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diff --git a/old/5171.txt b/old/5171.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b368eab --- /dev/null +++ b/old/5171.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4590 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Thomas Hariot, by Henry Stevens + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: Thomas Hariot + +Author: Henry Stevens + +Release Date: February, 2004 [EBook #5171] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on May 28, 2002] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THOMAS HARIOT *** + + + + +This eBook was produced by Norm Wolcott. + + + + Thomas Hariot +------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +[Redactor's note: Very little is known of Thomas Hariot; his only +published works are the 'Briefe and true report' (PG#4247) and the +posthumous 'Praxis', a handbook of algebra. He anticipated the law of +refraction, corresponded with Kepler, observed comets, and may have been +the first to recognize that the straight line paths of comets might be +segments of elongated ellipses. The lost 'ephemera' referred to in the +text have since been found (since 1876) and a conference was held in +1970 at the University of Delaware on the current state of Hariot +research, the proceedings of which have been published by the Oxford +University Press, where one may find a fairly current view of the +historical record. Due to the large number of quotations and early +english typography, the casual reader may find the 'html' version easier +to follow than the text version.] + +------------------------------------------------------------------------- + THOMAS HARIOT + THE MATHEMATICIAN + THE PHILOSOPHER AND + THE SCHOLAR + DEVELOPED + CHIEFLY + FROM + DORMANT MATERIALS + WITH NOTICES OF HIS ASSOCIATES + INCLUDING BIOGRAPHICAL AND + BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DISQUISITIONS + UPON THE MATERIALS OF THE + HISTORY OF 'OULD + VIRGINIA' + + BY HENRY STEVENS OF VERMONT + +------------------------------------------------------------------------- + PREMONITION + +WHEN I YEARS AGO undertook among other enterprises to compile a sketch +of the life of THOMAS HARIOT the first historian of the new found land +of Virginia; and to trace the gradual geographical development of that +country out of the unlimited 'Terra Florida' of Juan Ponce de Leon, +through the French planting and the Spanish rooting out of the Huguenot +colony down to the successful foothold of the English in Wingandacoa +under Raleigh's patent, I little suspected either the extent of the +research I was drifting into, or the success that awaited my +investigations. + +The results however are contained in this little volume, which has +expanded day by day from the original limit of fifty to above two +hundred pages. From a concise bibliographical essay the work has grown +into a biography of a philosopher and man of science with extraordinary +surroundings, wherein the patient reader may trace the gradual +development of Virginia from the earliest time to 1585 ; I especially,' +says Strachey, I that which hath bene published by that true lover of +vertue and great learned professor of all arts and knowledges, Mr +Hariots, who lyved there in the tyme of the first colony, spake the +Indian language, searcht the country,' etc ; Hariot's nearly forty +years' intimate connection with Sir Walter Raleigh; his long close +companionship with Henry Percy ; his correspondence with Kepler; his +participation in Raleigh's `History of the World;' his invention of the +telescope and his consequent astronomical discoveries ; his scientific +disciples ; his many friendships and no foeships ; his blameless life ; +his beautiful epitaph in St Christopher's church, and his long slumber +in the 'garden' of the Bank of England. + +The little book is now submitted with considerable diffidence, for in +endeavouring to extricate Hariot from the confusion of historical +'facts' into which he had fallen, and to place him in the position to +which he is entitled by his great merits, it is desirable to be clear, +explicit and logical. A decision of mankind of two centuries' standing, +as expressed in many dictionaries and encyclopaedias, cannot be easily +reversed without good contemporary evidence. This I have endeavoured to +produce. + +Referring to pages 191 and 192 the writer still craves the reader's +indulgence for the apparently irrelevant matter introduced, as well as +for the inartistic grouping of the many detached materials, for reasons +there given. + +It ought perhaps to be stated here that the book necessarily includes +notices, more or less elaborate, of very many of Hariot's friends, +associates and contemporaries, while others, for want of space, are +mentioned little more than by name. + +The lives of Raleigh, and Henry Percy of Northumberland, Prisoners in +the Tower, seem to be inseparable from that of their Fidus Achates, but +I have endeavoured to eliminate that of Hariot as far as possible +without derogation to his patrons. All the new documents mentioned have +their special value, but too much importance cannot be attached to the +recovery of Hariot's Will, for it at once dispels a great deal of the +inference and conjecture that have so long beclouded his memory. It +throws the bright electric light of to-day over his eminently scholarly, +scientific and philosophical Life. By this and the other authorities +given it is hoped to add a new star to the joint constellation of the +honored Worthies of England and America. + + HENRY STEVENS of Vermont + +Vermont House, xiii Upper Avenue Road, + London, N.W. April 10 1885 + +------------------------------------------------------------------------- + THOMAS HARIOT + AND HIS + ASSOCIATES + + ' chusing always rather to doe some thinge worth + nothing than nothing att all.' _Sir William Lower + to Hariot_ July 19 1611 (see p. 99) + +------------------------------------------------------------------------- + To + + FRANCIS PARKMAN + + THE + + HISTORIAN and TRUSTIE FRIEND + + Who Forty Years ago + When we were young Students of History together + Gave me a hand of his over the Sea + NOW + Give I him this right hand of mine + with + Ever grateful Tribute to + our life-long + + FRIENDSHIP + + MORIN + + Custos juris reimprimendi + Caveat homo trium literarum + +[The touching Dedication on the opposite page was penned by my father a +few months before his death on February 18, 1886. I have thought it best +to leave it exactly as he had planned it, although now, alas! Mr. +Parkman is no longer with us. Let us hope the old friends may have again +joined hands beyond the unknown sea.-H. N. S.] + +------------------------------------------------------------------------- + EXPLANATORY + +IN the year 1877 the late Mr. Henry Stevens of Vermont, under the +pseudonym of ' Mr. Secretary Outis,' projected and initiated a literary +Association entitled THE HERCULES CLUB. The following extracts from the +original prospectus of that year explain this platform: + +The objects of this Association are literary, social, antiquarian, +festive and historical ; and its aims are thoroughly independent +research into the materials of early Anglo-American history and +literature. The Association is known as THE HERCULES CLUB, whose +Eurystheus is Historic Truth and whose appointed labours are to clear +this field for the historian of the future. + +" Sinking the individual in the Association the Hercules Club proposes +to scour the plain and endeavour to rid it of some of the many literary, +historical, chronological, geographical and other monstrous errors, +hydras and public nuisances that infest it . . . . Very many books, +maps, manuscripts and other materials relating alike to England and to +America are well known to exist in various public and private +repositories on both sides of the Atlantic. Some unique are of the +highest rarity, are of great historic value, while others are difficult +of access, if not wholly inaccessible, to the general student. It ís one +of the purposes therefore of the Hercules Club to ferret out these +materials, collate, edit and reproduce them with extreme accuracy, but +not in facsimile. The printing is to be in the best style of the +Chiswick Press. The paper with the Club's monogram in each leaf is made +expressly for the purpose". + +The following ten works were selected as the first field of the Club's +investigations, and to form the first series of its publications. + +1. Waymouth (Capt. George) Voyage to North Virginia in 1605. By James +Rosier. London, 1605, 4° + +2. Sil. Jourdan's Description of Barmuda. London, 1610, 4° + +3. Lochinvar. Encouragements for such as shall have intention to bee +Vndertakers in the new plantation of Cape Breton, now New Galloway. +Edinburgh, 1625, 4° + +4. Voyage into New England in 1623-24.. By Christopher Levett. London, +1628, 4° + +5. Capt. John Smith's True Relation of such occurrences of Noate as hath +hapned in Virginia. London, 1608, 4° + +6. Gosnold's Voyage to the North part of Virginia in 1602. By John +Brereton. London, 1602, 4° + +7. A Plain Description of the Barmudas, now called Sommer Islands. +London, 1613, 4° + +8. For the Colony in Virginia Brittania, Lavves Divine Morall and +Martiall, &c. London, 1612, 4° + +9. Capt. John Smith's Description of NewEngland, 16l4-15, map. London, +1616, 4° + +10. Hariot (Thomas) Briefe and true report of the new foundland of +Virginia. London, 1588, 4° + +'Mr. Secretary Outis' undertook the task of seeing the reprints of the +original texts of these ten volumes through the Press, and almost the +whole of this work he actually accomplished. + +The co-operative objects of the Association, however, appear never to +have been fully inaugurated, although a large number of literary men, +collectors, societies and libraries entered their names as Members of +the Club. All were willing to give their pecuniary support as +subscribers to the Club's publications, but few offered the more +valuable aid of their literary assistance; hence practically the whole +of the editing also devolved upon Mr. Henry Stevens. + +He first took up No. 10 on the above list, Hariot's Virginia. His long +and diligent study for the introduction thereto, resulted in the +discovery of so much new and important matter relative to Hariot and +Raleigh, that it became necessary to embody it in the present separate +volume, as the maximum dimensions contemplated for the introduction to +each work had been exceeded tenfold or more. + +Owing to Mr. Stevens's failing health, the cares of his business, and +the continual discovery of fresh material, it was not till 1885 that his +investigations were completed, although many sheets of the book had been +printed off from time to time as he progressed. The whole of the text +was actually printed off during his lifetime, but unfortunately he did +not live to witness the publication of his work, perhaps the most +historically important of any of his writings. Publication has since +been delayed for reasons explained hereinafter. + +On the death of my father, on February 28, 1886, I found myself +appointed his literary executor, and I have since devoted much time to +the arrangement, completion, and publication of his various unfinished +works, seeking the help of competent editors where necessary. + +Immediately after his decease I published his + +_Recollections of Mr. James Lenox of New York, and the formation of his +Library,_ a little volume which was most favourably received and ran +through several impressions. + +In the same year I published _The Dawn of British Trade to the East +Indies as recorded in the Court Minutes of the East India Company._ This +volume contained an account of the formation of the Company and of +Captain Waymouth's voyage to America in search of the North-west passage +to the East Indies. The work was printed for the first time from the +original manuscript preserved in the India Office, and the introduction +was written by Sir George Birdwood. + +In 1888 I issued _Johann Schöner, Professor of Mathematics at Nuremberg. +A reproduction of his Globe of 1523 long lost, his dedicatory letter to +Reymer von Streytperck, and the `De Moluccis' of Maximilianus +Transylvanus, with new translations and notes on the Globe by Henry +Stevens of Vermont, edited, with an introduction and bibliography, by C. +H. Coote, of the British Museum._ This Globe of 1523_,_ now generally +known as Schöner's Third Globe, is marked by a line representing the +route of Magellan's expedition in the first circumnavigation of the +earth; and the facsimile of Maximilianus's interesting account of that +voyage, with an English translation, was consequently added to the +volume. Mr. Coote, in his introduction, gives a graphic account of many +other early globes, several of which are also reproduced in facsimile. +The whole volume was most carefully prepared, and exhibits considerable +originality both in the printing and binding, Mr. Henry Stevens's own +ideas having been faithfully carried out. + +In 1893 I issued to the subscribers that elegant folio volume which my +father always considered as his _magnum opus._ It was entitled _The New +Laws of the Indies for the good treatment and preservation of the +Indians, promulgated by the Emperor Charles the Fifth, 1542-1543. A +facsimile reprint of the original Spanish edition, together with a +literal translation into the English language, to which is prefixed an +historical introduction._ Of the long introduction _of_ ninety-four +pages, the first thirty-eight are from the pen of Mr. Henry Stevens, the +remainder from that of Mr. Fred. W. Lucas, whose diligent researches +into American history are amply exemplified in his former work, +_Appendiculae Historicae, or shreds of history hung on a horn,_ and in +his recent work, _The Annals of the Voyages of the Brothers Zeno._ + +Ever since 1886 I have from time to time unsuccessfully endeavoured to +enlist the services of various editors competent to complete the +projected eleven volumes of the Hercules Club publications, but after a +lapse of nearly fourteen years I have awakened to the fact that no +actual progress has been made, and that I have secured nothing beyond +the vague promise of future assistance. The field of editors capable of +this class of work being necessarily very limited, and death having +recently robbed me in the most promising case of even the slender hope +of future help, I determined to ascertain for myself the exact position +of the work already done, with the hope of bringing at least some of the +volumes to a completion separately, instead of waiting longer in the +hope of finishing and issuing them all _en bloc_ as originally proposed +and intended. On collating the printed stock I found that the two +volumes, _Hariot's Virginia_ and the _Life of Hariot,_ were practically +complete, the text of both all printed off, and the titles and +preliminary leaves and the Index to _Hariot's Virginia_ actually +standing in type at the Chiswick Press just as my father left them +fourteen years ago! (Many thanks to Messrs Charles Whittingham and Co. +for their patience.) The proofs of these I have corrected and passed for +press, and I have added the Index to the present volume. My great regret +is that I did not sooner discover the practical completeness of these +two volumes, as owing to the nature of the contents of the _Life of +Hariot_ it is not just to Hariot's memory, or to that of my father, that +such important truths should so long have been withheld from posterity. + +These two volumes being thus completed, ít remained to be decided in +what manner they should be published. I did not feel myself competent to +pick up the fallen reins of the HERCULES CLUB, which, as I have said +before, appears never to have been fully inaugurated on the intended +co-operative basis. + +There being now no constituted association (such having entirely lapsed +on the death of Mr. ' Secretary Outis'), and many of the original +subscribers, who were ipso facto members, being also no longer with us, +it appeared impossible to put forth the volumes as the publications of +the HERCULES CLUB. Consequently I resolved to issue them myself (and any +future volumes I may be able to bring to completion) simply as privately +printed