, 1646, and 21 C. I.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">This patent, worthless as it proved for confirming the title it was
+intended to convey, may well serve to seal the duplicity of the monarch
+who could thus intend to honour one whom he charged with treasonable
+acts, if not with absolute forgery of warrants in his own name.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_164"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 164]</span>
+In March 1646, the Earl committed to writing the following
+memorandum:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_143" id="FNanchor_143" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">“Considerations and conclusions concerning the present state of my
+affairs, 29 March, 1646.</p>
+
+<p>“1. As the King has published such a Declaration, I think myself at
+present incapable of serving him. Yet I am persuaded, that he has done
+this unwillingly, and through the violent impulse of others, and on
+account of the bad situation of his affairs. For which purpose, I am
+desirous to send express to him a person of rank, and my relation; by
+whose means I shall propose to his Majesty a method, by which he may
+enable me, under the authority of the Great Seal, to proceed further,
+both in promoting the interest of this nation, and his Majesty’s own,
+in such a manner, that his forced renunciation shall not be openly
+touched upon, and yet my justification, as far as it shall conduce to
+the good of this kingdom, so sincerely desired by me, may attain its
+wished-for effect. The safety even of the lowest person of this nation,
+is so truly at my heart, that I would not expose the life of one man to
+danger on my own account, nor press the transportation of the soldiers,
+till the return of the messenger to be sent to the King.</p>
+
+<p>“2. As I have received such instructions from the King as these, viz.
+If by any unfortunate accident we should be involved in any counsels,
+in appearance contrary to the powers given by us to you, you shall
+make no other account of them, but by putting yourself in a condition
+to help us, and set us free; I do not find any more expeditious way of
+relieving his Majesty from his distress, than by taking no notice of
+anything which he has done through compulsion, and by supporting this
+nation. But if the Supreme Council will engage to adhere firmly to me,
+I will likewise oblige myself to employ the ships and money, which I
+had before designed for England, to the assistance of this nation, and
+devote my labours and endeavours to the service of this kingdom, till
+we<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</span> can all jointly succour his Majesty in England. I desire, that the
+most illustrious and most reverend Nuncio of the Apostolic See will
+first of all subscribe this treaty of ours.</p>
+
+<p>“But in this affair, I require nothing of the Supreme Council, but
+their private faith, till I shall return, by God’s blessing, with all
+things necessary. And though I am sensible, how little this concerns
+my own interest, yet my zeal prompts me to it. But I am extremely
+desirous, that General Preston should march the troops, designed for
+me, into Munster, to compose the commotions there, as well as to take
+care of this kingdom, whose safety is greatly concerned in it, as that
+when, through God’s blessing, I return with the subsidies, I may find
+an army ready. I desire, that our mutual engagement may be committed
+to writing, and signed and sealed, and kept under the most profound
+secrecy.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">The Earl of Glamorgan had designed a visit to Rome, anticipating
+important assistance there, as well as the especial favour of the
+King in that matter. But the Supreme Council, wearied by the expense
+of keeping a large army, intended for the relief of Chester, finding
+no vessels were supplied from England for that purpose, and being
+further discouraged by his Majesty’s recent proceedings, finally
+resolved against sending any troops out of Ireland. The critical state
+of affairs had become so acutely distressing to the Earl, that in a
+letter addressed to Father Robert Nugent at Kilkenny, he expressed the
+bitterness of his anguish in the most unrestrained language, such as we
+find no example of in any other portion of his varied correspondence.</p>
+
+<p>To Father Robert Nugent, he thus wrote:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_144" id="FNanchor_144" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</span></p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Reverend Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I return you thanks for the messenger sent me on purpose, and your
+letter; and desire you to signify to the Nuncio, that if all the devils
+on earth and in hell had not conspired against me, I should not have
+been reduced to these difficulties and distresses; and that the loss
+of life itself would have been more tolerable to me, being now tired
+of it on account of the present difficulty, and I can think of nothing
+but redeeming myself; assuring you, that the misfortunes of my whole
+life have not perplexed me so much as this: to remedy which, though
+I am pressed by letters and most urgent business to go to Limerick,
+I still continue here. I swear to you, that I have been disappointed
+of seven thousand pounds sterling, which I thought as entirely my own
+as if the money had been actually paid to me; and all this since the
+resolution was published against sending the soldiers to England. I do
+not think it necessary to remind the Nuncio, that my enemies in Ireland
+are exasperated against me, because they perceive me so warmly and
+sincerely affected towards him, and know, that I shall always continue
+so; and because I should not hesitate to expose my life and fortune
+to the utmost danger, in order to bring to an issue his commission
+and business in this kingdom. This seems to me to deserve, that some
+pity and toleration should be shown towards me, especially in an
+event unforeseen by me, and forced upon me, and which has given me a
+vexation, than which I can imagine nothing more severe to me.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“I remain, in great affliction,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line2">“Your affectionate Cousin and Servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Waterford, 3 May, 1646.”</p>
+
+
+<p>His operations in Ireland were virtually terminated,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</span> every measure
+had signally failed, and he was without hope, after the Parliamentary
+publications, of regaining confidence with any party. Much as has been
+written on this subject, and ably as it has been investigated by Dr.
+Birch and other writers, it must be admitted that we gain little from
+the mass of evidence accumulated to enlighten us in respect to the
+personal character of the Earl of Glamorgan, beyond entire satisfaction
+that he acted solely as his sovereign’s agent, at his instigation, and
+entirely under such authority as he could alone give him under all
+the circumstances of such an important secret mission. Charles the
+First’s confidence in him was by no means misplaced, and he had no
+doubt well weighed his character before taking him into his confidence.
+For this inquiry he had sufficient opportunity while the Earl was at
+his court, and again while himself a guest at Raglan. He well knew
+the weak side of the father and the son, the one expectant that his
+Majesty would be “a defender of <i>the</i> faith,” the other warm-hearted,
+and generous, to an extraordinary and enthusiastic degree. Not alone
+were the Marquis and Lord Herbert deceived by the machinations of the
+wily monarch, but so likewise were the whole Roman Catholic community.
+Had it been otherwise we might suspect undue measures would have been
+adopted, but wherever such were carried into effect they were on the
+side of the Crown and not of the subject. Charles the First’s duality
+of character in this respect has never been, nor can be, successfully
+refuted. Embarking, therefore, in his Majesty’s cause, in Ireland, we
+cease to be surprised that the Earl of Glamorgan should, consistently
+with his faith, be in constant consultation with the Nuncio and
+conform to proffered oaths. In short, had he adopted any other course
+than that which he pursued, his negociations would from the first
+either have ceased, or merged into the dilatory measures attending
+the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</span> Lord Lieutenant’s previous course, which it was expected by the
+King that the Earl would be able to out-run and overmatch. But his
+utmost diplomatic skill was insufficient to grapple with and satisfy
+the grasping party on his own side; and he was equally unsuccessful
+placed in opposition to such practised politicians as Ormond, Digby,
+and others. And above all, a supreme difficulty must have been, the
+conducting of his entire system to accord with the subtleties and
+secrecies of the King’s personally communicated and private counsels.
+He was thus placed in many painful straits, but which his ardent,
+vigorous temperament determined him to overcome. In his position,
+however, the Earl felt a compulsory necessity to maintain great
+secrecy; negociating with many mental reservations. He had to satisfy
+the King, while he did not wish to disoblige Ormond, and although there
+was a natural bond of sympathy between himself and the Roman Catholic
+party, he could neither wholly accede to the Nuncio’s measures nor
+satisfy the Council. To the best of his ability he consistently and
+conscientiously employed the vast powers delegated to him for the
+good of his King and his country through his own party; so that no
+historian, not his most bitter, sarcastic enemies, can point to any
+single fact that could cast the slightest taint on the rectitude of
+his conduct throughout the unfortunate and unhappy transactions into
+which it was his misfortune to be drawn by a too sanguine, hopeful, but
+helpless monarch.</p>
+
+<p>On the 3rd of April the Earl wrote to the Marquis of Ormond:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_145" id="FNanchor_145" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Excellency</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“With many thanks for your letter delivered me by Sir Vivien Molineux,
+give me leave to congratulate <span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</span>your Excellency’s happy escape from
+the mischievous intentions against you by the wicked enterprise for
+the taking of the castle of Dublin. And as nobody joys more in your
+deliverance than I do, so cannot any one wish more heartily than I,
+that all the warnings which your Excellency hath had might prevail
+to persuade you, in whom you might totally best confide, and of whom
+to beware; and then with a stedfast resolution to adhere to your
+truest and most real friends. Amongst whom, if your Excellency afford
+me not a place, I dare boldly say that it is not for want of having
+already endeavoured to deserve the same by serving you, with as great
+expressions, both public and private, as my wish and will could
+possibly obtain unto. Neither shall my future actions be inferior
+to what is past, but shall (God willing) enact those things wherein
+my good will only can yet be seen: for upon the ground work of my
+professed reality and affection unto your Excellency, and of your
+noble and friendly acceptance thereof, have I ever thought to build a
+fabric of my future services to his Majesty and most real friendship
+to yourself, whose subsistence I tender as mine own. And if your
+Excellency’s first begotten and expressed confidence in me had not been
+retarded by some unknown means unto me, though I humbly and thankfully
+acknowledge you never suffered it to be extinguished; give me leave to
+aver with truth, that your Excellency ere this should have seen the
+remarkable effects thereof. But this is so copious a theme, as that I
+fear already I have been too prolix, I will therefore abridge myself,
+and not extend unto the latitude, which the truth of this subject
+prompts me unto.</p>
+
+<p>“And to the second part of your Excellency’s letter, give me leave to
+thank you for your tenderness in not accepting the £2500 from me; but
+also your Excellency may know, that it is upon a reliance thereon, that
+the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</span> Council offered you the £3000, and for the performance thereof I
+am enforced to this journey, without which against the prefixed time
+I could not have supplied them with the money. Now to the latter part
+of your letter, wherein you promise I should at large hear farther
+from you, as upon Friday last; but yet have received no other your
+commands, which I expected, before I thought it necessary to answer
+yours of the 24th of March. But receiving no other your directions, I
+think it opportune to let your Excellency know, that, of three vessels
+which I sent for a convoy unto the Prince, Sir Nicholas Crispe, and Mr.
+Hasendanke, the merchant, I have but one return, Captain Allen being
+taken and stript. And I hear a packet of your Excellency’s, as well as
+letters, thrown overboard without weight, were taken up; which I look
+for shortly to have in print.<a href="#Footnote_146" id="FNanchor_146" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
+
+<p>“By the sole return which came unto me, I received notice from the
+Prince and those about him, in how ill a condition he was enforced
+to retire into the Isle of Scilly, where he now is; and made use of
+Hasendanke’s frigates to transport himself, whereby I was not only
+disappointed of what I hoped for by the Prince, but also of his.</p>
+
+<p>“Sir Nicholas Crispe indeed offers to send me three, but they were not
+then with him, and he desires a return from me first, so that only
+my Lord of Antrim’s frigates are come; and a ship with 18 pieces of
+ordnance, which is hourly expected, and bought by me at Galway. Two
+Hollanders there are likewise at Waterford, and two frigates likewise
+of Captain Antonio’s, and the Spanish agents, which carry ordnance.
+These are all of force, and truly I conceive, might, for so short
+a cut, be a sufficient convoy, were not Chester taken, the Prince
+in so bad a condition, and some defeat of my <span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</span>brother’s forces in
+Glamorganshire spoken of. But upon these considerations, how hazardous
+it will be to send away a part of the army only. I humbly offer to
+your Excellency, not speaking anything of a great disheartening and
+discouragement some take at a pretended declaration of his Majesty
+against me, though I myself value it so little, as that, could I,
+without shortening much more advantage to his Majesty’s service, go
+myself in person with 6000 men, I should no ways boggle thereat. And
+as it now stands, to give testimony that my zeal is not lessened
+to his service, and that you may have further assurance of my care
+to your person, I make this offer, that if you please to join, and
+together with the Supreme Council assure me, that against my return
+I may have 10,000 men in readiness for his Majesty’s service, I will
+immediately go and bring back with me twenty sail of good shipping at
+the least, well furnished for men of war; £40,000 ready money; 10,000
+musquets, 2,000 case of pistols, 800 barrels of powder, and a gallant
+train of artillery.<a href="#Footnote_147" id="FNanchor_147" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> For I shrink not at this instant from pain and
+expenses out of diminution of zeal to his Majesty’s service, as by the
+present difficulties propounded may perchance be surmised by others,
+though not by your Excellency, who (I am confident) will make a right
+construction, and how I only would willingly retire myself from further
+present charge, as a ram doth to take a greater vease. For I am not so
+much frightened at the bugbear declaration, but that, if I could go
+myself with a considerable force <span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</span>and provisions, it should not any
+ways deter me, from the confidence I have in his Majesty’s justice and
+goodness. It is true that two days since I have sent to take myself
+off from paying demurrage, which would have amounted to one hundred or
+two hundred pounds a day. But the shipping are still under an embargo,
+and the soldiers designed for England no other ways disposed of,
+who may in the interim until my return be useful unto this kingdom,
+assisted by the Nuncio’s purse. If therefore your Excellency resolve
+upon my journey, I pray send me immediate word by this messenger, whom
+I have sent of purpose, assuring that the shipping I speak of shall
+also attend this coast. And if (which God forbid) the King should be
+already joined with the Parliament, and that my services for him there
+be consequently rejected, I shall endeavour to serve his Majesty at
+my return in preserving your Excellency and this kingdom for him; and
+nothing but an extraordinary confidence in your Excellency’s goodness,
+and an infinite zeal unto my master’s service, could make me take this
+resolution; which I humbly submit to your better judgment, and ever
+remain,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line4">“Your Excellency’s, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Waterford, the 3rd of April, 1646.”</p>
+
+
+<p>The reply made by the Marquis of Ormond,<a href="#Footnote_148" id="FNanchor_148" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> to this noble offer, only
+three days after, shows that he did not esteem it as being in any way
+extravagant or impossible; he writes:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I receive your gratulations and devices for my future security as
+evident testimonies of your continued favour to me; and I am much joyed
+to find, that the accidents fallen out concerning your Lordship have
+not <span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</span>left any impression on you, to the prejudice of the real affection
+you give me to bear you.</p>
+
+<p>“My Lord, I had, according to my promise, given you a larger account
+of things here; but that, at the concluding of the articles, we found
+ourselves so straitened in time, that many material parts of the
+agreement were fain to be put in another way than was first thought
+of; and at this instant I am so pressed with important despatches from
+Kilkenny, that I shall be able but shortly and confusedly to give you
+a return to the main parts of your Lordship’s [letter] of the 3rd of
+this month, which came to my hands yesterday about noon. Touching
+the noble and large offer you are pleased to make of shipping, arms,
+ammunition, and a train of artillery for the King’s service, in case
+you may receive assurance from those in power among the confederates,
+and from me, that ten thousand men shall be ready against your return,
+to be transported to serve the King in England. I return your Lordship
+this answer, that I shall, and by this letter do, cheerfully oblige
+myself for as much as shall lie in my power, either in my public or
+private capacity, to have that number of men in the readiness you
+expect; and to compass it, am contented all the remainder of my fortune
+should stand engaged. If your Lordship can procure as much as this from
+the other party, I conceive you will proceed in your intended voyage
+with satisfaction, and return (I hope) with success; which is earnestly
+wished by</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line4">“Your Lordship’s, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Ormond</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Dublin Castle, the 6th of April, 1646.”</p>
+
+
+<p>The following letter from the King, dated the 20th of July, 1646,<a href="#Footnote_149" id="FNanchor_149" class="fnanchor">[E]</a>
+originally written in cipher, while it <span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</span>shows the estimation in which
+he justly held the Earl of Glamorgan, only throws a darker shade on his
+own mysterious and inexplicable line of policy. The Earl’s zeal and
+unbounded confidence in his Royal Master (determining rather to die in
+his service than to break faith with him), served, as they well might
+to continue him in his favour:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I am not so strictly guarded, but that if you send to me a prudent
+and secret person, I can receive a letter, and you may signify to me
+your mind, I having always loved your person and conversation, which I
+ardently wish for at present more than ever, if it could be had without
+prejudice to you, whose safety is as dear to me as my own. If you can
+raise a large sum of money by pawning my kingdoms<a href="#Footnote_150" id="FNanchor_150" class="fnanchor">[F]</a> for that purpose,
+I am content you should do it; and if I recover them, I will fully
+repay that money. And tell the Nuncio, that if once I can come into his
+and your hands, which ought to be extremely wished for by you both, as
+well for the sake of England as Ireland, since all the rest, as I see,
+despise me, I will do it. And if I do not say this from my heart, or
+if in any future time I fail you in this, may God never restore me to
+my kingdoms in this world, nor give me eternal happiness in the next,
+to which I hope this tribulation will conduct me at last, after I have
+satisfied my obligations to my friends, to none of whom am I so much
+obliged as to yourself, whose merits towards me exceed all expressions,
+that can be used by</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line4">“Your constant Friend,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“From Newcastle, July 20th, 1646.”</p>
+
+
+<p>On receipt of this letter in Ireland, a copy of it was sent to the
+Pope, who is related to have shed tears, with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</span> mingled feelings of
+gratification and sorrow, the King’s circumstances being so desperate;
+while at the same time his determination to favour the Irish and
+English Roman Catholics in all their demands was, to all appearance,
+proportionably increased. The Earl of Glamorgan, on his part, sent
+his suggestions and devised a plan for his Majesty’s safe conduct to
+Ireland; but the scheme either failed or was abandoned.</p>
+
+<p>On the 30th of August, the Earl addressed a long letter to the Lord
+Lieutenant,<a href="#Footnote_151" id="FNanchor_151" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> when he must have been unaware of the fate of Raglan
+Castle:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Excellency</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I have this long time expected your commands, which to receive, having
+sent two expresses, I verily believed would have come ere this into
+my hands; trusting likewise to Mr. Walsingham’s solicitations; but as
+yet I have neither heard from him nor your Excellency, one word since
+his departure, and receiving an earnest desire from the Nuncio to
+speak with me; as understanding likewise how prejudicial it might be
+to me, and especially to my brother who is in Italy, if the dean whom
+he hath sent thither, should depart without satisfaction from me of so
+pressing an occasion, as was by my Lord Nuncio pretended unto me. I
+repaired thither on Saturday last, with so much the more contentment
+as that I persuaded myself that your Excellency would be at Kilkenny,
+and I so much the nearer to kiss your hands; but I now return to the
+county of Clare, there to expect your commands. Yet let me not forget
+to give you an account of the business I was sent for. The rumour being
+spread that the Concessions (which some call mine) were to be printed
+and published at <span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</span>Kilkenny, as I have absolutely disowned any such
+thing to my Lord Nuncio, and denied to patronise the same; so I think
+myself bound to acquaint your Excellency, and by your means the Council
+Table, how mindful I am of the favours I there received, so as not to
+incur the least censure of yours and theirs by enacting anything, for
+which I had already a check. And certainly it cannot be imagined that
+the Supreme Council which was, could expect or desire any such thing
+at my hands, since they never urged to take off my recognizance, which
+through innocency I also neglected, and I joy to be disengaged from so
+perilous a business, protesting before Almighty God, that since that
+time I have entered into no new engagements unto them; and what hath
+passed before (conditions not having been held with me), none of the
+Commissioners themselves can think them obligatory, all other reasons
+also considered. Besides, when they had first thought to make use of
+them, it was resolved, that after the completing of conditions with
+your Excellency, they might bear a true date subsequent thereunto;
+and how invalid they are without the same is sufficiently evident,
+abstracting from the King’s declaration, which (though enforced upon
+him), I esteem it yet a warning for further proceedings therein,
+and fit only for great persons, who can maintain the same, to go
+contrary to the intimation of his Majesty’s pleasure, though never so
+compulsorily granted. For as I never have, nor will esteem, and be
+frighted at the contradiction of any others, when the intimation of
+his Majesty’s pleasure continues to me in any particular unrevoked;
+so, on the contrary, can I never be drawn, for any man’s pleasure,
+to go immediately contrary to what proceedeth from him, deeming it
+not my part to enter into dispute which way his Majesty is induced,
+when I see his positive act extant. Let this, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</span>therefore (I beseech
+your Excellency), give you and the world satisfaction, that I no ways
+countenance the standing upon any articles heretofore treated of by me,
+who am no more tied to make anything thereof good, than any man is to
+deliver up the possession of his lands for which he never received the
+consideration agreed upon. Besides, in order to the King’s subsistence,
+one man was then more considerable than three now. In fine, having
+washed my hands of that business, verify I will that proverb that
+the <i>Child burned dreads the fire</i>. And those noble Lords, who stand
+my bail, may be confident, I shall never deservedly put them in
+fright, or myself in danger to save them further harmless; or to show
+such ingratitude to your Excelleney and the Council as to own those
+concessions which they so much endeavoured to prevent. And thus fearing
+to have been too tedious, I abruptly kiss your Lordship’s hands and
+ever remain</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line4">“Your Excellency’s, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Waterford, the 30th of August, 1646.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">Ormond replied under date, Dublin Castle, the 2nd of September,
+1646, saying&mdash;“I must profess myself exceedingly satisfied with the
+prudence of your Lordship’s carriage at Waterford, and with the wisdom
+of the resolution you have taken in the particular of those things
+now endeavoured to be fastened upon you;” ... and which course he
+designates “a thing so much to your Lordship’s honour and advantage.”</p>
+
+<p id="Page_178"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 178]</span>
+Under date of 11th of September, the Earl again addressed the Lord
+Lieutenant:<a href="#Footnote_152" id="FNanchor_152" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Excellency</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I think myself very happy in that the resolution which appeared in
+my letter unto you proved so acceptable, as by the noble expressions
+of your letter and of my Lord Digby’s I find it is, and do humbly
+acknowledge infinite thanks for your Excellency’s great desire of
+seeing me; and had the self-same letter informed me of any service I
+could have done you, I should have been far from taking the resolution
+which I now have put on, correspondent unto my expressions in my last
+unto your Excellency, and unto the sense for which the commendations
+given me by you (I conceive) do proceed: which was to keep myself free
+from having any part in those most unfortunate and newly occasioned
+distractions, from which the further I withdraw myself, and the sooner,
+suits best with my disposition. Besides, my intentions wherewith I came
+into this kingdom were first to serve his Majesty and it; and next
+to serve your Excellency above all his subjects, and my own friends,
+which being now frustrated, that part only remains which can only die
+with myself, which is <i>Omnibus viis et modis</i>, to endeavour to promote
+his Majesty’s service, finding myself more capable and more probable
+for to do it elsewhere for this present, than in this kingdom. I
+hasten towards the sea-side, where I am informed some conveniency of
+shipping will afford; ... yet I could not omit to send a person of
+trust and confidence, by whom your Excellency may send unto me before
+my departure such notions as perhaps you may think not fit to put to
+paper. And if, either by word of mouth or writing sent by so trusty a
+person as Mr. Joyner (by whom I have sent you the reasons, that debar
+me of the happiness to kiss your Excellency’s hands <i>in transitu</i>),
+I find myself thought capable by you to serve his Majesty or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</span> your
+Excellency longer in these parts, and more advantageously than what I
+am now going about, you may be confident to receive such a return from
+me as may best stand with my duty to his Majesty and my affection to
+your person, to whom my professions have been ever real; and had my
+ambition and only thoughts taken place, I dare boldly say, I should
+have vied with the nearest person in blood or affection you have in
+Ireland, in the reality of being ever,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Your Excellency’s most really</p>
+<p class="signed_line2">“affectionate kinsman and</p>
+<p class="signed_line3">“devoted servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Limerick, the 11th of September, 1646.”</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%">
+<img class="div_scaled" src="images/p179.jpg" width="100%" alt="The Earl of Glamorgan’s writing in the address of a Cipher letter" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p> Among the Carte MSS. in the Bodleian Library, from which the foregoing
+letter is taken, there occurs a curious undated letter written in
+cipher, which it is just possible may be the writing above named “sent
+by so trusty a person as Mr. Joyner.” The annexed engraving is a
+facsimile of an endorsement at the back of it
+in the Earl’s own hand-writing, affording the only specimen approaching
+to an autograph exemplifying his use of the title of <i>Glamorgan</i><a href="#Footnote_153" id="FNanchor_153" class="fnanchor">[I]</a> yet
+made public: every effort to obtain it in any other form having proved
+unavailing. And on page 180, an exact copy is given of the letter
+itself, as traced from the original.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_180"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 180]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p180.jpg" width="100%" alt="The letter written in his Cipher." />
+Facsimile of a letter written by the Earl of Glamorgan, September, 1646&ndash;7.</div>
+
+
+<p id="Page_181"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 181]</span>
+The Nuncio wrote from Kilkenny on the 21st of September, 1646, to
+Cardinal Pamphilio at Rome,<a href="#Footnote_154" id="FNanchor_154" class="fnanchor">[J]</a> as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“Among other patents and commissions signed by the King, and brought
+by the Earl of Glamorgan from England, there is one, appointing him
+Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, upon the expiration of the Marquis of
+Ormond’s term of holding that post, or in case the Marquis should, by
+any fault, deserve to be removed from it. For this reason, I was of
+opinion, that the Earl, who had designed to go to Rome, should stay for
+the present in this kingdom, imagining, that a way might perhaps be
+opened for accomplishing this affair. And in fact the way seems open
+for us, since the Marquis of Ormond is now publicly negotiating with
+the Parliamentarians, and consequently making a treaty with the King’s
+enemies. Upon which occasion, the Earl, being desirous of advancing
+himself to the Marquis’s post, has begun to solicit the consent of the
+kingdom, and believes, that he has the interest of the two Generals,
+and all the Congregation of the Clergy and the New Council. I have
+thought it the more proper to promote this affair, since when Dublin
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</span>shall be taken, it will be immediately necessary for the kingdom to
+provide a Lord Lieutenant. And it is a point of no small importance to
+the present situation of affairs, to begin with appointing to that post
+a Catholic, so highly beloved by this kingdom and the King himself.
+Besides it is to be considered, that the King’s inclination and
+pleasure concurs with this design; for though his Majesty has appointed
+the Earl by his lesser seal only, yet that is sufficient for the Irish,
+since they have just reason to consider that appointment as legal and
+valid. Add to this, that as the Confederates of Ireland have it in
+their view to transport the Holy Faith into England by their arms, no
+person appears to be more fit for the execution of such a purpose, than
+the Earl, in whom two characters are united, that of a faithful servant
+to the King, and a perfect Catholic; and who, the winter before, was
+ready to carry over to the King from that country ten thousand men for
+the same purposes. Some, and those but a few, oppose this design, upon
+this single consideration, that the Earl being both an Englishman and
+of a very mild temper, will not be favourable enough to Ireland, nor
+exert the firmness necessary in this case. But I believe no better
+choice can now possibly be made, and that the appointment of a Catholic
+Lord Lieutenant, who is in so many respects attached to the Apostolical
+See, and bound to it by oath and promises, which the Earl has a hundred
+times repeated to me, is sufficient to weigh down every other doubt.”</p>
+
+<p class="margin2_top">And about the 28th of the same month the Earl took the following
+Oath<a href="#Footnote_155" id="FNanchor_155" class="fnanchor">[K]</a> to the Nuncio:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent margin_top">“I, Edward Earl of Glamorgan, &amp;c. faithfully promise and swear, that
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</span>I will do nothing of moment without the consent and approbation of
+the most illustrious Nuncio; and if I shall happen to do anything
+imprudently, which shall not be approved by him, I will correct my
+error upon the first intimation of his pleasure, and obey his commands.
+If it should be more conducive to the praise and glory of God, the
+splendour of the Catholic Church, and the happiness of this kingdom,
+that the post of Lord Lieutenant be conferred upon another person
+rather than myself; I swear, that I will readily and without reluctance
+resign it, at the command of the most illustrious Nuncio. And in all
+things I vow a perfect, voluntary, and religious obedience to his
+Holiness, saving any secular obligations towards my most serene King.
+And if I fail in any part of the oath taken by me, I consent, that the
+said oath be published, and myself exposed; otherwise the said oath
+shall be communicated only to the Bishop of Fernes, Chancellor of the
+Congregation, and Father Robert Nugent, Superior of the Jesuits in
+Ireland. In confirmation of this oath voluntarily taken by me, I have
+written all this with my own hand, subscribed my name, and affixed my
+seal, the 28th of September, 1646.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan.</span>”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">These various letters and documents make us familiar with the Earl of
+Glamorgan’s Irish treaties,<a href="#Footnote_156" id="FNanchor_156" class="fnanchor">[L]</a> and to a great extent with the cause of
+their failure: a most happy and provident circumstance for himself,
+his family, and above all for his country. His conduct throughout,
+notwithstanding the many temptations in his way, and his own naturally
+enthusiastic conduct in every enterprise in which he engaged, bears
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</span>none of the distinguishing traits of intolerant bigotry. The King had
+already sapped the Earl’s available property, and was continually
+tantalising him with the prospect of coming fortune and ample honours.
+He fawned on the old Marquis and flattered his son; inducing the one
+to place his wealth, and the other his honour and happiness at his
+disposal. Perhaps in the whole course of his political scheming he
+never succeeded so completely, as in this instance, in thoroughly
+victimising any single noble family.</p>
+
+<p>On the 1st of October, 1646, the House of Lords ordered, That a pass be
+granted to the Lady Herbert, Countess of Glamorgan, into Ireland, with
+thirty of her menial servants, etc.<a href="#Footnote_157" id="FNanchor_157" class="fnanchor">[M]</a><a href="#Footnote_158" id="FNanchor_158" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> So that from August, when
+she left Raglan Castle, with the other inmates, to this period, she
+must have been a wanderer.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the close of the year 1646, it was decided between the Earl and
+his own party, to send his brother, the Lord John Somerset, a zealous
+Catholic, on a mission to the Pope. The Earl’s complicity with the
+clergy in these affairs, which had been conducted with great secrecy,
+occasioned much suspicion, creating for him many enemies among the
+Protestant party.</p>
+
+<p>In August, 1647, the Marquis of Ormond, leaving Ireland, waited on
+Charles the First at Hampton Court: Dublin being besieged, and likely
+to fall into possession of the English Parliament.</p>
+
+<p>While affairs were in this distracted state the Earl was apprised of
+his father’s decease, in December, 1646; and as Marquis of Worcester,
+he wrote from Galway to the titular Bishop of Fernes:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_159" id="FNanchor_159" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My noble Lord</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Although the place whither I go be now changed upon serious
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</span>consideration, and my Lord Nuncio’s concurrence therein, as most
+advantageous <i>super totam materiam</i>, yet are my intentions the same
+they were when I left your Lordship; and I hope a shorter way contrived
+to them than I then imagined, having found a probable (I may call it
+even a certain) way to bring the Queen about to befriend this nation.
+In the interim, I beseech your Lordship, together with the Lord Bishop
+of Clogher and Mr. Rochfort, to be mindful of your promises to me,
+and to be sure that General O’Neile dissent not from the letter which
+you approved; the contents whereof I have not failed accordingly
+to recommend to his Majesty: and if I should deceive him therein,
+I must betake myself unto your Lordship’s advice and approbation,
+given thereupon. The copy of the original letter, together with the
+Nuncio’s recommendation, are to be delivered to General O’Neile by
+Father Definitor; and I have no more to say than that your Lordships
+(as I have said before), with Mr. Rochfort are the Triumvirate and the
+pillars upon whom I build, making no question of the goodness of that
+foundation; and I hope none of you do of my affection, which is not
+only devoted to yourselves, but as you shall further apply it to such
+persons as may be useful to God’s service, the King my master’s, and
+the good of this kingdom. And so, with my service to you all, I ever
+remain,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“My Lord,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line2">“Your Lordship’s most humble</p>
+<p class="signed_line3">“and devoted Servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Galway, 12th Oct. 1647.”</p>
+
+<p>His Lordship ultimately left Ireland in company with Father George
+Leyburn, a Roman Catholic priest, with whom he went to France in March,
+1647&ndash;8.<a href="#Footnote_160" id="FNanchor_160" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_139"><a href="#FNanchor_139"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, p. 175.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_140"><a href="#FNanchor_140"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, p. 182; Nuncio’s Memoirs; and Siri, Mercurio, Vol.
+viii.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_141"><a href="#FNanchor_141"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Rushworth, Part IV. vol. I. p. 249.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_142"><a href="#FNanchor_142"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, Inq. p. 184.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_143"><a href="#FNanchor_143"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, p. 188.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_144"><a href="#FNanchor_144"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, p. 192.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_145"><a href="#FNanchor_145"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers, 1634&ndash;1657, Ireland, 63.” No. 172.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_146"><a href="#FNanchor_146"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_147"><a href="#FNanchor_147"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> This statement agrees pretty nearly with that occurring
+at page 160, and in “The Earl of Glamorgan’s instructions to me, to be
+presented to your Majesty,” signed by Edward Bosden, 21st of March,
+1644, viz.:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+“That, God willing, by the end of May or beginning of June, he will
+land with 6000 Irish, &amp;c. &amp;c.
+</p>
+<p>
+“That to advance these his undertakings, he hath £30,000 ready, 10,000
+muskets, 2000 case of pistols, 800 barrels of powder, besides his own
+artillery; and is ascertained of £30,000 more, which will be ready upon
+his return.” See the “King’s Cabinet opened,” 4to. 1645. And Birch’s
+Inquiry, 1756, p. 57.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_148"><a href="#FNanchor_148"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers, 1634&ndash;1657, Ireland, 63.” No. 175.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_149"><a href="#FNanchor_149"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> A Latin copy is in the Nuncio’s Memoirs, and in Italian in
+Vittorio Liri’s Mercurio, Vol. vii. p. 97, 98. Translation in Birch’s
+Inquiry, 8vo. 1756, p. 244.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_150"><a href="#FNanchor_150"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Being empowered by the King’s Commission of the 1st April,
+1644</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_151"><a href="#FNanchor_151"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers, 1634&ndash;1657, Ireland, 63.” No. 202.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_152"><a href="#FNanchor_152"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers, 1634&ndash;1657, Ireland, 63.” No. 207.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_153"><a href="#FNanchor_153"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> The autograph of <i>Glamorgan</i> is said by Dr. Lingard to
+have attested a <i>copy</i> of his Warrant of 12th January, 1644; possibly
+the one originally handed by him to the Marquis of Ormond. It is not,
+however, among his papers at St. Cuthbert’s College, Durham.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_154"><a href="#FNanchor_154"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> Nuncio’s Memoirs, fol. 1376&ndash;1379. Birch, Inq. p. 253&ndash;256.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_155"><a href="#FNanchor_155"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> See his previous Oath, page <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_156"><a href="#FNanchor_156"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> See his own explanations, given in a letter to the Earl of
+Clarendon, dated 11th June, 1660.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_157"><a href="#FNanchor_157"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> Lords’ Jour. VIII. 507.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_158"><a href="#FNanchor_158"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Nichols.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_159"><a href="#FNanchor_159"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Clarendon, vol. ii. p. 380.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_160"><a href="#FNanchor_160"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Leyburn, p. 61.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_186"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 186]</span></p>
+
+
+<h2 id="CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="chapter_heading">THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER AN EXILE; RESIDES IN FRANCE.</p>
+
+
+<p>The Earl of Glamorgan, succeeding to his father’s title and honours in
+December, 1646, while he was yet in Ireland, very soon after, as we
+have seen, went to France, a voluntary exile. His countrymen had heaped
+on him (in common with the entire Roman Catholic adherents to the
+royal cause) all the acrimonious abuse which political and religious
+intolerance is always too ready to disseminate, with a zealous ardour
+which defies discrimination. His fate, it is true, was the general
+fate of hundreds of noble families, condemned in like manner to suffer
+for their loyalty. While we are prone to praise what is gained by a
+rebellion, we are apt to overlook whether the civil war entered upon
+for effecting it, might not have been avoided; and while lauding times
+which bring to light some great military and naval spirits or still
+greater statesmen, we overlook entirely the possibility of altogether
+destroying the mental energies of men of brighter intellects, doomed to
+fall in the flower of their age on the field of battle. The blessings
+of good government all readily admit, but sad indeed is it, when
+wholesome changes in a state have to be effected through convulsions
+that paralyse a nation’s advance in civilization.</p>
+
+<p>It is clear, on a retrospect, that much has been delayed, much missed,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</span>
+and more possibly lost that otherwise might have arisen from energies
+sacrificed, alas! to the sword, and fortunes turned into other and
+wasteful channels. In this nineteenth century we can calmly look with
+some wonder and astonishment on the indifference of the seventeenth,
+in failing to realize at least some of the Marquis of Worcester’s
+remarkable Inventions, of which we shall shortly have to treat more at
+large.</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th of September, 1646, the House of Commons “Ordered, That
+the Lady Herbert, wife of the Lord Herbert of Raglan, shall have Mr.
+Speaker’s pass to go into France, only according to the pass given
+her by Sir Thomas Fairfax.”</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Carte,<a href="#Footnote_161" id="FNanchor_161" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> in his life of the Duke of Ormond, incidentally alludes
+to the Marquis of Worcester, as being at Paris a few months before
+March, 1648; he says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“In 1648, the Duke of Ormond considered the Parliament was grown
+jealous of him, and wanted a pretext to seize his person. He had
+notice likewise given him, that a warrant was actually issued out
+for that purpose, though in breach of the articles.<a href="#Footnote_162" id="FNanchor_162" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> Upon this
+advertisement, he quitted Acton&mdash;ten miles from Bristol, where he was
+then residing,&mdash;and crossing the country to Hastings in Sussex, he took
+shipping for France, and landed happily at Dieppe in Normandy. From
+thence he went in the beginning of March [1648] to Paris, there to wait
+upon the Queen and Prince, and assist with his advice in the present
+conjuncture of affairs, when matters of the greatest consequence, the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</span>
+most intricate nature, and the most embroiled circumstances, were
+under their consideration, and resolutions to be taken therein for his
+Majesty’s service:”&mdash;he having just previously escaped from the Isle of
+Wight.</p>
+
+<p>“The Earl of Glamorgan<a href="#Footnote_163" id="FNanchor_163" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> had come to Paris a few months before him,
+recommended by the Nuncio Rinuccini to Cardinal Mazarine, and to the
+Pope’s Nuncio in that place, on account of his attachment to the Holy
+See, though unfortunate in all his undertakings, and not endued with
+that prudence which was necessary to the post he desired. His business
+there was to solicit the Queen to make him Governor of Ireland, but
+he met with so ill a reception at Court, that he soon despaired of
+succeeding. His Lady, to whom the Marquis of Ormond had once made his
+addresses, (before he had hopes of marrying his cousin, and uniting
+the estate of his family) resented the neglect shewed of her Lord, and
+imputed it, as well as his imprisonment at Dublin, to the influence and
+power of the Marquis. She carried her resentment so far, that when he
+waited upon her after his arrival at Paris, and offered to salute her,
+she turned away her face with great disdain. The Marquis thereupon made
+her a reverence, and with great presence of mind, said, ‘Really, Madam,
+this would have troubled me eighteen years ago;’<a href="#Footnote_164" id="FNanchor_164" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> and then went to
+the next, the company present being of his acquaintance, and much
+pleased with what he had said.”</p>
+
+<p>We may here pause to remark that, from the close of the year 1640, when
+the Long Parliament commenced its memorable sittings, the prominent
+events affecting the history of art and science in England are
+comparatively meagre, as might be expected, while the public mind was
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</span>
+being perpetually distracted and disturbed not by intestine war alone,
+but also by plague and pestilence in fearful forms.</p>
+
+<p>Of remarkable events of the period we especially notice the fortifying
+of London in 1643, and the delivering up of Charles the First to the
+Parliament by the Scots in January 1647, followed by his execution on
+the 30th of January 1649, the establishment of the Commonwealth on the
+6th of February following, and of the Protectorate under Cromwell in
+1654.</p>
+
+<p>Under the new regime, public taste either was greatly changed, or was
+to be compulsorily directed into new channels, for, in 1647, theatrical
+performances were prohibited, actors were declared rogues and
+vagabonds, and all places usually employed for theatrical performances
+were ordered to be demolished. Such was the narrow-minded and furious
+puritanical zeal of the then governing power.</p>
+
+<p>Charles the Second held his Court at Paris, where alone the Marquis
+of Worcester associated with the libertine monarch; at least no
+circumstance occurs to show that he ever removed with the Court in its
+several changes to Cologne, Bruges, Brussels, and other continental
+towns.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Richard Browne, ambassador at Paris, in his correspondence with
+John Evelyn, when writing from Paris, the 3rd of August, 1648,
+incidentally observes in a postscript:&mdash;“Our Court wants money, and
+lives very quietly at St. Germains: where no peer appears but my Lord
+Jermin. The Marquis of Worcester, the Lords Digby and Hatton, though
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</span>
+yet in France, yet live for the most part in Paris.”<a href="#Footnote_165" id="FNanchor_165" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Marquis had been little more than a year in France, when he
+seems to have written to the exiled King, then at Jersey, for some
+confirmation of his titles; to which request he received the following
+courtly compliments and vain empty promises:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_166" id="FNanchor_166" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lord Worcester</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">I am truly sensible of your great merit and sufferings in the service
+of the King my father, and I shall never be wanting to reward and
+encourage as well that kindness to his person as that zeal to his
+service which you have expressed in all your actions, and which I doubt
+not but you will still continue to me. I fear that in this conjuncture
+of time it will not be seasonable for me to grant, nor for you to
+receive the addition of honour you desire; neither can I at this time
+send the order you mention concerning the Garter, but be confident that
+I will in due time give you such satisfaction in these particulars and
+in all other things that you can reasonably expect from me, as shall
+let you see with how much truth and kindness I am</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line4">“Your affectionate friend,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
+
+<p class="margin_bottom">“I do not send the letter to Monsieur Monbrun till I understand more
+particularly from you what the intention of it is, which I do not yet
+well understand.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Jersey, 21/31 of Octob. 1649.<br />
+“For the <span class="smcap">Marquis of Worcester</span>.”</p>
+
+
+<p>The Marquis was probably for four or five years a refugee in France,
+intimately associated with the exiled Court; “Paris and indeed all
+France (says Evelyn<a href="#Footnote_167" id="FNanchor_167" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>), being full of loyal fugitives,” in 1650. Many
+vague surmises have originated with different writers to account for
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</span>the manner in which he passed his time abroad, all alike fallacious,
+being inconsistent with facts. It is certain that his finances were
+equally straitened with those, not only of the nobility around him,
+but likewise of the King himself. He could have had but few, if any,
+opportunities for leisurely engaging in his usual studies, much less
+for any practical pursuits in experimental natural philosophy. That
+he was not wholly idle, however, we may well conceive; yet it is more
+consistent to suppose that it was a period in his life which he would
+most likely employ to investigate the works of those writers whose
+labours he most affected, rather than engage himself in productions
+which might only add to the danger as well as the difficulties of his
+uncertain journeyings, surrounded as the Court was with political spies.</p>
+
+<p>During the Marquis’s absence on the continent, we proceed to trace the
+progress of events at home.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_161"><a href="#FNanchor_161"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Carte, vol. 2. p. 16.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_162"><a href="#FNanchor_162"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> He had liberty by his articles to stay twelve months in
+England&mdash;but the Parliament was jealous of his doing them a disservice.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_163"><a href="#FNanchor_163"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> See Nuncio’s Memoirs, fol. 1818. Ireland, iii. 100.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_164"><a href="#FNanchor_164"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> See her Marriage in 1639, page <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_165"><a href="#FNanchor_165"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Evelyn. The Editor of the Diary erroneously indexes the
+Marquis as&mdash;“Henry Somerset, &amp;c.,” instead of “Edward Somerset, &amp;c.”</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_166"><a href="#FNanchor_166"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_167"><a href="#FNanchor_167"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Evelyn.</p></div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_192"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 192]</span></p>
+
+
+<h2 id="CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="chapter_heading">AFFAIRS AFFECTING THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER’s FAMILY, IN RESPECT OF
+WORCESTER HOUSE AND OTHER PROPERTY IN AND NEAR LONDON.</p>
+
+
+<p>Worcester House, in the Strand, was of course early in possession
+of the Parliament, who used it for the state paper and other public
+offices. The mansion had gardens to the water-side.<a href="#Footnote_168" id="FNanchor_168" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> In the reign of
+Henry VIII. it had belonged to the see of Carlisle; it was afterwards
+inhabited by the Earls of Bedford, being then known as Bedford and
+Russell House, from whom it came to the Earls of Worcester, when it
+assumed their name. It also figured as the temporary residence of the
+great Earl of Clarendon,<a href="#Footnote_169" id="FNanchor_169" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> who is represented to have paid for it a
+rental of £500<a href="#Footnote_170" id="FNanchor_170" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> per annum, probably taking it furnished.</p>
+
+<p>On the 21st of April, 1643, the House of Commons had<a href="#Footnote_171" id="FNanchor_171" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> ordered,
+“That the iron seized in Worcester House, be forthwith sold; and the
+proceeds delivered to the collectors in the county of Middlesex,
+appointed by the ordinance for seizing the estates of Papists, and
+notorious malignants; to the end that they may be accountable to the
+Committee for it: And that no Committee, or other person, do grant out
+Warrants for seizing the estates of malignants, without the knowledge
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</span>of that Committee; in regard there is an ordinance settled to that
+purpose, and a Committee armed with power for the execution of the said
+Ordinance, in all the points and circumstances hereof.”</p>
+<p>In pursuance of an Ordinance of Parliament,<a href="#Footnote_172" id="FNanchor_172" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> passed the 11th of
+September, 1646, contracts were concluded by the Government with
+various purchasers of houses, stables, sheds and plots of ground, the
+joint property of the Marquis of Worcester and his brother, Sir John
+Somerset, some situated in the parish of Clements Danes in the Strand,
+a part in Drury Lane, and smaller tenements in Fish-Street Hill, Cross
+Lane, and Coppings Court, in the City; together with a house, farm and
+land in Stepney, “alias Stebunheath;” also the manor of Acton, with its
+farm-house, buildings, and 805 acres of land; the whole for the sum of
+£12,584. 12<i>s.</i>&mdash;Nearly half this amount arose from the purchases of
+“William Pennoyer and Richard Hill of London, merchants,” to whom the
+Government was indebted in the sum of £9,402. 5<i>s.</i>&mdash;which was to be
+paid out of such sales of this property, and any amount remaining was
+to bear “interest after the rate of £8. <i>per centum</i> for a year.” And
+they had further the option of claiming any purchases of the property
+not paid for within ten days; so that either out of purchases or by
+forfeitures they were secured for their balance of £3,199. 13<i>s.</i> over
+and above their own purchases.<a href="#Footnote_173" id="FNanchor_173" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
+
+<p>That Worcester House became a depot for the security of treasure seized
+by the Parliament, we learn from a Resolution passed by the Commons<a href="#Footnote_174" id="FNanchor_174" class="fnanchor">
+<ins class="correction" title="Typo original has [5]">[57]</ins></a>
+on the 10th of January, 1650.</p>
+
+<p>“Resolved, That Colonel Berksted be, and is hereby, required to appoint
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</span>
+four of his soldiers to lodge every night at Worcester House; and four
+other of his soldiers to lodge every night at Guildhall; for the better
+securing the treasuries there, from time to time, as the Treasurers at
+War shall appoint.”</p>
+
+<p>On the 11th of February following, the House,<a href="#Footnote_175" id="FNanchor_175" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> among other business&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“Ordered, That it be referred to the Council of State, to dispose of
+Worcester House, and the yards and gardens thereunto belonging, for the
+best carrying on of the public service of the Commonwealth.”</p>
+
+<p>The Marchioness of Worcester, being deprived of other sources of
+property, petitioned the Parliament in respect to the only likely means
+of obtaining pecuniary consideration. A copy of her petition, being
+a printed folio fly-leaf, probably as then in use for members of the
+House, preserved in the Library of the British Museum, has upon it
+the MS. date “October 1654,” but it is more probable that it was not
+presented to Parliament before the end of 1656 or early in 1657. It is
+as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“To the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and
+Ireland.</p>
+
+<p>“The humble Petition of Margare[t Somerset] Countess of Worcester.</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">“Sheweth,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“That your Petitioner having been married to Edward, now Earl of
+Worcester, in the year 1639, with a considerable portion, to the value
+of twenty thousand pounds, and not having received out of the whole
+estate but four hundred pounds these nine neares [years], in lieu of
+jointure, fifths, or thirds. Notwithstanding her claim and four years’
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</span>attendance: and finding now only <i>Worcester</i> House unsold, and in
+pursuit to discover some other little thing.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent6">“<i>Your Petitioner humbly prayeth your Honours, to
+grant her the benefit of the said House, and such
+other things as may be discovered.</i></p>
+
+<p class="signed_line2">“And your Petitioner shall ever pray, &amp;c.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">Every circumstance connected with this petition acquires interest from
+the peculiar position of the times, and of all parties interested.
+The Marquis of Worcester had rendered himself highly obnoxious to the
+dominant party, he was beyond their power, a recusant and a papist,
+and here was his noble Lady petitioning the Cromwellian Parliament
+in respect to her rights, a papist demanding her fifths at the hands
+of her husband’s bitterest enemies. We need, therefore, offer no
+apology for tracing rather more particularly than might otherwise seem
+requisite, the course pursued in this simple affair.</p>
+
+<p>On Monday, the 30th of March, 1657, Mr. Burton<a href="#Footnote_176" id="FNanchor_176" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> reports from the
+Committee, to whom the Petition of Margaret Countess of Worcester was
+referred;</p>
+
+<p>“A Bill for settling the messuage in the Strand, called Worcester
+House, on Trustees, for the life of Edward, Earl of Worcester, in
+trust, for Margaret, Countess of Worcester, in lieu and satisfaction of
+the arrears of her fifths, was this day read the first time; and, upon
+the question, ordered to be read the second time, on Thursday morning
+next.”</p>
+
+<p>On Saturday, the 2nd of May, 1657.</p>
+
+<p>“The Bill for settling Worcester House upon Margaret Countess of
+Worcester, and some discoveries, in lieu of the arrears of her fifths,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</span>was this day read the second time; and, upon the question, committed
+to Mr. Nath. Bacon, Mr. Franc. Bacon, Mr. Burton, and 29 other members,
+to meet on Tuesday next.”</p>
+
+<p>On Friday, the 16th of June, 1657, “a Bill for settling of Worcester
+House upon Christofer Copley, Esquire, and William Hawley, Esquire,
+during the life of Edward, Earl of Worcester, and also such monies as
+were due to the said Earl or Margaret his Countess, from Barnaby, Earl
+of Thomond; in trust for the said Countess, was this day read the third
+time.</p>
+
+<p>“The humble petition of Barnaby, Earl of Thomond, was this day read:</p>
+
+<p>“A Proviso was tendered to this Bill, in these words; viz. ‘Provided
+that this shall not impeach or invalid the sale of the Gate-house
+of the said Worcester House, by the trustees appointed for the sale
+thereof.’</p>
+
+<p>“Which was read the first and second time; and, upon the question,
+agreed to be part of the Bill.</p>
+
+<p>“And the said Bill, with the Schedule annexed, being put to the
+question, passed.</p>
+
+<p>“Ordered, That this Bill be tendered to the Lord Protector, for his
+consent.”</p>
+
+<p>After other business, the Speaker, with the whole House, repaired to
+the Painted Chamber, to present the Bills to his Highness, who gave his
+assent to this, along with other Bills.<a href="#Footnote_177" id="FNanchor_177" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
+
+<p>After much delay, from unexplained postponements and references, it
+was at length, on the 24th of March, 1658&ndash;9, resolved, to agree with
+the Committee’s recommendation.<a href="#Footnote_178" id="FNanchor_178" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> We, therefore, find on the 14th of
+April, 1659,<a href="#Footnote_179" id="FNanchor_179" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> after prayers&mdash;</p>
+
+<p id="Page_197"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 197]</span>
+“Mr. Terill reports from the Grand Committee of the House of
+Grievances, the state of the case, upon the petition of Margaret,
+Countess of Worcester, concerning her interest in Worcester House in
+the Strand.</p>
+
+<p>“Resolved, &amp;c. That Margaret, Countess of Worcester, have the actual
+possession of Worcester House in the Strand delivered up to her on the
+25th day of March next: and that, in the meantime, the rent of £300 be
+paid to her for the said house, for this year, commencing from the 25th
+day of March last, out of the receipt of the Exchequer, half yearly, by
+equal portions, if her interest therein shall so long continue.</p>
+
+<p>“Resolved, &amp;c. That the sum of £400 be paid to Margaret, Countess of
+Worcester, or her assignees, out of the receipt of the Exchequer, in
+recompense of all demands for the detaining of Worcester House from her
+since her title thereto, by virtue of the late act of Parliament, until
+the 25th day of March last.</p>
+
+<p>“Sir George Booth, Sir William Wheeler, Mr. Raleigh, Sir William
+Doyley, Mr. Annesley, or any three of them, are appointed a Committee
+to wait on his Highness, the Lord Protector, from this House, to desire
+his Highness to give direction for a Privy-Seal to be issued for the
+payment, as well of £400 allowed to the Countess of Worcester, for her
+recompense of all demands for detaining of Worcester House from her
+since her title thereunto, by the late act of Parliament; as of the
+rent of £300 appointed to be paid to her for this present year, for the
+said house, to end on the 25th of March next.</p>
+
+<p>“Resolved, &amp;c. That it be referred to a Committee, to consider how
+to remove, and where to place, the conveyances, records, and other
+writings, now remaining at Worcester House, so as they may be disposed
+for their safety, and the service of the Commonwealth.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</span>
+“A Committee accordingly appointed.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="dated_at_top">“Tuesday, the 19th of April, 1659<a href="#Footnote_180" id="FNanchor_180" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
+
+<p>“Mr. Annesley reports from the Committee appointed to attend his
+Highness about the payment of £400 to the Countess of Worcester, in
+satisfaction of all demands due to her, for the use of Worcester
+House, till the 25th day of March last; and of £300 more for the rent
+of the said house for this present year, to end the 25th day of March
+next; that the Committee had attended his Highness, and acquainted him
+with the Orders of this House in that behalf: that his Highness was
+pleased to give the Committee this answer, That he assured himself the
+House had considered of her interest; and that himself was therewith
+satisfied; and did take notice of the Orders; and would give speedy
+direction for her satisfaction accordingly.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="dated_at_top">“Saturday, August 20th, 1659.<a href="#Footnote_181" id="FNanchor_181" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p>
+
+<p>“Ordered, That the sum of £6 by the week shall be paid unto Margaret,
+Countess of Worcester, or her assigns, so long as Worcester House shall
+be made use of by the Commonwealth; to be paid to her, or her assigns,
+out of the contingencies of the Council of State: and the acquittance
+of the said Margaret, Countess of Worcester, testifying the receipt
+thereof, shall be a sufficient discharge in that behalf.</p>
+
+<p>“Ordered, That the Commissioners for removing of obstructions,
+trustees, contractors, and other officers, at Worcester House, do quit
+the said house, as soon as they can conveniently, without prejudice to
+the service of the Commonwealth: and that when the said house shall be
+quitted, that the same shall be settled upon the Countess of Worcester,
+or upon trustees to her use, during the life of Edward, Earl of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</span>
+Worcester: And it is “Ordered, That it be referred to a Committee, to
+set out some rooms in Worcester House, for the use of the said Countess
+of Worcester in the meantime: And it is further&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“Ordered, That the said Committee do also examine whether it is
+necessary for the Commonwealth to continue to make use of Worcester
+House for the service of the Commonwealth; or whether it be best to
+take some other course for the accommodation of the said Commissioners,
+&amp;c. at Worcester House, &amp;c.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="dated_at_top">“Wednesday, 14th March, 1659. Afternoon.<a href="#Footnote_182" id="FNanchor_182" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p>
+
+<p>“An act for settling Worcester House in the Strand upon trustees, for
+the use of Margaret, Countess of Worcester, during the life of Edward,
+Earl of Worcester; and also such monies as are due to the said Earl or
+Countess, from Barnaby, Earl of Thomond, was this day read the first
+time.</p>
+
+<p>“Ordered, That the pension of six pounds a week formerly ordered to
+Margaret, Countess of Worcester, be continued until the Parliament
+take further order; and that the same be forthwith paid, with all
+arrears thereof, from the time of the granting thereof unto her the
+said Margaret, Countess of Worcester, or her assigns, out of the
+contingencies of the Council of State: And that the Council of State
+be, and are hereby, authorized and required forthwith to pay the same,
+accordingly: And that the Council of State be repaid the same money out
+of the public revenue of the Exchequer.</p>
+
+<p>“Ordered, That the possession of Worcester House in the Strand, in the
+county of Middlesex, be forthwith delivered up to Margaret, Countess of
+Worcester: And the Council of State are hereby authorized and required,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</span>to take care, that the possession of the said house be delivered up to
+her, or her assigns, accordingly.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="dated_at_top">“Wednesday, 14th March, 1659. Afternoon.<a href="#Footnote_183" id="FNanchor_183" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p>
+
+<p>“A Bill empowering the trustees for sale of lands forfeited to the
+Commonwealth for treason, to convey Worcester House to trustees in
+trust for Margaret, Countess of Worcester, was this day read the first
+and second time; and, upon the question, passed.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">Thus it occupied above two years to obtain anything approaching an
+equitable arrangement of the Countess’ very obvious claim, concluding
+at last with a “pension of six pounds a week,”&mdash;a pension in arrear in
+March, 1659, but to be “continued until the Parliament take further
+order.”</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_168"><a href="#FNanchor_168"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> See engraved view, page <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_169"><a href="#FNanchor_169"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Evelyn.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_170"><a href="#FNanchor_170"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Allen’s London.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_171"><a href="#FNanchor_171"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jo. H. C. Vol. iii. p. 54.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_172"><a href="#FNanchor_172"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> See “Ordinances of Parliament,” 1641&ndash;46, 4to. Brit. Mus.
+517, K. 11&ndash;36.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_173"><a href="#FNanchor_173"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> See also Miscellaneous MSS Brit. Mus. No. 5501.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_174"><a href="#FNanchor_174"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jo. H. C. Vol. vii. pp. 523, 533.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_175"><a href="#FNanchor_175"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jo. H. C. Vol. vi. pp. 523, 533.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_176"><a href="#FNanchor_176"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Burton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_177"><a href="#FNanchor_177"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jo. H. C. Vol. vii. p. 512, 529, 576.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_178"><a href="#FNanchor_178"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Burton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_179"><a href="#FNanchor_179"><span class="label">[57]</span></a>Jo. H. C. Vol. vii. p. 512, 529, 576.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_180"><a href="#FNanchor_180"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> Page 642.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_181"><a href="#FNanchor_181"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Page 763.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_182"><a href="#FNanchor_182"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Page 875.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_183"><a href="#FNanchor_183"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> Page 876.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_201"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 201]</span></p>
+
+
+<h2 id="CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="chapter_heading">THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER’s SON, AND TWO DAUGHTERS.</p>
+
+
+<p>With a view to giving completeness to the preceding domestic narrative
+(affecting the Marchioness of Worcester, in respect to Worcester
+House), our remarks have extended to the early part of the year 1659,
+thus going some years beyond the time of the Marquis of Worcester’s
+flight to and residence in France.</p>
+
+<p>We come next, in the order of family claimants, to consider the several
+petitions, first of his son, Henry Lord Herbert; and next of his
+daughters, Ladies Anne and Elizabeth.</p>
+
+<p>On Wednesday, the 23rd of April, 1651, the humble petition of Henry,
+Lord Herbert, was read in the House of Commons,<a href="#Footnote_184" id="FNanchor_184" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> when it was&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“Ordered, That it be referred to a Committee, to consider what
+interest the Petitioner hath in any of the lands, late the Earl of
+Worcester’s, settled by Act of Parliament on the Lord General, and
+the value thereof, and to report the whole state of the business to
+the Parliament. And, in case they find the Petitioner hath any good
+title to any of the said lands, that then they bring in a proviso, for
+excepting out of sale, by this Act, so much of the lands of the said
+Earl, now in the power of the Parliament to dispose of, as may be of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</span>like value; to be disposed of as the Parliament shall see cause.”</p>
+
+<p>After naming a Committee&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“Ordered, That the business of the delinquency of the Lord Herbert of
+Raglan, as to the matter of fact, be referred to this Committee; to
+send to the Commissioners at Goldsmiths’ Hall, for what evidence they
+have against him; and to report the state of the business touching the
+delinquency charged on the said Lord Herbert, to the Parliament.”</p>
+
+<p>This was succeeded, on Wednesday, the 21st of May, 1651,<a href="#Footnote_185" id="FNanchor_185" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> by an
+inquiry into the state of the case of the Lord Herbert of Raglan,
+reported as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“Manors and lordships of Tidenham in the county of Gloucester; Chepstow
+Barton, and Hardwick Chepstow, Burgus, and Frythwood, in the county of
+Monmouth; the seigniory of Gower in the county of Glamorgan; by force
+of two several indentures, one of them dated 3º Junii, 3º Caroli, the
+other dated 10º Novembris, 1631, for good and valuable considerations,
+in the said indentures mentioned, were settled upon the Earl of
+Worcester, for and during his life only; the remainder thereof to
+the said Lord Herbert, and the heirs male of his body; with divers
+remainders over; which said lordships and manors are, by Act of this
+present Parliament, settled upon the Lord General Cromwell and his
+heirs; and are of the yearly value of one thousand seven hundred and
+seven pounds, fifteen shillings and two pence.</p>
+
+<p>“And that the manors of Monmouth, Wisham, Pelleny, Purcasseck,
+Trellacks Grange, the demesnes of Grosmond, Skewfreth, and Monmouth,
+Bettus, and Per Lloyd, in the county of Monmouth, the manor of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</span>Crookham in the county of Berks, the manor of Kendall in the county
+of Westmorland, the manor of Shopden in the county of Hereford, by
+force of several conveyances thereof made, are settled upon the Earl
+of Worcester, and the heirs males of his body; with divers remainders
+over; all which said manors and lands are forfeited, for treason of the
+said Earl; and are in the power of the Parliament, to settle or dispose
+of; and are of the yearly value of one thousand seven hundred pounds,
+twelve shillings and sixpence.</p>
+
+<table summary="values of various manors">
+<tr><td colspan="4" class="center"><span class="smcap">Monmouthshire.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+    <td class="right">£. </td><td class="right"><i>s.</i></td><td class="right"><i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hanging_indent">The manors of Monmouth and Wyesham</td>
+    <td class="right">186</td><td class="right"> 0</td><td class="right">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hanging_indent">The manor of Pellenny</td>
+    <td class="right">38 </td><td class="right">18</td><td class="right">0 </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hanging_indent">The manors of Purcasseck, and Trellecks Grange</td>
+    <td class="right">443</td><td class="right">0 </td><td class="right">8 </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hanging_indent">The demesnes of Grosmont, Skenseth, and Monmouth &nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="right">160</td><td class="right">0 </td><td class="right">0 </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hanging_indent">Bettus and Per Lloyd</td>
+    <td class="right">110</td><td class="right">0 </td><td class="right">0 </td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4" class="center"><span class="smcap">Berks.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hanging_indent">The manor of Crookham</td>
+    <td class="right">392</td><td class="right">6 </td><td class="right">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4" class="center"><span class="smcap"><ins class="correction" title="Typo original has Westmoreland.">Westmorland.</ins></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hanging_indent">The manor of Kendal</td>
+    <td class="right">220</td><td class="right">6 </td><td class="right">6 </td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4" class="center"><span class="smcap">Hereford.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hanging_indent">The manor of Shobdon</td>
+    <td class="right underline">150</td><td class="right underline">0 </td><td class="right underline">0 </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right">Sum &nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="right double_underline">£1700</td><td class="right double_underline">&nbsp;12</td><td class="right double_underline">&nbsp;10</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p>“Lands disposed of by the Parliament to my Lord General Cromwell, and
+entailed on my Lord Herbert:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table summary="Lands disposed of by the Parliament to my Lord General Cromwell, and entailed on my Lord Herbert">
+<tr><td colspan="4" class="center"><span class="smcap">Gloucester.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>
+    <td class="right">£. </td><td class="right"><i>s.</i></td><td class="right"><i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hanging_indent">The lordship of Tyddenham</td>
+    <td class="right">356</td><td class="right">3 </td><td class="right">&nbsp;11<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4" class="center"><span class="smcap">Monmouthshire.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hanging_indent">The lordships of Chepstow Barton, and Hardwick</td>
+    <td class="right">510</td><td class="right">1 </td><td class="right">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hanging_indent">Chepstow Burgus</td>
+    <td class="right">68</td><td class="right">13</td><td class="right">8 </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hanging_indent">Frithwood, near unto Chepstow, conceived to be equivalent to £100 per annum</td>
+    <td class="right">100</td><td class="right">0 </td><td class="right">0 </td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4" class="center"><span class="smcap">Glamorganshire.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hanging_indent">The seigniory of Gower</td>
+    <td class="right underline">672</td><td class="right underline">&nbsp;15</td><td class="right underline">9 </td></tr>
+<tr><td class="right">Sum &nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="right double_underline">£1707</td><td class="right double_underline">5</td><td class="right double_underline">2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p>“The question being put, That the House do take into debate the
+business of delinquency, concerning the Lord Herbert of Raglan.</p>
+
+<p>“It passed with the negative.</p>
+
+<p>“Resolved, That it be sent back to the Commissioners for compounding,
+to proceed touching the point of delinquency charged on the Lord
+Herbert of Raglan; and give judgment therein; and to report their
+judgment, and the grounds of it, to the Parliament, forthwith.”</p>
+
+<p>Again, on Thursday, the 30th of October, 1651.<a href="#Footnote_186" id="FNanchor_186" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
+
+<p>“The humble Petition of Henry, Lord Herbert, of Raglan, was this day
+read.</p>
+
+<p>“Ordered, That this Petition be referred to the former Committee,
+touching the Lord Herbert, to consider of this business; and if they
+find the Petitioner hath just title to the land, to present some lands
+to the Parliament for the Petitioner’s satisfaction, in consideration
+thereof.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_205"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 205]</span>“Ordered, That it be referred to the same Committee, to consider of
+the lands settled upon Mr. Peters, to which the Lady Anne Somerset
+maketh title; and if they find her title thereunto to be just, that
+then the said Committee do present some other lands to be settled upon
+the said Lady, in lieu and satisfaction of her title to those lands.”</p>
+
+<p>And on Friday, the 9th of January, 1651&ndash;2.<a href="#Footnote_187" id="FNanchor_187" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
+
+<p>“Mr. Say reports from the Committee, to whom the business touching
+the Lord Herbert of Raglan was referred, several resolutions of that
+Committee, as followeth:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“Resolved, That the houses and lands conveyed by Act of Parliament
+unto Mr. Pennoyer and Mr. Hill, were, by indenture, dated 3º Caroli,
+conveyed by Edward, then Earl of Worcester, unto the Petitioner and his
+heirs, after the decease of Edward, now Earl of Worcester, who is but
+tenant for life thereof.</p>
+
+<p>“Resolved, That the yearly value of the said houses and lands are, and
+were, before the beginning of these wars, £786.</p>
+
+<p>“Resolved, That it be humbly presented to the Parliament, as the
+opinion of this Committee, That the several manors and lands, the
+inheritance whereof is by this present Parliament settled upon the
+Petitioner and his heirs, and are of the yearly value of £1700; that
+the present possession thereof be granted unto the Petitioner, he
+paying to the trustees for sale of delinquents’ lands, the sum of £800.</p>
+
+<p>“Resolved, That it be presented to the Parliament, as the opinion
+of this Committee, that the trustees and contractors for sale of
+delinquents’ lands, do convey the said manors and lands to the said
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</span>
+Petitioner, during the life of Edward, Earl of Worcester; the said
+Petitioner paying to them therefore the said sum of £800.</p>
+
+<p>“Resolved, by the Parliament, That in satisfaction and discharge of
+the title and claim of the Lord Herbert of Raglan unto the houses and
+lands settled by ordinance of Parliament on Mr. Pennoyer and Mr. Hill,
+the trustees for sale of several lands and estates forfeited to the
+Commonwealth for treason, be authorized and required to convey unto
+the said Lord Herbert of Raglan, and his assigns, all the manors and
+lands, the inheritance whereof is, by this present Parliament, by an
+Act, intituled, An Act for Sale of several Lands and Estates forfeited
+to the Commonwealth for Treason, settled on the said Lord Herbert,
+and his heirs, during the life of Edward, Earl of Worcester; the said
+Lord Herbert paying for the same, to the Treasurers of the receipt,
+the sum of £800. And that the present possession of the said manors
+and lands be thereupon delivered unto the said Lord Herbert: And that
+the Commissioners for compounding be authorized and required, upon
+a certificate of the said Treasurers, to take off the sequestration
+thereof.”</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis’s two daughters were, like their mother-in-law,
+petitioners to Parliament for the restoration of their rights in their
+proportionate share of their father’s property. On the 17th of March,
+1647, after other business before the House of Commons, “The humble
+petition of Anne and Elizabeth, daughters of Edward, Earl of Worcester,
+was read.” And it was ordered, “That this petition be referred to the
+consideration of the Committee, where Mr. Wheeler has the chair.”</p>
+
+<p>On the 9th of July, 1649, after a lapse of two years and a quarter,
+this matter was again before the House, when, “The humble petition of
+the Ladies Anne and Elizabeth, daughters of the Earl of Worcester, was
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</span>read:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“Whereas, according to an order of the Committee of Lords and Commons
+for sequestrations, of the 17th of March, 1646, the Committees of
+Monmouth, Brecknock, Glamorgan, Gloucester, and Berks, have sent out,
+and assigned, unto the Petitioners, a fifth part of their father’s
+estate in those counties, towards their respective maintenance: It is
+ordered by the Commons assembled in Parliament, That the Petitioners
+shall have and receive the profits of the said fifth part, so allotted
+unto them, from the time of their demand, according to the said order
+of the Lords and Commons, until this House take further order: And
+the several Committees of the said counties are hereby authorized
+and required forthwith to pay the same, or permit the Petitioners to
+receive the same accordingly.”<a href="#Footnote_188" id="FNanchor_188" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
+
+<p>The period from the surrender of Raglan Castle in August, 1646, down
+to the close of 1651, extending over five years, must have been one of
+the most galling and trying nature to the Marquis of Worcester. From a
+state of ease and affluence he was suddenly plunged into a condition
+the most mortifying possible to a noble and independent mind; without
+any other than the barren consolation that his Prince, the Court, and
+men of all ranks shared a similar fate. He did not stand alone, a
+monument of ruin amidst plenty. In September, 1649, Charles the Second
+had quitted the Continent for Jersey, and the next year he arrived
+in Scotland; in 1651, his romantic career in England terminated, and
+in November he was once more in France, without credit, as Clarendon
+asserts, to borrow twenty pistoles.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis’s extensive property in Middlesex and in Wales enabled the
+Government to discharge many heavy claims; but among its claimants,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</span>its very good friends, its warmest and most needful supporters had
+first to be considered; while charitable acts, and the asserted claims
+of persons related to recusants, and persons specially proscribed by
+Parliament, and all who were even remotely related to them would have
+to submit to long delays and hard wrung submissions, when the object
+was to obtain the least assistance from an already depressed treasury.</p>
+
+<p>That the Marquis’s wife and family received any assistance whatever,
+through appeals to the Commonwealth Parliament, is significant of the
+high estimation in which he himself must have been held, simply for
+his moral worth, and his not overstrained political bias: marking his
+acts with extreme humanity in war, and good sense in avoiding the risk
+of launching into any of those extraordinary measures, for which the
+late King had granted him the ample powers already considered. Indeed
+the Nuncio,<a href="#Footnote_189" id="FNanchor_189" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> as early as 1646, had correctly estimated his Lordship’s
+character, designating him “an Englishman of a very mild temper.”</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_184"><a href="#FNanchor_184"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jo. H. C. Vol. vi. p. 565.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_185"><a href="#FNanchor_185"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Page 577. The same inquiry also supplied an interesting
+notice of Lord Herbert’s early life.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_186"><a href="#FNanchor_186"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jo. H. C. Vol. vii. p. 33.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_187"><a href="#FNanchor_187"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Page 67.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_188"><a href="#FNanchor_188"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jo. H. C. Vol. v. p. 504; vi. p. 256.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_189"><a href="#FNanchor_189"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</p></div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_209"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 209]</span></p>
+
+<h2 id="CHAPTER_XIV">CHAPTER XIV.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="chapter_heading">HIS RETURN TO ENGLAND&mdash;IMPRISONMENT, AND LIBERATION&mdash;HIS
+“CENTURY”&mdash;PECUNIARY DIFFICULTIES&mdash;PETITIONS&mdash;AT CHARLES THE SECOND’S
+CORONATION&mdash;LORD HERBERT.</p>
+
+
+<p>We find that in the House of Commons, on the 14th of March, 1648, “The
+persons reported to be banished, and their estates confiscated, being
+fourteen in number, were every one particularly put to the question;”
+when it was resolved, &amp;c. “That Charles Stuart, eldest son of the late
+King, be one of that number; also James Stuart, his second son;” then
+follow the Earls of Bristol, and Newcastle, along with Witherington,
+Digby, Musgrave, Langdale, Greenvill, and Dodington. After which it
+was&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“Resolved, &amp;c. That the Earl of Worcester be one other of that number.”
+Likewise were added the names of Winter, Culpepper, Byron, the Duke of
+Buckingham; and finally, “all that have been plotting, designing, or
+assisting, in the Irish rebellion,” shall be proscribed, as enemies and
+traitors to the Commonwealth; and shall “die without mercy, wherever
+they shall be found within the limits of this nation; and their estates
+employed for the use of the Commonwealth.”<a href="#Footnote_190" id="FNanchor_190" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
+
+<p>It appears, on the authority of Dr. White Kennet,<a href="#Footnote_191" id="FNanchor_191" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> the historian,
+that while Charles the Second was a refugee in the Court of France, the
+King of France, Louis XIV., was in himself disposed not only to assist,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</span>
+but if possible to restore the royal family of England. His commanding
+minister, the Cardinal Mazarine, however, was always averse to any such
+measure; so that all the exiled prince could do was to send abroad
+his envoys and agents, to solicit for justice and relief, although
+without effect, as the result proved. He sent to England, says Kennet,
+“the noble Marquis of Worcester for private intelligence as well as
+for supplies; but the Marquis was taken up prisoner in London, and
+committed to the Tower in September[?]; where he was threatened with a
+speedy trial, and worse punished with a long confinement.”</p>
+
+<p>We are brought by this circumstance to an interesting period in the
+adventurous life of the Marquis of Worcester. His visit to England was
+every way extraordinary for its boldness or apparent recklessness; as
+he was a marked man, one who could have no reason for expecting to be
+able to conciliate the reigning power, which had already stigmatized
+him as an “enemy and traitor to the Commonwealth,” his estates to be
+confiscated, and himself, wherever taken, doomed to “die without any
+mercy whatever.”</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis’s son sat in the Cromwellian Parliament; Cromwell enjoyed
+the Monmouthshire estates of the Marquis, to the value of £2500
+per annum, and allowed Lord Herbert a pretty liberal income. From
+Edinburgh, Cromwell wrote on the 12th of April, 1651, a letter to his
+wife:&mdash;“My dearest, Beware of my Lord Herbert his resort to your house;
+if he do so may occasion scandal, as if I were bargaining with him:
+indeed be wise; you know my meaning.”<a href="#Footnote_192" id="FNanchor_192" class="fnanchor">[A]</a><a href="#Footnote_193" id="FNanchor_193" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Marquis might have some private object in view, equally with that
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</span>of serving his prince, and might have been better assured than history
+determines, that his life, at all events, would be safe. It is stated
+in the History of the Tower,<a href="#Footnote_194" id="FNanchor_194" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> in noticing the Marquis of Worcester
+being added to the number of distinguished persons confined there in
+1652, that the wants and distresses to which he had been subjected on
+the continent had driven him to seek shelter in his own country.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p211.jpg" width="100%" alt="The Tower, Map of London, 1658." />
+BIRD’S-EYE VIEW FROM MAP OF LONDON, 1658.</div>
+
+<p>On the 28th of July, 1652, the House of Commons, immediately after
+prayers, “Resolved, That the Earl of Worcester do stand committed to
+the Tower of London, in order to his trial.” And, “That it be referred
+to the Council of State to consider, in what way the Earl of Worcester
+may be tried, and who hath harboured him; and to consider of all
+circumstances in his business, and to report their opinion thereon to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</span>
+the House, on Friday morning next.”</p>
+
+<p>A year later, being on the 29th of August, 1653, Colonel Rous reports
+from the Committee of Petitions, “The most humble Petition of Edward
+Somerset, Earl of Worcester, now prisoner in the Tower.</p>
+
+<p>“As also, the humble Petition of Margaret, Countess of Worcester; which
+were both read.”</p>
+
+<p>Followed, on the 3rd of October, by repetitions of the same report,
+when it was “Resolved that this Petition be laid aside.”</p>
+
+<p>While, on the 5th of October, 1654, one year later, after other
+business, the Earl’s petition was again read, and it was thereon
+“Resolved, That the Earl of Worcester have his liberty for the present
+upon bail, until the Parliament take further order. And that the
+Lieutenant of the Tower do take sufficient bail: And that a Warrant do
+issue under Mr. Speaker’s hand, to that purpose.”<a href="#Footnote_195" id="FNanchor_195" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
+
+<p>In Burton’s highly valuable and interesting Diary of Oliver Cromwell’s
+Parliament, when noticing the foregoing business in respect to the
+Marquis’s petition, it is added:&mdash;“The Petitioner was alleged to be a
+papist, in arms in England, who had headed a party in Ireland, making
+a most dishonourable peace there, and had done many other disservices,
+for which he was excepted from all mercy and pardon; his whole estate
+ordered to be sold, and all such to be banished. Yet, it was urged, he
+was an old man, had lain long in prison, and the small-pox then raging
+under the same roof where he lay. And he had not, as was said, done any
+actions of hostility, but only as a soldier; and in that capacity had
+always shown civilities to the English prisoners and protestants. It
+was, therefore, ordered, that he should be bailed out of prison.”<a href="#Footnote_196" id="FNanchor_196" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p>
+
+<p id="Page_213"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 213]</span>Consequently he was a close prisoner for at least two years and a
+quarter, assuming that he was then liberated; which is the more likely,
+as we find that a Warrant was given by Cromwell, dated the 26th of
+June, 1655, to pay his Lordship the sum of three pounds a week, for
+his better maintenance.<a href="#Footnote_197" id="FNanchor_197" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> He would be about or verging on 53 years
+of age, and must have suffered very seriously from fatigue, disease,
+and severe mental disquietude, prolonged through at least eight years
+passed in every diversity of honour and disgrace, wealth and poverty,
+high hopes and aspirations, terminating in blank disappointment; he
+thus united in his own person and history the most violent contrasts,
+enough to have broken down and utterly destroyed any enthusiasm less
+than is due to the conscious possession of surpassing mental wealth.
+It would be difficult to find in the voluminous history of scientific
+biography a parallel case of so much self-reliance on the promptings of
+a great and noble mind, under anything like such an unmitigated burden
+of uncontrollable evils, as fell to the share of this extraordinary man
+in the very decline of life, when tired nature seeks calm, repose, and
+competence.</p>
+
+<p>It would seem as if, while still a prisoner, he was treating for
+Vauxhall, where we shall find he was afterwards actively engaged with
+his Water Engine; for Samuel Hartlib, well known from his acquaintance
+with Milton, writes to the Honourable Robert Boyle on the 8th of
+May, 1654, signifying that, the Marquis is buying Vauxhall from Mr.
+Trenchard.<a href="#Footnote_198" id="FNanchor_198" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<p>The next incident we meet with, of which any record occurs, after his
+enlargement, is a melancholy evidence of his extreme necessities and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</span>
+indeed absolute poverty. It consists in the following, taken from the
+original acknowledgment:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_199" id="FNanchor_199" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“Receaved and borrowed of my Honored friend S<sup>r</sup> David Watkins the full
+somme of Twenty pownds sterling w<sup>ch</sup> I faythfully promise to repaye
+at or before the second day of February next ensueing to w<sup>ch</sup> I
+oblige myselfe my Hayre Executor Administrator or assign in a dubble
+somme or forfeiture Witnesse my hand and seale this eight of De: 1655.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester.</span></p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Witnessed by <span class="smcap">Lancelot Hodshon</span>.”</p>
+
+
+<p>We have thus far traced the career of the Marquis of Worcester from
+youth to manhood; the scholar, husband, father, general of armies, a
+wealthy nobleman, an impoverished exile, in danger of his life by war
+and shipwreck, twice imprisoned, now a freeman, oppressed by pecuniary
+difficulties and earnestly striving against the pressure of his own
+misfortunes and the weight of public prejudice, to which his political
+life and religious persuasion subjected him: sometimes through court
+intrigue, but mostly from the rooted bigotry of those gloomy times.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever interest the history of the life of the Marquis of Worcester
+may derive from other sources, the philosopher will dwell alone with
+delight on that period which divulged the extraordinary inventive
+mental capabilities of such a singular scholar and early man of
+science. He now first produced, as he himself states, his remarkable
+little work, of which the full title runs thus:&mdash;“A century of the
+names and scantlings of such Inventions, as at present I can call to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</span>mind to have tried and perfected, which (my former notes being lost)
+I have, at the instance of a powerful friend, endeavoured now, in
+the year 1655, to set these down, in such a way as may sufficiently
+instruct me to put any of them in practice.” That small book, then only
+in manuscript, and not published until eight years afterwards, has
+sealed his fame; for through all time the “Century” will be regarded
+as a great curiosity in scientific literature, for its variety of
+subjects, and its author’s versatility of genius in pursuits then but
+little cultivated.</p>
+
+<p>The first year of his release, appears, therefore, to have been mainly
+distinguished by this valuable contribution, as he says, “at the
+instance of a powerful friend.” We think that that <i>friend</i> was no
+other than Colonel Christopher Coppley, or Copley,<a href="#Footnote_200" id="FNanchor_200" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> who had served
+in the Parliamentary army of the North, under the command of General
+Fairfax; a sufficient reason for the author omitting to particularize
+him by name. That he and the Marquis were, however, on terms of close
+friendship, is evident from the annexed letter;<a href="#Footnote_201" id="FNanchor_201" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> alluding to
+previous kind offices accorded by his “powerful” now his “dear” and his
+“honoured friend.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Dear Friend</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I know not with what face to desire a courtesy from you, since I
+have not yet paid you the five pounds, and the main business so long
+protracted, whereby my reality and kindness should with thankfulness
+appear; for though the least I intend you is to make up the sum already
+promised, to a thousand pounds yearly, or a share amounting to far
+more, which to nominate, before the perfection of the work, were but
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</span>an <i>individuum vagum</i>; and, therefore, I defer it, and upon no other
+score. Yet, in this interim, my disappointments are so great as that
+I am forced to beg if you could possibly, either to help me with ten
+pounds to this bearer; or, to make use of the coach, and to go to Mr.
+Clerke, and if he could this day help me to fifty pounds, then to
+pay yourself the five pounds I owe you out of them. Either of these
+will infinitely oblige me. The alderman has taken three days’ time to
+consider of it. Pardon the great troubles I give you, which I doubt not
+but in time to deserve by really appearing,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line3">“Your most thankful friend,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“28th of March, 1656. To my honoured friend,<br />
+“<span class="smcap">Colonel Christopher Coppley</span>.”</p>
+
+
+<p>This epistle the Colonel endorsed, “My Lord of Worcester’s letter about
+my share in his engine.” What was the result of these negociations
+remains untold; but eight months later it would seem that, for some
+reason or other, he entered into a solemn obligation with the Colonel,
+in the terms following:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_202" id="FNanchor_202" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top extra_indent">“I, under written, do confess and acknowledge to have received of
+Colonel Christopher Copley so great civilities and obligations as that
+I do take him into so strict bonds of kindness, as that, if at any time
+the adventure of my life and fortune may bestead him, I do, upon the
+word of a gentleman, and the faith of a Christian, engage myself not
+to stick thereat, but cheerfully to run the same fortune with him. And
+upon the same ties I vow never to deceive or delude him in thought,
+word, or deed; and to declare the truth at all times unto him, using
+neither hyperbole nor equivocation concerning my water-work; or any
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</span>
+promise made or to be made between us; which, as I am a gentleman,
+a Christian, and Roman Catholic, I will even keep inviolable, and
+that (if I should do any thing to the contrary), I may appear a most
+dishonest and perjured person; I have signed these with my hand, and
+affixed on them my seal at Stems (?), the 18th day of November, 1656,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">On the 28th of December, 1656, he wrote a short letter to Mr. Secretary
+Thurloe. Politicians have generally supposed that it had reference to
+some great state secret, which he was bargaining to disclose; while,
+how contrary must have been his views is now transparent, from seeing
+what really was the one absorbing subject of his daily meditation,
+arising out of his arduous endeavours to obtain assistance, and to
+carry out the working of his “water-commanding engine.” The letter is
+in every sense remarkable and interesting, both from the mistiness that
+has for so long a time clouded its meaning, and from the circumstances
+under which it was dictated. The Marquis writes:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_203" id="FNanchor_203" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="dated_at_top">“28th of December, 1656.</p>
+
+<p>“<span class="smcap">Right Honourable</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I do confess, that the old saying is, that proffered service is not
+valued, and in that respect I wonder not to have my endeavours so
+little set by. In a word, I am very well pleased to acquiesce, if
+his Highness nor your Honour think me not worthy of one quarter of
+an hour’s audience; yet I must needs say, that if esteemed of, I am
+able to do his Highness more service than any one subject of his three
+nations; and though, after a message by Mr. Noell, and a letter of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</span>
+mine delivered by my own hands to Mr. Owng, and as he told me, by
+him to your Honour, I cannot get a time assigned me to wait upon you.
+I here send you a true copy of Don Alonzo, his answer to me, and do
+assure you, that I have in readiness a person whom you yourself will
+confess Don Alonzo cannot except against: so that there only resteth
+needful your approbation. When your Honour shall have read this, and
+the copies of the Don’s letter, I have entreated and enjoined Mr. Noell
+to bring them me back, and in his presence I will burn them, and remain
+silent for the future in anything of this nature, but in all things
+else, your Honour’s most affectionate friend and humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.”<a href="#Footnote_204" id="FNanchor_204" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">The noble inventor’s proceedings could have been no secret at Court,
+surrounded by spies of every description to report all his operations;
+and his principal object being one of a large and costly character,
+would be better known for its nature than its construction. It would
+also become known from the manuscript of his Century, copies of
+which seem to have been privately circulated, that his inventions
+extended to improvements in fire-arms, cannon, and general naval and
+military improvements. Now it is not in the least improbable that some
+foreign party or parties communicated with him in reference to some
+particular invention, but particularly his much commended novelty of a
+“water-commanding engine,” while the Marquis might feel it a delicate
+as well as an imprudent act on his part, to make arrangements with
+foreigners before he had confided his secret and rendered it available
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</span>in his own country. That his object in desiring an interview with
+Cromwell, or with his haughty Secretary, bore no political cast,
+is next to self-evident, from their perfect indifference to his
+communication; while for any political ends, either would have shown
+some tokens of regard, and not have left the author of the slightest
+thread of interested intelligence craving for a few minutes’ audience.
+Besides, we have the inferential evidence that the communication
+referred to scientific inventions, rather than to political intrigues,
+from the context&mdash;“proffered service is not valued, and in that respect
+(he says) I wonder not to have my endeavours so little set by.” And
+what could those endeavours be, at that particular crisis more than any
+other, but the possible requirement of patronage from the Protector,
+and probably also the Parliament, before committing himself to
+foreigners for that aid which he rightfully considered he would soon
+merit from his countrymen. But he still further says, “I am able to do
+his Highness more service than any one subject of his three nations.”
+Will any one pretend to assume that such language had reference to
+political plottings, of which he possessed the secret knowledge to
+such an extent of national importance, without being either listened
+to, or at once seized and consigned to the dreaded chambers of that
+fortress, from which he had been only three years released? Admit that
+the language is inflated, it still would be very significant if it
+bore at all on the state of public affairs at home or abroad. But its
+true significance may be found in its counterpart in the Dedications
+appended to the first edition of the “Century,” printed in 1663. The
+promise to burn the returned copies of papers, in the presence of Mr.
+Noell, would seem merely another way of showing, that, come what might
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</span>of the matter, he would break off all negociations with others than
+his countrymen. The communication can only be read as alluding to one
+subject, and not as introducing anything forced and irrelevant. It
+can only be reconciled as being wholly political, or wholly affecting
+his special scientific engagements. Besides, had it been otherwise,
+it would not have escaped the historian, or some court spy to record
+the wonderful discovery of a plot of frightful magnitude, with all
+particulars. But no plot ever came to light; and the Marquis never did
+Cromwell or the Commonwealth any service beyond anything accomplished
+by the humblest citizen. We must, therefore, for ever abandon the
+opinion of there being any political character attached to this
+supposed mysterious communication.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis of Worcester’s son and heir, Lord Herbert, married Mary,
+Lady Beauchamp, on the 17th of August, 1657. The following certificate
+on a small square piece of parchment is preserved among other family
+documents at Badminton House:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“These are to certifie: It being desired by the p’ties concerned,
+that, Henry Somerset Lord Herbert and Mary Lady Bochampp, both of the
+parish of St. Clements Danes, Middlesex, were Legally married before me
+Richard Powell of Clerkenwell, Middle Sq: one of the Justices for the
+said County, authorized soe to doe by vertue of an Act of Parliam_{t.}
+bearing date the ffower and twentieth day of August 1653. There then
+being pre’te Charles Price and Edward Gibbes, dated this Seaven tenth
+day of August 1657.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Richard Powell.</span>”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">The Marquis of Worcester’s private affairs were year by year growing
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</span>more and more desperate, we continually find him and the Marchioness
+petitioning the Parliament for pecuniary assistance out of the
+confiscated estates. He seems to have been on friendly terms with
+John Lenthall, Speaker of the House of Commons, from whom we find the
+following letter:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_205" id="FNanchor_205" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I will ever acknowledge that your Lordship hath dealt most honourably
+with me, and with all hearti[ness] I will profess that to all; and
+will endeavour to show my thankfulness to your Lordship, and to your
+honourable Lady; and do assure you both that, if I may do you any
+service to my brother speaker, about your business in Parliament, I
+will endeavour my uttermost to act for you. My wife takes your promise
+of half a buck exceeding thankfully, and also some great <i>belles</i> here.
+We shall all endeavour to make a requital; and I shall ever acknowledge
+myself to be</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line3">“Your Honour’s most humble Servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">John Lenthall</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“8th July, 1659.</p>
+
+
+<p>“I have received from your Lordship 20 marks in full of all your
+Lordship’s fees, which I hereby acknowledge, and acquit your Lordship
+of that and all other demands at this day.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top dated_at_bottom">“To the Right Honourable the
+<br /><span class="smcap">Lord Marquis of Worcester</span>&mdash;these presents.”</p>
+
+
+<p>His manuscript of his wonderful “Century” had been four years written,
+copies passing probably from hand to hand, and himself urging the great
+and noble of the land to patronise his efforts. In the British Museum
+is the only MS. of the Century extant, having on the top of its title
+page the dates “From August y<sup>e</sup> 29th to Sep. y<sup>e</sup> 21st, 1659,” which
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</span>may, however, merely refer to the
+date of copying, or to a period granted for lending it. The 88th
+article alludes to a <i>Stamping Engine</i>, while in the printed edition
+this is omitted and a <i>Brazen Head</i> substituted; there are also some
+slight verbal differences; only an abbreviated title page; and no
+dedication.</p>
+
+<p>Among other petitions a rough draft exists of one evidently prepared by
+the Marchioness herself; whether sent or not cannot now be ascertained,
+but of its authenticity as a family record of distress there can be no
+doubt whatever. It is so negligently and imperfectly written, that an
+entire copy cannot be advantageously given. It runs thus:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_206" id="FNanchor_206" class="fnanchor">[I]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“Master Speaker, I beseech you not to stand so much upon an order of
+the House as to forget God Almighty’s precepts, to do as you would be
+done by. Most of the honourable House I conceive have wives, and if
+any of you would be contented his wife should suffer as I do, then
+let me still endure; if otherwise, be pleased to consider me, if not
+according to my sex or quality”&mdash;yet, “in consideration of seven years
+attendance, and millions of court sueings, and my heart almost broken
+with supplications and vain promises to them, and at last instead
+of many thousand pounds,” out of the estates, “all now ending in a
+ruined house, and that but for an uncertain time, not for my own life,
+rather but this poor pittance for his life, who is near three score.”
+She also seems to allude to fever, and the breaking up of his health,
+concluding, “I, therefore, most humbly seek this honourable House to
+make an end of it.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</span>We find the Marquis with noble perseverance contending against every
+difficulty, evincing an elasticity of mind that cannot but excite
+surprise.</p>
+
+<p>Writing to the Earl of Lotherdale,<a href="#Footnote_207" id="FNanchor_207" class="fnanchor">[J]</a> he says:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">My thrice honourable Lord</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“The two predominant powers which reign over my soul, and do chiefly
+guide and govern my actions, are love and gratitude; the one begotten
+in me towards your Lordship by the knowledge I had in the Tower of
+the virtues and excellent parts, the other by a certain and most true
+information of some passages vouchsafed by your Lordship in your
+servant’s behalf, and even in his absence yesterday, before his Majesty
+at Hampton Court. The particulars I set not down, because (?) they
+seemed so obliging to me as that Colonel Charles Groger, telling them
+me but at nine of the clock this night, yet I could not defer till
+morning this most humble acknowledgment; but before I go to rest, as
+a little token of great thankfulness, I promise your Lordship a box,
+with such conveniences and rarities as that which you saw had, and
+though it were presumptuous in me to say, I would give a subject a
+better qualified present than I gave my Sovereign; yet the King must
+pardon an humour I have, never to be contented to produce any invention
+the second time without appearing refined; this doth not also content
+me, but I do likewise engage myself that as soon as with security and
+satisfaction, by Act of Parliament, I may put in practice the greatest
+gift of invention for profit that I ever yet heard of vouchsafed
+to a man, especially so unworthy and ignorant as I am (I mean my
+water-commanding engine). I offer to your Lordship’s disposal the
+accruing benefit of five hundred pounds; and that your Lordship may not
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</span>
+think it improbable to rise thence, I beseech you to vouchsafe to read
+over, but to keep it to yourself, this enclosed, which shall be made
+good to a tittle by me,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“My Lord,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line2">“Your Lordship’s most really affectionate</p>
+<p class="signed_line3">“and ever obliged servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Saturday night, 26th of January, 1660, be therefore pleased to pardon the scribbling,
+and regard but my real meaning. For the <span class="smcap">Right Hon. the Earl of Lotherdale</span>, &amp;c. these.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">(<i>Copy of the enclosure.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>“The name and the truly significant definition of a most admirable and
+most stupendous invention, through the providential dispensation of the
+Almighty God’s infinite mercy and goodness, found out, and perfected
+by the sole expenses, ingenuity, knowledge, and mathematical insight
+of the Right Hon. Edward Somerset, Marquis of Worcester, and by his
+Lordship deservedly termed, and pithily defined to be&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“An Imperial, or a Water-commanding Engine, boundless for height and
+quantity, and requiring no external, nor even additional help, or force
+to be set, or continued in motion, but what intrinsically is afforded
+from its own operation, nor yet the twentieth part thereof, and the
+engine consisteth of these following particulars:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“1. A perfect counterpoise for what quantity of water soever.</p>
+
+<p>“2. A perfect countervail for what height soever it is to be brought
+unto.</p>
+
+<p>“3. A primum mobile, commanding both height and quantity,
+regulator-wise.</p>
+
+<p>“4. A vice-gerent, or countervail, supplying the place, and performing
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</span>
+the full force of man, wind, beast, or mill.</p>
+
+<p>“5. A holme, or stern, with bit and reins, wherewith any child may
+guide, order, and control the whole operation.</p>
+
+<p>“6. A particular magazine for water, according to the intended height
+and quantity.</p>
+
+<p>“7. An aqueduct, capable of any intended quantity, or height of water.</p>
+
+<p>“8. A place for the original fountain, or even river, to run into,
+and naturally of its own accord to incorporate itself with the rising
+water, and at the very bottom of the same aqueduct, though never so big
+or high.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">This communication affords the earliest distinct reference to the
+Water-commanding Engine, and renders it reasonable to suppose that
+similar written copies of the “Definition” were in circulation at the
+same period, if not earlier.</p>
+
+<p>The letter itself is peculiarly interesting for the insight it gives
+us into a distinguishing trait in his mental constitution, when
+he observes:&mdash;“a humour I have, never to be contented to produce
+any invention the <i>second</i> time <i>without appearing refined</i>.” He
+seems to have had no idea of cessation in invention. It was in this
+self-same spirit that he dedicated his “Century” to the Houses
+of Parliament:&mdash;“The more you shall be pleased to make use of my
+inventions, the more inventive shall you ever find me, one invention
+begetting still another.”</p>
+
+<p>It is rather remarkable that, with this exception, his inventions are
+never named either in his own or his family’s correspondence; indeed
+the latter may have considered the circumstance as more marking his
+misfortune, than calculated to bring him enduring fame.</p>
+
+<p>The death of Cromwell, the short reign of his son, and the proclamation
+of Charles the Second on the 8th of May, 1660, followed by his
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</span>triumphal entry into the metropolis on his birth-day, the 29th of
+the same month, must have had their influence on the Marquis in his
+most distressing condition. He was, no doubt, one among the privileged
+to congratulate his Majesty in private, at Whitehall, while bonfires
+blazed, fireworks glared, and cannon roared; what conflicting emotions
+must have revelled in his own breast, broken down as he was by
+disasters on every hand, which through more than thirteen years he had
+borne with magnanimous fortitude.</p>
+
+<p>His son, Lord Herbert, resided at Badminton House, Gloucestershire, but
+being in London, on his way to Dover, after the proclamation, he wrote
+to his wife, as follows:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_208" id="FNanchor_208" class="fnanchor">[K]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My Dear Heart</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“We have this night received our instructions, and to-morrow begin
+our journey towards the King, whom we are commanded to acquaint with
+what great joy and acclamation he was here proclaimed; and to let him
+know that the Parliament hath enjoined all ministers in England and
+Ireland to pray for him, the Duke of York, and the rest of the Royal
+progeny; and ordered that the Arms of the Commonwealth, wherever they
+are standing, be taken down, and that his Majesty’s be set in the
+place. We are further to beseech his Majesty to return with speed to
+his dominions and government; and finally, to acquaint him that the
+Parliament hath given order to the Admiral to obey his commands with
+the navy, and to desire that he will please to signify to us when and
+where he will land, and whether he will come from Dover by land, or to
+London by water; where lodged, and how his pleasure is to be received.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_227"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 227]</span>“I hope we shall soon return with him we go for, and so have nothing
+wanting for my particular satisfaction (as when he is here, there will
+not be to the general). I desire you would begin and come this way some
+time next week, that I may find you here at my return, in order to
+which I have given order that lodgings, such as can be found, be taken,
+where you may be till you can choose yourself a house to your mind, for
+I cannot be anywhere with my contentment without you,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line3">“Your most affectionate husband,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Herbert</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“London, the 9th of May.”</p>
+
+
+<p>Charles the Second had not been many days on the throne, when the
+Marquis of Worcester wrote a long letter to Lord Clarendon,<a href="#Footnote_209" id="FNanchor_209" class="fnanchor">[* 26]</a>
+explanatory of his instructions from his late Majesty, and the powers
+he granted to him to negotiate with the Irish Roman Catholics. It
+very fully and lucidly explains the whole of that affair, showing how
+completely he was in the King’s confidence; and it was, no doubt,
+written to answer all doubts that his Lordship might entertain. It
+bears internal evidence of coming from a strictly conscientious
+character, and its truthfulness has never been disproved.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“The Marquis of Worcester (late Earl of Glamorgan), to the Earl of
+Clarendon.</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lord Chancellor</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“For his Majesty’s better information, through your favour, and by
+the channel of your Lordship’s understanding things rightly, give me
+leave to acquaint you with one chief key, wherewith to open the secret
+passages between his late Majesty and myself, in order to his service;
+which was no other than a real exposing of myself to any expense or
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</span>
+difficulty, rather than his just design should not take place; or,
+in taking effect, that his honour should suffer. An effect, you may
+justly say, relishing more of a passionate and blind affection to his
+Majesty’s service, than of discretion and care of myself. This made
+me take a resolution that he should have seemed angry with me at my
+return out of Ireland, until I had brought him into a posture and power
+to own his commands, to make good his instructions, and to reward my
+faithfulness and zeal therein.</p>
+
+<p>“Your Lordship may well wonder, and the King too, at the amplitude
+of my commission. But when you have understood the height of his
+Majesty’s design you will soon be satisfied that nothing less could
+have made me capable to effect it; being that one army of ten thousand
+men was to have come out of Ireland through North Wales; another, of
+a like number at least, under my command-in-chief, have expected my
+return in South Wales, which Sir Henry Gage was to have commanded as
+Lieutenant-General; and a third should have consisted of a matter of
+six thousand men, two thousand of which were to have been Liegois,
+commanded by Sir Francis Edmonds, two thousand Lorrainers to have been
+commanded by Colonel Browne, and two thousand of such English, French,
+Scots, and Irish as could be drawn out of Flanders and Holland. And the
+six thousand were to have been, by the Prince of Orange’s assistance,
+in the associated counties; and the Governor of Lyne, cousin-german to
+Major Bacon, major of my own regiment, was to have delivered the town
+unto them.</p>
+
+<p>“The maintenance of this army of foreigners was to have come from
+the Pope and such Catholic Princes as he should draw into it, having
+engaged to afford and procure £30,000 a month; out of which the foreign
+army was first to be provided for; and the remainder to be divided
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</span>
+among other armies. And for this purpose had I power to treat with
+the Pope and Catholic Princes, with particular advantages promised
+to Catholics, for the quiet enjoying their religion, without the
+penalties which the statutes in force had power to inflict upon them.
+And my instructions for this purpose, and my powers to conclude and
+treat thereupon, were signed by the King under his pocket signet,
+with blanks for me to put in the names of Pope or Princes, to the end
+the King might have a starting hole to deny the having given me such
+commissions, if excepted against by his own subjects; leaving me as it
+were at stake, who for his Majesty’s sake was willing to undergo it,
+trusting to his word alone.</p>
+
+<p>“In like manner did I not stick upon having this Commission inrolled or
+assented unto by his Council, nor indeed the seal to be put upon it in
+an ordinary manner, but as Mr. Endymion Porter<a href="#Footnote_210" id="FNanchor_210" class="fnanchor">[L]</a> and I could perform
+it, with rollers and no screw-press.</p>
+
+<p>“One thing I beseech your Lordship to observe, that though I had power
+by it to erect a mint any where, and to dispose of his Majesty’s
+revenues and delinquents’ estates, yet I never did either to the value
+of a farthing, notwithstanding my own necessities, acknowledging that
+the intention of those powers given me, was to make use of them when
+the armies should be afoot; which design being broken by my commitment
+in Ireland, I made no use of those powers; and consequently, repaying
+now whatever was disbursed by any for patents of honour, as now I am
+contented to do, it will evidently appear that nothing hath stuck to my
+fingers, in order to benefit or self-interest; which I humbly submit
+to his Majesty’s princely consideration, and the management of my
+concerns therein to your Lordship’s grave judgment, and to the care of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</span>
+me, which your Lordship was pleased to own was recommended unto you
+by the late King, my most gracious Master, of glorious memory: And the
+continuance thereof is most humbly implored and begged by me, who am
+really and freely at your Lordship’s disposal, first, in order to his
+Majesty’s service, and next to the approving myself,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line3">“My Lord,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Your Lordship’s most really affectionate,</p>
+<p class="signed_line4">“and most humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“June, 11th, 1660.”</p>
+
+
+<p>Within a fortnight after writing this letter, no doubt encouraged by
+the Lord Chancellor’s reception of it, he petitioned the Crown as
+follows:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_211" id="FNanchor_211" class="fnanchor">[M]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">To his most excellent Majesty</span>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“The most humble petition of Edward Somerset, Earl and Marquis of
+Worcester, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_231"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 231]</span>“Sheweth,&mdash;That your Petitioner’s father and himself, having in ready
+money expended incomparably more for the service of the Crown than any
+subject of England, for which your Petitioner is possessed of sundry
+promises of extraordinary reward and satisfaction, as well under
+the Great Seal of England, as likewise voluntarily under his late
+Majesty the King, your Majesty’s father of blessed memory, his own
+handwriting and private signet set down in a most gracious ample and
+kind manner, it being all that in those necessitous times his Majesty,
+your Petitioner’s most graciously obliging master, could afford or be
+rationally demanded from him, yet in these perhaps may not be so fit
+to be ratified, lest they should draw upon your Petitioner the envy of
+others, and prove prejudicial to your Majesty.</p>
+
+<p>“Your Petitioner, therefore, most willingly layeth all these grants
+and promises to his father, or to your Majesty’s Petitioner made (as
+far as they concern himself) at your Majesty’s feet, without any
+the least capitulation, expecting no more in his own behalf for his
+loyalty therein than that your Majesty will be graciously pleased (in
+consideration of his dutiful zeal thereby manifested) effectually and
+through your Majesty’s innate and transcending goodness, feelingly
+to recommend to your Majesty’s most dutiful Houses of Parliament
+the speedy re-investing of your Petitioner in his due and proper
+estate, according unto the laws of the land, and so by your Majesty’s
+most gracious assistance, this his Petition of right (as he humbly
+conceives) shall be by your Petitioner most really acknowledged as a
+grant of favour and remunerating grace from your sacred Majesty.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“And he shall ever pray,” &amp;c.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">The Marquis, in November, 1660, signed what appears to be a circular
+note to certain of his creditors, of which the following is one
+written in an official hand, but concludes, “Your most humble servant,
+Worcester,” in his own handwriting:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Madame</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Those Commissioners whom I have appoynted to take care of my
+affayres are now enquiringe into ye state of my debts, and I have
+given directions to the bearer to wayte upon you and receive your
+propositions about what is due unto you from him who is,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Madame,<span class="ml30">Your most humble servant,</span></p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“November 22, 1660.”</p>
+
+
+<p>Mr. Secretary Nicholas, writing to Sir Henry Bennet, 3rd of January,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</span>1660, states: “The King joins the Queen and Princess at Guildford,
+and in two days they go to Portsmouth. On New Year’s day, the ceremony
+of christening the young Earl of Cambridge&mdash;for this is to be his
+title&mdash;was performed at Worcester House; the King and Duke of Albemarle
+godfathers; the Queen and Marchioness of Ormond godmothers. The Duke
+and his Duchess then came to Court, and the Queen received them very
+affectionately. The Coronation is deferred to St. George’s day.”<a href="#Footnote_212" id="FNanchor_212" class="fnanchor">[N]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Lord Bishop of Peterborough,<a href="#Footnote_213" id="FNanchor_213" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> in his ecclesiastical and civil
+register and chronicle of the period, records the following particulars
+in reference to the order of proceedings at the Coronation of Charles
+the Second, April the 23rd, 1661: “The Marquis of Dorchester, the
+Marquis of Worcester, in their robes, with their coronets in their
+hands.”</p>
+
+<p>Then as to the homage paid by the nobles; after the oath given by the
+Archbishop of Canterbury; and other Bishops, saluting the King; among
+others came up the Marquises of Worcester and Dorchester.</p>
+
+<p>That even at the Restoration the Marquis’s religion presented some
+obstacles to his progress may be inferred from the resolution of
+the House of Lords, that the indulgence to be granted to the Roman
+Catholics should not be extended to the Jesuits. Whereupon that Society
+drew up a paper, entitled, “Reasons why the Jesuits hope that they
+should partake of the favours shown to other priests, in taking away
+the sanguinary laws.” And it is noticed that, “As for noble persons
+who lost great estates, and endured much hardship for his Majesty, the
+late Duchess of Buckingham, the late Marquis of Worcester,<a href="#Footnote_214" id="FNanchor_214" class="fnanchor">[O]</a> and the
+late Earl of Shrewsbury were Penitents of the Society, as other prime
+nobility yet in being.”<a href="#Footnote_213" class="fnanchor">[79]</a>
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</span></p>
+
+<p>For some reason or other it now became the son’s lot to be committed
+to the Tower, of which, however, he makes very light, as will be seen
+by his letter to his Lady announcing his position; which, however, has
+no other immediate interest than as making us acquainted with the last
+occurrence of the kind affecting this noble family. He writes:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_215" id="FNanchor_215" class="fnanchor">[P]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">My Dear</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I have now sent according to your desire to let you know of my being
+safely arrived at London. I was last night examined, and am now in the
+Tower. I have already so well satisfied you of my innocence that I am
+sure my being lodged here cannot fright you, neither can I imagine my
+restraint should be long, for I think I only owe it to my Lordship. I
+desire you would not resolve upon your journey hither till you hear
+further from me, for I hope yet you may lie in, in the country, and not
+have the trouble of any journey to bring us together. If these hopes
+fail me, and that I see myself like to continue longer than I can yet
+fancy, I will let you know it, and send the coach down for your women,
+and (if you think fit) your children to come up in; to whom in the
+meantime I send my blessing, and remain</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Your most affectionate husband,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Herbert</span>.</p>
+<p class="smaller continued margin_bottom">“Aug. the 20th.<br />
+“For my dear wife the Lady Herbert.”</p>
+
+
+<p>It does not fall within our province to enter particularly into any
+circumstances relating to Lord Herbert, but it may not be out of place
+to mention here that, he was then about 23 years of age, and had not
+long been constituted Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_190"><a href="#FNanchor_190"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jo. H. C. Vol. vi. p. 165.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_191"><a href="#FNanchor_191"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Kennet.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_192"><a href="#FNanchor_192"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Brit. Mus. Cole MSS. Vol. xxxiii. p. 37.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_193"><a href="#FNanchor_193"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Carlyle.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_194"><a href="#FNanchor_194"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Bayley.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_195"><a href="#FNanchor_195"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jo. H. C. Vol. vii. pp. 309, 373.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_196"><a href="#FNanchor_196"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Burton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_197"><a href="#FNanchor_197"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> <a href="#Appendix_F">Appendix F</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_198"><a href="#FNanchor_198"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Boyle, Vol. v. p. 264.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_199"><a href="#FNanchor_199"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Robert Cole, Esq. had the original receipt lithographed in facsimile.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_200"><a href="#FNanchor_200"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> See <a href="#Appendix_E">Appendix E</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_201"><a href="#FNanchor_201"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> Walpole. Mr. Bliss’ states that he
+discovered the MS. among the papers of Wm. Wilcox of St. John’s
+College, Oxford.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_202"><a href="#FNanchor_202"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> From MS. collection of the late Dawson Turner, Esq., of Yarmouth.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_203"><a href="#FNanchor_203"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Bod. Lib. “Thurloe’s Papers, Vol. xlv.”&mdash;“Rawl. MS. A. 45.”</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_204"><a href="#FNanchor_204"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> This letter is dated 28th of December, but might be
+mistaken for 18th. See Thurloe’s Papers.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_205"><a href="#FNanchor_205"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_206"><a href="#FNanchor_206"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Brit. Mus. Harleian MS. No. 2428.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_207"><a href="#FNanchor_207"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> From MS. collection of the late Dawson Turner, Esq. of
+Yarmouth.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_208"><a href="#FNanchor_208"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_209"><a href="#FNanchor_209"><span class="label">[* 26]</span></a> Clarendon, Vol. ii. p. 201.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_210"><a href="#FNanchor_210"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> One of the King’s attendants, who had formerly accompanied
+him to Spain. Clayton’s Charles II. Vol. i. p. 136. 1859.</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_211"><a href="#FNanchor_211"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> Cal. of State Papers, Dom. Series, 1660&ndash;61. Edited by Mrs.