books, and I feel perfectly justified in so doing, as no one but +Mr. Henry Stevens had any hand in their design or production either +editorially or financially. No money whatever was received from the +members, whose subscriptions were only to become payable when the +publications were ready for delivery. The surviving members have been +offered the first chance of subscribing to these two Hariot volumes and +I am grateful for the support received. They and the new subscribers +will also be offered the option of taking any subsequent volumes of the +series which I may be enabled to complete. + +HENRY N. STEVENS, + +_Literary Executor of the late +Henry Stevens of Vermont. + 39, Great Russell Street, +_ London, W.C. +_ 10th February, 1900._ + +------------------------------------------------------------------------- + THOMAS HARIOT + + AND HIS + + ASSOCIATES + +COLLECTORS OF RARE English books always speak reverently and even +mysteriously of the 'quarto Hariot' as they do of the 'first folio.' It +is given to but few of them ever to touch or to see it, for not more +than seven copies are at present known to exist. Even four of these are +locked up in public libraries, whence they are never likely to pass into +private hands. + +One copy is in the Grenville Library; another is in the Bodleian; a +third slumbers in the University of Leyden; a fourth is in the Lenox +Library; a fifth in Lord Taunton's; a sixth in the late Henry Huth's; +and a seventh produced £300 in 1883 in the Drake sale. + +The little quarto volume of Hariot's Virginia is as important as it is +rare, and as beautiful as it is important. Few English books of its +time, 1588, surpass it either in typographic execution or literary +merit. It was not probably thrown into the usual channels of commerce, +as it bears the imprint of a privately-printed book, without the name or +address of a publisher, and is not found entered in the registers of +Stationers' Hall. It bears the arms of Sir Walter Raleigh on the reverse +of the title, and is highly commended by Ralfe Lane, the late Governor +of the Colony, who testifies, 'I dare boldly auouch It may very well +pass with the credit of truth even amongst the most true relations of +this age.' It was manifestly put forth somewhat hurriedly to counteract, +in influential quarters, certain slanders and aspersions spread abroad +in England by some ignorant persons returned from Virginia, who 'woulde +seeme to knowe so much as no men more,' and who ' had little +vnderstanding, lesse discretion, and more tongue then was needful or +requisite.' Hariot's book is dated at the end, February 1588, that is +1589 by present reckoning. Raleigh's assignment is dated the 7th of +March following. It is probable therefore that the 'influential +quarters' above referred to meant the Assignment of Raleigh's Charter +which would have expired by the limitation of six years on the 24th of +March, 1590, if no colonists had been shipped or plantation attempted. +It is possible also that Theodore De Bry's presence in London, as +mentioned below, may have hastened the printing of the volume. + +Indeed, the little book professes to be only an epitome of what might be +expected, for near the end the author says, ' this is all the fruits of +our labours, that I haue thought necessary to aduertise you of at +present;' and, further on, ' I haue ready in a discourse by it self in +maner of a Chronicle according to the course of times, and when time +shall bee thought conuenicnt, shall also be published.' Hariot's +'Chronicle of Virginia ' among things long lost upon earth ! It is to be +hoped that some day the historic trumpet of Fame will sound loud enough +to awaken it, together with Cabot's lost bundle of maps and journals +deposited with William Worthington ; Ferdinand Columbus' lost life of +his father in the original Spanish; and Peter Martyr's book on the first +circumnavigation of the globe by the fleet of Magalhaens, which he so +fussily sent to Pope Adrian to be read and printed, also lost! Hakluyt, +in his volume of 1589, dated in his preface the 19th of November, gives +something of a chronicle of Virginian events, 1584-1589, with a reprint +of this book. But there are reasons for believing that this is not the +chronicle which Hariot refers to. As White's original drawings have +recently turned up after nearly three centuries, may we not still hope +to see also Hariot's Chronicle? + +However, till these lost jewels are found let us appreciate what is +still left to us. Hariot's 'True Report' is usually considered the first +original authority in our language relating to that part of English +North America now called the United States, and is indeed so full and +trustworthy that almost everything of a primeval character that we know +of 'Ould Virginia' may be traced back to it as to a first parent. It is +an integral portion of English history, for England supplied the +enterprise and the men. It is equally an integral portion of American +history, for America supplied the scene and the material. + +Without any preliminary flourish or subsequent reflections, the learned +author simply and truthfully portrays in 1585-6 the land and the people +of Virginia, the condition and commodities of the one, with the habits +and character of the other, of that narrow strip of coast lying between +Cape Fear and the Chesapeake, chiefly in the present State of North +Carolina. This land, called by the natives Wingandacoa, was named in +England in 1584 Virginia, in compliment to Queen Elizabeth. This name at +first covered only a small district, but afterwards it possessed varying +limits, extending at one time over North Virginia even to 45 degrees +north. + +Raleigh's Virginia soon faded, but her portrait to the life is to be +found in Hariot's book, especially when taken with the pictures by +Captain John White, so often referred to in the text. This precious +little work is perhaps the most truthful, trustworthy, fresh, and +important representation of primitive American human life, animals and +vegetables for food, natural productions and commercial commodities that +has come down to us. Though the 'first colonie' of Raleigh, like all his +subsequent efforts in this direction, was a present failure, Hariot and +White have left us some, if not ample, compensation in their picturesque +account of the savage life and lavish nature of pre-Anglo-Virginia, the +like of which we look for in vain elsewhere, either in Spanish, French, +or English colonization. + +Indeed, nearly all we know of the uncontaminated American aborigines, +their mode of life and domestic economy, is derived from this book, and +therefore its influence and results as an original authority cannot well +be over-estimated. We have many Spanish and French books of a kindred +character, but none so lively and lifelike as this by Hariot, especially +as afterwards illustrated by De Bry's engravings from White's drawings +described below. + +The first breath of European enterprise in the New World, combined with +its commercial Christianity, seems in all quarters, particularly the +Spanish and English, to have at once taken off the bloom and freshness +of the Indian. His natural simplicity and grandeur of character +immediately quailed before the dictatorial owner of property and +civilization. The Christian greed for gold and the civilized cruelty +practised without scruple in plundering the unregenerate and unbaptized +of their possessions of all kinds, soon taught the Indian cunning and +the necessity of resorting to all manner of savage and untutored devices +to enable him to cope with his relentless enemies for even restrained +liberty and self-preservation; nay, even for very existence, and this +too on his own soil that generously gave him bread and meat. All these +by a self-asserted authority the coming European civilizer, with Bible +in hand, taxed with tribute of gold, labour, liberty, life. This has +been the common lot of the western races. + +It is therefore refreshing to catch this mirrored glimpse of Virginia, +her inhabitants, and her resources of primitive nature, before she was +contaminated by the residence and monopoly of the white man. It may have +been best in the long run that the European races should displace the +aborigines of the New World, but it is a melancholy reflection upon ' go +ye into all the world and preach the gospel unto every creature,' that +no tribe of American Indians has yet been absorbed into the body +politic. Many a white man has let himself down into savage life and +habits, but no tribe of aborigines has yet come up to the requirements, +the honours, and the delights of European civilization. Like the tall +wild grass before the prairie-fire, the aboriginal races are gradually +but surely being swept away by the progress of civilization. Now that +they are gone or going the desire to gather real and visible memorials +of them is increasing, but fate seems to have swept these also from the +grasp of the greedy conqueror. Cortes gathered the golden art treasures +of Montezuma and sent them to Charles the Fifth, but the spoiler was +spoiled on the high seas, and not a drinking-cup or ringer-ring of that +western barbaric monarch remains to tell us of his island splendour. + +A historical word upon the events that led up to Raleigh's Virginia +patent may not be out of place in a bibliographical Life of Hariot. The +patent was no sudden freak of fortune but was the natural outgrowth of +stirring events. Had it not been allotted to Raleigh it would doubtless +soon after have fallen to some other promoter. But Raleigh was the +Devonshire war-horse that first snuffed the breeze from afar. He +fathered and took upon himself the burden of this newborn English +enterprise of Western Planting. + +Though unsuccessful himself, Raleigh lifted his country into success +more than any other one man of his time. To this day he is honoured +alike in the old country that gave him birth, and in the new country to +which he gave new life. His energy, enterprise, and fame are now a part +of England's history and pride, while his disgrace and death belong to +his king. Thomas Hariot was for nearly forty years his confidential +lieutenant throughout his varied career. + +From his youth Raleigh had sympathized, like many intelligent +Englishmen, with the Huguenot cause in France. As early as 1569, at the +age of seventeen, he had been one of a hundred volunteers whom Elizabeth +sent over to assist and countenance Coligni. He thus probably became +better acquainted with the great but unsuccessful scheme of colonizing +Florida. At all events the history of that disastrous French Huguenot +colonization was first published under his auspices, and a chief +survivor, Jacques Le Moyne, became attached to his service and +interests. The story is in brief as follows. + +Gaspar de Coligni, Admiral of France, often in our day called the French +Raleigh, was a Protestant, and firm friend of England. One of his +captains, Jean Ribault, of Dieppe, also a Protestant, had written an +important paper on the policy of preserving peace with Protestant +England. That paper, transmitted by the Admiral to England, is still +preserved in the national archives. Ribault became the leader of +Coligni's preliminary expedition in 1562 into Florida to seek out a +suitable place, somewhere between 30° north latitude and Cape Breton, +for the discomfited Huguenots to retire to and found a Protestant +colony. The previous Brazilian project had already been abandoned as +impracticable and unsuccessful. + +Hitherto the Spanish Roman Catholic maritime doctrine had been that to +see or sail by any undiscovered country gave possession. But the French +Protestants, now firmly rejecting the Pope's gift, required occupation +in addition to discovery to secure title. Hence Florida at that time, +not being occupied by the Spanish, was considered open to the French. +Ribault sailed from Havre the 18th of February 1562, taking a course +across the Atlantic direct, and, as he thought, new, making his land +fall on the 30th of April at 29½ degrees; but Verrazano had in 1524 +sailed also direct for Florida, taking a similar course, with the +difference that he started from Madeira. Thence coasting northward, +seeking for a harbour, touching at the river of May, and proceeding up +the coast to 32½ degrees, Ribault found a good harbour into which he +entered on the 27th of May, and named it Port Royal. He was so well +pleased with the country that, perhaps contrary to instructions, he left +a colony of thirty volunteers, under Capt. Albert de la Pierria, and +returned home with the news, arriving in France, after a quick voyage, +on the 20th of July, 1562. + +Ribault, on leaving Port Royal, intended to explore up the coast to 40°, +that is, to the present site of New York, but gives various reasons for +not doing so, one of which was 'the declaration made vnto vs of our +pilots and some others that had before been at some of those places +where we purposed to sayle and have been already found by some of the +king's subjects.' This little colony of Port Royal, after nearly a year +of danger and privation, built a ship and put to sea, hoping to reach +France. After incredible sufferings, they were relieved by an English +ship, which, after putting the feeble on shore, carried the rest to +England, having on board a French sailor who had come home the previous +year with Ribault. These surviving colonists were all presented to Queen +Elizabeth, and attracted much attention and great sympathy in England. +Some found their way back to France, while others entered the English +service. Thus England became acquainted with the aim, object, success, +and failure of the first Florida (now South Carolina) Protestant French +colony. Thomas Hacket published in London the 30th of May 1563, +Ribault's 'True and last Discouerie of Florida,' purporting to be a +translation from the French; but no printed French original is now known +to exist. + +The year of bigotry, 1563, in France having passed, a second expedition +of three vessels under Réné de Laudonnière, who had been an officer +under Ribault in 1562, sailed for Florida from Havre, April 22, 1564, +and arrived at the river of May the 25th of June. There were men of +courage and consequence in this company of adventurers, among whom was +Le Moyne, the painter and mathematician. The story of the sufferings of +this second colony has often been told, and need not be repeated here. +Suffice it to say that it was greatly relieved in July 1565, by Captain +John Hawkins on his return voyage from his second famous slave +expedition to Africa and the West Indies. Hawkins, after generously +relieving the French with food, general supplies, and friendly counsel, +returned to Devonshire, sailing up the coast to Newfoundland, and thence +home, bringing stores of gold, silver, pearls, and the usual valuable +merchandize of the Indies, but the store of information respecting +Florida and our Protestant friends, and especially the geography of the +American coast, was worth more to England than all his vast store of +merchandize. + +In 1565 a third French expedition was fitted out, again under Ribault, +to supply, reinforce, and support Laudonnière. After many disappointing +and vexatious delays, Ribault, late in the season, put to sea, but by +stress of weather was forced into Portsmouth, where he remained a +fortnight. This gave England still more information respecting the +French Protestant projects of southern colonization, as well as of +Florida, which at that time extended very far north of its present +limits. At length on the 14th of June Ribault left the hospitable shores +of England with a fair north east wind to waft his seven ships, +freighted with above three hundred colonists including sailors and +soldiers, and taking the new ' French route' north of the Azores and +south of Bermuda, entered the river of May on the 27th of August, just +one month after the departure of Hawkins, and just one day before the +arrival of the Spaniards at the river of St John, a few miles south. + +We find no hint of any opposition in England to these French colonizing +schemes, but on the contrary they were looked upon as an advantageous +barrier to Spanish greed of territorial extension northward under the +vicegerent's