+M. A. E. Green, 8vo. 1860.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_212"><a href="#FNanchor_212"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, Charles II. 1660&ndash;1661,
+Vol. xxviii. p. 466.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_213"><a href="#FNanchor_213"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> Peterborough.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_214"><a href="#FNanchor_214"><span class="label">[O]</span></a> Henry Somerset.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_215"><a href="#FNanchor_215"><span class="label">[P]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_234"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 234]</span></p>
+
+<h2 id="CHAPTER_XV">CHAPTER XV.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="chapter_heading">HIS PROSPECTS AT THE PERIOD OF THE RESTORATION&mdash;PROCEEDINGS
+IN PARLIAMENT RESPECTING THE PATENT TO CREATE HIM DUKE OF
+SOMERSET&mdash;RECOVERY OF ESTATES, ETC.&mdash;PARLIAMENTARY DUTIES.</p>
+
+
+<p>Charles the Second was only thirty years of age when he ascended
+the throne, the Marquis was verging on sixty. Charles, gay, lively,
+accomplished, and fascinating in his manners, well knew from bitter
+experience the pain of leading a courtly life on straitened means; and
+the Marquis had been too closely associated with him on the continent,
+not to be aware of his exact position then, and his now brilliant
+change of circumstances. The Marquis of Worcester too, was one of those
+happily constituted men who do not grow misanthropic on every fresh
+instance of the world’s ingratitude. His own nobleness and goodness
+of heart found a thousand excuses for the cold, callous, calculating
+society around him; and with his enlarged views, and greatness and
+purity of mind, he never despaired that the day would arrive, when he
+should be able to move at least in ease, if not in plenty. As regarded
+his Majesty, he enjoyed the fullest confidence in his behaving towards
+him with more than ordinary consideration; he might not be able to be
+magnificent, but at the very least he dared not to doubt that the word
+of the King would be realized, who had written to inform him<a href="#Footnote_216" id="FNanchor_216" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>&mdash;“I
+am truly sensible of your great merit and sufferings in the service
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</span>of the King my father, and <i>I never shall be wanting</i> to reward and
+encourage as well that kindness to his person as that zeal to his
+service which you have expressed in all your actions.” But he was then
+only nineteen years of age, unseared by the eleven years of profligacy,
+the expiration of which found him on the throne of his ancestors.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis’s political position had been unpopular, making him many
+enemies, which even altered times could not wholly obliterate. It was
+not merely a question whether he was justified in acting in concert
+with the late King, but it was manifestly imprudent and unwise, to say
+the least, his becoming the champion of his church in so dangerous an
+enterprise as that in which he engaged in Ireland. Consequently he
+found comparatively few who sincerely sympathised in his sufferings,
+amidst the crowd of suffering humanity distinguishing those unhappy
+times.</p>
+
+<p>On the 9th of May, 1660, being the day after the King’s proclamation,
+the House of Lords had before them a petition from the Marchioness of
+Worcester,<a href="#Footnote_217" id="FNanchor_217" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> the subject of which was strange enough, being no other
+than to complain “That Colonel Christopher Copley, doth undermine
+Worcester House.” Wherefore it was ordered, “That stop be made to
+further proceedings therein.”</p>
+
+<p>His Lordship early solicited the kind offices of Lord Clarendon,
+offering him gratuitously the use of his mansion in the Strand.<a href="#Footnote_218" id="FNanchor_218" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> He
+says:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lord Chancellor</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“The world speaks you to be a person of honour, and I know your
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</span>Lordship to be so, and that if you say the word your Lordship will
+make good the same. My humble suit, therefore, to your Lordship is,
+but to tell me freely whether you will be my friend in all things
+honourable, just, and fitting; and when I ask of your Lordship anything
+contrary to either of these, then do not only deny it me, but spit in
+my face, having afforded me only patience first to give you my reasons.</p>
+
+<p>“Nothing, I am confident, can set an obstacle to your Lordship’s
+granting me this reasonable request, but an apprehension of the
+obnoxiousness of my religion, as for that, such are my abilities to
+serve not only my Prince but the whole kingdom, that when once known in
+Parliament, and his Majesty looking but as favourably upon me as the
+tenth part of my deserts (pardon me if I say so) doth require, I will
+undertake, within few days, there shall be a vote in the very House
+of Commons to make me capable of any service whereof I may be thought
+worthy. Another Remora doth perhaps forcibly lie in the way, which is
+my son the Lord Herbert’s underhand working by false suggestions; but I
+shall soon blow them over. In a word, if your Lordship please to accept
+of me, I am the most real and affectionate servant, and as a little
+token of it, be pleased to accept of Worcester House to live in, far
+more commodious for your Lordship than where you now are, though not in
+so good reparation; but such as it is, without requiring from you one
+penny rent (yet that only known between your Lordship and me). It is
+during my life at your service, for I am but a tenant in tail; but were
+my interest longer, it should be as readily at your Lordship’s command,
+and I believe I may serve you in some things of ten times the value;
+yet I never desire word or deed from your Lordship other than according
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</span>to what I first began with. Be but pleased to deal plainly with me,
+and I desire to show your Lordship in the King’s presence or ... if you
+please, what I intend to produce or say, having had a dearly bought
+experience what it is to trust to Princes alone. So preventing your
+Lordship further trouble, and asking pardon for what I have put your
+Lordship unto, I only desire to receive a verbal answer by this most
+deserving person, Mr. White, my ancient acquaintance, into whose hands
+I would deposit the greatest imaginable treasures untold, and intrust
+the greatest secrets, without other tie than his acceptance of them.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“My Lord,</p>
+<p class="signed_line3">“your Lordship’s,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line2">“Most really affectionate and humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“June 9th, 1660.<br />
+“For the Right Honourable the <span class="smcap">Lord Chancellor</span>, present
+these.”<a href="#Footnote_219" id="FNanchor_219" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">It is painful to find the Marquis of Worcester compelled by the
+theological tendencies of that age, to allude in his letter to “the
+obnoxiousness of his religion.” But it is in just accordance with all
+that we have seen of his progress through life, his “having had a
+dearly bought experience what it is to trust to <i>princes alone</i>,”&mdash;that
+is, without witnesses or other sufficient legal evidence. This last
+observation is called forth by his “desire to show” Clarendon, as he
+states&mdash;“what I intend to produce or say.” This might possibly have
+reference to his long written statement of his losses, amounting to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</span>
+£918,000, intended for the King’s inspection, if not also to form
+the basis of an address to the House of Lords, as given in the last
+chapter. If this surmise is correct, it would clearly establish how
+severely pressing were his pecuniary affairs, the King having then only
+been eleven days at Whitehall; so early, would it seem, was he a suitor
+for the royal favour.</p>
+
+<p>The House, on the 20th of June,<a href="#Footnote_220" id="FNanchor_220" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> upon the reading of the Marquis’s
+Petition, “That he hath been dispossessed of his estate in the late
+unhappy wars, and hath undergone many pressures in the same,”&mdash;ordered,
+“That he be put into possession of his estate, which is not sold; and
+a stop and stay of waste, and cutting wood upon his land sold; and the
+rents to be stayed in the tenants’ hands; and to have a view of the
+writings and evidences which concern him, which are in the custody of
+the trustees at Drury Lane.”</p>
+
+<p>And further, on the 11th of September,<a href="#Footnote_221" id="FNanchor_221" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> the said order was ratified
+and confirmed, with the exception that, it was not to “extend to any
+manors or lands sold unto or enjoyed by Henry Lord Herbert, son and
+heir apparent of the said Marquis.”</p>
+
+<p>But previously, on the 9th of July,<a href="#Footnote_222" id="FNanchor_222" class="fnanchor">[F]</a> the House of Lords, “Upon
+information given, That Elizabeth Cromwell, widow, the relict of
+Oliver Cromwell; Richard Cromwell, Esquire; and Henry Lord Herbert,
+have many deeds, evidences, and writings belonging to the Lord Marquis
+of Worcester,”&mdash;it was ordered that “all such deeds, evidences,
+conveyances, court-rolls, surveys, patents, fines, recoveries, rentals,
+plates, papers, memorials, and writings, whatsoever,” in their hands,
+should be delivered up unto his Lordship.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_239"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 239]</span>Among other purchasers of his estates under the authority in power, in
+1651, was one Ann Tisser, a widow, whose husband had become possessed
+of the Gatehouse attached to Worcester House. On the 27th of July the
+House had ordered possession to be given up, but Ann Tisser refusing,
+another order was issued on the 20th of August, requiring possession
+within two days, but with no better effect; so, on the 29th, the
+refractory widow “was brought to the Bar, to hear what she can say, why
+she does not deliver up the Gatehouse.” To which she answered, “She
+bought it of the trustees that did sell the Marquis of Worcester’s
+lands in 1651.” Her plea, however, was only met by the House directing
+the Lord Chancellor to inform her, “That the House expected that she
+should deliver up the said Gatehouse forthwith; or else she must
+expect to undergo the displeasure of the House, for contempt of their
+Lordships’ order.” Three days were allowed her to obey this mandate,
+and as we hear no further account of Ann Tisser, she, like many others
+in the same pitiable plight, was doubtless speedily ejected.</p>
+
+<p>In August, 1660, the House of Lords<a href="#Footnote_223" id="FNanchor_223" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> discussed the subject of his
+Patent creating him Duke of Somerset, declared to be in prejudice
+to the Peers; and therefore the following particulars will prove
+interesting, taken in connexion with the copy of this Patent given at
+page 162.</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th of August, “upon information to the House, by the Marquis
+of Hertford, that a patent is granted to the Marquis of Worcester,
+which is a prejudice to the Peers:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p id="Page_240"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 240]</span>“It is Ordered, That the consideration of the said Patent is referred
+to the consideration of these Lords following:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">D. of Gloucester.</p>
+<p>Marq. of Winton.</p>
+<p><ins class="correction" title="Typo original has Marq. of Dorcester.">Marq. of Dorchester.</ins></p>
+<p>L. Steward.</p>
+<p>Comes South’ton.</p>
+<p>L. Chamberlain.</p>
+<p>L. Great Chamberlain.</p>
+<p>Comes Derby.</p>
+<p>Comes Portland.</p>
+<p>Comes Peterborough.</p>
+<p>Comes Bolingbrooke.</p>
+<p>Comes Bristol.</p>
+<p>Comes Devon.</p>
+<p>Comes Winchilsea.</p>
+<p>Comes Dorset.</p>
+<p>Comes Scarsdale.</p>
+<p>Comes Berks.</p>
+<p>Comes Rivers.</p>
+<p>Viscount Stafford.</p>
+<p>Viscount Paget.</p>
+<p>Viscount Fynch.</p>
+<p>Viscount Lucas.</p>
+<p>Viscount Arundel.</p>
+<p>Viscount Robertes.</p>
+<p>Viscount Seymour.</p>
+<p>Viscount Mohun.</p>
+<p>Viscount Wharton.</p>
+<p>Vis. Howard de Charlt.</p>
+<p>Viscount Tenham.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“Their Lordships, or any five, to meet on Monday next, in the
+afternoon, at 3 of the clock; and to have power to send for such
+persons as they think fit, to give them information concerning this
+business; and to send for the Patent.”</p>
+
+<p>On the 20th of August, it was ordered, “That the Lord Chancellor and
+Mr. Attorney General do attend the Lords Committee, which are to meet
+this afternoon, to advise them, in point of law, concerning the Marquis
+of Worcester’s Patent.”<a href="#Footnote_224" id="FNanchor_224" class="fnanchor">[H]</a> Then on the 23rd of August, the Marquis of
+Dorchester reports from the Committee, “That the Marquis of Worcester
+confessed to their Lordships, that a Patent was made, and left in
+his hands, by the King, to create him Duke of Somerset, upon certain
+conditions, which never yet were performed; that he made no use of it;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</span>
+that the said Patent is in the hands of his son the Lord Herbert; and
+his Lordship is willing to deliver it up to his Majesty.”</p>
+
+<p>A message was sent to the House of Commons, by Justice Tyrrell and
+Justice Turner:</p>
+
+<p>“To let them know, that the Marquis of Worcester hath acknowledged that
+the Patent of the Dukedom of Somerset was made to him upon conditions
+on his part to be performed, which he hath not performed; and that
+therefore he hath not assumed the place or title, and is willing to
+submit it to be surrendered, or otherwise disposed, as the King should
+appoint; but that it is in the hands of his son the Lord Herbert, who
+is a member of the House of Commons; and therefore to desire that the
+Lord Herbert may deliver it up to the Marquis of Worcester.”<a href="#Footnote_225" id="FNanchor_225" class="fnanchor">[I]</a> Then it
+was on the&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1st of September, “Ordered, That the Committee formerly appointed to
+examine the business concerning the Marquis of Worcester’s patent do
+meet on Monday next, in the afternoon, peremptorily: And these Lords
+following are added to that Committee:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">Comes Bristol.</p>
+<p>Comes Bridgwater.</p>
+<p>Comes Clare.</p>
+<p>Viscount Montagu.</p>
+<p>Viscount Maynard.</p>
+<p>Viscount Petre.</p>
+<p>Viscount Culpepper.</p>
+<p>Viscount Clifford.</p>
+<p>Viscount Craven.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“The Marquis of Worcester is to have notice hereof; and if his Lordship
+be not present in the House on Monday morning, then witnesses are to be
+examined upon oath in the business, by the Committee.”<a href="#Footnote_226" id="FNanchor_226" class="fnanchor">[J]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the 1st of September it was “Ordered, That the said Committee do
+meet on Monday next in the Prince’s lodgings;” but in repeating the
+names the Earl of Bristol was omitted.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_242"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 242]</span>On the 3rd of September, the Lord Arundel of Warder signified to the
+House, “That the Marquis of Worcester hath delivered up the patent to
+his Majesty, for the Dukedom of Somerset.” When it was&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“Ordered, That the same Committee prepare a Bill, that all patents and
+grants obtained since the beginning of the late wars shall be brought
+within a short time to be limited, or else the same to be vacated.”</p>
+
+<p>In consequence of this order, on the 5th of September, Lord Roberts
+reported the Draught of a Bill for bringing in of grants and patents,
+which was twice read and committed; and being read a third time on the
+6th, it was duly passed.</p>
+
+<p>It is very humiliating to find the Marquis of Worcester stripped, not
+only of his great wealth, but of even empty titles; and this latter act
+not by professed enemies, but through his peers conjointly with his
+very sovereign! There is something so utterly contemptible in the whole
+proceedings, which deprive without substitution, and sap the wealth of
+any man without an adequate effort at remedial measures, that we feel
+perplexed how to account for treatment so heartless and discreditable;
+whether considered in reference to Charles the First, or his son and
+successor, or the reformed Parliament. In all the relations of private
+life the conduct of Charles the First was as commendable as that of
+his son was reprehensible; and if Charles the Second had viewed the
+Marquis’s case only in respect to his father’s private debts, he must
+have felt bound in honour and in common gratitude to assist and uphold
+the Marquis of Worcester in every way and by every means consistent
+with existing circumstances. It is true that his property was restored
+along with the very deeds held by Cromwell, but his Castle was an
+untenantable ruin, and his estates denuded of their wood; so that
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</span>without fortune, and in debt, his possessions were almost valueless.
+Besides, the Marquis was remarkably modest and fastidiously considerate
+in all he urged; yet he sought royal patronage in vain, for the gay
+monarch was not to be won from his levity by the philosopher’s most
+plausible petitions.</p>
+
+<p>On the 14th of December, 1661, Lord Herbert and other members brought
+a message to the Lords, with several Bills, one being “An Act for
+confirming the Marquis of Hertford to the Dukedom of Somerset,” which
+had passed the House of Commons; and on the 17th, having then been read
+a third time, it also passed the House of Lords.</p>
+
+<p>As Courthope<a href="#Footnote_227" id="FNanchor_227" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> observes, although the Marquis of Worcester thus
+resigned his claim on the Dukedom of Somerset he still retained the
+titles of Earl of Glamorgan and Baron Beaufort, as will be seen
+hereafter in the copy given of his funeral certificate.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis seems to have attended the House of Lords for the first
+time after the Restoration, on the 13th of June, 1660, continuing
+very regularly for some months. The only others of his rank were the
+Marquises of Winton, Hertford, Dorchester, and Newcastle, and later,
+the Marquis of Winchester, seldom more than one or two of these being
+present on the same occasion. Between this date and the 30th of August,
+he sat in the House on thirty-seven days. Then after an absence of more
+than two months he is again present on the 6th of November, from which
+to the 24th of December he attended twenty-five meetings, the King
+being in the chair on the last occasion. He was not again in his place
+until the 29th, when his Majesty in person adjourned the House; which,
+meeting again on the 8th of May, “his Majesty, being arrayed in his
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</span>regal robes with his crown on his head, ascended his seat of state,
+the Peers being in their robes. On the right hand of his Majesty stood
+the Lord Great Chamberlain of England, the Marquis of Winton, bearing
+the cap of state, and on his left hand stood the Earl of Brecknock,
+Lord Steward of his Majesty’s household, bearing the sword.</p>
+
+<p>“And the Commons being below the bar, his Majesty made a short speech,
+declaring the cause and the reasons for his summoning this present
+Parliament.”</p>
+
+<p>In all this august assembly the Marquis of Worcester, robed as were
+the other Peers, claims our special notice. He sat there in strange
+contrast with that gorgeous company, and the formalities which marked
+every process of action or language. Was it possible for him to be too
+expectant, seeing what he then saw and hearing what he then heard? Here
+was one who was no obscure individual, no questionable professor, or
+undeserved claimant on the patronage and smallest available favours
+often solicited by him from the crowned monarch in whose presence he
+then sat.</p>
+
+<p>We again miss his attendance until the 11th of May, and the 8th of
+June, from which time he attended twenty-nine meetings, the last being
+on the 30th July, when his Majesty in person adjourned the House, and
+again recalled it on the 20th November, when the Marquis was present,
+as before.</p>
+
+<p>He again attended in his place on the 26th of November, 1661, from
+which time to the 17th of May, when Parliament was prorogued, until
+the 18th of <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has Feburary">February</ins>, 1662, he attended thirty-two meetings with much
+irregularity, being on one occasion absent for above a month; and he
+did not appear on the re-opening of Parliament, when the House being
+called, he was declared absent; wherefore, it would seem he attended on
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</span>the next meeting of the House, on the 25th of the same month, when he
+was elected one of a Committee to report on Petitions, occasioning his
+further more regular attendance.</p>
+
+<p>These particulars satisfactorily show his residence in or near London,
+while they likewise account for the nature of a large share of the
+employments that then engaged his active mind. But a change in the
+Government had brought him little if any alleviation in a pecuniary
+point of view, for on the 2nd of July, 1661, his petition was read in
+the House of Peers,<a href="#Footnote_228" id="FNanchor_228" class="fnanchor">[K]</a> showing “That he having contracted many debts in
+the service of his late Majesty’s wars, and some of his creditors have
+obtained judgments against his estate, and are now extending his lands,
+being contrary to the privilege of Parliament, he being a Peer of this
+Realm.</p>
+
+<p>“It is Ordered, That there shall be no further proceedings, by any of
+the Marquis of Worcester’s said creditors, against him, during the time
+of the privilege of this Parliament: And hereof all counsel, attornies,
+and solicitors herein employed, or to be employed, are to take notice,
+and yield obedience to this Order, as the contrary will be answered to
+this House.”</p>
+
+<p>And as affecting his property, on the 7th of August, 1660, he had
+leave granted him by the House to bring in a Bill,<a href="#Footnote_229" id="FNanchor_229" class="fnanchor">[L]</a> “for restoring
+him to his estate, as other Lords have.” Accordingly, on the 13th of
+that month an Act for the same was read. But in consequence of the
+petitions of certain creditors, his Lordship had leave granted him on
+the 28th of <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has Feburary">February</ins>, 1661&ndash;2, to withdraw his Bill; and on the 10th of
+March following he brought forward an amended Bill, entitled&mdash;“An Act
+on the behalf of Edward, Marquis of Worcester, and of the creditors
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</span>of the said Marquis, for vesting and settling upon the feoffees, in
+trust, certain manors, lands, and tenements, for payment of the debts
+of the said Marquis.” In fact, the estates were heavily encumbered,
+the petitioners, among others, alleging, that “They have bought lands
+and houses of the Marquis of Worcester, for which they have as good
+assurances as the law can give;” and being heard by counsel at the bar
+of the House, they succeeded in their object, as just stated.</p>
+
+<p>It was in the midst of such distractions as these Parliamentary details
+serve to illustrate, that this talented inventor and noble benefactor
+to his species, had to maintain his social position; and at the same
+time, struggle to convince a bigoted age that he was master of a power
+of such magnitude for the abridging of human labour, as the mind of man
+had never before conceived.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_216"><a href="#FNanchor_216"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_217"><a href="#FNanchor_217"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. p. 19.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_218"><a href="#FNanchor_218"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Clarendon.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_219"><a href="#FNanchor_219"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> The Lord Chancellor was at this time occupying Dorset
+House, in Salisbury Court, once the residence of the Bishops of
+Salisbury, one of whom alienated it to the Sackville family.
+</p>
+<p>
+Notwithstanding this offer (free of rent), it is stated by Lord
+Clarendon, that he paid for Worcester House a yearly rent of £500. (T.
+H. Lister’s Life of Edward, first Earl of Clarendon.)</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_220"><a href="#FNanchor_220"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. pages 70 and 302.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_221"><a href="#FNanchor_221"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Ibid. Vol. xi.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_222"><a href="#FNanchor_222"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Ibid. p. 85.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_223"><a href="#FNanchor_223"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. p. 133.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_224"><a href="#FNanchor_224"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. p. 135.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_225"><a href="#FNanchor_225"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Jo. H. of Lords, 1660. 12 Car. II.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_226"><a href="#FNanchor_226"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> Ibid. p. 152.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_227"><a href="#FNanchor_227"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Nicholas.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_228"><a href="#FNanchor_228"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. p. 296.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_229"><a href="#FNanchor_229"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> Ibid, pages 119, 125, 149, 150, 348, 386, 393, 395.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_247"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 247]</span></p>
+
+<h2 id="CHAPTER_XVI">CHAPTER XVI.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="chapter_heading">HIS INVENTIONS&mdash;FURTHER PETITIONS&mdash;PUBLICATION OF HIS CENTURY&mdash;CHARLES
+II. VISITS HIS SON AT BADMINTON&mdash;WORCESTER HOUSE, STRAND.</p>
+
+
+<p>The preamble of an Act for awarding £60,000 to poor cavaliers sets
+forth, that “Whereas there was a loyal party which through all hazard
+and extremities in the defence of the King’s person, crown, and
+dignity, the rights and privileges of Parliament, the religion, laws,
+and honour of the English nation, did bear arms by command of his
+late Majesty of ever blessed memory, according to their duty, and the
+known laws of this land, and did with an unwearied courage, faith,
+and constancy, with their lives and fortunes, oppose the barbarous
+rebellion raised against his most excellent Majesty in the year
+1642, &amp;c. &amp;c.”<a href="#Footnote_230" id="FNanchor_230" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> But means so inadequate could really benefit few,
+particularly so large a claimant as the Marquis of Worcester, who had
+sacrificed more than fifteen times the whole amount of that fund.</p>
+
+<p>And although he received back a large portion of his estates, the very
+deeds held by Cromwell being at this day in the family’s possession,
+his own debts had accumulated to a most ruinous extent, less from
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</span>
+improvidence on his own part, than from the precarious course of life
+his necessities had obliged him to lead, especially during the last ten
+or twelve years.</p>
+
+<p>But his indomitable spirit rose superior to every calamity, whether
+public or private, and we find him in the midst of all his personal
+grievances having a patent sealed on the 15th of November, 1661, for
+four several inventions; 1. a watch or clock; 2. guns or pistols; 3. an
+engine applicable for giving security to a coach; and 4. a boat to sail
+against wind and tide. No description is afforded to guide the mechanic
+in constructing such inventions, being a mere statement of their nature
+and properties, as detailed probably in the first written copy of the
+<i>Century</i> in 1655, and still preserved in the printed edition. There
+is not the slightest connection between these inventions, and their
+incongruity would rather dishearten than encourage modern enterprise,
+variety of employments being contrary to the proverbial recommendation
+of all traders. It may be as well, therefore, to remark that this brief
+and strange assemblage of inventions in the same inventor, and in his
+single patent, was customary long before and after this period; so
+that, considered in this respect alone, the circumstance wore no air
+of singularity in the 17th century. Nothing occurs to throw the least
+light on the effect of this first publication of these inventions, we
+are consequently led to suppose that they proved of but little value
+to him, as regarded watches or firearms; and in respect to coaches and
+paddle-boats we should certainly have heard more about them had the one
+perambulated the streets or the other sailed on the Thames.</p>
+
+<p>He appears, previous to his patent, probably immediately after his
+release from the Tower, to have circulated a written statement of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</span>
+such of his inventions as he conceived most likely to attract public
+notice. In the Library of the British Museum<a href="#Footnote_231" id="FNanchor_231" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> there is a small
+quarto half sheet of paper, closely written on both sides in a clerk’s
+hand, bearing the title of “Inventions of y<sup>e</sup> Earle of Worcest<sup>r</sup>,”
+enumerating eight subjects, viz. improvements in a watch, vessel,
+artificial bird, hour ball, coach engine, raising weights, raising
+water, and to stay motion.<a href="#Footnote_232" id="FNanchor_232" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
+
+<p>A matter of slight consequence at the time makes us acquainted with
+a small matter passing in reference to the recovered estates. Sir
+Robert Mason writing, on the 10th of November, 1661, to Mr. Secretary
+Nicholas, states that the person whom he has taken into custody is
+Edward Herbert, late of the Grange, near Magor, Monmouth, where he
+was Cromwell’s tenant of part of the Marquis of Worcester’s estate;
+but since the Marquis had power to recover it, he retired to Bristol.
+He further says, that he was Cromwell’s right hand, and is an
+Independent.<a href="#Footnote_233" id="FNanchor_233" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Marquis of Worcester must have been very fully occupied at this
+time, with the various incidents portending a change in his domestic
+affairs, yet he appears never to have forgotten, or considered it any
+trouble, to assist and relieve the necessities of others. In this
+humane spirit we find him addressing two long letters to the Secretary
+of State, the first in respect to Captain William Foster, a prisoner in
+the Tower; the other relating to the Captain’s servant. They derive a
+further interest from the allusion he makes to his own former captivity
+in the same fortress:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_234" id="FNanchor_234" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p>
+
+<p class="margin2_top" id="Page_250"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 250]</span>
+“<span class="smcap">Right Honourable</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Though I bear as great a reverence to the Act of Oblivion as any,
+yet methinks justice also requires it at my hands to make a great
+difference between those who in their then actings carried a respect
+and afforded kindness to us their poor prisoners for his Majesty’s
+cause; I think myself therefore bound in honour and gratitude to
+give such a testimony in Captain William Foster’s behalf to my own
+knowledge, and was an eye-witness thereof to the very saving some
+prisoners of quality and merit [from?] their greatest hazards, who I
+believe (if they were in town, or present with you) would not deny it:
+the favour he only begs, and I in his behalf, is, that upon sufficient
+bail, he may follow his own calling, and provide for many children of
+his wife’s relict, of one once a soldier for his Majesty; and some
+little ones of his own, now by her ever a most Lady Cavalier. And if my
+intercession may be of stead to him, and of value to you, I shall take
+it for a good obligation upon one who am confident his accusations are
+of some priest animosities, and will prove so when rightly understood:
+for before his Majesty’s happy restoration his commission was upon that
+account taken from him to his damage, and that he should now likewise
+suffer for his Majesty does seem very hard. But I submit all this to
+your Honour’s best judgment towards him, and create an obligation from
+you upon me, though not very personally known to you, yet a great
+admirer of your great parts and merit; and shall ever approve myself</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line3">“Your Honour’s</p>
+<p class="signed_line1">“most affectionate and most humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent smaller margin_bottom">“November 18th, 1662.<br />
+“For the Right Honourable Sir Henry Bennett, One of his Majesty’s principal Secretaries of State, these.”
+</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top" id="Page_251"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 251]</span>
+And the month following he wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Right Honourable</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Had not my indisposition hindered my attendance at Court, I should
+in one of the first places waited upon you to give humble thanks
+for your extended favour upon my letter, in taking bail for Captain
+Foster’s servant; and I hope his Honour is now satisfied so well at
+the sessions, as not to detain him any longer, in whose behalf, had I
+thought him in the least guilty, I should rather have suffered myself
+than have appeared for him; but my six years’ experience of him during
+my imprisonment in the Tower, made me confident, and if you please now
+to crown your favour to me by his despatch, it shall be, ere long, most
+thankfully acknowledged by me, who do not long for any one reason more
+to be at Court, and haste thither, than to be an eye-witness of so
+bright a star showing there; and that I may have occasion to appear</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Your Honour’s</p>
+<p class="signed_line2">“most humble and obliged servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.<a href="#Footnote_235" id="FNanchor_235" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent smaller margin_bottom">“December 13th, 1662.<br /><br />
+“For the Right Honourable Sir Henry Bennett, One of his Majesty’s principal Secretaries of State, these.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">We learn from the latter communication that he was in attendance
+at Court, though at the time, through indisposition, obliged to
+discontinue. His expression&mdash;“my six years’ experience of him, during
+my imprisonment in the Tower,” will bear two or three constructions,
+unless certain particulars are well noted. He may be considered to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</span>
+have been a state prisoner from July 1652, to May 1660. But he may
+have been confined in the Tower only from July 1652, until 5th of
+October 1654, when an order passed for his liberation on bail, but yet
+virtually a prisoner. As we have for the longest period the term of
+nearly eight years, the preceding “six years” acquaintance may have
+commenced only shortly before his discharge on bail, which appears
+to be the most reasonable construction, as he is not speaking of the
+precise term of his own imprisonment but of that of his “experience of
+him <i>during</i> my imprisonment.” From the time of his enlargement to the
+termination of the Protectorate was five years and seven months, still
+leaving five months to accomplish the acquaintance within the precincts
+of the prison, and which he might fairly date to the period of Charles
+the Second’s accession, as the full term of his “imprisonment,” whether
+within or without its precise locality; for he was certainly not at
+liberty, like any other subject of the Commonwealth, to leave the
+kingdom. It has generally, however, been supposed that he suffered
+many years of absolute close confinement, and most romantic fictions
+have grown out of the interesting fable of a philosopher incarcerated
+in some dungeon-like chambers within the Tower, experimenting on
+culinary vessels, led by the explosion of a pot-lid to study the
+nature of steam, thereon applying his great discovery to practice, and
+forthwith writing a book, a true picture of science struggling under
+the most excruciating difficulties. The fable lost nothing of interest
+by repetition, being of a nature which left much to the imagination
+whether of readers, writers, or artists, all of whom have exercised
+almost unlimited indulgence in picturing the Marquis of Worcester,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</span>
+under circumstances purely mythical and absurdly ingenious.</p>
+
+<p>We now approach the great event of the Marquis of Worcester’s life,
+that for which alone, through all time, he will be distinguished, as
+pre-eminent among the luminaries who have advanced those branches
+of science which have most contributed to promote and extend the
+necessaries, conveniences, and comforts of mankind, thereby giving a
+decided impulse to civilization.</p>
+
+<p>The new reign was marked by highly favourable circumstances connected
+with the advance of science, giving rise to the institution of the
+Royal Society, in 1660, for “improving natural knowledge,” which was
+incorporated by Royal Charter two years later.</p>
+
+<p>As early as January 1660&ndash;61, the Marquis had intimated his intention
+to proceed practically to work, so soon, as he expresses himself,&mdash;“as
+with security and satisfaction, by Act of Parliament, I may put in
+practice the greatest gift of invention for profit, that I ever yet
+heard of vouchsafed to a man, especially so unworthy and ignorant as I
+am (I mean my Water-commanding Engine).<a id="FNanchor_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p>
+
+<p>Two years later the House of Peers, and afterwards the House of
+Commons, had this subject before them, and therefore, in a matter which
+has grown to be one of national importance, we shall proceed to afford
+the fullest particulars of what transpired, to obtain for the Marquis
+the long contemplated Act.</p>
+
+<p>In the House of Lords, on the 16th of March, 1662&ndash;3, the Marquis of
+Worcester being present, his Bill was read the first time, for&mdash;“An
+Act to enable Edward Marquis of Worcester to receive the benefit and profit
+of a Water-commanding Engine, by him invented; one tenth part whereof
+is appropriated for the benefit of the King’s Majesty, his heirs and
+successors.”<a id="FNanchor_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></p>
+
+<p id="Page_254"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 254]</span>
+It was read a second time, and committed on the 19th following,
+his Lordship again attending, when a Committee of 14 members was
+appointed.<a id="FNanchor_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238" class="fnanchor">[I]</a></p>
+
+<p>“His Lordship was again present on the 28th of March, 1663, when the
+Bill was reported with amendments and recommitted; and he also attended
+on the 30th, when the Report was received with a proviso, which was
+read twice, agreed to, and the Bill ordered to be engrossed. And on the
+31st of the same month it was read a third time and passed.”<a id="FNanchor_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239" class="fnanchor">[J]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the 2nd of April<a id="FNanchor_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240" class="fnanchor">[K]</a> the House of Lords sent the Bill, with the
+following message, to the House of Commons, by Sir Thomas Bennett and
+Sir Justinian Lewyn, Knights:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“Mr. Speaker, The Lords have sent you down a Bill to enable Edward
+Marquis of Worcester to receive the benefit and profit of a
+Water-commanding Engine, by him invented; one tenth part whereof is
+appropriated for the benefit of the King’s Majesty, his heirs and
+successors; to which they desire the concurrence of this House.”</p>
+
+<p>After other business, in the House of Commons,<a id="FNanchor_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241" class="fnanchor">[L]</a> on the 4th of April,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</span>
+the Bill was read a second time and committed, and it was recommended
+to the Committee<a id="FNanchor_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242" class="fnanchor">[M]</a> to provide, “That after the death of the Lord
+Marquis, the benefit of the Water-commanding Engine may come to the
+Lord Herbert his son.”</p>
+
+<p>“And they are to meet on Tuesday next, in the Exchequer Chamber, at
+two of the clock in the afternoon: And to send for persons, papers and
+records.”</p>
+
+<p>The Commons’ Committee<a id="FNanchor_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243" class="fnanchor">[N]</a> reported on the 5th of May following, through
+Mr. Hungerford, “That the Committee had accordingly prepared a proviso
+for the purpose aforesaid: which he read in his place; and after,
+delivered the same in at the clerk’s table.</p>
+
+<p>“The said proviso being twice read;</p>
+
+<p>“Resolved, &amp;c. That the words ‘raising and’ be inserted in the proviso,
+after the word ‘the,’ and before the word ‘carriage,’ in the fourth
+line of the proviso.</p>
+
+<p>“Which was done accordingly.</p>
+
+<p>“The proviso, thus amended, was read the third time.</p>
+
+<p>“Resolved, &amp;c. That the proviso, so amended, be agreed to.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_256"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 256]</span>“Resolved, &amp;c. That the Bill, with the amendments and proviso, agreed
+to, be returned to the Lords, for their concurrence.</p>
+
+<p>“And the Lord Herbert is to carry the same up to the Lords.”</p>
+
+<p>In the House of Lords,[O] on the 7th of May, “A message was brought
+from the House of Commons, by the Lord Herbert and others: To return
+a Bill formerly sent down, concerning the Lord Marquis of Worcester’s
+Water Engine; wherein they have made some amendments and alterations,
+and desire their Lordships’ concurrence therein.”</p>
+
+<p>On the 8th of May, after other business:&mdash;“Next, was read the
+alterations and proviso brought up from the House of Commons, which
+are to be added to the Bill concerning the Marquis of Worcester’s
+Water-commanding Engine; and being thrice read over, and considered
+of,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“The question being put, ‘Whether this Bill, with the alterations and
+additions now read, shall pass?’</p>
+
+<p>“It was resolved in the affirmative.”</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">On these three last occasions the Marquis was likewise present.</p>
+
+<p>On the 12th of May<a id="FNanchor_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244" class="fnanchor">[O]</a> their Lordships, in their message,<a id="FNanchor_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245" class="fnanchor">[P]</a> by
+Sir William Child and Sir Toby Woolrich, to the House of Commons,
+acquainted them that they agreed to their alterations; and, on the 3rd
+of June, the royal assent was given to “An Act to enable the Marquis
+of Worcester to receive the benefit and profit of a Water-commanding
+Engine, by him invented, &amp;c.”&mdash;in these words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“<i>Soit fait come il est desiré.</i>”</p>
+
+<p id="Page_257"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 257]</span>But the Marquis was not in attendance, as on former occasions, to
+watch the proceedings.</p>
+
+<p>We have thus traced the progress of this remarkable Act through
+Parliament; from the 16th of March to the day of its receiving the
+royal assent on the 3rd of June. It will have been remarked that the
+Marquis was in constant attendance, and that it was his son who was
+deputed by the Commons, on the 3rd of May, to present the amended
+Bill to the Peers. It is impossible to imagine what might have been
+the feelings of the Marquis himself throughout the period of these
+prolonged proceedings, but he unquestionably had set his mind on this
+measure as the palladium of his inventive rights and the forerunner of
+brighter prospects.</p>
+
+<p>In a memorandum relating to various grants, among others, occurs one
+to the Marquis of Worcester, thus noticed:&mdash;“March, 166&frac34;. That by
+Act of Parliament his Invention of a Water-commanding Engine, granted
+him for ninety-nine years, one tenth reserved to the King. The King
+remitted the tenth to the Marquis upon a surrender of a Warrant dated
+at Oxford, 5th Jan. 20 Car. I. by which his then Majesty did grant the
+Marquis lands to the value of £40,000, in consideration of a debt due
+to the Marquis from his Majesty.”<a id="FNanchor_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246" class="fnanchor">[Q]</a><a id="FNanchor_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247" class="fnanchor">[R]</a></p>
+
+<p>The prospect of better days had now fairly set in; he had at least
+succeeded in securing his invention to himself and to his family after
+him, as a property in the value of which he felt unbounded confidence,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</span>
+roundly estimating it at not less than £400,000. Shortly after the
+passing of this Act he published his ever memorable and extremely
+curious and ingenious little work, entitled “A Century of the names and
+scantlings of Inventions.”<a id="FNanchor_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248" class="fnanchor">[S]</a></p>
+
+<p id="Page_259"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 259]</span>It is dedicated to Charles the Second, and also to both Houses of
+Parliament; in addressing the latter he expresses himself as being&mdash;“by
+the Act of the Water-commanding Engine (which so cheerfully you have
+passed) sufficiently rewarded;” and as the work bears date on the title
+page, 1663, it must have been published after the passing of the Act,
+in May, that year. This edition, only duodecimo size, consisting of 98
+pages, is now very scarce, but it has been frequently reprinted. This
+small volume was most likely only intended for private distribution,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</span>
+particularly among members of Parliament, and persons whose support
+might be solicited; for it is generally believed that a company was
+being organised for bringing the invention into public use.</p>
+
+<p>During this state of affairs in London an agreeable episode was being
+enacted at Badminton House, Gloucestershire, the seat of his son, Lord
+Herbert. In September, 1663, Charles the Second and his Queen visited
+Bath, Badminton, Cirencester, and other places, in their progress to
+Oxford. Mr. Godolphin, writing from Bath on the 18th of September,
+1663, to his brother, says:&mdash;<a id="FNanchor_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249" class="fnanchor">[T]</a>“We were waiting on the King to Badminton,
+a house of my Lord Herbert of Raglan, where the King dined, and was
+handsomely entertained.” From Oxford, he again writes to his brother,
+on the 28th September, 1663, in which he informs him that, among other
+matters, he will “receive the account promised of our progress through
+Bath, hither.” A news-letter, dated “Oxford, 28th” [1663,] which is no
+doubt the one alluded to, commences:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“On Tuesday, the 22nd instant,.[?] the King and Queen left Bath, and at
+their entrance into Gloucestershire were met by the High Sheriff; and
+a little after by the Lord Herbert of Raglan, Lord Lieutenant of that
+County, with a brave appearance of the gentry of that County, who all
+conducted their Majesties to the Lord Herbert’s house, at Badminton,
+where their Majesties were nobly entertained at dinner.”</p>
+
+<p>They went thence to Cirencester, where they supped at Lord Newburgh’s,
+and lodged that night.</p>
+
+<p>An obvious discrepancy occurs in the two accounts of the dinner, Mr.
+Godolphin on the 18th writes of it as having taken place, whereas the
+Oxford news-letter names the 22nd.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_261"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 261]</span>From 1660, we find Lord Clarendon making a temporary residence of
+Worcester House in the Strand, where, in December, the same year,
+Evelyn paid a visit to the Lord Chancellor’s newly married daughter.
+And four years later he dined there, being afterwards taken in their
+coach by the Chancellor and his Lady, to see their palace, building at
+the upper end of St. James’s Street.<a id="FNanchor_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Marquis’s own residence never transpires, but it is more than
+probable he would reside near to, or within easy access of Vauxhall,
+where we have next to trace his very different, exceedingly arduous,
+and most trying undertaking.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_230"><a href="#FNanchor_230"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers. Lord Wharton’s Papers, 81.”</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_231"><a href="#FNanchor_231"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Brit. Mus. Birch MSS. No. 4459.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_232"><a href="#FNanchor_232"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> See <a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A.</a></p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_233"><a href="#FNanchor_233"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> Col. State Papers, 1661&ndash;1662; Domestic Series. Edited by
+Mrs. M. A. E. Green, page 141. 8vo. 1861.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_234"><a href="#FNanchor_234"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Col. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1662. [Nos. 28 and 60.
+Vols. 63 and 64.]</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_235"><a href="#FNanchor_235"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> This and the former letter are holographs.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_236"><a href="#FNanchor_236"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_222">222.</a></p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_237"><a href="#FNanchor_237"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> Jo. H. of Lords. Vol. xi. p. 493, 494.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_238"><a href="#FNanchor_238"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> It was “Ordered, That the consideration of this Bill is
+committed to these Lords following; <i>videlicet</i>,
+</p>
+<p>Lord Privy Seal.</p>
+<p>Marquis of Dorchester.</p>
+<p>Comes Bridgwater.</p>
+<p>Comes North’on.</p>
+<p>Comes Bollingbroke.</p>
+<p>Comes St. Albans.</p>
+<p>Viscount Say et Seale.</p>
+<p>Bp. London.</p>
+<p>Bp. Winton.</p>
+<p>Bp. Ely.</p>
+<p>Bp. Sarum.</p>
+<p>Bp. Petriburgh.</p>
+<p>Bp. Carlisle.</p>
+<p>Ds. Berkeley de B. </p>
+<p>Ds. Pagett.</p>
+<p>Ds. Chandos.</p>
+<p>Ds. Hunsdon.</p>
+<p>Ds. Craven.</p>
+<p>Ds. Loughborough.</p>
+<p>Ds. Byron.</p>
+<p>Ds. Colepeper.</p>
+
+<p>
+“Their Lordships, or any other five, to meet on Saturday next, in the
+afternoon at three of the clock, in the Prince’s Lodgings.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_239"><a href="#FNanchor_239"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. p. 499, 501, 502.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_240"><a href="#FNanchor_240"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> Ibid. p. 504.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_241"><a href="#FNanchor_241"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> Jo. H. of Com. Vol. viii. p. 464.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_242"><a href="#FNanchor_242"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> The following Members were on the Committee:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>Lord St. John,</p>
+<p>Sir Geo. Probert,</p>
+<p>Sir Robert Atkyns,</p>
+<p>Mr. Clifford,</p>
+<p>Sir John Goodrick,</p>
+<p>Sir Tho. Meres,</p>
+<p>Mr. Wm. Sandis,</p>
+<p>Mr. Chichley,</p>
+<p>Sir Tho. Ingram,</p>
+<p>Mr. Crouch,</p>
+<p>Mr. Culleford,</p>
+<p>Serjeant Charlton,</p>
+<p>Lord Herbert,</p>
+<p>Lord Bruce,</p>
+<p>Mr. Hen. Coventry,</p>
+<p>Sir Lanc. Lake,</p>
+<p>Mr. Birch,</p>
+<p>Sir Tho. Tompkins,</p>
+<p>Mr. John Vaughan,</p>
+<p>Sir Rich. Braham,</p>
+<p>Sir John Birkinhead,</p>
+<p>Mr. Wren,</p>
+<p>Sir Rowland Berkley,</p>
+<p>Colonel Fletchvile,</p>
+<p>Sir Geo. Downing,</p>
+<p>Mr. Westphaling,</p>
+<p>Mr. Waller,</p>
+<p>Sir Cha. Harbord,</p>
+<p>Mr. Wm. Montague,</p>
+<p>Colonel Windham,</p>
+<p>Mr. Hungerford,</p>
+<p>Mr. Sprye,</p>
+<p>Sir Wm. Lewis,</p>
+<p>Sir Rich. Onslow,</p>
+<p>Mr. Gaudy,</p>
+<p>Mr. Prideaux,</p>
+<p>Sir Tho. Littleton,</p>
+<p>Sir Humphrey Bennet,</p>
+<p>Colonel Gilby,</p>
+<p>Sir Wm. Fleetwood,</p>
+<p>Sir Solomon Swale,</p>
+<p>Mr. Geo. Montague,</p>
+<p>Mr. Morice,</p>
+<p>Sir John Low,</p>
+<p>Sir John Holland,</p>
+<p>Sir Roger Bradshaigh,</p>
+<p>Sir Nich. Steward,</p>
+<p>Mr. Whorwood,</p>
+<p>Sir John Denham,</p>
+<p>Sir John Norton,</p>
+<p>Mr. Cornwallis.</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_243"><a href="#FNanchor_243"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> Jo. H. of Com. Vol. viii. p.
+<ins class="correction" title="Typo original has 474">475</ins>, 476.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_244"><a href="#FNanchor_244"><span class="label">[O]</span></a> Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. pages 517 and 519.</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_245"><a href="#FNanchor_245"><span class="label">[P]</span></a> Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. p. 522 and 533; and Jo. H. of
+Com. Vol. viii. p. 480.</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_246"><a href="#FNanchor_246"><span class="label">[Q]</span></a> See Calendar of State Papers, 1663&ndash;1664. Domestic Series,
+Charles II. edited by Mrs. M. A. E. Green, referring to Vol. 95, and
+papers between Nos. 101 and 102. The same memorandum, in another form,
+appears also in Domestic Correspondence, Feb. 1664. Vol. 93, No.
+83,&mdash;thus:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+“Water Engine Invented. The tenths of the benefit remitted to the
+Marquis of Worcester, the Inventor, in lieu of lands to the value of
+£40,000, granted by warrant from his Majesty for that sum disbursed in
+his service.”</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_247"><a href="#FNanchor_247"><span class="label">[R]</span></a> See <a href="#Appendix_F">Appendix F.</a></p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_248"><a href="#FNanchor_248"><span class="label">[S]</span></a> Mr. Thomas Baker, a talented engineer, and withal a poet,
+has very gracefully epitomized the character of the <i>Century</i> in his
+poem on “The Steam Engine; or the Powers of Flame,” published in 1857.
+As the work is now extremely scarce, and not likely to be met with by
+the general reader, the following extract may prove acceptable:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p class="center margin_top">
+<span class="smcap">The Vision of the Marquis of Worcester.</span>
+</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">With hopes now high, now with despair oppress’d,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As Phœbus sunk, he also sunk to rest;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When lo! uprose before his mental view<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A <span class="smcap">hundred Engines</span> of devices new!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In slow procession he their forms survey’d;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In each recondite fabric were display’d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rare works of art, and such as far surpass<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ought erst beheld in iron, steel, or brass;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While gems with gold and silver’s polished sheen<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Blended their hues in this artistic scene:<br /></span>
+</div>
+<hr class="tb" />
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Resplendent seals were there in groups arranged,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which by a touch their rare devices changed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And secrets in all languages convey’d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From man to man, nor once their trust betray’d.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Such were the seals to Eastern Magi known,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By which of old their wond’rous feats were shown.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nine engines next in slow succession came,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Explosive from the slightest touch of flame,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Replete with missiles, used in various ways:<br /></span>
+</div>
+<hr class="tb" />
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A floating garden, gay, with verdant bowers,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And redolent with blooming trees and flowers,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Drew its own moisture, moved its pleasing form,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Spontaneous met the sun, and shunn’d the storm;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Such scenes of fair delight, are wont to smile<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From age to age in Hainan’s palmy isle!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nine splendid founts their varied forms display’d,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whence cooling streams, abstrusely winding, stray’d;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In one, tall jets bright Iris’ colours show’d;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In one, the waters ever ebb’d and flow’d:<br /></span>
+</div>
+<hr class="tb" />
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Next there came forth a vast abstruse machine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where motions of ten thousand worlds were seen;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Th’ æthereal vault around was wide display’d,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As by bright Phœbus from his car survey’d;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Here scenic splendour and rich art outshone<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All Orreries to modern science known!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A new variety, in number vast,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of ever-changing forms before him pass’d:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Not Proteus’ self could with their antics cope,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor modern scenes of gay Kaleidoscope:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their graceful symmetry and rainbow-hues<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A rapt’rous wonder o’er his mind diffuse!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To vary these abstruse artistic scenes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There pass’d along a group of fresh machines;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Many there were that in these days impart<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Essential aid to various schemes of art:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One was a globe buoy’d by a crystal well,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which night or day the passing hour could tell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With the elapsing minutes, seconds too;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And, like the dial, to the heaven true;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The famed Clepsydra, in its artifice,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was but a bauble when compared with this!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Martial designs came next, in size immense,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Adapted for attack, and for defence:<br /></span>
+</div>
+<hr class="tb" />
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">To crown these shows of wonder and delight,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A <span class="smcap">Being</span> rose of superhuman might:<br /></span>
+</div>
+<hr class="tb" />
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">At every motion from his nostrils came<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A mounting vap’rous breath like subtle flame!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At once it beam’d on Worcester’s mental eye,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That <span class="smcap">Steam</span> alone might this great power supply:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And lo! as ’twere this thought to realize,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He saw it, fuming, from vast cauldron rise;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From whence this prodigy his spirit drew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Achieving thus what met the wondering view!<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_249"><a href="#FNanchor_249"><span class="label">[T]</span></a> Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1663&ndash;64, edited by Mrs. M. A. E. Green, 8vo. 1862. </p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_250"><a href="#FNanchor_250"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Evelyn.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_262"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 262]</span></p>
+
+<h2 id="CHAPTER_XVII">CHAPTER XVII.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="chapter_heading">HIS OPERATIONS AT VAUXHALL&mdash;PETITIONS AND DECEASE&mdash;CASPAR KALTOFF
+AND FAMILY&mdash;M. SORBIERE&mdash;COSMO, GRAND DUKE OF TUSCANY&mdash;THE DOWAGER
+MARCHIONESS OF WORCESTER.</p>
+
+
+<p>In the second Dedication to his “Century” the Marquis of Worcester
+expressly alludes to “the experiments extant, and comprised under these
+several heads, practicable with my directions, by the unparalleled
+workman both for trust and skill, Caspar Kaltoff’s hand, who hath been
+these five and thirty years as in a school under me employed; and still
+at my disposal, in a place by my great expenses made fit for public
+service, yet lately like to be taken from me, and consequently from the
+service of King and kingdom, without the least regard of above £10,000
+expended by me through my zeal to the common good.”</p>
+
+<p>We have thus the fact on record, that Kaltoff was employed by him
+in the execution of his mechanical experiments from 1628 to 1663,
+commencing with the period of his first marriage, when he was about
+twenty-seven years of age.</p>
+
+<p>In 1664, M. Samuel Sorbière, historian to the King of France, published
+in Paris a small work entitled&mdash;“Relation d’un voyage en Angleterre,
+&amp;c.” As he appears to have interested himself in scientific matters,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</span>as much or more than in any other single subject, no apology need
+be offered for quoting his entire remarks; because, although perhaps
+in one sense they appear irrelevant, yet they acquire interest here,
+as proving that he was not an incompetent authority in reference
+to his most important remarks resulting from a visit to Vauxhall.
+Besides, it is not a little remarkable that Dr. Sprat, a Fellow of
+the Royal Society, as well as its historian,<a id="FNanchor_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> in a book of equal
+extent to that written by this contemporary authority, addressed to
+Dr. Wren, Professor of Astronomy, under the title of “Observations on
+M. Sorbière’s Voyage into England,”<a id="FNanchor_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> not only passes over these
+remarks, but ridicules his short experience of only “three months;”
+and, “that when he declares he came into England to content his
+curiosity, to see all rare things and men amongst us, yet he scarce
+mentions the Duke of York!” This last omission, however serious a one
+it might have been in 1665, the lively Frenchman has amply compensated
+for, by the substitution of matter that has a far greater interest for
+posterity. Sorbière says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“M. de Monconis showed me his journal, which was so curious, and
+where he had collected so exactly all that was passing among the
+learned men of the Royal Society of London, that his industry has
+made me negligent in collecting afresh for myself the things found
+there. We shall see some day all that he has said in it, for if he
+believes me he will lay before the public that, as well as his other
+journal of Egypt and Jerusalem. He speaks of several new inventions,
+which would be very difficult to believe, if not tried. One is a
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</span>
+self-registering instrument to mark atmospheric changes which happen
+every 24 hours, effected by a pendulum clock. A thermometer; a compass;
+a self-registering weather-cock; a means by which Mr. Willis causes a
+piece of iron by exposure to moderate heat to calcine, without the help
+of a corrosive, and dissolve on being plunged into water; of a deaf and
+dumb person at Oxford, who Mr. Willis has taught to read by showing
+the different inflexions of the voice necessary for articulation; a
+new manner of exploding ships in the water; a way by which several
+short beams can be made into a plain flat surface, by placing them
+one on the top of another without being supported, nailed, or grooved
+one into another; of a furnace or stove by Dr. Kuffler, in the style
+of Drebble’s, which I saw some time ago at La Hague, and which was so
+successful at Arnheim, with self-acting registers; another kind of
+furnace which, for five sous worth of wood, cooked a large quantity
+of bread; a way of distilling salt-water to make it drinkable, where
+for five sous you can distil water enough for 100 persons to drink; an
+instrument to design and draw every description of object by a person
+who has never learnt.”</p>
+
+<p>He adds:&mdash;“One of the most curious things I wished to see was a
+Hydraulic Machine, which the Marquis of Worcester has invented, and
+of which he has made an experiment. I went expressly to Vauxhall, the
+other side of the Thames, a little below Lambeth, which is the Palace
+of the Archbishop of Canterbury, in sight of London. This machine will
+raise to the height of 40 feet by the strength of one man, and in the
+space of one minute of time, four large buckets of water, and that by
+a pipe or tube of 8 inches. But what will be the most powerful help
+to the wants of the public is the work which is performed by another
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</span>
+ingeniously constructed machine, which can be seen raised on a wooden
+tower on the top of Somerset House, which supplies that part of the
+town with water, but with some difficulty, and a smaller quantity than
+could be desired. It is somewhat like our Samaritane water-work on the
+Pont-Neuf; and on the raising pump they have added an impulsion which
+increases the force; but for what we obtain by the power of the Seine,
+they employ one or two horses which incessantly turn the machine, as
+the tide of their river changes its course twice a day, and the spring
+or wheels which are used for the ebbing tide would not do for the flow.”</p>
+
+<p>M. Sorbière’s Dedication of his narrative to the King is dated 12th
+December, 1663, so that it is possible the <i>Century</i> had been published
+previous to the visit he has just described, and it is worthy of notice
+that he expresses no difficulty in obtaining access to the exhibition
+of the machine, which gives colour to the belief that it was on public
+view, for the purpose of establishing a company to carry out the
+invention on a large scale.</p>
+
+<p>Vauxhall, as it is now called, was variously designated Fox-hall,
+Faukeshall, Fulke’s Hall, corruptions of a derivation from Fulke de
+Breauté, who built a mansion in the manor of South Lambeth, long known
+as Fulke’s-hall.<a id="FNanchor_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> In 1652, the Parliament having determined that
+Vauxhall-house, which had been reserved by a former order, should be
+sold, it was purchased by John Trenchard of Westminster. After the
+Restoration it was leased to Henry Lord Moore, afterwards Earl of
+Drogheda, together with the demesne lands of Kennington for 31 years;
+with a proviso, that if his Majesty should think fit to make use of
+the house, or any part thereof, it should be surrendered upon a proper
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</span>
+allowance being made for the same. The King, availing himself of this
+proviso the year after the lease was granted, settled Casper Kaltoff,
+a Dutchman, at Vauxhall, who was employed in making guns and other
+warlike implements for government service.<a id="FNanchor_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></p>
+
+<p>By an Act of the House of Commons, 17th of July, 1649, for the sale of
+the houses, &amp;c. of the late King, Queen, and Prince, it is provided
+that “it should not extend to the house called Vaux Hall, nor to the
+grounds, houses, buildings, <i>models</i>, utensils, or other necessaries
+for <i>practical inventions therein contained</i>; but that they should
+remain for the use of the Commonwealth, to be employed and disposed
+of by the Parliament, as they shall think fit.”<a id="FNanchor_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Now the mention of
+<i>inventions</i> and <i>models</i>, taken in connection with recent facts, would
+lead to the inference that the Marquis of Worcester might have been
+much earlier associated with practical experiments at Vauxhall than
+at first appears. On this point he was always reserved, even in his
+<i>Century</i> only cautiously alluding to Kaltoff as being “in a place by
+my great expenses made fit for public service, yet lately like to be
+taken from me.”</p>
+
+<p>Among the manuscripts of the Royal Society is a letter from Samuel
+Hartlib, the author of works relating to Husbandry, addressed to the
+Honourable Robert Boyle,<a id="FNanchor_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> dated Amsterdam, May the 18th, 1649, in
+which he remarks:<a id="FNanchor_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257" class="fnanchor">[104]</a>&mdash;“Fauxhall is to be set apart for public uses,
+by which is meant making it a place of resort for artists, mechanics,
+&amp;c. and a dépôt for models and philosophical apparatus.” It is further
+proposed, that “experiments and trials of profitable inventions
+should be carried on,” which, says Hartlib, “will be of great use to
+the Commonwealth.” Adding that the late King (Charles I.) “designed
+Fauxhall for such an use.”</p>
+
+<p id="Page_267"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 267]</span>
+After a lapse of five years, he writes another letter to Boyle,<a id="FNanchor_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>
+on the same subject, furnishing us, incidentally, with the following
+curious and important details:&mdash;“The Earl of Worcester is buying
+Fauxhall from Mr. Trenchard, to bestow the use of that house upon
+Gaspar Calehof [Kaltoff] and son [son-in-law], as long as they shall
+live, for he intends to make it a College of Artisans. Yesterday (he
+adds) I was invited by the famous Thomas Bushel to Lambeth Marsh, to
+see part of that foundation.”<a id="FNanchor_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259" class="fnanchor">[104]</a></p>
+
+<p>Hartlib was a generous-hearted man, who projected many schemes for
+public benefit. Evelyn styles him an “ingenious person, honest and
+learned;” that he deserved the latter distinction we may infer from the
+fact of Milton having addressed to him his treatise “Of Education.”</p>
+
+<p>These particulars serve to show a very early connection on the part of
+the Marquis of Worcester with Vauxhall, making it still more probable
+that he had established a laboratory or workshop there, years before
+the Civil War broke out; that from its extent it was proposed to retain
+it for the benefit of the State; and that on his own release from the
+Tower he sought to regain possession of the premises, but possibly, for
+politic reasons, in the name of his faithful workman Caspar Kaltoff.</p>
+
+<p>During 35 years there would be a large accumulation of models for one
+hundred inventions and several hundreds of experiments, as well as a
+considerable quantity of tools and machinery. He would certainly choose
+some place as near as possible to the great mart, where alone he could
+obtain, within any reasonable time, the numerous articles and materials
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</span>
+constantly required in experimental employments; and desiring to be
+near London, when we find him at Vauxhall in 1663, who can doubt, that
+he rather continued, than selected for the first time, the locality
+where we now find the indefatigable noble inventor and his veteran
+“unparalleled workman,” engaged on the first public example of the
+“Water-commanding Engine.”</p>
+
+<p>Pressing as were his personal necessities, he continued untiring in
+maintaining the practical working of the new engine set up under
+protection of the Act he had obtained in 1663. But, like all novel
+enterprises, people were sceptical as to its real value. He appears
+to have been wholly neglected by the first scientific authorities of
+his day, who yet could not be otherwise than aware of the remarkable
+performance of the engine erected by him at Vauxhall. We find him
+making sufficient allusion to its nature and properties in his
+<i>Century</i>, published in 1663; then, in 1664, Sorbière published his
+account of his visit to England, further describing what he had seen of
+the water-works at Vauxhall; while Dr. Sprat, by the severe strictures
+he wrote on the Royal-Hydrographer’s book, in the letter he published,
+addressed to Dr. Wren, at Oxford, must have spread the intelligence,
+and served to call attention to Sorbière’s statement. What benefit
+the Marquis of Worcester really received through the intervention
+of friends or the public, beyond temporary loans of money, does not
+transpire, and, judging from the following documents, his financial
+position was reduced to the lowest state possible. The original papers
+are fortunately preserved at Badminton House. The first is endorsed,
+“Copy of the letter which was sent by my Lord Duke of Albemarle to the
+Lord Arlington.”
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“The sad condition of my Lord Marquis of Worcester, after his so
+great merits from the Crown of England, as few can imagine, but now
+discovered by sure hands unto me, inclined me to write such a letter to
+his Majesty, as I find by him that your Lordship hath been acquainted
+with; but reflecting, that if it should be presented to the King, it
+might seem against some resolutions of mine, not to importune his
+Majesty for things of the like nature, as are therein mentioned, I
+choose rather to desire my Lord Marquis to suspend my endeavours to
+serve him therein with his Majesty, till I have the honour personally
+to attend him; yet, in the meantime, if your Lordship find an occasion
+to incline the King thereunto, I shall not fail to second your Lordship
+therein, or any other who may be instrumental to get from his Majesty a
+due consideration of my Lord Marquis, his just pretensions to as much
+favour and recompense as any subject I know; and I make no question
+but when your Lordship hath thoroughly known him, you will be of the
+same opinion, and if that be any value with you, I do profess that in
+obliging my Lord Marquis of Worcester, you will also exceedingly oblige,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“Your Lordship’s, &amp;c.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">The next is a Draft Petition in the Marquis’s handwriting, written with
+more care than usually occurs in his letters:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Dread Sovereign</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Although I know very well that were the wise and politic Cornelius
+Tacitus living, he durst not whisper unto your Majesty as he did to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</span>
+other Princes, prone to hear him, when he said:&mdash;‘Eo usque grata sunt
+beneficia quam diu solvi posse videantur ubi semel antevenere pro
+gratia odium vedditur.’ I am, notwithstanding, very loth to trouble
+your sacred Majesty in order to myself, not but I am sufficiently
+necessitated to importune you, even as much as any poor subject your
+Majesty hath; and warranted by as good a title unto it (if, after an
+opulent and flourishing condition to become an object of pity, through
+my zeal and services to the crown you wear, may challenge any esteem);
+but my very nature abhors anything that may seem self-interest, though
+indeed whatever I have or do ambition, be it of favour or benefit from
+your Majesty’s most gracious self, it hath been, really is, and shall
+be ever, but to make me able the more eminently to serve your matchless
+Majesty, whose advantage is my greatest comfort; and, in earnest, my
+very heart’s objectum adæquatum. Think of me whatever others please
+to suggest, yet such shall your Majesty ever find me, and unless your
+Majesty command me to speak, I shall still say nothing, but seeing a
+coldness in your Majesty, I shall continue dumb and speechless:&mdash;Leves
+loquunter curæ ingentes stujescunt. Yet, animated by your Majesty’s
+cheerful commands, I shall ingenuously lay before you the truth and
+nothing but the truth, and (though to mine own confusion) I will as
+candidly shrive me to your benign self, as to a ghostly father, and I
+will make your most excellent Majesty my sole judge, as well spiritual
+as temporal, that is to look into my inward man, as well as my outward
+actions and deportment.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</span>
+In November we have another petition in respect to a large claim on his
+estate, and a report thereon, as follows:&mdash;<a id="FNanchor_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“To the King’s most excellent Majesty, the humble petition of Edward
+Marquis of Worcester.</p>
+
+<p>“<span class="smcap">Sheweth</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“That whereas your Petitioner and his late father did heretofore lend
+to serve his then late Majesty’s urgent necessities the sum of two
+hundred thousand pounds and upwards, (ninety-five thousand pounds
+whereof appears under his late Majesty’s hand and seal, and the rest
+the Petitioner, if permitted, will make appear), besides other great
+sums the Petitioner employed in other his Majesty’s service, by which
+means your Petitioner’s estate was encumbered, and continued encumbered
+with vast debts, insomuch that to the Petitioner and his family there
+is left but a small pittance for a mean livelihood; the Petitioner’s
+estate being charged with the debts so contracted for his late
+Majesty’s service, and your Majesty’s, as aforesaid.</p>
+
+<p>“That the Petitioner by bond from himself and others (his sureties) in
+1643, amongst other engagements, became bound in six thousand pounds
+to Henry Hall, Esq.; which bond was sued in his Majesty’s Exchequer by
+John Hall, Esq. administrator of the said Henry (not only against your
+Petitioner, but also against his sureties, the Lady Lingen, and Charles
+Price, Esq. whom the Petitioner is bound to save harmless, great
+sufferers for their loyalty in his Majesty’s service), who thereupon
+hath obtained judgment against your Petitioner for six thousand pounds,
+and as particular receiver of some part of your Majesty’s revenue hath
+assigned the same as debtor unto your Majesty, whereupon an extent
+is in the sheriff’s hands (by the said Mr. Hall’s prosecution) to
+extend your Petitioner’s estate for the use of your Majesty, whose
+prerogative intervening, that extent (as your Petitioner is advised by
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</span>
+counsel) will take place (although subsequent in time of all former
+encumbrances), by which means not only the Petitioner’s other creditors
+will be defeated of their respective debts, but the small remainder
+of your Petitioner’s (once considerable) now shattered estate will by
+your Majesty (to pay a debt to your Majesty) be swallowed up, and your
+Petitioner and his other creditors wholly deprived thereof.</p>
+
+<p>“The Petitioner therefore most humbly prays, that in regard your
+Majesty’s name is made use of against your Petitioner, and since that
+this debt (being subsequent in time to other encumbrances) could not
+affect your Petitioner’s estate, but by your Majesty’s prerogative,
+your Majesty will be graciously pleased to supersede the said Mr.
+Hull’s prosecution, and order him some other satisfaction; the
+Petitioner being absolutely disabled by those vast sums in his late
+Majesty’s service expended as aforesaid.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line4">“And your Petitioner shall ever pray.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="dated_at_top">“At the Court of Oxford, Nov. 24th, 1665.</p>
+
+<p>“His Majesty is graciously pleased to refer the consideration of this
+petition to Mr. Attorney, or Mr. Solicitor-General, to consider how
+far his Majesty may fitly gratify the honourable Petitioner, of whose
+condition he hath a just sense, but sees not what he can do in this
+particular for his satisfaction, till he receive Mr. Attorney’s or Mr.
+Solicitor’s opinion upon it.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Arlington.</span>”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">Agreeable to the preceding reference the following report was made:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Majesty</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“The Petitioner hath been pleased to show me the sign-manual of your
+royal father, acknowledging £95,000 to be due to him, for so much
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</span>
+advanced by his father and himself in his late Majesty’s service.</p>
+
+<p>“The Petitioner doth further allege that the six thousand pounds [£6000]
+owing by him to Mr. Hall, and for which Mr. Hall hath obtained a
+judgment against the Petitioner, is part of that very £95,000 advanced
+in the service of your royal father.</p>
+
+<p>“I find likewise that Mr. Hall hath assigned this judgment to your
+Majesty, and all the time of that assignment was indebted to your
+Majesty five or six hundred pounds.</p>
+
+<p>“But I am humbly of opinion, that though your Majesty may by your
+prerogative release this judgment thus assigned, yet it will not be fit
+for your Majesty to do it as this case is, because then your Majesty
+will stand obliged to make good to Mr. Hall so much money as would
+remain due to him after your Majesty’s debt [is ?] satisfied, which is
+in effect to put your Majesty in the Petitioner’s place for payment of
+Mr. Hall’s debt.</p>
+
+<p>“Nevertheless the Petitioner’s case being very worthy of relief, I do
+humbly consider it fit for your Majesty to reserve the consideration of
+his satisfaction to some better occasion.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Heneage Finch.</span>”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">Among family documents at Badminton House is the following draft, which
+may relate to the foregoing petition:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">“The Case of Edward Marquis of Worcester, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>“Edward, Marquis of Worcester is indebted £6000 unto John Hall, Esq.
+the Receiver for the Counties of Gloucester, Monmouth, and Hereford, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_274"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 274]</span>
+“John Hall assigns this judgment to the King, whose prerogative
+interfering, John Hall’s debt of £6000 will affect the Earl of
+Worcester’s estate, and obstruct the other creditors from their
+respective satisfactions, by the former settlement of my Lord of
+Worcester’s.</p>
+
+<p>“The Lord of Worcester petitions the King in regard he had expended,
+and lent towards his late Majesty’s service the sum of £92,500, for
+which and his other very many and considerable losses, to the utter
+impoverishment of himself and family, he never yet received any
+compensation or satisfaction. His Majesty would be pleased to take the
+state of the Petitioner into his gracious consideration, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>“His Majesty is graciously pleased to refer this petition unto Mr.
+Attorney or Mr. Solicitor. Mr. Solicitor reports to his Majesty matter
+of fact in the petition mentioned to be true, and further adviseth it
+is not safe for his Majesty either to supersede or discharge the said
+judgment, but that likewise the Earl doth justly merit his Majesty’s
+just and favourable consideration, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>“Whereupon the Earl of Worcester prayeth, that in regard what he
+petitioned for, was for the satisfaction merely of creditors, and not
+to his mediate or immediate advantage, and his fortune totally disposed
+of to his Majesty’s service, other than what is settled as aforesaid to
+the payment of his many creditors, which in honour (his only livelihood
+now left him), he is bound to see satisfied, the which as the present
+case standeth with my Lord cannot be, without his Majesty extendeth
+his favour, either by payment of the money, or some other means
+equivalently satisfactory, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>“His Majesty will be graciously pleased to confer the honour of Baron
+on J. B. being fitly qualified, and whose estate suits in proportion
+with the charge that dignity requireth, by which means his Majesty will
+not be out of purse and the Petitioner indemnified.”</p>
+
+<p>On Christmas day the Marquis wrote a long epistle (but to whom is
+unknown) requesting the favour of a letter by means of which he could
+obtain the services of Lord Arlington and Lady Castlemaine, probably
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</span>
+to obtain some protective influence over his property, then much
+jeopardized:&mdash;<a id="FNanchor_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Honoured Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“You have by God’s infinite providence not only befriended my wife and
+me in Cromwell’s time, but likewise by his great mercy and goodness,
+I think, reserved to do the like in his now Majesty’s reign; in whose
+happy memory [he] was pleased to say, even to his Queen, now dowager,
+that next to his own children and her, he was obliged to take care and
+recompense me; so can you not do now a greater act of charity, nor
+loyalty, than to set your concurring hand to procure from her Grace,
+and her unparalleled deserving husband, the favour of setting their
+hands each to a letter I shall be bold to present to your perusal
+first, and then your favour to their Graces; which done, my Lord
+Arlington and my Lady Castlemaine undertake to perfect my most humble
+request to his Majesty; so that they shall incur no risk of denial, and
+yet by the same obliging hand of yours which promotes my most humble
+suit, I shall present a thousand pieces to the Duchess, to buy her a
+little jewel to what she deserves to wear every day of the week. And if
+it please God I live but two years, I will, out of the profits of my
+Water-commanding Engine, appropriate five hundred pounds yearly, for
+ever, to her Grace’s, and two hundred pounds yearly, likewise, to your
+disposal; and in present forty pieces to buy you a Nogge; all which,
+as I am a gentleman and a christian, shall be faithfully and most
+thankfully performed, though the benefit I pretend to by my petition,
+will not amount to what my gratitude obliges; yet the satisfaction
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</span>
+which it will be to my mind, and my credit therein at stake, I
+value at ten times as much. And this will enable me to place my
+Water-commanding Engine, where I am a certained [assured?] an hundred
+pounds a day profit, without further troubling the King or any body.
+And that done the greatest of my ambition will be to show my gratitude
+and pay my debts; confessing not to owe to any person living more
+real acknowledgment of thankfulness than to her Grace, who hath been
+pleased, in my absence and my wife’s, to be a champion for us, which
+draws upon herself in part this trouble, with more than confidence to
+receive from her more than gracious hands and princess-like disposition
+this further favour, which my wife and I shall never forget, and
+thankfully to acknowledge to her Grace, and your most worthy self,
+whose further trouble it is time to prevent in subscribing myself as
+you shall ever find me,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Sir, your most real affectionate friend,</p>
+<p class="signed_line4">“and humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Christmas Day, 25th of Dec. 1665.</p>
+
+<p>“Because the profit accruing from my Water-commanding Engine may
+seem uncertain, I humbly offer in lieu thereof and in token of my
+gratitude, a judgment of ten thousand pounds for the payment of one
+thousand pounds a year for four years, at the disposal of her Grace,
+and two hundred pounds per annum at yours; so their Graces be pleased
+cheerfully to sign the letter, and positively to own them and me
+to be their perpetual servant, not doubting then to find ways more
+efficaciously to testify my reality and devotion to them if accepted
+of, and thus obliged to them and you.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester.</span>”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">Whether the following is the draft of a letter, proposed in the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</span>
+preceding communication, is uncertain; it is however in a contemporary
+handwriting, and, therefore, may be the very letter he offered to
+submit for approval.<a id="FNanchor_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> It runs thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Majesty</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Upon my Lord of Worcester’s speaking to my husband for his letter to
+your Majesty, and laying open his sad condition, there comes into my
+mind a petition from his Lady to the Speaker ready to adjourn the House
+in Cromwell’s time, without relief to her, but upon her petition, as
+here enclosed, Worcester House was granted her. God forbid a greater
+hardness should possess your Majesty’s heart, our most gracious King,
+than did those regicides to one they took for their enemy; and I do,
+therefore, with more than confidence in remembrance of my Lady’s former
+pressures and miseries make myself a party with my Lord Marquis, in his
+most humble suit to your Majesty, in my Lord Powis his behalf, that
+he may not be frustrated of what the last King entitled him, of being
+created Earl, because it came through my Lord Marquis his hands, but
+further likewise to bestow a Baron’s patent upon a friend of my Lord
+Marquis, for both which I become a suitor with his Lordship, and beg
+pardon if I become more importunate to your Majesty in this case, than
+for myself in anything, who do already acknowledge most thankfully many
+great favours done to me,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“Your Majesty’s most humble servant.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">The following letter it would appear was addressed to the Duke of
+Albemarle:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Grace</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“The objections you were pleased to make against the owning and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</span>
+subscribing the letter to his Majesty were as I humbly conceive
+your Grace’s resolution not to trouble the King for money business
+even in your own behalf, much less in another’s; and secondly that
+as for Creations you had absolutely promised his Majesty you would
+not importune him again. To the first I answer that this is to save
+the King’s coffers, since certainly if either honour or conscience
+should take place his Majesty ought to save me harmless from the six
+thousand pound confessed and proved to be the Crown’s debt; so happily
+now upon his head by your Grace’s no less prudent and valorous, than
+dutiful endeavours, blest by Divine Providence, never intending the
+ruin of his best deserving subjects, and the only promoting of his
+rebels, which the child unborn may rue if not timely prevented; and
+as a wise Privy-Councillor your Grace’s part is to mind his Majesty
+so of, as not totally to dishearten, I will not say disgust his good
+subjects well deserving, yet that as far as loyalty and religion will
+give them leave; and I am sorry his Majesty should bid adieu to works
+of supererogation and love in his subjects, and most certainly they
+are not his best counsellors who advise him to it; and your Grace will
+be most commendable in doing the contrary, and at long running the
+King will love you best for it, so that this objection of your Grace I
+humbly conceive to be totally solved.</p>
+
+<p>“As for the second, your Grace’s promise not to speak for any more
+Creations, be pleased to understand it rightly, and you are no motioner
+of this; you do but lay before him my reasonable petition therein,
+such as my Lord Chancellor was pleased to think so fitting as he once
+undertook it for me, and I am confident will thank your Grace for
+reviving of it, and in my conscience so will the King too in granting
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</span>
+of it; for I cannot have so mean a thought of his Majesty but that
+against the hair he hath been forced to bestow honour to the highest
+degree upon five member men, and * * * upon earth, as subscribed to
+his father of happy memory his death, and that he will think much to
+countenance him who only assisted his late Majesty to fly from their
+compulsion of him, to agree to such acts as would have left himself our
+now gracious King the successor of a title of a King of three kingdoms,
+but to the substance of no one of them. It was I furnished his Majesty
+with money to go (to) Theobalds to go to York, when the then Marquis
+of Hambleton refused to pay three hundred pounds for his Majesty at
+Theobalds only to deliver him to the Parliament, as he had done the
+Earl of Strafford, and to * * * the * * * Parliament. It was I carried
+him money to set up his standard at York, and procured my father to
+give the then Sir John Byron five thousand pounds to raise the first
+regiment of horse, and kept a table for above twenty officers at York,
+which I underhand sent thither to keep them from taking conditions from
+the Parliament, and so were ready to accept his. It was I victualled
+the Tower of London, and gave five and twenty hundred pounds to the
+then Lieutenant, Sir John Byron, my cousin-german by my first wife’s
+side. It was I raised most of the men at Edge-hill fight, and after I
+was betrayed at * * * * * when so many gentlemen of quality were taken,
+and of twenty-five thousand men first and last by me raised, eight
+thousand men dispersed by the contrivance of such as called themselves
+the King’s good subjects, and some of them rewarded for it; they were
+my men weekly paid, without taking a farthing contribution, because
+the country tottered; who took * * * * * * * * * in the forest of
+Dean, Goodridge Castle, Monmouth, Chepstow, Carlyon, and Cardiff from
+the Parliamentary forces; in which, and the garrison of Raglan, I can
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</span>
+bring proof of above an hundred and fifty thousand pounds expended;
+and in ready money first and last to the King’s own purse above as
+much more; and of above thirty-five thousand pounds received by my
+father and me comunely armes, in forty, forty-two, and forty-three,
+I have not now five and twenty hundred, and that clogged with twenty
+thousand pounds crying debts, that keep me not only from a competent
+maintenance, but even from sleep. I speak not here of above three
+hundred thousand pounds which it hath cost the noblemen, knights, and
+gentlemen, which rode in my Life-Guard * * for * * * their comporting,
+they making amongst them above threescore thousand pounds yearly, of
+land of inheritance; and I, upon my interest with seven counties, had
+begun an engagement of above three hundred thousand pounds yearly
+land of inheritance against my return with men from beyond the sea;
+in which endeavours my charges have been vast, besides hazard by sea
+even of shipwreck, and by land of deadly encounters, I do not trouble
+your Lordship with, but all this being true to a tittle, as upon my
+word and honour, dearer to me than my life, I avouch it; I cannot
+doubt but your Grace will call for a pen to sign the letter, and if
+you please send this together with it, and rest assured that if the
+King refuse my request, I will never importune you more, nor ever set
+my foot into his Majesty’s Court again, unless expressly commanded by
+him for his service; otherwise I will only heartily pray for him, but
+never hereafter shall I or any friend of mine engage for him further,
+than the simple duty of a loyal subject sitting quietly at home, no
+ways break the peace, or disobeying the wholesome laws of the land,
+and God send him better and more able subjects to serve his Majesty
+than myself; willinger I am sure he cannot, and I beseech your Grace to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</span>
+pardon me if passion hath a little transported me beyond good manners,
+and lay what penance you please upon me, so I tend not to lessen your
+Grace’s belief that I am</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“Your Grace’s most really devoted friend</p>
+<p class="signed_line2">“and servant ever to obey you,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Dec. 29, 1665.”</p>
+
+
+<p>“My dear Lord, my heart is yet full fraughted, and I can say much more
+for myself, were I not ashamed of giving your Grace so great a trouble
+with my scribbling, which I will thus end, promising to smother as
+long as may be, my deplorable condition, and worse usage, but it will
+at last fly over the whole world to the disheartening of all zealous
+and loyal subjects; unless such a true-hearted Englishman and faithful
+servant as your Grace do awaken his Majesty out of the lethargy my
+enemies have cast him into, not to be sensible of what I have done
+or suffered. Cardinal Mazarine presented me to his King with these
+words, ‘Sire, whosoever hath loyalty or religion in recommendation,
+must honour this well-born person;<ins class="correction" title="Typo original has &quot;">’</ins> and the Queen-mother, now Dowager,
+hath often said to have heard her husband say, that next to her and
+his children, he was bound to take a care of me, of whom it may be now
+verified, qui jacet in terra non habet unde cadet, I am cast to the
+ground, I can fall no lower.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">This month the Marquis appears to have obtained the loan of £200, for
+which a draft receipt<a id="FNanchor_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> is extant, as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">“I, Edward Somerset, Earl and Marquis of Worcester, do confess and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</span>
+acknowledge to have received and borrowed of **** the full sum of two
+hundred pounds sterling, for the assurance thereof I do constitute
+him the said *** to be receiver of two hundred pounds, payable from
+the Right Honourable the Lord High Chancellor of England, the Earl
+of Clarendon, at Michaelmas next, which shall be in the year of our
+Lord 1666, and therewith to repay himself the said two hundred pounds.
+Witness my hand and seal, this 30th day of Dec. 1665.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester.</span></p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Signed, sealed and delivered<br />
+“in presence.”</p>
+
+
+<p>From 1662 to 1665, the Marquis of Worcester appears to have been pretty
+regular in his attendance at the House of Peers. But the last we hear
+of him was on the 31st of October, 1665. When the House met on the 1st
+of October, 1666, the Marquis was absent, being “excused,” possibly
+from the state of his health, as he was never present afterwards.<a id="FNanchor_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p>
+
+<p>About the same time we have his Petition for the appointment of a
+Committee of Inquiry:&mdash;<a id="FNanchor_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“To the King’s Most Excellent Majesty.&mdash;The most humble Petition of
+Edward, Marquis of Worcester:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Sheweth</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“That your Petitioner overwhelmed with the very, very much he hath
+to say, and fearful too long to detain your sacred Majesty therewith
+from more serious affairs, humbly prayeth that you will be pleased
+to refer him to be heard by the Lord High Chancellor of England, the
+Lord Privy Seal, the Duke of Albemarle, the Earl of Lotherdale, the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</span>
+Lord Arlington, the Lord Ashley and Mr. Secretary Morrice, or to
+such of them or other persons as your Majesty shall think fit, and
+that upon their report your Majesty will vouchsafe to do with your
+Petitioner, or to your Petitioner, what they in the Petitioner’s
+behalf, and congruous to your service shall find reasonable, and
+consonant with your Petitioner’s merits or demerits; the Petitioner
+most entirely submitting to your will and pleasure: Casting himself
+upon your Majesty’s goodness, no ways standing upon his deserts,
+though really found never so many not thought of, or hitherto kept
+from your Majesty’s knowledge, your Petitioner doth not say through
+envy or malice, since perhaps through ignorance, such ignorance,
+notwithstanding, as the Divines call ignorantia crassa. But whatsoever
+in quality or number his services were, they were but due to such a
+gracious King and Master as your Majesty’s father, of happy memory,
+was to your Petitioner, and to your incomparable self; and, therefore,
+acknowledgeth they fall far short of his true loyalty and devotion to
+either; and being once rightly made known and presented to your sacred
+Majesty, your Petitioner promiseth himself no less encouragement for
+the future from your Majesty, nor less abilities in himself to become
+as useful as formerly; and as disinterestedly to serve you. Neither
+shall anything for the future dismay, or in any kind deter your
+Petitioner from that his resolution, but from the bottom of his heart</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“He shall ever pray, &amp;c.</p>
+<div class="figright" style="width:60%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p238.jpg" width="100%" alt="Worcester [autograph, 1665&ndash;6, of the Author of the &quot;Century&quot;]" /></div>
+<div class="continue_text"></div>
+
+<p id="Page_284"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 284]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="dated_at_top">“At the Court, at Hampton Court, Jan. 29th, 1665/6.</p>
+
+
+<p>“His Majesty is graciously pleased to refer and recommend the
+Petitioner to be heard by the within named Lords, referees, or to any
+four or more of them, and they to give their report to his Majesty as
+soon as conveniently may be.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Arlington.</span>”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">The next letter is without date or address, but appears
+both to belong to the present period and to relate to
+the same business as the foregoing; he says:&mdash;<a id="FNanchor_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My Noble Lord</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“I must and ever will most thankfully and humbly acknowledge your
+Lordship’s civil and obliging language and carriage towards me,
+your humble servant. But pardon me if I cannot conceive how my Lord
+Arlington, Principal Secretary of State, and as well of the Bourne [?]
+as Cabinet Council, and that most deservedly, can, notwithstanding,
+miss of an opportunity to acquaint and receive his Majesty’s answer to
+the meanest of his Majesty’s subjects; praying but a reference to the
+chiefest of his Privy Councillors, and by them only to be heard for
+the King’s service, as well as his own concerns. His Majesty little
+thinks what he hath, or doth daily lose for not suffering himself to
+be disabused of a premeditated opinion concerning me; nor doth your
+Lordship imagine what services I do intend to your Lordship’s most
+worthy self, and that the King will have cause to thank you for any
+service you may please to afford me whose aim (I take God to witness)
+is in chief more really to the King’s advantage and service than mine
+own interest, who could not want forty or fifty thousand pounds yearly
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</span>
+beyond seas, and do as good as want bread at home, where I was born to
+five and thirty thousand pounds, land of inheritance, and two hundred
+thousand pounds in cash left me by my grandfather, which, for so good a
+cause as I have lost it for, I joyfully renounce.</p>
+
+<p>“Monsieur La Sual told me that Germany, France, Spain, and Italy
+censured England very much for so ill requiting my services and
+sufferings, and being so little sensible of my yet abilities to serve
+it; and yet those Kings and Princes know not the quarter, and mine own
+King the least of all, or the least sensible and persuaded, as well not
+to understand what I can yet perform, as not to reflect upon what is
+past.</p>
+
+<p>“My dear Lord, look once more upon both my petitions; and if the King
+thinks me not worthy of common justice to be heard, or you deem them
+fit, and me, to be laid aside, I will gladly acquiesce, and I will not
+further trouble the King, nor importune your Lordship, but, fair and
+far off, ever quietly without more importunity remain,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">“My Lord, your Lordship’s</p>
+<p class="signed_line2">“most faithful and most humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">In the April of this year, the plague had commenced its appalling
+ravages in the metropolis, the stagnant air of which was partially
+purified by means of large bonfires, to promote circulation, the air
+having, it was supposed, become noxious through unusually prevalent
+calm sultry weather. The unhealthy state of the town may have had its
+influence on the Marquis, contributing to weaken a constitution already
+sufficiently harassed; yet so far from relief of any kind coming to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</span>
+solace him in his afflictions, we next find him compelled to petition
+for protection of his public works, which (as noted three years before,
+in his <i>Century</i>), were again being similarly nearly taken from him,
+“without (as he observes) the least regard of above ten thousand
+pounds expended by me, and through my zeal to the common good.” His
+application is endorsed&mdash;“10 Jan. 1666. The Marquis of Worcester’s
+Petition for a Fee and Farm of Works House at Foxe Hall:”<a id="FNanchor_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267" class="fnanchor">[I]</a>&mdash;and is as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">“To the King’s Most Excellent Majesty. The humble
+Petition of Edward, Lord Marquis of Worcester.</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Humbly Sheweth</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“That the Petitioner (over and above great sums of money lent by him
+to his late Majesty of blessed memory) did expend in building of a
+house called Fauxhall, for an operatory for engineers and artists to
+work public works in, £9000 and upwards, as appears by the bills of the
+workmen that built the house.</p>
+
+<p>“That the Petitioner hath expended above £50,000 trying experiments
+and conclusions of arts, in that operatory, which may be useful to his
+Majesty and his kingdoms.</p>
+
+<p>“That there being a grant made by your Majesty, under the Great Seal
+of England to the Lord Moore, of the manor of Kennington, (within
+which manor the said Fauxhall is situated and being) the Petitioner
+applied himself to your Majesty, and acquainted your Majesty with the
+Petitioner’s equitable right to the said Fauxhall, that thereupon
+your Majesty was graciously pleased to recall the said Patent, and to
+cause an exception to be made therein as to Fauxhall, which was done,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</span>
+whereby your Majesty might gratify the Petitioner therewith, but the
+Petitioner hath not hitherto desired the same.</p>
+
+<p>“The Petitioner humbly prayeth that your Majesty will be graciously
+pleased, in consideration that the Petitioner hath built the said
+house, at so great a charge, to serve your Majesty,</p>
+
+<p>“That you will be pleased to grant it to the Petitioner at some fee
+farm rent, as your Majesty shall think fit.</p>
+
+<p>“And the Petitioner shall pray.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">This document divulges at least one important secret in regard to
+the Marquis of Worcester’s personal history, in connection with his
+practical mechanical pursuits. We now find that he actually built
+suitable premises as workshops at Vauxhall,<a id="FNanchor_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268" class="fnanchor">[J]</a> for “engineers and
+artists to work public works in.” That in that “operatory,” or
+laboratory, he had “expended above £50,000, trying experiments and
+conclusions of arts.” And that on the building alone he had laid out
+above £9000. It is, however, only by bearing in mind the enormous
+amount that these sums of money represent, considered in reference to
+the value they bore two hundred years ago, that we become fully alive
+to the princely expenditure of this great scientific experimentalist,
+whose patronage and encouragement of experimental philosophy, for
+practical designs, is without a parallel in any other age or country.</p>
+
+<p>The very next month his Lady was necessitated to petition in the
+following terms, in regard to Worcester House.<a id="FNanchor_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269" class="fnanchor">[K]</a></p>
+
+<p class="margin_top"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</span>
+“To the right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, now
+assembled in Parliament.</p>
+
+<p>“The humble Petition of Margaret, Marchioness of Worcester, wife of
+Edward, now Marquis of Worcester.</p>
+
+<p>“<span class="smcap">Humbly Sheweth</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“That the said Marquis for his services to his Majesty did expend many
+vast sums of money, and thereby contracted great debts; that although
+the said Marquis, since his Majesty’s happy restoration, hath paid
+above fifty thousand pounds of those debts so contracted, as aforesaid,
+yet there remains so many great debts, that the said Marquis his
+estate is all seized on by his creditors upon judgments, statutes, and
+recognizances, insomuch that the said Marquis is deprived of his whole
+estate; and nothing left for his and your Petitioner’s support and
+maintenance.</p>
+
+<p>“That in particular the said Marquis his estate was extended by one Mr.
+John Hall<a id="FNanchor_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270" class="fnanchor">[L]</a> in March last, upon a judgment of six thousand pounds for
+money borrowed by the Petitioner’s husband in 1642, to pay the garrison
+of Monmouth, then in a mutiny.</p>
+
+<p>“That the said extent is assigned now to the Lord John Somerset,
+who now threatens (having got most part of the estate) to turn the
+Petitioner out of Worcester House, so that she will be destitute of an
+habitation and maintenance.</p>
+
+<p>“The Petitioner humbly prayeth your Lordships’ consideration of the
+Petitioner’s most necessitous condition, and to find out a way for her
+relief, and also your Lordships’ recommendation of her case to the
+Right Honourable the Lords and Commons of England.</p>
+
+<p>“And your Petitioner shall pray.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester.</span>”</p>
+
+
+<p class="dated_at_top">“Die Jovis, 7 die Febr. 1666.</p>
+
+<p>“Upon reading the humble Petition of the Lady Marchioness of Worcester,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</span>
+it is ordered by the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament
+assembled, that the Duke of Albemarle, the Lord Chamberlain of his
+Majesty’s Household, the Earl of Anglesey, the Lord <ins class="correction" title="alternative spellling">Arundell</ins> of Warder,
+and the Lord Howard of Charlton, be appointed a Committee to wait
+on his Majesty and represent unto him the sad condition of the said
+Marquis and his Lady.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Jo. Brown</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature smaller">“Cleric. Parliament.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">From the Marchioness’ petition we obtain a further acquaintance with
+the deplorable situation in which the Marquis was placed, even seven
+years after the Restoration, when he had recovered his estates, and
+possessed whatever he may have received as gifts from the Crown; and
+by the way of loans from friends, from secured money-lenders, and for
+assigned portions of interest in the profits to arise from working his
+“Water-commanding Engine.”</p>
+
+<p>In a report made to the Duchy of Cornwall<a id="FNanchor_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271" class="fnanchor">[M]</a> (although two years
+later) full particulars are furnished of the nature and extent of
+the property in which the Marquis was interested, as stated in his
+preceding petition. The Surveyors General say:&mdash;“Foxhall house is
+parcel of the manor of Kennington and Duchy of Cornwall, and the use
+thereof was lately allowed by his Majesty unto Mr. Jaspar Calthoff, who
+was employed in the making of guns and divers engines and works for his
+Majesty’s service, since whose death part thereof hath been granted by
+his Majesty to Peter Jacobson (the said Jaspar Calthoff’s son-in-law)
+for his life, and the residue is enjoyed by this Petitioner (widow of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</span>
+the said Jaspar) in favour of her said late husband’s services for his
+Majesty; containing in the whole within the brick walls, two acres and
+28 perches of ground, divided into divers parcels, whereof the furthest
+part S. contains about 214 feet in length from E. to W. and about 66
+feet in breadth at the W. end, nearest the Thames, and about 109 feet
+in breadth at the end next the highway, leading from Lambeth Church
+towards Kingston; and hath a dwelling house thereon erected at the
+S.E. corner thereof, containing about 40 feet in length, and 24 feet
+in breadth, and several sheds both at the E. and W. ends of the said
+piece, all which are affirmed to be let together to one John Collins,
+at £16 per annum.</p>
+
+<p>“And one other part of the said ground next adjoining N. used for a
+great garden, containeth in length, on the E. side thereof next the
+said highway, about 238 feet, and on the W. side next the Thames about
+213 feet, and in breadth at the S. end about 192 feet.</p>
+
+<p>“And other part of the said ground still more N. used for a yard or
+garden, containeth in length from the last mentioned great garden to
+the mansion house of Foxhall, about 144 feet, and in breadth from a
+range of pales, dividing this and the said Jacobson’s part, to the said
+highway about 98 feet.&mdash;On the E. side whereof (next the said way) is
+erected a long range of building, used for a working house, containing
+in length about 132 feet, and in breadth (from out to out) about 20
+feet, two stories high, besides garrets.</p>
+
+<p>“At the N. end of which working house there is a cross building
+erected, of the same height, part used for a forging house, and the
+rest for dwelling; extending from the said highway W. about 46 feet in
+breadth from out to out.</p>
+
+<p>“Still more W. is the chief mansion house, extending W. from the last
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</span>
+mentioned building about 46 feet more in length, and about 24 feet
+in breadth, three stories high, besides garrets and cellars, with a
+stair-case built out cross on the N. side thereof about 18 feet square.”</p>
+
+<p>The remaining portion of the report concerns property on the north side
+let to another tenant; to stables, and to outhouses; concluding with
+an opinion that the whole, when repaired, would render a lease for 31
+years worth £100 per annum.</p>
+
+<p>We thus ascertain that the “Working house,” as it is here called
+(the “Operatory” named in the petition), where Caspar Kaltoff and
+his engineers worked, and in or near which the first great public
+exhibition of the “Water-commanding Engine” was consummated, occupied
+a considerable space of crown property. It was no exposition of
+questionable utility that was there offered to public view. And that
+it was public is every way certain, and, indeed, there could be
+no reasonable occasion for its being otherwise, after being fully
+protected for ninety-nine years by Act of Parliament. Besides, in
+no other way would it have been possible to obtain a sufficient
+proprietary, such as was evidently sought by the publication made
+by the Act itself, and apparently also by the distribution of large
+posting bills; of which latter a curious specimen still exists in the
+archives of the British Museum.<a id="FNanchor_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272" class="fnanchor">[N]</a></p>
+
+<p>It was the Marquis of Worcester’s misfortune, being involved in heavy
+debt, to be necessitated to seek pecuniary benefit from his great
+invention. What means were particularly adopted, beyond setting up a
+practical illustration at Vauxhall, it is impossible to ascertain,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</span>
+but he would most likely engage the services of one or more active
+business agents. That a public company was intended to be carried out
+by means of several shareholders, is also highly probable, judging
+from remarks occasionally made by himself, and from the dispersion of
+placards and similar written statements, headed a “Definition” of the
+Engine.</p>
+
+<p>Now it is assuredly a matter of surprise that an invention so singular
+and novel in character, promising unheard of advantages, should not
+have attracted the general attention of all patrons and promoters of
+science. The only instance of a passing remark from a scientific source
+is anything but gratifying. Dr. Hook, writing to the Honourable Robert
+Boyle about the early part of 1667,<a id="FNanchor_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> reports certain experiments
+with glass tubes then being carried on at Gresham College, after
+which he says:&mdash;“Sir R. Moray presented the Society with an engine
+sent them by Prince Rupert; being for raising water, such a one as, I
+am sure, you have seen and taken notice of in Scottus his mechanics,
+whose contrivance is, continually to raise water, by turning round
+a cylinder with a sliding board in it, included in another hollow
+cylinder, or barrel. The Engine has not been tried, but it will be
+the next Wednesday. But I find that it goes exceedingly hard with the
+several grating and sliding motions that it has, so that it is more
+likely to prove a pretty curiosity than a useful engine. But this gave
+an occasion for producing the definition or description of the Marquis
+of Worcester’s Water-commanding Engine, which is so purely romantic
+that it would serve one rarely to fill half a dozen pages in the
+<i>History of Fortunatus his Wishing Cup</i>. A transcript of some of the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</span>
+most observable passages, because I could not procure the book itself
+to send you, I have here enclosed, which if it should chance to perform
+but the least part of what is therein specified, my Lord Brereton is
+likely to pay £5 towards the revenue, that is to accrue thereby to the
+Marquis, he having wagered so much against him. I was since my return
+to London to see this engine, where I found Caltrop his chief engineer,
+to laugh at it; and as far as I was able to see it, it seemed one of
+the perpetual motion fallacies. Of which kind Caltrop himself, and two
+or three others, that I know, are labouring at this time in vain, to
+make, but after several ways; and nothing but costly experience will
+make them desist.”</p>
+
+<p>The prejudices created against monopolists in the reign of Queen
+Elizabeth, were not without foundation, in consequence of the absurd
+rights conceded to patentees of imaginary inventions; amounting to the
+legalizing of extortion of the most unquestionable and aggravating
+kind, without any chance of remedy. Real inventions were few, and
+impositions were everywhere practised with bold effrontery. There
+was nothing in the public character of the Marquis of Worcester to
+bespeak public favour. Who could ever dream that the Earl of Glamorgan
+was suddenly to assume a new character? The few inventions that were
+regarded as wonders of art were of ancient origin, slowly perfected,
+and in 1663 were considered to have reached almost the acmé of
+perfection. Yet here was a nobleman, unheard of, except for his share
+in Charles the First’s design to punish his rebellious subjects with
+the aid of an Irish army, suddenly proposing to supersede all ancient
+approved and improved methods of elevating water; and to perform many
+other surprising mechanical feats. And not only was he an inventor,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</span>
+but an innovator on old custom and a monopolist, not by patent
+alone, but by Act of Parliament for ninety-nine years! Even Dr. Hook
+could not view the Marquis otherwise than by the common standard of
+public opinion, acknowledging that he only went to see the wondrous
+engine at Vauxhall <ins class="correction" title="Typo original missing opening quotes">“</ins><i>to laugh at it</i>!” And he could even condescend
+to report of his fellow inventor’s labour, that,&mdash;“as far as I could
+see it, it <i>seemed</i> one of the perpetual motion fallacies.” So that
+its very regularity and remarkable continuity of operation were alone,
+considered enough to condemn it! Dr. Robert Hook was deservedly
+esteemed as a mathematician, and he was also distinguished for his
+mechanical ingenuity; but he was a man of very peculiar habits and
+singular disposition, being excessively jealous and cynical. This
+splenetic philosopher appears to have set out for Lambeth in no
+disposition to form a dispassionate opinion on the work of a rival
+inventor. A few lines of description, however meagre, would have been
+invaluable, whereas his cynical remark leads to the unfavourable
+supposition that his disingenuous statements had their influence on
+Boyle and other Fellows of the Royal Society, to check any further
+inquiry respecting the supposed mechanical marvel.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis might well allude in his <i>Century</i> to “the melancholy which
+had lately seized upon him;” his sole desire being to pay his debts
+and possess “a competency to live according to his birth and quality;”
+yet every way frustrated, month by month, year by year, even after his
+last ray of hope was realized in the return of the exiled sovereign.
+He makes slight allusion to enemies, and none to public neglect. The
+enemies must have existed, Papist as he was, when so late as November
+1666, the King had published a declaration to banish all priests and
+jesuits, on pain of punishment if found in the kingdom after the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</span>
+middle of the next month; the public neglect, from his aristocratic
+sympathies, he might not choose to recognise. It is certain he had been
+abundantly persecuted for his political acts, and was being neglected
+with a degree of callousness for which it is difficult at this remote
+period, and in the absence of needful intelligence, to account, so as
+fairly to reconcile the many incongruities and inconsistencies in the
+statement of his devotion to Charles the First, the coolness of Charles
+the Second, the Marquis’s own firm clinging to a Court which used him
+so basely, and the utter oblivion into which his efforts fell among all
+classes of men esteemed patrons of art, literature and science.</p>
+
+<p>Amidst plague, and intestine troubles, and surrounded with domestic
+calamities of the most poignant character, this great and good man,
+this glorious genius deceased on Wednesday, the 3rd of April, 1667.