gift. There are still existing hints of English projects of +western voyages at this time, about the year 1565, to the American +coast. Elizabeth, however, was friendly to the Huguenots, and evinced +great sympathy with their Florida colonial scheme. England's claim to +Newfoundland and Labrador, through discovery by the Cabots, had been +allowed to lapse chiefly from the Protestant doctrine of non-occupation. +The French occupation of Canada was not disputed. There was some doubt, +however, about the intermediate country between the New France of Canada +and the New France of Florida, and hence we find that private plans of +English occupation were hatching at this early period, but they were not +encouraged. This delicate question between France and Spain was, +however, soon settled by the well known course of events with which +England had nothing to do but to stand aside till the contest was over, +and then in due course of time, like an independent powerful neutral, +step in and reap the rewards. + +It is well known that Laudonnière's followers were not altogether +harmonious. Some restless spirits seceded, and seizing one of the +colony's ships, entered successfully in the autumn and winter of 1564-65 +into piracy on the rich commerce of Spain in the West Indies. These +French spoliations had been a sore point with the owners of West India +commerce since the days of Verrazano, so much so that the Spanish +Government had instituted a fleet of coastguards among the islands to +intercept and destroy the pirates. This fleet for some time had been +under the charge of an experienced, trusted, and efficient officer named +Pedro Menendez de Avilés. No doubt the provocation was great, and the +new piracy was not to be endured. The home government of Spain had been +kept informed of the Huguenot encroachments in Florida, a country which +had long ago been granted to Ponce de Leon, Ayllon and others, and had +been coasted by Estevan Gomez, but these encroachments had hitherto been +so long winked at that the French colonists began to feel themselves to +be in tolerable security. + +French piracy and Calvinism, however, coming together were two +provocations too much for the patriotism and piety of the zealous Roman +Catholic Spanish commander in the West Indies. Besides, there was a +sorrow which roused his Spanish bigotry and induced him more than ever +to serve God and his king by exterminating heresy. Don Pedro, with his +new honors and high hopes, had left Cadiz on the 31st of May 1564, as +Captain-General of the West India, the Terra Firma, the Peruvian, and +the New-Spain fleets, his son under him commanding the ships to Vera +Cruz. This son on the homeward voyage in the autumn had been lost on the +rocks of Bermuda. This circumstance, with the Florida pirates, the +heretic French and his Spanish love of barbaric gold, fired his zeal. + +The General rushed home to Spain for new powers. Early in 1565 he stood +again before Philip petition in hand. Besides his present dignities he +would be Adelantado of Florida. Florida in Spanish eyes extended not +only to St. Mary's or the Bay of Chesapeake, but even to Newfoundland, +so as to embrace the whole northern continent west of the line of +demarcation. Philip had heard not only of Laudonnière and the French +Huguenots the last year, but was informed of Ribault's new reinforcing +expedition from Dieppe. He at once not only granted the General's +request, but enlarged his powers from time to time as additional news +came in of the French. Don Pedro became indeed a royal favourite. He was +now a veteran of forty-seven, who had done Philip and his father +personal service. He had cruised against blockaders and corsairs in +early youth, had convoyed richly-laden plate fleets from the Indies; had +turned the scale of victory at StQuintin in 1557 by suddenly throwing +Spanish troops into Flanders greatly to the advantage of Philip; was the +commanding general of the armada in which the king returned in 1559 from +Flanders to Spain; had been made in 1560 captain-general of the convoy +or protecting fleets between Spain and the West Indies, in which there +was much active business in guarding Spanish commerce from corsairs. In +spoiling these spoilers the general amassed much wealth, and was +acknowledged the protector of the islands and their commerce. In 1561 he +had fallen into some difficulty which caused his arrest by the Council +of the Indies, but the king came to his rescue, restored his +appointments, and promoted him in 1562 and 1563, and still more, as we +have seen, in 1564. In 1565 Philip gave him almost unlimited power over +Florida, with directions to conquer, colonize, Christianize, explore and +survey, and all these too at his own expense. Such is the fascination of +royal grants. He was given three years to perform these wonders, in +which so many others had failed. He was to survey the coasts up to +Chesapeake Bay, explore inlets and find out the hidden straits to +Cathay. Thus armed and instructed this Spanish pioneer of Virginia +history and geography returned to his native Asturias, raised an army, +manned and fitted out a fleet with many soldiers and sailors, and 500 +negro slaves. He embarked at Cadiz with eleven ships on the 29th of June +1565, a fortnight after Ribault with his seven ships had left +Portsmouth. From Porto Rico the Adelantado, in his hot haste to +forestall the French, took a new route north of StDomingo, through the +Lucayan islands and the Bahamas, to the coast of Florida at the River of +StJohn, on the 28th of August, the day after the arrival of the French a +few miles north. Here Menendez entered the inlet, landed his five +hundred African negro slaves, founded a town, the first in what is now +the United States, and named it StAugustine, because he made his +land-fall on the saint's-day of the great African bishop. Thus +StAugustine became the patron saint of this first town in the United +States. Here slavery struck root, and here the Spanish Papist and the +French Huguenot, brought out of civilized and Christianized Europe were +set down blindfolded on the wild and inhospitable shores of Florida, +like two game-cocks, to fight out their religious and implacable hatred. +It was here that these 'children of the sun' showed the red men of the +American forests that they too were human and mortal. Here, a few days +later, the Spaniards began that merciless cut-throat religious butchery +of Huguenots, to the astonishment of the savages of the primeval forests +of America which finds a parallel on the pages of history only in the +lesson which it taught in refined Paris just seven years later on +StBartholomew's day. + +All the world knows how the swift vengeance of Pedro Menendez de Aviles +descended upon the unfortunate colonists of Laudonnière and Ribault and +destroyed them, with very few exceptions, in September 1565. On the +other hand, every one has heard how the Spaniards, almost all except the +absent leader, expiated their murderous cruelty in April 1568, under the +retributive justice of De Gourgues. The Spanish settlers of Florida were +thus as completely exterminated by the French as the French three years +before had been exterminated by the Spaniards. + +After this till 1574, the Spaniards maintained possession of Florida, as +far north as the Chesapeake Bay, under Menendez, who had been appointed +at first Adelantado of Florida, and subsequently also Governor of Cuba. +He caused an elaborate and official survey of the whole coast to be made +and recorded, both in writing and in charts. Barcia tells the whole +interesting story, but the charts seem to have been lost, though the +description, or parts of it, remains. Menendez returned to Spain and +died in 1574, just as he had been invested with the command of an +'invincible' armada of three hundred ships, and twenty thousand men to +act against England and Flanders. All his North American acquisitions +and surveys seem to have at once fallen into neglect. Not a Spanish town +had been founded north of StAugustine. His Spanish missionaries sent +among the Indians had gained no solid foot hold. Spain however still +claimed possession, on paper, of the whole coast up to Newfoundland, +though she could not boast of a single place of actual occupation. + +England at this time began to see the coast clear for the spread of her +protestant principles in America, and for her occupation of some of +those vast countries she now professed to have been the first to +discover by the Cabots. No friendly power any longer stood in her way. +Her relations with Spain had settled into patriotic hatred and open war. +The voyages of Hawkins and Drake into the West Indies had revealed to +Englishmen the enormous wealth of the Spanish trade thither, as well as +the weakness of the Spanish Government in those plundered papal +possessions. Frobisher had matured his plans, secured his grant, and in +1576 made his first voyage to find the north west passage. The same year +the half-brother of Raleigh, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, published his +'discourse for a discouerieof a new passage to Catai,' with a map +showing the coast of North America, and the passage to China. This was +the result of years of study, and though the elaborate work was written +out hastily at last, we know that while others were advocating the north +east passage, Sir Humphrey always persisted in the north western. +Frobisher's expedition is said to have been an outgrowth of Gilbert's +efforts and petitions. These projects were long in hand, but Gilbert, in +June 1578, obtained his famous patent from Elizabeth for two hundred +leagues of any American coast not occupied by a Christian prince. This +grant was limited to six years, to expire the eleventh of June 1584 in +case no settlement was made or colony founded. The story of Gilbert's +efforts, expenditures of himself and friends, his unparalleled +misfortunes and death, need not be retold here. Part of his rights and +privileges fell to his half-brother Walter Raleigh who had participated +somewhat in the enterprise. After Gilbert's death and before the +expiration of the patent, Raleigh succeeded in obtaining from Elizabeth +another patent, with similar rights, privileges, and limitations, dated +the 25th of March 1584, leaving the whole unoccupied coast open to his +selection. On the 27th of April, only a month later, he despatched two +barks under the command of Captains Amadas and Barlow, to reconnoitre +the coast, as Ribault had done, for a suitable place to plant a colony, +somewhere between Florida and Newfoundland. This patent also, like +Gilbert's, in case of negligence or non-success, was limited to six +years. But it required the confirmation of Parliament. Though there were +many rival interests, some of which had perhaps to be conciliated, the +patent was confirmed. + +It ought perhaps to be mentioned here that five of Gilbert's six years +having already expired without his obtaining success or possession, +several others, anticipating a forfeiture of the patent, began agitation +for rival patents in 1583. Carleil, Walsingham, Sidney, Peckham, +Raleigh, and perhaps others were eager in the strife. Mostof the papers +are given in Hakluyt's 1589 edition. The ' Golden Hinde ' returned in +September 1583 with the news of the utter failure of the expedition and +the death of Sir Humphrey. Raleigh succeeded in obtaining the royal +grant, and then all the rest joined him in getting the patent confirmed +by Parliament. + +Raleigh was now thirty-three, a man of position, of large heart and +large income, a popular courtier high in royal favor, a man of foreign +travel, great experience and extensive acquirements. He had served under +Coligni with his protestant friends in France; subsequently served under +William of Orange in Flanders; had served his Queen in Ireland; under +Gilbert's patent, contemplated a voyage to Newfoundland in 1578; and in +1583 was ready to embark himself again, but by some happy accident did +not go, though he fitted out and sent a large ship at his own cost +bearing his own name, which ship however put back on account of the +outbreak of some contagion. Fully alive to the wants, plans, and desires +of the Huguenots, he had not only informed himself of their Florida +schemes, but had promoted the publication of their history, and secured +the interest and active co-operation of the most important survivor of +them all, Jaques LeMoyne, the painter, who having escaped landed +destitute in Wales, and subsequently entered the service of Raleigh who +had him safely lodged in the Blackfriars. He had also, how or when +precisely is not known, secured the active aid and facile pen of the +geographical Richard Hakluyt, who wrote for him, as no man else could +write, in 1584, a treatise on Western Planting, a work intended probably +to prime the ministry and the Parliament, to enable Raleigh first to +secure the confirmation of his patent, and afterwards the co-operation +and active interest of the nobility and gentry in his enterprise. This +important hitherto unpublished volume of sixty-three large folio pages +in the hand writing of Hakluyt, after having probably served its purpose +and lain dormant for nearly three centuries, was bought at Earl +Mountnorris's sale at Arley Castle in December 1852, by Mr Henry Stevens +of Vermont, who, as he himself informs us, after partly copying it, and +endeavouring in vain to place it in some public or private library in +England or the United States, threw it into auction, where it was sold +by Messrs Puttick and Simpson in May 1854, for £44, as lot 474, Sir +Thomas Phillipps being the purchaser. The manuscript still adorns the +Phillipps library at Cheltenham. In 1868 a copy of this most suggestive +volume was obtained by the late Dr Leonard Woods for the Maine +Historical Society, and has since been edited with valuable notes by Mr +Charles Deane of Cambridge and with an Introduction by Dr Woods. It +appeared in 1877 as the second volume of the second series of the +Society's Collections. + +This Treatise of Hakluyt under Raleigh's inspiration may be regarded as +the harbinger of Virginia history. Though intended for a special +purpose, it is of the highest importance in developing the history of +English maritime policy at that time, and defining the growth of the +English arguments, advantages and reasons for western planting. The book +is full of personal hints, and is immensely suggestive, showing us more +than anything else the master hand of Master Hakluyt in moulding +England's 'sea policie' and colonial navigation. No mere geographical +study by Hakluyt could alone have produced this remarkable volume. It is +the combination of many materials, and the result of compromising divers +interests. Hakluyt had already, though still a young man under thirty, +entered deeply into the study of commercial geography, and had in 1582 +published his _Divers Voyages_ dedicated to his friend Sir Philip +Sidney, son-in-law to the chief Secretary Walsingham. In the Spring of +1583 the Secretary sent Hakluyt down to Bristol with a letter to the +principal merchants there to enlist their co-operation in a project of +discovery and planting in America somewhere between the possessions of +the French in Canada and the Spaniards in Florida, which his son-in-law +Master Christopher Carleil was developing under the auspices of the +Muscovie Company, and for which they were about to ask the Queen for a +patent independent of Sir Humphrey Gilbert's. + +In the summer of 1583 Hakluyt thought to go to Newfoundland with +Gilbert's expedition, according to the letter of Parmenius, but +fortunately did not go. But in the autumn of the same year Walsingham +sent him to Paris nominally as chaplain to the English Ambassador at the +French court, Sir Edward Stafford, but really to pursue his geographical +investigations into the west and learn what the French and Spanish were +doing in these remote regions, and what were their particular claims, +resources and trade. + +Before his departure for Paris, the 'Golden Hinde' had returned to +Falmouth with the heavy news of the fate of Gilbert and the consequent +certain forfeiture of his patent, notwithstanding it had still some nine +months to run. Though Sir Humphrey had taken formal possession