+Where he died is nowhere recorded, and no incident of his latter days
+affords the slightest information. It is not unreasonable to suppose
+that he had resided at Lambeth, if not indeed at the mansion then
+called Faux-hall. He was conveyed with funeral solemnity from London to
+his barony of Raglan, in the county of Monmouth, where he was buried in
+the family vault within the Parish Church, on Friday the 17th of the
+same month, near to the body of Edward, Earl of Worcester, Lord Privy
+Seal, his grandfather, the following inscription being engraved on a
+brass plate:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<i>Depositum Illustrissimi Principis Edwardi Marchionis &amp; Comitis
+Wigorniæ, Comitis de Glamorgan, Baronis Herbert de Raglan, Chepstow, &amp;
+Gower, nec non Serenissimo nuper Domino Regi Carolo primo, Southwalliæ
+Locum-tenentis: Qui obiit apud Lond. tertio die Aprilis</i>, An. Dom.
+<span class="smcap">m.dc.lxvii.</span>”
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p296.jpg" width="100%" alt="St. Cadocus, Raglan Church" />
+<span class="larger"><span class="smcap">St.</span> CADOCUS:</span><br />
+THE PARISH CHURCH OF RAGLAN, MONMOUTHSHIRE</div>
+
+<p id="Page_297"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 297]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p297.jpg" width="100%" alt="St. Cadocus east end and plan" />
+EAST END VIEW AND PLAN OF RAGLAN CHURCH.</div>
+
+<p>In the above view of Raglan Church, a corresponding plan is given,
+showing, by the letter <span class="smcap">a</span>, that portion of the chancel beneath
+which is situated the family vault of the Beaufort family. The flagged
+area has a font in the centre, pews in one corner and at the sides,
+with a window at one end, and at the other a door opening to the
+church-yard.</p>
+
+<p>Although Francis Sandford, Pursuivant at Arms, in noticing heraldic
+particulars, when alluding to his funeral, adds, “which myself had the
+honour to attend,” he makes no comment of a personal or interesting
+character, beyond the customary genealogical details. From Sandford’s
+remark one is led to suppose he attended as a personal friend. He
+was a native of Wicklow, of humble origin and moderate education,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</span>
+long resident in London. He was therefore a person likely to be
+intimately acquainted with the Dowager Marchioness of Worcester’s Irish
+connexions, and to take a more than usual interest in the circumstances
+relating to the death and funeral obsequies of the Marquis.<a id="FNanchor_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274" class="fnanchor">[O]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the 24th of the same month the following funeral certificate was
+attested by his son Henry, Marquis of Worcester, at the Herald’s
+College:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p298.jpg" width="100%" alt="Arms of the Marquis of Worcester, and his two wives" /></div>
+
+<p>“The Right Hon<sup>ble</sup> Edward Somerset Marquess and Earle of Worcester,
+Earle of Glamorgan, and Baron Herbert of Raglan, Chepstow, and Gower
+departed this mortall life upon <ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">Wedensday</ins> the third of Aprill 1667,
+and was conveyed with ffunerall Solemnitie from London to his Barony
+of Raglan in the County of Monmouth (accompanied with many Gentry of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</span>
+y<sup>e</sup> County’s of Gloucester and Monmouth aforesaid) and there interred
+in his Lordships Chappell in the Parish Church, neare to the body of
+Edward Earle of Worcester Lord Privie Seale, his Grandfather (in a
+vault arched with stone) on fryday the 19 day of the same month. His
+Lordship married to his first wife Elizabeth Dormer daughter of Sir
+William Dormer Knight that dyed in the lifetime of his father, and
+sister unto Robert Earle of Carnarvon by whom he had issue his only
+son Henry Lord Herbert, now Marquess of Worcester at the time of the
+takeinge of this Certificate, who, marrying with Mary daughter of that
+most loyall Nobleman Arthur, Lord Capell, beheaded by the rebells upon
+the 9th day of March 1648 (Sister to Arthur Earle of Essex, &amp;c.<ins class="correction" title="Typo original has (">)</ins> and
+Widdow to Henry Seamour, Lord Beauchampe that dyed in the lifetime of
+his father, by whom she had issue William now Duke of Somerset aged 15
+years and Frances and Mary, dead, and Elizabeth Seamour third daughter
+now liveing, had by the said Mary also issue Henry Somerset his eldest
+son dead, and buried at Windsor; Charles Somerset second son and heire,
+now Lord Herbert about 6 years old; Edward Somerset 3<sup>d</sup> son, dead also,
+and was interred at Raglan; and Henry Somerset the yonger 4 sonne who
+departed this world about two dayes before his Grandfather and was
+buried at Raglan; Elizabeth Somerset elder daughter dyed young and
+was buried at Raglan, and Lady Mary Somerset, younger daughter is now
+liveing about a yeare and halfe old. Lady Anne Somerset elder daughter
+to the defunct was married to Henry Howard second sonne of Henry Earle
+of <ins class="correction" title="alternative spellling">Arundell</ins>, and brother and heire to Thomas Duke of Norfolke, and
+by him hath issue Henry Howard, <ins class="correction" title="Typo original missing comma">Thomas,</ins> Elizabeth and Frances. Lady
+Elizabeth Somerset younger daughter to the defunct is the wife of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</span>
+William, Lord Herbert of Powis and by him hath issue William Herbert
+his only son and five daughters.</p>
+
+<p>“The said Edward Lord Marquess defunct married to his second wife the
+Lady Margaret O’Bryan daughter and coheire of Henry Earle of Thomond,
+and by her had issue one only daughter named Mary, who dyed an Infant,
+and was buried at Raglan. This Certificate was taken upon the 24th
+day of Aprill 1667 by Ffrancis Sandford, Rouge Dragon, who, served
+for S<sup>r</sup> Edward Walker K<sup>t</sup>. Garter Principall King of Armes, and the
+truth thereof attested by the subscription of the Right Ho<sup>ble</sup> Henry
+Marquesse of Worcester</p>
+
+<div class="left_text"><span class="ml20">“Examd. F. R. S. D.</span></div>
+<div class="right_text"><span class="ml90">&nbsp;</span><span class="smcap">Worcester.</span>”</div>
+<div class="continue_text"></div>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">It is, throughout, very observable that the invention of the
+Water-commanding Engine was no imaginary scheme, no merely ingenious
+idea, but a realized fact, of the nature and importance of which the
+late Marquis had been fully sensible. And it affords a striking proof
+of his high estimation and correct knowledge of the magnitude of his
+discovery, that he should have bowed himself before his Maker in humble
+adoration, acknowledging in a simple yet solemnly sublime strain, his
+sense of obligation to the supreme Source of all intelligence, for
+permitting him to become instrumental in the development of so great a
+mystery of nature.</p>
+
+<p>The following is from the original manuscript at Badminton:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top extra_hanging_indent">“<i>The Lord Marquesse of Worcester’s Ejaculatory and extemporary
+thanksgiueing prayer when first with his corporall eyes, he did
+see finish’d a perfect tryall of his Water-commanding Engine
+delightfull and usefull to whomsoeuer hath in recomendation eyther
+knowledge, profit, or pleasure.</i></p>
+
+<p class="margin_top"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</span>
+“Oh! infinitly omnipotent God whose mercyes are fathomlesse, and
+whose knowledge is immense and inexhaustible next to my Creation and
+Redemption I render thee most humble thanks even from the very bottome
+of my heart and bowells, for thy voutchchafeing me (the meanest in
+understanding), an insight in soe great a secret of nature beneficial
+to all mankind as this my Water-commanding Engine. Suffer me not to
+be puff’d upp, O Lord, by the knowing of it, and many more rare and
+unheard off, yea unparaleled Inventions, Tryals, and Experiments, but
+humble my haughty heart, by the true knowledge of myne owne ignorant,
+weak, and unworthy nature, proane to all euill O most mercifull Father
+my creator, most compassionatting Sonne my Redeemer, and Holyest of
+Spiritts, the sanctifier, three diuine persons and one God! grant me a
+further concurring grace with fortitude to take hould of thy goodnesse,
+to the end that whatever I doe, unanimously and courageously to serue
+my King and Countrey, to disabuse, rectifie, and convert my vndeserved
+yet wilfully incredulous<a id="FNanchor_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275" class="fnanchor">[P]</a>
+ enemyes, to reimburse thankfully my
+creditors, to reimmunerate my benefactors, to reinhearten my distressed
+family, and with complacence to gratifie my suffering and confiding
+friends may, voyde of vanity or selfe ends, only be directed to thy
+honour and glory euerlastingly. Amen.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</span>
+With Caspar Kaltoff to superintend the work at Vauxhall, the engine
+would no doubt be kept in operation, for the benefit alike of the
+Dowager Marchioness and all interested, most likely including Colonel
+C. Copley.</p>
+
+<p>In the travels of Cosmo de Medici the Third, Grand Duke of Tuscany,<a id="FNanchor_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>
+through England,<a id="FNanchor_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277" class="fnanchor">[Q]</a> among other matters that attracted his attention
+in the metropolis, it is recorded that on the 23rd of May, 1669:&mdash;“His
+Highness went to see an hydraulic machine upon a wooden tower, in the
+neighbourhood of Somerset House,<a id="FNanchor_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278" class="fnanchor">[R]</a> which is used for conveying water
+of the river to the greater part of the City. It is put in motion by
+two horses, which are continually going round, it not being possible
+that it should receive its movement from the current of the river, as
+in many other places where the rivers never vary in their course; but
+this is not the case with the Thames, owing to the tide; consequently
+the wheels, which serve at the ebb, would not be able to do their
+office when the tide returns.”</p>
+
+<p>On the 29th following, his Highness was entertained by the Earl of
+Devonshire, when a sumptuous banquet was provided.</p>
+
+<p>“His Highness, that he might not lose the day uselessly, went again
+after dinner to the other side of the city, extending his excursion as
+far as Vauxhall, beyond the palace of the Archbishop of Canterbury,
+to see an hydraulic machine, invented by my Lord Somerset, Marquis of
+Worcester. It raises water more than forty geometrical feet by the
+power of one man only; and in a very short space of time will draw up
+four vessels of water through a tube or channel not more than a span in
+width; on which account it is considered to be of greater service to
+the public than the other machine near Somerset House.”</p>
+
+<p id="Page_303"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 303]</span>
+Up to September next year we still find the “Water-commanding Engine,”
+engaging the attention of the Dowager Marchioness, who was fully alive
+to the importance of so wonderful an invention; not only as enhancing
+her late husband’s fame, but also as affecting her own interest, with
+that of the other parties who had assisted in its promotion. She
+seems to have acted with a persevering and noble spirit under all the
+disadvantages of her situation, oppressed as she was in fortune, her
+heart lacerated by the accumulated wrongs she and her husband had
+through life endured, and now alone, neglected, and with but this
+one hope left, of which his prophetic views must have left a lively
+impression on her heart.</p>
+
+<p>But the Marquis’s surprising invention was doomed to another, and a
+more novel persecution than could well be conceived possible, one which
+assuredly might very justly be doubted, had we not the written record
+before our eyes. Among the other manuscripts at Badminton House is
+the letter of a Roman Catholic priest, dated 6th of September, 1670,
+addressed to the Marchioness “at her house in Lincoln’s Inn Fields.”<a id="FNanchor_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279" class="fnanchor">[S]</a></p>
+
+<p>As her spiritual adviser, he says:&mdash;“Almighty God hath, Madam, put you
+into a happy and flourishing condition, fit and able to serve God,
+and to do much good to yourself and others; and your Ladyship makes
+yourself unhappy, by seeming not to be contented with your condition,
+but troubling your spirits with many thoughts of attaining to greater
+dignities and riches.”</p>
+
+<p>He next declares that she is in danger “to lose the right use of her
+reason,” all arising from disposing herself for great dignity and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</span>
+wealth&mdash;“by getting of great sums of money from the King to pay your
+deceased Lord’s debts, and enriching yourself by the great Machine [the
+Water-commanding Engine] and the like.”</p>
+
+<p>To deter her from proceeding in this course, he points out, as ill
+effects, “the danger of losing her health and judgment,” and “the
+probability of offending Almighty God.” That she is under “great
+temptation” he considers certain, “yet I confess (he adds) that the
+devil, to make his suggestion the more prevalent, doth make use of
+some motives that seem plausible, as of paying your Lord’s debts, &amp;c.”
+For her future government he recommends her Ladyship&mdash;“To seek after
+eternal riches and honours, which your age doth assure you are not
+far off; for which you may dispose yourself, before death comes, by
+retiring into the country for some time, from the distractions of the
+Court, where you may have the advice and directions of some learned
+priest, in whose virtue you may wholly confide, for your internal
+quiet and security.” With this view he recommends a lady’s house at
+Hammersmith, where, “by Almighty God’s blessing, you may recover from
+that most pernicious distemper of body and mind, into which every one
+sees you to be very near approaching.”<a id="FNanchor_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280" class="fnanchor">[T]</a></p>
+
+<p>He claims “the candour of his intentions,” as a plea for this
+extraordinary interference, in a matter of personal and strictly
+honourable conduct of a wholly private nature.<a id="FNanchor_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281" class="fnanchor">[U]</a></p>
+
+<p>We lose after this all intelligence regarding the Vauxhall Water
+Engine, and it is in vain to enter on mere conjectures as to what may
+have been its fate. It is certain, however, that great disadvantages
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</span>
+in exhibiting, and in manufacturing or repairing, would ensue on the
+decease of the Marquis’s right hand man “both for trust and skill.”</p>
+
+<p>In 1670&ndash;71, letters patent were granted to the late Marquis’s son,
+Henry, Marquis of Worcester, remitting payment of certain sums due to
+the Crown at the time of his father’s decease.<a id="FNanchor_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282" class="fnanchor">[V]</a></p>
+
+<p>And on the 1st of August, 1672, letters patent were obtained, in
+respect to property at Vauxhall, which state that the same are granted
+by Charles the Second “from grace and favour towards Jasper Calthoff
+and Martha Calthoff, <i>lately deceased</i>.” From the same document we
+learn in reference to their children, that there were then living,
+Catherine, married to Claude Denis,</p>
+<p class="extra_margin">Jasper Calthoff, and</p>
+<p class="extra_margin">Isabel Calthoff.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">And we find from letters patent, bearing date 22nd March, 1667&ndash;8, that
+Peter Jacobson (married to another daughter) is named as the “son in
+law,” So that it would appear that, in 1672, four children were living,
+one son and three daughters. The Peter Jacobson, here named, was a
+sugar baker, holding a portion of the Vauxhall estate for carrying on
+his business, at a trifling rental, during the term of his natural
+life.<a id="FNanchor_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283" class="fnanchor">[W]</a></p>
+
+<p>Beyond all question the Marquis of Worcester’s prime invention, the
+<i>Water-commanding Engine</i>, was erected and at work from 1663, to the
+year 1670, during which time it had been made the subject of an Act
+of Parliament; had been published in the <i>Century</i>, in brief outline;
+also noticed in a separate pamphlet, copies of which are exceedingly
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</span>
+rare; and likewise in large posting bills. Besides which a model was
+deposited with the Chancellor of the Exchequer as required by the Act.
+It was also the subject of much correspondence. That it excited the
+attention of intelligent sight-seeing travellers we ascertain from the
+Diaries published first by M. Sorbière, and five years later by Cosmo
+de Medici. And after the noble inventor’s decease, his warm-hearted
+and enthusiastic widow brought herself under priestly censure for
+her active endeavours “to enrich herself by the great Machine;” on
+which, alas! both had built reasonable, but such as were at that time
+considered extravagant, expectations of present fortune and future fame.</p>
+
+<p>With the Marquis of Worcester this invention was no idle fancy, no
+mere experiment, no amateur work, no casual, doubtful trial, and was
+not lightly estimated by himself. He had by practice so thoroughly
+satisfied himself, that, long after 1655, amidst all his troubles,
+without his notes, and to oblige a friend, he wrote off, <i>con amore</i>,
+three distinct accounts of his invention, under the titles of, “A fire
+water-work;” “A semi-omnipotent engine;” and lastly, “A stupendous
+water-work.”</p>
+
+<p id="Page_307"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 307]</span>
+How it happens that the Marquis of Worcester should have been wholly
+unnoticed for his inventions by contemporaries it is difficult to offer
+anything like a sufficiently reasonable or satisfactory conjecture. But
+surprise might seem to vanish when such diarists as John Evelyn and
+Samuel Pepys, with all their curiosity and all their apparent pleasure
+in recording scientific novelties, although they name the Marquis,
+notice Worcester House, and mention Vauxhall, never so much as hint
+at one invention by the Marquis of Worcester. When these gossips had
+nothing to say, conjecture may well cease to promise a satisfactory
+solution.</p>
+
+<p>But it must be remembered that the means for giving publicity to any
+matter were then comparatively limited; and it is possible that the
+Water-commanding Engine was little known beyond a certain aristocratic
+circle, who afforded the chief support of the affair pending other
+arrangements. Even this supposition very indifferently accounts for
+the dead silence on the subject at home, when it seems apparent that
+the invention was looked on by foreigners as in striking contrast with
+a much inferior mode of raising water at Somerset House, performed
+by machinery worked by two horses. One would suppose that of all
+inventions an engine of superior capabilities for supplying the
+city with water, would have excited attention in every quarter. The
+inventor, and all concerned with him, might see certain difficulties in
+meeting any demand adequately remunerative, until works and machinery
+were provided; not so much to make the engines, but to provide certain
+requisite articles and materials, well understood in modern times, but
+wholly unknown two centuries ago. The Marquis was in fact creating a
+demand for iron plates, wrought and cast iron cylinders, metal rods,
+and all manner of tools and novel kinds of workmanship, so completely
+was this wonderful man in advance of the age he might have adorned.</p>
+
+<p>Charles the Second, in the midst of all his gaiety and all his poverty,
+had it in his power to benefit the Marquis by, at least, affording him
+some countenance. He had every reason to be grateful to him, but his
+ruling passion gained the sway over all other considerations. What
+Samuel Pepys relates of him, as happening on the 1st of February,
+1663&ndash;4, is characteristic of what may have been his utmost estimate
+of even the Marquis himself. He says:&mdash;“I to Whitehall, where, in the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</span>
+Duke’s chamber, the King came and stayed an hour or two, laughing at
+Sir W. Petty, who was then about his boat; and at Gresham College [the
+Royal Society] in general, which he mightily laughed at, for spending
+time only in weighing of air, and doing nothing else since they
+sat.”<a id="FNanchor_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284" class="fnanchor">[78]</a></p>
+
+<p>Our great historian has given a masterly miniature of the volatile
+monarch, observing:&mdash;“To do him justice his temper was good; his
+manners agreeable; his natural talents above mediocrity. But he was
+sensual, frivolous, false and cold-hearted, beyond almost any prince of
+whom history makes mention.”<a id="FNanchor_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285" class="fnanchor">[X]</a> His neglect of the Marquis of Worcester
+had the effect of retarding the full development of the Steam Engine in
+this country for above half a century; and thus he, who had never been
+known to say a foolish thing, lost the chance of performing a wise one,
+that would have evinced the existence of at least one redeeming quality
+in his character.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_251"><a href="#FNanchor_251"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> History of the Royal Society of London. By Thomas Sprat, Bishop of Rochester, 4to. 1667.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_252"><a href="#FNanchor_252"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Sprat.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_253"><a href="#FNanchor_253"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Tallis.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_254"><a href="#FNanchor_254"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Lysons.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_255"><a href="#FNanchor_255"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Allen.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_256"><a href="#FNanchor_256"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Boyle.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_257"><a href="#FNanchor_257"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> Weld.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_258"><a href="#FNanchor_258"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Boyle.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_259"><a href="#FNanchor_259"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> Weld.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_260"><a href="#FNanchor_260"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> MS. Public Record Office, in course of being calendared by Mrs. M. A. E. Green.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_261"><a href="#FNanchor_261"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_262"><a href="#FNanchor_262"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_263"><a href="#FNanchor_263"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_264"><a href="#FNanchor_264"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> On the 10th of October, 1667, his son occupied his place, as Marquis of Worcester.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_265"><a href="#FNanchor_265"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_266"><a href="#FNanchor_266"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> This is a holograph letter, from MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_267"><a href="#FNanchor_267"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series. Ch. II. 1667. No. 101.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_268"><a href="#FNanchor_268"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> <a href="#Appendix_G">Appendix G.</a></p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_269"><a href="#FNanchor_269"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series. Ch. II. 1667. No. 33.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_270"><a href="#FNanchor_270"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_271">271</a> and <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_271"><a href="#FNanchor_271"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> Duchy of Cornwall Office. Report H. 1.1665&ndash;8. (April, 1668.) See <a href="#Appendix_G">Appendix G.</a></p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_272"><a href="#FNanchor_272"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> It is very similar to the Draft, page <a href="#Page_224">224</a>; and the
+“Definition” in <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C.</a></p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_273"><a href="#FNanchor_273"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Boyle, Vol. v. page 532.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_274"><a href="#FNanchor_274"><span class="label">[O]</span></a> I am the more particular in naming these facts, as it
+is singular that there should be any doubt thrown on the place of
+his sepulture. Yet in a copy of “The Baronage of England, by William
+Dugdale,” containing his own manuscript corrections, he substitutes for
+“Ragland,” to read “Windsor, near to the tomb of Charles of Worcester
+his ancestor.” This copy is in the Bodleian Library, and I have not
+only examined it very carefully, but also the Register at St. George’s
+Chapel, and the tombs in the Beaufort Chapel, Windsor, without being
+able to confirm Dugdale’s manuscript emendation.&mdash;D.</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_275"><a href="#FNanchor_275"><span class="label">[P]</span></a> This had been written “wilfully malicious”&mdash;but
+“malicious” has been struck out, and “incredulous” substituted. This
+with other corrections are in the Marquis’s own handwriting.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_276"><a href="#FNanchor_276"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Cosmo.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_277"><a href="#FNanchor_277"><span class="label">[Q]</span></a> Being this portion only of his Travels, derived from two large folio MS. volumes, narrated by the celebrated Count Lorenza
+Magalotti, preserved in the Laurentian Library, Florence.</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_278"><a href="#FNanchor_278"><span class="label">[R]</span></a> See Sorbière’s Account, page <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_279"><a href="#FNanchor_279"><span class="label">[S]</span></a> Her being there 3&frac12; years <i>after</i> the decease of the
+Marquis, makes it probable she had removed from Lambeth, or wherever
+she had previously resided.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_280"><a href="#FNanchor_280"><span class="label">[T]</span></a> See <a href="#Appendix_D">Appendix D.</a></p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_281"><a href="#FNanchor_281"><span class="label">[U]</span></a> She afterwards married Donough O’Kearney, and died 26th
+July, 1681.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_282"><a href="#FNanchor_282"><span class="label">[V]</span></a> <a href="#Appendix_G">Appendix G.</a></p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_283"><a href="#FNanchor_283"><span class="label">[W]</span></a> Duchy of Cornwall Office. See Index to Reports&mdash;1660&ndash;1684.
+A. to P. 1. And Report H. 1. 1665&ndash;8. And <a href="#Appendix_G">Appendix G.</a></p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_284"><a href="#FNanchor_284"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Pepys.</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_285"><a href="#FNanchor_285"><span class="label">[X]</span></a> Macaulay’s Essays.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_309"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 309]</span></p>
+
+<h2 id="CHAPTER_XVIII">CHAPTER XVIII.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p class="chapter_heading">A BRIEF RETROSPECT OF THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER’s GENEALOGY, AND HIS
+PRIVATE, POLITICAL, AND PHILOSOPHICAL CHARACTER; INCLUDING HIS OWN
+STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE DURING THE CIVIL WAR.</p>
+
+
+<p>The ancient and Honourable family of Somerset is descended from John of
+Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, son of Edward the Third.</p>
+
+<p>1. Charles,<a id="FNanchor_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> the only natural son of Henry Beaufort, third Duke
+of Somerset, in that line (eldest son of Edmond, Duke of Somerset),
+assumed the surname of Somerset. He, in consequence of the devastating
+wars of the Roses, was, on the accession of Henry the Seventh to
+the throne, the only remaining representative of that monarch’s
+illustrious ancestors, and he, therefore, considerably distinguished
+him. In addition to his other honours, he was created a Knight of the
+Garter; and in the succeeding reign elevated to the dignity of Earl of
+Worcester, on the 1st of February, 1514.</p>
+
+<p>In right of his first marriage with Elizabeth Herbert, only child
+of William Herbert, Earl of Huntingdon, he bore the titles of Baron
+Herbert, Lord Herbert of Raglan, Chepstow and Gower. After the decease
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</span>of his first wife he was twice married; first, to Elizabeth West,
+daughter of Thomas, Lord la Warr; and on her decease to Eleanor Sutton,
+daughter of Edward Sutton, Lord Dudley. He died on the 15th of April,
+1526, leaving her a widow.</p>
+
+<p>2. He was succeeded by his eldest son Henry, second Earl of Worcester,
+who died 26th of November, 1549.</p>
+
+<p>3. And he was succeeded by his eldest son, William, third Earl of
+Worcester, and a Knight of the Garter, who died the 21st of February,
+1589.</p>
+
+<p>4. Being succeeded by his only son, Edward, fourth Earl of Worcester,
+and a Knight of the Garter, who died 3rd of March, 1628.</p>
+
+<p>5. And was succeeded by his second son, Henry (his eldest son William
+having died during his father’s lifetime). Charles the First created
+him Marquis of Worcester, by patent dated at Oxford, 2nd of November,
+1642 (which dignity was repudiated by the Commonwealth Parliament). He
+was the fifth Earl and first Marquis of Worcester, and died December,
+1646.</p>
+
+<p>6. When he was succeeded in his honours by his eldest son, Edward,
+the subject of this memoir; but the latter never enjoyed any portion
+of the vast estates until after a lapse of fourteen years, when, at
+the Restoration in 1660, he recovered a large portion of his landed
+property, as already set forth.</p>
+
+<p>He bore the second or family title of Lord Herbert, from March, 1628,
+to the end of March, 1643; being on the 1st of April following, created
+Earl of Glamorgan (during his father’s lifetime) by Charles the First,
+he was best known by that title, from the part he took in Irish affairs
+during the civil commotions from 1644, until the decease of his father
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</span>
+in 1646; when, in consequence of the Cromwellian Parliament refusing
+to acknowledge any of the King’s later creations of Peers, he was
+uniformly styled <i>Earl</i> of Worcester; but at the Restoration in 1660,
+his proper style of Marquis of Worcester was fully recognized. These
+latter party distinctions now materially serve to fix or limit the
+dates of some documents, not otherwise to be approximated.</p>
+
+<p>Until the 27th year of his age we meet with little respecting his
+education, travels, and pursuits. With his marriage commenced his
+engagement with that artificer Caspar Kaltoff, whom he employed in
+promoting his own practical course of studies in a branch of inquiry
+which had never before, and has never since, been so assiduously
+examined and tested. The pursuits then commenced and indefatigably
+pursued, as well for instruction as amusement, combined with a strong
+natural bias for such occupations, may have served at a later period,
+under less favourable circumstances, to lighten the tedium of exile and
+imprisonment.</p>
+
+<p>He enjoyed but seven years of married life, being then left with three
+children, and remained a widower for three years; when, in 1639, he
+married a second time, having but one child by his second marriage, who
+died an infant. In the family group, painted by Hanneman (now first
+engraved), the artist has drawn him seated beside his wife and child;
+but when this work was executed is unknown, although it most likely
+dates between 1639 and 1641.</p>
+
+<p>The breaking out of the Civil War would seriously interfere with the
+Marquis of Worcester’s scientific investigations; he would no longer be
+able to settle down to the serious study of his favourite authors; his
+models and mechanical experiments would be in abeyance; and there was
+no alternative left for him but to unite himself to the cause either of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</span>
+the King or the Parliament. His loyalty led him to choose the former
+course, and his association with Charles the First, combined with that
+unfortunate monarch’s unhappy situation and disposition, eventually
+worked the entire ruin of the Marquis of Worcester. But apart from the
+ordinary occurrences of the war, it was his misfortune to be selected
+by the King to act as his emissary in negotiating a peace with the
+Roman Catholic party in Ireland, on terms contrary to the established
+religion of the realm and irrespective of the laws. That he should
+have listened to the urgent demands of his sovereign is, under any
+circumstances, not very remarkable; and we are the less disposed
+to be surprised at his being won over by the King’s solicitations,
+considering that he was not a practised statesman, and that the
+proposed measure was preceded by his being created Earl of Glamorgan,
+and that it was represented as offering enlarged privileges to his own
+church and party, as well in Ireland as in England. A more cautious
+politician might have suspected some ulterior design beneath this
+promising external appearance, might have questioned the possibility
+of some extraordinary exercise of the royal prerogative, and at
+length concluded that no measure was safe, coming from a sovereign
+who actually seemed to imagine that divine right was delegated to him
+to annul any obligation whatever, however freely tendered by himself,
+provided he could satisfy his own conscience that his so acting would
+be to the advantage of the Crown. But the Marquis was no grovelling
+worldling; he had left the study for the battle-field, and for awhile
+abandoned the path of philosophy to become the King’s agent in Ireland.
+It was thus that his loyalty and his zeal, uniting with his religious
+sentiments and his sovereign’s gracious conduct toward him, and seeming
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</span>
+sincerity, combined effectually to plunge himself, his family, and his
+posterity into a series of disastrous losses in fortune and property.</p>
+
+<p>He had not been many months a refugee in France, when he received a
+very welcome and highly gratifying acknowledgment of his past services,
+from the exiled Queen, in a present of valuable jewels, accompanied
+with a testimonial, empowering him to make what use he might please of
+the regal gift. The original, written in French and sealed with the
+royal arms, is translated as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Henrietta Maria R.</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“We, Henrietta Maria of Bourbon, Queen of Great Britain, have, by the
+order of the King our very honoured Lord and Husband, caused to be
+delivered into the hands of our dear and well beloved cousin, Edward
+Somerset, Count and Earl of Worcester, a necklace of Rubies, containing
+ten large Rubies and one hundred and sixty pearls set and strung
+together in gold; among the said Rubies are likewise two large diamonds
+called the Sancy and the Portugal, acknowledging that besides the great
+expenses made by him for the said King our very honoured Lord, he has
+supplied us with three hundred and seventy thousand Livres Tournois,<a id="FNanchor_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287" class="fnanchor">[B]</a>
+exclusive of the very great services at least of equal consequence,
+which up to the present time, even, he has rendered us, in regard
+to which we make known that the said necklace and diamonds belong
+entirely to him, so that he may either sell or engage them without any
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</span>
+interference on our part, or that of any other, or seeking after or
+troubling any person, who may buy them, or lend money on the ten jewels
+heretofore mentioned, in faith of which we have signed this present and
+put thereto our Royal Seal in our Court at St. Germain en Laye, this
+20th day of May, one thousand six hundred and forty-eight.”</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top extra_margin">(<span class="smcap">Royal Arms.</span>)</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">The lamentable fate that befel Charles the First, effectually
+terminated all expectation of relief; and therefore, from the year
+1647, when the Marquis left Ireland, to 1660 the period of the
+Restoration, about 13 years, was, if possible, the most unhappy and
+gloomy of his eventful life. He was about five years in exile, about
+two years and a quarter a prisoner in the Tower, and nearly six
+years a state prisoner at large, most likely under strict surveillance.</p>
+
+<p>The year following his Lordship’s release from the Tower, 1655, will ever be
+memorable for his having then written his “Century of Inventions,”
+which was published eight years later.</p>
+
+<p>There is every reason to believe that the Marquis of Worcester pursued
+his scientific inquiries both in secrecy and seclusion. This might
+arise from his early domestic habits, particularly during his married
+life, commencing in 1628, when he first engaged Caspar Kaltoff. We
+never find him associated with, or mentioned by, men of his time,
+which, therefore, leads to the supposition that he was naturally of
+a recluse and retiring disposition. But, on the other hand, we have
+nothing to guide us in forming an opinion of the origin, the nature,
+and the progress of his experimental operations. They may have been
+commenced for the simple gratification of a mind desirous to satisfy
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</span>
+itself in every particular of whatever it undertakes. In his early
+travels, when at Venice, he had observed in the arsenal there a
+peculiar employment of the lever; and when at Rome his mathematical
+studies had led him to a knowledge of a particular kind of fountain.
+After his return he had undertaken the erection of water works at
+Raglan Castle, in connection also, no doubt, with the fountain set
+up in one of its adjacent courts. The young engineer may have been
+deeply read in Ramelli’s elaborate work, and may have determined, with
+the assistance of Kaltoff, to adopt, what he long after expressed, as
+“a humour I have, <i>never to be contented</i> to produce any invention
+the second time, without appearing refined.”<a id="FNanchor_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> Once started on an
+inquiry so peculiarly suitable to his taste, he may have pursued it
+almost without design, and continued it only because it interfered
+with no more serious employment. Being drawn into the designing of
+novel inventions, and further encouraged by his workman’s production
+of excellent models, it seems natural enough that, in the seclusion
+of Raglan, immersed in the scientific literature then available, and
+possessing as he did a remarkably inquisitive and inventive genius,
+he should grow up an inventor almost without taking cognizance of
+his own progress. It is certain that it was peculiar to him to take
+nothing on trust, but to reduce everything to the test of absolute
+experiment. There was perhaps never any contrivance of which he thought
+or read, that he did not reduce to a model; and his was the experience
+of a great practical mechanic, whose information was founded on known
+results; whether of success or failure. It was thus that he required
+the services of Kaltoff through nearly forty years, together with many
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</span>
+assistants employed under him. The great ingenuity, perfection, and
+variety of his Lordship’s inventions are traceable to this laborious
+and expensive practical process.</p>
+
+<p>When at length, in 1655, he commenced in earnest to make known among a
+select number of persons his determination to bring out his inventions
+for public advantage, he had a difficult task before him. The recluse
+philosopher was about to assume a new character, offering to submit
+for approbation, to an ignorant and prejudiced public, his mechanical
+marvels, the product of nearly thirty years’ study! At fifty-four years
+of age, without the least practice in trading transactions, bred to no
+profession, and known only as a high-minded but ruined nobleman, he
+sues for public patronage!</p>
+
+<p>Among his manuscripts we find a slip of paper which has all the
+appearance of having passed through many hands,<a id="FNanchor_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_289" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> and suggests the
+idea that it was one of many similarly written, to enable others to
+make known among their friends what the Marquis had to offer, seeking
+their encouragement therein, of what they chose to select. It reads
+thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent2">1. Intelligence at a distance communicative &amp; not limitted to
+distance, nor by it the time p’long’d.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent2">2. Ffountaines of pleasure, with artificiall snow or haill or
+thunder, &amp; quantity not limitted.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent2">2. Oft suteing [shooting] peerds, controuleable, in one plane,
+either for number or time.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent2">3. Discourse to be had by a Lamp.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent2">4. A Brass head, capable to Receave at the Eare a Whisper &amp; the mouth
+thereof to Render Answere in any Language to the Interrogator.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_317"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 317]</span>
+There is a somewhat similar but fuller MS. list of eight of his
+inventions, evidently issued between 1655 and 1660, from its being
+headed, “Inventions of y<sup>e</sup> Earl of Worcester.”<a id="FNanchor_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_290" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> as he only bore the
+title of Earl during the Commonwealth. By these means, a small select
+circle of friends would become acquainted with the singular mechanical
+skill of the Marquis; but, with what success for the desired end is
+problematical. He would unquestionably astonish all, while it is but
+too likely he would convince very few indeed. Besides, his ultimate
+views were beyond the scope of the ordinary trader, and could only be
+effectually realized through government influence; particularly in an
+age when the common manufacturing resources of the country were but
+sparingly developed, and when trading enterprise was monopolized by
+special corporate bodies. Here was a spectacle to behold; one of our
+country’s brightest ornaments, and its unquestionable glory, degraded
+to this hopeless drudgery; deprived of his princely property, and
+allowed a pittance of £3 per week!</p>
+
+<p>When, in 1661, Parliament passed “An Act for distribution of £60,000
+amongst the truly loyal and indigent commission-officers, &amp;c.” the
+following was the appointment of Commissioners named therein for
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</span>
+Monmouth:&mdash;“Henry, Lord Herbert<a id="FNanchor_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_291" class="fnanchor">[F]</a> of Raglan, eldest son of Edward,
+Lord Marquis of Worcester; Sir Anthony Morgan, Sir George Probert,
+Knights; William Jones of Lanarth; Thomas Morgan of Lansoan; Miles
+Morgan; William Morgan, one of his Majesty’s household; Charles Hughes;
+Roger Williams of Kentild, Esquire; James Progers, Esquire.”</p>
+
+<p>Also, “For the county of Gloucester, and the city and county of the
+city of Gloucester, Henry Lord Herbert of Raglan, &amp;c.” along with 21
+other Commissioners.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis of Worcester had every reason to expect an agreeable change
+of fortune on the accession of Charles the Second to the throne. He
+made a full declaration to Lord Clarendon of the powers under which he
+had acted for the late King in Ireland. He recovered a large portion of
+his estates. He had given up all claim to the promised title of Duke of
+Somerset. He was granted an Act of Parliament for his Water-commanding
+Engine, in 1663; and immediately after he printed the first edition
+of his “Century of Inventions.” But he was entirely neglected by
+the frivolous monarch on whose consideration and patronage he had
+calculated, with his usual confiding sincerity of heart.</p>
+
+<p>Worn out by three years’ delay, without any prospect of improvement, he
+seems to have concluded on an appeal in person to the House of Lords.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</span>
+But his first course was to submit a draft of his proposed discourse
+to his Majesty, agreeable to an understanding at the Hague, when his
+Majesty was in exile, that he should so act, previous to consulting
+any of his ministers. The document now at Badminton, is most likely
+his Lordship’s own copy of the one forwarded to the King, who seems
+either to have discouraged its being brought forward, or to have given
+it no further attention. It is in every sense a remarkable production,
+whether as regards its matter, its style, or the extraordinary evidence
+it affords of his Lordship’s unbounded confidence in and devotion to
+Charles the First. The MS. is endorsed&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">“Statement of the Marquis of Worcester’s expenses for his King and
+country;” and is as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="continued margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your most excellent Majesty.</span></p>
+
+<p>“<span class="smcap">Sire</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“To ease your mind of a trouble incident to the prolixity of speech,
+and a natural defect of utterance which I accuse myself of, I have
+presumed here to set down summarily in writing what I desire (if your
+Majesty approve thereof) to speak in the House of Lords, whereby your
+Majesty may gather how far (some things being rectified) I am confident
+of myself to serve you, praying your Majesty’s favourable construction
+of what I shall endeavour candidly to submit unto your Majesty.</p>
+
+<p>“In the first place, according to your most gracious commands laid
+upon me at the Hague, when I offered to make my Lord Chancellor privy
+to what I should at any time presume to offer to your Majesty’s
+transcendent judgment, having sufficiently suffered for treating with
+the late King, of happy memory, alone; to which request of mine you
+were pleased to give this most gracious and never-to-be-forgotten
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</span>
+reply, that, notwithstanding you would have me first to acquaint
+yourself therewith, and then only such as your Majesty should consent
+unto, and think proper for it: In pursuance whereof I most humbly
+offer this following discourse, which I shall with a most ready and
+implicit obedience augment, diminish, or alter, as your Majesty shall
+think fittest; disputing nothing, much less waiving anything, that your
+Majesty shall command either as to substance or circumstance.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lords</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“Amongst Almighty God’s infinite mercies to me in this world, I
+account it one of the greatest that his Divine goodness vouchsafed
+me parents as well careful as able to give me virtuous education,
+and extraordinary breeding at home and abroad, in Germany, France,
+and Italy; allowing me abundantly in those parts, and since most
+plentifully at my master of happy memory, the late King’s Court, by
+which means, had it not been my own fault, I ought to have become
+better able and more capable to serve Almighty God, my King and
+country, which obligatory ends of theirs have I always had in my eyes,
+as drawing and sucking them thence, it being certainly the greatest and
+surest portions parents can leave to their children; since breeding and
+knowledge cannot be taken from them, when as riches and possessions
+are fading and perishable, witness my own case, my Lords. Yet, by
+dear-bought experience and their great expenses, for which I honour the
+happy memory of my most beloved parents, more than for my very life,
+drawn from them, they giving me by the one but my being, and by the
+other my <i>bene esse</i>. Whereby I find nothing more certain than that
+the way to make oneself considerably useful to his Prince and nation,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</span>
+is the surest means for him to become cherished by them, which they
+then do for their own sake, not his, though he had spent and lost above
+7, or £800,000, sterling; and narrowly escaped several times, both by
+sea and land, imminent dangers, and long and close imprisonment, and a
+scaffold, threatening death, as I have done, <i>Experte Crede Roberto</i>,
+my Lords; yet happy is this day unto me, wherein I have the honour,
+sitting amongst your Lordships, to express from my heart that I have
+not the least repining thought within me, though I had suffered ten
+times more for so good a cause, and so gracious and obliging a master
+as the late King, of happy memory, was unto me. And for so majestical
+and promising a Prince as my new sovereign is, whom God long preserve;
+and, morally speaking, cannot do amiss, whilst he hearkens to so
+wise a great Council, and so tender of his good and welfare as your
+Lordships, assisted by so discreet, experienced, and well-affected
+persons as sit now in the honourable House of Commons, the whole
+kingdom’s representatives. And may your Lordships be ever as tender of
+your innate privileges, members, and birthrights, as they of theirs,
+and both of you equally likewise tender of his Majesty’s just and
+undoubted prerogatives, upon which two hinges, or rather bases (that
+is, our most gracious King’s prerogatives and the birthright of his
+subjects), this excellent government of King and Parliament outvies
+and excels all other in the world. Let them, therefore, my Lords, hold
+together as the surest props of a settled kingdom; his Majesty’s power
+consisting in nothing more than in the greatness of your Lordships,
+who are, as well by Divine Providence as human policy, allotted to
+be as it were the medium between the King and the people; that is,
+to interpose yourselves as mediators if the King’s supreme authority
+should become severe, which cannot be feared from so gracious a Prince;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</span>
+as also to be curbers of the people’s rustic stubbornness, if they
+should prove insolent, which cannot likewise happen to a nation that
+hath so lately smarted for such inconveniences, as, had the Lords’
+former greatness and power been continued in them, could never have
+happened; for, as I hold with the old saying, <i>No Bishops, no King</i>,
+so may I boldly aver that no power of temporal Lords being extant,
+there will be neither Bishop nor King. But I am too tedious, my Lords;
+yet what I further shall presume to say, will need no eloquence, being
+upon a theme pleasing, as I humbly conceive, to the minds of all your
+Lordships, there being none of you whose birth brings you unto this
+place, but so much generosity possesses your hearts, that you conclude
+and harbour a firm resolution to believe and follow that noble and
+heroic maxim&mdash;<i>Beatius est dare quam accipere</i>, since <i>Beneficium
+accipere est libertatem vendere</i>, a thing beneath your Lordships.
+According, then, to which maxim, as having the honour to be a member
+of this House, esteeming in the first place the right of Peerage, even
+before the titles of Earl, Marquis, or Duke; as a Peer, therefore, I
+say of this House, I shall (with your Lordships’ approbation) humbly
+offer a present unto his most excellent Majesty, our most gracious
+Sovereign, a present, my Lords, which cannot be done without you, and
+fit to be owned by a House of Lords, it being no less than to raise
+an auxiliary troop for his Majesty’s Life-guard, of an hundred horse,
+and commonly called in France an hundred Meistres; [Reistres?] that is, each
+Cavalier to keep a servant with a led horse, as well as his own, and
+one of them to be worth £100. The whole troop shall amount the first
+day unto upwards of ten thousand pounds, besides arms and equipage
+accordingly; nay, my Lords, every one of this troop shall be of that
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</span>
+quality and power as to be capable to raise at his Majesty’s command
+an hundred men in 14 days; and at the entering into the troop, shall
+furnish into his Majesty’s store-house a 100 foot arms, two parts
+fire-arms, and the third pikes, at his own proper cost and charges,
+and marked by him, there to be kept till his Majesty’s occasions be to
+raise men accordingly: but God long preserve his Majesty from needing
+of them; yet if, at any time, then will his Majesty have in readiness
+at a fortnight’s warning 10,000 men, without costing his Majesty or
+the kingdom sixpence, till they be raised and armed. And that most
+worthy nobleman, the Earl of Northampton, who, according to the Spanish
+saying, <i>So many brothers united so many castles</i>,<a id="FNanchor_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_292" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> hath approved
+himself to be such in gallantry and strength for his King and kingdom’s
+defence, is desirous and willing through his zeal to his Majesty’s
+service, to be but lieutenant to the said troop. But the whole troop,
+consisting of such persons qualified as above-mentioned, volunteers,
+and not serving for pay or gain, will deservedly require not to be put
+upon common services, and not to be commanded but by his Majesty, or
+his most deserving general the Duke of Albemarle; and they themselves
+not to be tied to daily duties, but to have liberty to substitute some
+gentleman of quality, or an experienced officer, to serve for him at
+any time when his Majesty requires not his personal appearance, and
+that the Captain of the troop gives way unto it. I presume, my Lords,
+to nominate my Lord of Northampton but as second to me, because his
+goodness and zeal to his Majesty’s service makes his Lordship contented
+to give me the precedence as Captain, though far less worthy, and shall
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</span>
+indeed be but a servant to his Lordship and the rest of the troop, in
+order to his Majesty’s command, and the welfare of his tenderly beloved
+people. The rest of the troop shall be nominated when your Lordships
+shall approve of the motion, and his Majesty vouchsafe an acceptance
+thereof. They shall all of them be approved persons in zeal, loyalty,
+and allowed by you, and do ambition the honour of being called a troop
+of the House of Lords, and being so termed, and most of them of your
+members, I dare without vanity affirm that no King in Christendom but
+may boast of such a troop; and it will not only be a safety to his
+Majesty’s person, but an honour to the whole nation; and an evident
+testimony of your Lordships’ constant loyalty and zeal to both King and
+kingdom, and will keep up the honour of this House, and not subject
+[it] again to be thrust out of doors; and I beseech your Lordships that
+I may be rightly understood, for it is my duty to his Majesty, and the
+honour I bear to this House, and not the ambition of being Captain of
+the said troop, that makes me to motion the raising thereof; for as I
+acknowledge that there are many greater persons in the House, as well
+titular as real, in merit and power, any of whom, if they please to
+undertake it, I shall with more joy and readiness serve as a trooper
+therein, than to have the command thereof.</p>
+
+<p>“My second humble offer, disposable by your Lordships, is at my own
+cost and charges, but under your Lordships’ name and approbation, and
+out of the accruing profits of my Water-commanding Engine, to cause to
+be erected a competent ordinary, affording as well wine as meat, for
+one meal a day, for forty indigent officers, such as the calamity of
+the late times has brought to so pressing necessities, as none of your
+Lordships, I am confident, but is very sensible thereof, especially
+of such persons who (had not their zeal to their King and country
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</span>
+transported them) might have lived plentifully of their own; yet if
+your Lordships’ commiserating eyes look not speedily upon them, may
+follow the destiny of some others of quality, yea colonels, and never
+were under my command; yet I never made distinction when his Majesty’s
+honour or service was interested, or his well-deserving subjects
+suffered, and were within my power of relief, for whose burials it
+hath been my good fortune to pay; they not leaving behind them to the
+value of an angel; and I humbly conceive this act of charity, worthy
+your Lordships’ owning, since your Lordships’ cheerfully passing the
+act of my Water-commanding Engine enableth me thereunto; and I most
+humbly offer this little testimony of gratitude, to be under your name
+thus employed. And I intend there shall be so good order given therein,
+within 6 months, as that there shall be a stipend given to a person
+to read unto them during their meals, either of military affairs or
+history, the better to avoid frivolous discourse tending to quarrels
+and quaffing.</p>
+
+<p>“Thirdly, in favour and benefit of the commonalty as well as your
+Lordships, and for the general good and honour of this most famous
+City of London, I most humbly offer, under your Lordships’ name
+and protection, to cause a fair causeway to be made, upon which,
+without disturbance, two carts may pass one by the other for 2 miles
+together, at 4 of the greatest avenues to the City, as the Lord Mayor
+and Aldermen shall best advise; and at the end of each of the four
+causeways, an Hospital and House of Correction to be erected and
+endowed, with a perpetuity of £500 a year to each house; and this pious
+work to begin within two years, and to be finished within seven.</p>
+
+<p>“Fourthly&mdash;and, indeed, I should have begun with it, according to
+the true rule&mdash;<i>a Jove principium</i>&mdash;I do humbly offer, in honour of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</span>
+this House, to cause £1000 a year, for ten years, from Michaelmas
+come twelve-month, to be allotted towards the building of Paul’s,
+according as his Grace the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, and the
+Bishop of London, and now Bishop of Winchester, together with the Dean
+and Chapter of Paul’s shall set forth, and may continue:&mdash;a memorable
+gift from the House of Lords. And thus, I humbly conceive, to have
+offered an acknowledgment of thankfulness both to his Majesty, and to
+your Lordships, Spiritual and Temporal, and for the Honourable House
+of Commons, for passing the Act of my Water-commanding Engine; and
+to improve this my humble thankfulness, shall be my daily exercise
+and study, no ways meaning that what here I suffer shall set a period
+thereunto, so as your Lordships will be pleased to set your helping
+hands to remove some misconstructions and personal inconveniences,
+which, if not diverted from my mind, and from a too generally received
+opinion, though upon false grounds, and not appearing otherwise than
+false; I beseech your Lordships to be so tender of a member of yours,
+as to contribute to the vindicating of me therein, whereof no ways
+doubting but that your Lordships will remove such an absolute remora
+to all my intended services; and, therefore, I will presume to lay my
+case openly and cheerfully before you, not doubting but that at your
+Lordships’ intercessions, his most gracious Majesty (having given
+way that I should speak thus before your Lordships) will vouchsafe a
+concurrence, and suffer himself to be disabused, and such false and
+malicious opinions to be eradicated out of his princely mind, as have
+been endeavoured, by either envy, malice, or ignorance, to be rooted
+therein, and so certainly have obstructed the natural influence of
+grace and favour, which could not otherwise but have been the effects
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</span>
+of so great a Sun as shines within a throne of so much goodness and
+majesty. Now, whether my merits have been considerable, I beg leave
+here to set down not as a trumpet to proclaim them, but narrative-wise,
+modestly, yet truly, for your Lordships’ better information, accusing
+myself in some things with the same candour and freedom as to vindicate
+myself, in others, desiring to stand or fall by your Lordships’ just
+judgment, and his Majesty’s gracious proceeding thereon; no further
+relying even upon his Majesty’s most gracious act of general pardon,
+than in compliance with others, his Majesty’s subjects, have taken it
+out, yet with so great a reluctance, through the clearness of my heart,
+not to have deserved for it, that the Lord upon the Woolsack was forced
+to chide me to it, through his tenderness of my good, and, as I humbly
+conceive, a further apprehension than I could have of a necessity
+thereof; for which his tender care I acknowledge thankfulness, yet, at
+the same time, I must humbly ask leave to stand upon my justification,
+humbly praying to be rightly understood, for I do it not out of pride
+or vain glory, but purely&mdash;<i>Me defendendo</i>,&mdash;and if any body&mdash;<i>Se
+defendendo</i>,&mdash;kills another, the law quits him, much more will your
+Lordships pronounce me not guilty of arrogance, though I should
+arrogate to myself a praiseworthy desert, and not, through too much
+modesty, be mealy-mouthed, and not discover what of right appertains to
+the blessed memory of my dead father, and even my own commendations,
+crying with Virgil,&mdash;<i>Sic vos non vobis nidificatis aves; sic vos non
+vobis vellera fertis oves; sic vos non vobis fertis aratra boves; sic
+vos non vobis mellificatis apes</i>. Know, then, my noble Lords, that
+herein I speak not to derogate from the merit of the Roman Catholics
+from their duty and love to their Sovereign, we having all of us,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</span>
+with an unanimous resolution, <i>nemine contradicente</i>, that is to
+say, no one gentleman of quality throughout the whole nation, but has
+stuck to the cause, adventuring his life, and lost his whole fortune
+therein; yet give me leave to aver it, boldly, that all the Catholics
+of England assisted not my father, or me, to the value of £5, without
+real security for it, and such, indeed, as at this time lieth heaviest
+upon me; and this I aver as in the presence of Almighty God and your
+Lordships. In the second place, my Lords, how came the then Marquis of
+Hertford, after his defeat in the west, with recruits to his Majesty
+at Oxford, but by my father’s means and mine. The forces that I sent
+with him had cost me £8000; and £2000 my father lent him, ready money.
+How came Sir John Byron’s regiment of horse to be first raised, but by
+£5000 in gold, given him by my father? How came the Forest of Dean to
+be reduced; Goodrich strong castle to be taken; Monmouth itself, with
+its garrison, to be surprised; Chepstow, Newport, and Cardiff to be
+taken, and secured for his Majesty, but by my forces and my father’s
+money? How came Raglan Castle to be first fortified and last rendered,
+but by £50,000 disbursed therein by my father?</p>
+
+<p>“How came his Majesty’s army to be considerable before Edge-hill
+fight, but by the men I brought, and how was his Majesty recruited
+at Gloucester side, even after the defeat given by Waller to my men?
+God forgive those of the King’s party, who were the occasion that
+1500 were surprised, and I not despatched from Oxford until the day
+after; yet, my Lords, at 14 days warning I brought 4000 foot and 800
+horse to the siege of Gloucester, paying them £6000 down upon the
+nail at Gloucester, besides my troop of Life-guard, consisting of 6
+score noblemen and gentlemen, whose estates amounted to above 3 score
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</span>
+thousand pounds a-year, most of whom I furnished with horse and arms,
+which of a sudden they could not do themselves; for I was then master
+of 34 horses in my stable, for the worst of which I have refused £100,
+and above 40 others lonely worth £50 a horse. I kept a table for the
+said troop, not only at Gloucester side, but all the way to the west,
+without so much as making use of free quarter, but all upon the penny;
+for General Raven complained of me to the King, who graciously and
+smilingly reprehending me publicly, I desired to know my accuser, and
+called my Lord-General Raven, afterwards made Earl of Bradford, before
+his Majesty, who, objecting that it was of ill example and made them to
+be thought the more burdensome; my humble reply was, that I yielded to
+his Excellency to be the better soldier, but still to be a soldier of
+fortune, here to-day and God knows where to-morrow, and therefore he
+needed not care for the love of the people; but though I were killed
+myself I should leave my posterity behind me, towards whom I would not
+leave a grudge in the people, but whilst I could serve his Majesty upon
+my own purse and credit I would really do it, and afterwards leave it
+to such as his Lordship.</p>
+
+<p>“I confess I raised this troop without my father’s consent first asked;
+his Majesty’s peremptory commands and the shortness of time requiring,
+and I confess his Lordship checked me for it, and said I had undone
+myself thereby, and [I] replied that 5 or £6,000 would not undo me;
+the horses being all my own already, and the arms, by accident coming
+to Bristol afforded a sudden and cheaper means for it. My father
+answered, that he did allow that 6 nor £16,000 would not undo me, but
+the consequence would be that the love and power I had in my country
+would be perspicuous; although I should have thanks from the King, yet
+others, though his Majesty’s well-wishers, yet, through envy, they
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</span>
+would hate me for it: which I confess I have found too true, and my
+services have been more retarded by those who called themselves the
+King’s friends than obstructed by his enemies.</p>
+
+<p>“Pardon me, my Lords, if I detain you a little longer,
+descending to some particulars as near as I can call to
+mind; and beginning first to tell your Lordships that I
+was not privy nor present with his Majesty at Greenwich,
+when he first took his resolution for the North, and
+removed without the Queen to Theobalds, from which he was
+pleased to write me a lamentable letter by the hands of
+Sir John Byron, averring that he had but £600, and £300 of
+which was given to defray his horses, which the Marquis of
+Hamilton, then Master of the Horse, refused to do, fearing
+to displease the Parliament; but upon such a lamentable
+complaint, and pressing necessities of my dear master (yet
+no ways advising him unto the journey), I sent him to
+Theobalds.<span class="ml30">&nbsp;</span></p> <!-- leave room for right aligned £3,000 shifted up from line below -->
+<p class="right line_above">£3,000</p>
+
+<table class="nomargins" summary="description of monies spent">
+<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“To Huntingdon, after his departing from Theobalds</td><td class="right">3,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“To Nottingham</td><td class="right">4,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“To York</td><td class="right">8,000</td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“And took order for a table, to be kept for several
+experienced officers, who by this means were kept from
+taking arms for the Parliament, and were ready for the
+King’s service, and the defraying of their debts here,
+their journey into York, and their table there, which none
+of them but 2 knew it came from other hand than the King’s
+privy purse, yet stood me in</td><td class="right">1,500</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“And these sums, with as great privacy as may be, keeping
+good correspondence with the Parliament, and myself
+present at London, to avoid suspicion, being then trusted
+both by King and Parliament. For victualling the Tower
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</span>
+of London, by his Majesty’s command I sent to the then
+Lieutenant, Sir John Byron, in old plate, under pretence
+of coining it</td><td class="right">2,500</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“By a feigned pretence getting leave of the Parliament
+(the circumstance being too tedious to relate to your
+Lordships, but yet notable in itself), I went with their
+pass to York, and carried to his Majesty in ready money</td><td class="right">15,000</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“In bills and assurances.</td><td class="right">80,500</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“For both which sums I had his Majesty’s note, yet extant,
+for ninety-five thousand 5 hundred pounds. Which done,
+in two days, his Majesty’s further commands received, I
+returned to the Parliament, with a plausible answer to a
+message sent from them by me, and I agreed with Parliament
+to remove the magazine of powder and [ammunition] for
+[from?] Monmouth, which was a town of my own, to Carlyon,
+a town of the Earl of Pembroke, a professed adherent unto
+them, which they took kindly at my hands, though done by
+design by me, who could not have pretension to take it
+from the town of Monmouth had it been still there.</td><td></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“For the raising of Sir John Byron’s regiment of horse,
+being the first completed</td><td class="right">5,000</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“Things being thus set in order between his Majesty and
+me, I fairly took leave of the Parliament to go down
+to my father; where I no sooner arrived but there came
+directed unto me from his Majesty a Commission of Array;
+whereof I presently, by a servant of my own, sent word
+to the Parliament, with a letter to the House of Lords,
+which I directed to my Lord of Holland, and to the House
+of Commons, to Mr. Pym; in both of which I offered to
+intercede to his Majesty, and conceived I should prevail
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</span>
+to suspend the Commission of Array, if they should make
+an Act that their militia should not come into my country;
+but they, with civil compliments and thanks, replied,
+that his Majesty’s [proceeding?] was so illegal, and
+theirs for the kingdom so just and necessary, that by no
+means would they waive the one for the other. At which
+I declared myself irritated to see that they durst tell
+me that anything commanded by my master was illegal, and
+professed I would obey his Majesty’s commands, and let
+them send at their perils. So, immediately, and in 8 days’
+time, I raised 6 regiments, fortified Monmouth, Chepstow,
+and Raglan; fetching away the magazine from the Earl of
+Pembroke’s town, Carlyon, and placed it in Raglan Castle,
+leaving a garrison in lieu thereof. Garrisoned likewise
+Cardiff, Brecknock, Hereford, Goodrich Castle and the
+Forest of Dean, after I had taken them from the enemy.</td><td></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“To the then Lord Marquis of Hereford, in Wales, as many
+forces as cost me the raising and arming
+<a id="FNanchor_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_293" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></td><td>[8000?]</td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="2" class="indent">“Lent him to prosecute that expedition, in raising of
+forces in Wales, first and last, [to the?] number of
+twelve thousand men, and [maintaining] them, whilst the
+country was tottering, [also providing?] them weekly for
+fifteen months: . . [plainly?] speaking, and it shall be
+made good.<a id="FNanchor_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294" class="fnanchor">[I]</a> }</td>
+<td class="t b r" rowspan="3">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">[2000?]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="top">[130,500?]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="indent" colspan="2">“Brought to Oxford and delivered [with my?] own hands
+<a href="#Footnote_294" class="fnanchor">[I]</a></td><td></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indent" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</span>
+“My journey to Ireland with levies and incident[al
+expenses?], there as well at sea as at land.<a id="FNanchor_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_295" class="fnanchor">[J]</a>
+
+<img class="div_scaled" src="images/p333.jpg" width="90%" alt="One line of the Marquis of Worcester’s cipher writing" />
+</td><td rowspan="1" class="t b r">&nbsp;</td><td rowspan="1" class="middle">****</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="indent">“The furnishing of troops of 6 score [gentlemen with?]
+arms, and most of them with horses, some of them of an
+hundred pounds price, and many of £50; for though the
+gentlemen betwixt them made above £60,000 per annum land
+of inheritance, yet being unexpectedly raised in 8 days,
+and could not furnish themselves, which I did according
+to their quality, together with their servants to the
+number of 200, keeping a constant table for them the whole
+journey, all along from Gloucester into the West; whereat
+they never wanted wine, that being carried along with us,
+but oftentimes beer; together with £6,000 in ready money,
+paid my foot soldiers at the raising of the siege of
+Gloucester: which, all modestly rated, came unto above</td><td class="right">25,000</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="indent">“The keeping of the garrison of Raglan, towards which,
+till the very last cast, there was never a penny
+contribution raised or exacted, amounted to, at the least</td><td class="underline right">40,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td  colspan="3" class="right">The total &nbsp;</td><td class="double_underline right">£318,000</td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="indent">“Besides the garrison of Monmouth, both town and castle,
+Chepstow, Goodrich with Hinan, and the Forest of Dean,
+recovered from the enemy, all at my charge till Sir
+William Vavasour came, who hath had of me 500 twenty
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</span>
+shilling pieces at a time, to encourage him to go on at
+Gloucester; besides, likewise, the charge of reducing
+of Abergavenny, Carlyon, and Newport to his Majesty’s
+obedience.</td><td></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="indent">“Furthermore, for seven years, both in England and
+Ireland, I allowed twenty pounds each meal, to which
+all officers and gentlemen were welcome; and I believe
+the charges in these particulars, not to be inserted or
+charged on this account, amounts to one-half as much as
+the former sums. I never received a farthing towards it as
+General or [otherwise], nor a penny out of my estate in 20
+years. These times came unto upwards of <i>sumebus viis et
+modis</i>, which alone amounted unto</td><td class="right underline">600,000</td></tr>
+
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="indent">“These sums added together balance the accounts and make
+good that I have spent, lent, [and lost?] for my King and
+country, <i>revera</i></td><td class="double_underline right">£918,000</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>“My Lords, being conscious of this, and many things forgotten by me
+to set down, I was become proof against anything the King’s enemies
+could do against me, since by their principles I knew I deserved it;
+but, since his Majesty’s return and happy restoration it hath almost
+stupified me to have been so laid by as not to have had any promise
+made good to me, for which I had his Majesty’s royal word, hand, or
+even the Great Seal of England; but, of the contrary, I humbly beseech
+your Lordship’s leave to set down what, with all submission to his
+Majesty’s will and pleasure, flesh and blood cannot but resent, yet
+so far only as shall stand with the duty of a loyal subject and the
+unquenchable zeal of my real heart towards my King and country, and a
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</span>
+most humble submission to your Lordships’ better judgment, casting
+myself wholly at your disposal and favourable construction of what I
+shall set down, according to the old saying, that&mdash;<i>losers may have
+leave to speak</i>.”</p>
+
+<p class="margin2_top">In this proposed address to the House of Peers, the Marquis of
+Worcester offers some introductory remarks bearing on his parentage,
+education, and travels; but the burden of his speech is a detailed
+account of the severe losses himself and his family sustained,
+consequent on the Civil War, combined with his father’s and his own
+liberality to Charles the First personally. His proposed plan of laying
+his case before the House is prefaced with a singular offer on his own
+part, under four different heads:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1st. He proposes to raise an auxiliary troop for his Majesty’s
+Life-guard.</p>
+
+<p>2nd. To cause to be erected a complete ordinary for forty indigent
+officers.</p>
+
+<p>3rd. To cause a fair causeway to be made, for two miles together, at
+four of the greatest avenues to the city.</p>
+
+<p>And 4th, to cause £1,000 a year, for ten years, to be allowed towards
+the building of St. Paul’s.</p>
+
+<p>Then follow items of the various and vast sums expended in the Royalist
+cause.</p>
+
+<p>His allusion to the Act obtained for his Engine, in 1663, fixes the
+date of this document at or soon after that period. The amount expended
+in the Royal cause by his father and himself was so enormous, that it
+is difficult to understand on what ground he considered he bettered
+his claim to some compensation, by burdening his statement with four
+separate offers, calculated to absorb far more than he could ever
+expect to obtain through a monarch so needy, extravagant, and dissolute
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</span>
+as Charles the Second.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever may have been the Marquis of Worcester’s previous private
+engagements, there is every reason to believe that from the time he
+was protected by Act of Parliament, he vigorously put forth all his
+energies to promote the works at Vauxhall, where, aided by Caspar
+Kaltoff, he soon had one of his “stupendous” engines in operation.</p>
+
+<p>James Rollock, an “ancient servant of his Lordship’s” (as he styles
+himself), who made some pretence to being a poet, wrote “a Latin
+Elogium and an English Panegirick, both of them composed through duty
+and gratitude.” He informs us that, he “hath for forty years been an
+eye-witness of his great ingenuity:” adding, “I think it not amiss
+to give further notice in his Lordship’s behalf, that he intends
+within a moneth or two to erect an Office, and to intrust some very
+responsible and honourable persons with power to Treat and Conclude
+with such as desire at a reasonable rate to reap the benefit of the
+same Water-commanding Engine.”<a id="FNanchor_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296" class="fnanchor">[K]</a> About the same time would also appear
+to have been issued large posting bills, one rare and curious specimen
+of which may be seen in the Library of the British Museum,<a id="FNanchor_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_297" class="fnanchor">[L]</a> setting
+forth a short address to the King, followed with the usual “definition”
+of “A stupendous or a Water-Commanding Engine, boundless for height or
+quantity.” We have thus very clear evidence that he was employing every
+possible means at command to impress his claim on public notice.</p>
+
+<p>Then, as regards the Engine itself, it was required by the Act of
+Parliament, “that a model thereof be delivered to the Lord Treasurer
+or Commissioners for the Treasury for the time being, at or before
+the 29th day of September, 1663,” and the same to be “put into the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</span>
+Exchequer and kept there;” a requirement which he was certain to obey
+punctiliously, not only to avoid dispute, but because nothing was
+easier for him to perform, through the agency of Kaltoff.</p>
+
+<p>Another remarkable point referring to his Engine is that he concludes
+the 98th article of his Century, which alludes to it, by saying:&mdash;“I
+call this a semi-omnipotent Engine, and do intend that <i>a model thereof
+he buried with me</i>.”</p>
+
+<p>And lastly, there was his practical demonstration on a large scale.
+As early as May 1654, we have an intimation of his being in treaty
+for works at Vauxhall. Not long afterwards we find his workman
+Kaltoff settled there, and in one of his Petitions he explicitly
+mentions having spent “£9,000 on buildings and improvements,” and at
+least “£50,000 in trying experiments and conclusions of art in that
+Operatory:”<a id="FNanchor_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_298" class="fnanchor">[M]</a> thus actually curtailing his personal comforts to fulfil
+his engagements with all those persons who confided in his promises to
+perfect his novel undertaking.</p>
+
+<p>His works and Engine were examined and noticed in 1663, by the French
+traveller M. Sorbière; in 1666 or 1667 by the eminent mathematician
+Dr. Robert Hook, whose cynicism unfortunately thwarted his judgment;
+in 1669, by the Grand Duke, Cosmo de Medici; and we find it still in
+existence in September, 1670, being then alluded to in a letter written
+by Walter Travers, a Roman Catholic priest.<a id="FNanchor_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_299" class="fnanchor">[N]</a></p>
+
+<p>We have, therefore, certain evidence that the Marquis of Worcester’s
+Engine was in full operation for at least seven years, and that one of
+the conditions of the Act of Parliament obliged him to deposit a model
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</span>
+in the Exchequer. His own estimate of its value may be judged by his
+gladly giving up for the promised tithe of it to the King, his claim on
+Charles the First equal to £40,000, in lieu thereof.<a id="FNanchor_300"></a><a href="#Footnote_300" class="fnanchor">[O]</a></p>
+
+<p>His Lordship’s invention was never offered by him as a merely amusing
+trifle; it was not a curious model which might or might not possess
+some practical advantage; and it was not of a nature of which he was
+but partially aware, and which it was left to others to apply. It
+is even possible that as early as 1628 he had set up his Engine in
+its most simple form of application; and that, improved upon through
+thirty-five years of study and experimenting, the Engine of 1663
+was a master-piece of workmanship and contrivance for that age. His
+invention was no longer a secret, he had done all that any inventor
+could possibly be required to perform to establish his claim to be
+considered as a true and first inventor. His right did not depend on
+the vague notice first put forth in his <i>Century</i>, but on the actual
+Engine made, and, for not less than seven years, constantly worked for
+public inspection at Vauxhall. Any one so disposed could have obtained
+the same examination of it that was conceded to Sorbière and to Cosmo
+de Medici. Dr. Hook does not condescend to state what he saw of it; he
+set out for Lambeth with the intention of going to Vauxhall, but the
+<i>laughing</i> philosopher may have settled the problem in his own mind, to
+his own entire satisfaction, without taking any trouble on a supposed
+foolish errand. We speculate in vain whether among the visitors
+stimulated by curiosity, or invited by intending shareholders, there
+were such men as Sir Samuel Morland, the King’s Master of Mechanics;
+Rupert, Duke of Cumberland; Dr. Sprat, the historian of the Royal
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</span>
+Society; Bishop Wilkins, the author of “Mathematical Magic”; the
+Honourable Robert Boyle, Sir William Petty, Lord Viscount Brouncker,
+and other distinguished personages.</p>
+
+<p>Without positive facts to guide us we are ever in danger of misjudging
+a bygone age, and in the present instance it would be imprudent to
+hazard an opinion on what is no less true than strange, that the
+Marquis of Worcester entirely failed to arouse public inquiry into the
+merits of his invention: being treated throughout with an indifference,
+which, to modern apprehension, appears wholly inexplicable. Yet, so
+inconsistent is human nature, that the same age which burned and
+drowned so-called witches, which believed in the transmutation of base
+metals into gold, put faith in the curative effect of sympathetic
+powders, and the King’s touch for bodily distempers, saw portents in
+meteoric phenomena, and considered astrology a sound science, could
+yet look with stolid indifference on this germ of the steam-engine,
+unimpressed by what was publicly exhibited, written, printed, and
+for at least four years made the subject of its inventor’s daily
+conversation. Books and pamphlets were constantly being published,
+filled with mysticism, gravely recording the day-dreams of fanatics and
+impostors, and letters lent their aid to promulgate such fables; yet
+here was a new agent at work, of such potent power that its like had
+never been seen, which nevertheless men saw, heard, and listened to in
+dumb astonishment, with the infantile simplicity of the poor Indian,
+ignorant of the value of the gold or diamonds strewn in his path.</p>
+
+<p>The early associated scientific men may have been perplexed on finding
+an individual coming forth, in the sixty-second year of his age, to
+propound a new doctrine. The suspicion was natural; the cause appeared
+evident; his project might be a chimera, or an absolute delusion. No
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</span>
+one ever so remotely suspected his own want of wisdom. Had the Marquis
+suddenly dropped from the clouds, or sprung from the earth, he could
+not have been in himself a much greater phenomenon than he appeared to
+the virtuosi (as the learned were called) of his day. Such a prodigy
+had never been heard of, and perhaps will never again appear, as that
+of a secluded scholar, studying all his life, suddenly coming to light
+with unheard-of knowledge. If true, he was a Leviathan, and compared
+with him all must have acknowledged a sense of painful inferiority. The
+Marquis on his part appears to have acted with unsuspecting confidence
+and modesty, as one quite unconscious of the intellectual disparity
+between himself and the professors of mechanical science in his day.
+However, he neither sought nor formed new acquaintances; he seems to
+have rested satisfied with his early associates, or his own immediate
+connexions; so that no one was gratified by his condescension, or
+induced to proffer advice, through any application on his part.
+Indeed he mainly looked to the Crown for efficient support; but the
+luxurious and gay monarch sought only youth and beauty, the banquet,
+the ball-room, or the tennis-court, and was not to be disturbed in his
+pleasures by aged philosophy propounding mechanical experiments, and
+smoky steam-engines. The King carried “Hudibras” in his breast, and
+might perchance have a copy of the “Century” in some remote cabinet.
+Need we be surprised that his Lordship’s confidence in succour from
+such a source was every way misplaced? His treaties with the business
+world, it is to be feared, ran counter to all accepted forms, the
+talented philosopher being no plodding trader; so that act as he
+might for the best, it nevertheless appears to have been his uniform
+misfortune neither to acquire friends nor conciliate enemies, a posture
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</span>
+of affairs not uncommon to fallen greatness.</p>
+
+<p>It is most unfortunate that he did not survive to complete his intended
+publication of a larger work than the “Century,” presenting his hundred
+inventions with illustrative engraved plates. But in common candour let
+it never be overlooked, that we have before us a promise published in
+1663, long preceding the devastating plague, which almost depopulated
+the metropolis in 1665, and the terrible conflagration of 1666, which
+laid waste the city of London; and that it was in the midst of such
+accumulated public calamities his health appears to have suddenly
+given way, aged, harassed, disappointed, and dismayed, when he was
+prematurely called to his long rest.</p>
+
+<p>Neglected by contemporaries, modern writers have rested satisfied
+with a detail of some three or four years of his political career
+in Ireland, and a notice that he possibly possessed some mechanical
+ability, as giving a sufficiently comprehensive view of his character
+through a life extending over sixty-six years. This lax course, on the
+part of his biographers, has favoured the opinion expressed on the
+Continent, that the invention of the steam-engine is not of English,
+but of French origin! And this statement has been long colourably
+supported by means of a forged letter, the subject of which has been
+graphically represented by the painter, and copied by the lithographer;
+all attesting the prevailing zealous ardour of France to honour native
+genius. Thus, as though it were not a sufficient infliction to be
+ruined, dishonoured, oppressed, and neglected while living, it would
+almost seem as if events conspired to lessen, if possible, the lustre
+of his memory by the dark shades of apocryphal history.<a id="FNanchor_301"></a><a href="#Footnote_301" class="fnanchor">[R]</a></p>
+
+<p id="Page_342"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 342]</span>
+The Marquis of Worcester, considered in his true character, was in
+every sense a learned, deep-thinking, studious, amiable, and good man.
+He was a Roman Catholic wholly free from religious prejudices, and
+a most loyal subject without displaying under an adverse change of
+circumstances any appearance of undue party zeal. In all his public
+conduct he was invariably consistent, scrupulously conscientious, and
+strictly honourable and humane. In scientific acquirements he stood
+grandly alone, not from pride, but rather as the result of a naturally
+modest retiring habit, probably constitutional, but certainly confirmed
+by long continued close study, favoured by his early domestic course
+of life. When at length he was forced to come before the public, he
+proved himself one of the most extraordinary mechanical geniuses of the
+seventeenth, or any preceding century; yet he was neither understood
+nor appreciated in his own day; his surpassing mental endowments
+were probably lost for want of earlier and fuller exhibition; while
+the influence of combined prejudice and ignorance served further to
+obstruct his rising in public estimation. It is, however, the glorious
+privilege of genius to leave on all its works the sure impress of
+mighty intellect. The “Century of Inventions,” gradually increasing in
+public estimation through two hundred years, owes its vitality to its
+remarkable ingenuity and its concentration of thought; and it cannot
+fail to happen that each succeeding age will inquire, with increasing
+interest, into every particular of the singular and touching history of
+its noble author.</p>
+
+<p class="center margin2_top">END OF THE LIFE.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:70%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p309.jpg" width="100%" alt="C. Somerset (autograph) Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester" /></div>
+<p><a id="Footnote_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> The annexed autograph of this great ancestor of the
+Marquis of Worcester, is obtained from a document in the British
+Museum. Cotton. MSS. Vesp. F. xiii. fol. 78.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_287"><a href="#FNanchor_287"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> According to the old money system prevalent in France
+before the Revolution, accounts were kept in Livres Tournois of 20 Sous
+or Sols.&mdash;<i>Dr. Patrick Kelly’s Universal Cambist</i>, 4to. 1811, page 146.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_288"><a href="#FNanchor_288"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_289"><a href="#FNanchor_289"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_290"><a href="#FNanchor_290"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> <a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A.</a></p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_291"><a href="#FNanchor_291"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Between the 14th of July, and the 21st of <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has Angust">August</ins>, 1684,
+being then Duke of Beaufort, he made his progress through North and
+South Wales, as Lord President of Wales, and Lord Lieutenant of the
+counties of Gloucester, Hereford, and Monmouth, accompanied by “T.D.
+<i>gen.</i>” that is “T. Dineley,” who left the particulars thereof in a
+manuscript of some length, containing many interesting anecdotes,
+inscriptions of arms, and pen sketches of scenery and antiquities, now
+very curious.
+</p>
+<p>
+At Worcester, on Wednesday&mdash;“After divine service his Grace was
+attended in great order with drums, trumpets, the city-waites,
+haut-bois, flutes, and other wind music, together with harps, Welsh
+and Irish, viols, violins, and other stringed instruments, to the Town
+Hall.” His Grace was numerously and handsomely attended, being himself
+“in glorious equipage.” While at Troy, near Monmouth, on the 20th of
+August, his Grace viewed the County Militia Regiment; “several of the
+principal gentry” on the occasion “placing themselves in the front of
+the stand of pikes. Doublings, countermarches, wheelings, variety of
+exercise, and good and close firings were made.”
+</p>
+<p>
+He returned to Badminton after nine weeks’ absence, “extremely
+satisfied with the good order in which his Grace found the militia,”
+also “with the reception and entertainments in all places of the
+progress.”
+</p>
+<p>
+The MS. has been printed for private circulation, under the title of
+“An account of the progress of his Grace, Henry the First Duke of
+Beaufort, through Wales, 1684. And Notitia Cambro-Britannica. By T.
+Dineley. Edited by Charles Baker, Esq. 4to. 1864.”</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_292"><a href="#FNanchor_292"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> The Earl of Northampton, who fell at Hopton Heath, left
+five sons in arms for the King. The young Earl fought as gallantly as
+his father for the cause.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_293"><a href="#FNanchor_293"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_294"><a href="#FNanchor_294"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> The MS. being defective on this side, the particular sums
+of money cannot be ascertained.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_295"><a href="#FNanchor_295"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> The cipher follows on the same line, and agrees in
+character with the cipher-writing on page <a href="#Page_180">180</a>. See <a href="#CommentArticle5">Comment on Article
+No. 5</a>, in the “Century.”</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_296"><a href="#FNanchor_296"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> “An Exact and true Definition, &amp;c.” <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C.</a></p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_297"><a href="#FNanchor_297"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> Brit. Mus. 12. El. 75. 10.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_298"><a href="#FNanchor_298"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_287">287.</a></p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_299"><a href="#FNanchor_299"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> <a href="#Appendix_D">Appendix D.</a></p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_300"><a href="#FNanchor_300"><span class="label">[O]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, and <a href="#Appendix_F">Appendix F.</a></p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_301"><a href="#FNanchor_301"><span class="label">[P]</span></a> <a href="#Appendix_H">Appendix H.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_343"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 343]</span></p>
+
+
+<h2>
+<span class="smaller">THE</span>
+
+<br />CENTURY OF INVENTIONS,</h2>
+
+<p class="center">WRITTEN IN 1655;
+
+<br /><span class="smaller">BY</span>
+
+<br /><span class="larger">EDWARD SOMERSET, MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.</span>
+
+<br /><span class="smaller">BEING</span>
+
+<br />A VERBATIM REPRINT
+
+<br /><span class="smaller">OF</span>
+
+<br />THE FIRST EDITION, PUBLISHED IN 1663.<br />&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="tb" />
+<p class="center">“He was a man, take him for all in all,
+<br />We shall not look upon his like again.”</p>
+<hr class="tb" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smaller">&nbsp;<br />WITH</span>
+
+<br /><span class="larger">An Introduction and Commentary</span>
+
+<br /><span class="larger">BY HENRY DIRCKS, ESQ.,</span>
+
+<br />CIVIL ENGINEER,
+
+<br /><span class="smaller">AUTHOR OF “PERPETUUM MOBILE, OR HISTORY OF THE SEARCH AFTER
+SELF-MOTIVE POWER;”
+
+“CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF ELECTRO-METALLURGY;”
+
+AND “THE LIFE OF SAMUEL HARTLIB;” ALSO
+
+INVENTOR OF THE “DIRCKSIAN PHANTASMAGORIA,” PRODUCING THE OPTICAL
+ILLUSIONS POPULARLY CALLED “THE GHOST!”</span>
+</p>
+
+
+<p class="blank_page" id="Page_344"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 344]</span></p>
+
+<p id="Page_345"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 345]</span></p>
+
+
+<h2 id="INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Middle Ages are usually considered to have closed between 1490
+and 1500, only one century previous to the birth of that Marquis
+of Worcester to whom posterity is indebted for his ever memorable
+publication, the “Century of Inventions,” of which a reprint is now
+before the reader. It records the earliest full, though brief, sketch
+of a practically working Steam-Engine; an invention which, whether in
+relation to the age in which it was produced, or the difficulties under
+which it was wrought out, cannot be considered otherwise than as a
+marvellous effort of ingenuity. The literature and science of that era,
+as compared with the progressive stages of improvement distinguishing
+the two succeeding centuries, were barren and meagre indeed. Hallam
+justly observes: “Learning, which is held pusillanimous by the soldier,
+unprofitable by the merchant, and pedantic by the courtier, stands in
+need of some countenance from the ruling powers before whom all three
+bow down.” But even at that early period Leonardo da Vinci, born 1452,
+had anticipated Lord Bacon in the universally accepted principle, that
+experiment and observation must ever be the only sure guides to the
+forming of just theories in the investigation of nature.</p>
+
+<p>The “Century of Inventions” derives its name rather from the
+circumstance of the work containing one hundred articles, than the
+same number of inventions. Its<span class="pagenum" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</span> noble author may have had in mind the
+<i>Centuria di Secreti Politici, Cimichi, e Naturali</i>, by Francesco
+Scarioni of Parma, duodecimo, printed at Venice in 1626, when he fixed
+on the quaint title of his own remarkable production.</p>
+
+<p>Among the Harleian Manuscripts in the British Museum Library is
+a manuscript copy of the “Century,” the title of which omits the
+words “at the instance of a powerful friend,” also the motto, date,
+dedications, and author’s name. It also differs in other respects from
+the printed edition, by introducing “A stamping Engine” as the 88th
+article, in place of which its author has printed his account of “A
+Brazen Head;” the concluding article likewise varies, especially in
+closing with a short notice of “three sorts” of other inventions “set
+down in cypher,” but which do not appear. The top of the title page has
+written on it “From August y<sup>e</sup> 29th to Sept. y<sup>e</sup> 21st 1659,” probably
+by the copyist, to notify the time occupied in writing.</p>
+
+<p>The first edition was printed in 1663, during the author’s lifetime,
+as he died in 1667; and the last edition, with notes by Mr. C. F.
+Partington, is dated 1825. This last edition professes on the title
+page to be “from the Original Manuscript”; and, at page 6, alludes
+to “a manuscript in the Marquis’s handwriting, having been preserved
+in the <i>Harleian</i> Collection, appended to <i>an original copy</i> of the
+Century of Inventions.” Now, as no other manuscript is known to exist,
+it is important to state distinctly that the Manuscript Century in
+question is neither original nor yet in the handwriting of the Marquis;
+it is evidently no more than one of those copies, which it was then
+a common practice to circulate; and the MS. bound up in the same
+volume with this interesting document, relating to a method of “Cypher
+writing,” is <i>not</i> in the Marquis’s handwriting.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_347"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 347]</span> So far, therefore,
+from “The Century of Inventions of the Marquis of Worcester, from
+the Original MS.” being what it thus distinctly professes, it is an
+amalgamation of the Harleian MS. copy, and the first printed edition.
+This obliges the introduction of two Nos. 88; but unfortunately there
+is neither mark, note, nor observation to guide or guard the reader
+even as to the editor’s numerous emendations; and the result has been
+such as to render this the most unreliable of all the reprints of the
+“Century,” which will appear more evident by the unauthorised readings,
+marked P, in the notes.</p>
+
+<p>The “Century” remained in manuscript from 1655, the period of its
+author’s release from the Tower, until 1663, the date of the first
+printed edition; the title page of which repeats the date of its
+composition, adding, “my former notes being lost;” as he was, however,
+the inventor of many ciphers or kinds of short-hand, it is probable his
+lost notes would be written so as to be unreadable without the key. It
+was printed soon after the passing of the Act for his “Water-commanding
+Engine,” which is mentioned in the Dedication to the Houses of
+Parliament.</p>
+
+<p>It has been frequently reprinted singly, as well as produced entire in
+larger works, of all which publications a list is hereunto annexed.</p>
+
+<p>We subjoin the title pages of the “Century”:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="left_text">
+<p class="margin_top smaller">From the Harleian MS. in the British
+Museum.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="continue_text"></div>
+
+<div class="left_text">
+<p class="margin_top smaller">“From August y<sup>e</sup> 29th to Sept. y<sup>e</sup> 21st, 1659.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="right_text">
+<p class="margin_top smaller">From the printed edition of 1663.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="continue_text"></div>
+
+<div class="left_text">
+<p class="margin_top">
+“A Century of the names
+and scantlings of such Inventions
+as att present I
+can call to mynde to have
+tryed, and perfected; (my
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</span>former notes being lost) I
+have endeavoured to sett
+these downe in such a way,
+as may sufficiently instruct
+me to putt any of them
+in practice havinge wherewith
+to doe it.”</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="right_text">
+<p class="margin_top">
+“A Century of the Names
+and Scantlings of such Inventions,
+As at present I
+can call to mind to have
+tried and perfected, which
+(my former notes being lost)
+I have, at the instance
+of a powerful Friend, endeavoured
+now in the year
+1655, to set them down in
+such a way as may sufficiently
+instruct me to put
+any of them in <ins class="correction" title="Typo original missing closing quotes">practice.”</ins></p>
+
+<hr class="tb nomargins" />
+<p class="center">“Artis et Naturæ prole.”</p>
+<hr class="tb nomargins" /></div>
+
+<div class="continue_text"></div>
+
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">The peculiar term “Scantlings,” here employed, is no doubt derived from
+<i>eschantillon</i>, a pattern or quantity cut for a particular purpose,
+a certain small quantity serving as a sample of some similar larger
+piece of work; the “Century” being intended by its author as but the
+precursor of his proposed ample, finished, descriptive and illustrated
+production.</p>
+
+<p>No one unacquainted with the state of scientific knowledge between
+1601 and 1667, can justly estimate the character and value of the
+Marquis’s labours. Properly to understand him the reader must place
+himself as much as possible in his actual condition, peruse the books
+that he might have read, and consider the existing state of society and
+science. No commentator has yet done this, and consequently a serious
+difficulty has been thrown in the way of the purely classical scholar,
+who, though he might fairly estimate the Marquis’s character on points
+of history, learning, or theology, could in no way turn to account
+his one hundred extraordinary inventions. When Walpole composed his
+“Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors,” the capricious cynic was sorely
+perplexed how to treat such a literary production as the “Century.” It
+has been said of the wit that he had so disparaged all things in his
+own eyes, that nothing appeared to him worthy<span class="pagenum" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</span> of admiration, respect,
+or emulation; and it is no wonder, therefore, that he should cover his
+own ignorance on scientific matters by declaring the book he affected
+to criticise, “an amazing piece of folly;” closing his flippant
+strictures with the sapient remark, “But perhaps too much has been said
+on so fantastic a man; no wonder he believed transubstantiation, when
+he believed that himself could work impossibilities!”</p>
+
+<p>David Hume was equally at fault in comprehending the mechanical skill
+of the Marquis of Worcester, for we find the eloquent historian, in his
+History of England, in perfect simplicity and ignorance, observing,
+“That the King judged aright of this nobleman’s character, appears from
+his <i>Century of arts or scantling of inventions</i>, which is a ridiculous
+compound of lies, chimeras and impossibilities, and shows what might
+be expected from such a man!” That the “Century” shows “what might be
+expected from such a man,” as its author, all must willingly admit; but
+that Hume’s pungent tirade presents any logical sequence, all must as
+strenuously deny. Never surely did two talented writers, in different
+departments of our literature, figure so unfortunately and contemptibly
+as Walpole and Hume in their unseemly efforts thus to misrepresent and
+malign their country’s noblest mechanical <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has geuius">genius</ins>.</p>
+
+<p>Verstegan, in his “Restitution of decayed Intelligence,” printed at
+Antwerp in 1605, treating in the second chapter of Germany as it was
+of old, exclaims: “And as touching the knowledge of the people, what
+learning or skill is there among men that they exceed not in.” And
+proceeds&mdash;“Sundry most rare inventions have had their original and
+birth among them. Whereof the noble art of printing, and the use of
+Artillery, are of most note.” He then goes on to enumerate “the heaven
+of silver,” a piece of exquisite workmanship<span class="pagenum" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</span> which it took twelve men
+to carry; and the wonderful flying “eagle made of wood.”</p>
+
+<p>We in the 19th century are ever liable to misunderstand the inventions
+of the 17th century. Either the inventions often appear puerile, or
+their authors seem perplexed on very small occasions of difficulty.
+Many have no doubt hastily formed opinions in regard to the automata
+and other curiosities of the “Century.” But such judgments can only
+emanate from persons not versed in our history and literature from
+Elizabeth to Charles the Second’s reign. A few brief illustrations
+may be advantageously offered here, to show that within a very short
+period after the death of the Marquis of Worcester, scientific
+men, in mechanical matters, not only seldom rose above very slight
+improvements, but were at the same time delighted with every species of
+amusing mechanical device.<a id="FNanchor_A_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_63"><span class="fnanchor">[A]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>The late Marquis’s nephew, then Lord Herbert, being on the Continent,
+writes from Blois, 18th July, 1674:<a id="FNanchor_B_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_64"><span class="fnanchor">[B]</span></a> &mdash;“We are again settled here
+for this summer. In our passage from Aix we saw at Lyons the most
+curious closets of Monsieur Cervier, which for mathematical Inventions
+and Machines (all his own handywork) are the most surprising and
+astonishing, I believe, in the world. His many pretended Perpetual
+Motions, Hydraulic Dials, various Clocks and Hour-glasses, his Engines
+of Sympathy and Antipathy; but above all his device to discover the
+most predominant quality in every spectator, are past my comprehension
+and conception. These, and a hundred other things
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</span>there, might be well worthy a journey in this long
+vacation for one of your experimentators.”</p>
+
+<p>In the 21st volume of the Royal Society’s Transactions, for 1685, Dr.
+Papin, describes the external appearance, and the performance, of a
+small hydro-pneumatic fountain, which is represented in an engraving,
+as being enclosed by a cylindrical glass, under a glass shade. The
+Doctor states that it might be seen at his house, in operation on his
+mantel-piece, where Dr. Hook had watched it for half an hour, and other
+visitors for four hours together. The secret had been communicated
+to Mr. Boyle, but, with a view to excite the speculations of the
+ingenious, was not made public; for it was the pleasure of the learned
+to puzzle each other with such paradoxes.</p>
+
+<p>The Diaries of John Evelyn and of Samuel Pepys offer numerous instances
+of the possession of similar cabinets of mechanical curiosities.</p>
+
+<p>In the Life of Baron Guilford,<a id="FNanchor_C_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_65"><span class="fnanchor">[C]</span></a> we have a fuller notice of scientific
+society about the same period, of which the following extracts will
+suffice to give a clear idea. It is evident that, except as relates
+to the most ancient, approved appliances, then in common use in the
+mechanical arts, all mechanical improvement beyond these was in its
+non-age; so much indeed was this the case, that no invention was too
+simple, and scarcely any too outrageous or absurd, to be esteemed
+unworthy of being submitted to the attention of the learned.</p>
+
+<p>“His Lordship was no concealed virtuoso; for his diffused acquaintance
+and manner of conversation, made <span class="pagenum" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</span>him known and esteemed, as a
+professor of most polite arts, and given to scientific inquiries. This
+brought upon him an importunity to be admitted a member of the Royal
+Society. But his Lordship never countenanced the proposal; and at
+length, gave his positive denial. He esteemed it a species of vanity
+for one, as he was, of a grave profession, to list himself of a society
+which, at that time, was made very free with by the ridiculers of the
+town: and he could not discover what advantage of knowledge could come
+to him that way, which he could not arrive at otherwise.”</p>
+
+<p>Among his acquaintance were “Sir John Werden&mdash;very far gone in the
+mystery of algebra and mathematics.&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“One Mr. Aubrey of Surrey, a professed virtuoso, and always replete
+with new discoveries.</p>
+
+<p>“One Mr. Weld, a rich philosopher, lived in Bloomsbury. He was single,
+and his house a sort of knick-knack-atary. Most of the ingenious
+persons about town, sometimes visited him; and, among the rest, (his
+Lordship) did suit and service there.</p>
+
+<p>“His Lordship was once invited to a philosophical meal, at the house of
+Mr. Evelyn at Deptford. The house was low, but elegantly set off with
+ornaments and quaint mottos at most turns; but, above all, his garden
+was exquisite, being all boscoresque.</p>
+
+<p>“He had a great value for Sir Jonas Moor, a capital mathematician,
+knowing well his worth and honesty, ... (he) once invited his Lordship
+to dine with him in the Tower, and, after dinner, presented Mr.
+Flamstead ... the star-gazer (who was) invited to come and see him.”</p>
+
+<p>He “had another virtuoso acquaintance in the Temple, one Mr. Ball
+... one in the list of his Lordship’s ingenious acquaintance.”</p>
+
+<p id="Page_353"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 353]</span>
+“And once, upon an invitation, his Lordship dined with Sir Samuel
+(Morland) at his house; and though his entertainment was exquisite,
+the greatest pleasure was to observe his devices; for every thing
+showed art and mechanism, as&mdash;1. A fountain in the room.&mdash;2. A cistern
+in his garret&mdash;supplying all parts of the house.&mdash;3. His coach was
+most particular.&mdash;4. A portable engine, moved by watch-work&mdash;it had a
+fire-place and grate,&mdash;cost £30. He took it with him in his own coach,
+and, at inns, he was his own cook.”</p>
+
+<p>These notices afford a glimpse of the early progress of mechanical
+science. To return to our remarks on the “Century;” two of the articles
+the Marquis borrowed, No. 21, “A Bucket fountain,” of which he obtained
+information at Rome; and No. 26, “A to and fro Lever,” which he saw at
+Venice. A great number refer to Cipher writing and means of holding
+secret correspondence, many of which contrivances depend on very
+slight modifications, so that, although only twenty-three are set
+down, he might very easily have enlarged this one subject tenfold,
+only to arrive at still more extended conclusions. His engine is noted
+under the articles Nos. 68, 98, and 100, as, <i>a fire water-work</i>;
+<i>a semi-omnipotent engine</i>; and <i>a stupendous water-work</i>. So that
+discarding 2, and reducing these three to one, will leave 96 inventions
+emanating from the Marquis. But a further reduction might be made, if
+we strike out the additions made to the list, thus: No. 9 is “a ship
+destroying engine,” but No. 10 is only the means whereby to fasten it;
+and No. 11, a mode of preventing the operation of the engine, in the
+hands of an enemy. Now in strictness the whole can only be considered
+as one invention. So likewise, in his improvements on Fire-arms;
+No. 61, is a way for Muskets, No. 62, for Harquebusses, and No. 63,
+for Sakers, &amp;c. which again<span class="pagenum" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</span> can but be taken as representing <i>one</i>
+invention variously applied. These examples would remove four other
+inventions from the list, thereby reducing the number of inventions,
+due to the Marquis of Worcester in the Century, to 92. But this rather
+explains the plan adopted in indicating the several inventions, and in
+no way detracts from the value of the work.</p>
+
+<p>The Inventions may be thus classified:</p>
+<p class="margin_top"><span class="ml10">3 refer to Seals and Watches.</span>
+<br /><span class="ml20">2 . &nbsp; . &nbsp; . &nbsp; Games.</span>
+<br /><span class="ml20">2 . &nbsp; . &nbsp; . &nbsp; Arithmetic and Perspective.</span>
+<br /><span class="ml20">6 . &nbsp; . &nbsp; . &nbsp; Automata.</span>
+<br /><span class="ml15">23 . &nbsp; . &nbsp; . &nbsp; Ciphers, Correspondence, and Signals.</span>
+<br /><span class="ml15">10 . &nbsp; . &nbsp; . &nbsp; Domestic affairs.</span>
+<br /><span class="ml20">9 . &nbsp; . &nbsp; . &nbsp; Mechanical appliances.</span>
+<br /><span class="ml15">32 . &nbsp; . &nbsp; . &nbsp; Naval and Military affairs.</span>
+<br /><span class="ml15">13 . &nbsp; . &nbsp; . &nbsp; Hydraulics and the Water Engine.</span>
+<br /><span class="ml10">&mdash;&ndash;</span>
+<br /><span class="ml10">100</span></p>
+
+<p>The very incongruous character of these matters is suggestive of their
+having occurred to the inventive mind of the Marquis at very different
+times, at remote intervals, and under varied circumstances; they might
+occasionally have resulted from his reading, his studies, or his
+experiments. He evidently availed himself of every suggestion that
+either reading, accident, experience, or travel threw in his way. His
+domestic life led to light, amusive, and mechanical exercises; while
+his military operations drew him to consider improvements in ordnance,
+fire-arms, and military and naval affairs generally.</p>
+
+<p>All we know regarding the origin of the work itself is derived from the
+author’s title page, wherein he states that it was written in 1655, his
+“former notes” then “being lost.” He consequently sets down “at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</span> the
+instance of a powerful friend,” only those inventions he “can call to
+mind to have <i>tried and perfected</i>.” This explicit language admits of
+no doubtful construction, yet he has been maligned by the envious as
+recording dreams and fancies. The Century closes with the remarkable
+declaration of his “meaning to leave to posterity a book, wherein under
+each of these heads the means to put in execution and visible trial all
+and every of these inventions, with the shape and form of all things
+belonging to them, shall be printed by brass-plates.” An intention
+which his premature decease rendered unavailing, yet sarcastic
+writers have not been wanting to stigmatize the “Century” as though
+its author had offered it to public approbation as a complete work;
+making no allowance for the circumstances under which it was produced,
+as a mere syllabus of the intellectual treasures he possessed, or
+the sad occurrence to which alone the non-completion of his promised
+publication with engravings of his several designs can be attributed.</p>
+
+<p>Some of his inventions he specially notices to signify their practical
+development. Thus No. 56, he performs at the Tower before Charles I,
+most of his Court, and the Lieutenant, Sir William Balfour.</p>
+
+<p>No. 64, an improvement on fire-arms, was “tried and approved before the
+King (Charles I.), and an hundred Lords and Commons.”</p>
+
+<p>Nos. 59 to 67, further improvements on fire-arms and cannon, occasion
+his particularly stating that:&mdash;“by several trials and much charge I
+have perfectly tried all these.”</p>
+
+<p>No. 77, his scheme for flying, whatever it might have been, whether
+a balloon, wings, or a machine, yet even of this he says&mdash;“which I
+have tried with a little boy of ten years old.”</p>
+
+<p id="Page_356"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 356]</span> Lastly, No. 100,
+a water-work is spoken of as “by many years experience and labour,
+advantageously contrived.” And connected with this water-raising
+subject we may take No. 68, of which he says:&mdash;“I have seen the water
+run like a constant fountain-stream forty feet high.” This is not the
+language of a speculative theorist. It is experimental, practical, and
+demonstrative.</p>
+
+<p>Considering the vast sums expended by the Marquis on his experimental
+and on his practical works, the immense variety of his inventions, and
+the extreme novelty and singularity of many, it is rather surprising
+that no account of any of them has come down to our time, through some
+of the many channels of information then open to receive any accounts
+of the marvellous. Our next surprise is that none of the many cabinets
+of the curious seem to have possessed any model or any curious work
+of his production; not even the indefatigable Tradescant, although
+his museum was at Lambeth, bought by Ashmole, and given by him to
+the Bodleian Museum at Oxford. The Marquis did, however, present a
+peculiarly constructed box to Charles the Second, and he offered an
+improvement on it to the Earl of Lotherdale,<a id="FNanchor_D_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_66"><span class="fnanchor">[D]</span></a> remarking:&mdash;“I promise
+your Lordship a box, with such conveniences and rarities as that which
+you saw had,&mdash;though it were a presumption in me to say, I would give
+a subject a better qualified present than I gave my Sovereign.” The
+invention might refer to the Cabinet mentioned in article No. 79, of
+the Century, as well as include some of his ingenious escutcheons,
+keys, and locks.</p>
+
+<p>We cannot but suppose that the Marquis was intimately acquainted with
+the published works of the <span class="pagenum" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</span>renowned Roger Bacon, born in 1212, and who
+died at Oxford in 1292, celebrated for his proficiency in mathematics,
+mechanics, and chemistry. In his “Discovery of miracles of Art,”
+published 1659, there occurs the following passage:&mdash;“A man may easily
+make an instrument, whereby one man may, in despite of all opposition,
+draw a thousand men to himself, or any other thing, which is tractable.”</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis has left in manuscript a list of nine inventions, due to
+the “Quint-essence of Motion,” by means of which, he says in the 8th
+section,&mdash;“I can stop any other man’s motion, and render it null, since
+from any point of the compass, I can forcibly and effectually cause
+a counter-buff, or absolute obstruction to such motion, which way I
+please; all ways being indifferent to me, to work a perfect resistance,
+and to countermine their intentions, or to force their motions a clear
+contrary way.”<a id="FNanchor_E_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_67"><span class="fnanchor">[E]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>What may be the meaning of either statement it is difficult to imagine;
+or even to decide whether they be really allied to each other, for
+although in some respects alike, each is very enigmatical.</p>
+
+<p>We have also given in the “Life,” at page 216, a copy of a MS. list
+of heads of some inventions, among which occurs:&mdash;“Intelligence at a
+distance communicative, and not limited to distance, nor by it the
+time prolonged.” The wording of which article as clearly as possible
+expresses what in modern times has actually been attained by the
+magnetic and the electric telegraph. The “not limited to distance,”
+and the “time not prolonged” appear conclusive. Wires, tubes, or other
+mechanical means of communication would necessarily be “limited to
+distance;” and that which alone we believe to be <span class="pagenum" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</span>illimitable through,
+any human agency is <i>electricity</i>. Truly the Marquis of Worcester was a
+man of no ordinary stretch of mind.</p>
+
+<p>The “Century” has but slender claims to our notice as a literary
+performance. Some persons have even imagined that it would have been
+fortunate for the character of its noble author had it never been
+written. This is a mistaken view of the subject. In the absence of his
+elaborated work, it is fortunate that this precious relic has come
+down unmutilated to our time. It is but as a sketch compared with the
+finished picture, but we realize the master-hand in the brief outline,
+and feel conscious of the intelligence and versatile genius of the mind
+that could conceive, work out, and minutely register the forming of
+alphabets, automata, ordnance, and finally “a semi-omnipotent engine.”
+His work has two dedications, one addressed to Charles the Second, the
+other to both Houses of Parliament, composed in a quaint but courtly
+style. He mingles classic lore with every-day proverbs. He re-entitles
+his book as a “summary collection,” and a “Century of summary heads
+of wonderful things,” as “experiments extant and comprised under
+these heads practicable with my directions,” and is convinced of “The
+treasures buried under these heads both for War, Peace and Pleasure
+being inexhaustible;” concluding that it is a “Century of Experiences
+perhaps dearly purchased” by him.</p>
+
+<p>He also touches on his pecuniary position, offering, in case he is
+assisted with the patronage and support sought, “to outgo the £6 or
+£700,000 already sacrificed;” alludes to “the melancholy which hath
+lately seized” upon him; and to his work-place at “great expenses made
+fit for public service,” amounting to about £10,000, “yet lately like
+to be taken” from him.</p>
+
+<p>He assures Parliament that his several inventions are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</span> “practicable
+with my directions, by the unparalleled workman both for trust and
+skill, <i>Caspar Kaltoff’s</i> hand, who hath been these five and thirty
+years as in a school under me employed.” So that, dating from 1663,
+when he made this statement, we are thus carried back to the year
+1628, about the period of his first marriage, and the whole comprises
+a space of time from the 27th to the 62nd year of his age. How had he
+employed the peaceable portion of those 35 years? It seems to have
+been peculiar to the noble experimenter to keep his favourite workman
+fully employed in putting into practice whatever was known, and in that
+way establish his own improvements. We can find some analogous device
+in old scientific writings for the greater part of the subjects he
+investigated; and it is no disparagement of his ingenuity to say that
+his refinements may often be traced to the crude efforts made by others
+to attain similar results. Italy, Germany, Holland, and France abounded
+in authors whose works we may easily imagine formed a favourite portion
+of his library; Vitruvius, Vegetius, Hero, Ramelli, Branca, De Caus,
+Fludd, Besson, Van Etten, Schwenter, Porta, Lana, and other similar
+tomes replete with engraved brass, copper, and wood-engravings. But the
+English press likewise produced such works, as Bourne’s Inventions,
+1578; Lucar’s Lucar-solace, 1590; Bate’s Mysteries of Art, 1634;
+Wilkins’ Mathematical Magick; Porta’s Natural Magick, 1658; De Caus’
+New and Rare Inventions, 1659, &amp;c. Of all these we are disposed to
+think that <i>Bate’s Mysteries of Nature and Art</i> was an early favourite;
+the second edition appeared in 1635, when the Marquis was 34 years of
+age. The first portion of the work on “Water-works” opens with the
+observation: “It hath beene an old saying amongst Philosophers, and
+experience doth prove it to bee true, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</span>
+<i>Non datur vacuum</i>, that is
+to say, Nature will not admit of any vacuity or emptinesse. For some
+or other of the Elements, but especially Ayre and Water, doe insert
+themselves into all manner of concavities, or hollownesses, in, or
+upon the earth, whether they are such as are formed either by Art or
+Nature.” Through 82 pages the same subject of Water-works is carefully
+examined, and at page 57, is a description with engravings of “the
+Watermill or Engine neare the North end of London Bridge.”</p>
+
+<p>In the composition of the “Century,” we notice several peculiarities
+which may sometimes be accounted for by the writer having caught
+the style of certain English authors. In a letter dated 30th of
+August, 1646, he quotes the proverb, “a <i>child</i> burned dreads the
+fire,” and in the “Century” we find the word “<i>child</i>” occurring
+six times to indicate little power or strength being required. The
+word “<i>conceited</i>” is used three times in the sense of ingeniously
+contrived. All these modes of expression are also peculiar to Bate,
+Plat, and the translation of Van Etten. The “<i>twinkling of an eye</i>”
+is an expression used twice. The article No. 15, is “A boat <i>driving</i>
+against wind and tide;” in <i>Humane Industry</i>, 1661, appears&mdash;“a way to
+<i>drive</i> their ships without oar.” The term “<i>admirable</i>” is common to
+Bate and to the Marquis; and so is another, that of the word “<i>force</i>,”
+peculiarly used in article No. 68, when he speaks of the “vessels”
+being “strengthened by the <i>force</i> within them:” really meaning no
+more, as appears, than some kind of pump-force or plunger acting the
+part of a valve to diminish any superabundant steam pressure; and not,
+as is perplexingly supposed, that he had some contrivance for making
+the expansive force of the steam within the boiler act of itself to
+strengthen the vessel!</p>
+
+<p id="Page_361"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 361]</span> When we read in article No. 56, the expression,
+“A most incredible thing if not seen,” and find Dr. Dee, in his preface
+to Euclid, expressing himself on a kindred subject, that it is&mdash;“A
+thing almost incredible,” we cannot refuse to believe from internal
+evidence that the author was from natural inclination well acquainted
+with that early English translation. The range of such studies as
+he delighted in, taken from the reign of Elizabeth to the troubled
+times of Charles the First, or even later, was very restricted;
+therefore a course of scientific reading would soon be exhausted by an
+indefatigable inquirer, who would then probably settle down to being
+satisfied with a small but chosen collection of his favourite authors.