of +Newfoundland, as no colony was left there, his rights and privileges +would lapse as a matter of course. + +Western planting now became the talk and fashion. Many projects were +hatching for new patents. Raleigh alone succeeded. Hakluyt's position +and circumstances in Paris seem made for the occasion, and he soon found +all these western eggs put into his basket. The materials of the several +previous writers and of the rival claimants were all apparently thrust +upon him. He thus became in 1583-4, though perhaps unconsciously, the +mouthpiece of a snug family party all playing into the hands of Raleigh. +There were Walsingham, and Sidney, and Carleil, and Leicester, all +connected with each other and with Raleigh. Then there were the papers +of Sir George Peckham, Edward Hayes, Richard Clarke master of the +Delight, and Steven Par-menius, rich alike in hints and facts. The +interests of these distinguished persons were by family ties or other +influence suddenly merged into a single patent and that Raleigh's. The +papers mostly passed through Raleigh's hands into Hakluyt's, who +acknowledges himself indebted to him for his chiefest light. + +Raleigh, besides being the half-brother and representative of Sir +Humphrey Gilbert, held also a large share in that venture. Gilbert's +real aim, policy and plan, in this last yearof his patent, to prospect +for a suitable place in which to take possession and found a colony, was +to begin at the south and work northward as the French had done, but his +previous failures since 1578, the inevitable impediments and delays, the +advanced season of this his last year 1583, and the necessity of making +a final strike for success, in behalf of himself and his assignees, +compelled him at the last hour to go direct to Newfoundland, take +possession, and then, if thought best, work southward. He was however +unquestionably influenced or professed to be by rumours of metals or +gold mines in Newfoundland. This northern passage was his fatal mistake. +Had he taken a middle or southern course say between 37° and 42° he +might perhaps have succeeded. + +Under these circumstances Hakluyt's Discourse of Western Planting was +written, and may be considered as a digest of many plans without much +originality and a consolidation of many interests. Hakluyt and Raleigh +were at Oxford together, but we find no particular evidence of their +intimacy before the Spring of 1584, when Hakluyt had returned to London +from Paris with his Discourse, or perhaps it was partly written in +England. It is pretty certain that it was not shown to the Queen before +the date of the Patent, the 25th of March, as Hakluyt speaks of her +seeing it in the summer. It was probably intended principally for the +promotion of the interests of the Patent in Parliament. + +At all events with his investigations in France Hakluyt's Discourse +became thoroughly English in its tone and tenor, and from this time he +labored zealously in the interests of Raleigh. A main point of inquiry +in Paris was to avail himself of the many opportunities at the Spanish +and Portuguese embassies, and with the French merchants and sailors of +Paris, Rouen, Havre and Dieppe, to pick up the particulars of the West +India trade of the Spaniards, and the nature of the French dealings in +Cape Breton and Canada. This led him to set forth the advantages of +direct English western trade independent of France and Spain, and of +French and Spanish routes. + +The fisheries of Newfoundland and the Banks were extensive, and by +repeated treaties neutral, but gave no exclusive rights on the adjoining +territory to any one of the fishing nations; though in all cases the +English by common consent exercised leadership in the Newfoundland +harbors among the fishing ships, of which there were now some six or +eight hundred a year, notwithstanding the English still fished also at +Iceland. + +It was necessary however in the interests of England for Hakluyt in this +Discourse to revive and substantiate the English rights in America by +putting forward the prior discovery by the Cabots in 1497-1498. Though +he presents this direct claim modestly, yet like Sir Humphrey Gilbert he +founds it upon insufficient evidence. In a loose manner he speaks of +Cabot and not the Cabots, and attributes to Sebastian the son what +properly belongs to John the father. He reposes full confidence in the +loose and gossiping statements of Peter Martyr that Sebastian Cabot, a +quarter of a century after the discovery, told him that at the time, +1497 or 98,he had explored the coast to the latitude of Gibraltar, that +is to Chesapeake Bay and the longitude of Cuba or the city of +Cincinnati, a thing not probable, in as much as the active old pilot +mayor was never able to declare, down to the time of Gomez, that he had +been on that coast before. It would have been foolish in him to fit out +in 1524 Gomez to ' discover ' what the pilot mayor had already explored +in 1497. + +Hakluyt's arguments and historical statements in this Discourse of 1584 +to the present time have always been presented by English diplomatists +with confidence, especially against the French. Yet the French continued +to maintain their occupation of Cape Breton, the Gulf of St Lawrence and +Canada, which together they called New France. It is now however made +apparent from contemporary historical documents that have recently been +brought to light from the archives of Spain and Venice that John Cabot, +accompanied by his son Sebastian, then a youth of some nineteen or +twenty years, in 1497 took possession of Cape Breton in the names of +Venice and England conjointly, and raised the flags of St Mark and St +George. There is not yet any trustworthy evidence that they went south +of Cape Breton either in that or the voyage of 1498. + +Hakluyt in his Divers Voyages in 1582 did not venture to make this Cabot +claim so strong as in this Discourse. In his dedication to Sir Philip +Sidney he quaintly says that he ' put downe the title which we haue to +this part of America which is from Florida to 67 degrees northwarde by +the letters patentes graunted to John Cabote and his three sonnes,' +simply meaning that he had printed the first patent of 5th May 1496. In +his title page he speaks of the Discoverie of America,' made first of +all by our Englishmen and afterwards by the Frenchmen and Bretons.' He +does not question the rights and privileges of Frenchmen to the Gulf of +St Lawrence and Canada, because they were in the occupation of a +Christian prince. + +This Discourse of Western Planting therefore, and the voyage of Amadas +and Barlow, in 1584, at the instigation and expense of Raleigh, based on +a thorough knowledge of the Huguenot and Spanish expeditions to Florida +in 1562-1568, are all parts of Virginia history, and therefore are +preliminary to Hariot's Report. It should be borne in mind that these +terms Florida and Virginia as used by the Spaniards, French, and +English, included the whole country from the point of Florida through +the Carolinas and Virginia to the Chesapeake Bay, or perhaps even to +Bacalaos. + +Raleigh's patent, in which all interests were thus consolidated, came +before Parliament in the Autumn of 1584 well fortified in its historical +and geographical bearings by Hakluyt's learned Discourse. In the House +of Commons the matter was adroitly referred to a Commitee of which +Walsingham and Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Christopher Hatton and Sir Francis +Drake were members. The bill having passed the House was sent up to the +Lords, and there read the first time on Sunday the 19th of December +1584, as appears by the following entry in the Lords' Journal, volume +ii, page 76. ' Hodie allatae sicut a Dome Communi 4 Billae; _Prima,_ For +the Confirmation of the Queen's Majesty's Letters Patents, granted to +Walter Raughlieghe, Esquire, touching the Discovery and Inhabiting of +certain Foreign Lands and Countries, quae ia _vice_ lecta est.' It does +not appear precisely at what date the Bill received the Queen's +signature, but probably as early as Christmas or New Year. + +Having now early in 1585 secured the Confirmation of this much coveted +patent which liberally permitted him in the name and under the aegis of +England to plant a ' colonie' and found an English empire in the New +World at his own expense of money, men, and enterprise; having pocketed +the geographical results and valuable experience of the French in +Florida and Canada; having vainly attempted a visit to Newfoundland in +1578, and having succeeded to the rights and privileges of his noble +half-brother Sir Humphrey Gilbert; having received by the return in +September of his two reconnoitring barks favorable reports as to the +properest place to begin his Western Planting in Wingandacoa ; and being +thoroughly supported by the good wishes and hearty co-operation of the +Queen and many of her prominent and influential subjects, Raleigh rose +superior to all jealousies and opposition. + +This lasted as usual just so long as he was successful and no longer. +But he was blessed in his household, or at his table, or in his +confidence, with four sterling adherents who stuck to him through thick +and thin, through prosperity and adversity. These were Richard Hakluyt, +Jaques Le Moyne, John White and Thomas Hariot. When Wingandacoa makes up +her jewels she will not forget these Four, whom it is just to call +Raleigh's Magi. + +With marvellous energy, enterprise, and skill Raleigh collected and +fitted out in an incredibly short time a fleet of seven ships well +stocked and well manned to transport his ' first colonie ' into the +wilds of America. It was under the command of his valiant cousin, +Admiral Sir Richard Grenville, and sailed from Plymouth on the 19th of +May 1585. Never before did a finer fleet leave the shores of England, +and never since was one more honestly or hopefully dispatched. There +were the ' Tyger' and the ' Roe Buck' of 140 tons each, the ' Lyon' of +100 tons, the 'Elizabeth' of 50 tons, the ' Dorothea," a small bark, and +two pinnaces, hardly big enough to bear distinct names, yet small enough +to cross dangerous bars and enter unknown bays and rivers. In this +splendid outfit were nearly two hundred souls, among whom were Master +Ralfe Lane as governor of the colony. Thomas Candish or Cavendish +afterwards the circumnavigator, Captain Philip Amadas of the Council, +John White the painter as delineator and draughtsman, Master Thomas +Hariot the mathematician as historiographer, surveyor and scientific +discoverer or explorer, and many others whose names are preserved in +Hakluyt. + +The fleet had a prosperous voyage by the then usual route of the West +Indies and fell in with the main of Florida on the 20th of June, made +and named Cape Fear on the 23d, and a first landing the next day, and on +the 26th came to Wococa where Amadas and Barlow had been the year +before. They disembarked and at first mistook the country for Paradise. +July was spent in surveying and exploring the country, making the +acquaintance of the natives, chiefly by means of two Indians that had +been taken to England and brought back able to speak English. On the 5th +of August Master John Arundel, captain of one of the vessels, was sent +back to England, and on the 25th of August Admiral Grenville, after a +sojourn of two months in Virginia, took his leave and returned, arriving +at Plymouth on the 18th of October. There were left in Virginia as +Raleigh's 'First Colonie,' one hundred and nine men. They remained there +one whole year and then, discontented, returned to England in July 1586 +in Sir Francis Drake's fleet coming home victorious from the West Indies. + +One of these 109 men was Thomas Hariot the Author of the Report of +Virginia. Another was John White the painter. To these two earnest and +true men we owe, as has been said, nearly all we know of 'Ould +Virginia.' Their story is briefly told by Hakluyt. + +Sir Francis Drake in the true spirit of friendship went out of his way +to make this call on the Colony of his friend Raleigh. He found them +anything but contented and prosperous. They had long been expecting +supplies and reinforcements from home, which not arriving, on the +departure of Drake's fleet becoming dejected and homesick, they +petitioned the Governor for permission to return. Immediately after +their departure a ship arrived from Raleigh, and fourteen days later Sir +Richard Grenville himself returned with his fleet of three ships, new +planters and stores of supplies, only to find the Colony deserted and no +tidings to be had. Leaving twenty men to hold possession the Admiral +made his way back to England. + +It has already been stated how and under what circumstances the epitome +of the labours and surveys of Hariot came to be printed, but it may be +well to show how it came to be united with John White's drawings and +republished a year or two later as the first part of De Bry's celebrated +collections of voyages. Hakluyt returned to Paris at the end of 1584. +and remained there, perhaps with an occasional visit to London, till +1588, always working in the interests of Raleigh. In April 1585, a month +before the departure of the Virginia fleet, he wrote to Walsingham that +he ' was careful to advertise Sir Walter Raleigh from tyme to tyme and +send him discourses both in print and in written hand concerning his +voyage.' Rene Goulaine de Laudonnière's Journal had fallen into +Hakluyt's hand, and he induced his friend Basanier the mathematician to +edit and publish it. This was done and the work was dedicated to Raleigh +and probably paid for by him. Le Moyne the painter and mathematician who +had accompanied the expedition, one of the few who escaped into the +woods and swamps with Laudonnière the dreadful morning of the massacre, +was named by Basanier. He also mentions a lad named De Bry who was lucky +enough to find his way out of the clutches of the Spanish butchers into +the hands of the more merciful American Savages. This young man was found +by De Gourgues nearly three years later among the Indians that joined +him in his mission of retribution against the Spaniards, and was +restored to his friends well instructed in the ways, manners and customs +of the Florida Aborigines. + +This journal of Laudonnière carefully edited by Basanier was completed +in time to be published in Paris in 1586, in French, in octavo. It was +dedicated to Sir Walter Raleigh. Hakluyt translated it into English, and +printed it in small quarto in London the next year and it reappeared +again in his folio voyages of 1589. The French edition fell under the +eye of Theodore De Bry the afterwards celebrated engraver of Frankfort, +formerly of Liege. Whether or not this engraver was a relative of young +De Bry of Florida is not known, but we are told that he soon sought out +Le Moyne whom he found in Raleigh's service living in the Blackfriars in +London, acting as painter, engraver on wood, a teacher and art publisher +or bookseller. + +De Bry first came to London in 1587 to see Le Moyne and arrange with him +about illustrating Laudonnière's Journal with the artist's maps and +paintings, and remained here some time, but did not succeed in obtaining +what he wanted, probably because Le Moyne was meditating a similar work +of his own, and being still attached to the household of Raleigh was not +free to negotiate for that peculiar local and special information which +he had already placed at Raleigh's disposal for his colony planted a +little north of the French settlement in Florida, then supposed to be in +successful operation, but of which nothing had yet been published to +give either the world at large or the Spaniards in the peninsula a +premature clue to his enterprise. + +There is still preserved a good memorial of De Bry's visit to London in +the celebrated funeral pageant at the obsequies of Sir Philip Sidney in +the month of February 1587, drawn and invented by T. Lant and engraved +on copper by Theodore de Bry in the city of London, 1587. A complete +copy is in the British Museum, and another is said to be at the old +family seat of the Sidneys at Penshurst in Kent, now Lord de L'lsle's; +while a third copy not quite perfect adorns the famous London +collectionof Mr Gardner of St John's Wood Park. + +LeMoyne died in 1588, and De Bry soon after came to London a second time +and succeeded in purchasing of the widow of Le Moyne a portion of the +artist's drawings or paintings together with his version of the French +Florida Expeditions. While here this time De Bry fell in with Richard +Hakluyt, who had returned from Paris in November 1588, escorting Lady +Sheffield. + +Hakluyt at the end of this year, or the beginning of 1589, was engaged +in seeing through the press his first folio collection of the voyages of +the English, finished, according to the date in the preface, the 17th of +November, though entered at Stationers' Hall on the strength of a note +from Walsingham the first of September previous. Hakluyt with his mind +full of voyages and travels was abundantly competent to appreciate De +Bry's project of publishing a luxurious edition of Laudonnière's Florida +illustrated with the exquisite drawings of Le Moyne. Ever ready to make +a good thing better, Hakluyt suggested the addition of Le Moyne's and +other Florida papers; and introduced De Bry to John White, Governor of +Virginia, then in London. + +White, an English painter of eminence and merit, was as an artist to +Virginia what Le Moyne his master had been to Florida. Le Moyne had +twenty years before mapped and pictured everything in Florida from the +River of May to Cape Fear, and White had done the same for Raleigh's +Colony in Virginia (now North Carolina) from Cape Fear to the Chesapeake +Bay. Le Moyne had spent a year with Laudonnière at Fort Caroline in +1564-65, and White had been a whole year in and about Roanoke and the +wilderness of Virginia in 1585-86 as the right hand man of Hariot. + +Together Hariot and White surveyed, mapped, pictured and described the +country, the Indians, men and women; the animals, birds, fishes, trees, +plants, fruits and vegetables. Hariot's Report or epitome of his +Chronicle, reproduced by the Hercules Club, was privately printed in +February 1589. A volume containing seventy-six of White's original +drawings in water colours is now preserved in the Grenville library in +the British Museum, purchased by the Trustees in March 1866 of Mr Henry +Stevens at the instigation of Mr Panizzi, and placed there as an +appropriate pendant to the world-renowned Grenville De Bry. This is the +very volume that White painted for Raleigh, and which served De Bry for +his Virginia. Only 23 out of the 76 drawings were engraved, the rest +never yet having been published. Thus Hariot's text and map with White's +drawings are necessary complements to each other and should be mentioned +together. + +Knowing all these men and taking an active part in all these important +events, Hakluyt acted wisely in inducing De Bry to modify his plan of a +separate publication and make a Collection of illustrated Voyages. He +suggested first that the separate work of Florida should be suspended, +and enlarged with Le Moyne's papers, outside of Laudonnière. Then +reprint, as a basis of the Collection, Hariot's privately printed Report +on Virginia just coming out in February 1589, and illustrate it with the +map and White's drawings. Hakluyt engaged to write descriptions of the +plates, and his geographical touches are easily recognizable in the maps +of both Virginia and Florida. + +In this way De Bry was induced to make Hariot's Virginia the First Part +of his celebrated PEREGRINATIONS, with a dedication to Sir Walter +Raleigh. Florida then became the Second Part. The first was illustrated +from the portfolio of John White, and the second from that of Jaques Le +Moyne. Both parts are therefore perfectly authentic and trustworthy. +Thus the famous Collections of De Bry may be said to be of English +origin, for to Raleigh and his magi De Bry owed everything in the start +of his great work. Being thus supplied and instructed, De Bry returned +to Frankfort, and with incredible energy and enterprise, engraved, +printed, and issued his VIRGINIA in four languages, English, French, +Latin and German, in 1590, and his Florida in Latin and German, in 1591. +The bibliographical history of these books, the intimacy and dependence +of the several persons engaged; and the geographical development of +Florida-Virginia are all so intertwined and blended, that the whole +seems to lead up to Thomas Hariot, the clearing up of whose biography +thus becomes an appropriate labor of the Hercules Club. + +Little more remains to be said of Raleigh's Magi who have been thus +shown to be hand and glove in working out these interesting episodes of +French and English colonial history. To Hakluyt, Le Moyne, White, De Bry +and Hariot, Raleigh owes an undivided and indivisible debt of gratitude +for the prominent niche which he achieved in the world's history, +especially in that of England and America ; while to Raleigh's liberal +heart and boundless enterprise must be ascribed a generous share of the +reputation achieved by his Magi in both hemispheres. + +Of Hakluyt and De Bry little more need be said here. They both hewed out +their own fortunes and recorded them on the pages of history, the one +with his pen, the other with his graver. If at times ill informed +bibliographers who have got beyond their depth fail to discern its +merits, and endeavour to deny or depreciate De Bry's Collection, +charging it with a want of authenticity and historic truth, it is hoped +that enough has been said here to vindicate at least the first two +parts, Virginia and Florida. The remaining parts, it is believed, can be +shown to be of equal authority. + +Whoever compares the original drawings of Le Moyne and White with the +engravings of De Bry, as one may now do in the British Museum, must be +convinced that, beautiful as De Bry's work is, it seems tame in the +presence of the original water-colour drawings. There is no exaggeration +in the engravings. + +Le Moyne's name has not found its way into modern dictionaries of art or +biography, but he was manifestly an artist of great merit and a man of +good position. In addition to what is given above it may be added that a +considerable number of his works is still in existence, and it is hoped +will hereafter be duly appreciated. In the print-room of the British +Museum are two of his drawings, highly finished in water-colours, being +unquestionably the originals of plates eight and forty-one of De Bry's +Florida. They are about double the size of the engravings. They came in +with the Sloane Collection. There is also in the Manuscript Department +of the British Museum a volume of original drawings relating chiefly to +Florida and Virginia (Sloane N° 5270) manifestly a mixture of Le Moyne's +and White's sketches. They are very valuable. There is also in the +Museum library a printed and manuscript book by Le Moyne, which speaks +for itself and tells its own interesting story. It is in small oblong +quarto and is entitled ' La/ Clef des Champs,/ pour trouuer plusieurs +Ani-/maux, tant Bestes qu'Oyseaux, auec/ plusieurs Fleurs & Fruitz. . . +/ Anno. I586./ ¶ Imprimé aux Blackfriers, pour Jaques/ le Moyne, dit de +Morgues Paintre/'. The book consists of fifty leaves, of which two are +preliminary containing the title and on the reverse and third page a +neat dedication in French ' A Ma-dame Madame/ De Sidney.'/ Signed' +Voftre tres-affectionne,/ JAQVES LE MOINE dit + +de/ MORGVES Paintre.'/ This dedication is dated ' Londres/ ce xxvi. de +Mars.'/ On the reverse of the second leaf, also in French, is ' ¶ A Elle +Mesme,/ Sonet' with the initials I.L.M. + +Then follow forty-eight leaves with two woodcuts coloured by hand on the +recto of each leaf, reverse blank. These ninety-six cuts sum up +twenty-four each of beasts, birds, fruits and flowers, with names +printed under each in English, French, German and Latin. Although the +book is dated the 26th of March 1586, it was not entered at Stationers' +Hall until the 31st of July 1587. It there stands under the name of +James Le Moyne alias Morgan. Madame Sidney is given as Mary Sidney. She +was sister of Sir Philip, countess of Pembroke, ' Sidney's sister, +Pembroke's mother.' There is no allusion to Sir Philip in the +dedication, and therefore we may infer that it was penned before the +battle of Zut-phen. Both the dedication and the sonnet show the artist's +intimacy and friendship with that distinguished family. + +There are two copies of this exceedingly rare book in the British +Museum, both slightly imperfect, but will together make a complete one, +but the more interesting copy is that in 727 c/2 31, in the Sloane +Collection. It has bound up with it thirty-seven leaves on which are +beautifully drawn and painted flowers, fruits, birds &c. There can be +little doubt that these are Le Moyne's own paintings. It is curious to +find that all these scattered works in the different departments came in +with the Sloane Collection which formed the nucleus of the British +Museum. It is to be hoped that other samples of Le Moyne's art may be +found or identified, and that all of them may be brought together or be +described as the ' Le Moyne Collection.' How Sir Hans Sloane became +possessed of them does not yet appear. + +Capt. John White's name in the annals of English art is destined to rank +high, though it has hitherto failed to be recorded in the art histories +and dictionaries. Yet his seventy-six original paintings in +water-colours done probably in Virginia in 1585-1586 while he was there +with Hariot as the official draughtsman or painter of Raleigh's ' First +Colonie' entitle him to prominence among English artists in Elizabeth's +reign. There are some other works of his in the Manuscript department +mingled with those of his friend and master Le Moyne. + +As Raleigh's friend and agent White's name deserves honorable mention in +the history of 'Ould Virginia.' He was an original adventurer in the ' +First Colonie' and was one of the hundred and nine who spent a whole +year at and about Roanoke and returned with Drake in 1586. He went again +to Virginia in April 1587 as Governor of Raleigh's' Second Colonie,' +consisting of one hundred and fifty persons in three ships, being the +fourth expedition. Raleigh appointed to him twelve assistants 'to whome +he gave a Charter, and incorporated them by the name of Governour and +Assistants of the Citie of Raleigh in Virginia,' intended to be founded +on the Chesapeake Bay. It never became more than a ' paper city.' + +This Second Colony landed at Roanoke the 20th of July, but finding +themselves disappointed and defeated in all points, the colonists joined +in urging the Governor to return to England for supplies and +instructions. He reluctantly departed the 27th of August from Roanoke, +leaving there his daughter, who was the mother of the first child of +English parents born in English North America, Virginia Dare. He +intended immediately to return to Virginia with relief, but the +embarrassments of Raleigh, the +stirring times, and the ' Spanish Armada' defeated Sir Walter and +frustrated all his plans. + +On the 20th of November 1587 Governor White having reached home apprised +Raleigh of the circumstances and requirements of the Colony. Sir Walter +at once ' appointed a pinnesse to be sent thither with all such +necessaries as he vnderstood they stood in neede of,' and also 'wrote +his letters vnto them, wherein among other matters he comforted them +with promise, that with all conuenient speede he would prepare a good +supply of shipping and men with sufficience of all thinges needefull, +which he intended, God willing, should be with them the Sommer +following.' This promised fleet was got ready in the harbor of Bideford +under the personal care and supervision of Sir Richard Grenville, and +waited only for a fair wind to put to sea. Then came news of the +proposed invasion of England by Philip King of Spain with his ' +invincible armada,' so wide spread and alarming that it was deemed +prudent by the Government to stay all ships fit for war in any ports of +England to be in readiness for service at home ; and even Sir Richard +Grenville was commanded not to leave Cornwall. + +Governor White however having left about one hundred and twenty men, +women and children in Virginia, among whom were his own daughter and +granddaughter, left no stone unturned for their relief. He labored so +earnestly and successfully that he obtained two small 'pinneses ' named +the ' Brave' and the ' Roe,' one of thirty and the other of twenty-five +tons, 'wherein fifteen planters and all their provision, with certain +reliefe for those that wintered in the Countrie was to be transported.' + +The' Brave' and the ' Roe' with this slender equipment passed the bar of +Bideford the 22nd of April, just six months after the return of the +Governor, a small fleet with small hope. Had it been larger its going +forth would not have been permitted. The Governor remained behind, +thinking he could serve the Colony better in England. But the sailors of +the little 'Brave' and 'Roe' had caught the fighting mania before they +sailed, and instead of going with all speed to the relief of Virginia, +scoured the seas for rich prizes, and like two little fighting cocks let +loose attacked every sail they caught sight of, friend or foe. The +natural consequence was that before they reached Madeira (they took the +southern course for the sake of plunder) they had been several times +thoroughly whipped, and ' all thinges spilled ' in their fights. ' By +this occasion, God iustly punishing the theeuerie of our euil disposed +mariners, we were of force constrained to break of our voyage intended +for the reliefe of our Colony left the yere before in Virginia, and the +same night to set our course for England.' In a month from their +departure they recrossed the bar of Bideford, their voyage having been a +disgraceful failure, yet the doings of these two miniature corsairs are +recorded in Hakluyt manifestly only as specimens of English pluck, a +British quality always admired, however much misdirected. Meanwhile no +tidings of the ' Second colonie' and worse still, no tidings or help had +the Second Colony received all this long time from England. And even to +this day the echo is 'no tidings' and no help from home. This then may +be called the first and great human sacrifice that savage America +required of civilized England before yielding to her inevitable destiny. + +And so it was that Virginia and the Armada Year shook the fortunes of +Raleigh and compelled him to assign a portion of his Patent and +privileges under it to divers gentlemen and merchants of London. This +document, in which are included and protected the charter rights of +White and others in the ' City of Raleigh,' bears date the 7th of March +1589. Matters being thus settled, with more capital and new life a ' +Fifth Expedition' was fitted out in 1590 in which Governor White went +out to carry aid, and to reinforce his long neglected colony of 1587. +Not one survivor was found, and White returned the same year in every +way unsuccessful. He soon after retired to Raleigh's estates in Ireland, +and the last heard of him is a long letter to his friend Hakluyt ' from +my house at Newtowne in Kylmore the 4th of February 1593.' + +Raleigh's Patent, like that of Gilbert, would have expired by the +limitation of six years on the 24th of March 1590 if he had not +succeeded in leading out a colony and taking possession. His first +colony of 1585 was voluntarily abandoned, but not his discoveries. His +second colony of 1587 was surrounded with so much obscurity that though +in fact he maintained no real and permanent settlement, yet it was never +denied that he lawfully took possession and inhabited Virginia within +the six years and also for a time in the seventh year, and therefore was +entitled to privileges extending two hundred leagues from Roanoke. As +long as Elizabeth lived no one disputed Raleigh's privileges under his +patent, though partly assigned, but none of the Assignees cared to +adventure further. The patent had become practically a dead letter. As +late however as 1603 the compliment was paid Raleigh of asking his +permission to make a voyage to North Virginia. As no English plantation +between the Spanish and the French possessions in North America at the +time of the accession of James was maintained the patent was allowed +nominally to remain in force. But