+It is not only in traits of language that we see a resemblance in such
+early authors, but equally do we find a certain agreement in their
+matter. John Bate, for example, mingles the great with the small, the
+serious with the ludicrous; he has philosophical experiments, a great
+water-work, amusive toys, pyrotechny, drawing, and medical recipes
+arranged in four books; and the several editions appear to have enjoyed
+an amount of popularity which has made any of them very scarce in a
+perfect form.</p>
+
+<p>A careful perusal of the “Century” will satisfy the reader that
+its contents relate principally to the practical and useful,
+notwithstanding that some appear of doubtful value, and some even
+paradoxical. The variety of cannon and musquetry is singular, the
+improvements in ships and fortifications quite surprising, and in
+various mechanical appliances remarkably ingenious. But, after all,
+what was the special design of its author; what was he principally
+seeking to establish through this wide course of investigation? It is
+evident he sought some mechanical power to supersede ordinary wind,
+water, and animal power. He tried weights and springs, screws and
+levers, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</span> finally he filled a piece of a cannon three-quarters
+full of water, which, after making a fire under it, “burst and made a
+great crack.” The aim and object of all his laborious experiments was
+now attained, and from the day when he thus burst the cannon, steam
+power was realized, its application pursued, various kinds of machines
+constructed, and the strangeness, novelty, and power of the new engine
+were such that he declared, as in an <ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">ecstacy</ins> of delight, “I call
+this <i>A Semi-omnipotent Engine</i>, and do intend that a model thereof
+be buried with me.” Nay, more, he bowed down in adoration before his
+Maker, rendering him most humble thanks for vouchsafing him “an insight
+in so great a secret of nature.”</p>
+
+<p>It is worth remarking, that the very form of the “Century” was rather
+due to a custom among scientific inventors than to any whim on the part
+of its author. In the 13th century, Wilars de Honecort had given a
+statement of fourteen inventions. In like manner Leonardo da Vinci, of
+ten various schemes for bridges, ditches, fortifications, and others,
+military and naval. So again Ralph Rabbards in 1574, Edmund Jentill
+in 1594, and Henry Marshall in 1595, gave notices of their several
+discoveries in medical waters, fire-works, and mechanical devices.
+In 1583, appears a MS. note of twenty “sundry sorts of <ins class="correction" title="Typo original missing closing quotes ---">engynes.”</ins> In
+1596, Lord Napier wrote concerning his four “secret inventions,”
+concluding:&mdash;“These inventions, besides devices of sailing under water,
+with divers other devices and stratagems for harming of the enemies, by
+the grace of God, and work of expert craftsmen, I hope to perform.” In
+James the First’s reign was published a tract entitled, “Cornu-Copia:
+a miscellaneum of lucriferous and most fructiferous experiments,
+observations, and discoveries, immethodically distributed; to be really
+demonstrated and communicated in all sincerity.” The suggestions,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</span>
+amounting to seventeen, are chemical, medicinal, agricultural, and
+mechanical. In 1632, Thomas Grent patented six inventions, not one
+of which is otherwise described than after this manner:&mdash;“First. An
+instrument very profitable when common windes doe fail, for a more
+speedy passage of calmed shipps, or other vessels upon the sea or great
+rivers, which may be called the wind’s mate.” In 1636, Sir John C. Van
+Berg patented eight inventions, specified after this manner:&mdash;(First)
+“Diverse mechanicke instruments and frames operating by waights, soe
+to bee fitted and ordered that the force and strength of them may bee
+augmented or diminished either in regard of the instruments themselves,
+or in respecte of the number of workmen to be employed aboute them
+accordinge as occasion or necessitie shall require; &amp;c.” In 1646,
+Captain Bulmer gave Emanuel College, Cambridge, a certificate of four
+hydraulic and mechanical inventions. In 1659, an account of Roger
+Bacon’s “admirable artificial instruments” was published, relating to
+ships, chariots, flying, scaling ladders, diving bell, &amp;c. So that
+there was no lack of precedents for the form adopted in treating the
+multifarious subjects recorded in the “Century.” But, indeed, had
+no other existed, he had a sufficient example in the vague patent
+specifications that his predecessors, and he himself (in 1661), lodged
+as sufficient and valid instruments to secure a right in the matters
+therein specified. And in confirmation of this we have only to place in
+juxta-position the fore-named patent of 1661, and the “Century,” to see
+at once the close resemblance between the two; thus No. 1, is the 78th
+article, No. 2, the 58th, No. 3, the 19th, and No. 4, the 15th article
+of the “Century,” copied almost verbatim.<a id="FNanchor_F_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_68"><span class="fnanchor">[F]</span></a> We, therefore,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</span>find that the one hundred articles are as explicit as any of the patent
+specifications of, and prior to, the reign of Charles the Second. Yet
+men of unquestionable literary taste, but unacquainted with these
+simple facts, have charged the Marquis of Worcester with mystifying
+his statements, by writing too enigmatically, without considering
+his promise, had he lived, “to leave to posterity a book” containing
+“the means to put in execution all these inventions;” and without the
+indulgence of awarding him at least the merit of writing his very
+syllabus with all the amplification required by law for the enrolment
+of a Patent Specification.</p>
+
+<p>While the Marquis was struggling to obtain royal and state patronage,
+he had a powerful rival in Sir Samuel Morland, a gentleman of the Privy
+Chamber and Master of Mechanics, to Charles the Second. It has never
+been noticed that, simultaneously with the Marquis, he was projecting
+plans of novel means for draining mines, and it is very improbable
+that, while so engaged, he could view disinterestedly the various
+efforts of the Marquis of Worcester. In the “Calendar of State Papers,
+Domestic Series for 1661&ndash;1662, edited by Mrs. M. A. E. Green,” octavo,
+1861, we find the following particulars under the respective dates,
+viz:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“Dec? 1661. No. 36. Petition of [Sir] Samuel Morland to the King, for
+a patent for the sole use of his invention of an Engine for
+raising water out of mines or pits, quicker and better than before
+practised.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“Dec. 11. Whitehall. Warrant for a grant to Sir Sam. Morland of the
+sole use for 14 years of his invention for raising water out of
+pits, &amp;c. to a reasonable height, “by the force of powder and air
+conjointly.”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</span></p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“Dec. Whitehall. Vol. 46. No. 49. Warrant for a grant
+to Sir Sam. Morland of the sole making of an Engine invented by him
+for raising water in mines or pits, draining marshes, or supplying
+buildings with water.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">The annexed reprinted title page is a facsimile for size and
+letter-press <i>within</i> the gothic frame, employed to enlarge it. The
+smallness of the work was by no means unusual, indeed the first
+edition, in the British Museum, is bound in a volume uniform with the
+discourses of Sir William Petty, and of Dr. Grew, before the Royal
+Society, in 1674, issued by its own printer. Although more than ten
+years later the quaint style reminds one of the Dedications to the
+“Century,” as when Sir William says he was commanded to print his
+discourse&mdash;“Because, as drapers cut patterns of their whole cloth out
+of an end, not because the end is better than the rest, but because
+it may be best spared; so (I suppose) the Society are content, that
+this exercise pass for a sample, <i>pro tanto</i>, of what they are doing.”
+And of his second part he observes that it is “To excite the world to
+the study of a little Mathematics, by showing the use of Duplicate
+Proportions in some of the most weighty of human affairs, which notion
+<i>a child of 12 years</i><a id="FNanchor_G_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_69"><span class="fnanchor">[G]</span></a> old may learn in an hour.” Lastly, the Epistle
+Dedicatory informs us that:&mdash;“Falsity, disproportion, and inconsistence
+cannot be rectified by any sermocinations, though made all of figurate
+and measured periods, pronounced in tune and cadence, through the most
+advantageous organs; much less by grandiosonous or euphonical nonsense
+farded with formality; no more <span class="pagenum" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</span>than vicious wines can be remedied with
+brandy and honey, or ill cookery with enormous proportions of spice
+and sugar: <i>Nam Res nolunt malè administrari</i>.” One example from Dr.
+Grew’s epistle to his discourse will suffice, where he says:&mdash;“I know,
+my Lord, that there are some men, who have just so much understanding,
+as only to teach them how to be ambitious: the flattering of whom, is
+somewhat like the tickling of children, till they fall a dancing.”</p>
+
+<p>The annexed Commentary has for its object to show the several
+sources from which it is not less probable than possible that the
+Marquis derived a certain amount of information for his guidance in
+endeavouring to advance and refine on the same by his own efforts at
+improvement. Many intelligent persons, particularly classical scholars,
+and men of purely literary tastes, whose reading has not embraced the
+study of the literature of science, have supposed that the whole or
+greater part of the Marquis of Worcester’s inventions emanated solely
+from his own unguided inventive skill; and not a few may have imagined
+it would be derogatory to the originality of an inventor to suppose
+him walking in the steps of others, however much he might outstrip
+their attainments in the same branch of inquiry. But all invention is
+progressive&mdash;first, laws of nature are discovered, then applications
+are invented, and last follow divisions and sub-divisions of endless
+great, small, and minute improvements. The Marquis originated many
+improvements, but assuredly only one pre-eminent invention, his
+great “fire water-work.” It would have been easy for us to make the
+commentary consist of essays on modern improvements, more or less
+traceable to the suggestive character of the “Century.” But we stop
+where the Marquis laid down his pen, preferring rather to show that
+materials<span class="pagenum" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</span> existed from which he might derive the several classes of
+subjects therein noted, which many have so far doubted as to believe
+they originated wholly with himself; as by adopting the other course,
+we should only satisfy the public of the great use the “Century” has
+been to others, a matter which has never been doubted.</p>
+
+<p>We thus see that the “Century” is but the epitome of a greater work,
+designed to have been published with suitable explanatory engravings,
+which the premature decease of the author alone frustrated. During two
+hundred years the subjects of the various inventions and improvements
+it calendars have been long superseded, so that there is not one,
+perhaps, that would in the least assist the modern engineer, however
+minutely it could be described. Yet the history of the Steam Engine,
+of Inventions, and of Inventors would be incomplete indeed without a
+Memoir of the Marquis of Worcester, and some account of his inimitable
+“Century of Inventions.”</p>
+
+<p>Much might be written on the conflicting opinions expressed by
+historical, biographical, and scientific writers, regarding the
+intellectual capacity and ingenuity of the Marquis as well as of
+their adverse statements on various historical points. But instead
+of adopting such a thoroughly controversial strain, which after all
+would only lead to a very doubtful result, another and very different
+course has been adopted in the present work, by supplying facts in
+place of conjecture. The writer, who is strongly imbued with political,
+theological, or scientific views, cannot write otherwise than as
+directed by the natural effect of such influences. But as a rule the
+arena of scientific discussion is neutral ground; and the biographer
+and commentator, in the present instance, does not feel swayed by
+any party prejudice, and certainly not by any peculiar scientific<span class="pagenum" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</span>
+views. It has been his wish to associate himself as much as possible
+with the Marquis and with his times, irrespective of modern taste,
+changed customs, and enlarged knowledge, as contrasted with a period
+about the middle of the seventeenth century. Here the critic rises in
+importance with the information he possesses of a bygone age. But it
+has been so uniformly the misfortune of the Marquis of Worcester to be
+examined solely through a modern medium, that it is almost surprising
+his antiquated costume, and style of writing, should have escaped the
+generally reckless course of censure bestowed on the precious relics
+that alone remain to attest his amazing genius.</p>
+
+<p>Every work descriptive of the Steam-engine, gives some historical
+notice, awarding a certain amount of dubious merit to the Marquis of
+Worcester, among other early inventors, but it would be impossible
+to point to a single instance savouring of any national pride in the
+inquiry. It seems incredible, and might be believed to be so, had we
+not the fact before our eyes, that the true history of the origin of
+the Steam-engine is only now emerging into light in the form best
+calculated to place the fact beyond dispute.</p>
+
+<p>Like all other great inventions, the improvements in the Steam-engine
+have been progressing from 1663 to the present day. Its history
+presents three eras:&mdash;1st, the period when the parent engine and
+its immediate successors were called “fire engines;”&mdash;2nd, from
+Newcomen’s time, when that stage of improvement was designated
+the “atmospheric-engine;” and, 3rdly, its last form, the true
+“steam-engine” of Watt. We cannot destroy one link in this mystic chain
+without serious hazard, without deranging the natural consanguinity of
+these children of the brain. But while we consider it unnecessary to
+deal singly with each work<span class="pagenum" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</span> contributing an apocryphal history to the
+origin of the steam-engine, a solitary instance occurs, within the last
+five years, the publication of which demands special notice.</p>
+
+<p>Nowhere should we less expect to find a want of sympathy with the
+amiable character and astonishing scientific abilities of the Marquis
+of Worcester than in the pages recording the life of James Watt; for
+there we might hope to be supplied, as from a fountain-head, with the
+pure stream of most authentic information; an elaborate, careful,
+and comprehensive digest of the best materials that learning and
+influence could accumulate; at once clearing up many doubts, and for
+ever dissipating the groundless surmises of a multitude of superficial
+writers. We should never expect a less careful procedure, or in its
+absence other than the most respectful allusion to the true inventor of
+the steam-engine&mdash;that engine from which Watt’s is lineally descended.</p>
+
+<p>Had the Marquis of Worcester and his “Century,” together with his
+Engine, been unknown, and consequently also his untiring representation
+and advocacy of its wonderful properties, where would have been the
+justly-admired models of Savery, Newcomen, and Watt? The inveterate
+prejudice against the employment of any new engine with which the
+Marquis had to contend, was not wholly extinct even in the days of
+Watt’s early career; and it was the all-powerful influence of large
+capital alone that secured for him what Charles the Second blindly
+withheld from the great engineer’s noble predecessor.</p>
+
+<p>We are far from advocating any undue devotion either to a theory or
+to a hero. But, certainly, if the rhetorical flourishes of M. Arago
+can justly be summoned to eulogize the hot-water fountain of De Caus,
+in preference<span class="pagenum" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</span> to producing his own clear, simple description; then,
+assuredly, in common fairness Mr. Muirhead should have felt bound to a
+somewhat similar advocacy of the Marquis of Worcester’s invention. If
+M. Arago’s example is to be quoted, showing how much could be advanced
+in favour of De Caus’s little metal sphere, then surely Mr. Muirhead
+should have exerted himself to represent and distinguish the superior
+properties of the Marquis’s Water-commanding Engine, raising four
+vessels of water, forty feet high, through a tube a span wide.<a id="FNanchor_H_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_70"><span class="fnanchor">[H]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>But Mr. Muirhead hazards no opinion decidedly favourable to either the
+Marquis or his inventions; while, on the contrary, his observations
+suggest unfounded difficulties, and raise unnecessary doubts,
+contributing to increase the existing confusion found in our current
+literature, in relation to the great inventor and his projects; an
+instance is even adduced of the pseudonymous writer, Robert Stuart,
+who, in his “Anecdotes,” and his “History,” flatly contradicts himself;
+and frequently what one compiler only conjectures, another takes up
+as a fact. But this vicious system of writing is not to be corrected
+by following in the same track and proposing new speculative views,
+offered too in a strain seriously derogating from the Marquis’s
+character for honour, integrity, consistency, and consummate ingenuity.</p>
+
+<p>In quoting the “Century” Mr. Muirhead notices that it concludes with
+the promise of a more finished work, which only elicits the sinister
+remark: “that he either was unable, or never seriously intended to
+make such a further publication.” This is indeed unjust, and severe
+enough. And what he quotes from the “Century” about the <i>Engine</i>, is
+only to tell what “posterity <span class="pagenum" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</span>supposes” about it; and to note that,
+in respect to it, “there has always prevailed a great diversity of
+opinion.” But here is no attempt made to trace and analyse that
+“diversity of opinion,” or to dissipate the cloud. The Marquis’s
+captivity in the Tower is mis-stated; and the luckless “pot-lid” story
+enlarged and improved upon, for it is concluded that hence&mdash;“so runs
+the story&mdash;arose the ‘Century of Inventions,’ with its steam-engine
+all ready&mdash;made and acting;&mdash;at least in the mind of its contriver!”
+This undignified view of the case of the imprisoned, ruined, neglected
+inventor of the steam-engine, never deserved to be enrolled in the
+volume devoted to the life of his glorious but remote successor.<a id="FNanchor_I_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_I_71"><span class="fnanchor">[I]</span></a></p>
+
+<p id="Page_372"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 372]</span>
+Although, however, we have been presented with a view of De Caus
+as elevated through the medium of Arago’s eloquent Eloge, when
+endeavouring with true national zeal to claim the honour of the
+invention of the steam-engine (even on this slender proof) for his own
+country; this position seems only to have been assigned to him in the
+present instance, to make his downfall the more signally complete;
+for Mr. Muirhead most dispassionately observes:&mdash;“Considering the
+uselessness of the contrivance of De Caus, and the doubtfulness
+existing as to that of the Marquis, it is, perhaps, rather surprising
+that ‘the invention of the steam-engine’ should have been attributed
+to either of them, with such great confidence as both English and
+French writers have alternately shown.” Unfortunately for this
+antithesis, the one invention is not “worthless,” and the other is not
+properly to be charged with “doubtfulness.” It may be justly said, in
+one sense, that all the engines preceding those made in Watt’s time
+are “worthless,”&mdash;but we have here a wide range. In 1615 De Caus’s
+invention was not “<i>worthless</i>,” although its worth was limited to
+its demonstrating one simple mode of applying an important elementary
+principle. And the vast amount of accumulated evidence relating to the
+Marquis of Worcester’s Engine indisputably removes all “<i>doubtfulness</i>”
+as to its actual accomplishment and general construction, so far
+as words, irrespective of absolute models and drawings, can supply
+information; and the absence of these latter accessories is traceable
+solely to the lapse of time, combined with the indifference of the
+public to designs that went beyond general information on such matters,
+as well as from their exceeding the common manufacturing skill, and
+not captivating the small commercial <ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">enterprize</ins> of that age.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_373"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 373]</span> We must
+estimate the Marquis of Worcester by his general character. His natural
+taste and domestic habits led him into mechanical studies, while his
+large fortune enabled him to retain a paid mechanic in his service for
+nearly forty years, expending many thousands of pounds in experimental
+and practical trials of engines, machines, automata, naval and military
+works, and great guns and fire-arms. In his private life he was
+strictly honourable, virtuous, consistent, and free from all narrow or
+bigoted views, either in politics or religion. So adverse, however, did
+the course of events prove to him, that his loyalty and his religion
+combined, can alone be named against him as his greatest misfortune.
+His “Century” has been preserved to these times, but all his other
+works which might have thrown a fuller light on his inventions have
+perished. Whether books and papers belonging to him were procured and
+burnt, according to the story relating to such an incident, is now past
+discovery; but it is abundantly evident that the great scarcity of
+information which exists, has led to the propagation of many unfounded
+statements, and given undue weight to others purely conjectural.
+That which cannot be established by producing positive evidence, is
+too often only complicated by hazarding opinions irrespective of
+reasonable evidence, or worse, in the face of reasonable grounds for
+contrary statements. The “Century” stands alone in the languages of
+the civilized world, the strange monument of a strong mind, seeking
+its full development in a prejudiced age, striking into new paths
+which society could not comprehend, and which it therefore would not
+patronise.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">H. D.</p>
+
+<p class="dated_at_bottom">Blackheath, Kent, November, 1864.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</span></p>
+
+<p class="heading">EDITIONS OF THE CENTURY.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1663. London: Printed by J. Grismond in the year 1663. small 12mo.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1746. London: Printed in the year 1663. Reprinted and sold by T.
+Payne, in Round-Court in the Strand, 1746.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1748. No particulars. A copy was sold, according to Lowndes’s Bib.
+Man. with MS. additions.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1763. No particulars. Query&mdash;1663.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1767. Glasgow: Printed by R. and A. Foulis, 1767.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1778. Dated “Kyo, near Lanchester [co. Durham], June 18, 1778,” with
+an “Appendix containing an Historical account of the Fire-Engine
+for raising water.”</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1778. A reprint agreeing with above, except in having <i>no name or</i>
+<i>date</i>. It repeats the Title of the first edition, 1663, and
+at the end gives the foregoing “Appendix: containing an
+Historical Account of the Fire-Engine for raising water.” 8vo.
+In the latter, Dr. Desagulier’s Lectures, 1744, are quoted, so
+that this may possibly be an edition short only of a leaf,
+bearing the same place and date as the preceding.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1786. Glasgow, Printed. London: Reprinted by W. Bailey, Proprietor of
+the Speaking Figure, now shewing, by Permission of the Right Hon.
+the Lord Mayor, at No. 40, within Bishopgate, 1786. Sq. 16mo.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1813. Newcastle; Printed by S. Hodgson, Union Street, 1813. 8vo. pp. 53.
+Title page:&mdash;“The Marquis of Worcester’s Century of Inventions,
+to which is added, An Appendix containing an historical account
+of the Fire-Engine, for raising Water; which invention originated
+from the above work. By John Buddle.” [The Preface is dated “Kyo,
+near Lanchester, June 18, 1778,”&mdash;in the North West of Durham.
+See edition 1778. A copy of this reprint is in the Library of the
+Patent Office.]</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1813. The Title page is a reprint of 1663, and on the back appears
+“Reprinted by J. Adlard, 27, Bartholomew Close, 1813.” [London.]
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</span>Sq. 16mo. 1813. [It would appear from a MS. note by Mr. P. Bliss,
+in an interleaved edition of “Walpole’s Royal and Noble Authors,”
+Brit. Mus. that this year there was another edition of “The
+Century, &amp;c.” viz.]&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="date_ref_continued">London, sold by R. Triphook, 37, St. James’s Street; J. Major,
+West Smithfield; and R. Priestley, 143, High Holborn.</p>
+
+<p class="date_ref_continued">[12mo. price 4<i>s.</i> sewed; 100 copies printed, 1813.]</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1825. The Century of Inventions of the Marquis of Worcester. From
+the Original MS. &amp;c. By Charles F. Partington. London: John Murray,
+Albemarle Street, 1825. 12mo.</p>
+
+
+<p class="heading"><span class="smcap">Reprinted in the following Works: viz.</span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1789. The Gentleman’s Magazine, Vol. 18. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1801. The Philosophical Magazine. By Alexander Tilloch. Vol. 12. 8vo.
+pp. 43 to 57.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1802. The Repertory of Arts, Manufactures, and Agriculture. Vol. 1.
+Second Series. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1809. The Harleian Miscellany: a collection of scarce Pamphlets and
+Tracts, &amp;c. By Oldys and Park. Vol. 4. 4to.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1815. A Treatise of Mechanics. By Olinthus Gregory, L.L.D. &amp;c. 3rd
+edition. Vol. 2. 8vo.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1822. The Mechanic; or, compendium of Practical Inventions. By James
+Smith. 2 vols. 8vo. p. 403.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1824. The Kaleidoscope. Liverpool. Vol. 5. 4to. No. 212 to No. 219.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1825. The Mechanics’ Magazine [London.] Vol. 3. 8vo. p. 18.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1827. One thousand Notable Things. London, T. Tegg; and Glasgow,
+Griffin and Co. [Appended to this reprint of the original work,
+12mo. by “Thomas Lupton,” B.L. 1586. 4to.]</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1833. Mechanics’ Magazine. New York. Vol. 1. 8vo. pp. 82 to 92.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1856. Weale’s Quarterly Papers on Engineering. Vol. 5. 4to.</p>
+<p class="blank_page" id="Page_376">&nbsp;<span class="pagenum">[Pg 376]</span></p>
+
+<p id="Page_377"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 377]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p377.jpg"
+ alt="A Cipher Seal" /></div>
+
+
+<p class="blank_page" id="Page_378">&nbsp;<span class="pagenum">[Pg 378]</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller" id="Page_379"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 379]</span>
+TO THE</p>
+<p class="center margin_top"><i>KINGS</i></p>
+
+<p class="center margin_top"><i>Most Excellent MAJESTY</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent"><span class="smcap">Scire</span> meum nihil est, nisi me scire hoc sciat alter, <i>saith the Poet,
+and I most justly in order to Your Majesty, whose satisfaction is my
+happiness, and whom to serve is my onely aime, placing therein my</i>
+Summum bonum <i>in this world: Be therefore pleased to cast Your gracious
+Eye over this Summary Collection, and then to pick and choose. I
+confess, I made it but for the superficial satisfaction of a friends
+curiosity, according as it is set downe; and if it might now serve
+to give aime to Your Majesty how to make use of my poor Endeavours,
+it would crowne my thoughts, who am neither covetous nor ambitious,
+but of deserving Your Majesties favour upon my own cost and charges;
+yet, according to the old English Proverb</i>, It is a poor Dog not worth
+whistleing after. <i>Let but Your Majesty approve, and I will effectually
+perform to the height of my Undertaking: Vouchsafe but to command, and
+with my Life and Fortune I shall chearfully obey, and</i> maugre <i>envy,
+ignorance and malice, ever appear</i></p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1"><span class="smcap">Your Majesty’s</span></p>
+<p class="signed_line2">Passionately-devoted, or</p>
+<p class="signed_line3">otherwise dis-interested</p>
+<p class="signed_line4">Subject and Servant,</p>
+<p class="signed_signature">WORCESTER.</p>
+
+<p class="blank_page">&nbsp;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</span></p>
+
+<p class="heading"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</span>
+                   <i>To the Right Honourable</i></p>
+
+<p class="heading_continued smaller"><span class="smcap">The Lords Spiritual and Temporal</span>;</p>
+
+<p class="heading_continued smaller"><i>And to the</i> <span class="smcap">Knights, Citizens, and Burgesses</span> <i>of the
+Honourable House of Commons;</i> <span class="smcap">now</span> <i>assembled in Parliament</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>My Lords and Gentlemen</i>,
+<br />Be not startled if I address to all, and every of you, this Century
+of Summary Heads of wonderful things, even after the Dedication of
+them to His most Excellent Majesty, since it is with His most gracious
+and particular consent, as well as indeed no wayes derogating from my
+duty to His Sacred Self, but rather in further order unto it, since
+your Lordships, who are His great Council, and you Gentlemen His whole
+Kingdoms Representatives (most worthily welcome unto Him) may fitly
+receive into your wise and serious considerations what doth or may
+publickly concern both His Majesty and His tenderly-beloved People.</p>
+
+<p>Pardon me if I say (my Lords and Gentlemen) that it is joyntly your
+parts to digest to His hand these ensuing particulars, fitting them
+to His palate, and ordering how to reduce them into practice in a way
+useful and beneficial both to His Majesty and His Kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>Neither do I esteem it less proper for me to present them to you in
+order to His Majesty’s service, then it is to give into the hands of
+a faithful and provident Steward whatsoever dainties and provisions
+are intended for the Masters diet; the knowing and faithful Steward
+being best able to make use thereof to his Masters contentment and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</span>
+greatest profit, keeping for the morrow whatever should be overplus or
+needless for the present day, or at least to save something else in
+lieu thereof. In a word, (my Lords and Gentlemen) I humbly conceive
+this <i>Simile</i> not improper, since you are His Majesty’s provident
+Stewards, into whose hands I commit my self, with all properties fit to
+obey you; that is to say, with a heart harbouring no ambition, but an
+endless aim to serve my King and Countrey: And if my endeavours prove
+effectual, (as I am confident they will) His Majesty shall not onely
+become rich, but His People likewise, as Treasurers unto Him; and His
+Pierless Majesty, our King, shall become both belov’d at home, and
+fear’d abroad; deeming the riches of a King to consist in the plenty
+enjoyed by His People.</p>
+
+<p>And the way to render him to be feared abroad, is to content his
+People at home, who then with heart and hand are ready to assist
+him; and whatsoever God blesseth me with to contribute towards the
+increase of His Revenues in any considerable way, I desire it may be
+imployed to the use of His People; that is, for the taking off such
+Taxes or Burthens from them as they chiefly groane under, and by a
+Temporary necessity onely imposed on them; which being thus supplied
+will certainly best content the King, and satisfie His People; which,
+I dare say, is the continual Tend of all your indefatigable pains,
+and the perfect demonstrations of your Zele to His Majesty, and an
+evidence that the Kingdoms Trust is justly and deservedly reposed in
+you. And if ever Parliament acquitted themselves thereof, it is this
+of yours, composed of most deserving and qualified Persons; qualified,
+I say, with your affection to your Prince, and with a tenderness to
+His People; with a bountiful heart towards Him, yet a frugality in
+their behalfs.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_383"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 383]</span> Go on therefore chearfully (my Lords and Gentlemen)
+and not onely our gracious King, but the King of Kings, will reward
+you, the Prayers of the People will attend you, and His Majesty will
+with thankful arms embrace you. And be pleased to make use of me and
+my endeavours to enrich them, not my self; such being my onely request
+unto you, spare me not in what your Wisdoms shall find me useful,
+who do esteem my self not onely by the Act of the Water-commanding
+Engine (which so chearfully you have past) sufficiently rewarded, but
+likewise with courage enabled to do ten times more for the future;
+and my Debts being paid, and a competency to live according to my
+Birth and Quality setled, the rest shall I dedicate to the service of
+our King and Countrey by your disposals: and esteem me not the more,
+or rather any more, by what is past, but what’s to come; professing
+really from my heart, that my Intentions are to out-go the six or
+seven hundred thousand pounds already sacrificed, if countenanced and
+encouraged by you, ingenuously confessing that the melancholy which
+hath lately seized upon me (the cause whereof none of you but may
+easily guess) hath, I dare say, retarded more advantages to the public
+service than modesty will permit me to utter: And now revived by your
+promising favours, I shall infallibly be enabled thereunto in the
+Experiments extant, and comprised under these heads practicable with
+my directions by the unparallel’d Workman both for trust and skill,
+<i>Caspar Kaltoff’s</i> hand, who hath been these five-and-thirty years as
+in a school under me imployed, and still at my disposal, in a place by
+my great expences made fit for publick service, yet lately like to be
+taken from me, and consequently from the service of King and Kingdom,
+without the least regard of above ten thousand pounds expended by me,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</span>
+and through my Zele to the Common good; my Zele, I say, a field large
+enough for you (my Lords and Gentlemen) to work upon.</p>
+
+<p>The Treasures buried under these heads, both for War, Peace, and
+Pleasure, being inexhaustible; I beseech you pardon me if I say so;
+it seems a Vanity, but comprehends a Truth; since no good Spring but
+becomes the more plentiful by how much more it is drawn, and the
+Spinner to weave his web is never stinted but further inforc’d. The
+more then that you shall be pleased to make use of my Inventions, the
+more Inventive shall you ever find me, one Invention begetting still
+another, and more and more improving my ability to serve my King and
+you; and as to my heartiness therein there needs no addition, nor to my
+readiness a spur. And therefore (my Lords and Gentlemen) be pleased to
+begin, and desist not from commanding me till I flag in my obedience
+and endeavours to serve my King and Country.</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0 smaller"><i>For certainly you’l find me breathless first t’ expire,</i></span>
+<span class="i0 smaller"><i>Before my hands grow weary, or my legs do tire.</i></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>Yet abstracting from any Interest of my own, but as a Fellow-Subject
+and Compatriot will I ever labour in the Vineyard, most heartily and
+readily obeying the least summons from you, by putting faithfully in
+execution, what your Judgments shall think fit to pitch upon amongst
+this Century of Experiences, perhaps dearly purchased by me, but now
+frankly and <i>gratis</i> offered to you. Since my heart (methinks) cannot
+be satisfied in serving my King and Country, if it should cost them
+any thing; As I confess when I had the honour to be neare so obliging
+a Master as His late Majesty of happy memory, who never refused me his
+Ear to any reasonable motion: And as for unreasonable ones, or such
+as were not fitting for him to grant, I would rather to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</span> have dyed a
+thousand deaths, then ever to have made any one unto him.</p>
+
+<p>Yet whatever I was so happy as to obtain for any deserving Person, my
+Pains, Breath and Interest imployed therein satisfied me not, unless I
+likewise satisfied the Fees; but that was in my Golden Age.</p>
+
+<p>And even now, though my ability and means are shortened, the world
+knows why my heart remains still the same; and be you pleased (my Lords
+and Gentlemen) to rest most assured, that the very complacency that I
+shall take in the executing your Commands shall be unto me a sufficient
+and an abundantly-satisfactory reward.</p>
+
+<p>Vouchsafe therefore to dispose freely of me, and whatever lieth in my
+power to perform; first, in order to His Majesty’s service; secondly,
+for the good and advantage of the Kingdom; thirdly, to all your
+satisfactions, for particular profit and pleasure to your individual
+selves, professing that in all and each of the three respects I will
+ever demean my self as it best becomes,</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top signed_line1"><i>My Lords and Gentlemen</i>,</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top hanging_indent4"><i>Your most passionately-bent Fellow-Subject in
+His Majesty’s service, Compatriot for the
+publick good and advantage, and a most
+humble Servant to all and every of you</i>,</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top signed_signature">WORCESTER.</p>
+
+<p class="blank_page" id="Page_386">&nbsp;<span class="pagenum">[Pg 386]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center larger" id="Page_387"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 387]</span>A CENTURY</p>
+<p class="center margin_top smaller">OF THE</p>
+<p class="center margin_top">Names and Scantlings of</p>
+<p class="center margin_top">Inventions by me already</p>
+<p class="center margin_top">practised.</p>
+
+
+<p class="smaller">[<sup>*</sup><sub>*</sub><sup>*</sup> The numerals refer to variations in the reading,
+afforded by the <i>Harleian MS.</i>; except when marked P, to distinguish
+the unauthorised and other alterations made by Mr. Partington, in his
+edition of 1825.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">I.</p>
+<p class="number_text_continued">
+Several sorts of Seals, some shewing by scrues, others by
+gages, fastening or unfastening all the marks at once; others
+by additional points and imaginary places, proportionable
+to ordinary<a id="rn_1_1" href="#fn_1_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> Escocheons
+<a id="rn_1_2" href="#fn_1_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a><a id="rn_1_3" href="#fn_1_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> and Seals at Arms, each way
+palpably and punctually setting down (yet private from all
+others, but the Owner, and by his assent) the day of the
+Moneth, the day of the Week, the Moneth of the Year, the Year
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</span>
+of our Lord, the names of the Witnesses, and the individual
+place where anything was sealed, though in ten thousand several
+places, together with the very number of lines contained in
+a Contract, whereby falsification may be discovered, and
+manifestly proved, being upon good grounds suspected.</p>
+
+<p class="number_text_continued">Upon any of these Seals a man may keep Accompts of Receipts
+and disbursments from one Farthing to an hundred millions,
+punctually shewing each pound, shilling, peny or farthing.</p>
+
+<p class="number_text_continued">By these seals likewise any Letter, though written but in
+English, may be read and understood in eight several languages,
+and in English it self to clean contrary and different sense,
+unknown to any but the Correspondent, and not to be read or<a id="rn_1_4" href="#fn_1_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a>
+understood by him neither, if opened before it arrive unto
+him; so that neither Threats, nor hopes of Reward, can make
+him reveal the secret, the Letter having been intercepted, and
+first opened by the Enemy.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_1_1" id="fn_1_1"></a><a href="#rn_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a><i>Escocheon</i> is the old heraldic term.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_1_2" id="fn_1_2"></a><a href="#rn_1_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>Escucheons. MS.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_1_3" id="fn_1_3"></a><a href="#rn_1_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>Escutcheons. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_1_4" id="fn_1_4"></a><a href="#rn_1_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>nor to be.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p id="Page_389"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 389]</span>
+[<i>Seals abundantly-significant.</i>] Under this
+title the present article is referred to in the “Index,” given by the
+Marquis, at the end of the first edition of his “Century,” while the
+articles themselves are only distinguished by consecutive numerals.
+Therefore, without deranging the original form of the “Century,” the
+designation of the several articles will appear throughout, as above,
+at the head of each comment.</p>
+
+<p>The author, never having met with any attempt to elucidate the
+mechanical arrangement here suggested, communicated a plan that
+occurred to him in 1829, soon after reading the foregoing, which was as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>A Cipher Seal. Amidst the variety of inventions for giving security
+to property, few improvements have been made in seals or signets. I
+shall proceed to describe a cipher seal, which, though not, perhaps,
+so “abundantly significant” as those described by the Marquis of
+Worcester, might, nevertheless, be applied to very important uses,
+inasmuch as the face of the seal may be varied at pleasure.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 40%">
+   <img class="div_scaled" id="p389" src="images/p389.jpg"
+      alt="Portrait of Edward Lord Herbert, afterwards second Marquis of Worcester, from a painting by Vandyke." />
+</div>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. A, the seal handle; B, the seal made moveable on the pivots at
+<i>c c</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. Is a section of the seal. It consists of two metal plates, B
+B, and D D, having a number of corresponding holes drilled through
+them, as at <i>a a a a</i>, and <i>b b b b</i>, into which the ends of small
+rollers, <i>a b</i>, <i>a b</i>, are made to fit and turn exactly. When all the
+holes are supplied with rollers, the plates, B B, D D, are retained at
+a proper distance by a metal rim, soldered to the edges of the plates.
+The ends of the rollers being thus exposed, and ground level with the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</span>
+surface of each plate, are to have a groove cut in each, similar to a
+screw head; this is to be effected by cutting lines from end to end
+of the plate, as shown at <i>e e</i>, <i>e e</i>, Fig. 1. With a graver a small
+dot is next to be made, all to the right on one plate, and all to the
+left on the other; or, <i>vice versa</i>, of each line occupying the small
+circular end of <i>each</i> roller. It is now evident that, by using a small
+chisel-shaped steel instrument, or key, with which to turn the roller,
+the small dotted line on its end, may be so varied as to form any
+alphabetical arrangement.</p>
+
+<p>The position of the dotted line admits of sufficient variety to take
+in 24 letters, distinct enough to the eye, without increasing the size
+of the seal. In this alphabet only three variations are supposed to be
+made from the horizontal and perpendicular, one very slight on either
+side, the other greater, and the third at an angle of 45°. It only
+requires a transposition of the letters to produce a correspondence
+which shall be private between two persons. The use of two faces to the
+seal is obvious, one serving to compose on, and <i>the other</i>, being a
+reverse, to make an impression on the wax. Were this not the case, a
+sentence would have to be written from right to left. Its use might be
+multiplied by making each cipher refer to an entire word or sentence;
+as, if <i>a</i>, stood for men; <i>b</i>, for horses; <i>c</i>, food; <i>d</i>, money; and
+so forth: a mode which it would be next to impossible for any third
+party to decipher.&mdash;See Mechanics’ Mag. vol. x.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">2.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How ten thousand Persons may use these seals to all and every
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</span>
+of the purposes aforesaid, and yet keep their secrets<a id="rn_2_5" href="#fn_2_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> from
+any but whom they please.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_2_5" id="fn_2_5"></a><a href="#rn_2_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>secrets private.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>[<i>Seals private and particular to each owner.</i>] The present is one of
+those articles of a nature already noticed in the introduction, which
+can scarcely be classed as an independent invention; it is in fact
+little, if any, more than some intricate application of the foregoing,
+a mere step beyond the more obvious employment of such seals. We may
+consider the first as the instrument, and No. 2 as an ingenious table,
+by the aid of which to construct alphabets, words, or sentences.</p>
+
+<p class="number">3.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A Cypher and Character so contrived, that one line, without
+returns and<a id="rn_3_6" href="#fn_3_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> circumflexes, stands for each and every of the
+24. Letters; and as ready to be made for the one letter as the
+other.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_3_6" id="fn_3_6"></a><a href="#rn_3_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>or&mdash;for and.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>An one-line Cypher.</i>] A line to be continuous, and yet capable of
+signifying a series of letters, must be curved. A method of performing
+this occurred to the author some years ago, which affords a very
+simple key, being composed from the Circle and the Ellipsis, and can
+be, therefore, very readily kept in mind. The first affords only one
+figure, the second can be varied to one vertical and two inclined
+figures, and all can be again varied as to size, but for convenience
+only three gradations are recommended, as four or more would increase
+the difficulty of writing accurately.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</span> These varieties are shown in the
+annexed diagram&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100%">
+   <img class="div_scaled" id="p392" src="images/p392.jpg"
+      alt="A one line Cipher" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="continued">where each is described three-fold, with a horizontal line through
+the centre. Each figure thus affords three varieties of size above,
+and three below the line, making six figures each, or twenty-four in
+all, as curvilinear signs for letters. These taken in rotation, may be
+extended as above, or in any arbitrary order, and each employed, as in
+short-hand, to signify letters, syllables, or words. In practice it
+is only requisite to bear in mind the three gradations of size, so as
+never to mistake the middle semicircle for the outer ones. This is to
+be avoided by invariably making the small figure as small as possible,
+and the greater figure as large as space will permit.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">4.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+This invention refined, and so abreviated that a point onely
+sheweth distinctly and significantly any of the 24. letters;
+and these very points to be made with two pens, so that no
+time will be lost, but as one finger riseth the other may make
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</span>
+the following letter, never clogging the memory with several
+figures for words, and combination<a id="rn_4_7" href="#fn_4_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> of letters; which with
+ease, and void of confusion, are thus speedily and punctually,
+letter for letter, set down by naked and not multiplied
+points. And nothing can be less then a point, the Mathematical
+definition of<a id="rn_4_8" href="#fn_4_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> being <i>Cujus pars nulla</i>. And of a motion<a id="rn_4_9" href="#fn_4_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a>
+no swifter imaginable then<a id="rn_4_1" href="#fn_4_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> <i>Semiquavers</i> or <i>Releshes</i>, yet
+applicable to this manner of writing.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_4_7" id="fn_4_7"></a><a href="#rn_4_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>combinations. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_4_8" id="fn_4_8"></a><a href="#rn_4_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>of it. MS. and P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_4_9" id="fn_4_9"></a><a href="#rn_4_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>motion, equally as swift as <i>semiquavers</i>. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_4_1" id="fn_4_1"></a><a href="#rn_4_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>than what expresseth even.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p>[<i>Reduced to a Point.</i>] A man of the Marquis of Worcester’s ingenious
+cast of mind could readily have made up the entire “Century” out
+of these systems of alphabets and secret writing. He may have been
+acquainted with “Traicté des Chiffres, ou Secretes Manieres d’escrire,
+par Blaise de Vigenere, Bourbonnois.” 4to. Paris, 1586&mdash;now very
+scarce; but indeed there were many learned works on the subject, among
+which Trithemius’s “Libri Polygraphia VI,” 1600, was conspicuous. The
+long disuse of such methods of secretly conveying information, has
+reduced the cleverest of these systems of Cryptographia in public
+estimation. But, at the same time, these inventions were quite
+consistent with the early times in which the Marquis flourished. We
+shall see, in the next article, what probably illustrates this proposed
+use of a mere point or dot.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number" id="Page_394"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 394]</span>5.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A way by a Circular motion, either along a Rule or Ring-wise,
+to vary any Alphabet, even this of Points, so that the
+self-same Point individually placed, without the least
+additional mark or variation of place, shall stand for all the
+24. letters, and not for the same letter twice in ten sheets
+writing; yet as easily and certainly read and known, as if it
+stood but for one and the self-same letter constantly signified.</p>
+
+
+<p id="CommentArticle5">[<i>Varied significantly to all the 24. letters.</i>] This and the former
+article may certainly be taken in connection with each other; and the
+cipher engraved in No. 3, would seem to anticipate the present proposal
+of “a circular motion along a rule.” The “ring-wise” method may have
+been no more than a substitution for the octagon or any other figure.
+We fortunately find among the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum,
+No. 2428, a probable clue to this particular method of writing, which
+we shall give entire. It forms the first portion of the small oblong
+folio volume containing the Manuscript Century at the end, with many
+intervening blank pages between them. It is as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“<i>An explanation of the most exact and most compendious way of short
+writing. And an example given by way of Questions, and Resolves upon
+each significant point, proving how, and why, it stands for such and
+such a letter, in order Alphabetically placed in every page.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2" id="Page_395"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 395]</span>
+“A. Q. How is a point made to signifie an A. Resol. By being placed between
+the constant center of the square and the right side thereof in a
+streight line not touching it. [See <a href="#Page_398">diagram at the end</a>].</p>
+
+<p class="answer">It is proved by drawing a line from the said center towards, and
+not to touch the right side line, and then you will finde the line
+placed under an A of the Alphabett in each page.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“B. Q. How is a point made to signifie a B. Res. By being placed
+between the center of the square, towards the right corner upper angle
+of the Octagon, or square devided in to eight Angles, not touching the
+line thereof.</p>
+
+<p class="answer">It is proved by drawing an oblique line from the center, towards
+the right corner upper angle, yett not touching the line thereof,
+and then you will finde it to bee the line placed under a B, in
+the Alphabett of each page.</p>
+
+<p class="small_margin">In like manner lett there be a Question, and a Proofe made of all the
+other Letters in order and you will finde&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“C. The C. to bee placed in a streight line from the center upwards,
+but not arriving to the upper side line of the square.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“D. The D. in an oblique line towards the left upper corner line but
+not touching it.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“E. The E. in a streight line between the center of the left side line,
+butt not touching it.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“F. The F. in an oblique line downwards, towards the left angle line,
+butt not touching it.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“G. The G. in a streight line downwards from the center, likewise
+towards the lower line of the square not touching it.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</span></p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“H. The H. in an
+oblique line downwards towards the right angle line, butt not touching
+it.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“I. The I. in a streight line from the center to the midle of the right
+side line.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“K. The K. in an oblique line from the center to the right upper angle
+touching it.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“L. The L. in a streight line from the center upwards, and touching the
+upper line.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“M. The M. in an oblique line from the center towards the left upper
+corner line touching it.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“N. The N. in a streight line from the center to the midle of the left
+side line.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“O. The O. in an oblique line from the center downwards, towards the
+left corner touching the line thereof.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“P. The P. in a right line from the center downwards touching the lower
+side line.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“Q. The Q. in an oblique line downwards towards the right corner
+touching the line thereof.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“R. The R. in a streight line from the center to the outside, and
+furthest line of the right midle and opposite chequer touching it.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“S. The S. in an oblique line from the center, and passing the right
+upper corner line.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“T. The T. in a streight line from the center and passing the
+upper-side line of the square.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“V. The V. in an oblique line from the center upwards passing the left
+upper corner line.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“W. The W. in a streight line from the centre to the left outside and
+furthest line of the left midle and opposite chequer.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“X. The X. in an oblique line downwards passing the left lower corner
+line.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“Y. The Y. in a streight line downwards passing the lower side or
+bottome line.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</span></p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">“Z. The Z. in an oblique line downwards passing the
+right corner line of the square.</p>
+
+<p class="answer">“The Chequers are five in number, which of either outside show the
+vowells, and each Chequer haveing two corners inwards of each side
+make tenn, those towards the preceding square may conteyne of the
+24 letters, and the opposite corners as many Alphabetically, and
+the centers of the two upper Chequers square, and of the two lower
+shew the other 4 letters; The 20 in the Chequers are noted by a
+separation of a corner in the printed Alphabett, and the 4 by the
+midde points.</p>
+
+
+<p>“It is for curiosity and secresy to bee deservedly observed that
+whether in squares or chequers single points only stand for letters,
+and they being varyed att pleasure, it is in any ones power to
+keepe his secrett from me or any other not made acquainted with the
+denominations by him given to the severall points, and accordingly
+by him marked in the 24 blank squares, and rowes of chequers placed
+under the Alphabett in his private explanation easily to be framed by
+him mutatis mutandis, only that is making the questions and resolves
+according to his points as they represent the letters to his owne fancy
+keept private from others without his consent.</p>
+
+<p>“The points are to bee written, and reade as they precede, or as they
+are the one above the other, unlesse they have a sequell distinction
+made by takeing the penn of the paper thus <sup>✓</sup> without further
+losse of tyme, and such as are soe marked, must be written and read as
+the others they being soe made, but for husbanding of paper, the word
+being soe conteyned in lesse roome, the e at the end of most words
+prolonging butt the sillable, and all needlesse and unsounding letters
+are to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</span> bee omitted; I will not trouble you with more rules leaving the
+rest to practice.”</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">The preceding description is written on small oblong pages, which
+measure 11&frac14; by 7&frac14; inches, the whole surface of the unwritten
+portions being covered with an engraved pattern, of which Fig. 1 is
+but a portion of the top left-hand corner, and therefore proceeds no
+further than letter <i>h</i>, which ends the application of that particular
+figure.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100%">
+   <img class="div_scaled" id="p398_1" src="images/p398_1.jpg"
+      alt="The Marquis’s Cipher" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="continue_text"></div>
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 15%">
+   <img class="div_scaled" id="p398_2_3" src="images/p398_2_3.jpg"
+      alt="The Marquis’s Cipher" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. Gives the next form for 8 other similar situations, commencing
+at <i>i</i>. And&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. Is again 8 more, commencing at <i>r</i>; making in all 24 characters
+or letters.</p>
+
+<p>We thus see how, whether by a dot, or a short line of three gradations
+in length, an entire alphabet may be obtained.</p>
+
+<p>On page 180 of “The Life of the Marquis of Worcester,” is the facsimile
+of a letter written by his Lordship about 1646&ndash;7, apparently adopting
+this very cipher. It occurs in a volume, entitled “Carte Papers,
+1634&ndash;57. Ireland, No. 63,” in the Bodleian Library.</p>
+
+<p>It is worth remarking here, that the foregoing description, with
+its accompanying brass-plate engravings, looks exceedingly like an
+instalment of his promise, conveyed to us in the concluding lines of
+the 100th Article.</p>
+
+<p class="number" id="Page_399"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 399]</span>6.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How at a Window, far as Eye can discover<a id="rn_6_2" href="#fn_6_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> black from white,
+a man may hold discourse with his Correspondent, without noise
+made or notice<a id="rn_6_3" href="#fn_6_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> taken; being, according to occasion given
+and means afforded, <i>Ex re natâ</i>, and no need of Provision
+before-hand; though much better if foreseen, and means prepared
+for it, and a premeditated course taken by mutual consent of
+parties.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_6_2" id="fn_6_2"></a><a href="#rn_6_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>discern.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_6_3" id="fn_6_3"></a><a href="#rn_6_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>noise&mdash;for, notice. P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p class="number">7.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A way to do it by night as well as by day, though as dark as
+Pitch is black.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A mute and perfect discourse by colours.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>[<i>To hold the same by night.</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">These two may be ranked as the same system, the one used by day, the
+other illuminated to be conspicuous at night. As early as 1658, John
+Baptista Porta, in his “Natural Magick,” entitled the last chapter of
+his 16th Book, “By night we may make signs by fire.”</p>
+
+<p>We have here a simple system of telegraphy, the only examples afforded
+by the “Century,” of this particular mode of correspondence.</p>
+
+<p class="number" id="Page_400">8.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 400]</span></p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A way how to level and shoot Cannon by night as well as by day,
+and as directly; without a platform or measures taken by day,
+yet by a plain and infallible rule.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>To Level Cannons by Night.</i>] In 1587 was published, “<i>The Arte of
+shooting in great Ordnaunce</i>,” by William Bourne. Among other matters
+in the table of contents are the following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“The 10th Chapter showeth how to mount a mortar piece, for to lay the
+shot at any distance appointed.</p>
+
+<p>“The 13th Chapter is, how to give level at a mark upon a hill or valley
+with a quadrant.</p>
+
+<p>“The 24th Chapter is, how for to batter the walls of any town, as well
+by night as by day.</p>
+
+<p>“The 25th Chapter doth declare how to plant ordnance by night, to
+batter the walls of any town, or displace any ordnance in any bulwarks,
+or any such other like, as well by night as by day.” And&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“The 26th Chapter doth declare how for to keep a haven, or river, on
+the sea coast, for to sink a ship, as well by night as by day in all
+points.”</p>
+
+<p>On the subject of levelling great guns, Fludd’s “Historia Macrosmi,”
+1618, would afford abundant suggestions, with three copper-plate
+engravings, showing the operation of using the quadrant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">9.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+An Engine, portable in ones Pocket, which may be carried and
+fastened on the inside<a id="rn_9_4" href="#fn_9_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> of the greatest Ship, <i>Tanquam aliud</i>
+<i>agens</i>, and at any appointed minute, though a week after,
+either of day or night, it shall irrecoverably sink that Ship.
+
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_9_4" id="fn_9_4"></a><a href="#rn_9_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>the side.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Ship-destroying Engine.</i>] In 1578, William Bourne, in his
+“Inventions or Devices,” had in the 17th article, suggested, “How for
+to sink a ship that hath laid you aboard, without shooting of ordnance.”</p>
+
+<p>And again in his “Arte of shooting in great ordnaunce,” published in
+1587, the 56th Chapter, suggests a mode “to sink a ship.”</p>
+
+<p>The whole passage in the “Century” is abundantly obscure. The smallness
+of the Engine suggests some explosive missile, connected with
+clock-work, as the only means to insure its being compact and operating
+on a precise day at a stated point of time. But his inventive faculty
+once stimulated, even by the notices of Bourne, would speedily lead him
+to many ingenious contrivances.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">10.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A way from a mile off to dive and fasten a like Engine to any
+Ship, so as it may punctually work the same effect either for
+time or execution.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>How to be fastened from aloof and under water.</i>] The wording of this
+article so far differs from the title as to allude only to diving, or a
+kind of submarine navigation, but gives no intimation of the fastening
+“aloof;” so that this latter may refer to any part of the ship’s sides
+above her water-line.</p>
+
+<p>“Mersennius,” observes Bishop Wilkins, “doth largely and pleasantly
+descant concerning the making<span class="pagenum" id="Page_402">[Pg 402]</span> of a ship, wherein men may safely
+swim under water.” He further declares, that “such a contrivance is
+feasible, and may be effected, is beyond all question, because it hath
+been already experimented here in England by Cornelius <ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">Dreble</ins>.” He
+next considers various schemes, and mentions as one of the advantages
+of such a submarine vessel, that, “It may be of very great advantage
+against a navy of enemies, who by this means may be undermined in the
+water and blown up.”&mdash;Math. Magick, 1648, p. 178.</p>
+
+<p>Among the Sloane MSS. No. 4159, in the British Museum, is one for a
+means of destroying an entire fleet with one ship. It is endorsed, “A
+proposition sent to Mr. Augier, from Paris,” and the following is a
+copy:&mdash;“A person who makes profession of honour, and saith he hath had
+the good [fortune?] to have been known of Sir Oliver Flemming during
+his public employments abroad, doth propound to a friend of yours that
+by a secret he hath he can, with one ship alone, break what naval army
+or fleet, &amp;c.”</p>
+
+<p>In 1596, the celebrated John Napier, of Merchiston, wrote a statement
+of four “Secret Inventions,” concluding with the remark: “These
+inventions, besides devices of <i>sailing under the water</i>, with divers
+other devices and stratagems for harming of the enemies, by the grace
+of God, and work of expert craftsmen, I hope to perform.” The original
+MS. anno 1596, is in the Lambeth Library, No. 658.</p>
+
+<p>There is an article in Tilloch’s “Philosophical Magazine,” Vol. 18,
+for 1804, reviewing a Memoir of Lord Napier of Merchiston. On his
+device for sailing under water, the writer observes:&mdash;“The famous Dutch
+philosopher, Cornelius <ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">Drebell</ins>, the reputed inventor of the microscope
+and the thermometer, constructed for James I. a subaqueous vessel,
+which he tried on the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_403">[Pg 403]</span> Thames, and which carried twelve rowers, besides
+some passengers, for whom the effete air was again rendered respirable
+by a liquor, the composition of which Drebell never would communicate
+to more than one person, and that person told Mr. Boyle what it
+was.” The Marquis, might, likewise, even be acquainted with Napier’s
+statement of his secret inventions.</p>
+
+<p>Evelyn, in his Diary, informs us on the 1st of August, 1666, “I went
+to Dr. Keffler, who married the daughter of the famous chymist,
+Drebbell, inventor of the bodied scarlet.” On which his editor, Mr.
+Bray, remarks, “Cornelius Van Drebbell, born at Alkmaar, in Holland,
+in 1572; but in the reign of Charles I. settled in London, where he
+died in 1634. He was famous for other discoveries in science&mdash;the most
+important of which was the thermometer. He also made improvements in
+microscopes and telescopes; and though, like many of his scientific
+contemporaries, something of an empiric, possessed a considerable
+knowledge of chemistry, and of different branches of natural
+philosophy.”&mdash;Diary, vol. ii. p. 9.</p>
+
+<p>Pepys, in his Diary, under date the 14th of March, 1662, says: “This
+afternoon came the German, Dr. Knuffler, to discourse with us about his
+engine to blow up ships. We doubted not the matter of fact, it being
+tried in Cromwell’s time, but the safety of carrying them in ships;
+but he do tell us, that when he comes to tell the King his secret, for
+none but the Kings, successively, and their heirs must know it, it will
+appear to be of no danger at all.”&mdash;Pepys’ Diary, ed. 1858, vol. i. p.
+264.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Robert Hooke, in his “Philosophical Collections,” published in
+1679, has “an account of Jo. Alphon. Borellius’s De Mo. Animalium,”
+two volumes quarto, containing, among other things, “A way to make a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_404">[Pg 404]</span>
+submarine vessel, whereby several persons may pass together from place
+to place under water, accommodated with two ways to move it to and fro,
+and to make it rise and sink in the water, &amp;c. It is supposed it may be
+much like that which Mersennus long since published.”</p>
+
+<p>The American engineer, Robert Fulton, turned his attention to this
+subject, and published “Torpedo War, and Sub-marine Explosions,” 4to.
+New York, 1810.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">11.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to prevent and safeguard any Ship from such an attempt by
+day or night.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>How to prevent both.</i>] Some armour or alarum is probably proposed,
+which should be either invulnerable, or when struck indicate
+the presence of the enemy’s “portable pocket engine,” intended
+“irrecoverably to sink the ship;” not by merely perforating a single
+hole, but by a powerful disruptive explosion, rending asunder all
+the timbers. But the whole passage is so abundantly obscure that all
+opinion on the matter goes for very little.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">12.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A way to make a Ship not possible to be sunk though shot<a id="rn_12_4" href="#fn_12_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> an
+hundred times betwixt wind and water by Cannon, and should<a id="rn_12_5" href="#fn_12_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a>
+lose a whole Plank, yet in half an hours time should be made as
+fit to sail as before.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_12_4" id="fn_12_4"></a><a href="#rn_12_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>shot at. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_12_5" id="fn_12_5"></a><a href="#rn_12_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>she lose. P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p id="Page_405"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 405]</span>
+[<i>An unsinkable Ship.</i>] As early as 1583, appeared “A Note of sundry
+sorts of Engines,” without the author’s name. The 20th and last of
+these is:&mdash;“To preserve a boat from drowning and the people that be
+therein.” See J. O. Halliwell’s Rara Mathematica.</p>
+
+<p>Considering the state of ship-building in 1655, the foregoing plan
+must have been some very primitive scheme; but, rendering vessels
+unsinkable, has long been a favourite subject with inventors.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">13.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to make such false Decks as in a moment should kill and
+take prisoners as many as should board the Ship, without
+blowing the<a id="rn_13_6" href="#fn_13_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> Decks up, or destroying them from being
+reducible, and in a quarrer<a id="rn_13_7" href="#fn_13_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> of an hours time should recover
+their former shape, and be made fit for any imployment without
+discovering the secret.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_13_6" id="fn_13_6"></a><a href="#rn_13_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>the real. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_13_7" id="fn_13_7"></a><a href="#rn_13_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a><i>read</i> quarter.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>False destroying Decks.</i>] William Bourne, in his “Inventions of
+Devices,” 1578, devotes the “Third device” to show&mdash;“How to use a plain
+or open deck hatches, that it is not possible to enter the ship without
+spoiling of the enemies.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">14.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to bring a force to weigh up an Anchor, or to do any
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_406">[Pg 406]</span>
+forcible exploit in the narrowest or<a id="rn_14_8" href="#fn_14_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> lowest room in any
+Ship, where few hands shall do the work of many; and many hands
+applicable to the same force, some standing, others sitting,
+and<a id="rn_14_9" href="#fn_14_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> by virtue of their several helps a great force augmented
+in little room, as effectual as if there were sufficient space
+to go about with an Axle-tree, and work far from the Centre.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_14_8" id="fn_14_8"></a><a href="#rn_14_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>and&mdash;for, or.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_14_9" id="fn_14_9"></a><a href="#rn_14_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>and yet.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>Multiplied strength in little room.</i>] We shall have to allude to the
+ambiguous use of the word “force” in the same sentence, as indicating
+“strength, power, &amp;c.” or, “a pump, or pump plunger,” in John Bate’s,
+and other old works on mechanics. Now if we were to read this, “How to
+bring the force [or plunger of a pump] to weigh up an anchor, &amp;c., and
+many hands applicable to the same force [or pump], &amp;c.”&mdash;we should have
+a statement strongly indicating the modern contrivance of the hydraulic
+press. The concluding portion of the sentence only serves to strengthen
+this suggestion. See “force” used in <a href="#Article_21">No. 21.</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1594, Edmund Jentill, writing to Lord Burghley, mentions, as
+his fourth invention:&mdash;“A devise whereby two men may be sufficient
+to weigh the weightiest anchor in her Majesty’s navy, with greater
+expedition than it is now done with the number now used.” Also, “The
+like device is found for the hoisting of the main-yard with the like
+expedition.”&mdash;MS. Lansdown, 113, Art. 4: and, “Letters on Scientific
+Subjects,” edited by J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S. 8vo. 1841.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number" id="Page_407"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 407]</span>15.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A way<a id="rn_15_1" href="#fn_15_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> how to make a Boat work it self against Wind and Tide,
+yea both without the help of man or beast; yet<a id="rn_15_2" href="#fn_15_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> so that the
+Wind or Tide, though directly opposite, shall force the Ship or
+Boat against it self; and in no point of the Compass, but it
+shall be as effectual, as if the wind were in the Pupp,<a id="rn_15_3" href="#fn_15_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> or
+the stream actually with the course it is to steer, according
+to which the Oars shall row, and necessary motions work and
+move towards the desired Port or point of the Compass.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_15_1" id="fn_15_1"></a><a href="#rn_15_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>A way&mdash;omitted.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_15_2" id="fn_15_2"></a><a href="#rn_15_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>but&mdash;for yet.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_15_3" id="fn_15_3"></a><a href="#rn_15_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>poop. P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Boat driving against wind and tide.</i>] The wording of this article
+is varied as follows in the MS. of certain of his Inventions. See
+<a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A</a>. He therein states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“By this (his quintessence of motion), I can make a vessel, of as
+great burden as the river can bear, to go against the stream; which,
+the more rapid it is, the faster it shall advance. And the moveable
+part that works it, may be, by one man, still guided, to take the best
+advantage of the stream; and yet to steer the boat to any point. And
+this engine is applicable to any vessel or boat, whatsoever, without
+being, therefore, made on purpose; and work these effects:&mdash;It roweth;
+it draweth; it driveth, if need be, to pass London bridge against the
+stream, at low water. And a boat lying<span class="pagenum" id="Page_408">[Pg 408]</span> at anchor, the engine may be
+used for loading or unloading.”</p>
+
+<p>He made this invention one of the four subjects in his Patent of 1661
+(see <a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B</a>), which again varies the reading; but this last plainly
+indicates the motive power as having been a mill. He proposes in his
+patent specification:&mdash;“To make a boat that roweth, draweth, or setteth
+even against wind or stream, yea, both, and to any part of the compass
+which way soever the stream runs or wind blows, and yet the force of
+the wind or stream causeth its motion, nothing being required but a
+steersman; and whilest the boat stayeth to be loaded or unloaded, the
+stream or wind shall perform such work as any water-mill or wind-mill
+is capable of.”</p>
+
+<p>Among the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum, there is an Italian book
+of sketches on parchment, No. 3281, attributed to the 15th century,
+entitled, “Delineationes Machinarum;” from one of the pen and ink
+drawings of which the annexed engraving is a reduced copy. It is a
+paddle boat of a very primitive form, to be operated by men working
+at two crank handles. The Marquis seems to have had a very similar
+idea, only employing the mechanical arrangements of a suitable wind or
+water-mill.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 60%">
+   <img class="div_scaled" id="p408" src="images/p408.jpg"
+      alt="Ancient Paddle Boat" />
+</div>
+
+<p id="Page_409"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 409]</span> In that fine work, “Vitruvia de Architectura,” folio,
+Como, 1521, there is an engraving of a large vessel propelled by
+paddles, worked by animal power; therefore, so far as such a mode of
+propulsion is concerned, paddle-wheels are of very ancient origin.
+In 1574, Ralph Rabbards<a id="FNanchor_J_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_J_72"><span class="fnanchor">[J]</span></a> presented to Queen Elizabeth, through
+the medium of the venerable Lord Burghley, a list of twenty-five
+inventions. The 24th is:&mdash;“The rarest engine that was ever invented
+for sea service. A vessel in manner of a galley or galliotte to pass
+upon the seas and rivers without oars or sail, against wind and tide,
+swifter than any that ever hath been seen; of wonderful effect both
+for intelligence, and many other admirable exploits, almost beyond the
+expectation of man.”</p>
+
+<p>William Bourne, in his “Inventions or Devices,” published in 1578, most
+of which he claims to be his own projects, yet acknowledging some to
+have been borrowed, offers the following in the 19th Device without
+comment:&mdash;“And furthermore you may make a boat to go without oars or
+sayle, by the placing of certain wheels on the outside of the boat, in
+that sort, that the arms of the wheels may go into the water, and so
+turning the wheels by some provision, and so the wheels shall make the
+boat to go.”</p>
+
+<p>This is followed by another application, being the 20th Device:&mdash;“And
+also, they make a water-mill in a boat, for when that it rideth at an
+anchor, the tide or stream will turn the wheels with great force, and
+these mills are used in France, &amp;c.”</p>
+
+<p>In 1583, proposals were made for 20 different inventions, but the
+author’s name does not appear. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_410">[Pg 410]</span> 19th is:&mdash;“To make a boat to go
+fast on the water without oar or saile;” but this is all we learn of
+his project. See “Rara Mathematica,” edited by J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S.
+&amp;c. 8vo. 1841.</p>
+
+<p>In 1594, Edmund Jentill addressed to Lord Burghley two communications
+respecting his inventions. The last he names thus:&mdash;“A device wonderful
+strange is also found out, whereby a vessel of burden may easily and
+safely be guided both against wind and tide.” MS. Lansdown, 113, Art.
+4; and “Letters on Scientific Subjects,” edited by J. O. Halliwell,
+F.R.S. &amp;c. 8vo. 1841.</p>
+
+<p>Cressy Dymock, in his letter published by Hartlib in the “Legacie; or
+an enlargement of the Discourse of Husbandry,” 4to. 1651, describing
+what he saw at Wicklesen, mentions&mdash;“a pretty kind of Pinnace with
+ordinance, somewhat like a close litter, but flat-bottomed; which
+rowed with wheeles instead of oares, imployed it seemes formerly with
+admirable successe, for the taking in of Crowland, and which gave me
+a proofe of what I for many years have thought possible, and of very
+great use and service, and still think it of unknowne value, if it were
+skilfully indeed framed, and applyed as it might be.” [p. 110.]</p>
+
+<p>Samuel Cotton, on the 28th of January, 1619, obtained a patent for
+making and erecting mills upon barges or lighters in the river Thames.</p>
+
+<p>David Ramsey and Thomas Wildgoose, on the 17th of January, 1618,
+patented, among various other inventions, one “to make boats for the
+carriage of burthens and passengers run upon the water as swift in
+calms and more safe in storms than boats full sailed in great winds.”</p>
+
+<p>David Ramsey includes in his patent of 21st of January, 1630, his
+invention “to make boats, ships, and barges to go against the wind and
+tide.”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_411">[Pg 411]</span></p>
+
+<p>And Dr. Thomas Grent, on the 20th of July, 1632, patented a
+plan “for a more speedy passage of calmed ships.”</p>
+
+<p>In 1640, Edward Ford, patented his invention, whereby he can make all
+boats, &amp;c. “go faster against wind and tide than now they use to do,
+with half the men they have formerly used.”</p>
+
+<p>It is stated in “Frier Bacon’s discovery of the Miracles of Art, &amp;c.”
+published in 12mo. 1659, that&mdash;“It is possible to make engines to sail
+withal, as that either fresh or salt water vessels may be guided by the
+help of one man, and made sail with a greater swiftness, than others
+will which are full of men to help them.” Chap. iv. p. 17.</p>
+
+<p>In “Humane Industry,” 1661, chap. 10, p. 154, it is noticed&mdash;“The
+ancients had a way to drive their ships without oar or sail, so that
+they could never be wind bound.” And at page 155, it is observed
+that&mdash;“Scaliger doth aver, that he could make a ship that could steer
+herself.”</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Togood and James Heyes, in 1662, patented their invention for
+the making of ships to sail without the assistance of wind or tide.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">16.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to make a Sea-castle or Fortification Cannon-proof, and<a id="rn_16_4" href="#fn_16_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a>
+capable of a thousand men, yet sailable at pleasure to defend
+a passage, or in an hours time to divide it self into three
+Ships as fit and trimm’d to sail as before: And even whilest
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_412">[Pg 412]</span>
+it is a Fort or Castle they shall be unanimously steered, and
+effectually be driven by an indifferent strong wind.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_16_4" id="fn_16_4"></a><a href="#rn_16_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>and&mdash;omitted. P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Sea-sailing Fort.</i>] Vitruvius, Vegetius, and many ancient writers
+supply a variety of schemes to direct an inventor’s ingenuity. The idea
+of such a construction, to divide into three or more sailing vessels
+is likewise suggested, in many early designs, although no doubt very
+different in some details. But the peculiarity hitherto unnoticed, of
+the present invention, consists in the propelling and steering by means
+of an artificial current of air. It is very clear that the Marquis had
+discovered some pneumatic mode of propulsion. There is no inconsistency
+in the idea of the same means being adapted for both steering and
+propelling alternately. Even within the last few years extensive
+experiments have been made, in which air-pumps were used to compress
+the air beneath an inclined plane under the stern, which in flowing
+upwards gave motion to the vessel.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">17.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to make upon the <i>Thames</i> a floting Garden of pleasure,
+with Trees, Flowers, Banquetting-Houses, and Fountains, Stews
+for all kind of fishes, a reserve for Snow to keep Wine in,
+delicate Bathing-places, and the like; with musick made with<a id="rn_17_5" href="#fn_17_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a>
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_413">[Pg 413]</span>
+Mills: and all in the middest of the stream, where it is most
+rapid.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_17_5" id="fn_17_5"></a><a href="#rn_17_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>by&mdash;for with. MS. and P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A pleasant floating Garden.</i>] There appears to be little more
+invention here than in the contrivance of so much variety, and the
+selecting of “the stream where it is most rapid,” to give motion to
+the water-mills to work the bellows for producing the promised music;
+as well as to raise water high enough to obtain a pressure of it for
+making the snow. The whole offers one of those raree-show designs in
+which our great-grandfathers delighted, and the descriptions of which
+formed the staple of their scientific discussions in polite society.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">18.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+An Artificial Fountain, to be turned like an Hour-glass by
+a child, in the twinkling of an eye, it<a id="rn_18_6" href="#fn_18_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> holding great
+quantity<a id="rn_18_7" href="#fn_18_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> of water, and of force sufficient to make snow,
+ice and thunder, with a<a id="rn_18_8" href="#fn_18_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> chirping and singing of birds, and
+shewing of several shapes and effects usual to Fountains of
+pleasure.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_18_6" id="fn_18_6"></a><a href="#rn_18_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>yet&mdash;for it. MS. and P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_18_7" id="fn_18_7"></a><a href="#rn_18_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>quantities. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_18_8" id="fn_18_8"></a><a href="#rn_18_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>the&mdash;for a. MS. and P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>An Hour-glasse Fountain.</i>] In a MS. among the Marquis’s papers,
+the foregoing appears to be the invention indicated under the
+title:&mdash;“Fountains of pleasure, with artificial snow or hail, or
+thunder, and quantity not limited.” [See <a href="#Page_316">p. 316.</a>]</p>
+
+<p>Kircher, Schottus, and others give descriptions, with engravings of
+fountains, having the external appearance of the hour-glass. The
+process of turning<span class="pagenum" id="Page_414">[Pg 414]</span> may have been facilitated by the machine resting
+on two central pivots. But it must have been of considerable size to
+produce an efficient hydraulic pressure engine to give forth snow
+and ice. The thunder, &amp;c., would depend on plans well understood for
+producing stage effects, and their introduction here, with the music of
+birds, &amp;c. [see <a href="#Article_46">Article 46.</a>] is similar to other automatic arrangements
+which were the wonder and delight of that age, and a much later period.</p>
+
+<p>In 1755, an engine of peculiar construction, to raise water from an
+Hungarian mine, was erected by M. Hoel, at Chemnitz, which generated
+intense cold as the water and air rushed out together, under great
+columnar pressure, causing the formation of artificial hail, projected
+with amazing force; the effect being very analogous to the suggestions
+offered by the present articles, Nos. 17 and 18.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">19.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A little engine within a Coach, whereby a child may stop it,
+and secure all persons within it, and the Coachman himself,
+though the horses be never so unruly<a id="rn_19_9" href="#fn_19_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> in a full career; a
+child being sufficiently capable to loosen<a id="rn_19_1" href="#fn_19_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> them in what
+posture soever they should have put themselves, turning never
+so short; for a child can do it in the twinkling of an eye.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_19_9" id="fn_19_9"></a><a href="#rn_19_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>and running.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_19_1" id="fn_19_1"></a><a href="#rn_19_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>unloose. P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Coach-saving Engine.</i>] We have two other readings of this article;
+the first is the 5th article in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_415">[Pg 415]</span> his list of a portion of his
+Inventions, (see <a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A.</a>) as follows:&mdash;“By this (his quintessence
+of motion) I can make a child, in a coach, to stop the horses (running
+away), and shall be able to secure himself, and those that be in the
+coach; having a little engine placed therein, which shall not be
+perceived, in what posture soever the horses draw. A child’s force
+shall be able to disengage them, from overturning the coach, or
+prejudicing anybody in it.”</p>
+
+<p>The second reading is in his patent of 1661, (see <a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B.</a>) wherein
+he offers:&mdash;“To make an engine applicable to any coach, by which a
+child of six years old may secure from danger all in the coach, and
+even the coachman himself, though the horses become never so unruly,
+the child being able in the twinkling of an eye to loosen them from the
+coach, in what posture soever they draw or turn, be it ever so short,
+or to either hand.” By means of a T-ended lever, two or four bolts
+could be simultaneously drawn inwards, and the horses thereby released
+with the greatest possible ease and certainty.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">20.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to bring up water Balance-wise, so that as little weight
+or force as will turn a Balance will be onely needful, more
+then the weight of the water within the Buckets, which
+counterpoised<a id="rn_20_2" href="#fn_20_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> empty themselves one into the other, the
+uppermost yielding its water (how great a quantity soever it
+holds) at the self<a id="rn_20_3" href="#fn_20_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a>-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</span>
+same time the lower-most taketh it in,
+though it be an hundred fathom high.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_20_2" id="fn_20_2"></a><a href="#rn_20_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>counterpoise, and empty. MS. and P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_20_3" id="fn_20_3"></a><a href="#rn_20_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>self&mdash;omitted. P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Balance Water-work.</i>] It is to be regretted that we have nothing
+at present to aid us in offering a description at all approaching the
+singular construction of this hydraulic machine. There are some curious
+designs given in the description of M. Grollier de Servière’s cabinet,
+1719, but we have never seen any plan fully realizing the effect above
+indicated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number"><a id="Article_21">21.</a></p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to raise water constantly with two Buckets onely day and
+night, without any other force then its own motion, using not
+so much as any force, wheel, or sucker, nor more pullies then
+one, on which the cord or chain rolleth with a Bucket fastened
+at each end. This, I confess,<a id="rn_21_4" href="#fn_21_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> I have seen and learned<a id="rn_21_5" href="#fn_21_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a>
+of the great Mathematician <i>Claudius</i><a id="rn_21_6" href="#fn_21_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> <a id="rn_21_7" href="#fn_21_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> his studies at
+<i>Rome</i>, he having made a Present thereof unto a Cardinal; and
+I desire not to own any other mens<a id="rn_21_8" href="#fn_21_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> inventions, but if I set
+down any, to nominate likewise the inventor.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_21_4" id="fn_21_4"></a><a href="#rn_21_4"><span class="label">
+<ins class="correction" title="Typo original is missing number 4">[4]</ins></span></a>confess to have seen.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_21_5" id="fn_21_5"></a><a href="#rn_21_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>in the great Mathematician’s study, Clauius at Rome.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_21_6" id="fn_21_6"></a><a href="#rn_21_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>Clauius.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_21_7" id="fn_21_7"></a><a href="#rn_21_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>Clavius’s Studies at Rome. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_21_8" id="fn_21_8"></a><a href="#rn_21_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>man’s. MS. and P.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p id="Page_417"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 417]</span>
+[<i>A Bucket-fountain.</i>] In the present
+and preceding articles the water is elevated by means of buckets, and
+it was only while these pages were passing through the press that the
+author perceived those precise marks of distinction between the two
+methods of employing the buckets which enables him now to offer the
+following explanation of each.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 60%">
+   <img class="div_scaled" id="p417" src="images/p417.jpg"
+      alt="A Balance Water-work" />
+</div>
+
+<p>As regards No. 20, it seems, at first, absurd to expect to raise water
+which is to be in a balance and pass from one bucket to the other. But
+let us suppose an arrangement, as in the subjoined engraving, where
+A, B, is a strong vertical wooden frame carrying six metal or wooden
+pipes C, C, which can be moved simultaneously up and down on centres,
+<i>a</i>, <i>a</i>, being connected by the iron rods, <i>b</i>, <i>b</i>; these pipes are
+united with the top of six buckets at D, D', and with the bottom of six
+other buckets at E, E'. The buckets D, D', are also connected at the
+bottom with six other pipes F, F, each open at the end F, F, and so
+arranged that the topmost pipe passes over a pulley <i>c</i>, but the other
+five pipes with guide rods <i>d</i>, <i>d</i>, at their ends, enter the top end
+of the five uppermost buckets on the side E; the pipe F, passing over
+<i>c</i>, delivers the contents of bucket D, while the lower-most bucket E',
+is being replenished, “thus the uppermost yielding its water at the
+same time when the lower-most taketh it in.” In the present position
+of the machine the pipes C, C, are inclined, and the pipes F, F, are
+horizontal, but when the bucket E' is elevated,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_418">[Pg 418]</span> then these pipes will
+all reverse their positions, being connected with the buckets by means
+of flexible leather hose, or suitable jointed metal tubing.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 35%">
+   <img class="div_scaled" id="p418" src="images/p418.jpg"
+      alt="A Bucket-fountain" />
+</div>
+
+<p>We have next to consider the present article No. 21. The conditions
+stated require the use of but one pulley, one cord, and two buckets,
+without any “force” or pump plunger, or “any wheel, or sucker.” An
+arrangement so simple seems only possible to be attained by some such
+plan as that exhibited in the illustration given below. We have here an
+endless chain or cord, A B, passing over the pulley C, with a bucket
+D, at the upper end; and another bucket E, at the lower end; the first
+in the act of discharging its contents into the trough G, the second
+re-charging with water at the level E. This endless chain is further
+supplied with a series of conical or other shaped buckets, <i>a</i>, <i>a'</i>,
+set on the endless cord in a reverse direction, so as to receive water
+conveyed from an upper stream by the spout F, by which means the side
+B, of the cord will descend, and the side A, ascend, “without any
+other force than its own motion,” and that “with two buckets only, day
+and night.” On the side <i>a'</i>, the conical buckets reverse and empty
+themselves, thereby lightening the ascending side A, of the endless
+chain or cord.</p>
+
+<p class="number">22.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+To make a River in a Garden to ebbe and flow constantly, though
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_419">[Pg 419]</span>
+twenty foot over, with a childs force, in some private room or
+place out of sight, and a competent distance from it.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>An ebbing and flowing River.</i>] In reference to this invention Mr.
+Partington has quoted Peter Bogaerts’ ingenious method of a canal lock,
+so contrived that, in a model, a weight of seven pounds was made to
+raise ten hundred weight of water more than four feet in a few seconds.</p>
+
+<p>But still the process of ebbing and flowing is not made out; it does
+appear, however, that its operation requires the constant services of
+a boy or other attendant, probably to keep alternately opening and
+closing certain sluice arrangements, placed somewhere concealed from
+view; the whole affording a water-work to amuse and surprise, and
+forming a variety on the usual strange schemes attached to grottos,
+caves, &amp;c. spouting water in every variety of form.</p>
+
+<p>See further the comments on article <a href="#Article_57">No. 57</a>, which very probably
+includes the principle here employed by the Marquis.</p>
+
+<p>There is no communication in this article of facts requisite to direct
+an engineer or inventor in the adjustment of any special kind of
+machinery to obtain the desired ebbing and flowing river; which is
+a novelty, in this respect, peculiar to the Marquis of Worcester’s
+ingenuity. He was evidently not copying or improving any anterior
+system of water-work. The next article is but an application of this
+new system; and it is not until he has taken us through descriptive
+hints of thirty-three totally different designs or devices, that in
+No. 57, he offers “A constant water-flowing and ebbing motion.” We
+think the three may be taken together, that is, No. 57, refers to the
+principle and mechanism, of which Nos. 22 and 23, are mere simple
+applications.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_420">[Pg 420]</span></p>
+
+<p>Thus, referring to what we have stated under No. 57, the
+purpose named in the present article might be attained by means of two
+domed or bell-shaped vessels, placed like gasometers, but otherwise
+immoveable, partially immersed in a pond, or other artificial piece of
+water; which being arranged so that, by admitting a steam pipe into
+each, the contained air could be driven out thereby, condensation would
+naturally follow, or might be accelerated; and one vessel immediately
+filling with water, while the other was emptying, the surface of the
+pond or river would be kept in a continual state of agitation, and the
+water might be said to “ebb and flow constantly, though 20 feet over.”</p>
+
+<p>No reason is assigned for proposing this modification of water work,
+no advantage is pointed out, the Marquis doubtless depending on its
+apparent impossibility for its exciting and stimulating inquiry. He
+knew how the promulgation of such a wonder would have affected his
+own mind, and never imagined but that the public would feel equally
+inquisitive. His incomprehensible truths are, however, often denounced,
+without investigation, as though they were false.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">23.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+To set a Clock in<a id="rn_23_9" href="#fn_23_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> a Castle, the<a id="rn_23_1" href="#fn_23_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> water filling the
+Trenches about it;<a id="rn_23_2" href="#fn_23_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> it<a id="rn_23_3" href="#fn_23_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> shall shew by ebbing and flowing
+the Hours, Minutes and Seconds, and all the comprehensible
+motions of the Heavens, and Counterlibation<a id="rn_23_4" href="#fn_23_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> of the Earth,
+according to <i>Copernicus</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_23_9" id="fn_23_9"></a><a href="#rn_23_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>as within a. MS and P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_23_1" id="fn_23_1"></a><a href="#rn_23_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>and the.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_23_2" id="fn_23_2"></a><a href="#rn_23_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>about it shall show the hours, minutes, and seconds by ebbing.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_23_3" id="fn_23_3"></a><a href="#rn_23_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>which&mdash;for it. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_23_4" id="fn_23_4"></a><a href="#rn_23_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>counterlibration.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p id="Page_421"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 421]</span>
+[<i>An ebbing and flowing Castle-clock.</i>] John Bate, in his “Mysteries
+of Nature and Art,” 1635, at p. 45, describes&mdash;“A water-clock, or a
+glasse showing the hour of the day,” by three different arrangements.</p>
+
+<p>This article is further noticed in commenting on No. 57.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">24.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to increase the strength of a Spring to such an height,<a id="rn_24_5" href="#fn_24_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a>
+as to shoot Bumbasses and Bullets of an hundred pound weight
+a Steeple-height, and a quarter of a mile off and more,
+Stone-bow-wise, admirable for Fire-works and astonishing of
+besieged Cities, when without warning given by noise they find
+themselves so forcibly and dangerously surprised.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_24_5" id="fn_24_5"></a><a href="#rn_24_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>degree&mdash;for height. P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Strength-increasing Spring.</i>] The technical term
+<span class="smcap">Bumbasses</span>, or probably bombasses, here used, has escaped the
+attention of all compilers of Archaic Dictionaries. By the context
+we may presume it was applied to the large stones usually fired from
+bombards, and differing only from bullets in these last being made of
+lead or iron.</p>
+
+<p>Ancient cannon appear to have consisted of two kinds; a large one for
+discharging stones, called a <i>Bombard</i>, and a lesser one for darts. In
+1388, a stone bullet, weighing 195 pounds, is related, according to
+Meyrick, to have been discharged from a <i>Bombard</i>, called the Trevisan.
+Such stone missiles may have been of the kind called by the Marquis
+“bumbasses,” and would be perhaps more properly named bombasses.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_422">[Pg 422]</span> The
+Stone-bow was the Prodd; probably the Slurbowe was furnished with a
+barrel through a slit, in which the string slided, when the trigger
+was pulled. Three kinds are mentioned by Du Cange. See Fosbroke’s
+Encyclopædia of Antiquities, 8vo. 1840.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop Wilkins, treating on Catapultæ in his <i>Mathematicall Magick</i>,
+1648, observes that their usual form was “after the manner of great
+bows placed on carriages, and wound up by the strength of several
+persons;” adding: “These were sometimes framed for the discharging of
+two or three arrows together.”</p>
+
+<p>As the Marquis wrote the Century in 1655, only seven years after
+Wilkins’ publication, it is not at all unlikely that he seriously
+contemplated the contriving of a most useful warlike implement; and
+this appears the more reasonable when we find the worthy and learned
+prelate advancing, as it appeared to him, cogent reasons in his 19th
+chapter, in favour of the “Military offensive engines used amongst the
+ancients,” as compared to cannon; gravely summing up his observations
+with the remark&mdash;“that the force of these Engines does rather exceed
+than come short of our gun-powder inventions.” Then again on the ground
+of expense he shows an advantage in favour of Ballistæ and Catapultæ.
+Thus: “the price of these gun-powder instruments is extremely
+expensive.” This is proved from “a whole Cannon weighing commonly 8,000
+pounds, a half Cannon 5,000, a Culverin 4,500, a Demi-culverin 3,000,”
+which “must needs be very costly,” amounting “to several hundred
+pounds,” for which sum “at least 10 of the ancient timber made engines
+might be purchased”!</p>
+
+<p>Then their transport was a serious matter, for “a whole Cannon does
+require at the least 90 men, or 16 horses,” and so in proportion for
+others. But the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_423">[Pg 423]</span> timber made engines are light, and their “materials to
+be found everywhere.”</p>
+
+<p>Then the gun-powder is costly; “a whole Cannon requiring for every
+charge 40 pound of powder, and a bullet of 64 pounds,” and in
+proportion for lesser cannon; whereas those other engines may be
+charged only with stones. So that only for the superior force of cannon
+“those ancient inventions” he conceives to be “much more commodious
+than these later inventions.”</p>
+
+<p>Among questions propounded and agreed upon, in January, 1660, to be
+sent to Teneriffe by the Lord Brouncker and Mr. Boyle, the fifth
+was,&mdash;“Try the power of a stone bow, or other spring, both above and
+below (the hill), and note well the difference.”&mdash;Weld’s Hist. Royal
+Society, Vol. i. p. 98.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">25.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to make a Weight that cannot take up an hundred pound, and
+yet shall take up two hundred pound, and<a id="rn_25_6" href="#fn_25_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> at the self-same
+distance from the Centre; and so proportionally to millions of
+pounds.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_25_6" id="fn_25_6"></a><a href="#rn_25_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>and&mdash;omitted.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A double-drawing Engine for weights.</i>] The articles Nos. 25, 27,
+and 29 can only be taken as descriptive of elucidatory models,
+demonstrative of the applications of a certain principle, the result
+of condensation. For some unaccountable reason there has been a
+prevalent opinion that the Marquis was ignorant of condensation. If
+such an opinion is grounded on his not expressly alluding to it in
+the “Century,” then by the same rule it might be doubted whether he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_424">[Pg 424]</span>
+understood anything about steam! But as the “Century” was written to
+remind himself, and not to inform others of the <i>modus operandi</i>, it
+was sufficient for his purpose to particularise only the results. We
+can usually distinguish where he treads a beaten track, the result
+of reading, and where his course deviates into his “fire-water-work”
+experiments. The former generally has its parallel in some old author;
+but when the same rule is attempted to be applied to measure the
+others, we find we are dealing either with a new order of things, or
+else with sheer paradoxes of the most chimerical character. While,
+on the other hand, follow him in his own new track of experimental
+research, and we are rewarded at every step with a full and clear
+exposition of the wonderfully ingenious processes of inquiry by which
+he attained the perfection ascribed by him to his “Water-commanding
+Engine.”</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 35%">
+   <img class="div_scaled" id="p424" src="images/p424.jpg"
+      alt="A double-drawing Engine" />
+</div>
+
+<p>In the present article it is required that a weight shall take up
+double its own weight, not by the old rule of leverage, but “at the
+self-same distance from the centre.” In the subjoined diagram we have
+two cylinders C, B, connected at the lower end with a steam pipe,
+supplied with the steam-cock A. A cord passing over the drum wheel D,
+is connected at its ends with the pistons B, C; and the whole stands
+in a trough E. Steam having been admitted to B, and then cut off,
+condensation has ensued, the piston B has descended and C has been
+raised, and along with it a quantity of water. Here we may take the
+two pistons as representing “one hundred pound” each, and although
+they balance, yet we thus find “how to make<span class="pagenum" id="Page_425">[Pg 425]</span> a weight” under such
+circumstances, nevertheless, take up “two hundred pounds,” that is,
+including the water.</p>
+
+<p>A very similar kind of piston to the one here shown, is suggested by
+Fludd, Besson, and others, to be worked by a spiral spring, which being
+drawn to the bottom of a cylindrical vessel, water may be poured in
+above it, and being then tightly covered, with a lid having either an
+open jet or a tap in the centre, on releasing the spiral spring, the
+false bottom rising, and pressing the liquid, causes it to escape in a
+jet d’eau, gradually diminishing as the spring relaxes. The contrivance
+is elaborately illustrated in <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has the the">the</ins> 18th folio engraving of Besson’s
+“Theatrum Instrumentorum et Machinarum,” 1578; the Marquis, therefore,
+had only to substitute steam for the spiral spring.</p>
+
+<p class="number">26.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+To raise weight as<a id="rn_26_7" href="#fn_26_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> well and as forcibly with the drawing
+back of the Lever, as with the thrusting it<a id="rn_26_8" href="#fn_26_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> forwards; and by
+that means to lose no time in motion or strength. This I saw in
+the <i>Arcenal</i> at <i>Venice</i>.<a id="rn_26_9" href="#fn_26_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_26_7" id="fn_26_7"></a><a href="#rn_26_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>so&mdash;for as.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_26_8" id="fn_26_8"></a><a href="#rn_26_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>of it.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_26_9" id="fn_26_9"></a><a href="#rn_26_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>at Venice in the arsenal.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A to and fro Lever.</i>] William Bourne offers the following as his
+112th Device, “touching the making of engines to thrust from or pull
+to you with great force or strength.” He says, “And furthermore, you
+may make an engine to thrust from you or to pull unto you, to lift vp
+or to presse downe with great force, eyther to goe with wheeles as
+before is declared, or else to goe with skrewes or to goe with both,
+as to thrust open huge and strong gates, or else you taking good hold,
+to pull them open vnto you wards, and will<span class="pagenum" id="Page_426">[Pg 426]</span> make but little noyse in
+the doyng thereof, but you must be sure to set the engine fast, if to
+thrust from, to be strongly and well backed, and to pull to them it
+must be strongly bolstered before, sufficient to be of force to scrue
+the turne.”</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 50%">
+   <img class="div_scaled" id="p426" src="images/p426.jpg"
+      alt="A to and fro Lever" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The Venetian arrangement may be described, as shown in the annexed
+engraving, where A, B, C, is a frame, the two upright sides of which D
+E, are provided with a series of clicks, appearing in the drawing like
+the serrated edge of a saw, and each is so placed secured by a pin on
+which it moves, as always to incline to fall outwards. F, F, is a long
+lever, having a stout short cross bar in the centre, and is represented
+on the point of taking up on a click at <i>a</i>, while it leaves one on the
+opposite <i>b</i>, such being the <i>to</i> and <i>fro</i> motion required, thereby
+losing “no time in motion or strength.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="number" id="Page_427"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 427]</span>27.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A way to remove to and fro huge weights with a most
+inconsiderable strength from place to place. For example, Ten
+Tunne with ten pounds, and less; the said ten pounds not to
+fall lower then it makes the ten Tunne to advance or retreat
+upon a Level.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 70%">
+   <img class="div_scaled" id="p427" src="images/p427.jpg"
+      alt="A most easy level Draught" />
+</div>
+
+<p>[<i>A most easie level Draught.</i>] The weight is in this case to be moved
+“with a most inconsiderable strength.” Ten pounds, or less, are to be
+capable of moving 22,400 pounds. And the precise conditions are&mdash;“the
+said ten pounds not to <i>fall lower</i> than it makes the ten ton <i>to
+advance</i>.” The annexed engraving shows, as in No. 25, two cylinders B,
+C, with their steam-pipe and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_428">[Pg 428]</span> valve at A, having above a platform G, on
+which is a loaded truck F, attached by a cord <i>a</i>, at one end passing
+over a pulley, and the drum wheel D, to the piston B; and a second
+cord at the other end passing over a pulley at <i>a'</i>, attached in like
+manner to the other piston C. Steam having been admitted to B, on its
+condensation the piston descending draws along with it the weighted
+truck F, while the piston C, ascends, drawing in air at E.</p>
+
+<p>We thus attain the strict letter of the conditions set down, the <i>fall</i>
+and the <i>advance</i> being equal.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">28.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A Bridge portable in<a id="rn_28_1" href="#fn_28_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> a Cart with six horses, which in a
+few hours time may be placed over a River half a mile broad,
+whereon with much expedition may<a id="rn_28_2" href="#fn_28_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> be transported Horse, Foot
+and Cannon.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_28_1" id="fn_28_1"></a><a href="#rn_28_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>upon a. MS. and P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_28_2" id="fn_28_2"></a><a href="#rn_28_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>there may be.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A portable Bridge.</i>] The great painter, Leonardo da Vinci, born in
+1452, and who died at 67 years of age in 1520, was a man of singularly
+inventive talent. Among his other projects, he declares:&mdash;“I have the
+means of constructing light bridges, easy of carriage, and equally
+adapted to pursue or escape an enemy, secure from fire; and as easy to
+remove as to replace; and also the means of destroying those of the
+enemy.” See an interesting Memoir of him by J. W. Brown. 12mo. 1828.</p>
+
+<p>Bourne’s 94th Device promises, “How you may make a bridge upon a
+sudden, that a whole army of men and their carriages may pass over any
+river or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_429">[Pg 429]</span> haven, if that it be of not too great breadth.”&mdash;See his
+Inventions or Devices, 1578.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Hugh Plat, in his “Jewel House of Art and Nature,” 1653, shows, in
+article No. 22, “How to erect or build over any brook, or small river,
+a cheap and wooden bridge of 40 or 50 feet in length, without fastening
+any timber work within the water.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">29.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A portable Fortification able to contain five hundred fighting
+men, and yet<a id="rn_29_3" href="#fn_29_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> in six hours time may<a id="rn_29_4" href="#fn_29_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> be set up, and made
+Cannon-proof, upon the side of a River or Pass, with Cannon
+mounted upon it, and as complete as a regular Fortification,
+with Half-moons and Counterscarps.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_29_3" id="fn_29_3"></a><a href="#rn_29_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>yet&mdash;omitted.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_29_4" id="fn_29_4"></a><a href="#rn_29_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>able to be&mdash;for, may be.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A moveable Fortification.</i>] Vegetius, in “De re militari,” 1535,
+offers many similar schemes but less ambitious than the present
+one; which is, after all, little if any more than an extension and
+improvement on what had previously been more or less practised.</p>
+
+<p>In his “Naturæ simia seu technica,” dated 1618, Robert Fludd, at page
+421, gives a folio engraving of a triangular fort, with six pieces of
+cannon and three gunners. It appears to be on wheels, and is pushed
+along by a beam running on three wheels, having four horses yoked to
+it; literally the cart before the horse.</p>
+
+<p class="number" id="Page_430"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 430]</span>30.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A way in one nights time to raise a Bulwork twenty or thirty
+foot high, Cannon-proof, and Cannon mounted upon it, with men
+to overlook, command and batter a Towne; for though it contain
+but four Pieces, they shall be able to discharge two hundred
+Bullets each hour.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Rising Bulwork.</i>] Grose, in his “Military Antiquities,” Vol. I.
+Page 355, notices a moveable tower, the use of which was revived by the
+Royalists in their attack on Gloucester, during the Civil War.</p>
+
+<p>In 1644, Edmond Felton, gentleman, published a pamphlet entitled,
+“Engins invented to save blood and moneys;” the nature of which he
+“discovered unto the Committee for the fortifications of the City of
+London.” The Honourable Major General Skippon attested in respect of
+it, that the engine “was of three tiers of ten muskets in a tier, to
+shoot arrows withal.” The inventor satisfied the Committee, “how an
+engine will secure the foot from the horse, and the soldiers from
+musket shot, which engine in fair ways two men may manage at pleasure.”</p>
+
+<p>He complains of a piracy of his invention, observing, “There was about
+twenty of the said engines made at Oxford, and from thence carried
+to Gloucester, to go up to the walls. And had not his Excellency the
+Earl of Essex so happily arrived to raise the siege as he did, it was
+reported by some of the army, the city was in great fear to be taken
+thereby; most of which said engines the besiegers burnt, because
+they should not be taken.”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_431">[Pg 431]</span></p>
+
+<p>In the second volume of “Bibliotheca
+Gloucestrensis: a collection of scarce and curious tracts, by John
+Washbourn, jun. Gloucester. 4to. 1825,” there is a reprint of “Corbet’s
+Historicall relation of the Military Government of Gloucester, 1645,”
+which contains this passage: “Wherefore besides their mine and battery,
+they framed great store of those unperfect and troublesome engines to
+assault the lower parts of the city. Those engines ran upon wheels,
+with planks musket-proof placed on the axle-tree, with holes for
+musket-shot and a bridge before it, the end whereof (the wheels falling
+into the ditch) was to rest upon our breast works.” Page 54.</p>
+
+<p>And in the reprint of “A briefe and exact diurnall of the siege
+before Gloucester, by John Dorney, Esquire, 1643,” we meet with the
+following:&mdash;“Munday, September 4. We understood likewise that the
+enemy had by the direction of that Jesuitticall Doctor Chillingworth,
+provided great store of engines after the manner of the Romane
+Testudines cum Pluteis, with which they intended to have assaulted the
+parts of the city, between the south and west gates. These engines ran
+upon cart wheeles, with a blinde of plankes musquet proofe, and holes
+for foure musquetiers to play out of, placed upon the axeltree to
+defend the musquetiers and those that thrust it forward, and carrying
+a bridge before it; the wheeles were to fall into the ditch, and the
+end of the bridge to rest upon our brest-workes, so making severall
+compleat bridges to enter the city. After the raising of the siege, we
+tooke all these engines, and brought them into the towne.”&mdash;Page 225.</p>
+
+<p>In the first volume of this work there is a note on the two preceding
+passages, in which the editor observes:&mdash;“The plan of these machines
+was borrowed from the ancients. Various contrivances of this kind
+were also employed in the middle ages, before and for a considerable<span class="pagenum" id="Page_432">[Pg 432]</span>
+time after the invention of fire-arms. Sometimes they used them for
+undermining the walls. At the siege of Ribadavia in Spain, during
+the reign of Richard II. similar moveable machines were used. See
+Froissart, viii. c. 26. Such an engine is also mentioned by the Marquis
+of Worcester in his Century of Inventions.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">31.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A way how safely and speedily to make an approach to a Castle
+or Town-wall, and over the very Ditch at Noon-day.</p>
+
+<p>[<i>An approaching Blinde.</i>] Vegetius, in “De re militari,” 1535, depicts
+and describes several kinds of these ancient military blinds, screens,
+and other contrivances and machines for protecting the attacking party.
+At page 15 he shows a ponderous advancing screen or shield on four
+wheels, and at two pages further a side view of the same, covering
+a large body of soldiers. Some have raised, hinged platforms, to be
+lowered for crossing a ditch.</p>
+
+<p>Grose says:&mdash;“The cattus, cat-house, gattus or cat, was a covered shed,
+occasionally fixed on wheels, and used for covering soldiers employed
+in filling up the ditch, &amp;c.”&mdash;Military Antiquities, 4to. 1801.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">32.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to compose an universal Character methodical and easie to
+be written, yet intelligible in any Language; so that if an
+English-man write it in English, a French-man,<a id="rn_32_5" href="#fn_32_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> Italian,
+Spaniard, Irish,<a id="rn_32_6" href="#fn_32_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> Welsh,<a id="rn_32_7" href="#fn_32_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> being Scholars; yea, Grecian
+or Hebritian shall as perfectly understand it in their owne
+Tongue, as if they were perfect<a id="rn_32_8" href="#fn_32_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> English, distinguishing the
+Verbs from the Nouns, the Numbers, Tenses and Cases as properly
+expressed in their own Language as it was written in English.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_32_5" id="fn_32_5"></a><a href="#rn_32_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>man&mdash;omitted.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_32_6" id="fn_32_6"></a><a href="#rn_32_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>Irish and.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_32_7" id="fn_32_7"></a><a href="#rn_32_7"><span class="label">
+<ins class="correction" title="Typo original is missing number 7">[7]</ins></span></a>or Welchman. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_32_8" id="fn_32_8"></a><a href="#rn_32_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>perfect&mdash;omitted. P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p id="Page_433"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 433]</span>
+[<i>An universall Character.</i>] In 1668, the Royal Society ordered the
+printing of “An Essay towards a real Character, and a philosophical
+language; by John Wilkins, D. D. Dean of Ripon, and F. R. S.,” folio.
+It is dedicated to the president, William Lord Viscount Brouncker, and
+consists of a treatise of 454 pages, to which is appended a dictionary
+of 155 pages. The very extent of such a work is almost fatal to its
+acceptance, and we must admit that it is questionable whether, with
+all its learning and ingenuity, it affords a single hint calculated to
+promote the intended object.</p>
+
+<p>In relation to this subject, the reader, desirous of enlarged
+information, could not do better than consult the recently published
+“Lectures on the Science of Language,” by Professor Max Müller, M. A.</p>
+
+<p>It would be highly interesting to possess any clue whatever to the
+ideas of the Marquis on this subject. He was so truthful in his
+statements, that he must have made a considerable advance in the
+discovery of means for obtaining the end proposed, although he may have
+over-estimated its application, according to our judgment.</p>
+
+<p>Of early publications on this topic we would especially notice, “Le
+<ins class="correction" title="Typo original has Caractere">Caractère</ins> universel, par lequel<span class="pagenum" id="Page_434">[Pg 434]</span> toutes Nations peuvent comprendre les
+conceptions l’une de l’autre en lisant par une escriture commune, à
+toutes leur propre langage maternelle. Par Cave Beck. M. A.” London,
+1657, 12mo. Also “Joh. J. Becheri Spirensis character, pro Notitia
+Linguarum Universali.” Francfort, 1661. And “Ars signorum, vulgo
+character universalis et lingua philosophica,” by Georgius Dalgarno: a
+small 12mo. volume in Latin. 1661.</p>
+
+<p>A system of a universal alphabet has been recently proposed for
+telegraphic purposes, by means of which it is believed all the sounds
+of the human speech may be recorded and transmitted; mastering all the
+sounds which the human voice is capable of uttering in any language.