no one claimed any rights under it. It +has been stated by several recent historians that the attainder of +Raleigh took away his patent privileges, but evidence of this is not +forthcoming. It is manifest that James the First, who had little regard +for his own or others' royal grants or chartered rights in America, +considered the coast clear and as open to his own royal bounty as it had +been long before to Pope Alexander the Sixth. It was easier and safer to +obtain new charters than to revive any questionable old ones. + +But to all intents and purposes the interesting history of Virginia +begins with Raleigh. Whence he drew his inspiration, how he profited by +the experience of others, how he patronized his Magi and bound them to +himself with cords of friendship and liberality; how by his very +blunders and misfortunes he transmitted to posterity some of the most +precious historical memorials found on the pages of English or American +history, we have, perhaps at unnecessary length, endeavoured to show in +this long essay on the brief and true Report of Thomas Hariot, his +surveyor and topographer in Virginia, which must ever serve as the +corner-stone of English American History, by a man who, though long +neglected and half forgotten, must eventually shine as the morning star +of the mathematical sciences in England, as well as that of the history +of her Empire in the West. + +It remains now to give some personal account of Thomas Hariot, whose +first book as the first of the labors of the hercules club has been +reproduced. Every incident in the life of a man of eminent genius and +originality in any country is a lesson to the world's posterity +deserving careful record. Hitherto dear quaint old positive +antiquarianly slippery Anthony à Wood in his _Athenes Oxoniensis_ +embodies nearly all of our accepted notions of this great English +mathematician and philosopher. Anthony was indefatigable in his +researches into the biography of Hariot who was both an Oxford man and +an Oxford scholar. He happily succeeded in mousing out a goodly number +of recondite and particular occurrences of Hariot's life. He managed, +however, to state very many of them erroneously ; and he drew hence some +important inferences, the reverse, as it now appears, of historical +truth. This naturally leads one to inquire into his authorities. Wood's +account of Hariot appeared in his first edition of 1691, and has not +been improved in the two subsequent editions. For most of his facts he +appears to have been indebted to Dr John Wallis's Algebra, first +published in 1685, though ready for the printer in 1676 ; and for his +fictions to poor old gossiping Aubrey; while his inferences, in respect +to Hariot's deism and disbelief in the Scriptures, are probably his own, +as we find no sufficient trace of them prior to the appearance of his +Athenæ, unless it be in Chief Justice Popham's unjust charge at +Winchester in 1603, when he is said to have twitted Raleigh from the +bench with having been ' bedeviled ' by Hariot. Dr Wallis appears to +have obtained part of his facts from John Collins, who had been in his +usual indefatigable manner looking up Hariot and his papers as early as +1649, and wrote to the doctor of his success several letters between +1667 and 1673, which maybe seen in Professor Rigaud's Correspondence of +Scientific Men of the Seventeenth Century, 2 vols, Oxford, 1841, 8°. + +Since 1784, from time to time, several other writers have partly +repeated Wood's estimate and added several new facts, as will be shown +further on. But it has been reserved for the Hercules Club, now just +three hundred years after Hariot left the University, to bring to light +new and important contemporary evidence, sufficient, it is believed, to +considerably modify our general estimate of Hariot's life and character, +and to raise him from the second rank of mathematicians to which +Montucla coolly relegated him nearly a century ago to the pre-eminence +of being one of the foremost scholars of his age, not alone of England +but of the world. Had he been walled around by church bigotry like his +friend and contemporary Galileo he would unquestionably by the +originality and brilliancy of his observations and discoveries have +rivalled, or perhaps have shared that philosopher's victories in +science. At all events it is believed that the new matter is sufficient +to reopen the courts of criticism and revision in which some of the +decisions respecting the use of perspective glasses, the invention of +the telescope, the discoveries of the spots on the sun, the satellites +of Jupiter and the horns of Venus may be reconsidered and perhaps +reversed. It is believed that in logical analysis, in philosophy, and in +many other departments of science few in his day were his equals, while +in pure mathematics none was his superior. + +Thomas Hariot was born at Oxford, or as Anthony à Wood with more than +his usual quaint-ness expresses it, ' tumbled out of his mother's womb +into the lap of the Oxonian muses in 1560.' He was a ' bateler or +commoner of St Mary's hall.' He ' took the degree of bachelor of arts in +1579, and in the latter end of that year did compleat it by +determination in Schoolstreet.' Nothing of his boyhood, or of his +family, except a few hints in his will, has come to light. + +It is not known precisely at what time Hariot joined Walter Raleigh, who +was only eight years his senior. From what their friend Hakluyt says of +them both, their intimate friendship and mutually serviceable connection +were already an old story as early as 1587. On the eighth calends of +March 1587, that is on the 22d of February 1588, present reckoning, +Hakluyt wrote from Paris to Raleigh in London, + +' To you therefore I have freely desired to give and dedicate these my +labors. For to whom could I present these Decades of the New World [of +Peter Martyr] more appropriately than to yourself, who, at the expense +of nearly one hundred thousand ducats, with new fleets, are showing to +us of modern times new regions, leading forth a third colony [to +Virginia], giving us news of the unknown, and opening up for us pathways +through the inaccessible ; and whose every care, and thought, and effort +tend towards this end, hinge upon and adhere to it ? To whom have been +present and still are present the same ideas, desires, & incentives as +with that most illustrious Charles Howard, the Second Neptune of the +Ocean, and Edward Stafford our most prudent Ambassador at the Court of +France, in order to accomplish great deeds by sea and land. But since by +your skill in the art of navigation you clearly saw that the chief glory +of an insular kingdom would obtain its greatest splendor among us by the +firm support of the mathematical sciences, you have trained up and +supported now a long time, with a most liberal salary, Thomas Hariot, a +young man well versed in those studies, in order that you might acquire +in your spare hours by his instruction a knowledge of these noble +sciences ; and your own numerous Sea Captains might unite profitably +theory with practice. What is to be the result shortly of this your wise +and learned school, they who possess even moderate judgment can have no +difficulty in guessing. This one thing I know, the one and only +consideration to place before you, that first the Portuguese and +afterwards the Spaniards formerly made great endeavours with no small +loss, but at length succeeded through determination of mind. Hasten on +then to adorn the Sparta[Vir-ginia] you have discovered; hasten on that +ship more than Argonautic, of nearly a thousand tons burthen which you +have at last built and finished with truly regal expenditure, to join +with the rest of the fleet you have fitted out.' + +From this extract one might perhaps reasonably infer that Hariot went +directly from the University in 1580 at the age of twenty into Raleigh's +service, or at latest in 1582 when Raleigh returned from Flanders. As +our translation of this important passage is rather a free one the old +geographer's words are here added, in his own peculiar Latin. Hakluyt in +his edition of Peter Martyr's Eight Decades, printed at Paris in 1587, +8°, writes of his young friend Hariot in his dedication to his older +friend Sir Walter Raleigh, as follows :- + +Tibi igitur has meas vigilias condonatas & confecratas efle volui. Cui +enim potius, quàm tibi has noui Orbis Decades offerem, qui centum ferè +millium ducatoru impenfa, nouis tuis clafsibus regiones nouas, nouam iam +tertiò ducendo coloniam, notas ex ignotis, ex inaccefsis peruias, +nouifsimis hifce teporibus nobis exhibes ? Cuius omnes curse, +cogitationes, conatus, hue fpeflant, haec verfant, in his inhaerent. Cui +cum Illuftrifsimo illo herôe, Carolo Hovvardo, altcro Oceani maris +Neptuno, Edoardi Staffbrdij, noftri apud regem Chriftianifsimum oratoris +prudentifsimi fororio, eadem ftudia, eaedem voluntates, iidem ad res +magnas terra maríque aggrediendas funt & fuerunt ani-morum ftimuli. Cùm +vero artis nauigatoriæ peritia, præcipuum regni infularis ornamentum, +Mathematicarii fcientiaru adminiculis adhibitis, fuu apud nos fplendore +poffe cofequi facile per-fpiceres, Thomas Hariotum, iuuenem in illis +difciplinis excellente, honeftifsimo falario iamdiu donatum apud te +aluifti, cuius fubndio horis fuccefsiuis nobililsimas fcientias illas +addifcercs, tuique familiarcs duces maritimi, quos habes non paucos, cum +praii theoria non fine fructu incredibili coiungeret. Ex quo pulcherrimo +& fapientifsimo inftitutotuo, quid breui euentutum fit, qui vel mediocri +iudicio volent, facilè proculdubio diuinare poterunt. Vnum hoc fcio, +vnam & vnicam rationem te inire, quaæ primò Lufitani, deinde Caftellani, +quod antea toties cum no exigua iactura funt conati, tandem ex animoru +votis perficerut. Perge ergo Spartam quam nactus es ornare, perge nauem +illam plufquam Argonauticam, mille cuparum fere capace, quam fumptibus +plane regiis fabricatam iam tadem foelicitcr abfoluifti, reliquae tuae +clafsi, quam babes egregiè inftructam, adiungere. + +From this early time for nearly forty years, till the morning of the +29th of October 1618, when Raleigh was beheaded, these two friends are +found inseparable. Whether in prosperity or in adversity, in the Tower +or on the scaffold, Sir Walter always had his Fidus Achates to look +after him and watch his interests. With a sharp wit, close mouth, and +ready pen Hariot was of inestimable service to his liberal patron. With +rare attainments in the Greek and Latin Classics, and all branches of +the abstract sciences, he combined that perfect fidelity and honesty of +character which placed him always above suspicion even of the enemies of +Sir Walter. He was neither a politician nor statesman, and therefore +could be even in those times a faithful guide, philosopher, and friend +to Raleigh. + +In the year 1585, as has already been stated above, Hariot, at the age +of twenty-five, went out to Virginia in Raleigh's « first Colonie' as +surveyor and historiographer with Sir Richard Grenville, and remained +there one year under Governor Ralph Lane, returning in July 1586, in Sir +Francis Drake's home-bound fleet from the West Indies. During the +absence of this expedition Raleigh had received triple favors from +Fortune. He had entered Parliament, been knighted, and had been +presented by the Queen with twelve thousand broad acres in Ireland. +These Irish acres were partly the Queen's perquisite from the Babington +'conspiracy.' Other royal windfalls had considerably increased Sir +Walter's expectations, and aroused his ambition. Hariot is known to have +spent some time in Ireland on Raleigh's estates there during the reign +of Elizabeth, but it is uncertain when. It may have been between the +autumn of 1586 and the autumn of 1588. He was in London in the winter of +1588-89 in time to get out hurriedly his report in February 1589. It is +possible, however, that he went to Ireland after his book was out. He +was probably the manager of one of the estates there as Governor John +White was of another in 1591-93. + +The next early author whom we find speaking of Hariot is his lifelong +friend and companion Robert Hues or Hughes in his ' Tractatus de / +Globis et eo- / rvm vsv, / Accommo-datus iis qui Lon-/dini editi funt +Anno I593,/ fumptibus Gulielmi Sanderfoni / Ciuis +Londinienfis/Confcriptus a Ro-/bertoHues./ Londini/ In ardibus Thomae +Dawfon. / 1594.' / 8° + +In his dedication to Sir Walter Raleigh the author says : + +Borealiora Europae noftrates diligentimme luftrarunt. Primo Hugo +Willoughby eques Anglus & Richardus Chanceler has oras apperuerunt. +Succedit eis Stephanus Borough, vlterius pro-grefsi funt Artunis Pet & +Carol. Iackman. Sufceptæ funt hae nauigationes, inftigante Sebaftiano +Caboto, vt, fiquâ pofset fieri traiectum in regiones Synanum & Cathayac +breuimmum confequeremur, at irreto haec omnia conatu, nifi quod his +medijs firmatum eft commercium cum Mofchouitis. Hâc cum non fuccederet, +inftitutx funt nauigationes ad Borealiora Americæ;, quas primo fuscepit +Martinus Frobifher, fecutus eft poftca Ioannes Dauis. Ex his omnibus +nauigationibus multi antiquiorum errores,magna eorum ignorantia +detectacft. Atque his conatibus minus fuccedentibus, gens noftra nauibus +abundans otij impatiens, in alias paries fuas nauigationes inftituerunt. +Humphredus Gilbert Eques, Americæ oras Hifpanis incognitas, magno animo +& viribus, fucceffu non aequali noftris aperire conatus eft. Id quod +tuis poftea aufpicijs (vir honoratifsime) felicius fufceptum eft quibus +Virginia nobis patefacta eft, præefecto clafsis Richardo Grinuil nobili +equite, quam diligentifsime luftrauit & defcripfit Thomæ Hariotus. + +In the English edition of Robert Hues' work, London, 1638, this very +interesting but somewhat irrelevant passage appears as follows: + +Among whom, the first that adventured on the discovery of these parts, +were, Sir Hugh Willoughby, and Richard Chanceler: after them, Stephen +Borough. And farther yet then either of these, did Arthur Pet, and +Charles Lackman discover these parts. And these voyages were all +undertaken by the instigation of Sebastian Cabot: that so, if it were +possible, there might bee found out a nearer pafsage to Cathay and China +: yet all in vane ; fave only that by this meanes a course of trafficke +was confirmed betwixt us and the Mofcovite. + +When their attempts fucceeded not this way ; their next designe was then +to try, what might bee done in the Northern Coasts of America : and the +first undertaker of these voyages was Mr. Martin Frobisher: who was +afterward feconded by Mr. Iohn Davis. By meanes of all which +Navigations, many errours of the Ancients, and their great ignorance was +discovered. + +But now that all these their endeavours fucceeded not, our Kingdome at +that time being well furnished in fhips, and impatient of idlenefse : +they resolved at length to adventure upon other parts. And first Sir +Humphrey Gilbert with great courage and Forces attempted to make a +discovery of those parts of America, which were yet unknowne to the +Spaniard : but the successe was not answerable. Which attempt of his, +was afterward more prosperously prosecuted by that honourable Gentleman +Sir Walter Rawleigh: to whose meanes Virginia was first discovered unto +us, the Generall of his Forces being Sir Richard Greenville : which +Countrey was afterwards very exactly furveighed and described by Mr. +Thomas Harriot. + +This William Sanderson, the patron of Mollineux, Hood, and Hues, was a +rich and liberal London merchant, who had married a niece of Raleigh. He +contributed largely to Sir Walter's first reconnoitring expedition in +1584 under Amidas and Barlow, and was afterwards a liberal adventurer +and supporter of Raleigh in all his colonial schemes. He was fond of the +science of geography, and contributed largely to the preparation and +publication of the globes of Mollineux, and the Descriptions of them by +Hood and Hues in 1592 and 1594. He was also a good friend of all +Raleigh's friends, and acted as Sir Walter's fiscal agent in regard to +the Wine monopoly. On being called upon for a settlement of the large +amount due, as Raleigh supposed, after his imprisonment in the Tower, +Sanderson denied his indebtedness, was sued, cast into the debtors' +jail, and died in poverty. His