+The proposed scheme is even said to have been severely tested by many
+eminent linguists. It is to be hoped that the announced discovery will
+be found to realize all it promises, and remunerate the ingenious
+inventor.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">33.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+To write with a Needle and Thred, white, or any<a id="rn_33_9" href="#fn_33_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> colour upon
+white, or<a id="rn_33_1" href="#fn_33_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> any other<a id="rn_33_2" href="#fn_33_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> colour, so that one stitch shall
+significantly shew any letter, and as readily and<a id="rn_33_3" href="#fn_33_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> as easily
+shew the one letter as the other, and fit for any Language.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_33_9" id="fn_33_9"></a><a href="#rn_33_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>any other. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_33_1" id="fn_33_1"></a><a href="#rn_33_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>or upon.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_33_2" id="fn_33_2"></a><a href="#rn_33_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>other&mdash;omitted.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_33_3" id="fn_33_3"></a><a href="#rn_33_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>and as. MS. and P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Needle-alphabet.</i>]</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">34.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+To write by a knotted Silk string, so that every knot shall
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_435">[Pg 435]</span>
+signifie any letter with Comma, Full point, or Interrogation,
+and as legible as with Pen and Ink upon white Paper.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A knotted String-alphabet.</i>]</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">35.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+The like, by the fringe of Gloves.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Fringe-alphabet.</i>]</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">36.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+By stringing of Bracelets.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Bracelet-alphabet.</i>]</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">37.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+By Pinck’d Gloves.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Pinck’d Glove-alphabet.</i>]</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">38.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+By holes in the bottom of a Sieve.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Sieve-alphabet.</i>]</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">39.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+By a Lattin or<a id="rn_39_4" href="#fn_39_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> Plate Lanthorn.<a id="rn_39_5" href="#fn_39_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_39_4" id="fn_39_4"></a><a href="#rn_39_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>or candlestick lantern. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_39_5" id="fn_39_5"></a><a href="#rn_39_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>plate candlestick Lanthorn.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Lanthorn-alphabet.</i>]</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">40.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+By the Smell.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">41.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_436">[Pg 436]</span>
+By the Taste.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">42.</p>
+<p class="number_text_continued">
+By the Touch.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+By these three Senses as perfectly, distinctly and unconfusedly,
+yea as readily as by the sight.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>An alphabet by the&mdash;Smell; Taste; Touch.</i>]</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">43.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to vary each of these, so that ten thousand may know them,
+and yet<a id="rn_43_6" href="#fn_43_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> keep the understanding part from any but their
+Correspondent.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_43_6" id="fn_43_6"></a><a href="#rn_43_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>yet&mdash;omitted.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A variation of all and each of these.</i>] We have here ten Alphabets,
+concluding with a variation on each, which, had it been given, would
+have at least increased the number to twenty, but that was by no means
+the limit. Cipher Alphabets are the least interesting portion of the
+“Century;” we imagine we trace in them some of the Marquis’s earliest
+studies, and fancy that later in life they were retained from fond
+recollections of the past.</p>
+
+<p>These secret methods of corresponding are no longer of any service, and
+have no interest beyond what may attach to them in connection with the
+history of short-hand writing, wherein the object is rather dispatch
+than secrecy. Among early writers on the art of Senigraphy, and
+Stenography, are Bright, 1588, Bales 1590, Arnold Bostius, Trithemius
+1600, Willis 1618, Dix 1633, Wilkins 1641, Cartwright 1652, Rich 1654,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_437">[Pg 437]</span>
+Falconer (“The Art of Secret Information,”) 1685, with others.</p>
+
+<p>John Baptista Porta, a Neapolitan of considerable eminence, born 1445,
+and who died in 1515, wrote “De Occultis Literarium Notis, Libri
+quinque,” Argent. 1608, octavo, in which he gives no less than 180
+different methods of secret writing.</p>
+
+<p>The learned and ingenious Bishop Wilkins in 1641, published his
+“Mercury, or the Secret and Swift Messenger.”</p>
+
+<p>Of line alphabets he says&mdash;“Who would mistrust any private news or
+treachery to lie hid in a thread, wherein there was nothing to be
+discerned, but sundry confused knots or other the like marks?” It is,
+however, easily effected by each party having like tablets marked at
+top with the alphabet, and having hooks down each side for the passing
+and holding of a thread worked backwards and forwards, in which action
+it is to have a knot made on it for the desired letter above; making
+altogether words and sentences.</p>
+
+<p>Chapter 6, is on “Secret writing with the common letters, by changing
+of their places.”</p>
+
+<p>In chapter 11, “Of writing by invented characters,” he says: “There
+have been some other inventions of writing by points, or lines, or
+figures.”</p>
+
+<p>Chapter 13 is, “concerning an universal character that may be legible
+to all nations and languages,” concluding with observations on “The
+benefit and possibility of this.”</p>
+
+<p>In chapter 17, we are told “of secret and swift informations by the
+species of sound.” Among others he names “Bells,” as a species which
+“may be a sufficient means, whereby to communicate the thoughts;” and
+in chapter 18, he treats “concerning a language that may consist only
+of tunes and musical notes, without<span class="pagenum" id="Page_438">[Pg 438]</span> any articulate sound.” And lastly,
+in chapter 20, we have “Of informations by significatory fires and
+smokes.”</p>
+
+<p>Among the “variations” the sense of Seeing may be employed, as proposed
+by Sir Hugh Plat in his “Jewel House of Art and Nature,” 1653, in
+which he describes “How to speak by signs only without uttering of any
+word”&mdash;using the fingers and motions with them and the hands, which he
+calls a “conceited alphabet.”&mdash;Page 38.</p>
+
+<p>Those who are curious in such matters, may see more at large in Dr.
+W. Hooper’s Rational Recreations, ed. 1794, 8vo. different methods of
+writing in cipher, commencing at p. 143, of 1st Vol.&mdash;thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>To communicate intelligence by a pack of piquet cards.&mdash;The musical
+dial.&mdash;The corresponding spaces.&mdash;The musical cipher.&mdash;Rules for
+deciphering.&mdash;Example of a cipher written in arbitrary characters,
+and the words separate from each other.&mdash;Visual correspondence; and,
+Correspondence by bells.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number"><a id="Article_44">44.</a></p>
+<p class="number_text">
+To make a Key of a Chamber door, which to your sight hath its
+Wards and Rose-pipe but Paper-thick, and yet at pleasure in a
+minute of an hour shall become a perfect Pistol, capable to
+shoot through a Brest-plate commonly of Carabine-proof, with
+Prime, Powder and Firelock, undiscoverable in a strangers hand.</p>
+
+
+<p id="Page_439"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 439]</span>
+[<i>A Key-Pistol.</i>] This mere piece of ingenuity, so pleasing to certain
+mechanics in working out mechanical trinkets, might be effected by
+causing the removal of the key handle to expose a sufficiently strong
+pistol barrel, while the <ins class="correction" title="[sic] kept unhypenated words">“rose pipe but paper thick”</ins> would answer to
+receive, and perform the office of retaining the key handle securely,
+by which to hold it while firing this key-pistol. The next part of
+the contrivance would be, to make the “wards” serve to conceal the
+pistol pan, cock, &amp;c. The description is well calculated to mislead
+the reader, under the impression that the barrel itself is “but
+paper-thick.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">45.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to light a Fire and a Candle at what hour of the night
+one awaketh, without rising or putting ones hand out of the
+bed. And the same thing<a id="rn_45_7" href="#fn_45_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> becomes<a id="rn_45_8" href="#fn_45_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> a serviceable Pistol at
+pleasure; yet by a stranger, not knowing the secret, seemeth
+but a dexterous Tinder-box.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_45_7" id="fn_45_7"></a><a href="#rn_45_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>to be a. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_45_8" id="fn_45_8"></a><a href="#rn_45_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>becomes to be.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A most conceited Tinder-box.</i>] The following note from “Humane
+Industry,” 1661, appears highly suggestive of such an instrument,
+although the Marquis’s invention is more elaborate. “Andrew Alciat the
+great Civilian of France, had a kind of Clock in his chamber, that
+should awake him at any hour of the night that he determined, and when
+it struck the determined hour, it struck fire likewise out of a flint,
+which fell among tinder, to light him a candle: it was the invention of
+one Caravagio of Sienna in Italy.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="number" id="Page_440"><a id="Article_46"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 440]</span>46.</a></p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to make an artificial Bird to fly which way and as long as
+one pleaseth, by or against the wind, sometimes chirping, other
+times hovering, still tending the way it is designed for.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>An artificial Bird.</i>] The third article in his list of a portion
+of his inventions supplies a different reading, thus: “By this (his
+‘quint-essence of motion’) I can make an artificial bird to fly which
+way, and as long as I please.” [<a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A.</a>]</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis, not to be behind the curious and ingenious men of ancient
+times, has here and in article No. 18, emulated John Muller of
+Nuremberg, better known as Regiomontanus, who was born in 1436. He is
+celebrated for this species of <i>rara avis</i>; a self-moving and flying
+eagle, and an iron fly have afforded much matter for romantic and
+no doubt exaggerated accounts of their performances; the one flying
+a good way in the open air and returning; the other flying from the
+philosopher round a table and coming back to his hand. He evinced a
+genius of the first order as a great inventor, and also as a promoter
+of the advancement of science.</p>
+
+<p>In Ramelli’s great work on various machines, folio, 1588, the 187th
+figure offers a detailed representation of a handsomely furnished
+apartment, in which a large carved sideboard sustains a gigantic vase
+containing a flowering shrub, in the branches of which six birds appear
+in the act of singing. The vase being a sectional drawing, various
+pipes can be seen, also the performer behind, who is blowing through a
+single pipe into the body of the vase.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_441"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 441]</span>But the highly popular work of
+Hero of Alexandria promulgated several similar schemes. He shows how to
+make an artificial bird sing by flowing water, or alternately sing and
+be silent. See Mr. Woodcroft’s handsome edition of Hero’s Pneumatics,
+4to. 1851.</p>
+
+<p>William Bourne, also, in his “Inventions or Devices,” 1578, treats of
+“birds of wood or metal made by art to fly,” and of others, “to sing
+sweetly at certain hours appointed.”</p>
+
+<p>Bate, in his “Mysteries of Nature and Art,” 1635, treats, at page
+24, “How to make that a bird sitting on a basis, shall make a noise,
+and drink out of a cup of water, being held to the mouth of it;” and
+further, “Advice whereby several voices of birds chirping may be heard.”</p>
+
+<p>So again Isaac De Caus, in his “Rare Inventions of Water Works,” folio,
+1659, at page 20, gives instructions&mdash;“To counterfeit the voice of
+small birds by means of water and air.” And in Plate XIV. “To represent
+divers birds which shall sing diversly when an owl turns towards them;
+and when the said owl turns back again they shall cease their singing.”</p>
+
+<p>These later examples show that the Marquis was neither altogether
+original nor singular in attempting improvements in these automatic
+toys, which from the time of Hero of Alexandria were accounted
+sufficiently wonderful evidence of mechanical ingenuity to attract
+the serious attention of even the most talented engineers of the last
+century. Of such mechanical achievements of the ingenious a full
+account may be read in Montucla’s edition of Ozanam’s “Mathematical
+Recreations.”</p>
+
+<p>Volant automata, as he calls them, did not escape the attentive
+consideration of Bishop Wilkins, and he says enough on this class of
+mechanical curiosities to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_442">[Pg 442]</span> have stimulated the mechanical ingenuity of
+even a less enthusiastic inventor than the Marquis of Worcester, as
+of the wooden dove of Archytas, and the wooden eagle and iron fly of
+Regiomontanus.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis, if he ever perused the little treatise just quoted, would
+be keenly alive to the truthfulness of the remark that&mdash;“it is none
+of the meanest discouragements, that any strange inventions are so
+generally derided by common opinion, being esteemed only as the dreams
+of a melancholy and distempered fancy; for that saying of Virgil,</p>
+
+<p class="saying">“Demens qui nimbos et non imitabile fulmen,” &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="continued">“hath been an old censure applied unto such as ventured upon any
+strange or incredible attempt.”&mdash;See Math. Magick, 1648, p. 198.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Dr. Powell, in the last chapter of his “Humane Industry,”
+1661, treats of various minute automata as&mdash;“Certain sports and
+extravagancies of art,” for which he offers an ingenious apology,
+observing: “As nature hath her <i>ludicra</i>, so art hath hers too; that
+is, some pretty knacks that are made, not so much for use, as to show
+subtilty of wit, being made <i>de Gaieté de Cœur</i>, and for pastime
+as it were; yet the workmanship and elegancy of these may justly
+deserve admiration;” concluding&mdash;“art, as well as nature, is never
+more wonderful than in smaller pieces.” After describing small chains,
+locks, chariots, ships, clocks, and insects, he remarks:&mdash;“though
+these knacks are but little useful, and take up more time than needed
+to be lost, yet they discover a marvellous pregnancy of wit in the
+artificers; and may be <i>experimenta lucifera</i>, if not <i>frugifera</i> hints
+of greater matters.”</p>
+
+<p>It will not appear strange to find the inventor of the steam engine
+engaged toying with an artificial bird, an imprisoning chair, a brazen
+head, or a riding horse,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_443">[Pg 443]</span> when it is remembered that for a hundred
+years later such automata were highly prized by the nobility and
+gentry, and proved <ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">extemely</ins> lucrative to the public exhibitors of such
+mechanical imitations of life. M. Vaucanson’s inventions were of this
+<ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">chararcter</ins>, attracting admiring audiences among the learned and the
+vulgar, on the Continent and in England. A learned society received
+his communication in Paris, while in London it had the unquestionable
+honour of being translated by Dr. Desaguliers, who says in his preface,
+“In giving this paper an English dress, I am still acting in my
+province, which has been for many years to explain the works of art, as
+well as the phenomena of nature;” and his translation is given under
+the following elaborate title:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“An account of the mechanism of an automaton or image playing on the
+German Flute: as it was presented in a memoire, to the gentlemen of the
+Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris. By M. Vaucanson, Inventor and maker
+of the said machine. Together with a description of an artificial Duck,
+eating, drinking, macerating the food, &amp;c. As also that of another
+image, no less wonderful than the first, playing on the tabor and
+pipe; as he has given an account of them since the memoir was written.
+Translated out of the French original, by J. T. Desaguliers, LL.D.,
+F.R.S., Chaplain to his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, 4to. 1742.”
+[24 pages, and an engraved frontispiece.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">47.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+To make a Ball of any metal, which thrown into a Pool or Pail
+of water shall presently rise from the bottom, and constantly
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_444">[Pg 444]</span>
+shew by the <i>superficies</i> of the water the hour of the day
+or night, never rising more out of the water then just to the
+minute it sheweth of each quarter of the hour; and if by force
+kept under water, yet the time is not lost, but recovered as
+soon as it is permitted to rise to the <i>superficies</i><a id="rn_47_9" href="#fn_47_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> of the
+water.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_47_9" id="fn_47_9"></a><a href="#rn_47_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>surface. P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>An Hour Water-ball.</i>] The 4th article of his selected list of his
+inventions supplies the following varied reading:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“By these (his quintessence of Motion) I can make a ball of silver or
+gold, which thrown into a pail, or poole of water, shall arise again
+to the perfect hour of any day or night. The superficies of the water
+shall still show the hour distinctly; even the minutes, if I please.”
+See <a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A.</a></p>
+
+<p>Many curious specimens of these Horologies occur in the description of
+M. Grollier de Servière’s cabinet, published 1719.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">48.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A scrued Ascent, instead of Stairs, with fit landing places to
+the best Chambers of each Story, with Back-stairs within the
+Noell<a id="rn_48_1" href="#fn_48_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> of it, convenient for Servants to pass up and down to
+the inward Rooms of them unseen and private.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_48_1" id="fn_48_1"></a><a href="#rn_48_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>Noell, in the MS.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p id="Page_445"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 445]</span>
+[<i>A scru’d ascent of Stairs.</i>] This title does not strictly agree
+with the text, for there is a material difference between “a screwed
+ascent, <i>instead</i> of stairs,” and “a screwed ascent of stairs;”
+the former altogether dispenses with stairs, giving the idea of an
+inclined ascent without steps, such as is employed in the construction
+of the Observatory of Copenhagen; the width being sufficient and the
+ascent so gradual, that a carriage and four may easily be driven up to
+the top circular gallery.</p>
+
+<p>According to this improvement there are “back-stairs within the
+<i>noell</i>,” that is, the Noel, Nowel, Noyau, or Newell, a term applied
+to the centre round which the stairs of a circular staircase wind, and
+which may be either a solid column, or an open space. Such stairs are
+said to be neweled.</p>
+
+<p>The great labour and expense bestowed on some kinds of staircases is
+well exemplified by Evelyn in his tour of France, who describes going
+to Blois, in 1664, and seeing there a palace built by Francis the
+First, the staircase of which, consisting of 274 steps, is mentioned
+by Palladio; he notices it as a wonderful piece of work, from its
+construction having occupied 1800 workmen during twelve years. “The
+stayre-case (he says) is devised with four entries or ascents, which
+cross one another, so that though four persons meet, they never come
+in sight, but by small loopholes, till they land.”&mdash;Memoirs of John
+Evelyn, 2nd edit. 4to. vol. i. page 59.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">49.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A portable Engine, in way of a Tobacco-tongs, whereby a man may
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_446">[Pg 446]</span>
+get over a wall, or get up again being come down, finding the
+coast proving<a id="rn_49_2" href="#fn_49_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> <a id="rn_49_3" href="#fn_49_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> unsecure unto him.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_49_2" id="fn_49_2"></a><a href="#rn_49_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>proveth insecure for him. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_49_3" id="fn_49_3"></a><a href="#rn_49_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>proveth.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Tobacco-tongs Engine.</i>] The designation here given, when published
+in 1663, was doubtless generally understood, but the smallness of the
+“engine,” its very nature, and not less, its long discontinuance of
+use, now renders the passage obscure. It so happens, however, that a
+scientific experiment, in which this humble instrument was employed
+by the Honourable Robert Boyle, has preserved, for our information
+in this matter, the true figure of the “tobacco-tongs.” In the 3rd
+Volume of Boyle’s Works, folio, published in 1744, is recorded his
+pneumatical experiments on the falling of bodies in vacuo. Treating
+of “New experiments physico-mechanical, touching the spring of the
+air,” illustrated by the well-known experiment of dropping at the same
+time a guinea and a feather within an exhausted glass receiver, he
+says: “We so fastened a small pair of <i>tobacco-tongs</i> to the inside
+of the receiver’s brass cover, that by moving a turning key, we might
+by a string tied to one part of them open the tongs, which else their
+own spring would keep shut.”</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 15%">
+   <img class="div_scaled" id="p446" src="images/p446.jpg"
+      alt="Tobacco-tongs" />
+</div>
+
+<p>In an illustrative engraved plate,
+accompanying his description, the fourth figure therein is designed to
+show the “tobacco-tongs,” which appear in the form of a figure of 8, as
+in the annexed diagram, where <i>a</i>, is the top or hand portion, being
+the largest oval, while the lower oval <i>b</i>, is not above one third its
+size, at which point this steel spring instrument was cut through, to
+form the tong or nippers. We imagine that a side view would be like the
+dotted figure <i>c</i>, <i>d</i>, where <i>d</i>, shows how the ends of these nippers
+were probably elongated a little, the more readily to take up and part
+with the tobacco<span class="pagenum" id="Page_447">[Pg 447]</span> or other material. The least pressure on the outside
+of the large oval, will extend the nippers <i>b</i>, <i>d</i>, which again close
+when such pressure is removed.</p>
+
+<p>But there may have been another form of such tongs, like the letter X,
+or two such figures combined; and by increasing the series we should
+produce the instrument known as the lazy-tongs, which collapse into a
+very small space, yet will extend to a great distance.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">50.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A complete light portable Ladder, which taken out of ones
+Pocket, may be by himself fastened an hundred foot<a id="rn_50_4" href="#fn_50_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> high to
+get up by from the ground.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_50_4" id="fn_50_4"></a><a href="#rn_50_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>feet. P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Pocket-ladder.</i>] There are many curious and ingenious designs for
+portable scaling ladders, offered by Vegetius in “De re militari,”
+1535, but which would require to be very considerably modified to
+become pocketable; however, they occur in every variety at page 35,
+in short pieces, each with a screw at one end, and a socket at the
+other; at p. 59, as a neat rope ladder; at p. 113, on the principle of
+the lazy-tongs; and at p. 162, a method of connecting short poles is
+exhibited.</p>
+
+<p>Robert Fludd, in the second book of his works, published in 1617 and
+1618, folio, Page 384, gives a large copper-plate engraving of a very
+ingenious form of ladder. Each step is of wood, and the two sides of
+rope. The ingenuity of the invention consists in each step having
+a ferrule at one end, and the opposite end tapered sufficiently to
+fit into each ferrule of the adjoining step; by this means the whole
+can be put together like an ordinary fishing rod, and the top step
+terminating<span class="pagenum" id="Page_448">[Pg 448]</span> with a hook, it can easily be attached to any elevated
+place, and on pulling the pole, each part separates, falling at once
+into the form of a ladder with rope sides. Bourne’s 62nd Device, in his
+“Inventions, or Devices,” 1578, is&mdash;“How for to make a scaling ladder.”</p>
+
+<p>Van Etten, 1653, gives for his 111th Problem, “To make a Ladder of
+Cords, which may be carried in ones pocket: by which one may easily
+mount up a wall, or tree alone.” It consists simply of two pulleys,
+with “a cord of an half inch thick (which may be of silk, because it
+is for the pocket),” having a staff at one end to sit upon. The author
+gravely concludes, “This secret is most excellent in warre, and for
+lovers, its supportablenesse avoids suspition.” See page <a href="#Page_248">248.</a></p>
+
+<p>Among Friar Bacon’s inventions, the following is recorded in the
+fourth chapter of his “Discovery of the Miracles of Art, Nature and
+Magick,” 12mo. published in 1659:&mdash;“It is possible to invent an Engine
+of a little bulk, yet of great efficacy, either to the depressing
+or elevation of the very greatest weight; which would be of much
+consequence in several accidents; for hereby a man may either ascend or
+descend any walls, delivering himself or comrades from prison; and this
+engine is only three fingers high and four broad.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">51.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A Rule of Gradation, which with ease and method reduceth all
+things to a private correspondence, most useful for secret
+Intelligence.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Rule of Gradation.</i>] Probably some scheme which appeared to
+be capable of indefinite multiplication, the object of the secret
+correspondent always being<span class="pagenum" id="Page_449">[Pg 449]</span> to elude the utmost skill of an expert
+decipherer. Twenty-six lines of 26 letters of the alphabet each, would
+form a square; and supposing the letters placed in different order
+on each line, we might produce 26 linear alphabets, and 26 columnar
+alphabets; or change these by diagonal or other lines. These, and
+similar variations appear interminable, but it is questionable whether
+they would not delay rather than defy detection.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">52.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to signifie words and a perfect Discourse by<a id="rn_52_5" href="#fn_52_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> jangling
+of<a id="rn_52_6" href="#fn_52_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> Bells of any Parish-Church, or by any Musical Instrument
+within hearing, in a seeming way of tuning it; or of an
+unskilful beginner.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_52_5" id="fn_52_5"></a><a href="#rn_52_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>by the.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_52_6" id="fn_52_6"></a><a href="#rn_52_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>of the.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A mysticall jangling of Bells.</i>] There occurs at page 185, of Van
+Etten’s Math. Recreat. 1653, among the several heads of Problem 84,
+“Of changes in Bells.” He inquires: “Is it not an admirable thing
+to consider how the skill of numbers doth easily furnish us with
+the knowledge of mysterious hidden things?” He says: “It is often
+debated&mdash;what number of changes there might be made in 5, 6, 7, 8, or
+more bells;” observing thereon, “that a childe which can but multiply
+one number by another, may easily resolve it.” Not only have we here
+a kindred subject discussed, but also in language very analogous to
+that employed by the Marquis, particularly in the use of the words
+“mysterious,” “admirable,” and “a child;” the latter being a favourite
+similitude.</p>
+
+<p class="number" id="Page_450"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 450]</span>53.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A way how to make hollow and cover a Water-scrue as big and as
+long as one pleaseth in an easie and cheap way.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>An hollowing of a Water-scrue.</i>] This was probably no more than an
+ingenious piece of carpentry, to obtain an object which was then most
+likely of considerable importance. Three of his inventions refer to the
+Archimedian screw, so that the Marquis seems to have given the subject
+more than ordinary attention.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">54.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to make a Water-scrue tite, and yet transparent, and free
+from breaking; but so clear, that one may palpably see the
+water or any heavy thing how and why it is mounted by turning.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A transparent Water-scrue.</i>] This invention does not appear to be
+offered as one of any other use than for pleasure and instruction, to
+“see the water or any heavy thing, how and why it mounteth by turning.”
+Was it not by such models that he had early informed his own mind?</p>
+
+<p>If the transparent covering was not to be glass or horn, the Marquis
+may have used the material proposed by Sir Hugh Plat in his “Jewel
+House of Art and Nature,” 1653, in which is given, at page 72, a
+recipe: “To make parchment clear and transparent to serve for divers
+purposes. This I commend, (he says) before<span class="pagenum" id="Page_451">[Pg 451]</span> oiled paper, because it is
+more lasting”&mdash;when employed for windows.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">55.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A double Water-scrue, the innermost to mount the water, and
+the outermost for it to descend more in number of threds, and
+consequently in quantity of water, though much shorter then
+the innermost scrue, by which the water ascendeth, a most
+extraordinary help for the turning of the scrue to make the
+water rise.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A double Water-scrue.</i>] The arrangement of this simple invention is
+so clearly and amply set forth, that it is a wonder it could ever have
+been misunderstood; yet it so baffled Mr. Partington, that he classes
+it among “extraordinary sleight of hand discoveries.”</p>
+
+<p>M. Pattu, a French engineer, in 1815, published his account of a double
+water-screw of this description which he had invented, capable of
+being applied in three different ways, the construction, however, in
+all being the same. In one arrangement, the enlarged end of the screw
+is about one-eighth part that of the entire length of the internal
+or lesser screw, and it surrounds the “innermost” screw, the spirals
+winding in a reversed direction. The top of the shorter or “outermost”
+screw may be on a level with a stream of water “for it to descend”
+therein, to promote “the turning of the screw” (of greater length and
+smaller diameter) “to make the water rise,” from a lower stream.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_452">[Pg 452]</span></p>
+
+<p>In a second application, the long screw may be used to propel the short one,
+to raise water a moderate height.</p>
+
+<p>Or, thirdly, the enlargement may form the upper end, and be used to
+propel from above, instead of from below, as at first described.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">56.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+To provide and make that all the Weights of the descending side
+of a Wheel shall be perpetually further from the Centre, then
+those of the mounting side, and yet equal in number and heft
+to<a id="rn_56_71" href="#fn_56_71"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> the one side as the other. A most incredible thing, if
+not seen, but tried before the late king (of<a id="rn_56_81" href="#fn_56_81"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> blessed memory)
+in the <i>Tower</i>, by my directions, two Extraordinary Embassadors
+accompanying His Majesty, and the Duke of <i>Richmond</i> and
+Duke<a id="rn_56_9" href="#fn_56_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> <i>Hamilton</i>, with<a id="rn_56_1" href="#fn_56_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> most<a id="rn_56_2" href="#fn_56_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> of the Court, attending
+Him. The Wheel was 14. Foot<a id="rn_56_3" href="#fn_56_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> over, and 40. Weights of 50.
+pounds apiece. Sir <i>William Balfore</i>,<a id="rn_56_4" href="#fn_56_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a><a id="FNanchor_K_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_K_73"><span class="fnanchor">[K]</span></a> then Lieutenant
+of the <i>Tower</i>,<a id="rn_56_5" href="#fn_56_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> can justifie<a id="rn_56_6" href="#fn_56_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> it, with several others.
+They all saw, that no sooner these great Weights passed the
+Diameter-line of the lower<a id="rn_56_72" href="#fn_56_72"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> side, but they hung a foot
+further from the Centre, nor no sooner passed the Diameter-line
+of the upper<a id="rn_56_82" href="#fn_56_82"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> side, but they hung a foot nearer. Be pleased
+to judge the consequence.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_71" id="fn_56_71"></a><a href="#rn_56_71"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>of&mdash;for to. MS. and P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_81" id="fn_56_81"></a><a href="#rn_56_81"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>of happy and glorious. MS. and P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_9" id="fn_56_9"></a><a href="#rn_56_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>of, omitted.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_1" id="fn_56_1"></a><a href="#rn_56_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>and&mdash;for with.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_2" id="fn_56_2"></a><a href="#rn_56_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>most part.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_3" id="fn_56_3"></a><a href="#rn_56_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>feet. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_4" id="fn_56_4"></a><a href="#rn_56_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>Belford. MS. and P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_5" id="fn_56_5"></a><a href="#rn_56_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>and yet living can.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_6" id="fn_56_6"></a><a href="#rn_56_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>testify&mdash;for justify. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_72" id="fn_56_72"></a><a href="#rn_56_72"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>upper&mdash;for lower. MS. and P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_82" id="fn_56_82"></a><a href="#rn_56_82"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>lower&mdash;for upper. MS. and P.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p id="Page_453"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 453]</span>[<i>An advantageous change of Centres.</i>] This is the most minutely as
+well as circumstantially noted of all the Marquis’s inventions; yet we
+have no evidence of his ever afterwards recurring to it. The mention of
+Sir William Balfour makes it probable that the exhibition of this great
+weighted wheel took place between 1638 and 1641. [See Life, Times,
+&amp;c., page 25.] Dr. John Dee, in his celebrated preface to Sir Henry
+Billingsley’s first English edition of Euclid, published in folio,
+1570, speaks of such a machine, as not only possible, but as having
+been actually constructed, and “a thing most incredible if not seen;”
+this, compared with the language used by the Marquis, would lead to the
+supposition that he had not only read but copied the passage.</p>
+
+<p>It is difficult to reconcile the statement he has here made, with the
+declaration on the title page, of his inventions having been “tried
+and perfected.” In this single instance, he leaves the reader to “Be
+pleased to judge the consequence.”</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 50%">
+   <img class="div_scaled" id="p454" src="images/p454.jpg"
+      alt="A weighted wheel" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Dr. Desaguliers, in a memoir, published by the Royal Society, vol.
+31, 1720&ndash;21, quoting the foregoing article, ventures the reply: “Now
+the consequence of this, and such like machines [assuming them to be
+as above<span class="pagenum" id="Page_454">[Pg 454]</span> described,] is nothing less than a perpetual motion.” Of
+course he does not admit even the possibility of such an arrangements
+of parts, he only allows that if <i>that</i> could be executed, the other
+would follow. But Desaguliers admitted too much, for it may easily be
+demonstrated that the conditions stated may be mechanically produced,
+without any resulting motion. Let the annexed diagram represent a
+wheel of 14 feet in diameter, having 40 spokes, seven feet each, and
+with an inner rim coinciding with the periphery, at one foot distance,
+all round. Next provide 40 balls or weights, hanging in the centre
+of cords or chains two feet long. Now fasten one end of this cord at
+the top of the centre spoke C, and the other end of the cord to the
+next right hand spoke one foot below the upper end, or on the inner
+ring; proceed in like manner with every other spoke in succession;
+and it will be found, that, at A, the cord will have the position
+shown outside the wheel; while at B, C, and D, it will also take the
+respective positions, as shown on the outside. The result in this
+case will be, that, all the weights on the side A, C, D, hang to the
+great, or outer circle, while on the side B, C, D, all the weights
+are suspended from the lesser or inner circle.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_455">[Pg 455]</span> And if we reverse the
+motion of the wheel, turning it from the right hand to the left hand,
+we shall reverse these positions also, (the lower end of the cord
+sliding in a groove towards a left hand spoke) but without the wheel
+having any tendency to move of itself.</p>
+
+<p>His notice of this exhibition was not written by the Marquis until
+1655, from 14 to 17 years after its occurrence, and he may have then
+hesitated to say that it was not a success; but he may have persuaded
+himself that he was at last in possession of the secret that was at
+first wanting. Besides, we are not to infer that the company described
+as being present had gone to the Tower purposely to see the Marquis’s
+wheel; it being far more probable that, Charles the First and the
+foreign ambassadors were there to view that fortress with all its
+treasures and curiosities.</p>
+
+<p>According to the state of knowledge in 1663, the Marquis of Worcester
+was not singular in entertaining this subject, and all we can make of
+the present article is, that he has left it open to doubt whether he
+himself did not consider that his experiment required confirmation.
+“Perpetuum Mobile; or a history of the search for self-motive power,”
+1862, is a work which may be taken as an elaborate note on this
+article, for it was the perusal of it that led the author, to commence
+the compilation of that work, more than thirty years ago.</p>
+
+<p>Before the publication of the “Century” Samuel Hartlib had, (on the
+10th of August, 1658,) written to Mr. Boyle on the subject of a
+perpetual motion invented by the ingenious and celebrated John Joachim
+Becher, an account of which was to be printed at Frankfort.&mdash;Boyle’s
+Works, fol. 1744, p. 280.</p>
+
+<p>Charles the Second was favoured with the exhibition of another scheme
+of this sort, by John Evelyn, a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_456">[Pg 456]</span> Fellow of the Royal Society at the
+time, and therefore not likely to participate in any matter which the
+scientific world of his day repudiated. But learned men of his time
+rather approved of all wonder-working automata than otherwise. Evelyn
+says in his Diary, under the date of 14th July, 1668, that during an
+interview with the King:&mdash;“I showed his Majesty the perpetual motion
+sent to me by Dr. Stokes from Cologne.”&mdash;Vol. ii. p. 37, ed. 1859.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number"><a id="Article_57">57.</a></p>
+<p class="number_text">
+An ebbing and flowing Water-work in two Vessels, into either
+of which the water standing at a level, if a Globe be cast in,
+instead of rising it presently ebbeth, and so remaineth untill
+a like Globe be cast into the other Vessel, which the water is
+no sooner sensible of, but<a id="rn_57_9" href="#fn_57_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> that<a id="rn_57_1" href="#fn_57_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> Vessel presently ebbeth,
+and the other floweth, and so continueth ebbing and flowing
+untill one or both of<a id="rn_57_2" href="#fn_57_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> the Globes be taken out, working some
+little effect besides its own motion, without the help of
+any man within sight or hearing: But if either of the Globes
+be taken out with ever so swift or easie a motion, at<a id="rn_57_3" href="#fn_57_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> the
+very instant the ebbing and flowing ceaseth; for if during
+the<a id="rn_57_4" href="#fn_57_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a>
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_457">[Pg 457]</span>
+ebbing you take out the Globe, the water of that Vessel
+presently returneth to flow, and never ebbeth after, until<a id="rn_57_5" href="#fn_57_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a>
+the Globe be returned into it, and then the motion beginneth as
+before.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_57_9" id="fn_57_9"></a><a href="#rn_57_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>but that the. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_57_1" id="fn_57_1"></a><a href="#rn_57_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>the&mdash;for that.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_57_2" id="fn_57_2"></a><a href="#rn_57_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>of&mdash;omitted. MS. and P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_57_3" id="fn_57_3"></a><a href="#rn_57_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>at that instant. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_57_4" id="fn_57_4"></a><a href="#rn_57_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>that&mdash;for the.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_57_5" id="fn_57_5"></a><a href="#rn_57_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>unless&mdash;for until.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p>[<i>A constant Water-flowing and ebbing motion</i>.] We are very much
+mistaken if this is not the result of one of the Marquis’s early
+experimental model demonstrations, and a happy illustrative example for
+the lecture-table of raising water by the condensation of steam.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 60%">
+   <img class="div_scaled" id="p457" src="images/p457.jpg"
+      alt="A water-flowing and ebbing motion" />
+</div>
+
+<p>A, B, represents two water tanks or cisterns, permanently connected
+by the water-pipe C, and having within, D, D, two perforated shelves
+or false bottoms; E, is a main steam-pipe, with a four-way steam cock
+at F, branching into the form shown at G, G', and passing through
+the bottom of each tank, rises vertically to the level of the false
+bottoms, where each is supplied with a valve at the top end, to prevent
+the ingress of water. G', is shown receiving steam from E. H, I, are
+two hollow metal globes, surmounted with a small crown ornament to
+conceal a spring valve, to which a floating weight is suspended by a
+chain, as at X'; but floated upwards at X, where it operates to open
+the spring valve within the crown. In the above<span class="pagenum" id="Page_458">[Pg 458]</span> diagram, it is obvious
+that water placed in A, will flow onward to B, and stand at the same
+level in both cisterns. The valve in each globe requires to be so
+arranged, that when forced open its spring will prevent its closing
+until acted on by a weight, which weight must hang to the inside of the
+valve by means of a chain, and be able to float on the surface of the
+water, and it will be requisite to adjust the chain to such a length
+that when the water is at a certain level it shall have no influence on
+the float-weight of the valve, which will then close.</p>
+
+<p>With this apparatus, the operator can conceal the connection between
+the two cisterns, and that between the bottoms to admit steam. The
+water is now seen at the same level in “two vessels,” and with a
+perforated shelf about an inch below the surface of each. We may
+now find, “if a globe be cast in,” the water “instead of rising, it
+presently ebbeth, and so remaineth,” doing nothing further “until
+a like globe be cast into the other vessel; which the water is no
+sooner sensible of, but <i>that</i> vessel presently ebbeth, and the other
+floweth.” For it must be observed, the first globe was placed in the
+centre, over a steam pipe, its nozzle protected with a valve, and on
+letting in the steam, being otherwise empty and the valve purposely
+opened for the escape of steam and air, but which its weight closed
+as soon as permitted to act, and thereon condensation followed, the
+water flowed into that vessel, but ebbed in the other. We then insert a
+second globe, in the second cistern, under like conditions; and as soon
+as the rising water has opened the top valve of the first globe, this
+second globe will repeat the operation, “and so continueth ebbing and
+flowing until one or both the globes be taken out.” And this ebbing and
+flowing, this rising, and these<span class="pagenum" id="Page_459">[Pg 459]</span> changing heights in the water in the
+two tanks or cisterns, may easily be adapted for “working some little
+effect besides its own motion, without the help of any man within sight
+or hearing,” and of course too far off to be the acting agent in such
+additional “working of some little effect,” some see-sawing action,
+to work automata or like “little effects” for the delectation of the
+ingenious and the delight of all the lovers of the marvellous. And
+note “if during the ebbing,” when that globe and that cistern is all
+but empty, “you take out the globe, the water of that vessel presently
+returneth to flow,” showing that the globe thus removed was quite
+empty; and therefore would be shown as part of the miracle, the same
+empty globe had been performing such strange motions in the water.
+But let “the globe be returned (empty as it was before) into it [the
+cistern], and then the motion beginneth as before.”</p>
+
+<p>If we are correct in this conjecture, the principle involved would
+easily account for the inventions couched in the terms of articles No.
+22, An ebbing and flowing river; and No. 23, An ebbing and flowing
+Castle Clock.</p>
+
+<p>The present article, viewed in any other light than as illustrative
+of the peculiar properties of the great principle with which he was
+operating, and which he was incessantly investigating, and varying its
+applications, is altogether incomprehensible. But it was very natural
+for him to preserve in this simple but striking form the sure signs of
+greater applications. In the present example, we have no attempt, in
+this philosophical demonstrative model, to cater to the popular taste,
+although the fertile genius of the noble inventor could not permit
+the suggestion to escape his pen that the rise and the fall of the
+water might be made to operate&mdash;shall we say bellows, mills and the
+like, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_460">[Pg 460]</span> cause birds to chirp, and fountains to play? Thus “working
+some little effect besides its own motion” of soberly ebbing and
+flowing. But this is a mere parenthetical, gratuitous offer to dash the
+concealed purpose, and give colour to the supposition that it had no
+higher design. There is generally something to serve for amusement, or
+to answer some practical purpose, observable in all the 100 articles,
+but who could assign the use of two globes, in two vessels of water,
+causing the same to flow and ebb? Viewed independent of the object here
+suggested, it bears a most purposeless character; and in no other way
+than as illustrative of the results of the condensation of steam, set
+forth in a merely experimental apparatus, can we conceive it possible
+of receiving either a scientific or any other reasonable explanation.</p>
+
+<p>For adjusting the apparatus it would be necessary to fill the troughs
+or cisterns until the water was level with the perforated false
+bottom, and next to add as much more water as would be equal to the
+contents of one globe, when the water altogether would cover the false
+bottoms. The globes should be heavy enough not to overturn either on
+the admission of the steam, or the expulsion of steam and air from
+beneath. While steam is entering, the top spring-valve is kept closed
+by the float-weight, but when condensation commences, the external
+pressure performs the same duty; so soon, however, as the rising water
+has elevated the float to the underside of the spring-valve, its
+pressure against it and the action of the spring, cause it to open,
+and then the column of water will at once commence descending. As a
+matter of detail, the float would require a guide rod, or some similar
+contrivance to direct and keep its course uniformly under the valve, so
+as to open it.</p>
+
+<p>The whole experiment is one of mere matter of fact<span class="pagenum" id="Page_461">[Pg 461]</span> and not of
+excellence. It is simply to develope a principle and not to carry out
+any express piece of curious workmanship; there is not, therefore, any
+statement of its possessing surprising qualities, the utmost proposed
+is “a constant water-flowing and ebbing motion,” without any condition
+as to degree, quantity, or extent of its effect. This and no more would
+the apparatus here described demonstrate on its trial.</p>
+
+<p>This article of the “Century” strikingly illustrates how truly the
+Marquis wrote it as he says&mdash;“in a way, as may sufficiently instruct
+<i>me</i> to put any of them in practice;” or, rather to repeat the practice
+of them, for he has only a line or two before told us, they are such
+of his inventions as “I can call to mind to have <span class="smcap">tried</span> and
+<span class="smcap">perfected</span>;” and what he wrote he meant, let sceptics and
+superficial critics pervert his words as they may to uphold their own
+narrow conceits. The reader of articles, Nos. 22 and 23, is informed
+of effects without the least intimation of a means; he is then amused
+with springs, weights, levers, portable bridges, fortifications,
+stenography, keys, automata, stairs, ladders, cochlea, and so forth, to
+the number of 33 inventions, and then, after losing sight of No. 22,
+and No. 23, he is invited to examine the machine by which the “ebbing
+and flowing” effects are produced. All this is perfectly legitimate,
+but, nevertheless, well worthy of notice, as opening to view the
+peculiar tact and skill of the writer; and the extreme necessity of
+exercising cautious judgment in our estimate of “The treasures buried
+under these heads, both for war, peace, and pleasure.”</p>
+
+<p>It is when we refer back to No. 22, that we become convinced, beyond
+what No. 57 alone might persuade us of, that by no means short of
+the condensation<span class="pagenum" id="Page_462">[Pg 462]</span> of steam could the proposed ebbing and flowing be
+effected on a river “twenty feet over,” and be managed by “a child’s
+force,” as in article No. 100.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">58.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to make a Pistol to discharge a dozen times with one
+loading, and without so much as once new Priming requisite, or
+to change it out of one hand into the other, or stop ones horse.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>An often-discharging Pistol.</i>] About the year 1575, a description
+was given of the operation and advantages of a certain newly invented
+engine of war, whereby twenty-four bullets could be discharged from one
+piece at a time. And it appears that at that period there were in the
+Tower 200 of the engines and 3000 bullets.&mdash;Cal. State Papers, Vol. 106.</p>
+
+<p>About 1580 (?) John the Almain wrote to Walsyngham, recommends one of
+his countrymen, who had invented an harquebuse, “that shall contain
+ten balls or pelletes of lead, all the which shall go off, one after
+another, having once given fire; so that with one harquebuse one may
+kill ten thieves or other enemies without recharging.”&mdash;Cal. State
+Papers, Vol. 146.</p>
+
+<p>Porta, in his “Natural Magick,” folio, English edition, 1658, gives an
+account, in the 12th Book, how “A brass gun once fired, may discharge
+ten times.” He says, “It is a new invention, that a great brass-gun, or
+hand-gun, may discharge 10 or more bullets one after another without
+intermission. Make a dark powder, such as I used in the precedent part,
+and fill it thus:&mdash;First, put in a certain measure of gunpowder, that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_463">[Pg 463]</span>
+being put in, may discharge the ball, but a small one, that it may go
+in loosely, and that the powder put in upon it may come to touch the
+gunpowder: then pour in this dark powder two or three fingers deep;
+then put in your gunpowder and your bullet; and thus in order, one
+after the other, until the gun seems to be full to the very mouth.
+Lastly pour in some of your dark clammy powder: and when you have
+levelled your gun to the place appointed, put fire to the mouth of
+it; for it will cast out the bullets, and then fire for so long time
+as a man may discharge a hand-gun at divers shoots. And thus with one
+brass-gun you may discharge many times.”&mdash;(p. 293.)</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">59.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+Another way as fast and<a id="rn_59_6" href="#fn_59_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> effectual, but more proper for
+Carabines.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_59_6" id="fn_59_6"></a><a href="#rn_59_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>and as.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>An especial way for Carbines.</i>] The Carabine or Carbine was a short
+gun for bullets of twenty-four to the pound.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">60.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A way with a Flask appropriated unto it, which will furnish
+either Pistol or Carabine with a dozen Charges in three minutes
+time, to do the whole execution of<a id="rn_60_7" href="#fn_60_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> a dozen shots, as soon as
+one pleaseth, proportionably.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_60_7" id="fn_60_7"></a><a href="#rn_60_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>of 12.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Flask-charger.</i>] His patent of 1661 gives the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_464">[Pg 464]</span> following altered
+reading to his improvements applying to guns, thus:&mdash;“To make certain
+guns or pistols, which in the tenth part of one minute or an hour, may,
+with a flask contrived to that purpose, be recharged, the fourth part
+of one turn of the barrel, which remains still fixed, fastening it as
+forcibly and effectually as a dozen threads of any screw, which in the
+ordinary and usual way require as many turns.”&mdash;See <a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B.</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="number">61.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A third way, and<a id="rn_61_8" href="#fn_61_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> particular<a id="rn_61_9" href="#fn_61_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> for Musquets, without taking
+them from their Rests to charge or prime, to a like execution,
+and as fast as the Flask, the musquet containing but one Charge
+at a time.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_61_8" id="fn_61_8"></a><a href="#rn_61_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>and&mdash;omitted.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_61_9" id="fn_61_9"></a><a href="#rn_61_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>particularly. P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A way for Musquets.</i>] The heavy firearms of the seventeenth century
+afforded the Marquis fine scope for the exercise of his versatile
+ingenuity. Muskets were originally matchlocks; long, heavy, and
+requiring a tall forked rest to steady them in firing. Eventually
+their bore was reduced for bullets of eighteen to the pound. It is
+curious to observe the difference between the drill practice of those
+times compared with the present. In “The compleat Gentleman,” by
+Henry Peacham, M.A., published in 1627, among his other “Military
+Observations,” he gives the following: “The postures of the Musquet.
+1. March with your Musquet and Rest shouldred; 2. Prepare your Rest;
+3. Slipp your Musket; 4. Pease your Musket; 5. Joyne your Rest and
+Musquet; 6. Take out your Match; 7. Blow your Match; 8. Cock your
+Match; 9. Try your Match;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_465">[Pg 465]</span> 10. Guard your Pann; 11. Blow your Match;
+12. Open your Pann; 13. Present; 14. Give Fire,” &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Then, “25. Open your Charge; 26. Charge your Musket; 27. Draw out your
+Scouring Sticke; 28. Shorten your Scouring Sticke; 29. Ram your Powder;
+30. Withdraw your Scouring Sticke;” &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Smith, in his “Additions to the Book of Gunnery, both pleasant
+and profitable,” published in quarto, 1643, black letter, mentions
+“certain short muskets of an inch, or very near an inch bore, out of
+which you may shoot either chained bullets, or half a score pistol
+bullets, or half a dozen harquebus bullets at one shot, or you may
+shoot out of the same fire arrows made with strong shafts, feathered
+with horn, or with common feathers, glued and bound on with thread.
+When you are to shoot a fire arrow out of any of these pieces, you must
+not give the piece her full loading of powder.” He further notices that
+“The string made fast to the end of the fire-work is to keep the arrow
+straight in his passage.”</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%">
+   <img class="div_scaled" id="p465" src="images/p465.jpg"
+      alt="A musketeer, 1643 " />
+</div>
+
+
+<p id="Page_466"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 466]</span> A graphical sketch of the soldier accompanies
+these remarks (as in the facsimile annexed), which appears almost
+a caricature, but it must have been seriously approved as a good
+illustration, by our author, the “Souldier of Berwick-upon-Tweed.”</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hewett gives the following table in his “Ancient Armour and
+Weapons,” page 715.</p>
+
+<table summary="length and number of bullets to the pound of various weapons">
+<tr><td class="t l r b"></td>
+    <td class="center t l r b">Length of Barrel.</td>
+    <td class="center t l r b">Number of Bullets to the pound.</td>
+    <td class="center t l r b">Nature of lock.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="center left t l r">Musquet<span class="ml10">.</span><span class="ml10">.</span> </td>
+    <td class="center l r">4 ft.</td>
+    <td class="center l r">10</td>
+    <td class="center l r">Match</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left l r">Harquebus <span class="ml10">.</span></td>
+    <td class="center l r">2&frac12; ft.</td>
+    <td class="center l r">17</td>
+    <td class="center l r">Wheel</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="left l r b">Carbine <span class="ml10">.</span><span class="ml10">.</span></td>
+    <td class="center l r b">2&frac12; ft.</td>
+    <td class="center l r b">24</td>
+    <td class="center l r b">Flint</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="number">62.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A way for a Harquebuss, a Crock, or Ship-musquet, six upon a
+Carriage, shooting with such expedition, as<a id="rn_62_1" href="#fn_62_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> without danger
+one may charge, level, and discharge<a id="rn_62_2" href="#fn_62_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> them sixty times in a
+minute of an hour, two or three together.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_62_1" id="fn_62_1"></a><a href="#rn_62_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>as that.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_62_2" id="fn_62_2"></a><a href="#rn_62_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>level and discharge&mdash;omitted.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A way for a Harquebus, a Crock.</i>] Arquebuse, corrupted to
+Harquebus&mdash;a firearm requiring a forked rest placed in the ground, on
+which to steady the heavy barrel, which carried a ball of 2 ounces, or
+for fortresses 3&frac12; ounces.</p>
+
+<p>Arquebuse à croc&mdash;a small piece of ordnance placed on a stock or club,
+fired by a match. We find among the records of the State Paper Office
+the following notice in the Calendars, viz.:&mdash;John the Almain<a id="FNanchor_L_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_L_74"><span class="fnanchor">[L]</span></a> writes<span class="pagenum" id="Page_467">[Pg 467]</span> to
+Walsyngham, recommending one of his countrymen, who had invented an
+harquebuse “that shall containe ten balls or pellets of lead, all the
+which shall goe off, one after another, having once given fire, so that
+with one harquebuse one may kill ten theeves or other enemies without
+recharging.”&mdash;Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1547&ndash;1580. Edited by R.
+Lemon, F.S.A., 8vo. 1856, p. 696. No. 45.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">63.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A sixth way,<a id="rn_63_3" href="#fn_63_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> most excellent for Sakers, differing from the
+other, yet as swift.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_63_3" id="fn_63_3"></a><a href="#rn_63_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>way&mdash;omitted.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>For Sakers and Minyons.</i>] Sakers were cannon, 5 to 8 pounders; and
+Minion, long 4 pounders, or short 3 pounders.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">64.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A seventh, tried and approved before the late King (of ever
+blessed memory) and an hundred Lords and Commons, in a Cannon
+of 8. inches half quarter,<a id="rn_64_4" href="#fn_64_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> to shoot Bullets of 64. pounds
+weight, and 24. pounds of pouder, twenty times in six minutes;
+so clear from danger, that after all were discharged, a Pound
+of Butter did not melt being laid upon the Cannon-britch, nor
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_468">[Pg 468]</span>
+the green Oile discoloured that was first anointed<a id="rn_64_5" href="#fn_64_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> and used
+between the Barrel thereof, and the Engine, having never in it,
+nor within six foot, but one charge at a time.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_64_4" id="fn_64_4"></a><a href="#rn_64_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>a quarter. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_64_5" id="fn_64_5"></a><a href="#rn_64_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>it and.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>For the biggest Cannon.</i>] This article affords a further example of
+the practical working out of another invention of the Marquis, and
+possibly at the Tower, previous to 1641.</p>
+
+<p>As early as the 16th century cannon had been undergoing gradual
+although slight improvements. The Marquis had many opportunities for
+obtaining the best information, and his active mind must have long been
+on the alert, both at home and abroad, to ascertain all that was then
+known on the subject of their manufacture, with their best form and
+dimensions. We have very early intelligence on the subject of Engines
+of War among the valuable records of our State Paper Office, from which
+we have selected the following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1575? No. 74. Description of the operation and advantages of a certain
+newly invented engine of war, whereby twenty-four bullets can be
+discharged from one piece at a time.</p>
+
+<p>No. 75. Notes by the inventor touching the engines of war, with the
+expense of making a few at a time. It would require above 100 engines
+to be employed at once. Desires a yearly pension in consideration of
+his invention.</p>
+
+<p>No. 76. A note of the effects already performed by the engine of war;
+of which there are 200 engines and 3000 bullets already delivered into
+the Tower for service.&mdash;Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1547&ndash;1580.
+Edited by R. Lemon, F.S.A., 8vo. 1856, page 513.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_469">[Pg 469]</span></p>
+
+<p>In the Bodleian
+Library there is a folio volume of the MS. papers of General Mountagu,
+or the Earl of Sandwich, lettered on the back “Carte Papers, 1604&ndash;1684.
+Letters to Earl of Sandwich, &amp;c. 74,” in which is the following:
+“Invention for Cannon to doe extraordinary execution. (No. 123.) Canon
+that shall shute more then 400 paces, a bulett of four fadem longe to
+destroy the Riggings of any ship, the which bulett must necessarily goe
+a twart, and cannot come perpendicularly, as other chayne buletts, and
+other such like, who by that means may misse the intended effect and
+passe through the cordage or Riggings.”</p>
+
+<p>Among the Sloane MSS. in the British Museum is one, No. 2497, with
+rude drawings of cannon, &amp;c. viz.: a fauconet; a faucon; a minnion;
+a saker; a demi-culveringe; a culvering; a demi-cannon; a cannon; a
+cannon-peuterer; a cannon-rial; each with its proper ball, ramrods, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Robert Norton, Engineer and Gunner in “The gunners dialogue with the
+art of great Artillery,” a black letter quarto, accompanying “The Arte
+of shooting in great ordnance,” by William Bourne, 1643, gives the
+names, &amp;c. of ordnance, thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom"><span class="ml15">Cannon of 8 weighing</span> <span class="ml10"> 8,000 lbs.</span>
+<br />&mdash;〃&mdash; of 7<span class="ml45"> 7,000</span>
+<br />Demi-Cannon<span class="ml40"> 6,000</span>
+<br />Culvering<span class="ml55"> 4,500</span>
+<br />Demi-Culvering<span class="ml30"> 2,500</span>
+<br />Saker<span class="ml70"> 1,500</span>
+<br />Minion <span class="ml65"> 1,200</span></p>
+
+
+<p>Among other inquiries in the course of the dialogue occur the
+following:&mdash;“If you were to make a shot in the night, at a mark showed
+you in the day, how would you prepare for it?” And:&mdash;“How would you
+make a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_470">[Pg 470]</span> shot at an enemies light, in a dark night, not having any
+candle, lanthorn, or other light by you?”</p>
+
+<p>David Papillon, in his “Practical Art of Fortification,” 4to. 1645,
+enumerating the ordnance and ammunition of a garrison, observes:&mdash;“for
+a towne of two English miles circumference, of these sorts, six
+cannons, six demi-cannons, six long culverins [or double for a
+sea-port], twentie sacres [or less for a sea-port], and twelve drakes,
+and one hundred thousand [pounds?] weight of powder.”&mdash;P. 97.</p>
+
+<p>In “Mathematical Magick,” 1648, Bishop Wilkins incidentally
+remarks&mdash;“the greatest cannon in use, does not carry above 64 pound
+weight,” page 126. And in the 19th chapter of the same work he states
+the charge to be 40 lbs. of powder.</p>
+
+<p>John Greaves, Geometry Professor of Gresham College, who was born in
+1602, and died in October, 1652, made experiments for trying the force
+of great guns, at Woolwich, 18th of March, 1651, which were published
+in the 15th volume of the Philosophical Transactions, 1685.</p>
+
+<p>The following extracts are given, from their specifying the
+description, weight, and sometimes the size of the cannon used, with
+the charge of powder and weight of shot.</p>
+
+<p>The great ordnance tried were:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. “An iron demy Canon, of 3500 lbs. weight, and having a cylinder
+bore, the bullet 32 lb. of iron, the powder 10 lb.</p>
+
+<p>2. “An iron demy Canon, having a taper bore, and being 3600 lbs. in
+weight, and 4 inches longer than the former, the iron bullet 32 lb.</p>
+
+<p>3. “Experiment with a whole Culverin in brass, of 5300 lbs. in weight,
+11 foot one inch in length, with a taper bore, being intended for a
+chase piece to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_471">[Pg 471]</span> frigate called the Speaker; the iron bullet was 18
+lbs. in weight, the powder 10 lbs.</p>
+
+<p>4. “A whole Culverin in brass, made at Amsterdam, for the French, with
+this mark 3580, being 10 foot long, and not very thick in the breech,
+18 lb. bullet, and 9 lb. of powder.</p>
+
+<p>5. “An iron Demy Culverin, 9 lbs. iron bullet, and 4 lb. of powder.
+This half Culverin was shot eight times.</p>
+
+<p>6. “A brass Demy Culverin, the breech 13-5/8 inches, the mouth 9-5/8, 9
+lb. iron bullet, 4 lb. of powder.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">65.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A way that one man in the Cabin may govern the<a id="rn_65_6" href="#fn_65_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> whole side of
+Ship-musquets, to the number (if need require) of 2. or 3000.
+shots.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_65_6" id="fn_65_6"></a><a href="#rn_65_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>a&mdash;for the. MS. and P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>For a whole side of Ship-musquets.</i>] The list of five inventions,
+which appears in the “Life, Times, &amp;c.,” page 316, refers to a similar
+improvement, viz.: “Oft shooting peards, controlable in one plane,
+either for number or time.”</p>
+
+<p>The 43rd Device, given by Bourne in his “Inventions or Devices,” 1578,
+is entitled, “How to make any piece of Ordnance go off at any hour or
+time appointed, by itself, and no person there.”</p>
+
+<p>Again, in the 44th Device, we have, “How to make a piece go off when
+you list, and no person there.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">66.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A way that against<a id="rn_66_7" href="#fn_66_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> several Advenues<a id="rn_66_8" href="#fn_66_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> to a Fort or Castle,
+one man <span class="pagenum" id="Page_472">[Pg 472]</span>
+may charge fifty Cannons playing, and stopping when he
+pleaseth, though out of sight of the Cannon.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_66_7" id="fn_66_7"></a><a href="#rn_66_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>the. MS. and P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_66_8" id="fn_66_8"></a><a href="#rn_66_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>avenues. P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>For guarding several advenues to a Town.</i>] This would appear to be no
+more than an extended application of the preceding invention. We can
+imagine that Caspar Kaltoff executed a very beautiful model of this
+piece of machinery, with its 50 little brass guns, 50 ramrods, &amp;c., all
+worked simultaneously by a man below, “out of sight of the cannon;”
+but it is very unlikely that the Marquis would have recommended its
+adoption; it shows, however, how he persevered in endeavours to abridge
+human labour.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">67.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A rare way likewise for musquettoons fastened to the Pummel of
+the Saddle, so that a Common Trooper cannot misse to charge
+them, with twenty or thirty Bullets at a time, even in full
+career.</p>
+
+<p class="number_text2">
+<i>When first I gave my thoughts to make Guns shoot often, I
+thought there had been but one only exquisite way inventible,
+yet by several trials and much charge I have perfectly tried
+all these.</i></p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>For Musquettoons on horseback.</i>] The remark which forms a postscript
+to this article, naturally leads to the conclusion that the
+improvements in guns were among the later inventions of the Marquis,
+perhaps about or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_473">[Pg 473]</span> after 1641, when his own active services promised
+soon to be required in the field. His improved firearms are chiefly
+recommended for effecting rapid firing. It may have been one of the
+results of his experiments, that Caspar Kaltoff became engaged at
+Vauxhall in such manufactures for the government.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis would obtain little assistance from Vegetius, although he
+would find some extraordinary applications of “Mirabilis Machina.” We
+see there the “Tormentum,” with its great stone ball, and fire issuing
+from muzzle and touch-hole, manipulated after an extraordinary fashion,
+bristling down the sides of an angular frame; whirled round on a
+circular table like a capstan; eight placed crosswise; or two placed
+breech to breech, one horizontal, the other vertical, to be fired from
+behind a goodly target. But the Marquis went far beyond these ancient
+military weapons, for gunpowder was then beginning to be understood and
+applied with a degree of effect that startled and surprised the enemy,
+while it only disgusted the humane portion of our forefathers of that
+day, who, in case of dire necessity alone, favoured the use of balista,
+catapulta, bows, and pikes, in the conduct of military and naval
+engagements.</p>
+
+<p>Musketoons were the same as the blunderbuss, being of large bore to
+fire with a charge of twenty or more pistol bullets, of from seven to
+seven and a half ounces of lead, among a multitude, to disperse the
+crowd.</p>
+
+<p>The arms offensive and defensive of the old militia, described by
+Grose, in his “Military Antiquities,” 1801, as applying to a trooper,
+with the furniture for his horse, were as follows:&mdash;“The defensive
+armour, a breast, back, and pot (or scull cap without vizor or bever),
+pistol proof; the offensive arms, a sword, and a case of <i>pistols</i>,
+the barrels not under 14 inches in length; the furniture for the
+horse, a great saddle, or pad, with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_474">[Pg 474]</span> burs and straps for affixing the
+holsters, a bit and bridle, with a pectoral and crupper: for the foot,
+a <i>musketeer</i> had a <i>musket</i>, the barrel, not under three feet in
+length, and the <ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">guage</ins> of the bore for 12 bullets to the pound, a collar
+of bandileers, with a sword.” (Vol. 1.)</p>
+
+<p>Abraham Hill, a Fellow of the Royal Society, patented, 3rd of March,
+1664, among other inventions, one for guns and pistols, with several
+devices for the speedier and more effectual discharge of them; also a
+new kind of powder horn.</p>
+
+<p>We shall close these observations on improvements in firearms with the
+following miscellaneous illustrations respecting the several kinds then
+in use.</p>
+
+<p>In “The Exercise of Armes for Calivers, Musketts, and Pikes, after the
+order of his excellence Maurits Prince of Orange, &amp;c. Sett forth in
+the figures by Jacob de Gheyn. Printed at the Hage,” folio, 1607:&mdash;the
+instructions commence with an engraved illustration of the soldier,
+showing how he should stand and “carry his caliver, matche, and
+rapier;” and proceeds to observe, “he shall also hold the match burning
+or kindled at both the endes, betwixt the two least fingers of the same
+left hand.” He is thus represented, holding a piece of smouldering
+touch-rope of two or three feet long, lighted at both ends, and has
+other similar reserve cords at his belt.</p>
+
+<p>In the splendid work on “Ancient Armour and Arms,” by Sir S. R.
+Meyrick, 2 vols. folio, 1830, numerous illustrative plates of
+firearms occur in the following order:&mdash;<i>Arquebus</i>, plate 114, figure
+5.&mdash;<i>Blunderbuss</i>, a snaphaunce, from the Dutch donderbus, thunder-gun,
+p. 119, f. 10.&mdash;<i>Carabine</i>, a wheel-lock, p. 116, f. 1.&mdash;117, and 119,
+f. 9.&mdash;<i>Carabineers</i>, p. 43.&mdash;<i>Cross bow</i>, p. 94; 95; 98.&mdash;<i>Flask for
+powder</i>, p. 123; 124.&mdash;<i>Musket</i>, p. 117; 119.&mdash;<i>Musketeer</i>, p. 36.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number" id="Page_475"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 475]</span>68.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+An admirable and most forcible way to drive up water by<a id="rn_68_91" href="#fn_68_91"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a>
+fire, not by drawing or sucking it upwards, for that must be as
+the Philosopher calleth it, <i>Intra</i><a id="rn_68_11" href="#fn_68_11"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> <i>sphæram activitatis</i>,
+which is but at such a distance. But this way hath no Bounder,
+if the Vessels be strong enough; for I have taken a piece of a
+whole Cannon, whereof the end was burst, and filled it three
+quarters full of water,<a id="rn_68_2" href="#fn_68_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> stopping and scruing up the<a id="rn_68_3" href="#fn_68_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a>
+broken end; as also the Touch-hole; and making a constant
+fire under it, within 24. hours it burst and made a great
+crack: So that having a<a id="rn_68_4" href="#fn_68_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> way to make my Vessels, so that
+they are strengthened by the force within them, and the one
+to fill after the other.<a id="rn_68_5" href="#fn_68_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> I have seen the water run<a id="rn_68_6" href="#fn_68_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> like
+a constant Fountaine-stream forty foot<a id="rn_68_7" href="#fn_68_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> high; one Vessel
+of water rarified by fire driveth<a id="rn_68_8" href="#fn_68_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> up forty of cold water.
+And a man that tends the work is but to turn two Cocks, that
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_476">[Pg 476]</span>
+one Vessel of water being consumed, another begins to force
+and<a id="rn_68_92" href="#fn_68_92"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> re-fill with cold water, and so successively, the fire
+being tended and kept constant, which the self-same Person
+may likewise abundantly perform in the interim between the
+necessity of<a id="rn_68_12" href="#fn_68_12"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> turning the said Cocks.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_91" id="fn_68_91"></a><a href="#rn_68_91"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>with&mdash;for by.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_11" id="fn_68_11"></a><a href="#rn_68_11"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>“Intra”&mdash;in printed edition, 1663. But “Infra” in MS. and P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_2" id="fn_68_2"></a><a href="#rn_68_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>of water&mdash;omitted. MS. and P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_3" id="fn_68_3"></a><a href="#rn_68_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>that&mdash;for the.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_4" id="fn_68_4"></a><a href="#rn_68_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>found a.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_5" id="fn_68_5"></a><a href="#rn_68_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>other, have seen. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_6" id="fn_68_6"></a><a href="#rn_68_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>to run.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_7" id="fn_68_7"></a><a href="#rn_68_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>feet. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_8" id="fn_68_8"></a><a href="#rn_68_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>driving 40 of.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_92" id="fn_68_92"></a><a href="#rn_68_92"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>and that to refill.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_12" id="fn_68_12"></a><a href="#rn_68_12"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>necessity of&mdash;omitted.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Fire Water-work.</i>] This is that great invention which has
+popularized and preserved the fame of the Marquis of Worcester in the
+public mind. Had the whole of the Century been destroyed, with the
+exception of this 68th article, enough would have remained to satisfy
+any engineer, that the Marquis had achieved a grand discovery.</p>
+
+<p>We shall proceed to notice what information books and the patent
+records would afford, to stimulate his inquiries into the possible
+practical application of the effects, resulting from the action of fire
+on water in close vessels.</p>
+
+<p>The work which has, from being often quoted, acquired especial notice
+on this subject is, “Les Raisons des forces Mouvantes avec diverses
+Machines. Par Salomon de Caus,” folio, published at Frankfort, 1615, in
+which, at page 4, theorem V, under the title, “<i>L’eau montera par aide
+du feu, plus haut que son niveau</i>,” it is illustrated and described
+as follows:&mdash;“Le troisiesme moyen de faire monter, est par l’aide du
+feu, dont il se peut faire diverses machines, i’en donneray icy la
+demonstration d’une. Soit une balle de cuiure marquee A. bien soudee
+tout a lentour, à laquelle il y aura un souspiral marqué D, par ou lon
+mettra leau, et aussi un tuyau marqué B, C, qui sera soudé en<span class="pagenum" id="Page_477">[Pg 477]</span> haut de
+la balle, et le bout C, aprochera pres du fond, sans y toucher, apres
+faut emplir ladite balle d’eau par le souspiral, puis le bien reboucher
+et le mettre sur le feu, alors la chaleur donnant contre ladite
+balle, fera monter toute leau, par le tuyau B, C.” See also Figuier’s
+“Exposition et Histoire des principales découvertes Scientifiques
+Modernes.” Tome premier. Paris, 1862, p. 25.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%">
+   <img class="div_scaled" id="p477" src="images/p477.jpg"
+      alt="De Caus’ Fountain" />
+   De Caus’ Fountain.
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The adjoining engraving is exactly traced from the original, of which
+it is, in every respect, a faithful copy.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_478">[Pg 478]</span> It represents a globular
+metallic vessel A, with a jet and stop-cock at B, and another stop-cock
+at D, through which water can be injected by means of a syringe. The
+jet B, is the top end of a pipe C, which nearly touches the bottom of
+the inside of the hollow sphere. Supposing the globe to be half or two
+thirds full of water, and placed on a fire, the heat will presently
+raise a quantity of steam, which, as it increases in quantity, will
+occupy the upper empty space of the sphere, and by its pressure on the
+surface of the boiling water, cause the same to rise rapidly up the
+vertical pipe C, and produce the jet-d’eau above B, the instant the
+stop-cock is opened. And this operation will continue so long as any
+water remains for the bottom end of the pipe C, to dip into; after
+which it can only be renewed by refilling the vessel, and re-boiling
+the fresh supply of water.</p>
+
+<p>De Caus, in his large folio work, in which varieties of fountains
+are explained by elaborate copper-plates, and minute descriptions,
+satisfies himself with the above brief explanation of the simple
+woodcut figure, which we have here reproduced; from which we infer
+that he laid no claim to its being his own invention, or at all events
+that he presented it to his readers as a gratuitous offering, for
+its curious and amusing results. It is not likely that the author
+of a considerable work, amidst recondite descriptions and sumptuous
+engravings of comparatively common affairs would consign his own most
+valuable contribution to a few lines of bare description and a coarsely
+engraved diagram. It is obvious, therefore, that De Caus himself, set
+no great store by this toy fountain; he saw no great scope in its
+application, and certainly never assumed it to be of greater value than
+as an amusing experimental fountain. To claim more for an Inventor,
+than an Inventor claims for himself is mere infatuation. To say that
+De Caus had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_479">[Pg 479]</span> only to add another pipe, and only to make another
+arrangement or two, and then this petite fontaine would somewhat
+resemble a steam engine, is neither sound nor admissible. An inventor
+must be judged by his own aim and object, and the example he offers
+us, without any additions or subtractions at other hands. What De Caus
+<ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">desribes</ins>, therefore, is not a continuous but an intermittent fountain;
+not self-feeding, but to be refilled by a syringe; not emitting cold,
+but boiling hot water; and the difficulties and delays in the use of
+which materially increased in proportion with its dimensions.</p>
+
+<p>But there was shortly afterwards published another highly suggestive
+work, on a mechanical application of steam, in “Le Machine,” by
+Giovanni Branca, 4to. 1628; in which the 25th figure represents the
+operation of pounding, the pestles being acted on by pulleys and
+cog-wheels set in motion by a jet of steam issuing from a pipe against
+the vanes of a horizontal wheel. The boiler is in the fanciful form of
+the bust of a negro, with the steam pipe issuing from the mouth.</p>
+
+<p>On the 21st of January, 1630, a patent was granted to David Ramsey,
+for, among other inventions, one “to raise water from low pits by
+fire.” But unfortunately, like all patents of that period, it is
+unaccompanied by any description.</p>
+
+<p>John Bate, in his “Mysteries of Art and Nature,” 1635, 4to. has “a
+conceited lamp, for forcing water or air through the figure of a bird.”
+A minute description is given for constructing a small boiler in the
+form of a crown, surmounted by a bird, and enclosing various perforated
+pipes and valves, capable of being turned in various directions; the
+whole is set over a circular lamp, with several cotton wicks. Water
+being put in the boiler, Bate observes&mdash;“Then the water being by little
+and little converted into ayre, by the heate of the lights<span class="pagenum" id="Page_480">[Pg 480]</span> that are
+underneath, will breathe forth at the mouth of the cock;” but, on being
+partially turned, “then there being no vent for the ayre to breath out
+at, it will presse the water, and force it to ascend the pipe, and
+issue out where the air breathed before.” In conclusion he shrewdly
+remarks:&mdash;“<i>Other devices and those more strange in their effects, may
+be contrived from hence</i>.” (p. 33, 34.)</p>
+
+<p>In the “Recreation Mathematique” of H. van Etten, 1629, 12mo. of
+which there were translations in several editions, as 1633, 1653, and
+others, the 67th problem is descriptive “Of the properties of Æolipiles
+or bowels to blow the fire.” In the course of the article on this
+subject it is observed: “Vitruvius, in his first book of Architecture,
+cap. 8, approves from these engines, that winde is no other thing
+than a quantity of vapours and exhalations agitated with the aire by
+rarefaction and condensation;” a remark curious enough, if only for the
+last word “<i>condensation</i>.” The article concludes&mdash;“Now it is cunning
+and subtiltie to fill one of these Æolipiles with water at so little a
+hole, and therefore requires the knowledge of a philosopher to finde
+it out; and the way is thus:&mdash;Heat the Æolipiles being empty, and the
+aire which is within it will become extreamely rarefied; then being
+thus hot throw it into water, and the aire will begin to be condensed:
+by which meanes it will occupie lesse roome, therefore the water will
+immediately enter in at the hole to avoide vacuitie: thus you have some
+practicall speculation upon the Æolipile.”</p>
+
+<p>Here we have “condensation” a second time adverted to, while the whole
+experiment proves the folly of attributing to Savery a similar result
+as a novelty leading for the first time to a knowledge of the property
+of “condensation,” to the disparagement of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_481">[Pg 481]</span> Marquis and his
+predecessors, assuming their total ignorance of what is here so clearly
+and graphically described.</p>
+
+<p>Again, Van Etten in the fifth section of Problem LXXXV. treats&mdash;“Of a
+fine fountaine which spouts water very high, and with great violence by
+turning of a cock.” page 193. “Let there be a vessel made close in all
+its parts, in the middle of which let a pipe open neare the bottome;
+and then with a <ins class="correction" title="[sic][seen also in facsimile of Mathematical Recreations(1653)]">squirt squirt</ins> in the water (stopped above by the cock
+or faucet) with as great violence as possible you can, and turne the
+cock immediately. Now there being an indifferent quantity of water and
+aire in the vessel, the water keeps itself in the bottom, and the aire
+which was greatly pressed, seeks for more place, that turning the cock
+the water issueth forth at the pipe, and flyes very high, <i>and that
+especially if the vessell be a little heated</i>.” The concluding sentence
+would no doubt afford a mind like that of the Marquis of Worcester’s
+abundant matter for experimental trial, if ever consulted by him,
+either in the original, or in the translation of 1633.</p>
+
+<p>The following extract from Van Etten’s 83rd Problem, “Of Cannons or
+great Artillery,” affords strong presumptive evidence (taken along
+with other extracts) of the Marquis’s acquaintance with the work.
+The Problem is divided into two parts, of which the first alone need
+be noticed, namely,&mdash;“How to charge a cannon without powder.” It is
+observed&mdash;“This may be done with aire and water, only having thrown
+cold water into the cannon, which might be squirted forceably in by the
+closure of the mouth of the piece, that so by this pressure the aire
+might more condense, then having a round piece of wood very just, and
+oiled well for the better to slide, and thrust the bullet when it shall
+be time. This piece of wood may be held fast<span class="pagenum" id="Page_482">[Pg 482]</span> with some pole, for feare
+it be not thrust out before his time: <i>then let fire be made about the
+trunnion or hinder part of the piece to heat the aire and water</i>, and
+then when one would shoot it let the pole be quickly loosened, for then
+the aire searching a greater place, and having way now offered, will
+thrust out the wood and the bullet very quick: the experiment which
+we have in long trunkes [tubes] shooting out pellats with aire only,
+sheweth the verity of this Probleme.” (page 173.)</p>
+
+<p>The words italicised are a complete description of the Marquis’s
+experiment, although made with a widely different object, but both
+afford evidence of the force obtainable from a small quantity of
+heated water, the one in an imperfectly closed, the other in a well
+closed cannon. It is remarkable how near this experiment comes to the
+steam-engine cylinder, piston, and safety valve; and we can scarcely
+believe that such applications would escape the Marquis’s observation,
+when repeated and varied as was his customary course in pursuing his
+own inquiries.</p>
+
+<p>We have thus, from 1615 to 1653, shown, what sources were open to
+afford suggestions to the Marquis of Worcester’s wakeful and watchful
+mind, alive and on the alert to seize on every hint promising some
+enlarged and useful application. We come next to that part of his
+own statement, where he says: “so that having found a way to make
+my vessels, so that they are strengthened by the <span class="smcap">force</span>
+within them, and the one to fill after the other, &amp;c.” “Vessels” may
+here apply to cisterns, receivers, boilers, &amp;c., in short whatever
+appliances were used. But it is usually supposed to mean the boiler
+only, and hence the difficulty to understand how its safety should
+increase with the increased internal expansive <i>force</i> of the steam.
+But allowance must be made for the general vagueness throughout the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_483">[Pg 483]</span>
+“Century,” and we must bear in mind that its language was not arranged
+to inform the public in respect to construction, but, as its author
+explicitly states, the several inventions are “set down in such a way
+as may <i>sufficiently</i> instruct <i>me</i> to put any of them in practice.”
+Now there is good ground for believing that the Marquis had a special
+meaning for the word “force,” as here applied, a word then used
+indifferently in its ordinary and in a technical sense, in the same
+sentence. This is particularly worth illustrating; firstly, because it
+shows a probability that the Marquis had, before 1655, designed some
+kind of safety-valve; and secondly, to remove the common supposition of
+the foregoing invention being utterly paradoxical.</p>
+
+<p class="margin_bottom">It has already been stated, that there is sufficient evidence to prove,
+that John Bate’s “Mysteries of Nature and Art,” had attracted the
+especial notice of the Marquis. He would be about 33 years of age on
+its first publication, and he wrote his Century about 20 years after
+its appearance, we may, therefore, readily see how likely it would be
+for him to adopt even its very style and language. John Bate says, at
+page 11:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:20%">
+   <img class="div_scaled" id="p483" src="images/p483.jpg"
+      alt="A forcer" />
+</div>
+<p>“A forcer is a plug of wood exactly turned and leathered about; the
+end that goeth into the barrel, is semicircularly concave; p. 57.
+<i>Forces</i> may be made to move either horizontally or perpendicularly,
+according unto the convenience of the work, or the invention of the
+artist and engineer; p. 59. (Describing ‘the water mill or engine near
+the north end of London Bridge.’) These two barrels must be bound fast
+unto two posts of the frame, with two strong iron bands, as T T; unto
+each of these must be fitted a <i>force</i> well leathered, and in the tops
+of the <i>forces</i> must be set two pieces of wood.”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_484">[Pg 484]</span></p>
+<p class="margin_top">Then again, at page
+66:&mdash;“K K, L L, the barrels of the <i>forces</i>, which force the water;” p.
+67. “E, a barrel of brass or wood fastened in the well, K, a <i>force</i>
+fitted into it.” Again, “the <i>force</i> must be very heavy;” p. 71. “B,
+a barrel of iron or brass, fastened in the midst of the cistern, with
+a <i>force</i> fitted unto it;” p. 72. “The <i>force</i> is linked, and it is
+noted with the letter D,” (in the engraving.) Again, “F, the barrel of
+the <i>force</i>, fastened within two or three inches of the bottom of the
+cistern;” p. 73, “C, a <i>force</i>, D, the <i>forces</i> barrel.” Again, “the
+<i>force</i> draweth the water out of the cistern B, into the barrel D;”
+p. 74, “another strong iron bar as I I, unto each end whereof must be
+linked a <i>force</i>; K K, the two barrels of the aforesaid <i>forces</i>.”</p>
+
+<p>In the 21st volume of Philosophical Transactions, published in 1700,
+there is a description, with an engraving,<a id="FNanchor_M_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_M_75"><span class="fnanchor">[M]</span></a> being, “An account of
+Mr. Thomas Savery’s engine for raising water by the help of fire.” It
+states that Mr. Savery, on the 14th of June, 1699:&mdash;“Entertained the
+Royal Society with shewing a model of his Engine for raising water by
+the help of fire, which he set to work before them; the experiment
+succeeded according to expectation, and to their satisfaction. The
+Engine may be understood by the draughts of it, where Fig. 1 is the
+front of the Engine for raising water by fire; and Fig. 2, the side
+prospect of the Engine.</p>
+
+<p>“A, is the furnace; B, the boiler; C, two cocks which convey the steam
+from the bottom in order to discharge it again at the top; D, which
+convey the steam by turns, to the vessel D. the vessels which receive
+the water from the bottom in order to discharge it again at the top; E,
+valves; F, cocks which keep up
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_485">[Pg 485]</span>the water, while the valves on occasion are cleaned; G, the force pipe;
+H, the sucking pipe; and I, the water.”</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:90%">
+   <img class="div_scaled" id="p485" src="images/p485.jpg"
+      alt="Savery’s Engine, 1699" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="margin2_bottom">Neither at the time nor afterwards does the invention appear to have
+attracted any further notice in that quarter. The next account we have
+of it is afforded by “The Miners Friend, or an Engine to raise Water by
+Fire,” by Thomas Savery, Gent., 1702; in which the invention appears
+with two furnaces, instead of one, and with other details. In his
+description he refers to two vessels, marked P, No. 1, and P, No. 2,
+which correspond with the two receivers above, marked D, D.</p>
+
+<div class="left_text">
+<p class="hanging_indent">
+Remarking on these, in “The Miners Friend,”
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_486">[Pg 486]</span>
+Savery says:&mdash;“So that P, No. 1, is by
+the external pressure of the atmosphere, immediately
+refilled, while P, No. 2, is emptying; which being done,
+you push the handle of the regulator from you, and throw
+the force on P, No. 1, pulling the condensing pipe over P, No.
+2, causing the steam in that vessel to condense, <i>so that it
+fills while the other empties</i>. The labour of <i>turning these
+two parts</i> of the engine, viz. the regulator and water-cock,
+and <i>tending the fire</i>, being no more that what a <i>boy’s
+strength</i> can perform for a day together * * * yet, after all, I
+would have men. * * *”
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="right_text">
+<p class="hanging_indent">
+In the above 68th Article, the Marquis of Worcester says:&mdash;“A
+man <i>that tends the work is but to turn two cocks</i>, that <i>one
+vessel of water being consumed, another begins to force and
+refil with cold water</i>, and so successively, the fire being
+<i>tended</i> and kept constant, which the self-same person may
+likewise abundantly perform between the necessity of
+<i>turning</i> the said cocks.”
+</p>
+<p class="hanging_indent margin_top">
+And in No. 100, he says, “a <i>child’s force</i> bringeth up an
+hundred feet high, an incredible quantity of water.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="continue_text"></div>
+
+<p class="margin_top">We do not purpose to press any charge against Savery, but simply to
+relate what is on record respecting the engine he put forward; and to
+notice here the remarkable coincidence between his description, and
+that given by the Marquis 32 years before. The Marquis writes in the
+singular number of “<i>the fire</i>,” thereby indicating a single furnace;
+and in Savery’s first drawing we find the model represented with
+one furnace. Then in “The Miners Friend,” we have parts<span class="pagenum" id="Page_487">[Pg 487]</span> described
+agreeing precisely with the preceding article, No. 68. And at the
+particular point just quoted, we have even a closer analogy, in the
+use of the very same words in reference to the same parts&mdash;<i>turning</i>
+and <i>tending</i>. And while, in No. 100, the Marquis informs us what
+“<i>a child’s force</i>” can perform; here Savery speaks of “<i>a boy’s
+strength</i>,” which is enlarged on, however, by recommending a man’s
+services.</p>
+
+<p>The next earliest notice we find of this engine is given by Richard
+Bradley, F.R.S., in his “New Improvements of Planting and Gardening,”
+8vo. 1718, who, in the third part, at page 175, supplies an engraving
+of “the late Mr. Savory, F.R.S.,”<a id="FNanchor_N_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_N_76"><span class="fnanchor">[N]</span></a> his engine, as set up by him “for
+that curious gentleman Mr. Balle of Cambden House.” It is represented
+as a spherical boiler, capable of holding forty gallons, supported on
+a tripod, with a fire on the ground underneath. It is connected with
+a bell-shaped receiver of thirteen gallons capacity, supplied below
+with a pipe sixteen feet long, and above with a pipe to elevate the
+water, forty-two feet. The steam pressure is stated to be capable of
+discharging fifty-two gallons per minute, the pipes being of three
+inches bore; and the original cost of the whole was £50.</p>
+
+<p>In 1729, Stephen Switzer published his “Introduction to a general
+system of Hydrostaticks,” in two volumes quarto. He says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“Amongst the several Engines which have been contrived for the raising
+of water for the supply of houses and gardens, none has been more
+justly surprising than that of the raising of water by fire; the
+particular contrivance and sole invention of a gentleman,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_488">[Pg 488]</span>
+with whom
+I had the honour long since to be well acquainted; I mean the ingenious
+Captain Savery, some time since deceased, but then a most noted
+engineer, and one of the Commissioners of the Sick and Wounded. This
+gentleman’s thoughts (as appears by a preface of his to a little book,
+entitled, ‘The Miners’ Friend’), were always employed in Hydrostatics
+and Hydraulics; and the first hint from which it is said he took his
+engine, was from a tobacco pipe, which he immersed to wash or cool
+it, as is sometimes done; he discovered by the rarefaction of the air
+in the tube by the heat or steam of the water, and the gravitation
+or impulse of the exterior air, that the water was made to spring
+through the tube of the pipe in a wonderful surprising manner; though
+others say, that the learned Marquis of Worcester, in his ‘Century of
+Inventions,’ (which book I have not seen), see page 68, gave the first
+hint for this raising water by fire.”&mdash;Vol. ii. p. 325.</p>
+
+<p>Thirty-four years later, Dr. J. T. Desaguliers, F.R.S., and Chaplain to
+His Royal Highness, Frederick, late Prince of Wales, &amp;c., published his
+“Course of Experimental Philosophy,” in two volumes, quarto, 1763. His
+13th section is a discourse on the “Fire-engine,” as the steam-engine
+was then designated. And the following lecture treats largely on the
+Marquis of Worcester’s present article in the “Century,” which he
+quotes and then observes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“Captain Savery, having read the Marquis of Worcester’s book, was the
+first who put in practice the raising Water by Fire, which he proposed
+for the draining of mines. His Engine is described in Harris’s Lexicon
+(on the word <i>Engine</i>), which being compared with the Marquis of
+Worcester’s description, will easily appear to have been taken from
+him; though Captain Savery denied it, and the better to conceal the
+matter,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_489">[Pg 489]</span> bought up all the Marquis of Worcester’s books that he could
+purchase in <i>Pater-Noster-Row</i>, and elsewhere, and burned them in the
+presence of the gentleman his friend, who told me this. He said that
+he found out the power of steam by chance, and invented the following
+story to persuade people to believe it, viz., that having drank a flask
+of Florence at a tavern, and thrown the empty flask upon the fire, he
+called for a bason of water to wash his hands, and perceiving that
+the little wine left in the flask had filled up the flask with steam,
+he took the flask by the neck, and plunged the mouth of it under the
+surface of the water in the bason, and the water of the bason was
+immediately driven up into the flask by the pressure of the air.”</p>
+
+<p>Desaguliers doubts the veracity of this bottle story, and we may well
+agree with him, when we find that in another version the discovery is
+attributed to a tobacco-pipe.</p>
+
+<p>He proceeds:&mdash;“Captain Savery made a great many experiments to bring
+this machine to perfection, and did erect several, which raised water
+very well for gentlemen’s seats; but could not succeed for mines, or
+supplying towns, where the water was to be raised very high, and in
+great quantities: for then the steam required being boiled up to such
+a strength, as to be ready to tear all the vessels to pieces. I have
+known Captain Savery, at York-Buildings, make steam eight or ten times
+stronger than common air; and then its heat was so great, that it would
+melt common soft solder; and its strength so great as to blow open
+several of the joints of his machine: so that he was forced to be at
+the pains and charge to have all his joints soldered with spelter or
+hard solder.”&mdash;Pp. 464&ndash;467.</p>
+
+<p>The serious accusation made against Savery of deriving<span class="pagenum" id="Page_490">[Pg 490]</span> all his
+information from the Marquis of Worcester’s invention, and destroying
+all he could procure relating to the Marquis, rests solely on the
+authority of Desaguliers, to whom it was related by one of Savery’s
+friends! In 1699, the Marquis’s Act had yet 63 years unexpired, had
+the Duke of Beaufort felt disposed to investigate how far Savery’s
+engine interfered with his father’s invention; but no such interest was
+excited, nor had Savery at any time so much success as to induce such
+an inquiry. But, in 1699, the Marquis had only been dead 32 years, and
+we have proof that his engine was in existence in 1670, reducing the
+space of time to 29 years; by no means an unlikely period for Savery to
+find parts of the large engine, or models of a small one, or drawings,
+or MS. descriptions, or verbal details from eye-witnesses, from among
+some of the many visitants to Vauxhall, if, indeed, not directly from
+descendants of the “incomparable workman,” Kaltoff.</p>
+
+<p>Savery’s connection with the mining interests of the country would
+appear to have first drawn his attention to the value of a scheme,
+proposing to raise vast bodies of water by the aid of a most stupendous
+power. He might, when a mere youth, have heard enough of the Marquis’s
+invention, however vaguely communicated, to excite his curiosity, and
+decide him on a course of action whenever an opportunity should occur.</p>
+
+<p>After a lapse of more than a century and a half, Savery’s claim is
+not likely to be materially disturbed; but it will always be a matter
+of interest to observe the close similarity there is between the
+simple model he exhibited before the Royal Society, and the Marquis of
+Worcester’s brief summary of the parts and nature of his own engine.
+And it is not very favourable to a belief in Savery’s independence of
+the Marquis’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_491">[Pg 491]</span> invention, that the former should be the sole inventor
+of a single marvellous production of ingenuity, without producing any
+novelty either before or afterwards, or displaying any particular
+inventive ability to improve on this early effort, which he left as at
+first produced.</p>
+
+<p class="margin_bottom">“The Miners Friend” is not unlike an imitation of the “Exact and
+true definition of the most Stupendous Water-commanding Engine;” for
+example:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="left_text">
+<p class="hanging_indent">
+The <span class="smcap">Marquis’s</span> invention is recommended “to every
+individual, if he either have surrounded Marsh-ground to drain, or dry land to improve.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="right_text">
+<p class="hanging_indent">
+<span class="smcap">Savery</span> recommends the Engine he proposes:&mdash;</p>
+<p class="hanging_indent">
+4. “As for draining fens and marshes,” &amp;c.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="continue_text"></div>
+
+<div class="left_text">
+<p class="hanging_indent">
+“Thus whole cities may be kept clean, delightful, and wholesome.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="right_text">
+<p class="hanging_indent">
+3. “Nothing can be more fit for serving cities and towns with water.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="continue_text"></div>
+
+<div class="left_text">
+<p class="hanging_indent">
+“Or, if he have (I further say), Mines wherewith to enrich himself withal.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="right_text">
+<p class="hanging_indent">
+6. “For draining of mines and coal pits, the use of the engine
+will sufficiently recommend itself in raising water so easy and cheap.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="continue_text"></div>
+
+<div class="left_text">
+<p class="hanging_indent">
+“Houses to be served, or gardens to be beautified by plentiful
+fountains, with little charge, yet certain in ever so dry a Summer.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="right_text">
+<p class="hanging_indent">
+2. “It may be of great use for palaces, for the nobilities, or gentlemen’s houses; for
+by a cistern on the top of a house * * * which water in its fall makes you what sorts of
+fountains you please.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="continue_text"></div>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">Savery says:&mdash;“And though my thoughts have been long imployed about
+water-works, I should never have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_492">[Pg 492]</span> pretended to any invention of that
+kind, had I not happily found out this new, but yet a much stronger
+and cheaper force or cause of motion than any before made use of.
+But finding this of rarefaction by fire, the consideration of the
+difficulties the miners and colliers labour under by the frequent
+disorders, cumbersomness, and in general of water-engines, incouraged
+me to invent engines to work by this new force, that tho’ I was obliged
+to incounter the oddest and almost insuperable difficulties, I spared
+neither time, pains, nor money till I had absolutely conquer’d them.”</p>
+
+<p>Savery is reputed to have died in 1715, therefore he was very probably
+between 40 and 50 years of age in 1699; and he might have commenced his
+investigations into the existence of the Marquis’s inventions, models,
+books, papers, drawings, and traditional statements at 25 or 30 years
+of age, still leaving him from 15 to 20 years to complete his search
+for information. If he died at 60 years of age, he would be 12 years
+old when the Marquis died. At all events he had ample leisure, and the
+period was promising for such an inquiry.</p>
+
+<p>In his time neither writers nor inventors were very scrupulous in their
+adoption of the labours of others; the wholesale literary plunder then
+practised by compilers, would not be permitted in modern times, nor
+would it be attempted by any author of moderate reputation. Invention,
+on the contrary, has always been a doubtful sort of preserve, the
+rights of which have been contested with fearless impunity by every
+poacher down to the present period. In the 16th and 17th centuries
+particularly, no rights were so ill defined as those of the inventor,
+even in the face of patents, and Acts of Parliament. But the rights of
+a deceased inventor were still less sacred in public opinion, and there
+never has been, at any time, an organized body interested<span class="pagenum" id="Page_493">[Pg 493]</span> in detecting
+and exposing unjust assumptions of being a true and first inventor.</p>
+
+<p>Savery claimed perfect independence of the Marquis of Worcester, and
+promulgated a story to parallel that of the pot-lid, usually related
+in reference to his predecessor’s invention, while (as is pretended)
+he was a prisoner in the Tower. Let us now compare certain dates and
+circumstances to see how far they favour Dr. Desaguliers’ charge.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th of July, 1698, Thomas Savery, Gentleman, had granted to
+him a 14 years’ patent for “A new Invention for raising of Water and
+occasioning motion to all sorts of Mill Work by the impellent force of
+fire.”</p>
+
+<p>Within six months afterwards, on the 21st of January, 1699, died the
+only son and heir of the Marquis of Worcester, Henry Duke of Beaufort,
+at 70 years of age.</p>
+
+<p>Within three months after his Grace’s decease Savery had a Bill brought
+into the House of Lords, which, on the 6th of April, was reported to
+the House of Commons, and passed on the 25th of the same month. This
+private Act extended the patent privilege over 21 years further, making
+35 years.</p>
+
+<p>On the 14th of June following, it is stated in the Royal Society’s
+Transactions, “Mr. Savery entertained the Society with shewing the
+model of his engine for raising water by the help of fire.” (See <a href="#Page_485">page
+485.</a>)</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hook was then living, but died on the 3rd of March, 1702. Above
+38 years had elapsed since his visit to Kaltoff, to see the engine at
+Vauxhall; and he could have spoken to the merits of Savery’s engine,
+as compared with what he had earlier seen, had his age and health
+permitted, or his inclination prompted him so to act.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_494">[Pg 494]</span></p>
+
+<p> On the decease
+of Dr. Hook, there was published “The Miners Friend,” (1702), by Thomas
+Savery,<a id="FNanchor_O_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_O_77"><span class="fnanchor">[O]</span></a> Gentleman. He there speaks of his model shown to the Royal
+Society, “June the 14th, 1699,” thanking the Society for “your kindness
+in countenancing this invention <span class="smcap">in its first appearance in the
+world</span>;” that is, within six months <i>after the death of the Duke of
+Beaufort</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Patent of 1698, like all patents of that period, contains no more
+account of Savery’s engine than the mere title, or designation of
+the nature and intention of the invention; therefore, when the Act
+of Parliament was applied for and obtained, there had still been no
+publication indicating the <i>modus operandi</i>. It was not until the 14th
+of June, 1699, that the Invention made <i>its first appearance in the
+world</i>, in the rooms of the Royal Society. And it was not until 1702,
+that Savery published any account of his invention, and we then expect
+to learn something interesting in regard to the wonderful discovery.
+But all he has to say on the matter is in these few lines “And though
+my <i>thoughts</i> have been <i>long</i> employed about water-works, I should
+never have pretended to any invention of that kind, <i>had I not happily
+found out this new, but yet a much stronger and cheaper force or cause
+of motion than any</i> <span class="smcap">before</span> <i>made use of</i>. But <i>finding</i>
+this of rarefaction by fire, the consideration of the difficulties
+the miners and colliers labour under by the frequent disorders,
+cumbersomeness, and in general of water-engines, <i>encouraged me to
+invent engines to work by this new force</i>, that though I was obliged to
+encounter <i>the oddest</i> and <i>almost insuperable difficulties</i>, I spared
+neither <i>time</i>, <i>pains</i>, nor <i>money</i>, till I had absolutely conquered
+them.”</p>
+
+<p id="Page_495"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 495]</span>This stoicism and total absence of the least ray of mental enthusiasm
+are the first remarkable circumstances to strike our observation.
+Here, after a lapse of three years, some encouragement, and writing
+on the matter of a great discovery, the precious jewel is treated as
+if it were of the nature of the most ordinary pump. “And though my
+<i>thoughts</i> have been long employed about water-works,” yet we are to
+presume that he never heard of the great “Water-commanding Engine”
+at Vauxhall, 30 years previous. He believes in his having “found out
+this new, but yet a much stronger and cheaper force than any <i>before</i>
+made use of,” yet never, even remotely, declares how or in what way
+he came by it. “But <i>finding</i> this of rarefaction by fire,” as he
+says, we on our part naturally ask, And pray where and how did you
+<i>find</i> it? He names the considerations that “encouraged him to invent
+engines to work by this new force;” but from the time of producing
+the model of 1699 to the last improvement of 1702, there was no
+essential difference; the invention remained the same throughout. The
+only difficulties in his way were, in his own words, “the oddest and
+most insuperable,” but we are left to guess in what their <i>oddness</i>
+consisted.</p>
+
+<p>He finally states, in his first chapter:&mdash;“I may modestly affirm
+that the adventurer or supervisor of the mine will be freed from
+that perpetual charge, expence, and trouble of repairs which all
+other engines ever yet employed in mines for the raising of water are
+continually liable unto.”</p>
+
+<p>In Article No. 100, of the “Century,” however, it is shortly but
+expressly urged, as one important point, that the engine works, “with
+<i>little charge</i>, to drain all sorts of mines, &amp;c.”</p>
+
+<p>It appears from documents dated 1664, relating to Vauxhall, that Caspar
+Kaltoff is named therein<span class="pagenum" id="Page_496">[Pg 496]</span> as “lately deceased.”<a id="FNanchor_P_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_P_78"><span class="fnanchor">[P]</span></a> So that in 1699
+Thomas Savery was left in full possession of the field he had entered
+upon. The facts and dates now furnished, are not very favourable to the
+genuineness of Savery’s Invention. For it is not likely that all trace
+of the “Water-commanding Engine” would have been lost between 1670 and
+1699, when Kaltoff’s family were still living, as also many persons
+who had witnessed the performance of the great engine at Vauxhall. It
+is true that the last we hear of it is not later than 1670, but it was
+then the property of the Dowager Marchioness, who died in 1681, and
+her Ladyship would most likely, from respect, as well as from personal
+interest in the matter, not permit the engine to be sold or destroyed.
+Then from 1681 to 1699, reduces the probability of its existence up
+to a period within 18 years, taking the dates to the uttermost limit,
+although we can easily understand that for the whole or a large portion
+of those 18 years Savery was in possession of all the facts he would
+require for coming before the public on the decease of Kaltoff, the
+Dowager Marchioness of Worcester, and the Duke of Beaufort; the latter
+being the last party interested in the invention, and likely, during
+his life, to frustrate such a design.</p>
+
+<p>But what papers could he procure at Paternoster Row for destruction?
+1. There was a pamphlet, being the Definition and Act, the latter
+printed in black letter. 2. There was the “Definition” itself, printed
+in the form of a posting bill. And, 3, there was the “Century.” All
+these were printed 1663 to 1664, and are editions which are now
+remarkably scarce. There are only about three copies of the Act,
+and one of the “Definition,” known to exist, while the few copies
+of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_497">[Pg 497]</span> the “Century” of 1663, are rarely indeed to be found in private
+collections. But, besides these, it was quite possible to procure,
+within 15 or 20 years after his decease, even manuscripts, drawings,
+and books, the property of the deceased Marquis, more or less
+referring to his great invention.</p>
+
+<p>Even admitting that Savery was an independent inventor in 1699,
+notwithstanding so many conflicting circumstances pointing to a
+different conclusion, he could not have been working many years at York
+Buildings in the Strand, without hearing of the Engine at Vauxhall,
+invented by the proprietor of Worcester House in the Strand. This
+very propinquity alone was sufficient to excite in the mind of some
+intelligent, inquisitive, and observant visitor the fact, which so
+singular a coincidence would obviously suggest.</p>
+
+<p>While, however, everybody else is viewing the engine of Savery’s
+reputed invention with astonishment, Savery himself is present to our
+mind only as a cold calculating man, proud, not of being a Captain
+over Mines, but of being designated “Gentleman;” and while thus
+precise to inform the world of his gentility, he leaves us in perfect
+ignorance of his mental acquirements, or the origin of the marvellous
+engine. It may appear to some, that his exhibiting of the model before
+the Royal Society is at once evidence of straightforwardness and
+uprightness of conduct. But this view is open to the objection, that
+he had never before shown the model, and he thanks the Royal Society
+for “countenancing this Invention on its <i>first appearance in the
+world</i>.” From the 25th of July 1698, to the 14th of June <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has 1669">1699</ins>, he had
+been nursing the invention in secret. What doubts could remain in his
+mind, when all persons likely to be most interested were no longer in
+existence? Men of science alone remained, who might<span class="pagenum" id="Page_498">[Pg 498]</span> possibly disturb
+his claims, and what means could be found more likely to set this doubt
+at rest, than a bold appeal to that learned body? And come of it what
+might, there would still remain to him the question of <i>improvements</i>;
+supposing the grand claim to originality to become a matter of dispute.
+But to Savery’s great satisfaction, if not to his greater surprise, so
+far from a word of dissent being raised, there was (contrary to all
+precedent) a certificate given in favour of the invention at Savery’s
+request.</p>
+
+<p>Savery’s career may be taken as commencing in 1699, thirty-two years
+after the decease of the Marquis of Worcester, thirty-six years from
+the date of the “Century of Inventions,” or thirty-nine years after
+the establishment of the Royal Society, and yet his operations made
+slight impression on the public, and scarcely any on scientific
+society. This circumstance removes much of the surprise we might
+otherwise seriously entertain respecting the occasion of the Marquis of
+Worcester’s own publications and personal labours, during four arduous
+years of excessive mental and physical activity, leaving little behind
+to attest the extent of his operations and the precise nature of the
+difficulties with which he had to contend. Great strides must have been
+made in arts, manufactures and trade, during the intervening thirty-two
+years, all in favour of Savery’s progress, and yet, with the exception
+of Dr. Papin, scientific men were not attracted by the remarkable
+results which Savery prominently placed before the public; and Savery’s
+own exposition before the Royal Society is abridged to a single
+copper-plate engraving, and the shortest possible printed reference to
+its several details. Thus was this true mechanical prodigy of the age
+treated as though it were of little or no interest.</p>
+
+<p>When we compare this long continued apathetic feeling,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_499">[Pg 499]</span> this absence
+of forecast to form some strikingly favourable judgment of the value
+of the novelty thus published, although in its earliest stage, with
+the superior knowledge on the subject evinced by the writings, labour,
+and conduct of the Marquis of Worcester, at least thirty-six years
+before Savery; it is then, and then only, perhaps, that we become fully
+alive to his almost prescient judgment, that could, as if inspired,
+prognosticate so truthfully as he did the future benefits of his
+invention to mankind.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">69.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A way how a little triangle<a id="rn_69_2" href="#fn_69_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> scrued Key, not weighing a
+Shilling, shall<a id="rn_69_3" href="#fn_69_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> be capable and strong enough to bolt and
+unbolt round about a great Chest an hundred Bolts through fifty
+Staples, two in each, with a direct contrary motion, and as
+many more from both sides and ends, and at the self-same time
+shall fasten it to a place beyond a mans natural strength to
+take it away: and in one and the same turn both locketh and
+openeth it.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_69_2" id="fn_69_2"></a><a href="#rn_69_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>triangle and. MS. and P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_69_3" id="fn_69_3"></a><a href="#rn_69_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>not weighing a shilling - omitted. MS. and P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A triangle Key.</i>] This ingenious trifle may be really only one part
+of another instrument, just as we see in the cutting portion of a
+centre bit, which, if its operation were attempted to be described
+after the same fashion, would afford a perplexing and seemingly
+paradoxical<span class="pagenum" id="Page_500">[Pg 500]</span> statement. Yet no doubt the little triangle key was
+capable to the full of performing the duty here stated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">70.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A Key with a Rose-turning pipe, and two Roses pierced through
+endwise<a id="rn_70_4" href="#fn_70_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> the Bit thereof,<a id="rn_70_5" href="#fn_70_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> with several handsomly-contriv’d
+Wards, which may likewise do the same effects.<a id="rn_70_6" href="#fn_70_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_70_4" id="fn_70_4"></a><a href="#rn_70_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>endwise; together with. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_70_5" id="fn_70_5"></a><a href="#rn_70_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>together&mdash;for thereof.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_70_6" id="fn_70_6"></a><a href="#rn_70_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>effect.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Rose-Key.</i>]</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">71.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A key perfectly square, with a Scrue turning within it, and
+more conceited then any<a id="rn_71_7" href="#fn_71_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> of the rest,<a id="rn_71_8" href="#fn_71_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> and no heavier then
+the triangle-scrued Key, and doth the same effects.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_71_7" id="fn_71_7"></a><a href="#rn_71_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>either&mdash;for any. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_71_8" id="fn_71_8"></a><a href="#rn_71_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>other&mdash;for rest.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A square Key with a turning scrue.</i>] These two contrivances are
+simply variations on Article No. 69, and may depend for sufficient
+leverage on some source purposely kept out of view.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">72.</p>
+<p class="number_text_continued">
+An Escocheon<a id="rn_72_91" href="#fn_72_91"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> to be placed before any of these Locks with
+these properties.</p>
+
+<p class="number_text_continued">
+1. The owner (though a woman) may with her delicate hand vary
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_501">[Pg 501]</span>
+the wayes of coming to open the Lock ten millions of times,
+beyond the knowledge of the Smith that made it, or of me who
+invented it.</p>
+
+<p class="number_text">
+2. If a stranger open it, it setteth an Alarm a-going, which
+the stranger cannot stop from running out; and besides, though
+none should be within hearing, yet it catcheth his hand,
+as a Trap doth a Fox; and though far from maiming him, yet
+it leaveth such a mark behind it, as will discover him if
+suspected; the Escocheon<a id="rn_72_92" href="#fn_72_92"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> or<a id="rn_72_1" href="#fn_72_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a>. Lock plainly shewing what
+monies<a id="rn_72_2" href="#fn_72_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> he hath taken out of the Box to a farthing, and how
+many times opened since the owner hath been in<a id="rn_72_3" href="#fn_72_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> it.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_72_91" id="fn_72_91"></a><a href="#rn_72_91"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>A Schuchion. MS. escutcheon. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_72_92" id="fn_72_92"></a><a href="#rn_72_92"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>Scuchion. MS. escutcheon. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_72_1" id="fn_72_1"></a><a href="#rn_72_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>or the.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_72_2" id="fn_72_2"></a><a href="#rn_72_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>money. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_72_3" id="fn_72_3"></a><a href="#rn_72_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>at it. MS. and P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>An Escocheon for all Locks.</i>] Stow, in his Annals of Queen Elizabeth,
+has particularly distinguished Mark Scaliot as a clever blacksmith;
+and Dr. Robert Plot, in his “Natural History of Staffordshire,” 1684,
+especially notices the elaborate, ingenious, and expensive locks
+made by several eminent Staffordshire locksmiths. He observes:&mdash;“The
+greatest excellency of the blacksmith’s profession, that I could hear
+of in this county, lies in their making locks.” He then explains at
+large a certain kind of locks with a master’s key, and inferior keys
+for the servants; and supposing any servant to trifle with such locks,
+the master or mistress can “certainly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_502">[Pg 502]</span> tell how many times that servant
+has been in, at any distance of time; or how many times the lock has
+been shot for a whole year together.” He also says: “I was told of a
+very fine lock made in this town (Stafford) sold for twenty pounds,
+that had a set of chimes in it, that would go at any hour the owner
+should think fit.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">73.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A transmittible Gallery over any Ditch or Breach in a
+Town-wall, with a Blinde and Parapit Cannon-proof.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A transmittible Gallery.</i>] The perusal of the elaborately illustrated
+works of Vegetius, Vitruvius, Fludd, and other writers of the sixteenth
+and seventeenth centuries, would abundantly furnish the Marquis of
+Worcester with hints to show what had been done in such warlike
+machinery, and to stimulate him to make improvements. Such an invention
+as the present one, with others of a like magnitude, he probably never
+proved practically beyond satisfying himself by means of well made
+models, that whatever modifications he proposed to introduce were
+mechanically practicable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">74.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A Door, whereof the turning of a Key, with the help and motion
+of the handle, makes the hinges to be of either side, and to
+open either inward or outward, as one is to enter or to<a id="rn_74_4" href="#fn_74_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> go
+out, or to open in half.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_74_4" id="fn_74_4"></a><a href="#rn_74_4"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>to&mdash;omitted.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p id="Page_503"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 503]</span>
+[<i>A conceited Door.</i>] Van Etten, in his Mathematical Recreations,
+offers as Problem XV. “How to make a Door or Gate, which shall open
+on both sides.” It is represented that “All the skill and subtilty
+of this, rests in the artificiall disposer of four plates of iron.”