son published severe comments against +Raleigh. + +Robert Hues, who was an intimate friend and associate of Hariot, was +born at Hertford in 1554. He became a poor scholar at Brazen nose, and +was afterwards at St Mary's Hall with Hariot. He took his degree of +A.B.in 1579. He is said to have been a good Greek scholar, and after +leaving the University travelled and became an eminent geographer and +mathematician. He attracted the attention, probably through Raleigh, of +that noble patron of learning Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland, +who took him into his service, made him one of his scientific companions +while in the Tower, supported him partly at Sion, intrusted him to +instruct his children, and finally sent him to Oxford as tutor at Christ +Church of his eldest surviving son, Algernon Percy, who on the death of +his father on gunpowder treason day 1632, became the 10th Earl of +Northumberland. Hues died at Oxford the 24th of May, 1632, and was +buried in the cathedral of Christ Church, according to the inscription +on his monument. He is mentioned by Chapman in his translation of +Homer's Works [ 1616 ] as ' another right learned, honest, and entirely +loved friend of mine.' See infra, p. 183. + +In 1595 Hariot was mentioned as a distinguished man of science in his +Seaman's Secrets by Captain John Davis the navigator, a friend and +partner of Raleigh. + +On the eleventh of July 1596 Hariot under peculiar circumstances wrote a +long and confidential letter to Sir Robert Cecil, Chief Secretary of +State, in the interests of Raleigh's Guiana projects. The letter is here +given in full, as it shows better than anything else the close and +confidential relations existing between Sir Walter and Hariot at that +time. Raleigh had returned from Guiana, his first El Dorado expedition, +in August 1595, and had in the mean time employed such energy and +enterprise that within about five months he had fitted out and +dispatched his second El Dorado fleet under his friend Captain Keymis. +This second expedition returned to Plymouth in June 1596, a few days +after Raleigh had gone with Essex and Howard of Effingham on that +world-renowned expedition against Cadiz. Sir Walter appears to have left +his affairs in the hands of his ever faithful Hariot, and hence this +sensible and timely letter in the absence of his patron. There appears +to have been no complaint against Keymis; but the master of his ship, +Samuel Mace, seems to have been less discreet. The letter tells its own +story, and gives a vivid picture of the intelligent earnestness of Sir +Walter respecting Guiana, and at the same time the earnest intelligence +of Hariot during Raleigh's absence in Spain. + +It has been denied that Raleigh really expected to find the El Dorado in +either his first expedition of 1595 or last in 1617, but this letter +goes to show that both he and Hariot had firm faith in the scheme. +Indeed in a German book of travels just published, entitled ' Aus den +Llanos. Schildenung einer naturwisscn-schaftlichen Reise nach Venezuela, +Von Carl Sachs, Leipzig, 1879,' the writer states that the export of +gold from Spanish Guiana in 1875 was 79,496 ounces. He says that the +richest mine, that of Callao, has of late years returned as much as 500 +per centum. After briefly narrating the expeditions of Raleigh, which +had been preceded by various Spanish expeditions, he adds: 'Now at this +day, after nearly three centuries, the riches sought for have been +actually found In the very country where these unfortunate efforts were +made.' Hariot's letter is as follows: + + LETTER OF THOMAS HARIOT TO MR. SECRETARY + + SIR ROBERT CECIL. + +_From the original holograph in the Cecil Papers at Hatfield, vol. xliii, + At first printed in Edward Edward's Life of + Raleigh, vol. ii, page 420._ + +Right Honourable Sir, + +These are to let you understand that whereas, according to your Honor's +direction, I have been framing of a Charte out of some such of Sir +Walter's notes and writings, which he hath left behind him,-his +principal Charte being carried with him, -if it may please you, I do +thinke most fit that the discovery of Captain Kemish be added, in his +due place, before I finish it. It is of importance, and all Chartes +which had that coast before be very imperfecte, as in many thinges elce. +And that of Sir Walter's, although it were better in that parte then any +other, yet it was don but by intelligence from the Indians, and this +voyadge was specially for the discovery of the same; which is, as I +find, well and sufficiently performed. And because the secrecy of these +matters doth much importe her Majesty and this State, I pray let me be +so bould as to crave that the dispatch of the plotting and describing be +don only by me for you, according to the order of trust that Sir Walter +left with me, before his departure, in that behalf, and as he hath +usually don heretofore. If your Honor have any notes from Sir Thomas +Baskerville, if it may please you to make me acquaynted with them, that +which they will manifest of other particularytyes then that before Sir +Walter hath described shall also be set downe. + +Although Captain Kemish be not come home rich, yet he hath don the +speciall thing which he was injoined to do, as the discovery of the +coast betwixt the river of Amasones and Orinico, where are many goodly +harbors for the greatest ships her Majesty hath and any nomber; wher +there are great rivers, and more then probability of great good to be +don by them for Guiana, as by any other way or to other rich contryes +borderinge upon it. As also, the discovery of the mouth of Orinico it +self,-a good harbor and free passage for ingresse and egresse of most of +the ordinary ships of England, above 3 hundred miles into the contry. +Insomuch that Berreo wondred much of our mens comming up so far; so that +it seemeth they know not of that passage. Nether could they, or can +possibly, find it from Trinidado; from whence usually they have made +their discoveryes. But if it be don by them the shortest way, it must be +done out of Spayne. Now, if it shall please her Majesty to undertake the +enterprise, or permitte it in her subjectes, by her order, countenance, +and authority, for the supplanting of those that are now gotten thither, +I thinke it of great importance to keepe that which is don as secretly +as we may, lest the Spaniardes learne to know those harbors and +entrances, and worke to prevent us. + +And because I understand that the master of the ship with Captain Kemish +is somewhat carelesse of this, by geving and selling copyes of his +travelles and plottes of discoveryes, I thought it my dutye to remember +it unto your wisdome, that some order might be taken for the prevention +of such inconveniences as may thereby follow : by geving authority to +some Justice, or the Mayor, to call him before them, and to take all his +writinges and chartes or papers that concerne this discovery, or any +elce, in other mens handes, that he hath sold or conveyed them into ; +and to send them sealed to your Honor, as also to take bond for his +further secrecy on that behalf. And the like order to be taken by those +others, as we shall further informe your Honor of, that have any such +plots, which yet, for myne owne parte, I know not of; or any other +order, by sending for him up or otherwise, as to your wisdome shall +seeme best. + +Concerning the Eldorado which hath been shewed your Honor out of the +Spanish booke of Acosta, which you had from Wright, and I have scene, +when I shall have that favour as but to speake with you I shall shew you +that it is not ours-that we meane-there being three. Nether doth he say, +or meane, that Amazones river and Orinoco is all one,-as some, I feare, +do averre to your Honor ; as by good profe out of that booke alone I can +make manifest; and by other meanes besides then this discovery, I can +put it out of all dout. + +To be breef, I am at your Honor's comandement in love and duty farther +than I can sodeynly expresse for haste. I will wayte upon you at Court, +or here at London, about any of these matters or any others, at any +time, if I might have but that favour as to heare so much. I dare not +presume of my selfe, for some former respectes. My fidelity hath never +been impeached, and I take that order that it never shall. I make no +application. And I beseech your Honor to pardon my boldness, because of +haste. My meaning is allwayes good. And so I most humbly take my leave. +This Sunday, 11th of July 1596. + + Your Honor's most ready at commandement in all services I may, + + THO. HARRIOTE. + + addressed: + +To the right honorable Sir ROBERT CICILL, Knight + Principall Secretary to Her Majesty, these. + + Endorsed: 11 July, 1596. Mr Harriott to my Master. + +The vigilant Secretary lost no time in acting upon Hariot's suggestions. +On the 31st of July Sir George Trenchard and Sir Ralph Horsey wrote to +Cecil from Dorchester in reply to his instructions, that they had seized +the charts and books of the ' India Voyage' [to Guiana] from one Samuel +Mace and William Downe, which they would send up to the Secretary if +desired. They were desired, and accordingly sent them by post on the +10th of August. A few days later Raleigh returned to Plymouth with the +first glorious news of the success of the English fleet at Cadiz ; which +news completely turned the heads of the people of England one way, and +those of the Queen and the hungry politicians the other. Poor Mace, to +whom Raleigh was much attached, was restored to his confidence. To +Raleigh more than to any one man this triumph over Spain was justly due, +but in the pitiful squabbles that followed in the apportionment of the +honors and the spoils Sir Walter used to aver that his sole gain in this +great national enterprise from beginning to end was but a lame leg. He +might have added that the business had gained for him the envy, malice +and all uncharitableness of those in high places. In worldly wealth he +was now comparatively poor, and his fortunes were broken, though the +Queen at times, only at times, smiled on him. + +At what precise time Hariot, who never deserted Raleigh, became +acquainted with Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, with whose honored +name, next to that of Sir Walter's, his must ever be associated, does +not as yet appear. It is known, however, that there was an intimacy +between Raleigh and Percy as early as 1586, when Sir Walter presented +Percy with a coat of mail on his going over to Flanders, and soon after +a bedstead made of cedar from Virginia ; while the Earl about the same +time gave to Sir Walter a ' stroe coloured velvet saddle.' From this +time to the day of Raleigh's triumph on the scaffold there exists plenty +of evidence of their continued intimacy. + +When therefore the Earl and Raleigh were finally caged together in the +Tower for life in 1606 their friendship was of more than twenty years' +standing. From this we infer that Hariot also knew Percy almost from the +time of his joining Raleigh; but the earliest mention of his name in +connection with that of the Earl which we have met with is this of 1596, +in the Earl's pay-rolls, still preserved at Sion, and described in the +Sixth Report of the Royal Commission of Historical Manuscripts, page +227, 'To Mr. Herytt for a book of the Turk's pictures, 7s.' It appears +from the same rolls that from Michaelmas 1597 to 1610, if not earlier +and later, an annual pension of £80 (not £ 120, or £ 150, £300, as +variously stated) was paid to Hariot by the Earl. This pension was +probably continued as long as Hariot lived; and besides there are not +wanting many marks of the Earl's liberality, friendship, and love for +his companion and pensioner, who was long known as ' Hariot of Sion on +Thames,' as expressed on his monument. In the Earl's accounts for 1608 +there is this entry, ' Payment for repairing and finishing Mr Heriotts +house at Sion.' + +At what time exactly Hariot took up his residence at Sion the Earl's new +seat (purchased of James in 1604) is not known, but probably soon after +the Earl was sent to the Tower in 1606. There is preserved a Letter from +Sir William Lower addressed to Hariot at Sion dated the 3Oth of +September 1607, and other letters or papers exist showing his continued +residence there until near the time of his death in 1621. Wood and many +subsequent writers to the present time have confused Sion near Isleworth +with Sion College in London. They are totally distinct. Hariot had +nothing to do with Sion College, which was not founded until 1630, nine +years after his death. The error arose out of the coincidence of +Torporley's taking chambers at Sion College on retiring from his +clerical profession, and dying there in April 1632, leaving his +mathematical books and manuscripts to the College Library. He had been +appointed by Hariot to look over, arrange, and ' pen out the doctrine ' +of his mathematical writings. Torporley's abstracts of Hariot's papers +are still preserved in Sion College Library. + +What the Earl of Northumberland did for Hariot is, as the world goes, +ascribed to patronage ; what Hariot did for the Earl cannot be measured +by money or houses, but may be summed up in four words, alike honorable +to both, ' they were long friends.' To this day the debt of gratitude +from the philosopher to the nobleman is fairly balanced by the similar +debt of the nobleman to the philosopher. Hariot's Will, given on pages +193-203, tells the rest of the story of this noble friendship. + +It is manifest, however, from many considerations that the noble Earl +took a lively and almost officious interest in the public honor and +character of his friend, for Hariot appears to have been as careless of +his own scientific reputation as his contemporary Shakspeare is said to +have been of his literary eminence. + +On the other hand, Hariot's interest in the Earl's affairs and family at +Sion redound greatly to his credit. He was both an eminent scholar and a +remarkable teacher. Earnest students flocked to him for higher education +from all parts of the country. Besides the private scientific and +professional instruction that from the first he gave to Raleigh, his +captains and sea officers, he seems to have had under his scientific +tuition and mathematical guidance many young men who afterwards became +celebrated; among whom may be mentioned Robert Sidney, the brother of +Sir Philip, afterwards Lord Lisle of Penshurst; Thomas Aylesburyof +Windsor, afterwards Sir Thomas, the great-grandfather of two queens of +England; the late Lord Harrington; Sir William Protheroe and Sir William +Lower of South Wales; Nathaniel Torporley of Shropshire; Sir Ferdinando +Gorges of Devonshire; Captain Keymis; Captain Whiddon, and many others. +Cordial and affectionate letters of most of these men to their venerated +master are still preserved. + +At Sion were the groves of Hariot's academy. + +Yet he with Warner and Hues was constantly passing by the Thames between +Sion and the Tower, some three or four hours by oar and tide. They were +all three pensioners, or in the pay, of the Earl, though the last two +were on a very different footing from that of Hariot as to emoluments +and responsible position. They were, however, companions of both the +Earl and Sir Walter, and, if tradition is to be believed, they were +sometimes joined by Ben Jonson, Dr Burrill, Rev. Gilbert Hawthorne, Hugh +Broughton, the poet Hoskins and perhaps others. + +The Earl had a large family to be educated, and there is reason to +believe that in his absence from Sion Hariot was intrusted for many +years with the confidential supervision of some of the Earl's personal +affairs at Sion, including the education of his children. How he +identified himself with the noble family of his patron may be inferred +from these extracts from a letter to Hariot, dated July 19, 1611, of +William Lower, one of his loving disciples. Cecil had been fishing out +some new evidence of Percy's treason from a discharged servant, and was +pressing cruelly upon the prisoner. Lower writes : + +I have here [in South Wales] much otium and therefore I may cast awaye +some of it in vaine pursuites, chusing always rather to doe some thinge +worth nothing then nothing att all. How farre I had proceeded in this, I +ment now to have given you an account, but that the reporte of the +unfortunate Erles relapse into calamitie makes me beleeve that you are +enough troubled both with his misfortunes and my ladys troubles; and so +a discourse of this nature would be unseasonable. [And concludes the +letter with] But at this time this much is to much. I am sorrie to heare +of the new troubles ther, and pray for a good issue of them especiallie +for my ladys sake and her five litle ones. [The Countess of +Northumberland here referred to was the mother of Sir William Lower's +wife, who was Penelope Perrot, daughter of Sir John Perrot, who married +Lady Dorothy Devereux, sister of Essex, and for her second husband Henry +Percy the gth Earl of Northumberland. Lower died in 1615.] + +This responsible trust gave Hariot a good house and home of his own at +Sion, with independence and an observatory. He had a library in his own +house, and seems to have been the Earl's librarian and book selector or +purchaser for the library of Sion House, as well as for the use of the +Earl in the Tower. The Earl was a great book-collector, as appears by +his payrolls. Books were carried from Sion to the Tower and back again, +probably not only for the Earl's own use, but for Raleigh's in his +History of the World. Many of these books, it is understood, are still +preserved at Petworth, then and subsequently one of the Earl's seats, +but now occupied by the Earl of Leconsfield. + +To look back a little. Before either Raleigh or Henry Percy was shut up +in the Tower, we find one of Hariot's earliest and ablest mathematical +disciples, Nathaniel Torporley, a learned clergyman, writing in high +praise of him in his now rare mathematical book in Latin, entitled,' +Diclides Coelometricx,' or Universal Gates of Astronomy, containing all +the materials for calculation of the whole art in the moderate space of +two tables, on a new general and very easy system. By Nathaniel +Torporley, of Shropshire, in his philosophical retreat, printed in 1602. +The exact title is as follows: + +Diclides Coelometricæ / Seu / Valvæ Astronomicæ / vniversales / Omnia +artis totius numera Psephophoretica in sat modicis / finibus duarum +Tabularum Methodo noua, generali,/ & facilima continentes./ Authore +Nathale Torporlaeo Salopiensi / in secessu Philotheoro. / Londini / +Excudebat Felix Kingston. 