+The description, which is very imperfect, concludes&mdash;“the gate will
+open upon one side with the aforesaid plates, or hooks of iron; and
+by the help of the other two plates, will open upon the other side.”
+[Oughtred’s ed. 1653, page 30.] The Marquis may have conceived his own
+plan to be a most decided improvement upon this primitive design.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">75.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How a Tape or Ribbon-weaver<a id="rn_75_5" href="#fn_75_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> may set down a whole discourse,
+without knowing a letter, or interweaving any thing suspicious
+of other secret then a new-fashioned Ribbon.<a id="rn_75_6" href="#fn_75_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_75_5" id="fn_75_5"></a><a href="#rn_75_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>riband-weaver. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_75_6" id="fn_75_6"></a><a href="#rn_75_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>riband. P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Discourse woven in Tape or Ribbon.</i>] This article should
+have followed article No. 43, of which it seems to be one of the
+“variations” therein contemplated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">76.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to write in the dark as streight as by day or candle-light.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>To write in the dark.</i>] This would appear only to require a box of
+any form, the top or lid of which being of ground glass, it could be
+illuminated by means of a small night-light placed below, within the
+box; when<span class="pagenum" id="Page_504">[Pg 504]</span> it would be possible to write on paper laid on the glass,
+in a totally dark room. Such a device might be useful to an inexpert
+artist for making a tracing of any drawing.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">77.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to make a man to fly; which I have tried with a little Boy
+of ten years old in a Barn, from one end to the other, on a
+Hay-mow.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A flying man.</i>] One feels disposed to believe, on reading this
+article, that the Marquis, in multiplying his experiments with fire and
+water, might have tried in different ways the effects of heating air,
+and actually gone far to anticipate Montgolfier in producing a balloon.</p>
+
+<p>However, it was confidently believed in the 17th century that flying
+was possible, provided proper machinery could be invented. There is
+a curious little work on this subject, “De arte Volandi,” by Frid.
+Hermannus Flayder, small 12mo. 1627.</p>
+
+<p>Milton, in his “History of Britain,” 1670, speaking of the
+prognostications of Elmer, a monk of Malmsbury, during the reign of
+Harold, mentions that&mdash;“He in his youth strangely aspiring, had made
+and fitted wings to his hands and feet; with these on the top of a
+tower, spread out to gather air, he flew more than a furlong; but the
+wind being too high, came fluttering down, to the maiming of all his
+limbs; yet so conceited of his art, that he attributed the cause of his
+fall to the want of a tail, as birds have, which he forgot to make to
+his hinder parts.” See also Kennet’s History of England, 1st vol. 1706,
+fol.</p>
+
+<p>In “Friar Bacon’s discovery of the miracles of Art,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_505">[Pg 505]</span> Nature,
+&amp;c.” published in 12mo. 1659, treating “Of admirable artificial
+instruments,” the following occurs among other inventions: “It is
+possible to make engines for flying, a man sitting in the midst
+whereof, by turning only about an instrument, which moves artificial
+wings made to beat the air, much after the fashion of a bird’s flight.”
+Chap. iv. page 17. He states that he has seen all his other named
+inventions, “excepting only that instrument of flying, which I never
+saw, or know any who hath seen it, though I am exceedingly acquainted
+with <i>a very prudent man, who hath invented the whole artifice</i>.”</p>
+
+<p>The learned Dr. Robert Hooke, Professor of Geometry at Gresham College,
+in 1655, made many ineffectual trials to accomplish this object, which
+he communicated to the celebrated Bishop Wilkins, who considered his
+plans were very ingenious.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Bacon was not above recommending experimental investigation of
+means for flying. And Bishop Wilkins suggests, that the most obvious
+way for effecting the desired purpose is “by wings fastened immediately
+to the body, this coming nearest to the imitation of nature;” and
+further, “this is that way which Fredericus Hermannus [Flayder], in his
+little discourse, De Arte volandi, doth only mention and insist upon.”</p>
+
+<p>In 1679, Dr. Robert Hooke, while Secretary of the Royal Society,
+published “Lectiones Cutlerianæ, a collection of Lectures made before
+the Royal Society,” 4to. consisting of a series of pamphlets, among
+which, No. 1 of the “Philosophical Collections,” contains eleven
+articles, the fourth being, “An account of the Sieur Bernier’s way of
+Flying,” as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“Having lately seen an account from France of a person there, who,
+with some considerable success, has attempted to raise and sustain
+himself, and so to move<span class="pagenum" id="Page_506">[Pg 506]</span> and fly in the air by the help of mechanical
+or artificial wings, agitated only by his own strength, without the
+assistance of any other either animate or inanimate power; I thought
+it might not be unacceptable to the curious to receive some (though
+imperfect) account thereof.</p>
+
+<p>“It is, I confess, no new design, since there has hardly been an age
+wherein some one or other of these Dædalian engineers have not been
+trying the strength of their invention about it. The story of Dædalus
+and Icarus might have its ground from the attempts of some persons
+about this matter, though poetic relations have made it seem romantic.
+What the performances of Simon Magus were is uncertain; they might have
+[been] somewhat mechanical. That attempt of one of our English kings
+is delivered to us for true history: whether so or no, I determine
+not. But without doubt, it was believed possible, and attempted also
+in the time of our famous Friar Roger Bacon, who lived about 500 years
+since. Now, though he was believed a magician or conjuror, and to have
+performed what was related of him by the help of diabolical magic,
+yet from the perusal of several of his excellent works yet extant,
+I esteem him no such person; but I rather find him to have been a
+good mathematician, a knowing mechanic, a rare chemist, and a most
+accomplished experimental philosopher, which was a miracle for that
+dark age. This man affirms the art of flying possible, and that he
+himself knew how to make an engine,<a id="FNanchor_Q_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_Q_79"><span class="fnanchor">[Q]</span></a> in which a man sitting, might
+be able to carry himself through the air like a bird. And affirms that
+there was then another person who had actually tried it with good
+success. The stories of Architas his wooden dove, and Regiomontanus
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_507">[Pg 507]</span>his wooden eagle, are not much doubted of.
+Questionless, those persons did make some kind of engines to perform
+what was considerable in this art of flying. Busbequius his story of
+the Turk at Constantinople, that attempted to fly, is not doubted. Nor
+are other relations of late attempts made in Germany, and elsewhere
+disbelieved. We have not wanted late instances, even here in England,
+of several ingenious men who have employed their wits and time about
+this design. Particularly, I have been credibly informed, that one Mr.
+Gascoyn did about 40 years since try it with good effect; though he
+since dying, the thing also died with him. And even now there are not
+wanting some in England who affirm themselves able to do it, and that
+they have proved as much by experiment.</p>
+
+<p>“But of all these, we have little or no account of the ways they
+have taken to effect their designs, and therefore conjectures will
+be much at random; only we may conclude them defective in somewhat
+or other, since we do not find them brought into common use, which
+the desirableness and usefulness of any one that should succeed would
+certainly cause it to be. I shall desist therefore from inquiry further
+concerning them, and acquaint you with two ways lately published
+in print, and more particularly described, which pretended to some
+considerable performance of this kind.”</p>
+
+<p>The first is inserted in the “Journal des Scavans” of the year 1678.</p>
+
+<p>Then follow a letter on the subject, and an account of Lana’s flying
+chariot. The latter is like a boat with wheels and sails; the former
+was the invention <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has of of">of</ins> Sieur Besnier, a smith of Sable in the county
+of Maine. The engraving represents a nude figure with two poles held
+horizontally on each shoulder, about the centre, and having at each end
+flags or wings, in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_508">[Pg 508]</span> form of folio book backs, with the two back ends of
+the poles attached by strings to the feet; affording altogether a very
+feeble attempt to obtain the desired object.</p>
+
+<p>The privilege of flight by any mechanical means is denied to man;
+his figure, weight, muscular constitution, all operate against his
+imitating the bird, which, admirably proportioned, light in frame, yet
+concentrating powerful muscular strength in its wings, well adapt it
+for enduring prolonged aerial flight, although the medium in which it
+floats is eight-hundred times lighter than water.</p>
+
+<p>If flight in the air is ever to be mechanically attained, it will be by
+a machine, worked independently of man’s power, and which possibly will
+neither be so safe nor so manageable as the common balloon, with all
+its hazards and wayward guideless journeyings.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">78.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A Watch to go constantly, and yet needs no other winding from
+the first setting on the Cord or Chain, unless it be broken,
+requiring no other care from one then to be now and then
+consulted with concerning the hour of the day or night; and if
+it be laid by a week together, it will not erre much, but the
+oftener looked upon, the more exact it sheweth the time of the
+day or night.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A continually-going Watch.</i>] A watch having the dial enclosed under a
+metal case, as in hunting watches,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_509">[Pg 509]</span> is no doubt to be so contrived that
+the opening and closing of such case, to ascertain the time, shall act
+more or less to wind it up. A room door has been thus made to transmit
+power through attached levers to keep a clock constantly wound little
+by little, every time on opening and closing the door.</p>
+
+<p>His list of certain of his inventions gives a different reading to
+this article; as follows:&mdash;“I can render an ordinary watch, which,
+being once wound up, will go constantly during a man’s life, being
+used but once in 24 hours; and, though oftener looked on, it is still
+the same; and though not looked on for a week, still the same, if not
+bruised.”&mdash;See <a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A.</a></p>
+
+<p>And in his patent of 1660, we have again a third reading, viz:&mdash;“To
+make a watch or clock without string or chain, or any other kind of
+winding up but what of necessity must follow, if the owner or keeper of
+the said watch or clock will know the hour of day or night; and yet if
+he lay it aside several days or weeks without looking or meddling with
+it, it shall go very well, and as justly as most watches that ever were
+made.”&mdash;See <a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B.</a></p>
+
+<p>In “Humane Industry,” chapter I, occur the following remarks, “On
+Dials,” page 8:&mdash;“The wit of man hath been luxuriant and wanton in the
+inventions of late years; some have made watches so small and light,
+that ladies hang them at their ears like pendants and jewels; the
+smallness and variety of tools that are used about these small engines,
+seem to me no less admirable <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has then">than</ins> the engines themselves; and there
+is more art and dexterity in placing so many wheels and axles in so
+small a compass (for some French watches do not exceed the compass of a
+farthing) than in making clocks and great machines.” It is also stated
+at page 9, that “In some towns of Germany and Italy, there are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_510">[Pg 510]</span> very
+rare and elaborate clocks to be seen in their Town Halls; wherein a
+man may read Astronomy, and never look up to the skies.” We are next
+informed: “But the exactest clocks and watches that are, are defective,
+and want correction; for in watches, the first half hour goes faster
+than the last half, and the second hour is slower than the first, and
+the third then the second.” Page 12.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">79.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A way to lock all the Boxes of a Cabinet, (though never so
+many) at one time, which were by particular Keys appropriated
+to each Lock opened severally, and independent<a id="rn_79_7" href="#fn_79_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> the one of
+the other, as much as concerneth the opening of them, and by
+these<a id="rn_79_8" href="#fn_79_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> means cannot be left opened unawares.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_79_7" id="fn_79_7"></a><a href="#rn_79_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>this&mdash;for these.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_79_8" id="fn_79_8"></a><a href="#rn_79_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>this&mdash;for these.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A total locking of Cabinet-boxes.</i>] The fact that by this means no
+one of the several cabinets can “be left opened unawares,” exposes the
+source of security, namely something like a long key-rod to take hold
+of each, or a bar extending down one side to overlap, when each cabinet
+drawer or door is closed.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">80.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to make a Pistol Barrel no thicker then a Shilling, and yet
+able to endure a Musquet proof of Powder and Bullet.</p>
+
+
+<p id="Page_511"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 511]</span>
+[<i>Light Pistol-barrels.</i>] One might almost suppose the Marquis
+contemplated a method similar to that recently introduced by Mr.
+Longridge, of winding the barrel with wire.</p>
+
+<p>See also <a href="#Article_44">article No. 44</a>, which may, or not, refer to the same
+description of barrel.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">81.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A Combe-conveyance carrying of<a id="rn_81_9" href="#fn_81_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> Letters without suspicion,
+the head being opened with a Needle-scrue drawing a Spring
+towards them<a id="rn_81_1" href="#fn_81_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a>; the Comb being made but after an usual form
+carried in ones Pocket.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_81_9" id="fn_81_9"></a><a href="#rn_81_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>of&mdash;omitted.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_81_1" id="fn_81_1"></a><a href="#rn_81_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>one&mdash;for them. MS. and P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Comb-conveyance for Letters.</i>] The entire ingenuity of the kind of
+conveyance proposed consists in the skill of the workman to provide a
+receptacle in so small an article, not open to suspicion when handled
+by a spy.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">82.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A Knife, Spoon or Fork in an usual portable Case, may have the
+like conveyances in their handles.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Knife, Spoon or Fork-conveyance.</i>] William Bourne’s 73rd Device
+is&mdash;“How for to convey letters secretly.” One means is to be found in
+a Dog’s collar. Another in a water-tight metal case, to be inserted
+within a bottle of wine. “Inventions or Devices,” 1578.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number" id="Page_512"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 512]</span>83.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A Rasping-mill for Harts-horn, whereby a child may do the work
+of half a dozen men, commonly taken up with that work.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Rasping-mill.</i>] This description of mill is largely in use for
+rasping dye-woods, and has undergone a great variety of modifications.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">84.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+An Instrument whereby persons<a id="rn_84_2" href="#fn_84_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> ignorant in Arithmetick may
+perfectly observe Numerations and Substractions<a id="rn_84_3" href="#fn_84_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> of all
+Summes and Fractions.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_84_2" id="fn_84_2"></a><a href="#rn_84_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>a person.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_84_3" id="fn_84_3"></a><a href="#rn_84_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>numeration and substraction. MS.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>An arithmetical Instrument.</i>] There is in the British Museum a
+manuscript description, with a large engraving, of the serpentine
+scale invented by Thomas Browne, of Fenchurch Street, London, in 1631,
+by means of which “instrument all kinde of questions in Arithmetike,
+Geometry, &amp;c. are speedily resolved.” Brit. Mus. Birch MS. No. 4407.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Samuel Morland, in 1672&ndash;3, published a small treatise, being&mdash;“The
+description and use of two arithmetick Instruments;” a second
+title mentions, “A new and most useful Instrument for Addition and
+Substraction of pounds, shillings, pence, and farthings,” which he
+“invented and presented to his most excellent Majesty, Charles II.
+1666.”</p>
+
+<p class="number" id="Page_513"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 513]</span>85.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A little Ball made in the shape of a Plum or Pear,<a id="rn_85_4" href="#fn_85_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> being
+dexterously conveyed or forced into a bodies mouth, shall
+presently shoot forth such and so many Bolts of each side and
+at both ends, as<a id="rn_85_5" href="#fn_85_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> without the owners Key can neither be
+opened or<a id="rn_85_6" href="#fn_85_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> filed off, being made of tempered Steel, and as
+effectually locked as an Iron Chest.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_85_4" id="fn_85_4"></a><a href="#rn_85_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>which being.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_85_5" id="fn_85_5"></a><a href="#rn_85_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>as that.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_85_6" id="fn_85_6"></a><a href="#rn_85_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>nor. MS. and P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>An untoothsome Pear.</i>] It is difficult to understand the intended
+use of this proposed instrument, but it is more likely to have been
+suggested from a feeling of humanity than from any other motive. A
+desperate and ferocious enemy, thus rendered helpless before being
+manacled, would assuredly be less dangerous than he could otherwise be
+considered; and it would not, therefore, be requisite to take his life,
+for personal safety; once thus secured he would be likely to listen to
+any terms of mercy.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number"><a id="Article_86">86.</a></p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A Chair made <i>a-la-mode</i>, and yet a stranger being perswaded to
+sit in’t, shall have immediately his armes and thighs lock’d up
+beyond his own power to loosen them.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>An imprisoning Chair.</i>] In the “Memoirs, illustrative of the life
+and Writings of John Evelyn, F.R.S.”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_514">[Pg 514]</span> &amp;c., edited by William Bray, 2
+vols. 4to. 1819, occurs the Diary of his continental travels in 1644.
+On the 17th Nov., Evelyn being at Rome went to the “Villa Borghese, a
+house and ample garden on Mons Pincius.” In one of the chambers, he
+says, “are divers sorts of instruments of music; amongst other toys
+that of a satyr with so artificially expressed a human voice, with the
+motion of eyes and head, that it might easily affright one who was not
+prepared for that most extravagant sight. He showed us also a chair
+which catches any one who sits down in it so as not to be able to stir
+out, by certain springs concealed in the arms and back thereof, which
+at sitting down surprises a man on the sudden, locking him in by the
+arms and thighs, after a true treacherous Italian guise.”&mdash;Vol. i. p.
+106&ndash;107.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Blainville, in his travels, 1757, relates, in passing through
+Italy, and describing the Villa Borghese, raised under the Popedom of
+Paul V. uncle of Cardinal Scipio Borghese, that, “In the fourth room of
+the apartment, on the south side, called the room of the Three Graces,
+there stands a remarkable chair, said to have been formerly used to
+very evil purposes, by one of the Borghese family. The machine is very
+artfully contrived, and strangers who are not acquainted with the trick
+are infallibly caught, as in a trap, when they are prevailed upon
+to sit in this chair. By this stratagem the housekeeper gets a good
+many fees, which the enticed people are obliged to pay him for their
+deliverance out of captivity. In all appearance, these innocent deceits
+were the only thing intended by this piece of machinery.”&mdash;Vol. iii.
+page 34.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">87.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_515">[Pg 515]</span>
+A Brass Mold to cast Candles, in which a man may make 500.
+dozen in a day, and adde an Ingredient to the tallow which will
+make it cheaper, and yet so that the Candles shall look whiter
+and last longer.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Candle-mold.</i>] This invention seems to include some recipe to
+whiten the tallow. When the idea of improving candle-moulds suggested
+itself, the Marquis had probably been over some manufactory, and on
+seeing the customary mode of candle-making, the present suggestion may
+have occurred to him. We have placed it among the few others (only nine
+in number), in his numerous list, as belonging to the Domestic Class,
+of which it is the last.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">88.<a id="FNanchor_R_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_R_80"><span class="fnanchor">[R]</span></a></p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to make a Brazen or Stone-head, in the midst of a great
+Field or Garden, so artificial and natural, that though a man
+speak never so softly, and even whispers into the ear thereof,
+it will presently open its mouth, and resolve the Question in
+French, Latine, Welsh, Irish or English, in good terms uttering
+it out of his mouth, and then shut it untill the next Question
+be asked.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Brazen head.</i>] In a MS. list of five Inventions,</p>
+
+<p id="Page_516"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 516]</span>“Life, Times, &amp;c.” page 316, the present
+article is briefly stated to be:&mdash;“A brass head capable to receive
+at the ear a whisper, and the mouth thereof to render answer in any
+language to the interrogator.”</p>
+
+<p>In “The famous History of Frier Bacon,” [1630?] a black letter quarto
+of 24 leaves unpaged, the fifth article relates, “How Frier Bacon made
+a brazen head to speak, by the which he would have walled England about
+with brass.” He and Friar Bungey, it is stated, “with great study and
+pains so framed a head of brass, that in the inward parts thereof there
+was all things like as in a natural man’s head.”</p>
+
+<p>The same account may be read at length in the modernised edition of
+“Early English Prose Romances,” edited by W. J. Thoms, F.S.A., first
+volume, 12mo. 1858, page 205. The unfortunate head only survived to
+speak thrice, and then fell to pieces!</p>
+
+<p>See also “Miscellanea Antiqua Anglicana,” London, Printed for Robert
+Triphook, 1816, 4to. Vol. I.</p>
+
+<p>In the “Inventions or Devices,” by William Bourne, 1578, “The 113th
+Device is, as touching the making of strange works, as the brazen
+head that did seem to speak, or birds of wood or metal made by art
+to fly, and birds made of wood or metal to sing sweetly at certain
+hours appointed, &amp;c., which the common people doth marvel at.” He then
+proceeds to say:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“As touching the making of any strange works that the world hath
+marvelled at, as the brazen head that did seem to speak: and the
+serpent of brass for to hiss: or a dove of wood for to fly: or an eagle
+made by art of wood and other metal to fly; and birds made of brass,
+tin, or other metal to sing sweetly, and such other like devices, some
+have thought that it hath been done by enchantment, which is no such
+thing, but that it hath been done by wheels, as you may see by clocks,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_517">[Pg 517]</span>
+that do keep time, some going with plummets, and some with springs, as
+those small clocks that be used in tablets to hang about men’s necks.
+And as the brazen head, that seemed for to speak, might be made by such
+wheel work, to go either by plummets or by springs, and might have time
+given unto it, that at so many hours’ end, then the wheels and other
+engines should be set to work: and the voice that they did hear may go
+with bellows in some trunk of brass or other metal, with stops to alter
+the sound, may be made to seem to speak some words, according unto the
+fancy of the inventor, so that the simple people will marvel at it. And
+for to make a bird or fowl, made of wood or metal, with other things
+made by art, to fly, it is to be done to go with springs, and so to
+beat the air with the wings, as other birds or fowls do, being of a
+reasonable lightness, it may fly: and also to make birds of metal to
+sing very sweetly, and good music, it may be done with wheels, to go at
+any hour or time appointed by plummets, and then to have pipes of tin
+or other fine metal, to go with bellows, and the pipes to have stops,
+and to go with a barrel, or other such like device, and may be made to
+play or sing what note that the inventor shall think good when he doth
+make it; and also there may be divers helps to make it to seem pleasant
+unto the ears of the hearers, by letting the sound or wind of the pipes
+pass through or into water, for that will make a quavering as birds do,
+&amp;c. And also you may make a small puppet, either like a man or woman,
+to seem to go by wheels and springs, and shall turn and go circular,
+according unto the setting of the wheels and springs, and also the
+birds made to fly by art, to fly circularly, as it shall please the
+inventor, by the placing of the wheels and springs, and such other like
+inventions, which the common people would marvel at,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_518">[Pg 518]</span> thinking that it
+is done by enchantment, and yet is done by no other means but by good
+arts and lawful.”</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Tymme, in 1612, published “A Dialogue Philosophicall,” written
+in the form of a Dialogue between Philadelph and Theophrast. In the
+third chapter, the former observes:&mdash;“I have heard and read of many
+strange motions artificiall, as were the inventions of Boetius, in
+whose commendation Cassiodorus writeth thus: you know profound things
+and shew mervailes, by the disposition of your Art, mettals doe lowe in
+sundrie formes: Diomedes picture of brasse, doth sound a trumpet loude:
+a brasen serpent hisseth: birds artificiall, sing sweetly. Very strange
+also was the moving of the Images of Mercurie: The brasen head which
+seemed to speake, made by Albertus Magnus: the Dove of wood, which
+the Mathematician Architas, did make to flie, as Agellius reporteth.
+Dedalus strange Images, which Plato speaketh of: Vulcans selfe-movers,
+whereof Homer hath written: the Iron fly, made at Noremberge, which
+being let out of the Artificers hand, did as it were flie about by
+the guests that were at the Table, and at the last, as though it were
+weary, returned to his masters hand againe. In which Citie also an
+artificiall Eagle was so ordered to flie aloft in the ayre toward the
+Emperour coming thither, that it did accompany him a mighty way.”&mdash;Page
+63.</p>
+
+<p>It is mentioned in Evelyn’s Memoirs, that when in Italy, in 1644,
+he visited the Villa Borghese at Rome, where he saw the figure of a
+satyr, that “artfully expressed a human voice.”&mdash;See Note, <a href="#Article_86">Article
+86.</a> And in his Diary, he records:&mdash;“13 July, 1654. We all dined at
+that most obliging and universally curious Dr. Wilkins’s, at Wadham
+College [Oxford]. He had contrived a hollow statue, which gave a voice,
+and uttered words by a long concealed pipe that went to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_519">[Pg 519]</span> its mouth,
+whilst one speaks through it at a good distance.” He also entertained
+his visitors with “many other artificial, mathematical, and magical
+curiosities.”</p>
+
+<p>Bishop Wilkins, in his “Mathematicall Magick,” 1648, observes:&mdash;“There
+have been some inventions also which have been able for the utterance
+of articulate sounds, as the speaking of certain words. Such are some
+of the Egyptian idols related to be. Such was the brazen head made by
+Friar Bacon, and that statue, in the framing of which Albertus Magnus
+bestowed thirty years, broken by Aquinas, who came to see it, purposely
+that he might boast, how in one minute he had ruined the labour of so
+many years.” Proceeding further to consider such inventions, he says,
+“Walchius thinks it possible entirely to preserve the voice, or any
+words spoken, in a hollow trunk, or pipe.”&mdash;P. 176, 177.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. W. Hooper, in the second volume of his “Rational Recreations,” has
+an article on “The Conversive Statue,” requiring the employment of
+two concave mirrors, a statue, and an interlocutor. In regard to this
+arrangement, it is remarked:&mdash;“This recreation appears to be taken from
+the Century of Inventions of the Marquis of Worcester; one of those men
+of sublime genius, who are able to perform actions infinitely superior
+to the capacity, or even the comprehension, of the mere scholar or man
+of business; and though his designs, at the time they were published,
+were treated with ridicule and neglect, by the great and little vulgar,
+who, judging by their own abilities, are ever ready to condemn what
+they cannot comprehend, yet they are now known to be generally, if not
+universally, practicable.”&mdash;Edit. 1794, pp. 220&ndash;223.</p>
+
+<p>The “Athenæum” of the 6th December, 1862,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_520">[Pg 520]</span> announced that&mdash;“A very
+remarkable talking automaton is exciting the curiosity of the
+Parisians. It has been constructed by M. Faber, late Professor of
+Mathematics at a German university, and is stated by our contemporary,
+‘Cosmos,’ to be by far the most successful effort that has been yet
+made to imitate the human voice. The figure, which is that of a woman,
+is exhibited on the Boulevard Magenta.”</p>
+
+<p>We may here add the following comment on&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>[<i>A Stamping Engine.</i>] “An engine, without y<sup>e</sup> least noyse, knock, or
+use of fyre, to coyne and stamp 100 lb. in an houre, by one man.”&mdash;See
+Harleian MS. No. 2428.</p>
+
+<p>In “Humane Industry,” published 1661, at page 36, it is observed, that,
+“At the Mint of Segovia, in Spain, an engine that moves by water,
+distendeth an ingot of gold.”</p>
+
+<p>The Coining Mill, or Press, was first introduced from France into
+England during Elizabeth’s reign, but was shortly after abandoned for
+the old hammer process of stamping with two dies. The invention of
+the mill is ascribed to an engraver, who used it in 1553 for coining
+the French king’s counters. The new process of coining was completely
+established in France in 1645, but not in England until 1662, the year
+<i>before</i> the “Century” was published, which sufficiently accounts for
+its author not printing the present article.</p>
+
+<p>According to the Rev. Rogers Ruding, in his “Annals of the Coinage,”
+1840, no improvement was attempted for upwards of a century, the modern
+coining-mill having been invented by Mr. Boulton, in 1788.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">89.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+White Silk knotted in the fingers<a id="rn_89_8" href="#fn_89_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> of a Pair of white Gloves, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_521">[Pg 521]</span>
+and so contrived without suspicion, that playing at <i>Primero</i>
+at Cards, one may without clogging his memory keep reckoning of
+all Sixes, Sevens and Aces which he hath discarded.<a id="rn_89_9" href="#fn_89_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_89_8" id="fn_89_8"></a><a href="#rn_89_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>finger.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_89_9" id="fn_89_9"></a><a href="#rn_89_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>without foul play. MS. and P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>Primero Gloves.</i>] Although we cannot give a clue to this contrivance
+for registering reckonings in card-playing, it is worth noticing the
+old game indicated:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Primero, according to Dr. Johnson, is derived from the Spanish, which
+Minsheu, coupling with the Italian, thus explains, “<i>primum</i> et <i>primum
+visum</i>, that is, first, and first seen, because he that can show such
+an order of cards, wins the game.” He then quotes as examples:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top smaller">“I left him at <i>primero</i> with the Duke of Suffolk.”&mdash;<i>Henry</i>
+<i>VIII.</i></p>
+
+<p class="smaller">“The Spaniard is generally given to gaming, and that in excess;
+their common game at cards is <i>primera</i>.”&mdash;<i>Howell’s Letters</i>,
+i. iii. 32.</p>
+
+<p class="smaller">“Give me your honest trick, yet, at <i>primero</i>, or gleek.”&mdash;<i>Ben</i>
+<i>Jonson’s Alchemist.</i></p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">Mr. S. W. Singer affords some curious information on Primero, in his
+excellent “Researches into the History of Cards,” quarto, 1816. It
+appears to be uncertain whether it is of Italian or Spanish origin.
+Primero, prime, and primavista, are the same game, differently
+designated. It was very popular in the reign of Queen Elizabeth; and,
+as we have seen, is mentioned by Shakespeare; indeed, it is supposed to
+have been one of the earliest played card games in England.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">90.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_522">[Pg 522]</span>
+A most dexterous Dicing Box, with holes transparent, after the
+usual fashion, with a Device so dexterous, that with a knock of
+it against the Table the four good Dice are fastened, and it<a id="rn_90_1" href="#fn_90_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a>
+looseneth four false Dice made fit for his<a id="rn_90_2" href="#fn_90_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> purpose.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_90_1" id="fn_90_1"></a><a href="#rn_90_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>it&mdash;omitted.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_90_2" id="fn_90_2"></a><a href="#rn_90_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>this&mdash;for his. P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Dicing-box.</i>] It would be doing deep injustice to the Marquis of
+Worcester, to judge him in all respects rigidly by modern fashions,
+customs, and habits of thought. The modern critic, in simple
+ignorance of the age, might exclaim with just indignation against the
+promulgating an invention <i>to cheat at dice</i>. We have many examples to
+prove, that the Marquis was not singular in proposing so questionable
+an invention, and we can only consider such schemes put forth as
+marvels in themselves and warnings to the unwary.</p>
+
+<p>We find, as early as 1594, that Sir Hugh Plat, in his “Jewel House of
+Art and Nature,” describes “A perspective ring that will discover all
+the cards that are neere him that weareth it on his finger;” an effect
+produced by a hollow crystal stone or glass, with a good foil on the
+concave part, to act as a mirror. The apology he offers for publishing
+this scheme, will well apply also in the present instance; he says:&mdash;“I
+have discovered this secret rather to discorage yong novesses from
+card-play, who by one experiment may easily ghesse, how mannie sleights
+and cousenages, are dayly practised in our dicing and gaming houses,
+not doubting but that the general publication thereof will make the
+same so familiar with al men, as that I shall not justly be charged
+of anie to have taught old knaves new-schoole pointes.”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_523">[Pg 523]</span></p>
+<p>John Bate,
+in his “Mysteries of Nature and Art,” 1634, page 151, or the edition
+of 1635, page 242, gives directions, “How to make five or six dice of
+the ordinary bigness of dice, such as you may game withal, and such as
+would be taken by their looks to be ordinary dice, and yet all of them
+to weigh not above one grain.” To effect this:&mdash;“Take a piece of elder,
+and pith it, lay the pith to dry, and then make thereof with a sharp
+knife five or six dice, and you shall find it true that I have said.”</p>
+
+<p>So far as the deceptive part goes, we have an example in reference to
+another game, afforded by Van Etten, in his “Mathematical Recreations,”
+Problem XVII. “Of a deceitfull Bowle to play withall.” The whole trick
+consists simply in producing an undue bias by means of a secretly
+inserted pellet of lead.</p>
+
+<p>Walpole says of the “Century,” that&mdash;“It is a very small piece&mdash;in
+which he (the Marquis) affirms having, in the presence of Charles the
+First, performed <i>many</i> of the feats mentioned in the Book.” As however
+only <i>two</i> are named, No. 56 and No. 64, the foregoing mis-statement
+requires no stronger refutation. He proceeds:&mdash;“The work itself, which
+is but a table of contents; being a list of one hundred projects, <i>most
+of them impossibilities</i>, but all of which he affirms having discovered
+the art of performing.” Consequently, either the Marquis, or Walpole
+occupies a most unenviable position: for one or the other, alone speaks
+the truth. “Some of the easiest (he adds) seem, (among others) how
+to form an universal character; how to converse by jangling of bells
+out of tune; how to take towns, or prevent their being taken; how to
+write in the dark; <i>how to cheat with dice</i>; and in short how to fly.”
+He then proceeds to comment on them, observing:&mdash;“Of these wonderful
+inventions (but why wonderful if the easiest?), the last<span class="pagenum" id="Page_524">[Pg 524]</span> but one [how
+to cheat at dice] seems the only one of which his Lordship has left
+the secret; and, by two others [the universal character, and flying],
+it appears that the renowned Bishop Wilkins was but the Marquis’s
+disciple. But, perhaps, too much has been said on so fantastic a man.”
+It was by such unmeaning causticity that the accomplished Walpole could
+degrade his pen, display his own sterility in scientific acquirements,
+and perpetuate his incapacity to judge aright of the mathematical and
+mechanical acumen of the Marquis of Worcester.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">91.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+An artificial Horse, with Saddle and Caparizons fit for running
+at<a id="rn_91_3" href="#fn_91_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> the Ring, on which a man being mounted, with his Lance
+in his hand, he can at pleasure make him start, and swiftly to
+run his career, using the decent posture<a id="rn_91_4" href="#fn_91_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> with <i>bon grace</i>,
+may take the Ring as handsomly, and running as swiftly as if he
+rode upon a Barbe.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_91_3" id="fn_91_3"></a><a href="#rn_91_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>at&mdash;omitted.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_91_4" id="fn_91_4"></a><a href="#rn_91_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>postures.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p>[<i>An artificiall Ring-horse.</i>] The nearest approach to this automaton
+was that of a mechanical horse, the invention of Colonel De Hamel, of
+the Wurtemberg Cavalry. This was, until lately, exhibited at Mason’s
+establishment, Piccadilly, but is now in Germany. It is made of wood,
+covered with a natural skin, and contains machinery which can be
+operated by a lever to produce any variety of action, from that of
+the most gentle to the fiercest of an unruly horse. But the animal<span class="pagenum" id="Page_525">[Pg 525]</span>
+possesses no locomotive power, being restrained to one spot by a strong
+pillar underneath, working at the centre in a cup-and-ball joint, so
+that it can fall sideways, backwards, or forwards, unless prevented
+by equestrian skill; it was, however, more than master of the greater
+number of many excellent horsemen who subjected themselves to its
+astonishing gambols.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis’s automaton was possibly intended for a kind of circus, and
+we may suppose that a strong post being in the centre, a long wooden
+bar was so placed across it as to revolve&mdash;with the horse attached to
+one end, and a weight or counterpoise on the other extremity, motion
+being given to the horse’s legs by internal machinery, and acting to
+propel it so long as the rider pleased, or the mechanism permitted.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">92.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A scrue made like a Water-scrue, but the bottom made of
+Iron-plate Spade-wise, which at the side of a Boat emptieth the
+mud of a Pond, or raiseth Gravel.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Gravel Engine.</i>] The principle of the modern dredging machine is
+to be seen in Besson’s “Theatrum Instrumentorum et Machinarum,” 1578,
+where about 25 hampers or buckets are attached to two endless chains
+passing over two drums, one at the bottom of two strong inclined poles,
+the other at the top of the same, where a workman turns it by means of
+an ordinary winch applied to an endless screw; while labourers below
+are actively filling the ascending vessels. The Marquis may have had in
+view to make each bucket dig up its own supply of gravel, &amp;c. as indeed
+is the present practice.</p>
+
+<p>This antiquated dredging machine, in some other<span class="pagenum" id="Page_526">[Pg 526]</span> form, had been
+contemplated in 1558. The Petition of George Cobham, Tomazo Chanata,
+and others, was presented to Queen Elizabeth, for the sole use of an
+engine to cleanse and carry away all shelves of sand, banks, &amp;c. out of
+all rivers, creeks, and havens.&mdash;See Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series,
+1547&ndash;1580. Edited by R. Lemon, F.S.A. 8vo. 1856, page 119, No. 56.</p>
+
+<p>In 1583, an inventor, whose name does not appear, proposed, as one out
+of twenty inventions:&mdash;“An engine for cleansing or taking away of any
+shelves or shallow places in the river of Thames, or any such river;
+the same device may serve for cleansing of ditches about cities or
+towns, ponds, or any such like standing waters.”&mdash;Rara Mathematica,
+edited by J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S., &amp;c. 8vo. 1841.</p>
+
+<p>John Gilbert obtained a patent, dated 16th July, 1618, for a water
+plough, for the taking up of sands or banks out of the river Thames or
+other places. And the same John Gilbert, with James Freese, obtained a
+patent, dated 8th July, 1631, for engines or instruments, called water
+ploughs, for the taking up of sands, gravel, shelves, and banks out of
+the Thames and other havens. Also Symon Hill, on the 30th May, 1633,
+patented his invention for taking away of beds of sand and gravel from
+rivers.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">93.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+An Engine whereby one man may take out of the water a Ship
+of 500. Tun, so that it may be calked, trimmed and repaired
+without need of the usual way of stocks, and as easily let it
+down again.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Ship-raising Engine.</i>] We find in Besson’s admirably illustrated
+folio work on Instruments and Machines,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_527">[Pg 527]</span> 1578, many means delineated
+for raising vessels; for taking them bodily out of the water; or, for
+laying them high and dry on shore for repairs, as in plates 55, 56, and
+58. All such methods are naturally, however, not only very rude and
+imperfect, but are at best only applicable for small craft.</p>
+
+<p>In 1636, Sir John Christopher Van Berg, Moravian Knight, dispossessed
+of all his property “by the devouring wars in Germany,” patented eleven
+inventions; the fifth being&mdash;“An assured way how the very greatest ship
+may be drawn up again, though it be sunk 80 fathoms deep.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">94.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A little Engine portable in ones Pocket, which placed to any
+door, without any noise, but one crack, openeth any door or
+gate.</p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Pocket Engine to open any door.</i>] Doppelmayr gives an account of
+the screw-jack invented by Leonard Danner in 1550. It must have been
+well known in the following century, and we can readily understand
+how the principle of its action may have occurred to the Marquis for
+application to a pocket instrument that would exactly accord with his
+statement.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop Wilkins, in his “Mathematical Magick,” 1648, treating on the
+employment of multiplied wheels, refers to Ramelli, Figure 160,
+observing:&mdash;“Hither also should be referred the force of racks, which
+serve for bending of the strongest bows, as also that little pocket
+engine wherewith a man may break or wrench open any door, together with
+divers the like instruments in common use.”&mdash;Chap. 13, pages 91, 92.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number" id="Page_528"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 528]</span>95.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A double Cross-bow, neate, handsome and strong, to shoot two
+Arrows, either together, or one after the other, so immediately
+that a Deer cannot run two steps but, if he miss<a id="rn_95_5" href="#fn_95_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> of one
+Arrow, he may be reach’d with the other, whether the Deer run
+forward, sideward, or start backward.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_95_5" id="fn_95_5"></a><a href="#rn_95_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>be missed.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>[<i>A double Cross-bow.</i>] The employment of the cross-bow still lingered
+when this was first published in 1663. The invention is so obvious
+that any particular description would be superfluous, the whole effect
+consisting in either shooting the two arrows singly, or together.</p>
+
+<p>In an article on Cross-bows, in Fosbroke’s Encyclopedia of Antiquities,
+1840, it is stated that&mdash;“In a letter remissory, dated 1420, it is
+said, ‘lequel Haquinet a chevauchie tendu <i>crenequins</i> et arbalestes
+a croc’&mdash;that is, <i>which Haquinet rode along with</i> crenequins <i>bent,
+and arbalestes on the hook</i>. By the <i>croc</i> or <i>crook</i> is meant the
+hook, into which the trigger caught; of use both in bending the bow and
+shooting.<ins class="correction" title="Typo original missing closing quotes">”</ins></p>
+
+
+<p class="number">96.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+A way to make a Sea-bank so firm and Geometrically-strong, that
+a stream can have no power over it; excellent likewise to save
+the Pillar of a Bridge, being far cheaper and stronger then
+Stone-walls.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_529">[Pg 529]</span></p>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A way for Sea-banks.</i>] This article stands alone in the “Century” as
+an example of a singular divergence from its author’s main course of
+pursuits. It is more than likely that his idea in the present instance
+was the mere use of loose stones, laid down at such a curvature as to
+break rather than resist the force of heavy seas and rapid torrents,
+for such a plan would be decidedly “cheaper and stronger” than any
+masonry, especially if presenting a vertical surface to the surging sea.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">97.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+An Instrument whereby an ignorant person may take any thing in
+Perspective, as justly, and more<a id="rn_97_5" href="#fn_97_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> then the skilfullest<a id="rn_97_6" href="#fn_97_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a>
+Painter can do by his eye.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_97_5" id="fn_97_5"></a><a href="#rn_97_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>more so. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_97_6" id="fn_97_6"></a><a href="#rn_97_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>most skilful. P.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A perspective Instrument.</i>] John Bate, in his “Mysteries of Nature
+and Art,” 1635, gives, at page 155, “A very easie way to describe a
+Towne, or Castle: being within the full sight thereof.” A vertical
+square frame is divided by means of a number of threads, crossing each
+other at equal distances. A vertical pillar opposite, has a spy-hole at
+the top, through which the town, or other prospect is to be viewed, and
+to be drawn square by square, on paper placed on the table below, until
+the whole is completed, as shown in a wood-engraved illustration. No
+doubt the Marquis had refined on this, or some like invention.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">98.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+An Engine so contrived, that working the <i>Primum mobile</i>
+forward or backward, upward or downward,<a id="rn_98_7" href="#fn_98_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> circularly or
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_530">[Pg 530]</span>
+cornerwise, to and fro, streight, upright or downright, yet
+the pretended Operation continueth, and advanceth none of
+the motions above-mentioned, hindering, much less stopping
+the other; but unanimously, and with harmony agreeing they
+all augment and contribute strength unto the intended work
+and operation: And therefore I call this <i>A Semi-omnipotent</i>
+<i>Engine</i>, and do intend that a Model thereof be buried with me.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_98_7" id="fn_98_7"></a><a href="#rn_98_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>forwards or backwards, upwards or downwards.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A Semi-omnipotent Engine.</i>] The Marquis, previous to the publication
+of this article, had permitted a written notification of a few of this
+inventions to be circulated, which is given at length, in Appendix A.
+In the commencement of this MS. we recognize an earlier reading of the
+foregoing, as follows:&mdash;“The quintessence of motion, or a collection of
+all kinds of mouvements, to wit; circular, to and fro, perpendicular,
+upwards and downwards; side-motions, to the right and left; straight
+motions, forwards and backwards, with a circular vehiculum, to which
+any of these may be applicable, or moveable to all the points of the
+compass; at each of which, it will be as powerful as if it were fixed
+to one place or centre.</p>
+
+<p>“All and every of these, by height of Art, Industry, and Experiment,
+working the same individual and intrinsical effect, without disturbance
+one to the other; and yet by these absolutely contrary motions, so
+performed, most strange and incredible effects may be brought to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_531">[Pg 531]</span> pass,
+to the admiration of even the greatest mathematicians.</p>
+
+
+<p>“The knowledge of these things rendering all things as feasible to
+him that is master of this art, as it is to make a circle with a pair
+of compasses, or a straight line with a square or ruler; they being a
+direct abstract of arithmetic contrived by me.”</p>
+
+<p>No. 98 may be read as a second notice of his steam engine; No. 68,
+developing the broad principle of its source of action, while the
+above indicates the working parts. He may allude to the facility of
+communicating motion to levers, forces, pistons, or plungers, in any
+direction, by turning on steam to variously arranged pipes, so that to
+his mind it appeared as though it were something of super-human origin.
+While the beauty, novelty, and success of his new design overawed his
+own mind, it was a matter of infinite surprise to him that he could
+not immediately impress others with a sense of the immense value and
+unbounded importance of an invention which superseded animal power:
+placing at man’s disposal a greater and more controllable mechanical
+agent than even the elements of nature, under the most favourable
+circumstances, had ever supplied.</p>
+
+<p>He expressed his own solemn impression, on seeing the successful issue
+of this great work, when he said&mdash;“I call this a semi-omnipotent
+engine, and <i>do intend that a model thereof be buried with me</i>.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">99.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+How to make one pound weight to raise an hundred as high as one
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_532">[Pg 532]</span>
+pound falleth, and yet the hundred pound<a id="rn_99_8" href="#fn_99_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> descending doth<a id="rn_99_9" href="#fn_99_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a>
+what nothing less then one hundred pound<a href="#fn_99_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> can effect.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_99_8" id="fn_99_8"></a><a href="#rn_99_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>pounds. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_99_9" id="fn_99_9"></a><a href="#rn_99_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>to do.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[<i>A most admirable way to raise Weights.</i>] In his MS. of a select
+number of his inventions, we have, in No. 6, the following earlier
+reading of the above:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“By these (his quintessence of motions) I can make one pound raise an
+hundred, as high as the pound falls; and the one pound taken off the
+112 pounds shall again descend, performing the entire effect of an
+hundred weight, that is, have the force which nothing less than 112
+pounds can have any other way. An incredible effect till seen, but true
+as strange.”&mdash;See <a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A.</a></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:30%">
+   <img class="div_scaled" id="p532" src="images/p532.jpg"
+      alt="Engine to raise weights" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Keeping in view Nos. 25 and 27, we have here a third application of
+the same principle, by which it is proposed with one pound to raise
+a hundred “as <i>high</i> as one pound <i>falleth</i>.” In the engraved figure
+of this demonstrative model, one steam cylinder B, is shown, with its
+steam pipe and valve at A; one end of a cord is attached to the piston
+B, and passing over the drum wheel D, is attached to the weight X. As
+condensation ensues, the descent of B, will raise X; and it may be
+reset for another lift by drawing off the condensed water at E, and
+readmitting steam.</p>
+
+<p>Here we are required “to make one pound weight” so that it shall be
+able to raise 100 times its own weight, always bearing in mind&mdash;“as
+<i>high</i> as one <i>falleth</i>.” This being no Archimedian experiment would be
+unintelligible to any man<span class="pagenum" id="Page_533">[Pg 533]</span> ignorant of steam, and some mode of applying
+its property of condensation.</p>
+
+
+<p>James Rollock,<a id="FNanchor_S_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_S_81"><span class="fnanchor">[S]</span></a> in his doggerel verses, attempts some description of
+this principle as applied to raising water, when he says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem smaller">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“Here little David curbs the Giant’s brood,</span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Small drops of Rain contend with Noah’s flood</i>;</span>
+<span class="i0">One weighs a thousand coming down apace,</span>
+<span class="i0">Weighs but himself when he hath ran his race.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The Heavens admire, the Centre stands amaz’d,</span>
+<span class="i0">To see such Streams by so small Forces rais’d.</span>
+<span class="i0">Great is the Work, but greater is the Fame</span>
+<span class="i0">Of that great Peer who did invent the same.”</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">The plain English of Rollock’s feeble lines is, that a stream of water
+falling like “<i>small drops</i> of rain,” on the steam cylinder, caused
+the elevation of a hundred or more gallons, which he likens to “Noah’s
+flood,” in illustration of the greatness of the result; while the steam
+“weighs but itself,” being condensed. “Here little David,” is no more
+than the single attendant on the “Giant’s brood,”&mdash;the Water-commanding
+Engine.</p>
+
+<p>The distribution of the three articles, Nos. 25, 27, and 99, is
+evidently adopted to conceal their connection; as we have already seen
+in the instance of Nos. 22, 23, and 58, which, although related to each
+other, are yet separated, as though they were quite independent.</p>
+
+
+<p class="number">100.</p>
+<p class="number_text">
+Upon so potent a help as these two last mentioned Inventions
+a Waterwork is by many years experience<a id="rn_100_1" href="#fn_100_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> and labour so
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_534">[Pg 534]</span>
+advantageously by me<a id="rn_100_2" href="#fn_100_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> contrived, that a Child’s force
+bringeth up an hundred foot<a id="rn_100_3" href="#fn_100_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> high an incredible quantity of
+water, even two foot<a href="#fn_100_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> Diameter, <a id="rn_100_4" href="#fn_100_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a>so naturally, that the
+work will not be heard even into the next Room; and with so
+great ease and Geometrical Symmetry, that though it work day
+and night from one end of the year to the other, it will not
+require forty shillings reparation to the whole Engine, nor
+hinder ones day-work.<a href="#fn_100_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> And I may boldly call it <i>The most</i>
+<i>stupendious Work in the whole world</i>: not onely with little
+charge to drein all sorts of Mines, and furnish Cities with
+water, though never so high seated, as well to keep them sweet,
+running through several streets, and so performing the work
+of Scavengers, as well as furnishing the Inhabitants with
+sufficient water for their private occasions; but likewise
+supplying Rivers<a id="rn_100_5" href="#fn_100_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a>
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_535">[Pg 535]</span>
+ with sufficient to maintaine and make them
+portable<a id="rn_100_6" href="#fn_100_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> from Towne to Towne, and for the bettering of Lands
+all the way it runs; with many more advantageous, and yet
+greater effects of Profit, Admiration, and Consequence. So that
+deservedly I deem this Invention to crown my Labours, to reward
+my Expences, and make my Thoughts acquiesce in way of further
+Inventions: This making up the whole Century, and preventing
+any further trouble to the Reader for the present, meaning to
+leave to Posterity a Book, wherein under each of these Heads
+the means to put in execution and visible trial all and every
+of these Inventions, with the shape and form of all things
+belonging to them, shall be Printed by Brass-plates.<a id="rn_100_7" href="#fn_100_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a></p>
+
+<div class="right_text">
+<p class="ml20 margin2_top margin2_bottom center">
+<i>In Bonum Publicum
+<br />&amp;
+<br />Ad Majorem</i> <span class="smcap">Dei</span><i> Gloriam.</i><a id="FNanchor_T_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_T_82"><span class="fnanchor">[T]</span></a>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_100_1" id="fn_100_1"></a><a href="#rn_100_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>expences&mdash;for experience.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_100_2" id="fn_100_2"></a><a href="#rn_100_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>by me&mdash;omitted.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_100_3" id="fn_100_3"></a><a href="#rn_100_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>feet. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_100_4" id="fn_100_4"></a><a href="#rn_100_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>The sentence:&mdash;“So naturally, that the work will not be
+heard even in the next room, and with so great ease and
+geometrical symmetry, that though it work day and night from one
+end of the year to the other, it will not require forty shillings
+reparation to the whole Engine, nor hinder one’s day-work”&mdash;does
+not appear in the MS. and is omitted by Partington in his edition.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_100_5" id="fn_100_5"></a><a href="#rn_100_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>the rivers. P.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_100_6" id="fn_100_6"></a><a href="#rn_100_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>make navigable&mdash;for, make them portable.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_100_7" id="fn_100_7"></a><a href="#rn_100_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>Thus ends No. 100 of the first printed edition; but Mr. P.
+continues the paragraph by adding from the MS. what is clearly
+only a Postscript to the entire “Century.” He then concludes with
+the Latin phrase, thus following neither work entirely.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p id="Page_536"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 536]</span>
+[<i>A stupendious Water-work.</i>] The present article concludes the
+Marquis of Worcester’s own observations on his Water-commanding
+Engine. His engagements in hydraulic engineering, as we have already
+seen, commenced about, or before, 1628; but we have later and more
+satisfactory evidence of his having had the invention, which is here
+indicated, absolutely at work, under the management of his engineer
+Kaltoff, at Vauxhall. Hitherto we have confined our notice of any
+express date to the period of the passing of the Act in 1663, securing
+to him the profits in his invention for 99 years. We are, however, now
+prepared to show that, during the reign of Charles the First, in and
+before 1647, the Marquis was occupied on the mechanical arrangements
+of his engine, when one William Lambert, a brass-founder, was engaged
+under him at Vauxhall, in providing material “founded in brass,”
+expressly for “water-work.” This evidence, being afforded under
+circumstances very different from any attempt to establish the present
+statement, is all the more trustworthy, coming as a mere evidence
+of personal employment in the Marquis’s service, while soliciting
+from Charles the Second, after his restoration, to be reinstated at
+Vauxhall, in accordance with an order from the late king.</p>
+
+<p>We shall now give entire the exceedingly interesting and important
+petition and royal order, from the original in the State Paper
+Office:&mdash;<a id="FNanchor_U_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_U_83"><span class="fnanchor">[U]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="margin_top" id="Page_537"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 537]</span>
+“<span class="smcap">To the King’s most excellent Majesty</span>,</p>
+<p class="extra_indent">“The humble Petition of William Lambert.</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">“Humbly sheweth,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">“That your Petitioner was founder to his late Majesty of blessed memory
+in Ffoxhall under the Marquis of Worcester, for gun and waterwork or
+any other thing founded in brass; and in the late unhappy war, your
+Petitioner was dispossessed of his employment, and left to the value of
+£2,000. and driven to exile by that usurpers authority.</p>
+
+<p>“That your Majesty was graciously pleased at Brussels to grant your
+petitioner the place of founder for your Majesty’s works at Ffoxhall,
+upon your Majesty’s happy restoration, whereupon your Pet<sup>r</sup>. depended;
+and deserted the King of Spain’s service; yet, nevertheless, the house
+was disposed to one Mr. Calthoofe, now deceased.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top hanging_indent2">“Your Petitioner most humbly prayeth, That your sacred Majesty
+would be graciously pleased to confer upon your Petitioner some
+part of your Majesty’s house at Ffoxhall, to make a Founding-house
+for your Majesty’s use and service.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2 continued">“And your Petitioner (as in duty bound) shall pray, &amp;c.”</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">The following is the grant above named:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent margin_top">“Our pleasure is, That <span class="smcap">William Lambert</span>, Founder for our Works
+at Ffoxhall, shall and may, with his family and servants, abide in and
+possess to our use, our house at Ffoxhall aforesaid, together with the
+outhousing and appurtenances of the same, and there proceed in the work
+as formerly he hath done,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_538">[Pg 538]</span> without any molestation to him or his, until
+further express order from us.</p>
+
+<p>“Given at our Court at Oatlands, the 20th day of August, 1647.”<a id="FNanchor_V_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_V_84"><span class="fnanchor">[V]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">These documents are highly interesting, as they establish, beyond a
+doubt, the Marquis’s early connection with gunnery and with water-work
+operations at Vauxhall, and account for the practical character of
+inventions mentioned in the “Century,” which might reasonably be
+thought to be beyond the scope of a private individual.</p>
+
+<p>Kaltoff died in, or before, the year 1664, and it is not unlikely,
+therefore, that the Marquis countenanced Lambert’s present application.
+For more on Vauxhall and Kaltoff, see <a href="#Appendix_G">Appendix G.</a></p>
+
+<p>The Marquis of Worcester had principally in view, in this invention,
+raising water for private and public purposes, and the general
+draining of mines or other inundated property. Its great value was
+evidently to supply cities and towns with water, and to drain mines
+of their superfluous quantity. The mineral wealth of this country was
+drowned treasure, until the steam engine’s powerful aid placed it
+within the power of man to eject the water in greater volume than it
+entered. Until the 17th century, this apparently obvious application
+of the steam engine was entirely overlooked, and had Savery done
+no more than impress on public notice its applicability for that
+invaluable purpose, he would still deserve the highest commendations
+of posterity. Many remarkable works were, no doubt, effected even with
+ordinary appliances, and men do not willingly abandon the experience
+of generations. We find that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_539">[Pg 539]</span> in the middle of the 16th century,
+viz.&mdash;July 2, 1565, Wm. Humfrey wrote to Sir William Cecil, concerning
+the working of copper mines; recommending an Almain engineer, who,
+he represents, can raise water one hundred fathoms high, by a newly
+invented engine.&mdash;Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1547&ndash;1580. Edited by
+R. Lemon, F.S.A., 8vo. 1856, page 254. No. 73.</p>
+
+<p>That the ordinary draining of land had made no material progress in
+the 17th century, we gather from the correspondence collected in
+“Samuel Hartlib his Legacie: or an enlargement of the Discourse of
+Husbandry,” 4to. 1651; where there is a letter written by Cressy
+Dymock, in which he remarks&mdash;“I went into the Isle of Ely, to see
+one of the Holland-mills, for dreyning; though set up there and kept
+by certain Frenchmen. The Invention seemed to me but mean and rude,
+and Mr. Wheeler’s way much more ingenious.” “I saw at Wicklesen the
+manner of your Holland sluices. The ruines also of a cochlea, for the
+emptying and dreining of water, of which Ubaldus hath writ a whole
+treatise.”&mdash;Pages 109, 110.</p>
+
+<p>The Act of Parliament, of May, 1663, states in regard to the Marquis’s
+Invention, that he “hath by long and indefatigable pains and study,
+and with great and vast expenses, invented and found out a Secret in
+Nature, never heretofore discovered, being a Water-commanding engine,
+of greater force and advantage than hitherto hath been known; and being
+no pump or force now in use, nor working by any suckers, barrels,
+or bellows heretofore used for the raising and conveying of water;
+which said Engine will yield very great benefit and advantage to the
+Commonwealth, by draining of all sorts of Mines, Marish, Oazie, or
+overflown Grounds, by furnishing of Rivers and Cutts with water to make
+them Navigable and Portable from Town<span class="pagenum" id="Page_540">[Pg 540]</span> to Town; by improving of Lands
+wanting water; by the supplying and bringing in of water into the City
+of London, or into any other places; and by divers other ways and means
+whereby great Encouragement will be given to the People of the Nation,
+to undertake to work rich Mines, to drain and gain in many Marish,
+Oazie, and surrounded Grounds, which hitherto they have been deterred
+to endeavour the improvements of, by reason of the vast sums of money
+which must be necessarily expended by the draining and conveying away
+the water out of the same. * * * * * And that a Model thereof be
+delivered by the said Marquis, or his Assignes, to the Lord Treasurer,
+or Commissioner for the Treasury, for the time being, at or before the
+29th of September, 1663.”&mdash;See <a href="#Appendix_C"><ins class="correction" title="original omits which appendix">Appendix C.</ins></a></p>
+
+<p>We trace the early use of steam in some of the simple apparatus of
+various forms, called Æolipile, to a period anterior to the Christian
+era. Greece and Rome, France, Holland, and Germany, have each
+contributed some instrument or other indicative of a knowledge of the
+expansive property of steam, pent up in close vessels, to give slight
+motions to, or force water from small delicately constructed apparatus,
+designed for amusement, or at most only to occasion a strong blast for
+blowing a fire, as figured in “Vitruvio de Architectura,” folio, 1521.
+Some of these early stages of progress we shall further notice here.</p>
+
+<p>Besson, in his folio work on Instruments and Machines, 1578, among
+other contrivances shows, in plate XVIII, a cylindrical vessel,
+containing a coiled spring, above which is a close fitting disc,
+secured underneath to a cord, which, passing through the coiled spring,
+passes out at the bottom of the vessel, by which means it can be used
+to pull down the disc, so as to compress the spring, while the vessel
+is being filled with water, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_541">[Pg 541]</span> its cover, with a jet in the centre,
+secured; on releasing the spring, we have here a piston acting from
+below upwards, to produce a fountain.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:50%">
+   <img class="div_scaled" id="p541" src="images/p541.jpg"
+      alt="Porta’s steam apparatus" />
+</div>
+
+<p>John Baptista Porta, in his “Spiritalia,” quarto, 1606, gives a rude
+wood engraving, as here exactly represented, a metal flask-shaped
+boiler, fitting the top of a small furnace, while its neck proceeds
+through the bottom of a cistern of water, within which there is a
+syphon on the right hand side, and an aperture at the top through which
+the cistern can be refilled. By this arrangement, the steam presses on
+the surface of the water, when all is closed, except the syphon, from
+which the water will rush with increased velocity.</p>
+
+<p>In the 16th century, motive and other Æolipile were well known, and
+are described and illustrated by Vitruvius, Hero, and other early
+writers. In 1606, Porta made a slight advance, and John Rovinson,
+patentee of improvements in the manufacture of iron, in his “Treatise
+of Metallica,” 1613, among other necessary parts of his invention,
+describes the following:&mdash;“A new-devised vetible, round and hollow,
+with a long spout, to be made of some mettall or potter’s earth,
+wherein water being put, and the same placed on a fire, as it heateth,
+and the <i>water evaporateth by the spout</i>, it maketh a <i>continuall
+blast</i> to kindle, or increase the fire in furnaces, or fire-workes,
+<i>and may be converted to many other excellent uses</i>; and same may be
+made in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_542">[Pg 542]</span> severall peeces with the top or upper part removeable at
+pleasure, so as the lower part being made to stand on feet, may serrve
+at pleasure for a possenet, skellet or boylatory; and when the top is
+put on, and when fastened and luted, it may then serve for the ventible
+to make the blast.”</p>
+
+<p>In 1615, De Caus invented, or at all events published an account
+of a small hot-water fountain; in 1617, Robert Fludd published his
+voluminous work, “Historia Macrosmi,” containing descriptive and
+engraved illustrations of the effects produced on water heated in close
+flask-shaped vessels.</p>
+
+<p>In 1629, Branca suggested the rotating of a wheel, acted on by a jet
+of steam, as a simple kind of stamping or pounding mill. But the
+author, who seems to have taken a more practical and enlightened view
+of the subject, and to have considerably contributed to the Marquis’s
+enthusiasm, was John Bate, who, in 1634 and 1635, published editions of
+his “Mysteries of Nature and Art.” His treatise, “The first Booke of
+Water-workes,” contains, as stated at the commencement, “Experiments of
+drawing water by the crane (syphon), and by engines; of forcing water
+by ayre compressed, and by engines; of producing sounds by ayre and
+water; by <i>evaporation of water by fire</i>, and by engines; of <i>motions
+by evaporating water</i>, and by rarifying ayre.”</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:50%">
+   <img class="div_scaled"  id="p542" src="images/p542.jpg"
+      alt="A blowing Æolipile" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Among his “Experiments of producing sounds by evaporation of water by
+ayer,” the following is given:&mdash;“Prepare a round vessell of brasse, or
+lattin, having a crooked pipe or necke, whereunto fasten a pipe: put
+this vessell upon a trevet over the fire, and it will make a shrill
+whistling noyse.”&mdash;Page 27.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_543">[Pg 543]</span></p>
+
+<p> He figures a blow-pipe for glass-working,
+as in the annexed engraving, which he thus describes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:70%" id="p543_1">
+   <img class="div_scaled" src="images/p543_1.jpg"
+      alt="A steam blow-pipe" />
+</div>
+
+<p>“Let there be a vessell of copper about the bignesse of a common
+foot-ball, as A; let it have a long pipe at the top as D, which must
+be made so that you may upon occasion screw on lesser, or bigger vents
+made for the purpose. Fill this one-third part with water, and set it
+over a furnace of coals, as E, G, H, I, and when the water beginneth to
+heat, there will come a strong breath out of the nose of the vessel,
+that will force the flame of a lampe placed at a convenient distance as
+K.”&mdash;Page 158.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width:60%" id="p543_2">
+   <img class="div_scaled" src="images/p543_2.jpg"
+      alt="A fire-blowing Æolipile" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Sir Hugh Plat, in his “Jewel House of Art and Nature,” 1594, gives an
+account of the ordinary fire-blowing Æolipile. He says:&mdash;“A round ball
+of copper or lattin, that will blow the fire very strongly, only by the
+attenuation of water into air; which device will also serve to perfume
+with.&mdash;A round ball of copper or lattin, of the bigness of a small
+bowl&mdash;a round pipe or neck, of 3 or 4 inches in length, less than a
+goose quill&mdash;and an elbow of a less pipe no bigger than a straw, whose<span class="pagenum" id="Page_544">[Pg 544]</span>
+vent in the end must be no bigger than a pinhole.” “Heat the same well
+in the fire, and then put it into a vessel of cold water, and it will
+suck some of the water into it, you may heat the same so often, till by
+the peize (poise?) thereof you may be assured that it is more than half
+full. Then set this ball on a few glowing coals, and you shall find
+the same to give a very strong blast.... I make no question but that
+the same may be made so large as that they will blow one whole hour
+together without any intermission.”&mdash;Page 25.</p>
+
+<p>In the second edition of Dr. French’s “Art of Destillation,” 1653,
+page 150, he describes the “Philosophicall Bellowes:” one is to blow a
+furnace fire; another a candle, serving as a blow-pipe; and the third
+for a common fire. He notes “that these kind of vessels must be made of
+copper, and be exceedingly well closed, that they may have no vent but
+at their noses.” He recommends, in preparing them for use, that “you
+must first heat them very hot, then put the noses thereof (which must
+have a very small hole in them, no bigger than a pin’s head may go in)
+into a vessel of cold water, and they will presently suck in the water,
+of which being then full turne the noses thereof towards the candle or
+fire which you would have blown.”</p>
+
+<p>The third figure, instead of being a copper ball is formed like the
+human face, and is held by a long stick or handle attached to the
+back. It is represented and described by Schwenteri, in his “Deliciæ
+Physico-Mathematicæ,” 1638, along with two tubulated balls for similar
+use.</p>
+
+<p>Such then were the suggestions the Marquis had before him to excite his
+experimental inquiries, independent of other sources. But whatever he
+may have known on the subject of these applications of steam, however
+much<span class="pagenum" id="Page_545">[Pg 545]</span> he may have experimented on them, there are two things, of
+which no one has yet given him the credit of possessing any knowledge
+whatever, the one is, condensation; the other, a piston. How the
+Marquis of Worcester could have been experimenting at the cost of
+£50,000, and upwards, at Vauxhall, and been occupied in this particular
+class of experiments during a large portion of thirty-eight years,
+in perfect ignorance that cold water will condense steam, is past
+all comprehension. Nay, such ignorance would be a greater matter of
+surprise, than the exhibition of his utmost ingenuity in the mechanical
+contrivances connected with his engine. Condensation was no mystery.
+Every work on distillation spoke on the subject, and supplied the forms
+of refrigeratory worms, and refrigerating heads for alembics. His very
+allusion to the strength of his vessels must have had reference, first
+to internal distension, as well as to collapse from external pressure.</p>
+
+<p>John Bate, in his first book, “Of Water Works,” describes a kind of
+weather glass, which he calls, “the moveable perpendicular glass;” for
+the construction of which his directions are&mdash;“First prepare the glass
+A, B, fill it almost top full of water, provide also the glass K, L,
+having a loop at the top of it: divide it into so many equal parts as
+you would have degrees, and on the mouth thereof fasten a thin board,
+that will easily slip in and out of the bottom glass; make then a
+weight of lead or brass somewhat heavier than both the glass and board
+fastened thereunto; and then tie a little rope to the loop of the
+glass A, B, and the weight at the other end thereof. <i>Rarifie</i> the air
+contained in the glass L, and reverse it into the glass A, B, filled
+with water, and hang the plummet over two little pulleys fastened in a
+frame made for the purpose; and as the glass K, L, <i>cooleth</i>, the water
+will ascend the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_546">[Pg 546]</span> same, and so by the change of the outward both the
+glass and water will move accordingly.”&mdash;Pages 42&ndash;43.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:70%" id="p546">
+   <img class="div_scaled" src="images/p546.jpg"
+      alt="A weather glass" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>From all that has been advanced, an impartial reader must feel
+satisfied that there existed abundant sources of popular information,
+highly suggestive to such an inquisitive and inventive mind as the
+Marquis possessed. Van Etten mentions the filling of a cannon with
+water, the plugging it up, and exploding it by the action of fire
+applied to its trunnion. And here John Bate suggests an experimental
+apparatus on a small scale, which the Marquis would be almost certain
+to test, and in so doing to vary the construction and application.
+<i>Rarefaction</i> too is here recommended; and the effect of <i>cooling</i> or
+condensation is particularly noted, the stated result being, “<i>the
+water will ascend</i>.” We can readily imagine the Marquis varying such an
+experiment<span class="pagenum" id="Page_547">[Pg 547]</span> with infinite delight, and modifying and enlarging it to
+produce some practical application.</p>
+
+<p>In considering these minuter points, we must never lose sight of the
+extraordinary perseverance shown by the Marquis throughout a long life,
+in conducting and varying his experimental inquiries. It was the one
+pursuit of a studious life-time, the heaviest source of expenditure in
+his private disbursements. Perhaps we should be very much under the
+mark in saying that he must have expended above a hundred thousand
+pounds in experiments alone; which would be represented by nearly
+ten times that amount in our day. And not only was this outlay very
+great, but he had for above thirty-five years kept his workman, Caspar
+Kaltoff, constantly engaged on his models and on practical trials of
+his variously constructed inventions.</p>
+
+<p>The Act for his Water-commanding Engine received the Royal assent in
+June, 1663, and the same year he published his “Century of Inventions”
+(as here reprinted); a pamphlet was next issued, with no other title
+than the following heading at the top of the first page&mdash;“An exact
+and true definition of the most stupendous Water-commanding Engine,
+invented by the Right Honourable (and deservedly to be praised and
+admired) Edward Somerset, Lord Marquess of Worcester, and by his
+Lordship himself presented to His most Excellent Majesty, Charles the
+Second, our most gracious Sovereign.”&mdash;See <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C.</a></p>
+
+<p>This pamphlet appears to have had some connection with means for
+giving publicity to the formation of a public company for carrying out
+the great design on a sufficiently large and remunerative scale. The
+author, or editor, was James Rollock, who here flourishes in a poetical
+vein, observing, “After the Act of Parliament, there is here set down
+a Latin Elogium, and an English<span class="pagenum" id="Page_548">[Pg 548]</span> Panegirick, both of them composed
+through duty and gratitude <i>by an ancient servant of his Lordship’s</i>.”
+He afterwards adds: “This ancient servant of his Lordship’s, hath for
+forty years been an eye witness of his great ingenuity, indefatigable
+pains, and vast expences in perfecting for publique service, not
+onely this most Stupendious Water-commanding Engine, but likewise
+several other rare, useful, and never formerly heard of Mathematical
+conclusions, of which he hath owned a Century, and thereunto I refer
+you: though this alone were enough to eternalize his Name to all Ages
+and future times.”</p>
+
+<p>The “Definition” given in the pamphlet agrees with that which has
+already appeared in the “Life, Times, &amp;c.,” pages 224, 225, from
+another source, and is here stated as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“The Engine consisteth of the following Particulars;</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent">“1. A perfect Counterpoize for what Quantity soever of Water.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent">“2. A perfect Countervail for what Height soever it is to be brought
+unto.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent">“3. A <i>Primum Mobile</i> commanding both Height and Quantity
+Regulator-wise.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent">“4. A Vicegerent or Countervail supplying the place, and performing
+the full force of a Man, Wind, Beast, or Mill.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent">“5. A Helm or Stern, with Bitt and Reins, wherewith any Child may
+guide, order, and control the whole Operation.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent">“6. A particular Magazine for Water, according to the intended
+Quantity or Height of Water.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent">“7. An Aquaduct capable of any intended Quantity or Height of Water.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent">“8. A place for the Original Fountain or even river to run into, and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_549">[Pg 549]</span>naturally of its own accord incorporate itself with the rising Water,
+and at the very bottom of the same Aquaduct, though never so big or
+high.”</p>
+
+<p>We cannot do otherwise than consider that the articles, Nos. 68, 98,
+and 100, refer to descriptions of the several parts of his remarkable
+steam engine. In No. 68, we have the two vessels, with two cocks,
+connected with a furnace, and so arranged that “one vessel of water
+being consumed, another begins to force and refil with cold water.” In
+No. 98, we have intimation of “the <i>primum mobile</i>,” forming the 3rd
+division of the particulars enumerated above; being some portion of the
+engine capable of every variety of movement. And in No. 100, we have
+no mechanical suggestions, but in their place a bare enumeration of
+results, and of advantages to be derived from the employment of such
+engines.</p>
+
+<p>What then are we to understand by the preceding list of particulars?
+“1. A perfect <i>counterpoise</i>,” would suggest that the Marquis had
+contrived a complete system of pumping; “2. A perfect <i>countervail</i>,”
+appears to be only a different kind of counterpoise, as though the
+one were derived from weight, and the other from the action of the
+steam; 4. “A vicegerent,” may be the force or piston; 5. “A helm or
+stem, with bit and reins,” can hardly be mistaken for any other than
+levers, acting on valves, and in some positions connected with chains
+running over guide pulleys; while the parts 6, 7, and 8, refer wholly
+to reservoirs, cisterns, and other external arrangements. But this
+statement is simply made to remind the reader that the Marquis’s
+Engine was not so entirely simple in its construction as to consist
+only of a boiler and receiver, and to depend wholly on the effect
+of the direct action of steam on a large surface of cold water, as
+generally intimated. It is usual entirely to set aside this full and
+clear statement of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_550">[Pg 550]</span> details. So indefinitely has the Marquis’s claim
+hitherto been stated, that it is always assumed, that while using this
+early steam engine, he was quite unacquainted with condensation; or,
+at least, with any mode of employing it to produce a useful effect.
+On the other hand, it is not only more rational to suppose that he
+could not be otherwise than fully acquainted with it, but that, having
+ascertained its various results, he finally succeeded in employing
+condensation to produce a vacuum for refilling his vessels, and for
+giving motion to a force or piston. Indeed, we find in the foregoing
+statement&mdash;“6. A <i>particular</i> Magazine for Water, according to the
+intended <i>quantity</i> or <i>Height</i> of Water.” A <i>particular</i> Magazine,
+one for a special purpose, for which it was particular to have
+such a supply; and for size, form, and situation, it had reference
+“to the quantity and height of water,” for a small cistern would
+supply sufficient water for condensation, but a larger cistern would
+be required in proportion to more extended service. Then, “7. An
+Aqueduct,” might be the vertical main pipe; and “8. A place for the
+original fountain,” peculiarly arranged reservoirs, with suitable
+valves, floats, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Uniting his several descriptions, we readily make out a construction of
+apparatus answering many of the conditions he has stated, as shown in
+the engraving<a id="FNanchor_W_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_W_62"><span class="fnanchor">[W]</span></a> on the opposite page from a sectional drawing designed
+by the author.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_551"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 551]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%" id="p551">
+   <img class="div_scaled" src="images/p551.jpg"
+      alt="The Marquis of Worcester’s Engine" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_W_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_W_62"><span class="label"><ins class="correction" title="Footnote has been placed here rather than at the end of chapter">[W]</ins></span></a> DESCRIPTION OF THE ENGRAVING.
+</p>
+<p>
+A, A' Two cold water vessels, connected by&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+B, B'&mdash;the steam pipe, with&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+C, the Boiler, set in&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+D, the furnace. The cold water vessels A A', also are connected with&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+E, the vertical water pipe by means of&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+F, F', continuations of the same pipe conducted into and nearly
+touching the bottom of each vessel A, A'.
+</p>
+<p>
+G, G', are two water supply pipes, with valves <i>a</i>, <i>a'</i>, dipping into&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+H, the well. It is obvious that by uniting these pipes, and placing the
+valves in the upper bend of each, it would be sufficient for a single
+pipe to dip into the water to be raised.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the steam pipe B B' is&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>b</i>, a four-way steam cock, operated by&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>b'</i>, its lever handle; and on the horizontal portion of the water pipe
+F F', is&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>c</i>, a four-way water cock, operated by&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>c'</i>, its lever handle.
+</p>
+<p class="margin_top">
+<sup>*</sup><sub>*</sub><sup>*</sup> The four-way cock is figured and described as early as
+1618, by Robert Fludd, in “Historia Macrosmi,” folio, page 467.</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_552">[Pg 552]</span>
+In the “Life, Times, &amp;c.,” page 20, we have a view of
+the deep grooves cut in that side of the Citadel of Raglan Castle, on
+which the Marquis of Worcester’s Water-works were situated. The grooves
+would admit the insertion of pipes of about one foot external diameter,
+either round, or square, and they would carry water nearly twenty-five
+feet high. In the early use of his engine, he may have forced the water
+direct from the boiler, or by the using of an independent boiler, as
+employed by Porta, in 1606; but either way, the arrangement of his
+Raglan works would seem to have been that of employing a main vertical
+pipe for each boiler or receiver, instead of each receiver being
+connected with a four-way cock with one vertical pipe, or “aquaduct.”</p>
+
+<p>With these observations we close our comments on the various articles
+of the “Century,” after having supplied a mass of most important
+references to contemporary and earlier scientific authors; as well as
+offered several entirely new solutions; and reduced the problematical
+character of this singularly interesting work to one only, being No.
+56, which alone remains open to the charge of being a paradox.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_A_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_63"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> See, at
+page <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, M. Sorbière’s enumeration of inventions
+considered exceedingly curious in 1663.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_B_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_64"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> A letter from lord Herbert, to Mon. Grubendol, London.
+MSS. in the Library of the Royal Society. His Lordship alludes to M.
+Grollier de Servière’s Cabinet, of which a Catalogue was published
+at Lyon, 1719.</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_C_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_65"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> The Life of the Rt. Hon. Francis North, Baron of Guilford,
+Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, under King Charles II, and King James
+II. By the Hon. Roger North. 2nd ed. 2 vols. 8vo. 1808. Vol. 2, p.
+251.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_D_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_66"><span class="label">[D]</span></a>
+See page <a href="#Page_223">223.</a></p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_E_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_67"><span class="label">[E]</span></a>
+ <a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A.</a></p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_F_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_68"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> See <a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B.</a></p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_G_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_69"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> The Marquis, in the 19th article of the “Century,” twice
+alludes to “<i>a child</i>;” and patenting his invention, which applied to
+Coaches, he introduces the expression in the 3rd article of his patent
+of 1661:&mdash;“a <i>child</i> of six years old may secure <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has &nbsp;rom">from</ins> danger all in the
+coach,” and “the <i>child</i> being able” to loosen the horses.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_H_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_70"><span class="label">[H]</span></a>
+See page <a href="#Page_302">302.</a></p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_I_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_I_71"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> We meet with the following singular passages recorded by
+his biographer, as introductory to the Inventions of James Watt, in the
+second edition of his Life, 1859. At page 145, it is remarked:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+“When we consider the whole of the contrivances invented by Savery, as
+described by himself in ‘The Miner’s Friend,’ we cannot but accord to
+him the praise of very great ingenuity, independent of the merit of
+having made <span class="smcap">the first working Steam Engine</span>, (if he was not
+preceded in that by the Marquis of Worcester); but, at all events, of
+having been the first who introduced it into use.”
+</p>
+<p>
+We give this passage as printed, and proceed to the next, at page
+156, which is not recorded either in the Contents or Index, only
+distinguishing certain words:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+“We think it right to add that the language used by Savery in his
+‘Miner’s Friend,’ in treating of the advantages, whether ascertained
+or prospective, of his invention, presents a strong contrast, in point
+of plainness, simplicity, and modesty, to the more high-flown phrases
+in which the Marquis of Worcester <i>magnifies</i> the performances of
+his ‘semi-omnipotent’ engine. Savery was evidently a practical man,
+possessed of great [1] common sense as well as of [2] ingenuity; and
+although it would <i>probably</i> be wrong to deny to Lord Worcester the
+possession of a good deal of the <i>second</i> of those qualities, it may
+<i>well be doubted</i> how far he is entitled to the claim of any very
+considerable share of the <i>first</i>” [common sense]!
+</p>
+<p>
+We believe that the author of this strange composition is a Scotch
+Advocate of some standing; now it is far from being the character of
+the legal profession, as a body, to commit to paper such reckless
+reproach of even the dead; but assuredly it does not require the
+caution induced by a knowledge of common law to point out the propriety
+of treating with respect the memory of a man of high birth and
+untainted reputation, such as was the Marquis of Worcester. But this is
+not all, we are introduced to a “<span class="smcap">First Engine</span>,” at the risk
+of a second “first,” as declared by the same pen! And without fear
+of contradiction we say the last should be first, and the first last
+in this category.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_J_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_J_72"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> From the Lansdown MSS. 121. See also Letters Illustrative
+of Science. Edited by J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S. &amp;c. 8vo. 1841.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_K_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_K_73"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> Among the Additional Manuscripts in the British Museum
+occurs No. 6176, a MS. volume, containing at folio 16, <i>b</i>, a
+“Certificate of the Armory in the Tower,” signed among others by “W.
+Balfour,” Lieutenant of the Tower, “17th Dec. 1640.”</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_L_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_L_74"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> Almain engineers seem to have been in much repute.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_M_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_M_75"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> The original drawing is preserved in the archives of the
+Royal Society, coarsely executed on paper, measuring 24 by 27 inches.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_N_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_N_76"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> Savery is supposed to have died in 1715, but no
+particulars are on record respecting his death and burial.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_O_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_O_77"><span class="label">[O]</span></a> His address “To the Gentlemen Adventurers in the Mines of
+England,” is dated “London, Sep. 22, 1701.”</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_P_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_P_78"><span class="label">[P]</span></a> See <a href="#Appendix_G">Appendix G.</a></p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_Q_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_Q_79"><span class="label">[Q]</span></a> On the contrary, he expressly declares he had never seen
+such an engine.&mdash;H. D.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_R_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_R_80"><span class="label">[R]</span></a> The Harleian MS. “Century” has for Article No. 88, “A
+Stamping Engine,” in lieu of the “Brazen Head.” Mr. Partington alters
+this to “A Coining Engine.”</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_S_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_S_81"><span class="label">[S]</span></a> See <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C.</a></p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_T_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_T_82"><span class="label">[T]</span></a> The following concluding part of the MS., added as a
+postscript, does not appear in the 1st edition, 1663:&mdash;“Besides many
+omitted, and some of three sorts willingly not set down, as not fit to
+be divulged, least ill use may be made thereof; but to show that such
+things are also within my knowledge, I will here in myne owne cypher
+set down at least one of each, not to be concealed where duty, and
+affection obligeth me.”</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_U_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_U_83"><span class="label">[U]</span></a> This Petition is calendared under the date “1665?” but
+probably belongs to 1664.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_V_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_V_84"><span class="label">[V]</span></a> Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1665&ndash;6. Edited by Mary A.
+E. Green, 8vo. 1664, p. 153. No. 138, and No. 138, i.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:10%" id="p552">
+   <img class="div_scaled" src="images/p552.jpg"
+      alt="decorative" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p id="Page_553"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 553]</span></p>
+
+
+<h2>ADDENDA.</h2>
+
+<p>
+No. 5. <i>Cipher writing.</i> At Page 398, reference is made to a Cipher
+letter, engraved in “The Life,” at page 180. It was written by the
+Marquis, as now appears, at Dublin, the 29th of September, 1645. The
+author having made out the character, is able to supply the following
+key, or alphabet.<a id="FNanchor_A_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_85"><span class="fnanchor">[A]</span></a>
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%" id="p553">
+   <img class="div_scaled" src="images/p553.jpg"
+      alt="The Marquis of Worcester’s his Cipher Alphabet" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Curiously enough it is the document given at page 139, so that Carte
+must have obtained a deciphered copy as well. But the words, “the King
+of the assent,” should be “the King of his assent.” The words, “towards
+your Excellency” (in the 10th line) are not in the original. Also the
+words, “And my intention was ever to acquaint your Honour herewith,”
+should be “and mine intent was ever to acquaint you herewith.” There is
+no signature to the original, but the written direction shows it was
+from the Earl of Glamorgan.</p>
+
+<p>We have now authentic proof of the construction and character of at
+least one Cipher method of writing adopted by the Marquis, eighteen
+years prior to the publication of the “Century.”</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:60%" id="p554">
+   <img class="div_scaled" src="images/p554.jpg"
+      alt="Construction of a water-screw" />
+</div>
+
+<p>No. 53. <i>An hollowing of a water-screw.</i> A slight addition to the
+comment on this article will be easily understood by reference to the
+adjoining three figures, and <span class="pagenum" id="Page_554">[Pg 554]</span>probably throw some light on what the
+Marquis may have actually intended. Being desirous to construct a
+model screw, some years ago, the author designed the following method
+of making one of tin or zinc, which may be easily shown by cutting
+out the same in thin pasteboard. Form a number of discs of thin metal
+like No. 1, say three inches diameter, with a hole in the centre one
+inch diameter, and the metal cut through at A. Rivet, solder, or
+otherwise fasten them together, commencing by placing No. 2 on No.
+1; now secure the cut edge of A, to the similar edge of <i>b</i>, and so
+on in succession, until a sufficient pile is obtained. They may now
+be extended to form a screw, as in No. 3, of any desired pitch. The
+minuter details of construction will be obvious to any clever artizan.</p>
+
+
+<p id="Page_555"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 555]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h2 id="Appendix_A">APPENDIX A.</h2>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent">[The following is from Birch’s MSS. in the British Museum, No. 4459;
+and portions have been quoted in the Commentary, under each article of
+invention named herein.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom">INVENTIONS OF Y<sup>E</sup> E’ARLE OE WORCEST<sup>R</sup>.</p>
+
+<p>The Qvint E’ssence of Motion, or a C’ollection of all kinds of
+Movements, to wit, C’ircular, to &amp; fro; Perpendicular, upwards &amp;
+downewards; side motions, to y<sup>e</sup> right &amp; left; straight Motions,
+forewards &amp; backwards with a Circular Vehiculum, to wch any of these,
+may bee applicable or moveable to all y<sup>e</sup> points of y<sup>e</sup> C’ompasse: At
+each of wch, it will bee as powerfull as if it were fixt to one place
+or Center.</p>
+
+<p>All &amp; every of these, by hight of Art, Industry, &amp; Experim<sup>t</sup> working
+y<sup>e</sup> same Individuall &amp; Intrinsecall effect, without disturbance one to
+y<sup>e</sup> other: &amp; yet by these absolutely contrary Motions soe perform’d,
+most strange &amp; incredible E’ffects may bee brought to passe, to y<sup>e</sup>
+Admiration even of y<sup>e</sup> greatest Mathematicians.</p>
+
+<p>The knowledge of these things, rendring all things as feacible to him,
+y<sup>t</sup> is Master of this Art, as it is to make a C’ircle with a paire of
+C’ompasses, or a straight line, w<sup>th</sup> a sqvare or Ruler. They beeing
+a direct abstract of Arithmetick, contrived by mee. And by y<sup>e</sup> power
+of those, I have perfected these following Conclusions, w<sup>th</sup> some
+hundreds besides all experimented by mee.</p>
+
+<p>(1) I can render an ordinary Watch, wch beeing once wound up, will goe
+constantly, during a Mans life, beeing vsed but once in 24. houres, &amp;
+(though oftner look’t on:) it is still y<sup>e</sup> same, &amp; though not look’t on
+for a weeke, still y<sup>e</sup> same, if not bruised.</p>
+
+<p>(2) By this I can make a Vessel of as great burthen, as y<sup>e</sup> River can
+beare, to goe ag<sup>t</sup> y<sup>e</sup> streame, wch y<sup>e</sup> more rapid it is, y<sup>e</sup> faster it
+shall advance, &amp; y<sup>e</sup> moveable part y<sup>t</sup> workes it, may bee by one man
+still guided, to take y<sup>e</sup> best advantage of y<sup>e</sup> streame, &amp; yet to steer
+the boat to any point. And this E’ngine is applicable to any Vessell or
+Boate, whatsoever; without being therefore made on purpose; And worketh
+these effects. It roweth, it draweth, it driveth (:if need bee:) to
+passe London bridge ag<sup>t</sup> y<sup>e</sup> streame at low water: And a boate lying at
+Anchor, the E’ngine may be used for loading or vnloading.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_556">[Pg 556]</span></p>
+
+<p>(3) By this
+I can make an Artificiall Bird to fly wch way &amp; as long as I please.</p>
+
+<p>(4) By these I can make a ball of S’ilver or G’old wch throwne into a
+pale or poole of Water, shall rise againe to y<sup>e</sup> perfect houre of any
+day or night: The superficies of y<sup>e</sup> Water shall still show the houre
+distinctly, even y<sup>e</sup> minutes, if I please.</p>
+
+<p>(5) By this I can make a C’hilde in a C’oach, to stop y<sup>e</sup> horses
+(run̄ing away) &amp; shall be able to secure hims. &amp; those y<sup>t</sup> bee in
+y<sup>e</sup> C’oach, having a little E’ngine placed therein, wch shall not bee
+perceived in what posture soever y<sup>e</sup> horses draw: a C’hildes force
+shall bee able, to disengage them, from overturning y<sup>e</sup> C’oach or
+prejudicing any body in it.</p>
+
+<p>(6) By these I can make one pound raise an hundred, as high as ye
+one pound falls, &amp; y<sup>e</sup> one pound taken off y<sup>e</sup> 112<sup>lb</sup> shall againe
+descend, performing y<sup>e</sup> entire effect of an hundred waight (i.e.) have
+y<sup>t</sup> force wch nothing lesse, then 112<sup>lb</sup> can have any other way. An
+incredible effect till seene, but true as strange.</p>
+
+<p>(7) By these a C’hilde shall raise as much water 100 foot high
+(speaking within C’ompasse) as 6. horses can force vp any other way.</p>
+
+<p>(8) By these I can stop any other Mans Motion, &amp; render it Null, since
+from any point of y<sup>e</sup> C’ompasse, I can forceably &amp; effectually cause a
+counterbuffe or absolute obstruction of such Motion, wch way I please
+all wayes, beeing indifferent to mee to worke a perfect resistance, &amp;
+to countermine their Intentions, or to force their Motions a cleane
+contrary way.</p>
+
+<p>The 9 was left out in y<sup>e</sup> Original C’opy. (9)</p>
+
+<p>S’oe here y<sup>u</sup> have 9 figures represented, wch in Arithmetick, make all
+numbers imaginable, soe by y<sup>e</sup> helpe of these Motions, noe Manufacture,
+but may be demonstrated exqvisitely &amp; demonstrably &amp; with great ease
+and facility. And noe Conclusion in y<sup>e</sup> Mathematicks or Mechanicks, but
+may by these bee brought to passe in great perfection &amp; to admiration.
+Yet as y<sup>e</sup> most excellent tooles cannot worke alone; nor any C’ymeter
+is soe sharp to cut w<sup>th</sup>out an arme to guide it. S’oe without
+Knowledge, Art, &amp; Ingenuitie, these are fruitlesse. But being set to
+worke by one of noe more Knowledge then myselfe, am capable off, they
+will performe w<sup>t</sup> is here asserted &amp; more then I could write, from one
+end off y<sup>e</sup> yeare to y<sup>e</sup> other.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent smaller margin_top">(<i>Note.</i>&mdash;No. 9 is here stated to be left out, but may not the
+first named, or “Quintessence of Motion,” be No. 1, so making up
+Nine in all? [See pp. 530, 531.] In the next line the copyist has
+first written 8 and then altered it to 9, to accord with the sense
+of the passage.)<span class="pagenum" id="Page_557">[Pg 557]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h2 id="Appendix_B">APPENDIX B.</h2>
+
+<p class="center smaller">[<span class="smcap">Abridged from the printed Specifications of the Patent
+Office.</span>]</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">MARQUIS OF WORCESTER’s PATENT.&mdash;SIGNET BILL.</p>
+
+<p class="center margin_top"><span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1661. . . . <span class="smcap">NO.</span> 131.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Clocks, Guns, Carriages, Boats, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
+
+<p class="margin_top"><span class="smcap">Charles the Second</span>, by the grace of God, &amp;c., to all to whom
+these p<sup>rese</sup>nt<sup>s</sup> shall come greeting.</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top"><span class="smcap">Whereas</span> our right trusty and entirely beloved couzin
+<span class="smcap">Edward</span>, Marquesse of <span class="smcap">Worcester</span> hath for many yeares
+applied his thought<sup>s</sup> and studies, and hath beene at very great
+charges, to contrive and perfect divers rare and new Invenc̃ons,
+contenting himselfe with the good and advantage which will redound to
+the publique and to every particuler industrious workman or curious
+persons who shall make vse of the said Invenc̃ons, the product<sup>s</sup>
+of his extraordinary expences and ingenuity: And whereas, amongst
+other vsefull and new Invenc̃ons of farr greater consequence, the
+said Marquesse hath found out and experimented these severall new
+Invenc̃ons herein-after perticularly menc̃oned (that is to say)&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">“1. To make a watch or clock without string or chaine, or any other
+kind of winding up but what of necessity must follow if the owner or
+keeper of the said watch or clock will know the hour of day or night;
+and yet if he lay it aside several days and weeks without looking or
+meddling with it, it shall go very well, and as justly as most watches
+that ever were made.</p>
+
+<p>2. And also an Invention to make certain guns or pistols, which in the
+tenth part of one minute of an hour may, with a flaske contrived to
+that purpose, be recharged, the fourth part of one turne of the barrel,
+which remains still fixt, fastening it as forceably and effectually
+as a dozen threads of any screw, which in the ordinary and usual way
+require as many turns.</p>
+
+<p>3. Also an Invention to make an engine applicable to any coach, by
+which a child of six years old may secure from danger all in the coach,
+and even the coachman himself, though the horses become never so
+unruly, the child being able in the twinckleing of an eye to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_558">[Pg 558]</span> loosen
+them from the coach, in what posture soever they draw or turne, be it
+ever so short, or to either hand.</p>
+
+<p>4. Lastly, an Invention to make a boat that roweth, draweth, or setteth
+even against wind or stream, yea, both, and to any part of the compass
+which way soever the streame runs or wind blows, and yet the force of
+the wind or streame causeth its motion, nothing being required but a
+steersman, and whilst the boat stayeth to be loaded or unloaded, the
+streame or wind shall perform such work as any water mill or wind mill
+is capable of.”</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">All which new Invenc̃ons being of publique vse and benefitt if the
+same were put in practice, and the lawes of England haveing especially
+provided for the incouragement of such as are the first authors and
+invento<sup>rs</sup> of profittable and ingenious Invenc̃ons.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Know Yee</span>, that wee, of our especiall grace, certaine
+knowledge, and meere moc̃on doe for vs, our heires and successo<sup>rs</sup>,
+give and grant vnto the said Edward, Marquesse of Worcester, his
+executo<sup>rs</sup>, administrato<sup>rs</sup>, assignee, and assignes, full power,
+licence, liberty, priviledge, and authoritye, that hee, they, and
+every of them, by themselves or his or their deputy and deputies,
+servant<sup>s</sup>, agent<sup>s</sup>, and workmen, or any of them, from tyme to
+tyme, and at all tymes hereafter dureing the terme of yeares hereafter
+in these p<sup>rese</sup>nt<sup>s</sup> expressed, shall and may
+vse, exercise, and imploy all and every or any of the aforesaid
+Invenc̃ons, before in and by there p<sup>rese</sup>nt<sup>s</sup>
+perticulerly described, in such manner as to him, them, or any of them,
+in his and their best judgment<sup>s</sup> and discrecc̃ons, shall seeme
+meete, &amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top margin_bottom">May it please yo<sup>r</sup> most excellent Majestie.</p>
+
+<p>Yo<sup>r</sup> Maj<sup>tie</sup> is hereby graciously pleased to grant vnto Edward,
+Marquesse of Worcester the sole vse and exercise of his severall new
+Invenc̃ons concerning watches or clock<sup>s</sup>, guns or pistolls,
+coaches, and boates, for fourteene yeares according to the forme of the
+Statute in that behalfe made and provided, and with such other clauses
+as are vsuall in grant<sup>s</sup> of like nature.</p>
+
+<p>Signified to be yo<sup>r</sup> Majesties pleasure vnder yo<sup>r</sup> royall signe
+manuall.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line4"><span class="smcap">T. Palmer</span>,</p>
+<p class="signed_line5">15 Nov. 1661.</p>
+
+<p class="center margin_top">[Record mutilated.]</p>
+
+<p id="Page_559"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 559]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h2 id="Appendix_C">APPENDIX C.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center margin_bottom">WATER-COMMANDING ENGINE, ACT, <span class="smcap">Etc.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="hanging_indent">[From page 559 to 567, is the reprint of a rare quarto tract of 22
+pages, of which there is a copy in the library of his Grace the
+Duke of Beaufort; and another in the British Museum, C. 31. d. 1.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2 margin_top">An exact and true Definition of the most Stupendious
+Water-commanding Engine, invented by the Right Honourable (and
+deservedly to be praised and admired) <i>Edward Somerset</i>, Lord
+Marquess of <i>Worcester</i>, and by his Lordship himself presented to
+his most Excellent Majesty <i>Charles</i> the Second, our most gracious
+Sovereign.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">An Act of Parliament thereupon granted, with great applause of both
+Houses, being through his Majesties particular favour passed, by
+special Commission to the Right Honourable the Earl of <i>Clarendon</i>,
+Lord High Chancellour of <i>England</i>; the Earl of <i>Southampton</i>, Lord
+High Treasurer; the Lord <i>Roberts</i>, Lord Privy Seal, third Officer of
+the Crown, preceding all Dukes, not of the Blood Royal; the Duke of
+<i>Albemarle</i> his Grace, most deservedly by his transcendent merits never
+to be forgotten, Lord General of his Majesties Land-forces; the Lord
+Marquess of <i>Dorchester</i>, and the Earl <i>Lynsey</i>, Lord High Chamberlain,
+by his place preceding all Earls, both likewise of the Privy Council:
+They passed the said Act upon the third of <i>June</i>, 1663. For the more
+expedition, and in Testimony of the great consequence thereof to the
+King and Kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>His most Excellent Majesty having the tenth part, without deducting
+of Charges, freely given him by the said Lord Marquess, and there
+evidently accruing a considerable Profit and Benefit to every
+individual Subject of the whole Nation, if he either have surrounded
+Marish-ground to drein, or dry Land to improve; Commodities to sell
+portable from Town to Town, and through the Countrys to the Towns by
+Cuts thus fed by water; or if he have (I further say) Mines wherewith
+to enrich himself withall, Houses to be served, or Gardens to be
+beautified by plentiful Fountains with little charge, yet certain
+in ever so dry a Summer: and there being indeed no place but either
+wanteth water, or is overburdened therewith,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_560">[Pg 560]</span> and by this Engine either
+defect is remediable, that is to say, water necessary to man-kind,
+furnished with the pleasantness thereof, procured, and the water
+unnecessary, as easily rejected.</p>
+
+<p>Thus whole Cities may be kept Clean, Delightful and Wholesome, needing
+no other Scavengery then by means thereof to void their dirt, and avoid
+noisomness, the Cause of Infection, Sicknesses, and Contagion it self,
+by Stenches commonly ingendring and fomenting the same.</p>
+
+<p>After the Act of Parliament, there is here set down a Latin <i>Elogium</i>,
+&amp; an English <i>Panegirick</i>, both of them composed through duty and
+gratitude by an Antient Servant of his Lordships, presuming to begin
+the way to the greatest Wits and Poets to dilate upon so plentiful and
+admirable a Theam, and so deserving a person of King and Kingdom, and
+of all that ever knew him.</p>
+
+<p>This Antient Servant of his Lordships, hath for forty years been an eye
+witness of his great ingenuity, indefatigable pains, and vaste expences
+in perfecting for publique service, not onely this most Stupendious
+<ins class="correction" title="Typo original unhypenated">Water-commanding</ins> Engine, but likewise several other rare, useful, and
+never formerly heard of Mathematical Conclusions, of which he hath
+owned a Century, and thereunto I refer you: though this alone were
+enough to eternalize his Name to all Ages and future times.</p>
+
+<p>I think it not amiss to give further notice in his Lordships behalf,
+that he intends within a moneth or two to erect an Office, and to
+intrust some very responsible and honourable persons with power to
+Treat and Conclude with such as desire at a reasonable rate to reap the
+benefit of the same Water-commanding Engine, in any of the aforesaid
+useful and beneficial operations, whereof his Majesty is to reap the
+first fruit; and then the whole Kingdom in general, before his Lordship
+is re-imbursed, and his reward beginneth; whose laudable inventions
+Almighty God prosper with blessings on earth, and reward in heaven.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_561">[Pg 561]</span></p>
+
+<p class="margin2_top"><span class="smcap">Most gracious Sovereign</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">The same individual Definition of my Water-work, which I formerly
+presumed to put into Your Royal Hands, I again adventure to present to
+Your Majesty; praying Your Belief of it, as Your Majesty shall find it
+true by comparing it with the real Effect; which, if found punctually
+agreeing, Vouchsafe then not to be apt hereafter to lend a believing
+Ear to such persons, as Malice causeth to detract from, or Ignorance
+to slight what shall (though never so seemingly strange) be averr’d by
+me, who will never be convinced of a Falshood in Word or Deed towards
+Your Sacred Majesty; before whom I shall ever speak as in the presence
+of Almighty God, whose Vicegerent on Earth I deem You: And to Your
+Majesties transcentdent Judgment I submit all, and will presume to
+subscribe my self,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">Sir,</p>
+<p class="signed_line2"><i>Your Sacred Majesties</i></p>
+<p class="signed_line3"><i>Faithfully-Devoted and passionately-</i></p>
+<p class="signed_line4"><i>Affected, Useful, if cherished,</i></p>
+<p class="signed_line5"><i>Subject&nbsp;and&nbsp;Servant</i>,<span class="ml20 smcap">Worcester</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top"><i>A Stupendious or a Water-Commanding Engine, boundless for Height, or
+Quantity, requiring no External, nor even Additional help, or force to
+be set, or continued in motion, but what intrinsecally is afforded from
+its own Operation, nor yet the twentieth part thereof: And the Engine
+consisteth of the following Particulars</i>;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. A perfect Counterpoize for what Quantity soever of Water.</p>
+
+<p>2. A perfect Countervail for what Height soever it is to be brought
+unto.</p>
+
+<p>3. A <i>Primum Mobile</i> commanding both Height and Quantity
+Regulator-wise.</p>
+
+<p>4. A Vicegerent or Countervail supplying the place, and performing the
+full force of a Man, Wind, Beast, or Mill.</p>
+
+<p>5. A Helm or Stern, with Bitt and Reins, wherewith any Child may
+guide, order, and controul the whole Operation.</p>
+
+<p>6. A particular Magazine for Water, according to the intended Quantity
+or Height of Water.</p>
+
+<p>7. An Aquaduct capable of any intended Quantity or Height of Water.</p>
+
+<p id="Page_562"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 562]</span>
+8. A place for the Original Fountain or even River to run into, and
+naturally of its own accord incorporate it self with the rising Water,
+and at the very bottom of the same Aquaduct, though never so big or
+high.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top hanging_indent"><i>By Divine Providence, and Heavenly Inspiration, this is my
+Stupendious Water-commanding Engine, boundless for Height and
+Quantity.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">Whosoever is Master of Weight,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Is Master of Force;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Whosoever is Master of Water,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Is Master of both:<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>And consequently, to him all Forceable Actions and Atchievments are
+easie, which are in any wise beneficial to or for Mankind.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2"><i>Exegi Monumentum ære perennius,</i></span><br />
+<span class="i2"><i>Regalíque situ Pyramidum altius;</i></span><br />
+<span class="i2"><i>Quod non imber edax, non Aquilo impotens,</i></span><br />
+<span class="i2"><i>Possit diruere, aut innumerabilis</i><span class="ml20">Horace.</span></span><br />
+<span class="i2"><i>Annorum series, &amp; fuga temporum:</i></span><br />
+<span class="i2"><i>Non omnis moriar, multáque pars mei</i></span><br />
+<span class="i2"><i>Vitabit Libitinam,</i></span><br />
+<span class="i6"><i>dum stabit Anglia.</i><span class="ml20"> Capitolium.</span></span><br />
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Reader observe, This tells us how to keep<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Our morning-Thoughts awake, while others sleep:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">’Tis Art and Nature’s product, scan’d by some:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Judge of it by th’ Effects, then give your doom.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4"><i>To God alone be all Praise, Honour and Glory, for ever and ever.</i>
+<span class="ml10">Amen.</span><br /></span>
+<p class="signed_signature"><span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.<a id="FNanchor_B_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_86"><span class="fnanchor">[B]</span></a></p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top hanging_indent2" id="Page_563"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 563]</span>
+<span class="smcap">An Act</span> to Enable <i>Edward</i> Marquess of <i>Worcester</i> to
+Receive the Benefit and Profit of a Water-Commanding Engine by him
+Invented; One Tenth part whereof is appropriated for the Benefit
+of the Kings Majesty, His Heirs and Successors.<a id="FNanchor_C_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_87"><span class="fnanchor">[C]</span></a></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top"><span class="smcap">Whereas</span> The Right Honourable Edward Marquess of Worcester
+hath affirmed to the Kings most Excellent Majesty, That he hath
+by long and indefatigable pains and study, and with great and
+vast expences, invented and found out a Secret in Nature, never
+heretofore discovered, being a Water-Commanding Engine, of greater
+force and advantage then hitherto hath been known; and being no
+Pump or Force now in use, nor working by any Suckers, Barrels, or
+Bellows heretofore used for the raising and conveying of Water;
+which said Engine will yield very great benefit and advantage to the
+Common-wealth, by draining of all sorts of Mines, Marish, Oazie, or
+Overflown Grounds; by furnishing of Rivers and Cutts with water to
+make them Navigable and Portable from Town to Town; by improving of
+Lands wanting water; by the supplying and bringing in of water into
+the City of London, or into any other places: and by divers other
+ways and means whereby great Encouragement will be given to the
+People of this Nation to undertake to work rich Mines, to drain, and
+gain in many Marish, Oazie, and surrounded Grounds, which hitherto
+they have been deterred to endeavour the improvement of, by reason
+of the vast sums of money which must be necessarily expended by the
+draining and conveying away the water out of the same. And whereas
+the said Edward Marquess of Worcester is willing and contented to
+setle a tenth part of the accruing benefit thereof upon his Majesty,
+His Heirs and Successors, for the term of years after in this Act
+mentioned; To the end therefore that the said Edward Marquess of
+Worcester may have and enjoy the full and particular benefit and
+profit of this his new Invention, with a Prohibition to all others to
+make use thereof for ninety and nine years: May it therefore please
+the Kings most Excellent Majesty, That it may be enacted, And Be it
+Enacted by the Kings most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice
+and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the Commons,
+in this present Parliament Assembled, and by the Authority thereof,
+That it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Edward Marquess
+of Worcester, His Executors and Assigns, from time to time, and
+at all times hereafter, during the said ninety and nine years, to
+have, receive, take, and enjoy, to his and their own proper use and
+uses,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_564">[Pg 564]</span> the Profit, Benefit, and Advantage which shall any ways arise,
+happen, or accrue by means or reason of the aforesaid Engine and new
+Invention. And be it also Enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That one
+full tenth part of the accruing Benefit thereof (without deduction
+or abatement for or by reason of any Charges or Expences whatsoever)
+shall be paid and answered, and accounted for by the said Edward
+Marquess of Worcester, his Executors, Administrators, and Assigns,
+for His Majesty, His Heirs and Successors, into His Majesties publick
+receipt of Exchequer yearly, and every year at the Feasts of Saint
+Michael the Arch-angel and the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin
+Mary, during the said Term of Ninety nine years, the first payment
+to be made at the Feast of Saint Michael the Arch-angel, which shall
+be in the year of our Lord God, One thousand six hundred sixty and
+three; And be it further Enacted by the Authority aforesaid, that
+if any Person or Persons whatsoever within his Majesties Kingdom of
+England &amp; Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick upon Tweed, and
+the Dominions and Territories thereunto belonging, do, or shall at
+any time hereafter, during the said term, Counterfeit, Imitate, put
+in practice, or erect the said Water-commanding Engine (without the
+consent and License first had and obtained in writing from the said
+Edward Marquess of Worcester, or his Assignes) That it shall, and may
+be lawful to and for the said Edward Marquess of Worcester, or his
+Assignes, with his, or their Agents or Work-men by a Warrant from
+the Lord Chief Justice, or from any two Justices of Peace within
+the respective County or Liberty, where such search shall be made,
+and assisted by the Constable or Constables neer adjacent, to enter
+into, or upon the said place or places where the said Work or Engine
+shall be made or erected; And upon discovery of any such Engine, to
+proceed against the said Person or Persons by Action, Information or
+Indictment; and after Conviction thereof in due course of Law in any
+Assizes, or publique Sessions of the Peace, or any of the Courts at
+Westminster, or any other His Majesties Courts of Record in any City,
+Burrough, or Town Corporate, or in any Stanary Court, or Jurisdiction
+of Leadmines; Then such Engines to be forfeited, and seized to and
+for the use of the said Edward Marquess of Worcester, his Executors,
+Administrators and Assignes respectively: And further, that the said
+Actor or Actors, Contriver or Contrivers thereof, and every of them,
+shall lose, and forfeit Five pounds of lawful Money of England an Hour
+for every Hour, he or they shall be Convicted, by one or more credible
+Witnesses upon Oath, to use the same, after such Conviction without
+the consent and License of the said Edward Marquess<span class="pagenum" id="Page_565">[Pg 565]</span> of Worcester,
+or his Assignes, first had and obtained in manner as aforesaid; the
+same to be recovered in the name of the said Edward Marquess of
+Worcester, his Executors, or Assignes, at the Common Law by any Action
+or Actions to be grounded upon this Statute; The same Action and
+Actions to be heard, and determined in any of his Majesties Courts of
+Record, in which Suit no Essoign, Protection, or Wager of Law shall be
+allowed; one third part whereof shall be to the Kings most Excellent
+Majesty, one other third part to the Informer or Discoverer, and the
+other third part to the said Marquess of Worcester, his Executors
+and Assignes. Provided always, and it is hereby Declared, That this
+Act, or any thing therein contained, shall not prejudice any other
+Water-work or Engine now known and used, nor any Person or Persons,
+who before the making of this present Act have obtained any Letters
+Patents from his Majesty, for the sole making and using of any new
+Engine for the carriage of Water; But that the said other Water-work,
+and the said Letters Patents shall be and remain of the same force
+and effect, as if this Act had never been had or made, any thing
+herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding. Provided always,
+that nothing in this Act contained shall be construed, or taken to
+prejudice, or hinder any Person or Persons from making, or using
+any Engine, Device or Invention, for <ins class="correction" title="[sic] in original document">ther</ins> raising and carriage of
+Water, other then the Engine in this Act mentioned; And that a Model
+thereof be delivered by the said Marquess, or his Assignes, to the
+Lord Treasurer or Commissioners for the Treasury for the time being,
+at or before the Nine and Twentieth day of September, One thousand
+six hundred sixty three; And be by him or them then put into the
+Exchequer, and kept there.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line1">Copia vera.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line5"><i>Jo. Brown</i> Cleric.</p>
+<p class="signed_signature">Parliament.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="hanging_indent">In admirandam magis quàm imitandam, aut ullis Encomiis satis
+prædicandam, Illustrissimi Domini Marchionis Vigorniæ Machinam
+Hydraulicam, Elogium.</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="smaller">
+<span class="i2"><i>Barbara Pyramidum sileat miracula Memphis,</i></span><br />
+<span class="i2"><i>Assiduus jactet nec Babylona labor.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Horat.</span></span><br /></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p id="Page_566"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 566]</span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Siste viator, depone sarcinam, &amp; dum reficis membræ,</i></span><br />
+<span class="i0"><i>Labore languida, pasce mentem novitatis avidam;</i></span><br />
+<span class="i0"><i>Perpende gyganteam hanc molé, æterni motus æmulam,</i></span><br />
+<span class="i0"><i>Naturæ &amp; Artis compaginem, Cœli Solíque stuporem.</i></span><br />
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2"><i>Pondera ponderibus librata hîc Æthera scandunt,</i></span><br />
+<span class="i4"><i>Et redeunt proprias mox subitura vices.</i></span><br />
+<span class="i2"><i>Mens prægnans agitata Deo, nunc præstat in Orbe,</i></span><br />
+<span class="i4"><i>Quæ nec stellifero sunt tribuenda Polo.</i></span><br />
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Taceat Rhodus, facessat Ephesus, et quicquid fabulosa</i></span><br />
+<span class="i0"><i>Prædicat antiquitas; illic laudanda Artificis industria,</i></span><br />
+<span class="i0"><i>Hîc admiranda mentis sublimitas celebranda venit.</i></span><br />
+<span class="i0"><i>Cui impares fuere tot seculis retroactis omnes Græci,</i></span><br />
+<span class="i0"><i>Et Romani, humano conatu, id præstitit nostra</i></span><br />
+<span class="i0"><i>Ætate unus</i> Cambrobritannus, <i>Divino afflatu:</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="signed_signature">Soli Deo Gloria.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2"><i>Martis &amp; Imperii Palmam fert Roma perennem;</i></span><br />
+<span class="i4"><i>Artis &amp; Ingenii Cambria culmen habet.</i></span><br />
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">... pauci, quos æquus amavit</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Jupiter, aut ardens evexit ad æthera virtus,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Hoc potuere....</span><br />
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="signed_line5"><i>Jacobus Rollocus</i>,</p>
+<p class="signed_signature">Scoto-Belga-Britannus.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="hanging_indent"><i>A Panegyrick to the Right Honourable <span class="smcap">Edward</span>, Lord
+Marquess of <span class="smcap">Worcester</span>, Upon his stupendious and
+never-sufficiently-commended Water-work.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="smaller"><span class="i4">I know mean subjects need a skilful Pen</span><br />
+<span class="i4">To stretch their worth on tenter-hooks, but when</span><br />
+<span class="i4">A Theam falls out so pregnant, who can chuse</span><br />
+<span class="i4">But strain his vulgar Wit to prove a Muse?</span></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Come, fainting Pilgrim, lay here down thy Pack,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">And, while thou rests thy wearied limbs, look back</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Upon this Pageant, th’ Emblem of his mind,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Whose Art and skill hath this our Age refin’d.</span><br />
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Here little <i>David</i> curbs the Gyant’s brood,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Small drops of Rain contend with <i>Noah’s</i> Flood;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">One weighs a thousand coming down apace,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Weighs but himself when he hath run his race.</span><br />
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The Heavens admire, the Centre stands amaz’d,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">To see such Streams by so small Forces rais’d.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Great is the Work, but greater is the Fame</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Of that great Peer who did invent the same.</span><br />
+<p id="Page_567"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 567]</span></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">What Force or Strength can do is in his reach,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">His long Experience, Cost and Charges, teach;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">What Greeks, nor Romans e’re could do, this day,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Our Noble Britain here hath found the way.</span><br />
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">If Ages past had bred you, we had seen</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Your Glories current run a bigger stream;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">But Art and Envy meeting face to face,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Like <i>France</i> and <i>Spain</i>, dispute who shall take place.</span><br />
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">None but ignoble Minds love to detract</span><br />
+<span class="i0">From th’ Honour due to such a noble Act:</span><br />
+<span class="i0">On then, that after-ages may relate</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Your Service done to Country, King and State.</span><br />
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And though that envious Spirits spit their gall,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Your noble Deeds are so well known to all,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">As if their malice should take from your praise,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Your own deserts will crown your head with Bays.</span><br />
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="signed_line1"><i>By your Lordships</i></p>
+<p class="signed_line3"><i>most humble and faithful Servant</i>,</p>
+<p class="signed_line5">James Rollock.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2 id="Appendix_D">APPENDIX D.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="hanging_indent">[Among the Family Papers in the possession of His Grace the Duke of
+Beaufort is the following:&mdash;<i>Letter from <span class="smcap">Walter Travers</span>, a
+Roman Catholic Priest, to the Dowager Marchioness of Worcester.</i>]</p>
+
+
+<p class="signed_signature">Jesus + Mīa, September 6, 1670.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Noble Madam</span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">The Grace of the Holy-ghost bee with you.</p>
+
+<p>The greate esteeme and honour w<sup>ch</sup> I have euer had for your Ladys<sup>p</sup>
+hath allwaise made mee prompt, and willing to serue you to the best
+of my power, without the bias of selfe interest, as your selfe can
+witnesse; And because I feare that at present, your Honour hath noe
+one, that in the greate concernes, which you have in hand, will tell
+you the truth, as it often happens to persons of greate quality: I
+have thought it the part of my Priestly function and fidelity towards
+yo<sup>r</sup> Ho<sup>r</sup>: (haveing first in my poore prayers, humbly commended it
+to Alm: God) to represent unto you, that w<sup>ch</sup> all your friends know
+to bee true, as well as my selfe, and would bee willing that your
+Ladys<sup>p</sup> should know it likewise.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_568">[Pg 568]</span></p>
+
+<p>Alm: God hath Madam put you into a
+happey, and florishing condition, fitt and able to serue God, and to
+doe much good to your selfe and others; and your Ladys<sup>p</sup> makes your
+selfe unhappey, by seeming not to bee contented with your condition
+but troubling your spiritts with many thoughts of attayning to greater
+dignityes and riches.</p>
+
+<p>Madam all those that wish you well, are greeued to see your Ladys<sup>p</sup> to
+bee allready soe much disturbed, and weakened in your iudgment and in
+danger to loose the right use of your reason, if you doe not tymely
+endeauor to preuent it, by ceasing to goe one with such high designes,
+as you are vppon, which I declare to you, in the faith of a Priest to
+bee true: The cause of your present distemper, and of the aforesayed
+danger, is doubtlesse, that your thoughts and imagination are very
+much fixed on the title of Plantaginet, and of disposing your selfe
+for that greate dignity by getting of greate sums of money from the
+King, to pay your deceased Lords debts, and enriching your selfe by the
+great Mashine, and the like. Now Madam how vnproper such undertakeings
+are for your L. and how vnpossible for you to effect them, or any one
+of them, all your friends can tell you if the please to discover the
+trueth to you.</p>
+
+<p>The ill effects that flow from hence are many: as the danger of
+looseing your health and iudgment by such violent application of your
+fancies in such high designes and ambitious desires; the probability
+of offending Alm. God and preiudising your owne soule thereby: the
+advantage you may thereby give to those who desire to make a pray of
+your fortune, and to rayse themselues by ruening you: the spending
+greate sums of money in rich and sumptuous things, wh<sup>ch</sup> are not
+suteable to the gravity of your Ladys<sup>p</sup> and present condition of
+Widdow-hoode and mourning for your deceased Lord.</p>
+
+<p>Although it bee certine, that it is a greate temptation which you are
+now vnder, and very dangerous and hurtfull both to your temporall
+and eternall happynesse; yett I confisse that the Divel, to make his
+suggestion the more preualent, doth make vse of some motives that seeme
+plausible, as of paying your Lords debs, of founding monasteryes, and
+the like, and that your Ladys<sup>p</sup> hath the Kings favour to carry one your
+designes. But Madam it is certine that the King is offended with your
+comeing to the Court, and much more with your pretention to the title
+of Plantaginet; and it is dangerous to provoke him any farther: And for
+paying of debts, and founding of Monasteryes, wee all know that your L.
+can neuer bee in a better condition to doe it, then now you are; and as
+you are not bound to doe such things,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_569">[Pg 569]</span> soe they are not expected from
+you; but wee all applaud your pious inclinations herein, of w<sup>ch</sup> you
+will not loose the merit with Alm: God but our apprehensions are, least
+you should by your Ladys<sup>ps</sup> inordinate designes, bring your selfe
+into such a condition, as not to bee able to helpe your friends nor
+your selfe.</p>
+
+<p>Bee pleased Madam now to give mee leave to suggest some waie how the
+approching dangers may bee prevented, by changing the object of your
+affections, and insteede of temporall, to seeke after eternall riches,
+and honors, which your age doth assure you are not far off; for w<sup>ch</sup>
+you may dispose yourselfe, before death comes, by retiring into the
+countrey for some tyme, from the distractions of the Court, where
+you may have the advice and directions of some learned Priest, in
+whose vertue you may wholey confide, and bee guided by him, for your
+internall quiet and security. Many places may soone be found out, that
+are fitt for that purpose: At Hammersmith M<sup>rs</sup>. Bedingfield a very
+vertuous and discreete person, and of your Ladys<sup>ps</sup> acquaintance,
+hath lately taken a faire house and garden, &amp; hath but a small family.
+In some such place your Ho<sup>r</sup> might likewise haue the aduice of some
+well experienced Doctor, for the health of your person, and the
+benefitt of good ayre and of quietness, would much conduce to your
+health: And soe by Alm. Gods blessing, you may recover from that most
+pernicious distemper of bodey and mind, vnto w<sup>ch</sup> euery one seese you
+to bee very neere approaching, and may live many yeares with your owne
+fortune and dignity in greate honour, and happynesse and be the author
+of many good workes of piety and Charity to the glorey of God and
+eternall saluation of your owne soule. Thus dear Madam I have ventured
+to declare a greate trueth to you, w<sup>ch</sup> was before a secrett only to
+your selfe; I know that I run the hazard of incurring your displeasure,
+if your Ladys<sup>p</sup> should not reade the candor of my intentions, w<sup>ch</sup>
+in my Letter I intend towards you: but my assurance of haveing herein
+performed a duty w<sup>ch</sup> I owe to my God, and the hope I have that you
+will take it well as I intend it, have encouraged mee to doe it, and to
+subscribe myselfe</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line3">Honored Madam</p>
+<p class="signed_line5">Your humb. Ser. in C. J.</p>
+<p class="signed_signature"><span class="smcap">Walt. Travers</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">[<i>On the back of this letter is the address:</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">For ye Right Hon<sup>ble</sup>,</p>
+<p><span class="ml20">the Lady markes of wossester,</span></p>
+<p><span class="ml20">at her howes in Link[olns]</span></p>
+<p><span class="ml40">ins fields.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_570"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 570]</span></p>
+
+
+<h2 id="Appendix_E">APPENDIX E.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">COLONEL CHRISTOPHER COPLEY.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">Sufficient has been said respecting Copley in the “Life, Times,
+&amp;c.,” pages 214, 215, to give interest to any matter that can afford
+information respecting him.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width:60%" id="p570">
+   <img class="div_scaled" src="images/p570.jpg"
+      alt="Christopher Copley (autograph)" />
+</div>
+
+<p>We here supply his autograph, from MSS. in the British Museum, which
+may be useful to collectors; and have also to offer the account he
+gives of himself and his affairs during the Commonwealth, derived from
+Cole’s MSS. also in the British Museum, No. 5832, volume 31, page 209,
+as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="hanging_indent margin_top">I. (The following Case, wrote on half a sheet of paper, and was the
+first draught as seems to me, by the alterations and scratchings out
+of several words, and additions over them. I know not how I came by
+it.)</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Col. Christopher Copley his Case.</i></p>
+
+<p class="continued margin_top">Humbly sheweth,</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">That the said Colonel Copley did, in the year 1642, at his own charge
+raise a troop, and in 1644, a regiment of Horse, and supplied the
+Parliament with Bar-iron and Bullets, which with other things due
+amounted to the value of £1,843, whereof £1,500 was granted unto him as
+by an order of the 19th of July 1656, may at large appear; but is still
+unpaid.</p>
+
+<p>That during the greatest part of the years 1644, and 1645, he had the
+command and care of several regiments of Horse, and by the blessing
+of God upon his conduct and resolution, several pieces of service
+were done, and victories obtained, whereby diverse of the counties of
+England were settled in peace, to the great advantage of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>That the Committees of all ridings of the county of York did, in
+approbation of his service and fidelity, elect him to be Colonel of the
+West-riding Regiment of Horse in 1645; and the Parliament, by their
+letter, under the hand of the R<sup>t</sup> hon<sup>ble</sup>. Mr. Speaker, did also
+assure him, that they would be ready upon all occasions to testify
+their sense of his service; and did after, in 1647, appoint him<span class="pagenum" id="Page_571">[Pg 571]</span> to be
+one of the nine, who by their vote, were to command the nine regiments
+of Horse then only to be continued for the defence of this nation.</p>
+
+<p>That by reason of the premisses the Earl of Newcastle caused his wife
+and children to be turned out of doors, and his house, lands, goods,
+and stock at four Iron Works to be taken from him, to the value of
+£2,000; for which he never had any recompense.</p>
+
+<p>That Lieut<sup>t</sup>.-Gen<sup>l</sup>. Cromwell finding the said Colonel Copley would
+not become subservient to his ambitious ends (which then were under the
+curtain, but since discovered) caused him to be undeservedly questioned
+upon articles (which before he had waived), and after he had fully
+cleared himself, did, notwithstanding his said service, contributions
+and sufferings, cause him to be put out of the Catalogue presented to
+be continued in 1647; whereby his regiment was taken from him, and
+given to Colonel Lambert, contrary to the said vote; the Parliament, as
+is conceived, not then remembering it, nor their engagement by their
+letter afore-mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>That though he thus lost his command, yet he did not resist (as others
+of late) but acquiesced in the pleasure of the house, and submitted
+shortly after to a Commonwealth Government set up; yet hath been kept
+out of all employment, both civil and military ever since; to his
+reproach and the ruin of his estate, contrary to the declaration of the
+20th January 1643, while he hath seen many others (who never at all, or
+not considerably, either served or contributed to, or suffered for the
+Parliament) from mean conditions, preferred to, and continued in great
+commands and employments by their compliances with the many changes of
+this evil age, and the lusts of ambitious men, to the hazard of the
+ruin of this Commonwealth.</p>
+
+<p>That he did disapprove of the usurpations of the Protectoral, and the
+longings after the regal power; but when the Parliament was invited to
+return to the discharge of their trust, and were about the restitution
+of the commands to such, as by the usurpations were dispossessed, he
+tendered his service. And after the late interruption, he declared his
+readiness to raise a regiment, and to run the hazard of his life and
+fortune, to reduce the army to the Parliament’s obedience; and received
+a Commission to that end.</p>
+
+<p class="answer">His humble request, therefore, is, that your Honours will be
+pleased upon due consideration of the premisses to confer upon
+him his own regiment of Horse, late under the command of the
+said Colonel Lambert, and now about 12 years withheld from him,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_572">[Pg 572]</span>
+according to the justice of his case above-mentioned, or some
+other command or civil employment in England or Ireland, suitable
+to his former, and to the merit of his fidelity and affections to
+the Parliament, expressed in the premisses.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a true copy of the last:</p>
+
+<p>That since the good Providence hath put the power into your hand, your
+Ex<sup>cy</sup>. will be pleased upon due consideration of the Premisses,
+to confer upon him a command in England or Ireland, suitable to
+his former, and to the merit of his fidelity and affections to the
+Parliament expressed in the Premisses.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">II. In the 4th Volume of the Journals of the House of Commons for 1644
+to 1646, on the 20th October, 1645, is reported&mdash;“A letter from * *
+18th October, 1645&mdash; * * relating the great success of the Parliament’s
+forces (about 1,200), under the command of Colonel Copley, near
+Ferrybriggs, over near 2,000 of the enemy, under the command of Digby.”</p>
+
+<p>And in the 5th Volume, 1646 to 1648, on the 18th May, 1647, was
+read&mdash;“A Certificate from the Earl of Manchester, of the 20th February,
+1646, concerning iron belonging to Mr. Copley and his Partners, made
+use of by the forces under his command.”</p>
+
+<p>On referring to the Journals of the House of Lords, we find that on
+the 8th of July, 1648, there was a message from the House of Commons,
+and an order desiring their Lordships’ concurrence; being among other
+matters&mdash;“An Ordinance for £4,324. 9<i>s.</i>&mdash;to Colonel Christopher
+Copley,” which was entered and agreed to. (See Vol. X., 1647 to 1648,
+pages 369 and 371.)</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2 id="Appendix_F">APPENDIX F.</h2>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent"><i>Copy of Cromwell’s</i> <span class="smcap">Warrant</span>, <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Inventory</span> <i>of
+eight copies of Papers relating to the Marquis of Worcester, in the
+possession of</i> <span class="smcap">Bennet Woodcroft</span>, <i>Esq.</i> <i>F.R.S.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2 margin_top">1655. A <span class="smcap">Warrant</span> to pay Three pounds a week to Edward Earl
+of Worcester, for his better maintenance, &amp;c. Given by the Lord
+Protector, as follows:&mdash;[See page <a href="#Page_213">213.</a>]</p>
+
+<p class="continued margin_top margin_bottom">A <span class="smcap">Warrant</span> <i>to pay Three pounds a week to Ye Earl of Worcester</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2"><span class="smcap">Lord Protector</span>, &amp;c. To the Com<sup>rs</sup> of our Treasury
+Greetinge our will and pleasure is and wee doe hereby require and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_573">[Pg 573]</span>
+comand you or any Two or more of you That out of such our Treasure
+as is or shalbe remayninge in the reciept of our Excheq<sup>r</sup> you
+pay or cause to bee paid vnto Edward Earle of Worcester or his
+Assignes thee weekly allowance of Three pounds (heretofore charged
+on the Treāry att Goldsmiths Hall) for his better maintenance
+the said weekly allowance to bee continued vntil wee shall give
+other order to the contrary And our further will and pleasure is
+that you also pay or cause to bee paid forthwith vnto the said
+Earle or his Assignes out of our Treasure remayninge in o<sup>r</sup> said
+reciepts the arreares of the said allowance of Three pounds by the
+weeke from the eight day of January last past vntill which dayes
+the Treārs of Goldsmiths hall have certified the same to have
+been satisfied out of the Treāry there And theis presents or
+the inrollem<sup>t</sup> thereof shalbe a sufficient Warrant and discharge
+aswell to you the said Com<sup>rs</sup> of our Treāry as to all others
+our Officers and Ministers of the Receipt of o<sup>r</sup> Excheq. to whome
+it doth or shall any wayes apperteine for paym<sup>t</sup> of the said
+weekly Allowance and the arreares thereof as aforesaid Witnes the
+Lord Protecto<sup>r</sup> the six and <ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">twentith</ins> of June.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center smaller margin_top">[1655 Pat. Roll, part 4, No. 30.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top extra_hanging_indent">1660. A Pardon granted to Edward Marquesse of Worcester of all such
+offences, &amp;c. &amp;c. as are expressed in the form of a pardon
+prepared for that purpose and remaining with His Majesty’s
+Attorney General. Dated August, 1660.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1664&ndash;5. Grant to Edward Marquesse and Earle of Worcester of all
+sums of money, jewels, goods, and other matters and things of
+value concealed or accounted for and arising out of the real and
+personal estate of the said Edward Earl and Marquesse of
+Worcester and of his Father Henry late <ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">Marquiss</ins> of Worcester or
+belonging to the same and which by the laws of the kingdom are
+forfeited and belong to the Crown.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1664&ndash;5. Grant and release to Edward Marquis of Worcester of the tenth
+part of the benefits accruing from his Water-commanding engine
+settled upon the Crown, such Grant or release being in
+consideration of the surrender of the Warrant of Charles I.
+dated at Oxford, 5th January, 1644, made unto said Edward
+Marquis of Worcester by the name of Lord Herbert for the grant
+of lands to the value of £40,000, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1670&ndash;71. Letters Patent to Henry Marquis of Worcester, remitting<span class="pagenum" id="Page_574">[Pg 574]</span>
+payment of certain sums due to the Crown at the time of the
+death of his Father Edward Marquis of Worcester.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1673. Letters Patent relating to constitution of Peverill Court and
+appointing Henry Marquis of Worcester and Charles Lord Herbert
+and Arthur Lord Somerset (sons of the Marquis) Chief Seneschals
+and Simon Degge Seneschal of said Court.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1675&ndash;6. Letters Patent to Henry Marquis of Worcester, granting to him
+the Manor of Wondey in the County of Monmouth.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1675&ndash;6. Letters Patent to Henry Marquis of Worcester conceding the
+advowson &amp;c. of the Rectory of Sapworth or Sopworth in Wiltshire
+in exchange for that of Blendworth in the County of Southampton.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1678. Commission of Lunacy to inquire whether Margaret Dowager
+Marchioness of Worcester is a Lunatic, &amp;c.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2 id="Appendix_G">APPENDIX G.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">VAUXHALL WORKS, AND CASPAR KALTOFF.</p>
+
+<p class="center margin_top">I.</p>
+
+
+<p>The Honourable Robert Boyle, corresponding with Samuel Hartlib, the
+latter, under date “Duke’s Place, July 24th, 1649,” writes&mdash;“As for
+Vauxhall, there is a proviso put into the Act, that it shall not be
+sold.”</p>
+
+<p>And in another letter, dated “May 8th, 1654,” Hartlib says&mdash;“The Earl
+of Worcester is buying Vaux-hall from Mr. Trenchard, to bestow the use
+of that house upon Gaspar Calehof and his son, as long as they shall
+live.” [Works, fol. 1744, Vol. V., pp. 257 and 264.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="center margin_top">II.</p>
+
+<p>The annexed particulars of the premises at Vauxhall, where the Marquis
+of Worcester erected one of his Water-commanding Engines, and of
+Kalthoff and his family, are derived from the Books of the Duchy of
+Cornwall Office.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom">1.&mdash;<i>Duchy of Cornwall Office.</i></p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">From Index to Reports&mdash;1660&ndash;1684. A to P. 1. Kennington* (<ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">Surry</ins>).</p>
+
+<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom"><i>Peter Jacobson.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent">*Kennington (Foxhall House) 26th Oct., 1666. His Majesty’s Warrant
+directed to Lord Treasurer Southampton and Lord<span class="pagenum" id="Page_575">[Pg 575]</span> Ashley, to grant
+Mr. Jacobson a Lease for his life at a moderate rent, he having
+expended the sum of £700. on the Premises in making them convenient for
+the Trade of a Sugar Baker.&mdash;</p>
+<p class="signed_signature">Fo. 218.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent">Surveyor General’s Constat [or Direction] on the Warrant of Lord
+Ashley, Chancellor of Exchequer, enters minutely into every particular
+of the premises, showing in what manner the whole has been occupied,
+and reports the value per annum, and the value for a fine, &amp;c.</p>
+<p class="signed_signature">Fo. 219.</p>
+
+<p class="continued margin_top margin_bottom">[<sup>*</sup><sub>*</sub><sup>*</sup>Jacobson married Kaltoff’s daughter.]</p>
+
+<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom">2.&mdash;<i>Martha Calthoff.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent">The Widow of Gaspar Calthoff (a native of Holland, who had settled in
+this House by his Attorney, and employed in making Guns and divers
+Engines and works for the King’s service). Her Petition and case at
+large. Here Sir Charles Harbard also enters into a very minute detail
+of the premises in question.</p>
+<p class="signed_signature">Fo. 326.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom">3.&mdash;<i>Duchy of Cornwall Office.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">Report H. 1.<span class="ml20">1665&ndash;1668.</span></p>
+
+<p class="margin_top signed_signature">(Signed)<span class="ml10 smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="continued">Vauxhall, Peter Jacobson.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent">[By his Petition&mdash;has been at a Charge of £700. in repairing and
+building a part of Vauxhall, which was waste, and made the same
+convenient for a Sugar Baker, the said J.’s profession&mdash;in con. of his
+charges&mdash;and losses by the late fire at London&mdash;desires some certainty
+of the Premises.&mdash;Our pleasure to grant a Lease to P. J. of that part
+of Vauxhall which he hath repaired and built for his trade of a Sugar
+Baker&mdash;for the term of his life&mdash;at some moderate Rental. Whitehall,
+26th Oct. 1666. 18th year of reign.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom">4.&mdash;<i>Duchy of Cornwall Office.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom">Report H. 1.<span class="ml20">1665&ndash;68.</span></p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent">[Report of the Surveyors General C. Harbard and Hugh May, dated 25th
+and 27th April, 1668, respecting Foxhall House, parcel of the Manor of
+Kennington and Duchy of Cornwall.]</p>
+
+<p class="continued margin_top margin_bottom"><sup>*</sup><sub>*</sub><sup>*</sup> This is already quoted in the “Life, Times, &amp;c.,” page 239.</p>
+
+<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom" id="Page_576"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 576]</span>
+5.&mdash;<i>Duchy of Cornwall Office.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center margin_bottom">Particulars of a Lease in the form of Letters Patent.</p>
+
+<p>22nd March, 1667&ndash;68. Letters Patent whereby the King demised unto Peter
+Jacobson&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>All that part of our Mansion House called Vauxhall or Ffoxhall, part of
+the Manor of Kennington, in the County of Surrey, extending in length
+next the River Thames 186 feet, or thereabout, and in width 22 feet, or
+thereabout; and all that other part of the same Mansion House adjoining
+the premises, and from thence extending towards the S.E. 47 feet, and
+in width N.W. 33½; feet, or thereabout, and in other parts 24¼
+feet, or thereabout; together with all that area or place adjoining
+and fenced in, extending in length 141½ feet, or thereabout, and in
+width to the W. end 40 feet, and to the S. end 47 feet, or thereabout,
+together with free ingress and egress in and through the steps and
+doors existing at the N. end of the aforesaid house, and through
+and over the area there, called the Court-yard, appertaining to the
+aforesaid House, and all that Stable lately built upon part of the
+said place or area last mentioned, consisting in length 28&frac12; feet,
+or thereabout, and in width 17 feet, or thereabout; also that shed 26
+by 10 feet&mdash;premises in or near the Parish of Lambeth, and now in the
+tenure or occupation of Peter Jacobson * *.</p>
+
+<p>This Lease granted in consideration of the expense incurred in
+repairing and amending the buildings for and during his natural life,
+at a Rental of only £5.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom">6.&mdash;<i>Duchy of Cornwall Office.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center margin_bottom">Mem. from various Drafts.</p>
+
+
+<p class="continued">12th January, 1659&ndash;60.&mdash;Ch. II.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">Indenture of Lease between the King’s Majesty and Henry Lord Moore.</p>
+
+
+<p class="continued margin_top">22nd March, 1667&ndash;8.&mdash;19th Ch. II.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">Letters Patent&mdash;The King unto Peter Jacobson. To hold during the
+natural life of P. J. Rent £5.</p>
+
+
+<p class="continued margin_top">1st Aug. 1672.&mdash;24th Ch. II.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">Letters Patent whereby the King from grace and favour towards
+Jasper Calthoff and Martha Calthoff lately deceased, and their
+children, devised unto Herbert Price, Knight and Baronet, James
+Read, Esq., and John Renny, Gentleman, at the nomination and
+appointment of Claude Denis and Catherine his wife, one of the
+daughters of the said Jasper Calthoff and Martha his wife.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_577">[Pg 577]</span></p>
+<p class="hanging_indent2">Jasper
+Calthoff and Isabel Calthoff, others of the sons and daughters of
+the said Jasper and Martha Calthoff.</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top"><sup>*</sup><sub>*</sub><sup>*</sup> Then there would be also Peter Jacobson, the son-in-law, who
+married a daughter.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">7. The following particulars are derived from the Records of the State
+Paper Office:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom"><i>State Papers.</i> Vol. 142, No. 134.</p>
+
+<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom">Martha Kalthof and Peter Jacobson’s Petition.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_indent">To the King’s most excellent Majesty.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent6 margin_top">The Humble Petition of Martha, widow of Caspar Kalthof, and Peter
+Jacobson, her son-in-law.</p>
+
+<p class="continued margin_top">Showeth,</p>
+
+<p>That the said Martha is the distressed widow of the said Caspar, your
+Majesty’s and your Royal father’s old servant. That he was planted
+by your Majesty’s most gracious father in Vauxhall, and had building
+therein erected for the exercise of his art and feat as Ingineur
+[engineer].</p>
+
+<p>That your Majesty upon your happy Restoration resettled him in the said
+house, after he had been long turned out of doors by the great Traitor
+and Usurper.</p>
+
+<p>That in this ejection her husband was plundered and bereaved of an
+estate near £3,000. sterling, and left with 4 children, some whereof
+were infants.</p>
+
+<p>That being reinstated by your Majesty as aforesaid, he was naked and
+without means to prefer his daughter grown up, but upon the trust
+of your Majesty’s grace, did dispose of one of his daughters to the
+Petitioner, Peter Jacobson, but without any other portion than the firm
+hopes of your Majesty’s continued grace and Royal goodness.</p>
+
+<p>That in consideration the Petitioner, Peter Jacobson, did bestow in
+making the building of that house for his calling of sugar-baking near
+the sum of £700. sterling.</p>
+
+<p>That now, on the death of his said father-in-law, he is left at your
+Majesty’s mercy for his continuance in this house to the Petitioner
+Martha’s subsistence and her other two daughters preferment, [which]
+depends wholly upon the said Peter Jacobson his enjoyment of the said
+house for perfecting his work, and refunding his said great expences.
+And although your Majesty hath been graciously pleased to design
+the son of the said Caspar to succeed this office and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_578">[Pg 578]</span> service, yet
+forasmuch as he is held up by the Emperor of Russia, the Petitioners
+are both under great fears without your Majesty’s special grace and
+clemency.</p>
+
+<p class="answer">Their most humble Petition therefore and only hope is that your
+Majesty will be graciously pleased in contemplation of both their
+desolate otherwise, and truly sad condition, to grant them such
+terms of years in the said house, as may in some measure repair the
+estate of the said widow to provide of the maintenance of herself
+and preferment of her two orphan daughters, and enable the
+Petitioner Peter, her son-in-law, by holding the said Sugar-house
+some certain term of years to have recompense of his said expense
+of £700. bestowed upon your Majesty’s grounds, which he will leave
+after in good repair to the improvement of your Majesty’s interest.</p>
+
+
+<p class="hanging_indent6">And your Petitioners as in duty bound shall ever with
+theirs pray, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>[See Col. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1665&ndash;66, edited by Mrs. M. A. E.
+Green. 8vo. 1864. p. 153, No. 134.]</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="center">[Vol. 102, No. 13. Sept. 5. Whitehall. Warrant from Secretary Bennet.
+(Ent. Book 16, p. 220.)]</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">It is his Majesty’s pleasure that Sir Herbert Price, Sir Paul Neal, and
+Sir Robert Murray, being attended by Mr. Gervase Price, his Majesty’s
+Serjeant Trumpeter, do visit Foxhall, and there enquire by whom the
+several rooms in it are possessed, and particularly what belongs to the
+Marquis of Worcester, what to Gaspar Collthoffe, late deceased, and
+what their respective interests in the Engines, Tools, &amp;c. remaining in
+that place are, hearing on the one part the Lord John Somerset; and on
+the other the widow of the said Colthoff, and his son-in-law, and any
+persons relating to them, of all which the said persons above mentioned
+are to give an account to his Majesty in writing. Whitehall, September
+5, 1664.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature"><span class="smcap">Henry Bennet.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">[See Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1664&ndash;65. Edited by Mrs. M. A. E.
+Green. 8vo. 1863. p. 2. No. 13.]</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_579"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 579]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 id="Appendix_H">APPENDIX H.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center margin_bottom">APOCRYPHAL PASSAGES.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent"><i>Statements that have at various times been published as matters of
+fact relating to the personal history of the Marquis of Worcester.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">1. <i>The Pot-lid Story.</i>&mdash;No account of the Marquis’s great discovery
+has hitherto been considered complete without relating what is usually
+offered as a traditional anecdote of its origin. The latest
+publication, in a popular form, occurs in “A History of Wonderful
+Inventions,” where its interest is enhanced by a neatly executed
+engraving. It relates that, at the conclusion of the Civil War, the
+Marquis “hastened over to France, where, after spending some time at
+the court of the exiled royal family of England, he returned to this
+country as their secret agent, but being detected, was confined a
+prisoner in the Tower.” It is said that during this imprisonment,
+“while he was engaged one day in cooking his own dinner, he observed
+the lid of the pot was continually being forced upwards by the vapour
+of the boiling water contained in the vessel. Being a man of thoughtful
+disposition, and having, moreover, a taste for scientific
+investigation, he began to reflect on the circumstance, when it
+occurred to him that the same power which was capable of raising the
+iron cover of the pot might be applied to a variety of useful purposes;
+and on obtaining his liberty, he set to work to produce a practical
+exposition of his ideas on the subject in the shape of an acting
+machine, which he described in his work”&mdash;the “Century.”</p>
+
+<p>Every writer varies this story in its details. Here the compiler,
+drawing on his imagination, certifies to the Marquis being his own
+cook, providing his own dinner, and verifies the pot-lid being of iron.
+Disraeli and others vaguely state it to have been his meal that was
+being prepared in his presence, saying nothing whether the pot was
+brass, copper, or iron. The Tower must have had a large supply of these
+cooking utensils to meet the wants of its prisoners!</p>
+
+<p>The story reminds one of that of the Three Black Crows related by
+Addison in <i>The Spectator</i>, for like it this “pot-lid” story may after
+all have originated in some lecture or conversation, in which the
+speaker indulged his fancy by venturing the statement as what might
+appear to him a feasible suggestion, and one calculated to render
+the matter interesting and impressive. Had it happened at all it
+must have occurred from 1652 to 1654; but the “pot-lid”
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_580">[Pg 580]</span> story, in
+another form, was current in 1597, when Lord Bacon, in his Essays,
+alluding to the origin of Inventions, remarks:&mdash;“It should seem, that
+hitherto men are rather beholding to a wild goat for surgerie, or to a
+nightingale for music, or to the ibis for some part of physic, <i>or to
+the</i> <span class="smcap">pot-lid</span> that <i>flew open</i> for artillery, or generally to
+chance, or anything else, than to logic for the invention of Arts and
+Sciences.” The third edition of these Essays was published at Oxford
+in 1633, and from so popular a source it was natural for the vulgar to
+take the suggestive idea of the “pot-lid” to account for the origin
+of the steam engine, rather than to assign the birth of that gigantic
+production to a natural process of inductive reasoning.</p>
+
+<p class="margin2_top">2. <i>Unfounded Charge of Forgery.</i>&mdash;Thomas Carte, son of the Rev. Samuel
+Carte, born in Warwickshire, was baptized there by immersion, 23rd of
+April, 1686. In 1722, being accused of high treason, he fled to France,
+but returning in 1728&ndash;30, he, in 1735, published the third volume of
+his “Life of the Duke of Ormonde.” Among other matters, Nichols, in
+his “Literary Anecdotes,” Vol. IX., 1815, observes: “In an unpublished
+letter to Dr. Z. Grey, dated May 14, 1736, he says&mdash;‘I suppose you have
+read that volume [the 3rd], and seen there the letters relating to the
+Earl of Glamorgan, who certainly forged every commission he pretended
+to from the King.<a id="FNanchor_D_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_88"><span class="fnanchor">[D]</span></a> I give you his character in the History very
+justly, but yet too tenderly drawn, because I am naturally unwilling
+to lay a load on any man’s memory, except I am absolutely forced to
+it. I intimate (so strongly that nobody of common sense can mistake
+the thing) that he forged letters and commissions without number;
+and I could have produced the compiler of the Nuncio’s memoirs in
+evidence (who had all those commissions before his eyes, and all the
+papers signed by Glamorgan to the Nuncio), to prove the commissions
+and letters he pretended to from King Charles absolutely forged; for
+he says he was perfectly acquainted with Glamorgan’s secretary, and
+knew his handwriting as well as his own; and all those commissions and
+letters were wrote in the hand of an Irish priest, who was Glamorgan’s
+secretary.’”</p>
+
+<p>After further remarks to the same effect, he concludes, “In fine, I
+have not the least doubt but that Glamorgan forged every pretended
+power or commission he had; and all of them so fully express his
+vanity, and are so adapted to his present views (which in most cases
+could not arise till after he was in Ireland), that they could<span class="pagenum" id="Page_581">[Pg 581]</span>
+have no other author but himself. I must observe to you that this
+letter, being directed to the Nuncio, is the only original of the
+King’s writing among his papers (for Glamorgan only gave him copies
+translated of the others); and whatever commission, or other power,
+instructions, or letters, Glamorgan pretended to the Nuncio to have
+from the King, must be in a hand agreeable to that which the Nuncio had
+as an original.”</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<a href="#Footnote_72_89"><ins class="correction" title="Footnote not marked within text" id="FNanchor_72_89">[72]</ins></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_72_90"><ins class="correction" title="Footnote not marked within text" id="FNanchor_72_90">[72*]</ins></a></div>
+
+<p>The Editor properly notes here: “If Glamorgan only gave copies
+translated of the other commissions, it is no great wonder that they
+should be written in his secretary’s hand.”</p>
+
+<p>In the same work is the following inquiry from a correspondent:
+“I never met with anybody but Mr. Thomas Carte who talked of
+<i>Impartiality</i> and <i>Mr. Thomas Carte</i> in the same breath. But, waiving
+that question, I cannot help asking&mdash;If the Irish Rebellion, and all
+the mischiefs of that period, are to be attributed to commissions and
+powers forged by the <i>soi-disant</i> Earl of Glamorgan, what pretence is
+there for laying all the load and odium thereof upon the Parliament?”</p>
+
+<p>A thin quarto volume of MSS., in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, entitled
+“Notes on Carte’s History,” contains a note from Mr. Birch, dated 2nd
+February, 1742&ndash;3, to Rev. Mr. Thomas Carte; also, “The full answer to
+the Bystander, compared with the History of the Life of James Duke of
+Ormonde, written by the same author, September, 1742;” likewise several
+letters from Rev. J. Boswell, Taunton; and lastly, the following MS.
+letter:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">“Sir,&mdash;I am very much concerned to find by your last letter that you
+have received such a message from Mrs. Carte. I persuade myself she
+would think me entitled to the greatest civility from her, if she was
+apprised of the friendship which subsisted between me and her late
+husband. I took no small pains for several years to serve poor Mr.
+Carte, and had the satisfaction of such a valuable correspondence with
+him as entitled him to every good office that I could do him. In 1748 I
+laid before him <i>The Case of the Royal Martyr considered with candour</i>,
+and he was so good as to approve of it, and earnestly pressed me to
+print it. In the course of our correspondence I mentioned some
+difficulties which I had met with in that work, and particularly in
+relation to some facts which had been misrepresented in a book entitled
+<i>An Enquiry into the share which King Charles</i>, &amp;c. Mr. Carte, in a
+series of letters which he favoured <span class="pagenum" id="Page_582">[Pg 582]</span>me with on that subject, gave me
+many valuable Notices, which were of great use to me in clearing up
+those difficulties, and which I have occasionally availed myself of in
+many parts of my work. It is likely Mrs. Carte may have found copies of
+those letters, some of which were very long. But as Mr. Carte first
+sent them to me professedly with design that I should make what use of
+them I thought proper, I leave Mrs. Carte to consider, whether her
+finding such copies of letters in her late husband’s own handwriting
+will give her a claim to any part of my work which you have printed. If
+Mrs. Carte shall choose to write to me on this affair, I shall be glad
+to receive a letter from her directed under cover to you.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_line4">I am, yours &amp;c.,</p>
+<p class="signed_signature">The Author of <i>The Case of the Royal Martyr, &amp;</i>.”</p>
+
+<p class="continued smaller">July 25th, 1754.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">(It has no direction, and the writing is evidently <i>not</i> that of the
+Rev. J. Boswell, of Taunton.)</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">Dr. Birch was at variance with Mr. Carte on historical points relating
+to Charles the First and the Earl of Glamorgan; but in his “Inquiry,”
+1756, he never touches on the subject of this pretended forgery of
+commissions. The charge is every way discreditable to Carte, being a
+mere theory of his own to give colour to the King’s representations
+made in public, although well known to have had no effect to alienate
+old friendship between the King and the Earl.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">3. <i>Fanshawe’s story of £8,000. raised in Ireland.</i> Lady Fanshawe’s
+Memoirs, 1665, written by herself, were printed in London, 1829. In an
+introductory memoir we are informed:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“On receiving orders from his Majesty [Charles II.] to deliver the
+seals to Lord Inchiquin, Mr. Fanshawe proceeded on his mission, and
+embarked with his wife at Galway, in February, 1650, on board a Dutch
+ship for Malaga. Their entry into Galway, (which had been devastated
+by the plague), is deserving of attention, and an anecdote, which is
+related of the conduct of the Marquis of Worcester to the merchants
+of that town, if true, reflects equal disgrace on the cause which he
+espoused and on his memory.”</p>
+
+<p>Writing in Ireland, about 1650, as appears from the context, Lady
+Fanshawe says:&mdash;“Our house was very clean, only one maid in it besides
+the master; we had a very good supper provided and being very weary
+went early to bed. The owner of this house entertained us with the
+story of the last Marquis of Worcester, who had been there sometime the
+year before: he had of his own and other friends’ jewels to the value
+of £8,000, which some merchants had lent upon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_583">[Pg 583]</span> them. My Lord appointed
+a day for receiving the money upon them and delivering the jewels;
+being met, he shows them all to these persons, then seals them up in a
+box, and delivered them to one of these merchants, by consent of the
+rest, to be kept for one year, and upon the payment of the £8,000 by my
+Lord Marquis to be delivered him.</p>
+
+<p>“After my Lord had received the money, he was entertained at all these
+persons’ houses, and nobly feasted with them near a month: he went
+from thence to France. When the year was expired, they, by letters
+into France, pressed the payment of this borrowed money several times,
+alleging they had great necessity of their money to drive their trade
+with, to which my Lord Marquis made no answer, which did at last so
+exasperate these men, that they broke open the seals, and opening the
+box found nothing but rags and stones for their £8,000, at which they
+were highly enraged, and in this case I left them.”</p>
+
+<p>The least acquaintance with the character of the Marquis must satisfy
+any one of the absurdity of this silly story, fastened on a man of
+stainless honour, by an obscure lodging-house keeper. The man who
+related it could never have imagined that Lady Fanshawe would place on
+record the story he was relating for her amusement, as an historical
+fact, or he might have shown more discretion than her Ladyship, by
+affording some authority for a statement of so scandalous a character.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">4. <i>Pretended interview between the Marquis of Worcester and De Caus
+in the Bicêtre, Paris.</i>&mdash;This fiction was long supported by a forged
+letter, pretended to have been written in February, 1641, by Marion
+Delorme, addressed to M. de Cinq-Mars. An exposure of this fable is due
+to M. Figuier, in his “Principales Découvertes Scientifiques Modernes,”
+post octavo, 4 volumes, 1862. After quoting the fabricated document,
+he says:&mdash;“Cette pièce, fabriquée par un mystificateur hardi, eut
+un succès prodigieux, et l’on ne manqua pas de dire que le marquis
+de Worcester, à qui ses compatriotes attribuent la découverte de la
+machine à vapeur, en avait puisé l’idée dans sa conversation avec le
+fou de Bicêtre. On pouvait cependant élever contre l’authenticité de
+cet écrit quelques objections qui ne manquent pas de solidité. On
+pouvait faire remarquer, entre autres choses, que Salomon de Caus, mort
+en 1630, aurait pu difficilement être enfermé en 1641 dans un hôpital
+de fous; que Bicêtre était alors une commanderie de Saint-Louis, où
+l’on donnait asile à d’anciens militaires, et non un hôpital;&mdash;que
+Salomon de Caus n’avait jamais pensé à construire une machine utilisant
+les<span class="pagenum" id="Page_584">[Pg 584]</span> effets méchaniques de la vapeur;&mdash;enfin qu’il n’avait jamais reçu
+que de bons offices de la part de Richelieu puisque dans la dédicase
+de son livre, <i>La practique et démonstration des horloges</i> il exprime
+sa reconnaissance pour les bontés du cardinal. Mais le public n’y
+regarde pas de si près, et bien de gens ne renoncent pas sans douleur
+à la bonne fortune historique d’un homme de génie mourant à l’hôpital.
+Un sujet si bien trouvé revenait de droit aux ouvres de l’imagination
+et de l’art. On a vu, à l’une des expositions du Louvre, un tableau
+de l’un de nos peintres, M. Lecurieux, dans lequel Salomon de Caus,
+enfermé à Bicêtre, est représenté les yeux caves et la barbe hérissée,
+tendant les mains, à travers les barreux de sa prison, au couple
+brillant de Marion Delorme et du marquis. La lithographie et la gravure
+ont consacré à l’envi ce préjugé historique, le théâtre<a id="FNanchor_E_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_91"><span class="fnanchor">[E]</span></a> et de roman
+l’ont exploité, de telle sorte que l’architecte normand tient aujourd’
+hui sa place à côté de Galilée et de Christophe Colomb sur la liste des
+hommes de génie persécutés et méconnus. Jusques à quand cette légende
+de fabrication moderne usurpera-t-elle le titre de fait historique?”
+[Pages 32, 33.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin2_top">5. <i>A Scotch view of the “Century.”</i> In <i>Blackwood’s Magazine</i>, Vol.
+6, 1820, p. 655, a correspondent, under the signature of J. C., in an
+article dated Manchester, February 8, 1820, “On Sir Thomas Urquhart’s
+Jewell,” declares:&mdash;“I have good reason [?] to believe, Sir Thomas
+was the real author of that singular production, ‘A century of names
+and scantlings of inventions,’ the credit or discredit of which was
+dishonestly [?] assumed by the Marquis of Worcester.”</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hugh Miller, in his “Scenes and Legends of the North of Scotland,”
+12mo. Edin. 1835, has enlarged on this speculative view with amusing
+fervour. He says:&mdash;“If intrinsic evidence be allowed to weigh anything,
+either this little tract [the “Century”] was written by Sir Thomas;
+or, what is much less probable, the world, nay, the same age and
+island, have produced two Sir Thomases. Some little weight, too, may
+be attached to the fact, that many of his manuscripts were lost in the
+city of Worcester, near which place, <i>judging from the Title</i>, it is
+probable the Marquis resided [!]; and that the “Century of Names” was
+not published until 1663, two years after death had disarmed poor Sir
+Thomas of his sword and his pen, and rendered him insensible to both
+his country’s honour and his own. <i>If in reality the author of this
+piece, he must be regarded, it is said, as the prime inventor of the
+steam engine.</i>”</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_585"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 585]</span></p>
+
+
+<h2 id="Appendix_I">APPENDIX I.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">PETITION.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">[At page 284 of the “Life” is a copy of an undated letter, which may
+have been one addressed to the Duke of Albemarle. The Marquis speaks of
+the neglect of two petitions, which may be the one given at page 282,
+and the present petition, to the matter of both of which the annexed
+letter from the Duke of Albemarle may refer. It would thus appear that
+his petitions lay neglected for two months.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="center margin_top"><i>State Papers.</i></p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">Vol. 152, No. 82. Petition of the Marquis of Worcester.</p>
+
+<p class="center margin_top">To the King’s most excellent Majesty,</p>
+<p class="signed_signature">The Petition of Edward Earl and Marquis of Worcester.</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">That the Petitioner having with great loyalty expended and lost his
+whole fortune (being very considerable) for the interest of the Crown,
+and public services whereby he is reduced to that deplorable condition
+through his debts and wants, that he is not capable to eat bread of
+his own, or allow himself the freedom of the streets, being deprived
+hereof through the clamour of his creditors, whose moneys were really
+borrowed for the use, and on the desire of your Majesty’s royal father
+of blessed memory, your sacred Majesty [sic] and for advancing public
+services to the general good of the kingdom and security of your Royal
+person and dignity, of which the Petitioner hath paid above £35,000
+since your Majesty’s happy restoration, besides many former sums lent
+and expended, for which it is humbly presumed your sacred Majesty (when
+rightly informed) will have particular regard to release and to pay
+such great acts of loyalty as the Petitioner can make appear, as well
+for justice as an encouragement for all loyal subjects hereafter to
+expose themselves and fortunes at any rate for your Royal interest, as
+the Petitioner hath without precedent, truly and really done in many
+eminent particular services, too tedious to trouble your Majesty with,
+being more fit to be heard and prepared by some of your Majesty’s most<span class="pagenum" id="Page_586">[Pg 586]</span>
+honourable privy Council, who are the most proper advisers in such
+cases, whose report and advice in this matter to your Majesty may prove
+a redemption to the Petitioner, a royal exoneration to your Majesty,
+and a great encouragement to all good subjects for the future, to
+expose themselves as the Petitioner hath done, for your Majesty’s less
+trouble and better understanding of the premisses, and what shall be
+made appear concerning the same.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2 margin_top">The Petitioner’s most humble request is, that your Majesty will be
+graciously pleased to recommend and refer the Petitioner to be
+fully heard touching his services, loans, disbursements, losses,
+and sufferings to the Lord High Chancellor of England, and the Lord
+Privy Seal, the Duke of Albemarle, the Marquis of Dorchester, the
+Earl of Anglesey, the Earl of Loutherdale; the Lord Holles, the
+Lord Ashley, Lord Arlington and Mr. Secretary Morrice, or to such
+of them, or other, as your Majesty shall think fit. And that your
+Majesty will be pleased to order the said Lords to refer to reports
+to your Majesty with all convenient speed the Petitioner’s whole
+case, as they shall find it, with their opinions to your Majesty
+for such just and speedy satisfaction for the relief of the
+Petitioner, and encouragement for his long endeavouring for the
+public good, as shall be thought fit, whereby he may be enabled to
+stop the mouths of his numerous and clamorous creditors, and live
+himself without disgrace to nobility, or being further necessitated
+to importune your Majesty. And that, until the Petitioner’s case
+can be reported, and fitted for your Majesty’s royal pleasure, your
+Majesty will be pleased to order the Petitioner, some small sum out
+of the privy purse for the present support of his wife and family
+who exceedingly want the same.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">And your Petitioner will ever pray, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">[See Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1665&ndash;66. Edited by Mrs. M. A. E.
+Green, 8vo. 1864. P. 330, No. 82.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="center margin2_top margin2_bottom"><i>State Papers</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Vol. 144, No. 27. Duke of Albemarle to Lord Arlington.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_indent margin_top">My Lord,&mdash;At the request of my Lord Marquis of Worcester I make bold to
+write to your Lordship in his behalf, you know his Lordship’s business
+so well that I shall not need to state <span class="pagenum" id="Page_587">[Pg 587]</span>it to you. I desire your
+Lordship’s assistance to him in the dispatch of his Lordship’s concerns
+before you, whereby your Lordship will oblige my Lord of Worcester, and
+also him who is,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_signature">Your Lordships very humble servant,</p>
+<p class="signed_signature">ALBEMARLE.</p>
+
+<p class="smaller">Cockpit, 3 Jan. 1665.</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">Addressed at the back&mdash;“For the Right Honourable Henry Lord Arlington,
+Principal Secretary of State these, at Oxford.”</p>
+
+<p class="center margin_top">[<sup>*</sup><sub>*</sub><sup>*</sup> Calendared under 1666.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="margin_top">Vol. 142. No. 11, 2. Reference to the Lord Chancellor and others.</p>
+
+<p class="smaller margin_top">[See Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1665&ndash;66. Edited by Mrs. M. A. E.
+Green, 8vo. 1864. P. 189, No. 27.<ins class="correction" title="Original missing closing square bracket">]</ins></p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="center"><i>State Papers.</i> Vol. 152, No. 10.</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">Reference to Sir Thomas Ingram&mdash;[<i>Ent. Book 18, page 200.</i>]</p>
+
+
+<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom">Marquis of Worcester.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">Upon the Petition of the Marquis of Worcester, who desiring to be
+heard in his suit about Mr. Hall, to be referred to the Chancellor
+of the Dutchy.</p>
+
+<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom">March 24, 1665&ndash;66.</p>
+
+<p>His Majesty is graciously pleased to refer the suit of the honourable
+Petitioner unto the Rt. Honble. Sir Thomas Ingram, Knt., and to
+consider thereof, and to report his opinion thereupon to his Majesty,
+who will then declare his further pleasure, with a gracious regard to
+the Petitioner’s services and sufferings.</p>
+
+<p class="smaller margin_top">[See Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1665&ndash;66. Edited by Mrs. M. A. E.
+Green, 8vo. 1864. page 316, No. 11, 3.]</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="center"><i>State Papers.</i> Vol. 152, No. 82.</p>
+
+<p class="center margin_top">[Reference thereon to the Lord Chancellor and others.]</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent6 margin_top">At the Court of Whitehall, March the [March 24, 1665&ndash;6.]</p>
+
+<p class="margin_top">His Majesty is graciously pleased to refer this honourable Petitioner,
+and his suit, to the Right Honourable the Lord High Chancellor of
+England, and the Lord Privy Seal, the Duke of Albemarle,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_588">[Pg 588]</span> the Marquis
+of Dorchester, the Earl of Anglesey, the Earl of Loutherdale, the Lord
+Holles, the Lord Ashley, myself, and Mr. Secretary Morrice, or to
+any three or more of them, who are hereby authorized to take special
+care to find out the truth of the whole particulars, which will be
+afforded by the Petitioner, and to report the same to his Majesty,
+their opinions of the most proper and expeditious way for his Majesty
+to answer the Petitioner’s desires, so far as the same shall be found
+just, upon whose report his Majesty will take a speedy course for the
+Petitioner’s satisfaction.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent6">[No signature, date, or endorsement. But in Cal. State Papers,
+1665&ndash;66, reference is made, p. 316, No. 11, to <i>Ent. Book</i> 18, p.
+18, which supplies the date 24 March, 1665&ndash;6.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="smaller margin_top">[See Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1665&ndash;66. Edited by Mrs. M. A. E.
+Green. 8vo. 1864, page 330, No. 82.]</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2 id="Appendix_K">APPENDIX K.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">JOHN GOWER.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent margin_top">[In the “Life, Times, &amp;c.,” page 108, a quotation is given from the
+poet Gower, as used by Henry Marquis of Worcester, in addressing
+Charles I. and is again alluded to at page 145. The author is
+indebted to a friend for taking the trouble to search the works of
+the poet, at the London Institution, and supplying, from Chalmers’
+edition, 1810, page 218, the following reference and extract.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">The lines occur in “Confessio Amantis,” Book VII. in a dialogue,
+the subject being: “Of the three, Wine, Women, or the King, which
+is the strongest?” <span class="ml10">Harpages says:&mdash;]</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">A kynge maie spille,<a id="FNanchor_F_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_92"><span class="fnanchor">[F]</span></a> a kynge maie saue,</span><br />
+<span class="i4">A kynge maie make a lorde a knaue,</span><br />
+<span class="i4">And of a knaue a lorde also,</span><br />
+<span class="i4">The power of a kynge stont<a id="FNanchor_G_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_93"><span class="fnanchor">[G]</span></a> so:</span><br />
+<span class="i4">That he the lawes ouerpasseth.</span><br />
+<span class="i4">What he will make lesse, he lasseth,</span><br />
+<span class="i4">What he will make more, he moreth.</span><br />
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p id="Page_589"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 589]</span></p>
+
+<h2 id="CATALOGUE_OF_EARLY_SCIENTIFIC_WORKS">CATALOGUE OF EARLY SCIENTIFIC WORKS,</h2>
+
+<p class="center">PRINCIPALLY ANTERIOR TO THE PUBLICATION OF THE CENTURY OF INVENTIONS,
+IN 1663;</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller margin2_top">WITH A FEW MODERN AUTHORITIES ON MECHANICAL INVENTIONS, AFFORDING
+COLLATERAL ILLUSTRATIONS.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Arago, François</span>, Member of the Institute. Biographies of
+Distinguished Scientific Members. Translated by Admiral Smith, Rev.
+B. Powell, M.A., and R. Grant, M.A. 8vo. 1857. [Life of James
+Watt.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Babington, John</span>, Pyrotechnia: or, A Discourse of Artificiall
+Fire-works. Whereunto is annexed a short treatise of Geometrie.
+Folio. 1635.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Bacon, Roger.</span> Frier Bacon his discovery of the miracles of art,
+nature, and magick. Faithfully translated out of Dr. Dee’s own
+copy, by T. M. and never before in English. London, Printed for
+Simon Miller, at the Starre in St. Pauls Church-yard. 12mo. 63
+pages. 1659.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Barlow, Peter</span>, <i>F.R.S. &amp;c.</i>&mdash;See <a href="#EncMet">Encyclopædia Metropolitana.</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Bate, John</span>, The Mysteries of Nature and Art in four severall parts.
+The first of water-works: the second of fire-works: the third of
+drawing, washing, limning, painting, and engraving: the fourth of
+sundry experiments. 4to. 1634. The second edition. 1635.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Becherus, J. J.</span> Character, pro Notia Linguarum universali. 8vo.
+Franc. 1661.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Bedwell, William.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Ramus">Peter Ramus.</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Besson, Jacques</span>. Il Theatro de gl’ Instrumenti e Machine; con una
+brieve dichiaration di tutte le figure di F. Beroaldo. Folio.
+Lione, 1582.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Bessoni, Jacobi</span>, Delphinatis, Mathematici ingeniosissimi. Theatrum
+Instrumentorum et Machinarum. Cum <span class="smcap">Franc. Beroaldi</span> figurum
+declaratione demonstratiua. folio. Lugduni. 1578. [London
+Institution.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_590">[Pg 590]</span></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Bettino</span>, Bononiensi, e soc. Jesu. Mario. Apariari universæ
+philosophiæ mathematicæ. Folio. Bononiæ, 1642.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Billingsley, Henry</span>, Citizen of London. The Elements of Geometrie,
+of the most auncient Philosopher Euclide of Megra. Faithfully (now
+first) translated into the Englishe toung. With a faithfull Preface
+made by M. J. Dee. Imprinted at London by John Daye. Folio. 1570.
+[The date is at the end, vide page 465.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Bourne, William</span>, Inventions or Devices. Very necessary for all
+generalles and captaines, or leaders of men, as wel by sea as land:
+Written by &mdash; 4to. An. 1578.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Boyle, The Honourable Robert</span>, The Works of. Preface by Thomas
+Birch. 5 vols, folio. 1744.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Bradley, Richard</span>, <i>F.R.S.</i> New Improvements of Planting and
+Gardening, both philosophical and practical. 8vo. 1718.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[The 2nd edition in 3 parts, separately paged. See 3rd part, pp.
+174&ndash;179.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Branca, Giovanni</span>, Le Machine. Volume nuovo e di molto artificio, da
+fare effetti maravigliosi tanto Spiritali, &amp;c. 4to. Roma, 1629.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Brocklerum, Georgium Andream.</span> Theatrum Machinarum novum. Folio.
+Coloniae Agrippinae, 1662.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Brown"><span class="smcap">Brown, J. W.</span> The Life of Leonardo da Vinci, with a critical account
+of his works. 12mo. 1828.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Caus"><span class="smcap">Caus, Isaac de.</span> New and rare inventions of Water-works, shewing the
+easiest waies to raise water higher then the spring. By which
+invention the Perpetual Motion is proposed many hard labours
+performed And variety of motions and sounds produced. First written
+in French by Isaak de Caus a late famous engineer: And now
+translated into English by John Leak. London, Printed by Joseph
+Moxon. Folio. 1659. [London Institution.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Caus, Salomon de.</span> Les Raisons des forces Mouvantes avec diverses
+Machines. Folio. Francfort, 1615.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; Zusatz von allerhand Mühl Wasser und Brotten Werken. [The
+second part of a volume commencing with, “Heronis Alexandrini Buch
+von der Lufft und Wasser Kunst.”] 4to. Francfurt, 1688.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[Fifty-five quarto copper-plates, Mills, Fountains, and Automata.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Chilmead, William</span>, <i>M. A.</i>&mdash;See <a href="#Gaffarel">James Gaffarel.</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Clark, Daniel K.</span>, <i>C. E.</i>&mdash;See <a href="#EncBrit">Encyclopædia Britannica.</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Cosmo the Third</span>, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Travels through England
+during the reign of Charles II. (1669). Roy. 4to. 1821.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Desaguliers</span>, The Rev. J. T., <i>LL.D., F.R.S. &amp;</i>. A Course of
+Experimental Philosophy. 2 vols. 4to. 1763.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; Account of the Automaton, by M. Vaucanson, Inventor,
+translated by. 4to. 1742.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Digges, Thomas</span>, A geometrical practical treatize named
+Pantrometria, divided into three Books. Folio. 1591.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Digges, Leonard</span>, Gentleman. A Prognotification cuertaininge
+Orriginal good effecte, fruitfully augmented by the auctour, &amp;c.
+augmented by Thomas Digges his sonne. B. L. 4to. 1576.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Dirckes, Henry.</span> Perpetuum Mobile; or, a history of the search for
+self-motive power, during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries,
+illustrated from various authentic sources; with an Introductory
+Essay. Post 8vo. 1861.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_591">[Pg 591]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Dircks"><span class="smcap">Dircks, Henry.</span> A Biographical Memoir of Samuel Hartlib. Containing
+a reprint of his publication of Cressy Dymock’s account of “An
+Invention of Engines of Motion.” 8vo. 1865.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Doppelmayr, Johann Gabriel.</span> Historische Nachricht von den
+Nürnbergischen Mathematicis und Kunstlern. Folio. Nürnberg, 1730.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Dudley, Dud.</span> Metallum Martis: or, Iron made with Pit-coale, &amp;c.
+4to. 1665.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Dymock"><span class="smcap">Dymock, Cressy.</span> An Invention of Engines of Motion lately brought to
+perfection. [See reprint in H. Dircks’ Life of Samuel Hartlib. post
+octavo. 1864.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="EncBrit"><span class="smcap">Encyclopædia Britannica.</span> Vol. 20, 8th edition. 4to. 1860.
+[Article&mdash;Steam and Steam Engine. By Daniel K. Clark, C. E.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="EncMet"><span class="smcap">Encyclopædia Metropolitana.</span> 4to. 1845. [Vol. 6, Mixed Sciences.
+Containing&mdash;A Treatise on the Manufactures and Machinery of Great
+Britain. By Peter Barlow, F.R.S., &amp;c. 1836.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Etten, Henry van.</span> Mathematicall Recreations. Or a Collection of
+sundrie <i>Problemes</i>, extracted out of the Ancient and Moderne
+<i>Philosophers</i>, as secrets in nature, and experiments in
+Arithmeticke, Geometrie, &amp;c. Most of which were written first in
+Greeke and Latine, lately compiled in French, by Henry Van Etten,
+Gent. Small 8vo. 1633.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; Recreation Mathematique et entretien facetieux de
+plusieurs plaisants problemes en faict d’arithmetique, geometrie,
+mechanique, opticque, et autres parties de ces belles sciences.
+12mo. Pont-a-Mousson, 1629.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; See also <a href="#Mydorge">Claude Mydorge.</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Evelyn"><span class="smcap">Evelyn, John</span>, <i>F.R.S.</i> Memoirs illustrative of the Life and
+Writings of, edited by William Bray, F.S.A. 2 vols. 4to. 1819.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; The Miscellaneous Writings of. By William Upcott. 4to. 1825.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Falconer, John.</span> Cryptomenysis Patefacta: or the Art of Secret
+Information disclosed without a key. Small 8vo. 1685.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[Contains also notices of “Secret Information, mentioned by
+Trithemius.”]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Farey, John.</span> A treatise on the Steam Engine. 4to. 1827.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Felton, Edmond.</span> Engins invented to save much blood and moneyes (in
+these times of warre), and to doe extraordinary good service. [A
+tract of 8 pages.] 4to. 1644.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Figuier, Louis.</span> Exposition et Histoire des Principales Découvertes
+Scientifiques Modernes. 4 vols. post 8vo. Paris, 1862. [Tome
+Premier. Machine a vapeur.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Flud, Roberto.</span> Utrisque Cosmi majoris scilicet et minoris
+metaphysica, physica atque technica historia in duo Volumina
+secundum cosmi diffirentiam divisa. Folio. Oppenhemii, 1617.
+[Dedication signed&mdash;R. Fludd.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Fosbroke.</span> The Rev. <span class="smcap">Thomas D.</span>, <i>M.A.,</i> &amp;c. Encyclopædia of
+Antiquities and elements of Archæology. 8vo. 1840.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Foster, Samuel.</span> Miscellanies: or, Mathematical Lucubrations.
+Translated by Dr. John Twysden. Folio. 1659.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">French, John</span>, Doctor of Physick. The art of distillation, or a
+treatise of the choicest spagyricall preparations performed by way
+of distillation; in 6 books. 4to. 1650.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_592">[Pg 592]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">French, John.</span> The same. Second edition. To which is added, The
+London Distiller. 4to. 1653.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[Numerous woodcuts of distillatory apparatus.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Gaffarel"><span class="smcap">Gaffarel, James.</span> Unheard-of Curiosities concerning the Talismanical
+sculptures of the Persians, &amp;c. Translated by Edmund Chilmead, M.A.
+small 8vo. 1650.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Gheyn, Jacob de.</span> The Exercise of Armes, for Calivers, Muskettes,
+and Pikes, After the ordre of his Excellence Maurits, Prince of
+Orange, &amp;c. Sett forth in the figures by Jacob de Gheyne. Printed
+at the Hage. Folio. 1607.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Giacinto, Amati.</span> Ricerche Storico-Critico-Scientifiche sulle
+origini, scoperte, invenzioni e perfezionamenti fatti nelle lettere
+nelle arti e nelle scienze. 5 Tom. 8vo. Milan, 1828. [In Vol. 2,
+“Stenografia.”]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Glasgow</span> Mechanics’ Magazine, and Annals of Philosophy. 2nd Vol.
+8vo. Glasgow, 1825.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Grollier"><span class="smcap">Grollier de Servière, Nicholas.</span> Recueil d’ouvrages curieux de
+mathématique et de méchanique; ou description du cabinet de M.
+Grollier de Servière. 4to. Lyon, 1719.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Grose, Francis.</span> Military Antiquities. 2 vols. 4to. 1801.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Halliwell, J. O.</span>, <i>F.R.S.</i> &amp;c. A Collection of Letters illustrative
+of the progress of Science in England from the reign of Q.
+Elizabeth, to that of Charles II. Edited by. 8vo. 1841.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; Rara Mathematica; or, Collection of Treatises on the
+Mathematics. Edited by. 1841.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Harleian Miscellany.</span> By Oldys and Park. 4to. 6th Vol. 9th Vol.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Harsdorffern"><span class="smcap">Harsdörffern, Georg Philipp.</span> Deliciæ Mathematicæ et Physicæ.
+Z’weyter Theil. 4to. Nürnberg, 1677.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; Dritter Theil. 4to. Nürnberg, 1692. [See <a href="#Schwenterum">M. D.
+Schwenterum.</a>]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Hartlib, Samuel.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Invention">Invention.</a>&mdash;See also <a href="#Dircks">H. Dircks.</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Hero</span>, Alexandrinus, <i>Senior</i>; <span class="smcap">Ctesibii</span> Ascreni Discipulus.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">1. Spiritalium Liber, à <span class="smcap">Frederico Commandino</span> ex Græco in Latinum
+conversus; cum figuris. 4to. Urbini, 1575.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">2. Di Herone Alessandrino de gli Automati, overo Machine se
+Moventi, Libri due, Tradotti dal Greco da Bernardino Baldi. 4to.
+Venetia, 1589.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2">3. Spiritalium Liber: altera editio; cui accesserunt <span class="smcap">Jo. Bapt.
+Aleotti</span>, quatuor Theoremata Spiritalia, ex Italico in Latinum
+conversa; cum figuris. 4to. Amsterdam, 1680.</p>
+<p class="extra_margin">[A 4to. edition also printed at Bologna, 1647.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="hanging_indent2" id="Hero_4">4. Veterum Mathematicorum&mdash;Athenæi, Bitonis, Apollodori, Heronis,
+Philonis, et Aliorum Opera; Græce et Latine, pleraque nunc primum
+edita. Ex Manuscriptis Codicibus Bibliothecæ Regiæ. Folio.
+Parisiis, 1693.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Hewett, John.</span> Ancient Armour and Weapons. 3 vols. 8vo. 1860.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Hooke, Robert,</span> <i>F.R.S.</i> Lectiones Cutlerianæ, a Collection of
+Lectures made before the Royal Society. 4to. 1679.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[See No. 1. of the “Philosophical Collections” therein.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Hooper, Dr. William.</span> Rational Recreations. 1st and 2d Vol. 8vo.
+1794.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_593">[Pg 593]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Humane"><span class="smcap">Humane Industry</span>: or a History of most manual arts, deducing the
+original, progress, and improvement of them. Furnished with variety
+of instances and examples, shewing forth the excellency of Humane
+Wit. small 8vo. 1661. [By Thomas Powell, <i>D.D.</i>; see Ant. À. Wood,
+&amp;c.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Hutton, Charles</span>, <i>LL.D.</i> and <i>F.R.S.</i> Mathematical Dictionary.
+1815.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Invention"><span class="smcap">Invention</span> (An) of Engines of Motion lately brought to perfection.
+Whereby may be dispatched any work now done in England or
+elsewhere, (especially works that require strength and swiftness)
+either by wind, water, cattel or men. And that with better
+accommodation, and more profit then anything hitherto known and
+used. London, Printed by J. C. for Richard Woodnoth, nezt door to
+the Golden heart, in Leaden-hall Street. 16 pages. 4to. 1651.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[Two copies in the British Museum; one as above, the other with
+“nezt” corrected to “next.” This scarce pamphlet consists of two
+Letters without signature, addressed to Samuel Hartlib.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Invention.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Dymock">Cressy Dymock.</a> Also, <a href="#Temple">Temple Anecdotes.</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Inventions.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Wonderful">Wonderful Inventions.</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Kircherus</span>, Athanasius, Germanus, Fuldensis, Soc. Jesu. Romani
+Collegii Societatus Jesu Musæum celeberrimum. Folio. Amstelodami,
+1678.</p>
+
+<p class="reference_quoted_indent catalogue">[Caput IV. <i>De Horologiis.</i> Caput V. <i>De Mobili perpetuo
+apparente</i>.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Lanis, P.</span> Francisci Tertii de. Magisterium Naturæ, et Artis. 3
+vol. fol. Brixiæ, 1684.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Leak, John.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Caus">Isaac de Caus.</a></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Leybourn, William</span>, Philomathes. Pleasure with Profit: consisting of
+recreations of divers kinds, viz., Numerical, Geometrical,
+Mechanical, &amp;c. folio. 1694.</p>
+
+<p class="reference_quoted_indent catalogue">[The compiler was a schoolmaster, and although largely indebted to
+Bishop Wilkins and other learned authors, he never names a single
+authority.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Lucar, Cyprian</span>, Gent. Three Bookes of Colloquies concerning the
+arte of shooting in great and small peeces of artillerie, variable
+randges, measure, and waight of leaden, yron, and marble stone
+pellets, minerall saltpeetre, gunpowder of divers sortes, &amp;c.
+Written in Italian by Nicholas Tartaglia; and now translated into
+English by, (augmented, and with additions) fol. 1588.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; A Treatise named Lucarsolace, divided into Fovver
+Bookes, which in part are collected out of diuerse authors, in
+diuerse languages. 4to. 1590.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Leupold, Jacob.</span>&mdash;1. Theatrum Machinarum generale; mit figuren, und
+register. Folio. Leipzig, 1726.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 2. Hydrotechnicarum. Folio. 1724.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 3. Machinarum Hydraulicarum; oder, Schau Platz der
+Wasser-Künste. 2 vols. Folio. 1724&ndash;25.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 4. Staticum universale. 1726.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 5. Pontificiale. Folio. 1726.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 6. Machinarum; oder, Schau-Platz der Heb-Zeuge. 1725.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 7. Arithmetico-Gemetricum 1726.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Mechanics’ Magazine.</span> Third Vol. 8vo. 1825.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_594">[Pg 594]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Meikleham, Robert.</span> Author of several works under the pseudonym of
+<a href="#Stuart">Robert Stuart</a>: which see accordingly.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Markham, G.</span> The Souldiers Exercise: in three Bookes. 4to. 1639.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Meyrick, Sir S. R.</span> Ancient Armour and Arms. 2 vols. Folio. 1830.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Morvvyng, Peter.</span> The treasure of Evonymus, contayninge the
+wonderfull hid secretes of nature, touchinge the most apte formes
+to prepare and destyl Medicines, &amp;c. 4to. 1559.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Mydorge"><span class="smcap">Mydorge, Claude.</span> Examen du Livre des Recréations Mathématiques, et
+de ses problèmes en Géométrie, Mechanique, Optique, and
+Catoptrique, &amp;c. [And at the end] Notes sur les Recreations
+Mathématiques. Par D. H. P. E. M. Small 8vo. Paris, 1638.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin catalogue">[See Van Etten’s work printed at
+<ins class="correction" title="Typo original has Pont-a-Moussou">Pont-a-Mousson</ins>, 1629, and later
+editions; Mydorge’s work is a copy of their matter and engravings.
+He was an eminent mathematician: born at Paris, 1585.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Muirhead"><span class="smcap">Muirhead, James, P.</span> <i>M.A.</i> &amp;c. The Life of James Watt, with
+selections from his Correspondence. 2nd Edition. 8vo. 1859.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Nowe, Lord de la.</span> The Politicke and Militarie Discourses of.
+Translated out of the French by E. A. B. Letter. 4to. 1587.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Pancirollus, Guido.</span> The history of many memorable things lost,
+which were in use among the Ancients, &amp;c. 12mo. 1715.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Papillon, David</span>, Gent. A practicall Abstract of the Arts of
+Fortification and Assailing. 4to. 1645.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Partington, Charles F.</span> A course of Lectures on the Steam Engine,
+delivered at the London Mechanics’ Institution, &amp;c. 12mo. 1826.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Peacham, Henry</span>, <i>M.A.</i> The compleat Gentleman. 4to. 1627.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Percy Anecdotes.</span> By S. &amp; R. Percy. 12mo. 1820.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[Articles&mdash;Science, Genius, Ingenuity.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Philosophical Magazine.</span> Edited by A. Tilloch. 18th Vol. 8vo. 1804.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Plat, Sir Hugh</span>, of Lincolne’s Inne. The Jewell House of Art and
+Nature. Printed by Peter Short, on Breadstreet hill, at the signe
+of the Star. 4to. 1594.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[It contains 4 Books and a last part. The 3 first Books have
+separate title pages, the first paged 1 to 96, the second 1 to 60,
+and the third 1 to 48, but also takes in the fourth Book and last
+part under continuous paging, ending p. 76.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">According to the Table of Contents&mdash;“The first Booke conteineth
+divers new and conceited experiments.”</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">The second of “Husbandry;” the third of “Divers Chimicall
+conclusions concerning the art of Distillation.”</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">The fourth Book the “Art of molding or casting.” And the last part
+“an offer of certain new inventions.”]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; The Jewel House of Art and Nature: containing divers rare and
+profitable inventions, &amp;c. Another edition. 4to. 1653.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Plot, Dr. Robert.</span> Natural History of Staffordshire. Folio. 1684.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Porta, John Baptista.</span> I tre Libri de’ Spiritali. 4to. Napoli, 1606.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; Natural Magick; in 20 Books. Wherein are set forth all the
+riches and delights of the Natural Sciences. Folio. 1658.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Powell, Thomas</span>, <i>D.D.</i> See <a href="#Humane">Humane Industry.</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Ramelli, Capitano Agostino.</span> Le Diverse et artificiose Machine.
+Folio. 1588.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[This exceedingly rare and valuable work contains 195 well executed
+folio plates.]</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_595">[Pg 595]</span></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Ramus"><span class="smcap">Ramus, Peter.</span> Via Regia ad Geometriam. The way to Geometry. being
+necessary and useful. For Astronomers, Geographers, Land-meaters,
+Seamen, Engineres, Architecks, Carpenters, &amp;c. Written in Latine by
+Peter Ramus, and now translated by Mr. William Bedwell. 4to. 1636.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Rovinson, John.</span> A treatise of Metallica. And containeth a briefe
+explanation, &amp;c., of the instruments, engins, furnaces, &amp;c. 4to.
+1613.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[A copy in the British Museum; also reprinted in two editions,
+edited by Mr. John N. Bagnall, at Wolverhampton, 1854.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Schottus, Gaspar</span>, Regis Curianus, Soc. Jesu, in
+Herbipolitano-Franconia Gymnasio Math. Prof.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; Magia universalis naturæ et artis, sive recondita naturalium et
+artificialium rerum scientia; cum figuris, et indicibus. 4 vols.
+4to. Bambergæ, 1677.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; Mechanica Hydraulico-Pneumatica (cum notis musicis). Plates.
+4to. Herbipoli, 1657&ndash;58.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; Pantometrum Kircherianum, hoc est, Instrumentum Geometricum
+novum a Kirchero inventum, explicatum et demonstrationibus
+illustratum. Plates. 4to. <i>Ibid.</i> 1660.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; Cursus Mathematicus. Fol. 1661.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; Mathesis Cæsarea, sive Amussis Ferdinandrea ad Problemata
+Universæ Matheseos, &amp;c. Plates. 4to. <i>Ibid.</i> 1662.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; Technica Curiosa, sive Mirabelia Artis. 2 parts in 1. <i>Ibid.</i>
+1664.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Schwenterum"><span class="smcap">Schwenterum, M. Danielem</span>. Deliciæ Physico-Mathematicæ. 4to.
+Nürnberg, 1636.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; See also <a href="#Harsdorffern">G. F. Harsdörffern.</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Servière, Grollier de.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Grollier">Grollier de Servière.</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Sorbiere"><span class="smcap">Sorbière, Mons.</span> A Voyage to England, containing many things
+relating to the state of learning, religion, and other curiosities
+of that kingdom. 8vo. 1709.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[Also, Observations on the same voyage, by Dr. Thomas Sprat, F.R.S.
+With a Letter of M. Sorbière.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Sorbière, Samuel</span>. Relation d’un Voyage en Angleterre. Paris, 1664.
+[Dedication to the King, dated 12th Dec., 1663.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Sprat, Thomas</span>, <i>F.R.S.</i> Observations on Monsieur Sorbière’s Voyage
+into England; written to Dr. Wren, Professor of Astronomy. 12mo.
+1665. [See <a href="#Sorbiere">M. Sorbière.</a>]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">State Papers</span>, Calendars of (various). 8vo. 1856&ndash;64.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Stevin, Simon</span>, de Bruges. Les Œuvres Mathematiques. Augmentées
+par Albert Girard. Fol. A Leyde, 1634.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Stuart"><span class="smcap">Stuart, Robert.</span> A descriptive History of the Steam Engine. 8vo.
+1824.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; Historical and Descriptive Anecdotes of Steam Engines and of
+their Inventors. 2 vols. 32mo. 1829.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Sturtevant, Simon.</span> Metallica, or the Treatise of Metallica. [The
+making of Iron with Sea-cole, &amp;c.] 4to. 1612.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Switzer, Stephen.</span> An introduction to a general system of
+hydrostaticks and hydraulics. 2 vols. 4to. 1729.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Temple"><span class="smcap">Temple Anecdotes, The</span>; Invention and Discovery. By R. &amp; C. Temple.
+Post 8vo. 1864.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Teyser, Johannis</span>. Architecturæ Militaris. 4to. 1553.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[In 4 Books, with engraved title and plates; pp. 56.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_596">[Pg 596]</span></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Timbs, John</span>, <i>F.S.A.</i> Stories of Inventors and Discoverers. 12mo.
+1860.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Tredgold, Thomas</span>, <i>C.E.</i> The principles and practice, and
+explanation of the Machinery used in steam navigation. Compiled by
+&mdash;&mdash;. 2 vols. 4to. 1851.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Trithemii, Joannis.</span> Libri Polygraphiæ VI. Small 8vo. Argentinæ,
+1600.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[There is also a quarto edition, with diagrams.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Tymme, Thomas.</span> A Dialogue Philosophical, wherein Natures secret
+closet is opened, and the cause of all motion in nature shewed out
+of matter and forme, &amp;c. 4to. 1612.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Ubaldi, Guidi</span>, i machionibus montis in duos Archimedis
+æqueponderantium libros praphrasis scholiis illustrata. Folio.
+Pisauri, 1588:</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; è marchionibus montis. Mechanicorum Liber. Pisauri, 1577.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; Mechanica. Fol. Pisaur. 1577. And Venice, 1615.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; De Cochlea. Fol. Venice, 1615. pp. 160.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Upcott, William.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Evelyn">John Evelyn, F.R.S.</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Valturius, Robertus</span>, De Re Militari. Folio. Parisiis, 1532.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; Another edition. Folio. Parisiis, 1534.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[In the Library of the Patent Office. The same volume
+contains:&mdash;Flavius Vegetius de Re Militari.&mdash;Sextus Julius
+Frontinus, Stratagematum.&mdash;Ælianus de Instruendis Aciebus.&mdash;And,
+Modestus, Libellus de Vocabulis Rei Militaris.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Vegetius Renatus, Flavius.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 1. De re militari Libri IV. Fol. Plato de Benedictis, Bononiæ,
+1495. <i>Inter</i> Scriptores de re militari.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">Sextus Julius Frontinus Vit. consularis de re militari.&mdash;Flauius
+Vegetius Vit. Illustris de re militari.&mdash;Aelianus de instruendis
+aciebus.&mdash;Modesti, libellus de uocabulis rei militaris. [No
+engravings.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 2. De re militari Libri IV.: cum picturis bellicis ligno
+incisis. Fol. Char. Wechelius, Parisiis, 1535.&mdash;Inter Scriptores de
+re militari.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[Large engraved figure of a Knight on the back of the title page,
+and numerous bold, freely executed curious large wood engravings.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 3. <span class="smcap">Vegezio</span> dell’ arte militare, nella commune lingua novamente
+tradotto da <span class="smcap">Tizzoni Gaetano</span> da Pofi. Small 8vo. Venetia, 1540.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[Wood engraved title page.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 4. Il Modesimo; tradotto da <span class="smcap">Francesco Ferrosi</span>. Small 8vo.
+<i>Gabriel Giolito</i>, Vinegia, 1551. [No engravings.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 5. De re militari Libri IV. Sexti Julii Frontini viri
+consularis de stratagematis libri totidem. Fol. Paris, 1553.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 6. De re militari Libri IV. [Frontini; Ælianus, Modestus.] G.
+Stewechio. 8vo. Lugduni Batavorum, 1592.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Veterum Mathematicorum</span>, 1693.&mdash;See <a href="#Hero_4"><span class="smcap">Hero</span>, No. 4.</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Vinci, Leonardo da.</span> Life of. See <a href="#Brown">J. W. Brown.</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Vitruvio</span> de Architectura traducto (da C. Cesariano, Bono Mauro,
+Benedotto Jovio, Novo Comasco, &amp;c.) e commentato da Cesare
+Cesariano. Woodcuts. Fol. Como, 1521.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[1st Book, p. 23. Aeolipilarum Figura. Also engraving of a large
+vessel with paddles. Liber Decimus, p. 174.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Vitruvius Pallio, Marcus.</span> De architectura Libri X. Fol. Romæ, circa
+1486.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">[<span class="smcap">Wallace, Professor</span>]. The History of the Steam-Engine from the
+second century before the Christian era. New edition, illustrated.
+12mo. London, <i>Cassell</i>, 1860.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_597">[Pg 597]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Watt, James.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Muirhead">J. P. Muirhead.</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Weale’s Quarterly Papers.</span>&mdash;Vol. V.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">White, John.</span> A rich Cabinet, with variety of Inventions, unlock’d
+and open’d, for the recreation of ingenious spirits. 12mo. 1684.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Wilkins, John</span>, <i>M.A.</i> (Bishop of Chester). Mathematicall Magick.
+Or, The wonders that may be performed by mechanicall geometry. By
+J. W., M.A. Small 8vo. 1648.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; Mercury, or the secret and swift messenger: shewing how a man
+may with privacy and speed communicate his thoughts to a friend at
+any distance. By J. W., M.A. Small 8vo. 1641.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Wonderful"><span class="smcap">Wonderful Inventions</span>; A History of. 12mo. 18&mdash;.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Zeising, Henricus.</span> Theatri Machinarum. Thick 4to. Leipzigk, 1612.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[Compiled principally from Bessoni and Ramelli’s works.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_598">[Pg 598]</span></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Zonca, Vittoria</span>, Architect. Novo Teatro di Machine et Edificii.
+Folio. Padoua, 1656.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2 id="catalogue">CATALOGUE</h2>
+
+<p class="center">OF BOOKS EITHER QUOTED OR CONSULTED</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller margin_top margin_bottom">IN REFERENCE TO THE</p>
+
+<p class="center">LIFE AND TIMES OF THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Aiazzi">1 <span class="smcap">Aiazzi</span>, Cura di G. Nunziatura in Irlanda di Monsignor Gio.
+Batista Rinuccini Arcivescovo di Fermo negli anni 1645 a 1649. 8vo.
+Firenze, 1844.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">2 <span class="smcap">Allen, Thomas.</span> The Historical Antiquities of London, &amp;c.;
+continued by Thomas Wright. 4 vols. 8vo. 1839.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">3 &mdash;&mdash; History and Antiquities of the Parish of Lambeth. 4to. 1827.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">4 <span class="smcap">Annual Register</span>, 1769.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Repertory">4* <span class="smcap">Antiquarian Repertory.</span> By Francis Grose, F.S.A., &amp;c. and
+other eminent antiquarians. Vol. IV. 4to. 1809.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">4**<span class="smcap">Archæologia</span>; or Miscellaneous Tracts relating to
+Antiquity. Vol. 6. 4to. 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">5 <span class="smcap">Atkyns, Sir Robert.</span> The ancient and present state of
+Gloucestershire. Folio. 1712.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Baker, Charles.</span> See <a href="#Dineley">T. D. or T. Dineley.</a></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">5*<span class="smcap">Barber, J. T.</span>, <i>F.S.A.</i> A Tour through South Wales and
+Monmouthshire. 8vo. 1803.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">5**<span class="smcap">Barrington, Sir Jonah.</span> Historic Memoirs of Ireland. 2nd
+edition. 2 vols. 4to. 1833.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">6 <span class="smcap">Bayley, John</span>, <i>F.R.S.</i>, &amp;c. The History and Antiquities of
+the Tower of London. In 2 parts, royal 4to. 1825.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">7 <span class="smcap">Bayly, Thomas</span>, (Sub-dean of Bath and Wells). Worcester’s
+<ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">Apophthegme</ins>: or Witty sayings of the Right Honourable Henry (late)
+Marquess and Earl of Worcester. By T. B. Small 12mo. 1650.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">7*&mdash;&mdash; Certamen Religiosum: or, a conference between his late Majesty,
+Charles King of England, and Henry late Marquis and Earl of Worcester,
+concerning Religion, 1646. 12mo. 1649.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Beatson">8 <span class="smcap">Beatson’s</span> Political Index modernised; The Book of
+Dignities. By Joseph Haydn. 8vo. 1851.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">9 <span class="smcap">Beattie, Wm.</span>, M.D. The Castles and Abbeys of England. Royal
+8vo. 18&mdash;.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">10 <span class="smcap">Beaufort Family</span>, Portraits and Biographical Notices of
+the. Folio. Salisbury, 1804.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">11 [<span class="smcap">Beling, Sir Richard.</span>] Vindicarum Catholicarum Hiberniæ.
+Authore Philopatro Irenæo. Libri duo, quorum. pp. 256. 18mo. Paris,
+1650. [He was one of the great movers of the rebellion, but of the
+moderate party.]</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">12 <span class="smcap">Betham, Rev. William.</span> The Baronetage of England. 4to. 1803.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">12*<span class="smcap">Bibliotheca Regia</span>; or, The Royal Library, Ch. II. Not
+extant in the Reliquiæ Carolinæ. In two Books, 12mo. [Brit. Mus.]
+1659.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_599">[Pg 599]</span> 13 <span class="smcap">Birch, Thomas</span>, <i>D.D.</i>, Secretary of the Royal
+Society. An Inquiry into the share which Charles I. had in the
+transactions of the Earl of Glamorgan. 8vo. 1756.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Bliss’ Walpole.</span> See <a href="#Walpole">Walpole.</a></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">14 <span class="smcap">Boyle, Honourable Robert</span>, The Works of. 5 vols. folio.
+1744.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Brooke, Ralphe.</span> See <a href="#Vincent">Augustine Vincent.</a></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">15 <span class="smcap">Brooks, Wm. Alex.</span>, Architect. Select Specimens of the
+Monastic, Castellated, and Domestic Architecture of Great Britain.
+Part 1, Nos. 1 and 2, [all pubd.] folio. 1826.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Bruce">16 <span class="smcap">Bruce, John</span>, <i>F.S.A.</i>, &amp;c. Charles I. in 1646; Letters of
+Charles the First to Queen Henrietta Maria. Edited by &mdash;&mdash; [Camden
+Society.] 4to. 1856.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">17 <span class="smcap">Brydges, Sir Egerton</span>, Bart. Memoirs of the Peers of
+England during the reign of James I. [all pubd.] 8vo. 1802.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">18 &mdash;&mdash; Restituta; or, Titles and Extracts of Old Books. 4 vols. 8vo.
+1815.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">19 &mdash;&mdash; Censura Literaria. 10 vols. 8vo. 1815.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">20 <span class="smcap">Burke, Sir Bernard.</span> A Visitation of the Seats and Arms of
+the Noblemen and Gentlemen of Great Britain. 2nd edn. 8vo. 1855.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">21 Buck’s Antiquities; or Venerable Remains of above 400 Castles, &amp;c.
+in England and Wales. 3 vols, folio. 1774.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">22 <span class="smcap">Burton, Thomas</span>, M.P. Diary of the Parliaments of Oliver
+and Richard Cromwell. 4 vols. 8vo, 1828.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Byrne, W.</span>, <i>F.S.A.</i> See <a href="#Hearne">Thomas Hearne.</a></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">22*<span class="smcap">Carlisle, Nicholas</span>, <i>F.R.S.</i> &amp;c. An inquiry into the
+place and quality of the Gentlemen of His Majesty’s honourable Privy
+Chamber. 8vo. 1829.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">23 <span class="smcap">Carlyle, Thomas.</span> Oliver Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches. 4
+vols. 1850.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">24 <span class="smcap">Carte, Thomas</span>, M.A. A History of the Life of James Duke of
+Ormonde. 1736.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Carte">25 [<span class="smcap">Carte, Thomas.</span>] Life of James Duke of Ormond, containing
+an account of the most remarkable affairs of his time, and
+particularly of Ireland under his government: with an Appendix and a
+Collection of Letters. A new edition. 6 vols. 8vo. Oxford, 1851.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Charles I.</span> Letters, 1664. See <a href="#Bruce">John Bruce.</a></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Clarendon">26 <span class="smcap">Clarendon’s</span> History of the Rebellion. 7 vols. 8vo. 1849.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Clarendon’s</span> Life, &amp;c. See <a href="#Lister">T. H. Lister.</a></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">26*&mdash;&mdash; State Papers collected by, 3 vols. Folio. Oxford, 1767&ndash;1773
+and 1786.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">27 <span class="smcap">Clayton, J. W.</span> Personal Memoirs of Charles II. 2 vols.
+8vo. 1859.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">28 <span class="smcap">Collins, Arthur.</span> Letters and Memorials of State. 2 vols.
+folio. 1746.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Peerage of England. 9 vols. 8vo. 1812.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">29 <span class="smcap">Corbet, John</span>, Preacher of God’s Word. An Historicall
+relation of the Military Government of Gloucestershire from the
+beginning of the Civill Warre. 1645. [Reprinted in “Bibliotheca
+<ins class="correction" title="Typo original missing closing quote">Gloucestrensis.”</ins> By John Washbourn, jr. 4to. Gloucester, 1825.]</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">30 <span class="smcap">Cosmo</span> the Third, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Travels through
+England during the reign of K. Charles II. (1669.) Royal 4to. 1821.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_600">[Pg 600]</span></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">31 <span class="smcap">Coxe, Wm.</span>, A.M., &amp;c. An Historical Tour in Monmouthshire,
+illustrated with views by Sir R. C. Hoare, Bart., &amp;c. 4to. 1801.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Courthope, William.</span> See <a href="#Nicolas">Sir Harris Nicolas.</a></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">32 <span class="smcap">Croker, T. C.</span> Narratives illustrative of the Contests in
+Ireland in 1641&ndash;1690. Edited by. (Camden Society). 4to. 1841.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">33 <span class="smcap">Cunningham, Peter.</span> Handbook of London. 12mo. 1850.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Dineley">34 [<span class="smcap">Dineley, T.</span>] Notitia Cambro-Britannica: A voyage of North
+and South Wales; being observations in attending his Grace the Duke
+of Beaufort, in his progress there, 1684. By T. D. <i>Gen.</i> Edited from
+the original MS. by Charles Baker, Esq. London, printed for private
+circulation. 4to. 1864.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">35 <span class="smcap">Disraeli, Isaac.</span> Commentaries on the Life and Reign of
+Charles I. 2 vols. 8vo. 1851.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Dodd">36 <span class="smcap">Dodd, Charles</span>, [<i>i.e.</i> Hugh Tootell]. Church History of
+England, from the commencement of the 16th Century to the revolution
+in 1688. With notes and a continuation by the Rev. M. A. Tierney. 5
+vols. 8vo. 1839&ndash;43.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">36*<span class="smcap">Dugdale, William</span>, (Norroy King of Arms). The Baronage of
+England. Folio. 1675.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">37 <span class="smcap">Evelyn, John</span>, <i>F.R.S.</i> Diary and Correspondence of. Edited
+by Wm. Bray, F.A.S. 1859. Crown 8vo. 1859.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">38 <span class="smcap">Fanshawe, Lady.</span> Memoirs of Lady F., wife of the Right Hon.
+Sir Richard Fanshawe, Bart. Ambassador from Charles the Second to the
+Court of Madrid in 1665. Written by herself. 8vo. 1829.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">39 <span class="smcap">Fellowes, W. D.</span> Historical Sketches of Charles the First.
+4to. 1828.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">40 <span class="smcap">Fosbroke, Rev. Thomas Dudley</span>, <i>M. A.</i> A picturesque and
+topographical account of Raglan Castle. 12mo. Monmouth, 1831.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Gardnor, John.</span> See <a href="#Williams">David Williams.</a></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">41 <span class="smcap">Glamorgan’s</span>, The Earl of, Negotiations and colourable
+commitment in Ireland demonstrated, or the Irish Plot for bringing
+10,000 men and arms into England, &amp;c. 4to. 1645.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">42 <span class="smcap">Green, Valentine</span>, <i>F.S.A.</i> The History and Antiquities of
+the city and suburbs of Worcester. 2 vols. 4to. 1796.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Grose, Francis</span>, <i>F.S.A.</i> See <a href="#Repertory">Antiquarian Repertory.</a></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">44 <span class="smcap">Guizot</span>, M. History of Charles I. and the English
+Revolution. Vol. 2. 8vo. 1854.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">45 <span class="smcap">Harleian</span> Miscellany. Vol. 2. 1809. Vol. 4. Vol. 7, 8. 4to.
+1811.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">46 <span class="smcap">Harley</span>, Lady Brilliana, Letters of; (Wife of Sir Robert
+Harley, of Brampton Bryan, K. B.<ins class="correction" title="Original missing closing bracket">)</ins> With Introduction and notes by Thos.
+T. Lewis, A. M. London, (Camden Society.) 4to. 1853.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Haydn, Joseph.</span> See <a href="#Beatson">Beatson.</a></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Hearne">47 <span class="smcap">Hearne, Thomas</span>, <i>F.S.A.</i> The Antiquities of Great Britain,
+illustrated in views of Monasteries, Castles, and Churches. Engraved
+by W. Byrne, F.S.A. from Drawings by Thomas Hearne, F.S.A. 2 vols.
+Oblong folio. 1807.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">48 <span class="smcap">Heath, Charles</span>, Printer. Historical and descriptive
+accounts of the ancient and present state of Ragland Castle. 8vo.
+Monmouth, 1806.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; 10th edition. 8vo. Monmouth, 1825.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">49 <span class="smcap">Heath, James.</span> A brief chronicle of the late war in the
+three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. In 4 parts. From
+1637 to 1663. By H. J. 2nd edition. 12mo. 1663.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_601">[Pg 601]</span></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">50 <span class="smcap">Hooper, Jacob.</span> An impartial history of the rebellion and
+civil wars in England during the reign of King Charles the First.
+Collected from Clarendon, Bishop Kennet, Echard, Rushworth, &amp;c. Folio,
+1738.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">51 <span class="smcap">Hough, C.</span> (Monmouth.) A companion to Ragland Castle: or, a
+familiar description of that beautiful and interesting ruin. 4to. 1833.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">52 <span class="smcap">Howel, James.</span> Londinopolis; an Historicall Discourse of
+Perlustration of the City of London, &amp;c. Whereunto is added another of
+the city of Westminster. Folio. 1657.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">53 <span class="smcap">Howitt</span>, William and Mary. Ruined Abbeys and Castles of
+Great Britain. 4to. 1862.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">54 <span class="smcap">Hume, David.</span> The History of England. 8 vols. 8vo. 1778.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">55 <span class="smcap">Hume and Smollett.</span> The History of England. With the
+continuation by the Rev. T. S. Hughes, B. D. Crown 8vo. 1854.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Hyde</span>, E. Earl of Clarendon&mdash;See <a href="#Clarendon">Clarendon, Earl of.</a></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Carolinum">56 <span class="smcap">Iter Carolinum.</span> Somers’ Tracts, containing 1641 to 1648.
+Printed in 1660. 4to.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Johnson, George W.</span> The Fairfax Correspondence. Memoirs of
+the reign of Charles the First. 4 vols. 8vo. 1848&ndash;9.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">57 <span class="smcap">Journals</span> of the House of Commons. Folio. London.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">57*<span class="smcap">Journals</span> of the House of Lords. Folio. London.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">58 <span class="smcap">Kennet, Dr. White</span>, (Bishop of Peterborough). A complete
+History of England. 3 vols. folio. 1706.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">59 &mdash;&mdash;&mdash; A Register and Chronicle, Ecclesiastical and Civil,
+containing matters of fact, delivered in the words of the most
+authentick books, papers, and records; digested in exact order of
+time. Faithfully taken from the MS. collections of the Lord Bishop of
+Chester. 2 vols. folio. 1728.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">60 <span class="smcap">Knight’s</span> Pictorial History of England. Royal 8vo. 18&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">61 <span class="smcap">Leyburn, George</span>, <i>D.D.</i>, (Chaplain to Henrietta Maria,
+Queen of England), Memoirs of, being a Journal of his agency for
+Prince Charles in Ireland, in the year 1647. 12mo. 1722.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">62 <span class="smcap">Lingard, John</span>, <i>D.D.</i> The History of England. 10 vols.
+8vo. 5th edition. 1849.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Lister">63 <span class="smcap">Lister, T. H.</span> Life and Administration of Edward, First
+Earl of Clarendon, with original correspondence. 3 vols. 8vo. 1837.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">64 <span class="smcap">Lodge, Edmund</span>, (Norroy King of Arms, F.S.A.) Portraits and
+Memoirs of the most illustrious personages of British History. Royal
+8vo. 1831&ndash;3.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">65 <span class="smcap">Lysons, Rev. D.</span>, <i>M.A.</i>, &amp;c. The Environs of London. 4to.
+1792.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">66 &mdash;&mdash;&mdash; Supplement to the First Edition of Historical Account of the
+Environs of London. 4to. 1811.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">67 <span class="smcap">Macaulay, Lord.</span> The History of England. Vol. 1st. 8vo.
+1857.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">68 <span class="smcap">Meehan, Rev. C. P.</span> The Confederation of Kilkenny. 12mo.
+Dublin, 1862.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Memorials">68*<span class="smcap">Memorials</span> of the English Affairs: or an historical
+account of what passed from the beginning of the reign of King Charles
+the First, to King Charles the Second his happy restoration. Printed
+for N. Ponder. Folio. 1682.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_602">[Pg 602]</span></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">69 <span class="smcap">Milton, John</span>, The Prose Works of. By Charles Symonds. 7
+vols. 8vo. 1806.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Newcourt’s</span> Map of Ancient London. 1658. And 1863.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[See <a href="#WorcesterHouse">Worcester House</a>, <a href="#Baynard">Baynard’s Castle</a>, and <a href="#TheTower">The Tower.</a>] From an
+exact delineation of the Cities of London and Westminster and the
+Svbvrbs thereof, Together with ye Burrough of Sovthwark and all ye
+thoroughfares, highwaies, streets, lanes and common allies within
+the same composed by a Scale, and Iconographically described by
+Richard Newcovrt of Somerton in the Countie of Somerset, Gentleman.
+Wm. Faithorne, Sculpsit. 1658. [Engraved from the Original by George
+Jarman, and pubd. by Edward Stanford, Charing Cross, 1863.] Measures
+3ft. 5in. by 6ft. 3&frac12;in.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Nicolas">70 <span class="smcap">Nicolas, Sir Harris.</span> Historic Peerage of England, revised
+by William Courthope, Esq., Somerset Herald. 8vo. 18&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">71 <span class="smcap">Nichols, John.</span> The Progresses, &amp;c., of King James the
+First. Vol. 1st. 4to. 1828.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">72 &mdash;&mdash; Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century. 6 vols. 8vo. 1812.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">72*&mdash;&mdash; Literary Anecdotes. 8vo. 1814 and 1815.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">73 <span class="smcap">Nichols (J. B.) &amp; Son</span>. Collectanea Topographica. 8vo. 1834.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">74 &mdash;&mdash; Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica. 8 vols. 8vo. 1841.
+[Vol. VII. p. 190.]</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">75 <span class="smcap">Nichols, John Gough.</span> Autographs of Royal, Noble, Learned
+and Remarkable Personages conspicuous in English History. Folio. 1829.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">76 <span class="smcap">Notes and Queries.</span> Second Series. 1st Vol. small 4to. 1856.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">O’Donovan, John.</span> Annals of the Rebellion of Ireland. 4
+vols. 1851.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap ml15">Ormond, James, Duke of</span>, Life of. See <a href="#Carte">Carte.</a></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">77 <span class="smcap">Pamphlets</span>, Collection of. 1646. 4to. [The gift of George
+III. to the Brit. Mus. E. 350.]</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">78 <span class="smcap">Pepys, Samuel</span>, <i>F.R.S.</i> Diary and Correspondence of. 6th
+edition, in 4 vols, crown 8vo. 1858.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">79 <span class="smcap">Peterborough</span>, Bishop of. A Register and Chronicle,
+Ecclesiastical and Civil; from the Restoration of Charles II.
+Faithfully taken from the MS. Collections of. Folio. 1728.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">80 <span class="smcap">Playfair, W.</span> British Family Antiquity. 4to. 1809.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Ponder, N.</span> See <a href="#Memorials">Memorials of the English Affairs.</a></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">81 <span class="smcap">Pote, Joseph.</span> The History and Antiquities of Windsor
+Castle, and the Royal College, and Chapel of St. George. 4to. 1749.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">82 <span class="smcap">Prout, John Skinner.</span> The Castles and Abbeys of
+Monmouthshire. Folio. 1838.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">83 <span class="smcap">Ragland Castle</span>; The gallant siege of the Parliamentary
+forces before. May 30, 1646.</p>
+
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[“Collection of Pamphlets,” 1646. 4to. The gift of George III. to the
+Brit. Mus.]</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">84 <span class="smcap">Ragland Castle</span>; An exact and true relation of the many
+several messages that have passed between Sir Thomas Fairfax and the
+Marquis of Worcester, &amp;c. &amp;c. 4to. 1646.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[“Collection of Pamphlets,” 1646. 4to. The gift of George III. to the
+Brit. Mus.]</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_603">[Pg 603]</span></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">85 <span class="smcap">Rapin de Thoyras.</span> The History of England. Translated by N.
+Tindal, M.A. Folio. 1733.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Rinuccini, G. B.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Aiazzi">G. Aiazzi.</a></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Roberts, George.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Yonge">Walter Yonge.</a></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">86 <span class="smcap">Rudder, Samuel.</span> A new history of Gloucestershire. Folio.
+1779.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">87 <span class="smcap">Rushworth, John.</span> Historical Collections. Third part, Vol.
+2. 1640&ndash;1644. Folio. 1692.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">88 <span class="smcap">Sandford, Francis.</span> A genealogical history of the Kings and
+Queens of England, and Monarchs of Great Britain, &amp;c., from 1066 to
+1707; continued by Samuel Stebbing. Folio. 1707.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">89 <span class="smcap">Seward’s</span> Anecdotes of some distinguished persons. 12mo.
+1796.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">90 <span class="smcap">Somers, Lord</span>, Tracts. A collection of scarce and valuable
+tracts, 2nd edition, revised by Sir Walter Scott. Vol. 4. 4to. 1810.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Somers, Lord.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Carolinum">Iter Carolinum.</a></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Spectator, The.</span> (Newspaper.) pp. 706 and 733. 1864. Vol.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">91 <span class="smcap">Sprat, Thomas</span>, <i>F.S.A.</i> Observations on Monsieur Sorbière’s
+Voyage into England; written to Dr. Wren, Professor of Astronomy. 12mo.
+1665.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">92 <span class="smcap">Sprigge, John</span>, <i>M.A.</i> Anglia Rediviva; England’s Recovery:
+being the History of the Motions, Actions, and Successes of the Army,
+&amp;c. Sir Thomas Fairfax, Kt. Folio. 1647.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">92*<span class="smcap">State Papers, domestic series</span>, Calendars of: viz.&mdash;</p>
+<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1547&ndash;1580.&nbsp; Edited by R. Lemon, F.S.A.<span class="ml35"> 8vo.</span><span class="ml10">1856.</span></p>
+<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1603&ndash;1610.&nbsp; Edited by Mary Anne Everett Green.&nbsp;  〃<span class="ml15">1857.</span></p>
+<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1611&ndash;1618.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1858.</span></p>
+<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1619&ndash;1623.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1858.</span></p>
+<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1623&ndash;1625.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1859.</span></p>
+<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1625&ndash;1626.&nbsp; Edited by John Bruce, V.P.S.A., &amp;c.&nbsp; 〃<span class="ml15">1858.</span></p>
+<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1627&ndash;1628.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1858.</span></p>
+<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1628&ndash;1629.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1859.</span></p>
+<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1629&ndash;1631.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1860.</span></p>
+<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1631&ndash;1633.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml20">F.S.A. </span> <span class="ml20">〃</span><span class="ml15">1862.</span></p>
+<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1633&ndash;1634.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1863.</span></p>
+<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1634&ndash;1635.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1864.</span></p>
+<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1660&ndash;1661.&nbsp; Edited by Mary Anne Everett Green.&nbsp;  〃<span class="ml15">1860.</span></p>
+<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1661&ndash;1662.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1861.</span></p>
+<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1663&ndash;1664.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1864.</span></p>
+<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1664&ndash;1665.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1863.</span></p>
+<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1665&ndash;1666.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1864.</span></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">93 <span class="smcap">Symonds, Richard.</span> Diary of the marches of the Royal Army
+during the great Civil War. From the original Manuscript in the British
+Museum. Edited by C. E. Long. London (Camden Society). 4to. 1859.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">94 <span class="smcap">Tallis’s</span> Illustrated London; with historical and
+descriptive letter-press by William Gaspey. 2 vols. 12mo. 1851.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">95 <span class="smcap">Thomas, F. S.</span> Historical Notes, 1603&ndash;1714. Roy. 8vo. 1856.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">96 <span class="smcap">Toone’s</span> Chronological Historian. 8vo. 1826.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Tierney, Rev.</span> <i>M.A.</i>&mdash;See <a href="#Dodd">Charles Dodd.</a></p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Vaughan, Robert</span>, <i>D.D.</i> The Protectorate of Oliver
+Cromwell, and the state of Europe during the early part of the reign of
+Louis XIV. 2 vols. 8vo. 1838.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Vincent">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Vincent, Augustine.</span> A discoverie of Errours in the
+Catalogue of Nobility, published by Ralphe Brooke, Yorke Herald. Fol.
+1622.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_604">[Pg 604]</span> 97 <span class="smcap">Walpole, Horace</span>, Earl of Orford. A Catalogue of the
+Royal and Noble Authors of England, &amp;c. Edited by Thomas Park. 8vo.
+1806.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">98 &mdash;&mdash; A Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors, &amp;c. With copious MS.
+Notes by P. Bliss; containing many cuttings from newspapers, &amp;c. 5
+vols. 1806.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_margin">[Brit. Museum.]</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">99 &mdash;&mdash; Anecdotes of Painting in England. With additions by the Rev.
+James Dallaway; revised by N. Wornum. 3 vols 8vo. 1849.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">100 <span class="smcap">Warburton, Eliot.</span> Memoirs of Prince Rupert and the
+Cavaliers. 3 vols. 8vo. 1849.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">101 <span class="smcap">Warner, F.</span>, <i>LL.D.</i> The History of the Rebellion and Civil
+War in Ireland. 2 vols. 4to. 1767.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">102 <span class="smcap">Washbourn, John</span>, Junr. Bibliotheca Gloucestrensis. 2 vols.
+4to. Gloucester, 1825.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">103 <span class="smcap">Watkyns, Rowland.</span> Flamma sine Fumo; or Poems without
+Fictions. By R. W. 16mo. 1662.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">104 <span class="smcap">Weld, C. R</span>. A History of the Royal Society. 2 vols. 8vo.
+1848.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">105 <span class="smcap">Whitelocke’s</span> Memorials of the English Affairs; Charles I.
+and II. Folio. 1732.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">106 <span class="smcap">Wiffen, J. H.</span> Historical Memoirs of the House of Russell.
+2 vols. 8vo. 1833.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">107 <span class="smcap">Willement, Thomas.</span> Facsimile of a contemporary Roll, with
+the names and the arms of the Sovereign and the Spiritual and Temporal
+Peers who sat in the Parliament held at Westminster on the 5th of
+February, in the Sixth year of the reign of King Henry VIII. 1515, in
+the possession of T. W. Royal 4to. 1829.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Williams">108 <span class="smcap">Williams, David.</span> The History of Monmouthshire, illustrated
+with Views. By John Gardnor, Vicar of Battersea. 4to. 1796.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">109 <span class="smcap">Wood, Anthony ’A.</span> Athenæ Oxonienses; continued by Philip
+Bliss. Vol. 3rd. 4to. 1817.</p>
+
+<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Yonge">110 <span class="smcap">Yonge, Walter</span>, Esq., (Justice of the Peace, and M.P. for
+Honiton). Diary written at Colyton and Axminster, Co. Devon, from 1604
+to 1628. Edited by George Roberts, (Camden Society.) 4to. 1838.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_605"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 605]</span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
+
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_A_85"><a href="#FNanchor_A_85"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> No letter q or z.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_B_86"><a href="#FNanchor_B_86"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> There is in the British Museum, bound up along with
+other broadsides, one on which is printed the whole of the foregoing,
+commencing with the letter, “Most Gracious Sovereign,” and ending
+at this signature. The printed matter covers 14&frac12; by 11 inches of
+surface, and was originally a sheet of at least 18 by 13 or 14 inches,
+including the margin, which has been cut off. It is catalogued under
+“Somerset;” and the reference is, Brit. Mus. No. 12. E 1. 75.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_C_87"><a href="#FNanchor_C_87"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> 15 Car. II. cap. xii. 1663.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_D_88"><a href="#FNanchor_D_88"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> See also the Notice in Birch’s Inquiry, 1756, page 330.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_72_89"><a href="#FNanchor_72_89"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Nichols, Vol. 2, p. 471.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_72_90"><a href="#FNanchor_72_90"><span class="label">[72*]</span></a> Nichols, Vol. 9, 1815, p. 476.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_E_91"><a href="#FNanchor_E_91"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Voir le drame intitulé <i>Salomon Je Caus</i>, joué à l’Ambigu
+en 1857.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_F_92"><a href="#FNanchor_F_92"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> <i>Spille</i>; to waste, to throw away, to destroy,</p>
+
+<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_G_93"><a href="#FNanchor_G_93"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> <i>Stont</i>; for stondeth (standeth).</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 id="INDEX">INDEX</h2>
+
+<p class="smaller center">TO THE</p>
+
+<p class="ph2 center">CENTURY OF INVENTIONS.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">A.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Advantageous</span> change of centres, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_456">456</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Æolipile</span>, fire-blowing, <a href="#Page_542">542</a>, <a href="#Page_543">543</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Alarm</span> for locks, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Anchor</span>, to weigh up, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Antiquities</span>, military, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Approaching</span> blind, an, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Arago, M.</span>, noticed, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Arithmetical</span> instrument. <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Arquebuse</span>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;
+à Croc, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;
+noticed, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Artificial</span> fountain, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;
+river, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;
+bird, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>;
+ring horse, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ashmole’s</span> Museum at Oxford, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Aubrey</span>, Mr., “a professed virtuoso,” <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Authors</span>, old scientific, enumerated, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">B.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bacon</span>, Lord, notice of, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bacon, Roger</span>, his invention, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Balance</span> water-work, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Balfour</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">William</span>, <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ball</span>, Mr., “another virtuoso,” <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ball</span>, a hour water, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bate, John</span>, his “Mysteries of Nature and Art,” a favourite work, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;
+his style and the Marquis’s compared, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;
+raises water, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;
+weather glass, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>;
+on filling Æolipiles, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;
+notices “condensation,” <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;
+his use of the technical term “force,” <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bells</span>, discourse by. <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bird</span>, an artificial flying, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Blind</span>, an approaching, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Blunderbuss</span>, or Musketoon, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;
+noticed, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Boat</span> driving against wind and tide, a, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Boats</span>, patent paddle, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bogaerts, Peter</span>, his canal lock, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bourne, William</span>, on “shooting in great ordnaunce,” <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Boyle</span>, Hon. <span class="smcap">Robert</span>, entrusted with the secret of Papin’s fountain, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Boxes</span> of a cabinet, to lock, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>;
+dicing box, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>, <a href="#Page_522">522</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bracelet</span> alphabet, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bradley, R.</span>, mentions “the late Mr. Savery,” <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;
+account of his engine, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Branca</span>, his steam jet, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Brazen head</span>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;
+a brazen or stone, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_520">520</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bridge</span>, a portable, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Browne’s</span> calculating Serpentine scale, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Buckets</span>, to raise water, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_418">418</a>;
+two buckets, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bucket-fountain</span>, a, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bulwark</span>, a rising, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bumbasses</span> and bullets, to shoot, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">C.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Candles</span>, a brass mould for, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>, <a href="#Page_515"><ins class="correction" title="Typo original has 115">515</ins></a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cannon</span>, tried before Charles I., <a href="#Page_467">467</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>;
+improvements in, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>;
+extraordinary, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>;
+various, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>;
+experiments at Woolwich, 1651, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>;
+to charge fifty, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cannon</span>, “to level by night,” <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;
+Bishop Wilkins’ remarks, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>;
+burst by water, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>;
+charged with water, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Carabines</span>, often discharging, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>;
+particulars of, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;
+noticed, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Castle-clock</span>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Caus, Salomon</span> de, notice of, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_542">542</a>;
+his work, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;
+fountain and description, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>;
+comment on, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Century</span> of Inventions, its name, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;
+MS. copy, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;
+the MS. and first edition, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;
+title pages, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;
+why misunderstood, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;
+nature of articles therein, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;
+as a literary work, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;
+its value, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;
+variations on its title, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;
+verbal peculiarities, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;
+its practical tendency, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;
+its author’s object, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;
+its form, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;
+similar early statements, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;
+its style accords with the legal form in use for patent specifications, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;
+agreement between the “Century” and the Marquis’s patent, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;
+classical scholars have misapprehended the work, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;
+its suggestive character, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;
+a greater work intended, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;
+conflicting opinions, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;
+how to be viewed and estimated, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_606">[Pg 606]</span>the modern steam engine owes its origin to the Marquis and his work, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;
+Mr. Muirhead’s false estimate of this production and its author’s invention, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;
+it stands alone, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;
+various editions, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>;
+reprints in other works, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>;
+fac-simile title page (except the frame work), <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;
+dedication to Charles I., <a href="#Page_379">379</a>;
+Dedication to the Houses of Parliament, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>;
+acknowledges the Act for his engine, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;
+mentions the sacrifice of £700,000, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;
+Kaltoff, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;
+its author’s prolific invention, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;
+alludes to fees, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;
+and his “Golden Age,” <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;
+rarity of the first edition, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>;
+a postscript, <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_535">535</a>, <a href="#Page_536">536</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Century.</span> first edition, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;
+last edition, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;
+its unreliable character, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Chair</span>, an imprisoning, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Character</span>, a universal, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Charles</span> II. had a curiously contrived box from the Marquis, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cipher</span> and character, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;
+a one-line cipher, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;
+the same refined, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>;
+reduced to a point, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;
+varied significally to all the 24 letters, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;
+key to the Marquis’s cipher discovered, <a href="#Page_552">552</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Claudius</span>, of Rome, his Bucket fountain, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Coach-saving</span> Engine, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Conceited</span> tinder-box, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Condensation</span> applied to ebbing and flowing, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_421">421</a>;
+applied to drawing weights, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_425">425</a>;
+applied to draught, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;
+applied to two globes, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_462">462</a>;
+noticed by J. Bate, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Continually</span> going watch, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Conveyance</span>, a secret comb, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>;
+knife, spoon, or fork, <a href="#Page_511">511</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Crock</span>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;
+Arquebuse à, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cross-bow</span>, noticed, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;
+a double, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">D.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Dark</span>, to write in the, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Decks</span>, false destroying, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Dee</span>, Dr. <span class="smcap">John</span>, his preface to Euclid, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Definition</span> of the Engine, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>, <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Desaguliers</span>, Dr., on automata, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>;
+on perpetual motion, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>;
+account of Savery’s engine, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_490">490</a>;
+charge against Savery, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Dice</span>, cheating at, <a href="#Page_522">522</a>, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Dicing</span> box, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>, <a href="#Page_522">522</a>, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Discourse</span>, mute and perfect, by colours, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;
+by night, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Door</span>, opening either way, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>;
+a conceited, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Doors</span>, a pocket engine to open, <a href="#Page_527">527</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Double</span> drawing engine for weights, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Double</span> water-screw, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>;
+cross-bow, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Drebell, Cornelius</span>, noticed, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">E.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ebbing</span> and flowing river, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;
+castle-clock, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>;
+applied to two globes, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Engine</span>, portable in one’s pocket, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;
+ship destroying, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>;
+to drive and fasten to ships, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>;
+for cannon, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>;
+a semi-omnipotent, <a href="#Page_529">529</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_531">531</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Engine</span>, a stamping, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>;
+a gravel, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>;
+a ship-raising, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>;
+a pocket, to open doors, <a href="#Page_527">527</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Engines</span> of War, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Escutcheon</span> for locks, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Etten, Van</span>, describes a fountain, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>;
+recommends heat, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>;
+cannon, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Evelyn</span>, John, his Diary, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;
+his “boscoresque” grounds, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">F.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">False</span> destroying decks, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Fire-arrow</span>, to shoot, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Flamstead</span>, John, astronomer, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Flask-charger</span>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>;
+powder, noticed, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Fleet</span>, to destroy a, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Flying</span>-man, a, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_508">508</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Force</span>, as a technical term, explained, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Fountain</span>, artificial, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;
+De Caus, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Fringe-alphabet</span>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Fulton</span>, Robert, noticed, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">G.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Garden</span>, a floating, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>;
+a river in, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Gallery</span>, a transmittible, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Gloucester</span>, moveable bulwark at the siege of, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Glove-alphabet</span>, pincked, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>;
+primero gloves, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Gradation</span>, rule of, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Gravel</span> engine, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Grew</span>, Dr., his discourse, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Guilford</span>, Baron, Life of, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;
+was “no concealed virtuoso,” <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;
+declines being proposed for the Royal Society, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;
+his acquaintances, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;
+visits Sir S. Morland, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Guns</span> to shoot often, remark on, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">H.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hallam</span>, learning during the Middle Ages, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Harleian</span> MSS., <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_607">[Pg 607]</span>cipher, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Harquebus</span>, particulars of, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;
+for expeditious shooting, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;
+à crock, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Head</span>, a brazen or stone, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_520">520</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Herbert</span>, Lord, son of the Duke of Beaufort, his letter, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hoel, M.</span>, his hydraulic engine, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hollowing</span> on a water-screw, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hook</span>, Dr., examines Papin’s fountain, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;
+had seen the Marquis’s engine, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Horse</span>, artificial ring, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hour-glass</span> fountain, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hour</span> water-ball, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hume</span>, David, criticises the “Century,” <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">I.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Imprisoning</span> chair, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>;
+one at Rome, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Instrument</span>, an arithmetical, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>;
+for perspective, <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Invention</span>, nature and progress of, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Inventions</span>, estimated number in the “Century,” <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;
+classified, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;
+“tried and perfected,” <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;
+short list of, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;
+a series of early, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;
+early patented, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;
+the Marquis’s “quintessence of,” <a href="#Page_555">555</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Inventors</span>, early, statements of Inventions, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">K.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry" id="Kaltoff"><span class="smcap">Kaltoff</span>, Caspar, the Marquis’s faithful workman, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;
+his death, 1664&ndash;5, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>;
+noticed, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>;
+various notices of him and his family at Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_574">574</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Kneffler</span>, or Knuffler, Dr., noticed, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Knotted</span> string alphabet, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Key</span>-pistol, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Key</span>, a triangle, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>;
+a rose, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>;
+a square, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">L.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ladder</span>, portable scaling, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Lambert</span>, William, his petition respecting Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Lanthorn-alphabet</span>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Letters</span> secretly conveyed in a comb, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>;
+in a knife, spoon, or fork, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Lever</span>, a to and fro, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Light</span> pistol-barrels, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Locking</span> of Cabinet-boxes, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Locks</span>, an escutcheon for, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>;
+an alarum for, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>;
+ingenious and expensive, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Lotherdale</span>, Earl of, the Marquis promises him a curious box, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">M.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Man</span>, to fly, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>, <a href="#Page_505">505</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Middle</span> Ages, the, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Military</span> antiquities, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Mill</span>, a rasping, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>;
+a coining, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Minyons</span>, minion, cannon, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Moor</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Jonas</span>, mathematician, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Morland</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Samuel</span>, his house, coach, and several inventions, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;
+his patent for raising water from Mines (1661), <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;
+his arithmetical instrument, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Mould</span> for candles, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Muirhead, James P.</span>, <i>M.A.</i>, his false estimate of the Marquis’s character, invention, and “Century,” in his “Life of James Watt,” <a href="#Page_369">369</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_372">372</a>;
+his treatment of the subject, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;
+erroneous opinion of the inventions of De Caus and the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Multiplied</span> strength in little room, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Musketoons</span>, or blunderbuss, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Muskets</span>, often-discharging, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>;
+short, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>;
+particulars of, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;
+ancient use of, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Musquetoons</span>, oft-shooting, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;
+on horseback, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Mute</span> and perfect discourse by colours, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;
+by night, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Mystical</span> jangling of Bells, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">N.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Napier</span>, Lord John, his secret inventions, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Needle</span>-Alphabet, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Newcomen</span>, noticed, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">O.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Often</span>-discharging Pistol, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>;
+Peards, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;
+Guns, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ordnance</span>, ancient, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_letter">P.</p>
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Papin</span>, Dr., his fountain, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;
+experiments on steam, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Patent</span> for the Marquis’s clocks, guns, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pattu</span>, M., his water-screw, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pear</span>, an untoothsome, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Peards</span>, oft shooting, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pepys, Samuel</span>, his Diary, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Perpetual</span> Motion, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_456">456</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Perpetual</span> Motions in M. Servière’s cabinet, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Perspective</span> instrument, <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Petty</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">William</span>, his discourse, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pincked</span> Glove alphabet, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pistol</span>, oft-shooting, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>;
+ancient use of, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;
+improved, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;
+light barrels, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pleasant</span> floating garden, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pneumatic</span> propulsion, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pocket</span> Ladder, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>;
+engine to open doors, <a href="#Page_527">527</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Point</span>, a cipher reduced to a, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Portable</span> “pocket” engine, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;
+bridge, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>;
+fortification, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>;
+engine, or ladder, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_608">[Pg 608]</span><span class="smcap">Porta’s</span> steam apparatus, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Powder</span> flask, noticed, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Primero</span> gloves, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">Q.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Quint-essence</span> of motion, by the Marquis of Worcester, noticed, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;
+a statement of 9 inventions, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">R.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ramsey</span>, D., raises water by fire, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Rasping</span> mill, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ribbon</span>, a discourse woven in, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Rising</span> bulwark, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">River</span>, in a garden, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;
+ebbing and flowing, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Rollock, John</span>, his verses allusive to condensation, <a href="#Page_533">533</a>;
+his tract containing his panegyric, the Act, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_559">559</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Rome</span>, an invention obtained there, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;
+“Claudius his studies at,” <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Royal</span> Society, Transactions, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;
+Baron Guilford declines being proposed for, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;
+Sir W. Petty, and Dr. Grew, their discourses, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;
+Savery exhibits his model, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>;
+“first appearance in the world” of Savery’s engine, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Rule</span> of gradation, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">S.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Sakers</span>, cannon, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Savery, Thomas</span>, noticed, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>; <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;
+model engine for raising water, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>;
+his “Miners Friend,” <a href="#Page_485">485</a>;
+his description and the “Century” compared, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;
+Bradley’s account, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;
+engine at Cambden House, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;
+Switzer’s account, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>;
+its discovery attributed to a tobacco-pipe, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>;
+the same to a Florence flask, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>;
+noticed by Dr. Desaguliers, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_490">490</a>;
+accused of obtaining and destroying the Marquis’s books, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>;
+this charge examined, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>, &amp;c.;
+as an independent inventor, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>;
+his career, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Scantling</span> explained, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Scarioni, Francesco</span>, his Centuria, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Science</span>, state of, to 1667, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Screwed</span> ascent of stairs, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Sea</span>-banks, to construct, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>, <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Sea</span>-castle, or fortification, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Sea</span>-sailing fort, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Seals</span>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;
+“abundantly significant,” <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;
+a cipher seal, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;
+private and particular to each owner, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Secret</span> conveyance for letters, in a comb, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>;
+in a knife, spoon, or fork, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Secreti</span>, by Scarioni, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Senses</span>, alphabets by the, varied, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Serpentine</span> scale, Browne’s calculating, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Servière</span>, M., his cabinet, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ship</span>-destroying engine, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ship</span>-raising engine, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ship</span>, to safeguard any, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;
+an unsinkable, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>;
+false decks, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>;
+anchor, to weigh up, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>;
+driving against wind and tide, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>;
+three ships, or a sea castle, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;
+ships’ muskets, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ship</span>-musquets, to govern a whole side of, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Short</span> writing, expeditious way of (supposed to be the Marquis’s invention), <a href="#Page_349">349</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_398">398</a>;
+authors on, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Sieve</span> alphabet, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Smell</span>, alphabet by, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Spring</span>, strength-increasing, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Stairs</span>, a screwed ascent of, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Stamping</span> engine, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Steam</span> Engine, notice of the first practical, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;
+historical notices of and wavering character of opinions respecting the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;
+progressive improvements, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;
+false estimate of the Marquis in the “Life of James Watt,” <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Steam</span>, its power realized, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Stone</span> bow, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Strength</span>-increasing spring, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Strength</span> multiplied in little room, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">String</span> alphabet, knotted, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Stuart, Robert</span>, contradicts himself, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Submarine</span> vessel, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Switzer</span>, S., his account of Savery’s engine, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">T.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Tape</span> or ribbon, a discourse woven in, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Taste</span>, alphabet by, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Telegraph</span>, electric, anticipated, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Telegraphy</span>, systems of, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Tinder-box</span>, a most conceited, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Tobacco-tongs</span> engine, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Touch</span>, alphabet by, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Town</span>, for guarding several avenues to a, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Tradescant</span>, his museum, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Transparent</span> water-screw, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Trithemius</span> quoted, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">U.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Universal</span> character, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_434">434</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Untoothsome</span> pear, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">V.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Vacuum</span>, noticed by John Bate, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Vauxhall Works</span>, expense of, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;
+William Lambert’s petition in respect to, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_609">[Pg 609]</span>Marquis of Worcester’s engagements there in 1647, and earlier, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Venice</span>, an invention obtained there, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Verstegan</span>, on science in 1605, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Vinci</span>, Leonardo da, notice of, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">W.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry" id="Walpole"><span class="smcap">Walpole, Horace</span>, criticises the “Century,” <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;
+groundless censure, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Watch</span>, a continually going, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Water</span>, to drive up by fire, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>;
+heated in a cannon, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>;
+Dr. Ramsey’s patent, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>;
+raised by Bate, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>;
+Van Etten applies heat, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>;
+cannon experiment, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>;
+Savery’s model, to raise, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Water-screw</span>, to make hollow, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;
+a transparent, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;
+a double, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>;
+plan of construction, <a href="#Page_552">552</a>, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Waterwork</span>, a fire, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;
+“the most stupendious work in the whole world,” <a href="#Page_533">533</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_535">535</a>;
+a stupendous, <a href="#Page_536">536</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Water-works</span>, noticed by John Bate, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;
+the Marquis acknowledges the passing of the Act for, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Watt, James</span>, his engine, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;
+indebted to the influence of capital, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;
+false estimate of the Marquis in “The Life of,” <a href="#Page_369">369</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Weights</span>, to raise, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_533">533</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Weld</span>, Mr., his “knick-knack-atary,” <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Werden</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">John</span>, mathematician, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Wheel</span>, great weighted, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_456">456</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Worcester</span>, Marquis of, the Harleian MSS. not in his handwriting, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;
+his engine in the Century, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;
+estimated number of his inventions, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;
+classified, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;
+his proposed work, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;
+special notices of practice, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;
+silence of contemporaries, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;
+promises a box to the Earl of Lotherdale, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;
+a mysterious invention, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;
+his pecuniary position, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;
+expense of his works at Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;
+analogous inventions in old authors, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;
+enumerated, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;
+seems to have been attached to Bate’s <i>Mysteries of Nature and Art</i>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;
+Water-works, noticed by Bate, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;
+acquainted with Dr. Dee’s preface to Euclid, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;
+styles of Bate and the Marquis compared, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;
+in search of powerful mechanical aids, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;
+realizes the power of steam, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;
+writes his “Century” similar to patent specifications, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;
+his pre-eminent invention, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;
+wavering character of historical notices of his invention, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;
+false estimate of the Marquis’s personal character, his invention, and his “Century,” in the “Life of James Watt,” <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;
+his general character, his inventions, and his work, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;
+the modern steam engine owes its origin to the Marquis and his work, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;
+his engine at work, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;
+acknowledges the passing of the Act for his engine, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;
+mentions the sacrifice of £700,000, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;
+his “Golden Age,” <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;
+his supposed invention of Short Writing, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;
+his cipher-written letter, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;
+a model <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has o">of</ins> his semi-omnipotent engine to be buried with him, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>;
+notice of his works at Vauxhall, 1647, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>;
+statement in his Act of Parliament, <a href="#Page_539">539</a>, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>;
+construction of his engine, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>;
+key to his cipher discovered, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>;
+nine of his inventions, or quintessence of motion, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>;
+his patent for clocks, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_557">557</a>;
+Rollock’s pamphlet, containing Act, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_559">559</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Write</span>, to, in the dark, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_610">[Pg 610]</span></p>
+
+
+<h2>INDEX</h2>
+
+<p class="smaller center">TO THE LIFE OF</p>
+
+<p class="ph2 center">THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">A.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Act</span> of Parliament for the Water-commanding Engine, applied for, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;
+proceedings in respect to, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_256">256</a>;
+royal assent given, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;
+the Act, <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Adams</span>, Mr., Lord Herbert’s preceptor, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Albemarle</span>, Duke of, letter from, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;
+another letter, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;
+names the Crown’s debts, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;
+statement made to him of expenditure in the late King’s service, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Alchemy</span> in vogue, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Allen</span>, Captain, taken at Padstow, with the Earl of Glamorgan’s dispatches, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
+promised assistance, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;
+bearer of a letter, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;
+Glamorgan reports Allen having been taken, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Allowance</span> of £3. per week, Cromwell’s Warrant for, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Alonzo</span>, Don, his answer, sent, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Anne</span>, Countess of Worcester, her death, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Antonio</span>, Captain, two frigates, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Apocryphal</span> passages relating to the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Appendix_H">Appendix H.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Aristocracy</span> of the 17th century, social habits, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;
+luxuries of the table, and of dress, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Arlington</span>, Lord, letter to, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;
+the Marquis seeks his services, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Arundel, Henry Frederick</span>, Earl of; marries Anne, daughter of Edward Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">B.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Backhouse</span>, Lieut. has command of war horses taken at Gloucester, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bacon</span>, Lord, death of, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Badminton House</span>, Gloucestershire, visited by Charles II. and his Queen, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Baker, Thomas</span>, engineer, his Poem on “The Steam Engine,” <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;
+notice of “The Century,” <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Balfour</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">William</span>, Lieutenant of the Tower, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;
+commanded at Edge-hill, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bate, John</span>, his work, 1634&ndash;35, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;
+remarks on water-works, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bayly</span>, Dr. <span class="smcap">Thomas</span>, noticed, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;
+relates a Welsh legend, and occurrence at Carnarvon, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;
+chaplain at Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;
+his “Apophthegms,” <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;
+Lord Herbert’s water-works, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;
+his dedication of his book, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;
+relates a domestic incident, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;
+leaves Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;
+visits the Marquis at Covent Garden, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;
+attends the Marquis’s funeral, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry" id="Baynard"><span class="smcap">Baynards Castle</span>, correspondence from, respecting Henry Lord Herbert’s marriage, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Beauchamp, Mary</span>, Lady; married to Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;
+Certificate, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry" id="Beaufort"><span class="smcap">Beaufort, Henry</span>, Duke of, his mother, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
+his birth, death, and age, (note) <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
+at six years of age, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
+ten years of age, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;
+“a match propounded for” him, to his grandfather, by Charles I., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;
+Petitions the House of Commons, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;
+his property, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;
+resolutions in regard to value, &amp;c. <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
+sat in the Cromwellian parliament, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
+his father’s estates in Monmouthshire enjoyed by Cromwell, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
+Cromwell’s caution, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
+marriage, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;
+resident at Badminton House, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;
+going to Dover, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;
+letter to his wife, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;
+a prisoner in the Tower, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;
+letter to his wife, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;
+his age, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;
+constituted Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;
+parliamentary clause in respect to his property, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;
+ordered by Parliament to give up his father’s deeds and writings, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;
+delivers a message to the Lords, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;
+carries the bill to the Lords for the Water-commanding Engine, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;
+visit of Charles II. and his Queen, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;
+sits in the House of Peers, (note) <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;
+attests his father’s funeral Certificate, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;
+letters patent granted him remitting payments due from his father, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;
+a commissioner to distribute fund for poor Cavaliers, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_611">[Pg 611]</span>his progress through Wales, (note) <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;
+return to Badminton, (note) <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;
+published account of his progress, (note) <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bedford</span>, Lord of, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bedford</span>, Earl of, Francis Russell, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bible</span>, new translation published, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Birch’s</span>, Dr. statement about Glamorgan’s going to Wales, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Blackfriars</span>, the seat of fashion, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;
+marriage of Lord Herbert there, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
+Queen Elizabeth’s stay there, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
+ceremony on arrival, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
+supper there, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Blackstone</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Ralph</span>, named, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Blaxton</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">William</span>, assists to retake Monmouth, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bosdon, Edward</span>, Glamorgan’s Instructions to, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Boteler, Allen</span>, his business from Charles I. to the Marquis of Worcester, at Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;
+his journey, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;
+difficulties and dangers, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;
+arrives at Raglan, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;
+disappointment, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;
+stern reception, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;
+interview with the Marquis, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;
+who plainly declares his sentiments respecting Charles Ist’s treatment of his son, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;
+neglected, and detained, leaves precipitately, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;
+his adventures, and return to Oxford, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Brecknock</span> garrisoned, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Brereton, Roger</span>, his letter to the Countess of Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Brereton</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">William</span>, his letter-book, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Brett</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Jeremiah</span>, before Gloucester, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bridgewater</span>, Earl of, named, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Brompton Castle</span>, council of war to take it, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Burton, Thomas</span>, <i>M.P.</i>, reports on the Marchioness of Worcester’s Petition, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;
+his remarks on the Marquis of Worcester’s character, being then a state prisoner, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;
+his conduct that of a soldier, and always civil, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Byron</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">John</span>, Lieutenant of the Tower, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
+named, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;
+his letters, July, 1642, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
+his regiment, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
+named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bythell, John</span>, his letter to his father, about the Earl of Glamorgan and others, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;
+escapes shipwreck, his cargo of corn seized, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;
+a prisoner, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;
+list of passengers and crew, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">C.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Calehof, Calthoff, Caltrop, Colthoff</span>&mdash;<i>see</i> <a href="#Kaltoff">Kaltoff.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cardiff</span> garrisoned, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
+named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Carlyon</span> garrisoned, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Carte</span> and Dr. Birch’s erroneous statement about Glamorgan’s leaving for Ireland, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;
+corrected, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Carnarvon, Robert</span> Earl of, marriage of his sister Elizabeth to Edward Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
+her death, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Castlemaine</span>, Lady, undertakes a request to the King, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Catholic</span> Clergy, Irish Roman, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;
+Glamorgan solicits consent for post of Lord Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;
+Glamorgan’s complicity with, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;
+great secrecy observed, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Catholic</span> Princes, Roman, with the Pope, to supply £30,000, to support an army in England, in the cause of Charles I. <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
+Glamorgan’s power to treat, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Catholic</span>, Roman, Lord Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Catholic</span>, Roman, Religion, Glamorgan’s engagement to support measures for the good of, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Catholic</span>, Roman, countries, support from, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Catholics</span>, Roman, indulgences granted, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
+Jesuits excepted, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
+the Marquis of Worcester derived no assistance from, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Catholics</span>, Roman, Irish, inquiry respecting, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;
+Charles Ist repudiates the concessions made to, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;
+his letter to Ormond, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;
+negotiations with, repudiated by Secretary Nicholas, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;
+the whole party astounded at these abortive results, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;
+diminished hopes, Charles I. in custody at Newcastle, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Catholics</span>, Roman, laws against, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Caus, De Salomon</span>, his works, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cavaliers</span>, Act providing for poor, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;
+fund for, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Century of Inventions</span>, a Catalogue raisonné, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
+written, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;
+MS. copy in the British Museum, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;
+first publication, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;
+Poetical notice of, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Charles the First</span>, his birth, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;
+first year of his reign, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;
+witnesses the wheel experiment at the Tower, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;
+character of his reign, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;
+15th year, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;
+the Long Parliament, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;
+return from Scotland, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;
+retreat to Hampton Court, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;
+at Royston, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;
+at Hull, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;
+flatters the Earl of Worcester, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;
+his movements in 1641, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;
+Civil War declared, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;
+makes a convenience of the Marquis of Worcester for his wealth, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;
+his perfidious nature, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;
+members of Parliament summoned to attend at the Banqueting House, 1640, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_612">[Pg 612]</span>borrows money from the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;
+journey to Leicester, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;
+£5,000 sent for him to Newstead, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;
+“hopes he shall not die in the Marquis’s debt,” <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;
+report from the King at Nottingham of his message by Lord Herbert to his father, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;
+Charles I. and Lord Herbert pourtrayed, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;
+his tortuous policy, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;
+certain early loans from the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
+at York, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
+commission of Array, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
+attended by the Marquis of Hertford at Oxford, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
+inconsistencies in his conduct, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;
+liberal in promises, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;
+battle of Edge-hill, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;
+sends the Earl of Glamorgan the Blue Ribbon, and a warrant for the title of Duke of Somerset, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;
+assures Glamorgan “you labour for a dear friend,” <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;
+wonders he has not gone to Ireland, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;
+artful letter to Ormond, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;
+his deceptive style, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;
+profuse in professions of attachment, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;
+why selected for this negociation, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;
+reassures Glamorgan of his confidence in him, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;
+at Hereford, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;
+visits Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;
+the fickle monarch a false friend, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;
+reception, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;
+returns to the Castle, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;
+his third visit, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;
+in all 27 days, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;
+discourse with the Marquis, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;
+presented with a dessert from Troy, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;
+deprives the Marquis of £6,000 deposited with his son, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;
+his engagement of Glamorgan characterized, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
+disasters in war, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;
+looks to Ireland for assistance, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;
+his urgent necessities, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;
+his plan for realizing his hopes in Ireland, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;
+repudiates Glamorgan’s proceedings in Ireland, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;
+Hume’s notice, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;
+Carte’s charge, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;
+the King’s duplicity, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;
+6,000 men ready to leave Ireland, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;
+his message to Parliament, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;
+writes to the Queen about “Glamorgan’s business,” <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;
+his letter to “Glamorgan,” <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;
+his consummate duplicity, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;
+charged by the Marquis of Worcester with being “wavering and fickle,” <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;
+his character, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;
+creates the Earl of Glamorgan, “Duke of Somerset and Beaufort,” <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;
+the patent, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;
+his confidence in Glamorgan not misplaced, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;
+his perfect acquaintance with the Marquis and his son, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;
+writes from Newcastle, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;
+not strictly guarded, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;
+offers to pawn his kingdoms, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;
+a copy sent to the Pope, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;
+Glamorgan devises a plan for his escape to Ireland, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;
+the King’s treatment of the noble family of Somerset, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;
+delivered up by the Scots, 1647, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
+his execution, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
+the Marquis of Worcester explains his conduct and powers in Ireland, to Lord Clarendon, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;
+an immense army was to have been raised, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
+and the Pope and Catholic Princes were to supply £30,000 per month for its maintenance, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
+hence the “amplitude of Glamorgan’s commission,” <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
+the signing and sealing, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;
+to Huntingdon, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;
+to Nottingham, to York, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;
+the Tower, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;
+his note of hand, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;
+money at Oxford, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Charles the First’s</span> correspondence;
+his letter, August, 1641, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;
+December, 1641, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;
+“lying pamphlets,” <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;
+March, 1641&ndash;2, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;
+May, 1642, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;
+January, 1642, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;
+June, 1643, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;
+his patent granted to the Earl of Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;
+his instructions to him, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;
+letter, February, 1644, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;
+March, 1644, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;
+December, 1644, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;
+Commission to Glamorgan, March, 1644, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;
+February, 1645, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;
+June, 1645, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;
+August, 1644, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;
+August, 1644, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;
+January, 1645&ndash;6;
+March, 1645&ndash;6, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;
+Feb. 1645, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;
+July, 1646, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Charles the Second</span>, court at Paris, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
+its changes, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
+its poverty at St. Germains, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
+at Jersey, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
+in Scotland, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
+in France, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
+Louis XIV. of France, favourable to, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;
+supposed to have sent the Marquis of Worcester from France to London, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
+the Marquis of Worcester had presented him with an ingeniously contrived box, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
+proclaimed, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;
+his return and rejoicings, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;
+Marquis of Worcester’s petition to have his case investigated by Parliament, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;
+the King and Queen’s progress, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
+a christening at Worcester House, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
+his coronation, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
+homage of the nobles, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
+sketch of his character, and that of the Marquis, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;
+attends the House of Lords, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;
+personally prorogues it, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;
+ceremony, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;
+one-tenth of the Water-commanding engine granted to him, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;
+remitted on the Marquis surrendering a warrant granting land to the value of £40,000, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;
+the Marquis’s petition to, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;
+another, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;
+draft of a letter to, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;
+coolness towards the Marquis, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;
+characteristic traits of his majesty, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;
+his apathy retards the development of the steam engine, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Chester</span>, City of, 3,000 men expected for its relief, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_613">[Pg 613]</span>rumours of its being taken, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;
+men for its relief, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;
+Glamorgan writes about relief, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;
+6,000 Irish ready for, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;
+3,000 men reported ready, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;
+loss of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;
+Glamorgan’s hopes of relief, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;
+its surrender, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Chepstow</span> fortified, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
+belongs to the Marquis of Worcester of inheritance, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
+named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Christening</span> present, a, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Civil War</span>, aspect of affairs, 1641, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;
+series of national disasters, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+party distinctions, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+ancient warfare, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;
+perplexing state of the war, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;
+the gain and loss by, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;
+intellectual losses, incalculable, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cipher</span>, letter written in, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;
+a sentence in, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Clarendon</span>, Earl of, resided at Worcester House, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;
+Marquis of Worcester’s letter of explanations to, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;
+offer of Worcester House, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;
+his residence, (note), <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;
+at Worcester House, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;
+visited by Evelyn, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cobham</span>, Lord, his house at Blackfriars, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
+Queen Elizabeth to stay there, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
+attends the Queen at the water-side, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
+her majesty sups at his house, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;
+leads the bride (Miss Russell) to church, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Coke, John</span>, his letter, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Copley, Christopher</span>, named in a Bill for settling Worcester House on the Marchioness of Worcester, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;
+may have instigated the writing of the “Century,” <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;
+in the army, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;
+letter from the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;
+interested in the engine, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;
+obtains a written obligation from the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;
+he “doth undermine Worcester House,” <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;
+named, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;
+some account of him, <a href="#Appendix_E">Appendix E.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cornwall</span>, Report of the Duchy of, survey of Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;
+other Reports, <a href="#Appendix_G">Appendix G.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cosmo de Medici</span> the Third, visits Vauxhall to see the Marquis’s Engine, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Council</span>, the new, of confederate Irish Roman Catholics; Glamorgan solicits consent for the post of Lord Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Council</span>, the Supreme, of confederate Irish Roman Catholics, Archbishop of Tuam’s death, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;
+order for his arrears, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
+disclosures, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
+inquiry respecting, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;
+agreement discovered, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
+published, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
+press for Glamorgan’s liberation, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;
+visited by Glamorgan on his liberation, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;
+exorbitant demands, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;
+Glamorgan desires its good opinion, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;
+wearied of the army expenses, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;
+resolve against sending troops over to England, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cromwell, Oliver</span>, Bill respecting Worcester House to be tendered to him, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;
+gives his assent, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;
+his directions sought in respect to payment, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;
+he is satisfied, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;
+enjoyed the Marquis of Worcester’s Monmouthshire estates, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
+warns his wife respecting Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
+his Warrant to allow the Marquis £3. per week, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;
+the Marquis seeks an interview with him, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;
+his death, and his son’s brief career, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;
+deeds delivered up, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;
+Herbert, his “right-hand” man, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;
+his Warrant, <a href="#Appendix_F">Appendix F.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cromwell, Richard</span>, ordered to give up deeds and writings, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cromwell, Elizabeth</span>, letter to her, respecting Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
+ordered to give up deeds and writings, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Culpepper</span>, Lord, letter from the Earl of Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cumberland</span>, Earl of, leads the bride (Lady Herbert) from church, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">D.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Dean</span>, Forest of, garrisoned, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
+Lord Herbert entering, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;
+Sir John Winter “the plague of the forest,” <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
+the rebels quit, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
+taken by Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
+named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Dee, Dr. John</span>, his curious preface to “Euclid,” <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Definition</span> of the Water-commanding Engine, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
+published, <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Digby, George</span>, Lord, charges the Earl of Glamorgan with high treason, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
+Glamorgan writes to his wife, mentioning him, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;
+named also by R. Brereton, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;
+Charles Ist’s commands to, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;
+Glamorgan informs him of his business in going to France, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;
+approves Glamorgan’s resolution, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Dormer, Sir William</span>, marriage of his daughter Elizabeth to Edward, Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
+her death, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry">&mdash;&mdash; <span class="smcap">Robert</span>, Lord, of Weng, father of Sir William Dormer, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>; <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Drebble</span>, his stove, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">E.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Edge-hill</span>, soldiers furnished the King, by the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
+named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_614">[Pg 614]</span><span class="smcap">Edward</span>, Lord Herbert&mdash;<i>see</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#Worcester">Worcester</a></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry" id="Edward"><span class="smcap">Edward</span>, fourth Earl of Worcester&mdash;<i>see</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#Somerset">Somerset</a></span>, also <span class="smcap"><a href="#Worcester">Worcester</a></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Edward</span>, second Marquis of Worcester&mdash;<i>see</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#Somerset">Somerset</a></span>, also <span class="smcap"><a href="#Worcester">Worcester</a></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Elizabeth</span>, Lady Worcester, her death recorded, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Elizabeth</span>, Lady Herbert, first wife of Edward Lord Herbert (afterwards sixth Earl of Worcester), <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
+mother of Henry, Duke of Beaufort, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
+her two daughters, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
+her portrait, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;
+her death, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;
+funeral certificate, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
+sister of Robert, Earl of Carnarvon, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Elizabeth</span>. Queen, her Court at Greenwich, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;
+her leave obtained for Lord Herbert and Miss Russell’s marriage, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
+the Queen to appoint the day, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
+promises her presence, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
+arrives at Blackfriars, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
+carried in a Lectica, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
+present at a masque, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;
+danced on the occasion, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;
+her death, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Engineering</span>, early, in England, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Engineers</span>, foreign, usually employed, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">England</span>, state of art and science from 1640 noticed, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">F.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Fairfax, Sir Thomas</span>, his dragoons at Padstow, obtains the Earl of Glamorgan’s despatches, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
+opinion of Charles Ist’s message to Parliament, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;
+sends his summons to the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;
+takes great interest in the mining approaches to Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;
+concludes terms with the Marquis, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;
+ratified, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;
+Raglan Castle surrendered, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;
+entertained at Bath, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Fernes</span>, the Roman Catholic Bishop of, Chancellor of the Congregation, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>
+&mdash;<i>see</i> <a href="#Nugent">Father <span class="smcap">Nugent</span></a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Finch, Heneage</span>, his report on a Petition, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Fitzwilliams</span>, Col., named, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Foster</span>, Captain <span class="smcap">William</span>, letter in respect to, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">G.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Galileo</span> prosecuted at Rome, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;
+his death, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>, Edward Somerset, Earl of, patent privily granted, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;
+copy of the patent, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;
+was acknowledged by Charles II. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;
+his instructions from Charles I., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;
+dispatches for Ireland, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;
+Charles I. acknowledges £250,000, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;
+sends him the Blue Ribbon and Warrant for the title of Duke of Somerset, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;
+detained at home, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;
+his respectful letter to his father, August, 1644, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;
+termination of his military career in Wales, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;
+Charles Ist’s pretence to doubt his “judgment,” <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;
+his Commission to raise troops in Ireland, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;
+visits Ireland, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;
+in Ireland, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;
+letter to Ormond, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;
+estimates his navy and army expenses at £100,000, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;
+expects 3000 men from Chester, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;
+letter to Ormond, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;
+going to Waterford, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;
+has laid an embargo on shipping at Wexford, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;
+a biographical error corrected, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;
+letter of John Bythell, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;
+named as “Lord Herbert,” in Bythell’s letter, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;
+at Carnarvon, a Welsh legend, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;
+his regiment of horse, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;
+second visit to Ireland, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;
+his commissions, warrant, and patent, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;
+Ormond notes his noble ends and apparent dangers, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;
+and his “judgment,” <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;
+secret negotiations, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;
+their failure, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;
+his treaty found out, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
+charged with high treason, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
+a close prisoner in Dublin Castle, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
+his examination, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;
+inquiry respecting his oath, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;
+did not unduly use his great powers, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;
+deceived by the King, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;
+his letters and papers taken at Padstow, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
+publication of his agreement with the Irish Roman Catholics, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
+copy of his oath, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
+has 6000 Irish ready, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;
+his letter to his wife, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;
+his imprisonment, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_129">129</a>;
+Charles I. repudiates his proceedings to Ormond, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;
+Secretary Nicholas writes to Ormond to the same effect, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;
+vindicates the King, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;
+a second letter, repudiating his powers and patent, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;
+Charles Ist’s letter to the Queen on this affair, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;
+the King’s letter to him, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;
+set at liberty, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;
+his bail, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;
+writes to Ormond that he shall go to France. <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;
+presses for a continuance of the cessation, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;
+withholds his motion from the Supreme Council, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;
+Sir V. Molineux will accompany him to France, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;
+desires Ormond’s co-operation, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;
+has informed Lord Digby, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;
+his purchase of a ship, ordnance and stores, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;
+expects to return with a fleet, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;
+learns the loss of Chester, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;
+continues in Ireland, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;
+his father indifferently informed of his operations there, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;
+at Kilkenny, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;
+his letter to the Nuncio, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;
+a peace proposed to be approved by the Pope, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_615">[Pg 615]</span>the raising of 7000 men to be conditional, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;
+his projected visit to Italy, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;
+engages a large supply of money, men, arms, and ships, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;
+wrote to Charles I. hoping to relieve Chester, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;
+seeming friends industriously hinder him, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;
+relies on his Majesty’s “right interpretation,” <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;
+his imprisonment declared a mere colourable affair, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;
+created “Duke of Somerset and Beaufort,” <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;
+the patent, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;
+recital of his martial deeds, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;
+his remarks on the state of affairs, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;
+he apologizes for the King’s declaration, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;
+the King’s instructions, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;
+desires the good opinion of the Supreme Council, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;
+designed going to Rome, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;
+his letter to Father Nugent expressive of bitter disappointment and mental anguish, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;
+his operations virtually terminated, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;
+perfect consistency of his conduct, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;
+had to deal with a grasping party, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;
+overmatched by Ormond, Digby, and others, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;
+opposition between his own views and those of his party, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;
+his spotless rectitude, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;
+he wrote to Ormond, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;
+reports the taking of Captain Allen, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;
+expects his own and other letters to be printed, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;
+reports several ships, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;
+his offer if joined by Ormond and the Supreme Council, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;
+the King’s “bugbear declaration,” <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;
+Ormond’s approving answer, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;
+his brother in Italy, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;
+the King’s declaration “enforced upon him,” <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;
+the intended articles he pronounces invalid, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;
+his bail in no danger, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;
+is debarred from calling on Ormond, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;
+his handwriting, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;
+address of a letter written in cipher, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;
+scarcity of his autograph, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;
+patent to appoint him Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;
+his going to Rome, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;
+soliciting the post of Lord Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;
+“of a very mild temper,” <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
+“attached to the Apostolic See,” <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
+and “bound to it by oath and promises,” <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
+his oath, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
+apprised of his father’s decease, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>
+&mdash;<i>see</i> also <a href="#Edward">Edward, Earl</a> and <a href="#Worcester_2ndMarquis">2nd Marquis of <span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>, Countess of, her husband’s letter from Dublin Castle, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;
+incident relating to her at Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;
+leaves Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;
+a pass granted her to Ireland, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>
+&mdash;<i>see</i> also <a href="#Worcester_Marchioness">Margaret, Marchioness of <span class="smcap">Worcester</span></a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Gloucester</span>, Lord Herbert before, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
+stoutly defended, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
+summoned by Prince Rupert, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
+its reduction attempted, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
+Lord Herbert’s horses seized, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;
+named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;
+troops raised against, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Goodrich</span> Castle garrisoned, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
+taken by Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Gower</span>, the Poet, quoted, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;
+works mentioned, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;
+<a href="#Appendix_K">Appendix K.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Greenwich</span>, Queen Elizabeth’s court at, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;
+letter from, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
+the Queen’s return to court, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Greenwich</span>, Charles I. at, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">H.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hall, John</span>, the Marquis’s petition in respect of, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;
+case, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;
+named, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hall, Henry</span>, the Marquis’s petition in respect of, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hamilton</span>, Marquis of, Master of the Horse, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hamilton</span>, Duke of, named, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hanneman’s</span> painting of a family group, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;
+noticed, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Harley</span>, Lady, her Diary, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hartlib</span>, Samuel, notice of Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;
+states the “Earl of Worcester is buying Vauxhall,” <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hazilrigge</span>, Bart., Sir Arthur, named, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Henrietta Maria</span>, Queen, at Paris, her present of jewels to the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>
+&mdash;<i>see</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#QueenDowager">Queen Dowager</a></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Henry</span>, Duke of Beaufort&mdash;<i>see</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#Beaufort">Beaufort</a></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Henry</span>, 1st Marquis of Worcester&mdash;<i>see</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#Somerset">Somerset</a></span>, <i>also</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#Worcester">Worcester</a></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Herbert</span>, Edward, of the Grange, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Herbert</span>, Henry, Lord&mdash;<i>see</i> <a href="#Edward">Henry, Earl</a> and <a href="#Worcester_2ndMarquis">Marquis of Worcester.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry" id="LadyAnneHerbert"><span class="smcap">Herbert, Anne</span>, Lady, her marriage gifts and portion, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;
+daughter of John Lord Russell, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;
+mother of 13 children, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;
+her relative Lady Morrison, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Herbert, Margaret</span>, Lady (afterwards Countess of Glamorgan), her marriage, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;
+her portrait, in a family group, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;
+her infant daughter, Mary, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;
+pass granted her to France, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>
+&mdash;<i>see</i> <a href="#Worcester_Marchioness"><span class="smcap">Worcester</span>, Margaret, Marchioness of</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Herbert</span> of Cardiffe, Lord; leads the bride (Miss Russell) to church, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hereford</span> garrisoned, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;
+Governor of, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;
+the city taken by Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
+named, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hero</span> of Alexandria, his “Spiritalia,” <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hertford</span>, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;
+defeat in the West, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_616">[Pg 616]</span>supplied with recruits, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
+Dukedom of Somerset confirmed to him, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;
+named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;
+forces a loan to, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hervey</span> discovers the circulation of the blood, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hill, Richard</span>, a purchaser of the Marquis of Worcester’s estates, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Holland</span>, Lord, named, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hook</span>, Dr., ridicules the engine; <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;
+laughs at it, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;
+his character, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hooper</span>, Captain, the engineer, mining at the siege of Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;
+progress of his approaches, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hopton</span>, Lord, letter from the Earl of Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Huntingdon</span>, Charles I. at, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Huntingdon</span>, Francis Hastings, Earl of, death of his daughter, wife of Edward, 4th Earl of Worcester, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;
+letter from the Earl of Worcester, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">I.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Inventions</span>, Century of, written, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;
+the manuscript, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;
+patent for four, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;
+list of, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;
+state of the knowledge of, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Inventions</span> of the Earl of Worcester, <a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Inventions</span>, the Marquis of Worcester’s patent for four, <a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ireland</span>, visited in 1642 by the Earl of Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;
+the King is glad he is there, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;
+second visit, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;
+Ormond notes the Italian Bishop’s reception, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;
+to raise 10,000 men, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;
+packet boat from, boarded at Padstow, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
+Fairfax’s report of this, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;
+the Marquis of Worcester expects benefit to Ireland through the Queen, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;
+he leaves Ireland, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;
+the Marquis’s journey, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ireland</span>, rebellion in, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;
+Charles I.’s Commission to the Earl of Glamorgan, to raise troops in, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;
+<ins class="correction" title="Typo original has Glamogan’s">Glamorgan’s</ins> visit to, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Irish</span> army, new levied, to disband, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Irish</span> Roman Catholics, offer to raise troops, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;
+difficulties arise out of their demands, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;
+the King’s narrow policy, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;
+Charles I.’s warrant to Glamorgan to treat and conclude with the confederates, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">J.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">James I.</span>, the Pope’s bulls, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;
+reprimands Henry, Earl of Worcester, on his daughter being a nun, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;
+the King proclaimed, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;
+his reign, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Jesuits</span> excepted in the indulgence granted to Roman Catholics, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
+the Jesuits represent their case, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
+Henry, Marquis of Worcester, a Penitent of the Society, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Jones</span>, Lady, and Sir Philip, leave Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Jones, William</span>, Steward of Raglan, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">K.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Kaltoff, Caspar</span>, a practical working engineer or machinist, so engaged, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
+water-work s at Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;
+eleven years service, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;
+named by the Marquis, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;
+stated to be a Dutchman, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;
+employed making guns, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;
+inventions and models there, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;
+visited by Dr. Hook, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;
+superintending works, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;
+he and his wife (1672) lately deceased, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;
+their children, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;
+his son-in-law, Peter Jacobson, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;
+documents relating to, <a href="#Appendix_G">Appendix G.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Keneys</span>, Bart., Sir Michael, Governor of Chepstow, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Kennet’s</span> relation concerning Henry Earl of Worcester’s daughter being a nun, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;
+remarks on Edward, Marquis of Worcester, his exile and return, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Kirle</span>, Colonel, his siege operations, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Kuffler</span>, Dr., his furnace, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_letter">L.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry">
+<span class="smcap">Lenthall</span>, John, letter from, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;
+has received a present, and acknowledges his fees, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry">
+<span class="smcap">Leyburn</span>, Father George, and the Marquis of Worcester leave Ireland, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry">
+<span class="smcap">Lingard</span>, Dr. on Charles I.’s warrant to the Earl of Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry">
+<span class="smcap">London</span> in 1625&ndash;1636, coaches, hackney coaches, streets, pillory, whipping, mutilations, the plague, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;
+fortified in 1643, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
+Charles delivered up by the Scots, 1647, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
+and his execution, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
+the Commonwealth established, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
+public taste curtailed, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
+the Plague, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Lotherdale</span>, Earl of, letter to, from the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
+promises him an ingenious box, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Louis XIV.</span>, of France, favourable to Charles II., <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_letter">M.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Marriage</span> gifts to Lady Herbert, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;
+a mock, at Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Masque</span> on occasion of Lord Herbert’s marriage to Miss Russell, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
+ladies, characters, and dresses, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
+the dance and address to the Queen, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;
+her Majesty joined in the dance, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_617">[Pg 617]</span><span class="smcap">Mathews</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Toby</span>, named, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Mazarine</span>, Cardinal, the Marquis of Worcester recommended to him, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;
+opposed to Louis XIV. attempting the restoration of Charles II. <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
+presented the Marquis to the King, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;
+his gracious remark, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Mechanical</span> knowledge in the 17th century, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Milford Haven</span>, Parliament ships in, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Milton</span> born, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Molineux</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Vivian</span>, will accompany the Earl of Glamorgan to France, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Monconis, M.</span> de, named by Sorbière, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;
+reports new inventions, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Monmouth</span>, fortified, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
+Lord Herbert before, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
+Waller’s success, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
+alarm, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
+Marquis of Worcester’s efforts, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
+saved by the Marquis, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
+taken by Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
+named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;
+fortified, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Monmouthshire</span>, Cromwell enjoys the Marquis of Worcester’s estates in, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
+his letter touching the same, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Monopolists</span>, prejudices against, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Montgomeryshire</span>, raising troops in, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Moore</span>, Lord <span class="smcap">John</span>, Kennington, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Morgan</span>, Colonel, at Worcester, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;
+at Landenny, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;
+his regiment, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Morley, Thomas</span>, Lord, died 1416, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Morrison</span>, Lady, in the Friars, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Myddleton</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Hugh</span>, forms the New River, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">N.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Napier</span>, Lord, his system of logarithms, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Naseby</span>, battle of, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Newport</span>, named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Newstead</span>, money to be sent privately to, for Charles I. <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Nicholas</span>, Secretary, letter to Ormond, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;
+denounces Lord Herbert’s negotiations in Ireland, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;
+his second letter, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Northampton</span>, Earl of, named, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Nottingham</span>. Charles I. at, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry" id="Nugent"><span class="smcap">Nugent</span>, Father Robert, Superior of the Jesuits in Ireland, the Earl of Glamorgan’s letter expressing his distress, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;
+named, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_letter">O.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry" id="OBrien"><span class="smcap">O’Brien, Henry</span>, Earl of Thomond, his daughter Margaret’s marriage, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;
+his petition, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;
+named, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">O’Neill</span>, Mr. named, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ormond</span>, Marquis of, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, as respects concluding a peace, the King empowers Glamorgan to act, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;
+the King’s letter to, Dec. 1644, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;
+Glamorgan’s letter to, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;
+recommends to conciliate the Nuncio, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;
+about Chester, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;
+and 10,000 men, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;
+Chester holds out, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;
+letter from Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;
+letter to, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;
+stretch of authority, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;
+approves Glamorgan’s “judgment,” <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;
+his continued civility to the Earl, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;
+his suspicions aroused, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;
+his warrant to commit the Earl of Glamorgan to Dublin Castle, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
+letter from Secretary Nicholas, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;
+repudiates Lord Herbert’s negotiations, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;
+second letter, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;
+repudiates his powers and patent, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;
+letter from Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;
+who intends going to France, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;
+and presses for a continuance of the cessation, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;
+Glamorgan seeks his co-operation, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;
+in England, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;
+letter from&nbsp; Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;
+his large and noble offer, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;
+an approving reply, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;
+letter from Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;
+commends his wisdom, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;
+letter from Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;
+leaves Dublin, goes to Hampton Court, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;
+living at Acton, and goes thence to France, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;
+waits on the Queen, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;
+meets the Countess of Glamorgan, (Marchioness of Worcester), <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;
+her ill-timed resentment, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">P.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Papist</span>, the Marquis charged with being a, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Papists</span>, and notorious malignants, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;
+warrants for seizing their estates, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Papists</span>, Parliamentary order for disarming, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+repudiated, and yet countenanced by Charles I., <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;
+Charles II.’s declaration to banish, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Paris</span>, Marquis of Worcester leaves Ireland for, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;
+Lady Herbert (Marchioness of Worcester), has a pass to, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;
+Ormond flies to, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;
+Marchioness of Worcester at, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;
+Charles II.’s court at, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
+the Marquis of Worcester at, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
+full of loyal fugitives, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Parliament</span>, Henry Lord Herbert summoned to, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;
+Parliamentary duties, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;
+dispensation to be absent, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;
+the Long, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;
+jealous of Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;
+notice the Marquis of Worcester and Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;
+order to disarm them, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+Lord Herbert’s offer in reference to the Commission of Array, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
+professes his determination, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
+summons Lord Herbert to appear, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
+and his father, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_618">[Pg 618]</span>ordinance affecting Papists, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;
+contract in pursuance of such ordinance, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;
+orders the disposal of Worcester House, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;
+petitioned by the Marchioness of Worcester, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;
+report on the petition, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;
+further report, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;
+order to pay £6. per week to the Marchioness of Worcester, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;
+reference to Committee, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
+order, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
+an Act, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
+order regarding pension, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
+order for possession of Worcester House, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
+order on Henry Lord Herbert’s petition, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;
+question on his delinquency, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;
+petition refused, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;
+report, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;
+resolutions, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;
+persons banished by, and their property confiscated, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;
+resolutions on, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;
+orders the imprisonment of the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;
+on his petition order for his enlargement, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;
+sufficient bail to be taken, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Parliament</span>&mdash;at the Restoration.<br />
+<span class="ml10"><i>House of Lords</i>,</span> Marchioness of Worcester’s petition about Worcester House, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;
+restoration of the Marquis’s estate ordered, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;
+discuss the subject of his patent creating him Duke of Somerset, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;
+referred to Lords named, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;
+a committee reports, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;
+message to House of Commons, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;
+increase of committee, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;
+the Patent delivered up, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;
+Bill in respect to Patents and Grants, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;
+a message from the Commons, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;
+Marquis of Worcester’s attendances, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;
+prorogued, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;
+re-opening, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;
+Act for the <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has Water commanding">Water-commanding</ins> engine, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;
+second reading, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;
+Lords’ committee (note), <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;
+passed, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;
+attendances, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br />
+
+<span class="ml10"><i>House of Commons</i></span>, message from the Lords, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;
+a message to the Lords, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;
+report on the Bill for the Water-commanding engine, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;
+Commons’ Committee, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;
+Bill returned to the Lords, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;
+passed, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Parliament</span>, Act of, for the Water-commanding engine, <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Parliament</span> ships reported to be in Milford Haven, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Patent</span>, Marquis of Worcester’s, for four inventions, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;
+<a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Patents</span> and grants, Bill in reference to, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Peacham, Henry</span>, on mechanical knowledge, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;
+his praise of Geometry, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;
+automata, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pembroke</span>, Earl of, his town of Carlyon, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pembroke</span>, Earl of, magazine from, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pennoyer, William</span>, and Richard Hill, large purchasers of the Marquis of Worcester’s estates, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;
+Parliamentary resolutions in respect to the Marquis of Worcester’s estates conveyed to them, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry">“<span class="smcap">Peter</span>,” John Bythell, commander of the, his letter to his father, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;
+escapes shipwreck, but the cargo of corn seized, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;
+list of crew and passengers, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;
+made prisoners, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Petitions</span>, &amp;c. dated 1665, <a href="#Appendix_I">Appendix I.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pigot</span>, Colonel, letter from R. Brereton, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;
+send him a letter for the Countess of Glamorgan, at Raglan, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pope</span>, the, his bulls, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;
+to be conciliated, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;
+his bull, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
+secret negotiations, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;
+a peace, to his approval, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;
+his treaty to be pre-eminent, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;
+a copy of Charles I.’s letter, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;
+Lord John Somerset to be sent on a mission to, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;
+with Catholic Princes to supply £30,000 per month to maintain an army in England, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
+Glamorgan had power to treat accordingly, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pope’s</span> Nuncio, the, to be conciliated, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;
+Glamorgan’s letter to, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;
+secret negotiations proposed by Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;
+articles on the part of his Holiness and the King, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;
+Glamorgan’s engagement, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;
+to name an Admiral, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;
+Glamorgan agrees with him to confer certain titles, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;
+his letter, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;
+promoting Glamorgan’s solicitations for post of Lord Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;
+expects Dublin to be taken, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
+important to appoint a Catholic so highly approved, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
+the King’s appointment, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
+it is contemplated to transport the Holy Faith into England by arms, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
+and by the Earl, a perfect Catholic, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
+Glamorgan’s oath, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Popish</span> recusants, order to disband, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Popish</span> army, rumours of a, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Powis, William Herbert</span>, Marquis of, marries Elizabeth, second daughter of Edward, Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Present</span>, a christening, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Projectors</span> and monopolists, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pudding</span>, Dr., Queen Elizabeth passing through his house is presented with a fan, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">Q.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry" id="QueenDowager"><span class="smcap">Queen Dowager</span> of England, her remark at the Court of France, in respect to the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">R.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Raglan</span> Castle, noticed, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;
+becomes the residence of Henry, Earl of Worcester, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_619">[Pg 619]</span>distinguished as a luxurious residence, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;
+described, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;
+distant view of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;
+ancient portions, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;
+garrisoned, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;
+ancient warfare, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;
+Lord Herbert obtains troops and stores, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
+Countess of Glamorgan there, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;
+its garrison, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;
+ancient remains, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;
+character of the family and servants there, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;
+a mock wedding and masque, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;
+visited by Charles I., <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;
+military operations, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;
+the Marquis’s apartments, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;
+arrival of Allan Boteler with a message from Charles I., his reception., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;
+detained, and precipitate departure, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;
+the siege, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;
+a skirmish, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;
+mining approaches, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;
+the garrison makes desperate sallies, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;
+cessation of arms, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;
+the castle in jeopardy, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;
+terms of surrender concluded, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;
+evacuated and delivered up to General Fairfax, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;
+departure of the Marquis, his family, friends, and retainers, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;
+stores, furniture, &amp;c. found there, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;
+letters and papers ordered to London, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;
+the castle ordered to be “pulled down and destroyed,” <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;
+named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;
+expense of garrison, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry" id="RaglanChurch"><span class="smcap">Raglan</span> Church, burial of Edward Marquis of Worcester and his wife Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;
+“St. Cadocus,” <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;
+Elizabeth, Lady Herbert’s funeral, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;
+described, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;
+the Marquis of Worcester buried at, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;
+views of, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ramelli’s</span> works, 1588, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Redman</span>, James, Worcester house, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Restoration</span>, the, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;
+coronation, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
+prospects of the Marquis of Worcester at the, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;
+characters of Charles II. and the Marquis contrasted, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;
+advance of science, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Richmond</span>, Duke of, named, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Rinuccini</span>, the Pope’s Nuncio, gives the Marquis of Worcester an introduction to Cardinal Mazarine, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Rollock, James</span>, “an ancient servant,” <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Rome</span>, visit to Claudius at, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;
+Galileo prosecuted at, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;
+agent’s letters from, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Roundhead</span> party, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Royal Society</span>, established, and incorporated, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;
+proceedings noticed by M. de Monconis, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;
+Dr. Hook redicules the Marquis’s engine, and may have influenced members unfavourably, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Royalist</span> party, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Rupert</span>, Prince, Gloucester summoned by, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
+at Bristol, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
+letter from Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;
+Lord Herbert’s dispatch, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;
+offered Forest of Dean miners, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;
+his warrant to the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Russell, Francis</span>, Earl of Bedford, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Russell</span>, Lord <span class="smcap">John</span>, named, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Russell</span>, Miss <span class="smcap">Anne</span>, report of her marriage to Henry Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;
+letters about her marriage, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
+her marriage at Blackfriars, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
+the feast, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
+ceremony and gifts, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.
+See <span class="smcap"><a href="#LadyAnneHerbert">Anne Lady Herbert</a></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Russell</span>, Lady, marriage preparations for her daughter, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
+Queen Elizabeth carried to her house in a Lectica, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
+her great and plentiful entertainment, continued for three days, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;
+her relative Lady Morrison, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Rutland</span>, Earl of, leads the bride (Lady Herbert) from church, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">S.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Sandford, Francis</span>, Pursuivant at Arms, at the Marquis’s funeral, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;
+account of him, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;
+takes the Marquis’s funeral certificate, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Seventeenth Century</span>, popular superstitions, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap"><ins class="correction" title="Original has Shakespere">Shakespeare</ins></span> died, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Siri, Vittorio</span>, opinion of Charles I.’s message to Parliament, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset</span>, Lord <span class="smcap">John</span>, to be sent on a mission to the Pope, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;
+disposal of property by Parliament, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;
+Patent delivered up, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;
+named, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">John</span>, second son, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+conveys £5,000 to Newstead, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;
+levying 500 horse, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;
+in command before Gloucester, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
+named in Bythell’s letter, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;
+his father deposits £6000 with him, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;
+Charles I. obtains it on promise of repayment, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;
+subscribes articles, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, Thomas</span>, named, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, Charles</span>, governor of Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;
+leaves Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, Frederick</span>, his baptism, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, Charles</span>, 1st Marquis of Worcester, his autograph, (note) <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;
+his marriages and death, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, Henry</span>, Lord Herbert&mdash;<i>see</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#Beaufort">Beaufort</a></span>, Duke of.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, William</span>, died 1589, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset House</span>, hydraulic work on, <a href="#Page_265">265</a> and <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry" id="Somerset"><span class="smcap">Somerset, Edward</span>, died 1628, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset</span>, Duke of, patent in respect to the title of, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;
+Lords’ Committee to consider, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;
+conditions not fulfilled, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_620">[Pg 620]</span>
+the patent acknowledged and to be surrendered, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;
+committee, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;
+Marquis of Hertford, his title of Duke of Somerset confirmed, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, Henry</span>, 2nd Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, William</span>, 3rd Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, Edward</span>, 4th Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, Henry</span>, 5th and 1st Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, Edward</span>, 6th and 2nd Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Sorbière, M. Samuel</span>, his book, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;
+criticised by Dr. Sprat, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;
+names M. de Monconis, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;
+and new inventions, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;
+visits Vauxhall to see the Marquis of Worcester’s engine, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;
+notices the waterworks at Somerset House, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Sprat</span>, Dr., criticises Sorbière, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">St. Cadocus.</span>&mdash;<i>see</i> <a href="#RaglanChurch">Raglan Church.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Sydney</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Robert</span>, correspondence, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">T.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Theobalds</span>, Charles I. to, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Thomond</span>, Earl of.&mdash;<i>see</i> <a href="#OBrien">Henry O’Brien, Earl of Thomond.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Thurloe</span>, Secretary, letter from the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Tisser, Ann</span>, a widow, in possession of the Gate-house of Worcester House, resists giving up possession, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;
+is charged with contempt and speedily ejected, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry" id="TheTower"><span class="smcap">Tower</span> of London, Marquis of Worcester, his great experiment there before Charles I., <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;
+committed a prisoner to, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;
+enlarged, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;
+Lord Herbert, committed a prisoner, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;
+his letter from the Tower, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;
+Captain William Foster a prisoner, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;
+the Marquis’s letter, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;
+his “six years’ experience,” <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;
+period of the Marquis’s imprisonment considered, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Travers, William</span>, Roman Catholic Priest, his letter to the Dowager Marchioness of Worcester, <a href="#Appendix_D">Appendix D.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Troy House</span>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;
+fruit from, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Tuam</span>, Roman Catholic Archbishop of, his death, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;
+papers found, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index_letter">V.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Vandyck</span>, painter, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;
+his portraits, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Vauxhall</span>, treating for, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;
+the Marquis may have resided there, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;
+Sorbière’s visit, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;
+his notice, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;
+designation of, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;
+notice of by Hartlib, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;
+“the Earl of Worcester is buying Vauxhall,” <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;
+Petition respecting, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;
+£50,000 expended there in experiments, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;
+survey of land and works, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_291">291</a>;
+Dr. Hook’s visit, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;
+visited by Cosmo de Medici the Third, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;
+summary of work there for 7 years, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;
+documents relating to, <a href="#Appendix_G">Appendix G.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Vavasour</span>, Colonel, with Lord Herbert, raising troops, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;
+Governor of Hereford, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Vavasour</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">William</span>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Venice</span>, visit to the arsenal at, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_letter">W.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Waller</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">William</span>, defeats Lord Herbert before Gloucester, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
+prisoners taken, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
+before Monmouth, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
+named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Warfare</span>, ancient, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Warrant</span>, Cromwell’s, for a weekly allowance of £3 per week to the Marquis, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Appendix_F">Appendix F.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Water-works</span> at Raglan, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Water</span>-commanding Engine, named in a letter to the Earl of Lotherdale (January 1660), <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
+the Marquis alludes to, expecting an Act for it, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
+his “truly significant definition,” <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;
+earliest distinct reference, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;
+its progress, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;
+application to Parliament, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;
+the Act passed, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;
+one-tenth granted to Charles II. <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;
+the same remitted to the Marquis on surrender of a warrant granting him lands to the value of £40,000, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>; (and note), <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;
+seen by Sorbière, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;
+the public prove sceptical, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;
+intelligence respecting it, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;
+Act, and posting bills respecting, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;
+set up at Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;
+seen by Dr. Hook, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;
+its practical character, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;
+seen by Cosmo de Medici the Third, at Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;
+mentioned in 1670, in a letter, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;
+latest intelligence, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;
+the Marquis’s principal invention, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;
+means taken for publishing it, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;
+his three accounts of it, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;
+generally unnoticed by contemporaries, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;
+its superiority, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;
+it was in advance of the age, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;
+operations to give it publicity, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;
+a model to be deposited, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;
+and one to be buried, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;
+summary of work at Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;
+probable learned and wealthy visitors, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;
+Act for, <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Watkins</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">David</span>, £20 loan, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Wheel</span>, the great, experiment at the Tower, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_621">[Pg 621]</span>
+<span class="smcap">Willis</span>, Mr., his inventions, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Williams</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Trevor</span>, his siege operations, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;
+seized 80 horses, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">William</span>, Lord <span class="smcap">Herbert</span>, at Oxford, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;
+early decease, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Winter</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">John</span>, Forest of Dean, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
+united with Lord Herbert. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
+deserts and spoils the Forest, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Wood, Ant. À.</span> his account of William Lord Herbert, and his brother Henry Somerset, at Oxford, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;
+their ages, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;
+remarks on Henry, Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;
+on his religion, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Woodcroft, Bennet</span>, <i>F.R.S.</i> list of copies of Documents in his possession respecting the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix F.</a>;
+Cromwell’s warrant, <i>ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry" id="Worcester"><span class="smcap">Worcester, Edward, Somerset</span>, 4th Earl of, rumour of his son’s intended marriage, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;
+christening of Sir Robert Sydney’s daughter, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
+waiting on Queen Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
+his christening present, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
+his son Henry Lord Herbert’s marriage, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;
+invested with Order of the Garter, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;
+Keeper of the Privy Seal, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;
+his death, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;
+his autograph, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;
+his horsemanship and athletic acquirements, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;
+named, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry" id="Worcester_2ndMarquis"><span class="smcap">Worcester, Edward Somerset</span>, 6th Earl and 2nd Marquis of, (Lord Herbert, from 1601 to 1642), notice of, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
+one of 13 children, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;
+at Oxford, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;
+family associations, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;
+probable date of his birth, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;
+at eight years of age, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;
+his preceptor, Mr. Adams, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;
+his education, and on the continent, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;
+at Charles the First’s court, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;
+at 24 years of age, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;
+Raglan Castle, a luxurious residence, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;
+a young nobleman’s education, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;
+personal appearance, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;
+defect in speech, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;
+his style of composition, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;
+state of mechanical science, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
+his first marriage, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
+his family of one son and two daughters, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
+Henry created Duke of Beaufort, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
+account of his marriage, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
+engages the mechanic Caspar Kaltoff, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
+a work-shop, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
+predilection for mathematical and mechanical studies, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
+continental tour, <a href="#Page_18"><ins class="correction" title="Typo original has 8">18</ins></a>;
+at Rome and Venice, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;
+domestic and studious <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has babits">habits</ins>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;
+early inventions, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;
+his inventive faculty, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;
+his water-works at Raglan, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;
+Vandyck’s portrait, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;
+his “golden days,” <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;
+attests his wife’s funeral certificate, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
+letter from Secretary Coke, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
+at Worcester House <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;
+his Wheel at the Tower, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;
+described, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;
+exhibited to Charles I. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;
+paradoxes, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;
+his married life, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;
+a widower, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;
+studies and pursuits, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;
+studies matured, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;
+a mathematician, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;
+of delicate frame, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;
+his books, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;
+second marriage, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;
+his Irish connexions, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;
+death of his child, Mary, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;
+painting of a family group, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;
+strange costume, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;
+resident in London, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;
+letter from Charles I. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;
+“lying pamphlets,” <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;
+Charles I. another letter, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;
+indisposition, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;
+at 40 years of age, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;
+his declaration in regard to the King’s early movements, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;
+fears the Parliament, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;
+noticed by Parliament, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;
+order to consider his commission, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;
+Parliamentary order to disarm him, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+order for his appearance, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+at Nottingham, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;
+his minute report of Charles Ist’s message to his father, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;
+Lord Herbert’s interview with Charles I. at Nottingham pourtrayed, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;
+residence at Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;
+has the command of 500 horse, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;
+in his military capacity, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;
+made General of South Wales, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
+General of the horse, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
+before Gloucester, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
+attempts its reduction, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
+defeat and loss, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
+appears to have been at Oxford, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
+at Hereford, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
+called to the Forest of Dean, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;
+dispensing his father’s loans to Charles I., <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
+in fear of Parliament, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;
+takes leave of it, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
+retires to Raglan, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
+his offer to Parliament, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
+his declaration to uphold the King’s cause, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
+raises six regiments, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
+horses seized at Gloucester, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;
+summoned to Parliament, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
+letter to Prince Rupert, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;
+entering Forest of Dean, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
+before Monmouth, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
+flight of his troops, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
+unites with Sir John Winter, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
+raising troops in Montgomeryshire, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;
+a dispatch to Prince Rupert, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;
+reports ships in Milford Haven, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;
+offer of Forest of Dean miners for Bristol, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;
+recital of his military exploits, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
+no contemporary account of them, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
+reduces Abergavenny and Carlyon, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
+his troop of Life Guards, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
+gained no military celebrity, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;
+his character as a commander, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;
+created Earl of Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;
+his autograph as Edward Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;
+water-works at Raglan, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;
+his father’s reproof on his demanding money for the king, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;
+procures the king £6000, committed to his brother’s care, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_622">[Pg 622]</span>
+&mdash;(<i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Earl</span> of <span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>,
+<i><a href="#Page_157">transactions preceding his father’s death.</a></i>)&mdash;
+his letter to the Bishop of Fernes, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;
+expects the Queen to befriend Ireland, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;
+leaves Ireland for France, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;
+in exile, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;
+his inventions neglected in his time, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;
+styled “Lord Herbert of Raglan,” and a pass to France granted to his wife, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;
+account of his being in Paris, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;
+his introduction to Cardinal Mazarine, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;
+seeks to be Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;
+interview between his wife and Ormond, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;
+her ill-timed resentment, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;
+at St. Germain’s, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
+wrote to Charles II., and his gracious reply, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;
+four or five years in France, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;
+general poverty, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;
+difficulties in the way of study abroad, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;
+his family in England, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;
+disposal of his property by Parliament, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;
+Worcester House, during his life, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;
+a Bill for settling the same, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;
+his son and two daughters, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;
+his property, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;
+Parliamentary resolutions in regard to valuation, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
+a trying period of five years, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
+his property assists the Government, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
+treatment of his wife and family significant of his being esteemed, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;
+return to England, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;
+Parliamentary resolution in regard to him as being banished and his property confiscated, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;
+supposed to have been sent to England by Charles II., <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
+his visit considered, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;
+committed to the Tower, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;
+his trial to be considered, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;
+his petition, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;
+order for his liberation, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;
+period of confinement, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;
+his age, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;
+loan of £20., <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;
+summary of his history, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;
+his “Century” written, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;
+writes to Chris. Copley, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;
+his solemn obligation to Chris. Copley, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;
+names his “water-work,” <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;
+letter to Secretary Thurloe, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;
+desires an interview with Cromwell, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;
+probable meaning of his letter, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;
+letter to the Earl of Lotherdale, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
+promises him an ingeniously contrived box, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
+his humour not to produce an invention a second time, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
+looks for an Act of Parliament, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
+offers his lordship the benefit of £500 (share), <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
+his “definition,” <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;
+earliest distinct reference, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;
+his wonderful inventive faculty, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;
+his son resident at Badminton, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;
+letter of explanations to Lord Clarendon, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;
+exposed himself to “any expense or difficulty,” <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;
+object to screen Charles I., <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
+the “amplitude of his commission,” <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
+the “height of his Majesty’s design,” <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
+immense army arrangements, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
+£30,000 from the Pope and Catholic Princes, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
+the signing and sealing, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;
+no use made by him of his great powers, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;
+his petition in respect to grants and promises made by Charles I., to his father and himself, to recommend the same to the notice of Parliament, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;
+circular note to creditors, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;
+his prospects at the Restoration, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;
+sketch of his character and that of Charles II., <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;
+political enemies, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;
+offer of Worcester House to Lord Clarendon, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;
+seeks his friendship, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;
+refers to the “obnoxiousness of his religion,” <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;
+intimates his desire to make a secret communication to the King, in his lordship’s presence, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;
+conjecture as to his meaning, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;
+he petitions the House of Lords, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;
+restoration of his estates ordered, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;
+deeds and writings, his property, ordered to be given up, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;
+Ann Tisser’s purchase, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;
+his Patent, a prejudice to the Peers, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;
+Lords’ committee to consider, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;
+acknowledges a patent to create him Duke of Somerset, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;
+delivers up his patent, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;
+reflections on the treatment he receives, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;
+retained the titles of Earl of Glamorgan and Baron Beaufort, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;
+attends the House of Lords, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;
+present when the king prorogues parliament, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;
+petition in respect to debts, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;
+bill to restore his estates, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;
+encumbered, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;
+petitioners against him, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;
+magnitude of his claims, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;
+his patent for four inventions, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;
+further inventions, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;
+his letter in testimony of Captain Foster’s character, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;
+a second letter, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;
+“my six years’ experience of him during my imprisonment in the Tower,” <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;
+period of his own imprisonment considered, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;
+the pot-lid story exploded, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;
+Act for his water-commanding engine, and he attends the House, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;
+passed, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;
+surrenders a warrant to the value of £40,000, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;
+and <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;
+may have resided at Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;
+noticed by Sorbière, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;
+his secresy in regard to works, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;
+reported to be buying Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;
+at Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;
+Duke of Albemarle represents his case, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;
+his petition to Charles II. <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_623">[Pg 623]</span>
+another, in respect to Henry and John Hall, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;
+Finch’s report, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;
+case as respects John Hall, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;
+offers a gratuity of £500 per annum, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;
+seeks to set up an engine, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;
+offers a judgment in lieu of preceding gratuity, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;
+a draft letter, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;
+Mazarine’s remark, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;
+Queen Dowager’s saying, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;
+borrows £200, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;
+petitions for a Committee of Inquiry, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;
+his autograph, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;
+referred, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;
+censures Lord Arlington, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;
+could have £50,000 yearly abroad, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;
+he does “as good as want bread,” <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;
+his birth-right, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;
+foreign censure, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;
+speaks of two petitions unnoticed, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;
+petition in respect to Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;
+£50,000 expended in experiments, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;
+survey of land and works at Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_291">91</a>;
+his working-house or Operatory, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;
+his Act, and posting bills, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;
+his anomalous position as an inventor, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;
+alludes to his melancholy, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;
+neglected by, yet clings to the court, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;
+his death, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;
+probably at Lambeth, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;
+buried at Raglan, and inscription, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;
+his arms and funeral certificate, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_300">300</a>;
+mis-statement about his burial, <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;
+his prayer on beholding the completion of his engine, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;
+brief genealogical retrospect, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;
+in his youth, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;
+his marriage, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;
+the civil war, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;
+as Earl of Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;
+valuable present from the Queen while he was an exile in France, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;
+his “Century,” <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;
+his inventions and experiments, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;
+his public appeal, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;
+list of five inventions, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;
+a further list, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;
+Cromwell allows him £3 per week, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;
+statement of his expenses and losses through Charles I., <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;
+spent and lost £800,000, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;
+proposes a troop of Life-guards, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;
+an ordinary for indigent officers, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;
+four causeways, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;
+offer of £1000 for repairing St. Paul’s, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>;
+his troop of Life-guards, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;
+his father’s remark thereon, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;
+took leave of the Parliament (1641), <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;
+writes a sentence in cipher, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;
+troops at Gloucester, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;
+summary of his proposed address, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;
+its date, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;
+his estimate of the value of the Engine, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;
+made it public, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;
+his great acquired knowledge, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;
+his promised work, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;
+neglected by contemporaries, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;
+general estimate of his character and his “Century,” <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;
+early list of his inventions, <a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A.</a>;
+his Patent for inventions, <a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B</a>;
+his “Definition and Act,” <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C.</a>;
+apocryphal passages relating to, <a href="#Appendix_H">Appendix H.</a>;
+Petitions, etc., of 1665, <a href="#Appendix_I">Appendix I.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Worcester, Henry</span>, Earl and 1st Marquis of, his reported marriage, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;
+sent to a christening, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
+letters about his marriage, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
+preparations for his marriage at Blackfriars, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
+a memorable masque, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
+feast, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
+ceremony, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;
+Lord and Lady Herbert at court, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;
+his age, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;
+summoned to Parliament, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;
+resident in London, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;
+his family, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;
+his character and constitution, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;
+family at Raglan, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;
+his autograph, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;
+at forty-eight years of age, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;
+letter from Secretary Coke, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
+his son and heir, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
+death of his wife, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;
+letter from Charles I., <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;
+munificent advances to the King, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;
+created Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;
+his age, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;
+person, age and wealth, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;
+noticed by Parliament, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;
+order to consider his commission, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;
+guard set on his house, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;
+letter from Charles I. <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;
+sends the King £5,000 to Newstead, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;
+the King “hopes he shall not die in his debt,” <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;
+Parliamentary order to disarm him, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+ordered to appear before the House, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+Raglan Castle garrisoned, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+message of Charles I. to him, as reported by Lord Herbert, from Northampton, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;
+the Marquis’ character, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;
+Raglan Castle described, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;
+warlike preparations, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;
+his wealth, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;
+his horses and stables, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;
+early rumours against him, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;
+Lord Herbert obtains troops and stores, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
+certain loans to Charles I., <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
+Lord Herbert leaves London for Raglan, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
+summoned to appear before Parliament, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;
+Monmouth mostly the Marquis’s tenants, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
+calls in the aid of Prince Rupert to assist Monmouth, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
+letter from Charles I., 1643, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;
+promise of title (of Duke), <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;
+Prince Rupert’s warrant, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
+he saves Monmouth, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
+it belongs to him of inheritance, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
+supplies the Marquis of Hertford with recruits, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
+furnishes the King with soldiers at Edge-hill, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
+Charles I. acknowledges £250,000, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;
+sixty-three years of age, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;
+marriage of his daughter Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;
+a masque and mock marriage for entertainment, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;
+practical joke on searchers for arms, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;
+reproof to Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;
+letter from Charles I., <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;
+promise of the Garter, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;
+another letter, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_624">[Pg 624]</span>
+enclosing a warrant to create him Duke of Somerset, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;
+“a match propounded for his grandchild,” <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;
+visited by Charles I. <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;
+his reception, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;
+his free discourse with the King, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_108">8</a>;
+characteristic dinner incident, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;
+reproves Lord Herbert for procuring the King £6,000, deposited with his son, Lord John Somerset, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;
+apartments at Raglan, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;
+his great state, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;
+order of his household, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_142">142</a>;
+a message from Charles I. by the hand of Allen Boteler, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;
+Boteler’s tedious journey, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;
+and arrival at Raglan, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;
+harsh reception, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;
+interview with the Marquis, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;
+the Marquis’s sharp reply to Boteler, concerning Charles I., <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;
+the messenger delayed, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;
+Boteler’s despatches and return, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;
+his strong and sincerely expressed feeling on the King’s treatment of himself and his son, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;
+his angry reception of the King’s messenger, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;
+the siege of Raglan castle, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;
+anecdote during the siege, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;
+summons from General Fairfax, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;
+numerous messages pass, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;
+requires the King’s approval, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;
+conditions offered, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;
+a drum sent out, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;
+a cessation of arms, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;
+the castle in jeopardy, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;
+concludes terms for surrender of his castle, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;
+he leaves with his family, friends, retainers, and others, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;
+removed to Covent Garden, in charge of the Black Rod, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;
+his death four months after, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;
+his funeral expenses, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;
+Parliamentary order to destroy Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;
+lands of, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;
+a Penitent of the Society of Jesuits, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Worcester, Anne</span>, Countess of, her death, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Worcester</span>, Countess of&mdash;<i>see</i> <a href="#Worcester_Marchioness">Marchioness of Worcester.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry" id="Worcester_Marchioness"><span class="smcap">Worcester, Margaret</span>, Marchioness of, a pass granted her to France, as “Lady Herbert,” <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;
+meets Ormond in Paris, her ill-timed resentment, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;
+petition in respect of Worcester House and property, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;
+her peculiar situation politically, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;
+report on her Petition, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;
+Bill for settling Worcester House, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;
+the same, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;
+possession to be granted, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;
+sum to be paid, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;
+referred to a Committee, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;
+report, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;
+order to pay her £6 per week, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;
+has rooms in Worcester House, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
+an Act for settling Worcester House on her, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
+order for payment of her pension, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
+order to give up the house, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
+her petition respecting her husband’s imprisonment, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;
+draft petition, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;
+petitions against undermining Worcester House, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;
+petition in respect to, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;
+John Hall, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;
+petition ordered to be represented, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;
+named, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;
+residing at Lincoln’s Inn Fields, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;
+letter from her confessor, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;
+Wm. Travers’s letter to, <a href="#Appendix_D">Appendix D.</a></p>
+
+<p class="index_entry" id="WorcesterHouse"><span class="smcap">Worcester House</span>, noticed and sketched, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;
+death of Lady Herbert there, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
+residence there, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;
+guard set on, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;
+account of it, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;
+iron seized there to be sold, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;
+used by the Parliament, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;
+soldiery lodged there, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;
+its disposal ordered, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;
+rooms given to the Marchioness of Worcester, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
+to be examined, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
+an Act for settling, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
+possession ordered, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
+conveyance in trust, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;
+christening at, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;
+petition in respect to, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="index_letter">Y.</p>
+
+<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">York</span>, Charles I. at, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p class="smaller center">PRINTED BY G. NORMAN, MAIDEN LANE, COVENT GARDEN.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p id="Page_625"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 625]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 id="ERRATA">ERRATA.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Page  <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, 17 lines from top, <i>for</i> “29 June” <i>read</i> “29 Jan.”</p>
+
+<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_117">117</a>, 3 lines from top, <i>for</i> “Edge-hill” <i>read</i> “Marston Moor.”</p>
+
+<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_120">120</a>, 16 lines from bottom, <i>for</i> “Baron” <i>read</i> “Brown.”</p>
+<p class="errata_continued">10 lines from bottom, same correction.</p>
+
+<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_145">145</a>, 2 lines from bottom, <i>for</i> “or siding” <i>read</i> “for siding.”</p>
+
+<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_155">155</a>, 14 lines from bottom, <i>for</i> “William” <i>read</i> “Charles.”</p>
+
+<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, last line, note, <i>for</i> date “1637,” <i>read</i> “1657,” throughout.</p>
+
+<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_187">187</a>, 14 lines from top, <i>dele</i> “From” &amp;c., ending “France.”</p>
+
+<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_210">210</a>, last line, note, <i>place</i> † before “Brit. Mus.” &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_222">222</a>, 3 lines from top, <i>for</i> “Coining” <i>read</i> “Stamping.”</p>
+
+<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_249">249</a>, 4 lines from bottom, <i>for</i> “B” <i>read</i> “A.”</p>
+
+<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_253">253</a>, 5 lines from bottom, <i>add</i> “Marquis,” <i>after</i> “Edward.”</p>
+
+<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_260">260</a>, 12 lines from top, <i>add note</i> “Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1663&ndash;64, edited by Mrs. M. A. E. Green, 8vo. 1862.”</p>
+
+<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_314">314</a>, 15 lines from top, <i>for</i> “three” <i>read</i> “two.”</p>
+<p class="errata_continued">16 lines from top, <i>for</i> “five” <i>read</i> “six.”</p>
+<p class="errata_continued">18 lines from top, <i>for</i> “of” <i>read</i> “following.”</p>
+
+<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_320">320</a>, 4 lines from bottom, <i>for</i> “other by” <i>read</i> “other my.”</p>
+
+<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_322">322</a>, 6 lines from bottom, <i>after</i> “Meistres,” <i>add</i> “[Reistres?]”</p>
+
+<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_347">347</a>, 15 lines from bottom, <i>for</i> “his” <i>read</i> “is.”</p>
+
+<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_462">462</a>, 15 lines from bottom, <i>for</i> “of” <i>read</i> “wrote to.”</p>
+
+<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_484">484</a>, 6 lines from bottom, <i>dele</i> “from the bottom in order to discharge it again at the top,” <i>and substitute</i>, “which convey the steam by turns, to the vessel D.”</p>
+
+<p class="blank_page" id="Page_626"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 626]</span>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="transnote">TRANSCRIBER’s NOTE:
+<br />
+The original uses some characters for contridiction and truncation that can not be represented in this document.
+<br />
+For example <img src="images/presents.jpg" alt="the word presents showing symbols used for contridiction" /> abbreviates the word presents which is rendered as p<sup>rese</sup>nt<sup>s</sup>.
+The final symbol also occurs in the words <img src="images/products.jpg" alt="word products showing symbol used for contridiction" /> product<sup><i>s</i></sup> and <img src="images/thoughts.jpg" alt="the word thoughts with the final s being replaced by a symbol like a large italic letter e" /> thought<sup>s</sup>.
+<br />
+<br />There are also some letters with tilde and macrons, which may or may not display correctly depending on the viewing device and/or font chosen, examples follow
+<br /><img src="images/invencons.jpg" alt="tilde above letter c" />Invenc̃ons, tilde above letter c,
+<br /><img src="images/mia.jpg" alt="macron above letter i" />Mīa, macron above letter i,
+<br /><img src="images/running.jpg" alt="macron above first letter n" />(run̄ing away) macron above first letter n.
+<br />
+<br />Changes from the printed <a href="#ERRATA">Errata</a> have been applied.
+<br />
+<br />The following typos are corrected in this e-text and are shown within the text as
+<ins class="correction" title="original text">replaced by</ins>.
+
+<table summary="List of typos">
+<tr><th>(fn=footnote)</th>
+    <th>Original</th>
+    <th>Replaced by</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_7">7</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Shakspere</td>
+    <td class="contents">Shakespeare</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_31">31</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Lenthal</td>
+    <td class="contents">Lenthall</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_59">59</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">being Lord-Lieutenant,</td>
+    <td class="contents">being Lord Lieutenant,</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page&nbsp;64&nbsp;<a href="#Footnote_53">fn</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">No. 18,980, vol. i.’</td>
+    <td class="contents">No. 18,980, vol. i.”</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page&nbsp;67&nbsp;<a href="#Footnote_57">fn</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">See Chapter XIX,</td>
+    <td class="contents">See Chapter XVIII,</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#FNanchor_79">92</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">[unreferenced footnote]</td>
+    <td class="contents">We have next—<span class="fnanchor">[M]</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_109">109</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">there before.’”<span class="fnanchor">[23]</span></td>
+    <td class="contents">there before.”<span class="fnanchor">[23]</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_121">121</a></td>
+    <td class="contents"><i>my conscience</i>.”) </td>
+    <td class="contents"><i>my conscience</i>.)”</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_126">126</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">expedition may he used.</td>
+    <td class="contents">expedition may be used.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">passed by the Commons<span class="fnanchor">[5]</span></td>
+    <td class="contents">passed by the Commons<span class="fnanchor">[57]</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_203">203</a></td>
+    <td class="contents"><span class="smcap">Westmoreland.</span></td>
+    <td class="contents"><span class="smcap">Westmorland.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_240">240</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Marq. of Dorcester.</td>
+    <td class="contents">Marq. of Dorchester.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_244">244</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Feburary</td>
+    <td class="contents">February</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_245">245</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Feburary</td>
+    <td class="contents">February</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page&nbsp;255&nbsp;<a href="#Footnote_243">fn</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Jo. H. of Com. Vol. viii. p. 474, 476.</td>
+    <td class="contents">Jo. H. of Com. Vol. viii. p. 475, 476.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_281">281</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">this well-born person;”</td>
+    <td class="contents">this well-born person;’</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_289">289</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Arundell</td>
+    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_294">294</a></td>
+    <td class="contents"><i>to laugh at it</i>!”</td>
+    <td class="contents">“<i>to laugh at it</i>!”</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_298">298</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Wedensday</td>
+    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_299">299</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Arundell</td>
+    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_299">299</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">(Sister to Arthur Earle of Essex, &amp;c. (</td>
+    <td class="contents">(Sister to Arthur Earle of Essex, &amp;c.)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_299">299</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Henry Howard, Thomas Elizabeth and</td>
+    <td class="contents">Henry Howard, Thomas, Elizabeth and</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page&nbsp;317&nbsp;<a href="#Footnote_291">fn</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">and the 21st of Angust</td>
+    <td class="contents">and the 21st of August</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_348">348</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">them in practice.</td>
+    <td class="contents">them in practice.”</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_349">349</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">geuius</td>
+    <td class="contents">genius</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_362">362</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">ecstacy</td>
+    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_362">362</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">“sundry sorts of engynes.</td>
+    <td class="contents">“sundry sorts of engynes.”</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page&nbsp;365&nbsp;<a href="#Footnote_G_69">fn</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">secure &nbsp;rom danger </td>
+    <td class="contents">secure from danger</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_372">372</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">enterprize</td>
+    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_402">402</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Cornelius Dreble</td>
+    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_402">402</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Cornelius Drebell</td>
+    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page&nbsp;416&nbsp;<a href="#fn_21_4">fn</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">confess to have seen.</td>
+    <td class="contents">4 &nbsp; confess to have seen.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_425">425</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">the the</td>
+    <td class="contents">the</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page&nbsp;432&nbsp;<a href="#fn_32_7">fn</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">or Welchman</td>
+    <td class="contents">7 &nbsp; or Welchman</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_433">433</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">“Le Caractere universel,</td>
+    <td class="contents">“Le Caractère universel,</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_439">439</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">“rose pipe but paper thick” </td>
+    <td class="contents">[kept unhypenated words]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_443">443</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">extemely</td>
+    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_443">443</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">chararcter</td>
+    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_446">446</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">the tobacco-tongs,”</td>
+    <td class="contents">the “tobacco-tongs,”</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_474">474</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">guage</td>
+    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_479">479</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">desribes</td>
+    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_481">481</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">with a squirt squirt </td>
+    <td class="contents">[sic][seen also in facsimile of Mathematical Recreations(1653)]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_497">497</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">From the 25th of July 1698, to the 14th of June 1669,</td>
+    <td class="contents">From the 25th of July 1698, to the 14th of June 1699,</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_507">507</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">of of</td>
+    <td class="contents">of</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_509">509</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">no less admirable then the engines</td>
+    <td class="contents">no less admirable than the engines</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_528">528</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">and shooting.</td>
+    <td class="contents">and shooting.”</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Footnote_W_62">550&ndash;2</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">[Description of illustration as footnote]</td>
+    <td class="contents">[placed after the illustration not at the end of chapter]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_540">540</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">See Appendix.</td>
+    <td class="contents">See Appendix C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_560">560</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Water commanding Engine</td>
+    <td class="contents">Water-commanding Engine</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_565">565</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Device or Invention, for ther raising</td>
+    <td class="contents">ther [sic] is what appears in the original referenced document</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_573">573</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">twentith</td>
+    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_573">573</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Marquiss</td>
+    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_574">574</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">(Surry)</td>
+    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_581">581</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">[two unreferenced footnotes]</td>
+    <td class="contents"><span class="fnanchor">[72][72*]</span> The Editor</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_584">584</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">effets méchaniques</td>
+    <td class="contents">effets mécaniques</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_584">584</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">reconnaisance</td>
+    <td class="contents">reconnaissance</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_584">584</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">ouvres</td>
+    <td class="contents">œuvres</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_584">584</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">bontès</td>
+    <td class="contents">bontés</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page&nbsp;584&nbsp;<a href="#Footnote_E_91">fn</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">institulé</td>
+    <td class="contents">intitulé</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_587">587</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">P. 189, No. 27.</td>
+    <td class="contents">P. 189, No. 27.]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_592">592</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">distillatory apparatus.)</td>
+    <td class="contents">distillatory apparatus.]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_593">593</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">der Wasser-Kunste</td>
+    <td class="contents">der Wasser-Künste</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_593">593</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">&mdash;&mdash; 4. Pontificiale.</td>
+    <td class="contents">&mdash;&mdash; 5. Pontificiale.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_594">594</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Examen du Livre des Recreations Mathematiques,
+         et de ses problemes en Geometrie, Mechanique, Optique, and Catoptrique,
+         &amp;c. [And at the end] Notes sur les Recreations Mathematiques</td>
+    <td class="contents">Examen du Livre des Recréations Mathématiques,
+         et de ses problèmes en Géométrie, Mechanique, Optique, and Catoptrique,
+         &amp;c. [And at the end] Notes sur les Recreations mathématiques</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_594">594</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Pont-a-Moussou</td>
+    <td class="contents">Pont-a-Mousson</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_595">595</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Nurnberg</td>
+    <td class="contents">Nürnberg</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_596">596</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Aelianus</td>
+    <td class="contents">Ælianus</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_598">598</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Apophthegme</td>
+    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_599">599</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">in “Bibliotheca Gloucestrensis.</td>
+    <td class="contents">in “Bibliotheca Gloucestrensis.”</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_600">600</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Bryan, K. B. With</td>
+    <td class="contents">Bryan, K. B.) With</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_605">605</a></td>
+    <td class="contents"><span class="smcap">Candles</span>, a brass mould for, 514, 115.</td>
+    <td class="contents"><span class="smcap">Candles</span>, a brass mould for, 514, 515.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_609">609</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">a model o &nbsp; his</td>
+    <td class="contents">a model of his</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_616">616</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Glamogan’s</td>
+    <td class="contents">Glamorgan’s</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_618">618</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">Water commanding engine</td>
+    <td class="contents">Water-commanding engine</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_619">619</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">SHAKESPERE</td>
+    <td class="contents">SHAKESPEARE</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_621">621</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">continental tour, 8;</td>
+    <td class="contents">continental tour, 18;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_621">621</a></td>
+    <td class="contents">domestic and studious babits, 18;</td>
+    <td class="contents">domestic and studious habits, 18;</td></tr>
+</table>
+<p>The following minor typographical errors have been corrected without specific mention:&mdash;
+<br />In the references, a missing full stop, or dash between two dates, or a single quote where a double quote should be.
+<br />In a list of names, or descriptions where one is missing a full stop, and all the rest do have full stops.</p>
+
+<p class="margin2_top">The following text which is part of the illustrated title page on page <a href="#Page_377">377</a> is included here for visibility of any text search (find).</p>
+
+<p class="center margin_top">A</p>
+<p class="center x-large">CENTURY</p>
+<p class="center">OF THE</p>
+<p class="center larger">Names and Scantlings</p>
+<p class="center">OF SUCH</p>
+<p class="center larger">INVENTIONS,</p>
+<p class="hanging_indent margin_top">
+As at present I can call to mind to
+have tried and perfected, which
+(my former Notes being lost) I
+have, at the instance of a powerful
+Friend, endeavoured now in
+the Year 1655, to set these
+down in such a way as may sufficiently
+instruct me to put any of
+them in practice.</p>
+
+<p class="center">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;<i>Artis &amp; Naturæ proles.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>LONDON</i>:</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">Printed by <i>J. Grismond</i> in the year 1663.</p>
+
+
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life, Times, and Scientific
+Labours of the Second Marquis o, by Henry Dircks
+
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+</body>
+</html>
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author	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-02-05 19:22:01 -0800
committer	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-02-05 19:22:01 -0800
commit	5036f5ad38c4793f2bfa34e44a0f0c61d09e0094 (patch)
tree	9a89c2d8f214fa72bc4cf37e204dfd44f3e97888