1602. / 4°. + +In the long preface Torporley, who had entered St Mary's Hall the year +Hariot graduated, and who during his travels abroad had served two years +as private secretary or amanuensis to Francis Vieta, the great French +Mathematician, but who had since become a disciple of the greater +English Mathematician, thus admiringly speaks of his new master, Thomas +Hariot: + + Neque enim, per Authorum cunctationem & affectatam + ob-scuritatem, fieri potuit, vt in prima huius Artis + promulgatione, eidem alicui & inventionis laudem, te erudiendi + mercedem deferremus; sed dimicamibus illis, neque de minoribus + præmijs quam de imperio Mathematico certantibus; mussantibus + vero alijs, & arrectis animis expectantibus, + Quis pecori imperitet, quern tot armenta sequantur; non defuit + Anglæ & suus Agonista (ornatifimum dico, et in omni + eruditionis varietate principemvirum Thomam Hariotum, homine + natu ad Artes illustrandas, &, quod illi palmariu erit + præstantissimu, ad nubes philofophicas, in quibus multa iam + secula caligauit mundus, indubitata; veritatis splendore + difcutiendas) qui vetaret, tarn folidz laudis spolia ad + exteros Integra deuolui. Ille enim (etiamdum in pharetra + conclufa, quæ pupilla viuacis auicular terebraret, sagitta) + ipsam totius Artiseius metam egregia methodo collimauit; + expedita vero facilitate patefactam, inter alios amicorum, & + mihi quoque tradidit; multisq vitro citroq, iaftatis + Quæstionibus, ingenia nostra in abysso huius Artis exercendi + causam præbuit. + +Of Mr Torporley we shall have more to say further on, as he is +particularly mentioned in Hariot's will. Meanwhile here is an attempt at +a translation of his peculiar Latin in the above extract: + + For indeed by the delays and affected obscurity of authors, it + was impossible, that in the first promulgation of the art, we + should give the praise of invention and the credit of + teaching, to the same individual ; but while they were + quarrelling & contending for no less a prize than the empire + of Mathematics, whilst others were muttering, and waiting with + excited minds to see + Who should rule the flock, whom so many herds should + follow, + our own champion has not been wanting to England. I mean + Thomas Hariot, a most distinguished man, and one excelling in + all branches of learning : a man born to illustrate Science, + and, what was his principal distinction, to clear away by the + splendour of undoubted truth those philosophical clouds in + which the world had been involved for so many centuries : who + did not allow the trophies of substantial praise to be wholly + carried abroad toother nations. For he (while the arrow, which + was to hit the bull's-eye, was yet in the quiver) defined by + an admirable method the limits of all that science ; and + showed it to me, amongst others of his friends, explained in + an expeditious and simple manner ; and by proposing various + problems to us, enabled us to exercise our ingenuity in the + profundities of this science. + +But time and space beckon. On the 24th of March 1603, set 'that bright +occidental Star,' and ' that mock Sun' fræ the north took by succession +its place. To Raleigh the change was the setting of a great hope, for to +Queen Elizabeth he owed his fortunes, and was proud of the debt. To +Raleigh more than to any other one man, notwithstanding his many faults, +the Queen owed the brilliancy of her Court, the efficacy and terror of +her navy, the enterprise and intelligent energy of her people, to say +nothing of the adventurous spirit of colonization which he awoke in his +efforts in Western Planting. The glory of his achievements today is the +glory alike of England and English America. King James let no man down +so far as he did Raleigh. Perhaps it was because there was no one left +of Elizabeth's Court who could fall so far. + +On three trumped up charges which never were, and never could be +sustained with due form of law, Raleigh was with small delay thrown into +the Tower. Several other noblemen and less eminent persons were sent +there also. The Asiatic plague was raging in the City. A moral +pestilence of equal virulence at the same time infested the Court. The +State prisoners must be tried openly, though already secretly condemned. +The Judges of his ' dread Majesty' dared not venture to the Tower as +usual for the trials, forgetting apparently that its precincts were just +as unhealthy for the great prisoners of State as for them, who were +liable any day on the miffs of majesty to change places. + +So it was determined that the' traitors' should be carted down to +Winchester for trial. A cold wet November seven-days' journey through +mud and slush was the miserable dodge to carry out this scheme of +darkness which neither Coke nor Popham would have dared to perpetrate in +the broad light of London. It was, as all the world knows, a mock trial. +The prisoners Raleigh, Cobham, Gray, and Markham were condemned and +sentenced to death as traitors, and Raleigh, for the grim sport of the +royal Nimrod, was made to witness a mock execution of his +fellow-convicts, but being in due course all respited by a warrant which +the Governorof Winchester Castle had carried three days in his pocket, +were carted back to the Tower, where, not pardoned, their sentences not +commuted, but simply deferred, they were tortured with a living death +hanging over them, like the sword of Damocles depending on royal caprice. + +Here Raleigh dragged out his long imprisonment, and (as tersely & truly +expressed by his son) was, after thirteen years, beheaded for opposing +the very thing he was condemned and sentenced for favouring. The whole +story is a bundle of inconsistencies, like that of Henry Percy, the 9th +Earl of Northumberland, committed to the Tower in 1606, and his fifteen +years' imprisonment. The stories of these two celebrated men are +inseparably connected with that of Hariot. But it is not our purpose to +trace either Raleigh's or Percy's progress through these long and dreary +years any further than is necessary to illustrate the life of Hariot, +who was the light of the outer world to them both. Incarcerated and +watched as they were, Hariot was the ears, the eyes, and the hands of +these two noble captives. + +The depth and variety of Hariot's intellectual and scientific resources, +his honesty of purpose, his fidelity of character, his eminent +scholarship, his unswerving integrity, and his command of tongue, +rendered him alike invulnerable to politicians and to royal minions. He +was with Raleigh at Winchester and in the Tower, off and on, as +required, from 1604 to 1618, except during the last voyage to Guiana. He +was at the same time a pensioner, a companion, and confidential factotum +of his old friend the Earl of Northumberland both in the Tower and at +Sion for fifteen years. Watched as these two prisoners were, ensnared, +entrapped, and entangled for new evidence against them, it was necessary +for Hariot to pursue a delicate and cautious course, to eschew politics, +statecraft and treason, and to devote himself to pure science (almost +the only pure commodity that was then a safeguard) metaphysics, natural +philosophy, mathematics, history, and literature. He was their jackal, +their book of reference, their guide, their teacher, and their friend. + +Raleigh found himself in December 1603, lodged in the Tower, innocent, +as is now generally admitted, of the charges against him, but legally +attainted of high treason. All his worldly effects therefore escheated +to the Crown. The King out of pure cowardice (for he dared not carry out +the sentence of the Court) waived the horrid parts of the sentence-too +horrid even to be quoted here-and commuted it to execution by the block. +He also waived the immediate forfeitureof property acquired under +Elizabeth's reign, and even allowed Raleigh to complete the entail of +certain estates to his wife and son. + +The Governor of the Tower and his Lieutenant were at first officially +kind and friendly, extending many privileges to win his confidence. If +there had been any treason in Sir Walter they would most certainly have +wormed it out of him, for his eyes at first were not fully open. He +still believed in the honour and fidelity of his mock friends at Court. + +When no more satisfactory evidence of his guilt could be smuggled out of +him, or his companions, in support of the unjust verdict, they began, in +1605, to abridge his privileges and darken his lights. At first his +friends and visitors were cut down to a fixed number. There is a list +among the Burleigh papers in the British Museum by which it appears that +Lady Raleigh, her maid, and her son might visit Sir Walter. For this +they took a house on Tower Hill near the old +fortress, where they lived six years, or as long as this privilege +lasted. + +Then Sir Walter was to be allowed two men servants and a boy, who were +to remain within the Tower. Besides these he was permitted to see on +occasion, Mr Hawthorne, a clergyman ; Dr Turner, his physician } Mr +Johns, his surgeon ; Mr Sherbery, his solicitor ; his bailiff at +Sherburne ; and his old friend, Thomas Hariot, with no official +designation. + +It needs no ears under the walls of the Tower to tell us what were the +duties of this learned and trusted friend, who had been Sir Walter's +confidential factor for a quarter of a century in all his most important +enterprises. Hariot, it will be perceived, was the only one named, in +this house-list, without an assigned profession. Fortunately there is +still preserved a ' hoggeshead of papers' in Hariot's handwriting, +ill-assorted and hitherto unsifted, which partially reveal the secrets +of this prison-house, and show Hariot here, there, and everywhere, mixed +up with all the studies, toils, experiments, books, and literary +ventures of our honored traitor. + +So passed, with tantalizing uncertainty, the year 1605, with many fears +for the future and some hopes; but 1606 brought into the Tower Sir +Walter's old friend Henry Percy, another 'traitor.' With him, at first, +there was considerable liberality on the part of the officials (all paid +for), and both Raleigh and Percy had each a garden to cultivate and walk +in, and a still-room or laboratory in which to study and perform their ' +magic.' Hariot was the master of both in these occult sciences. The ' +furnace ' and the ' still' were at first Raleigh's chief amusement and +study. Assaying and transfusing metals, distilling simples and +compounds, concocting medicines, and testing antidotes, with exercises +in chemistry and alchemy, were the studies of both Raleigh and the Earl. +But soon the policy of the Court changed. The prisoners had less liberty +and saw less of each other, and so the stills were pulled down, and the +gardens given up. Raleigh was more closely watched, and entrapped. Then +there was fencing and defencing, for nothing could stand against the +King's persistent rancor, and Cecil's dissimulation. From time to time +Sir Walter's titles, his offices, his Elizabethan monopolies and his +appointments were all taken from him. All his emoluments were wanted for +hungry favourites ; and finally the Sherburne estate which he had been +permitted to entail on his son went by no higher law than the king's, ' +I mon hae it for Carr.' + +During all these anxious months Hariot was Sir Walter's close-mouthed +and trusted Mercury, a silent messenger who floated frequently by the +tide on the Thames between the Tower and his residence at Sion, a +pensioner of, and one of Percy's staff of wise men, but really Raleigh's +strong right hand. He adroitly and faithfully served two masters, +preserving his own independence and self reliance, and not losing the +confidence of either. + +From the trial at Winchester to the final transfer of Sherburne, a +period of some five years, every step against Raleigh was taken through +the high Courts of Justice. That the cannie monarch was capable of all +this moral wrong and legal crookedness need not surprise any one who has +investigated his antecedents and proclivities, but that he on coming to +England should have developed that masterly power of warping great minds +and bending the English Courts of Justice to his purposes, and even +crunching its strong old oaken Bench and Bar into his own royal privy +pocket, does surprise one. The secret of this unenglish strength, +however, has been attributed partly to his Bur-leigh help. + +When Raleigh found the cords thus tightening round him, he offered +sundry concessions and services for life and liberty. He would carry out +his schemes for enriching the king and the kingdom by conquering and +exploring Guiana; he would accept exile in Holland; or emigrate to +Virginia, and help to build up a new English empire in the West; but all +in vain. It was feared that his unexpired and dormant patent might +interfere with the King's own Virginia charter. So Raleigh and Hariot +worked on, but relieved the tedium by ever changing study. Every year or +two, as long as he could command through himself or friends the +resources, Raleigh sent privately a reconnoitring and intelligence ship +to Guiana, to keep that pet enterprise alive. In this delicate matter +Hariot was Sir Walter's geographer and assayer, while Hariot's old +college friend, Keymis, was his factor or shipping agent. + +Then come Raleigh's Essays and smaller writing with his hopeful +correspondence with the Queen and Prince Henry. Lady Raleigh's +privileges, after six years, ceased in 1611; probably about the time +that Cecil was for some unaccountable reason prospecting actively for +new evidence against both Sir Walter and Percy. The years 1610 and 1611 +were anxious times for them both; but they were bright days for Hariot, +with his invention of the telescope and his discoveries. Whether in the +Tower, administering new scientific delicacies and delights to the +prisoners; or at Sion, unlocking the secrets of the starry firmament by +night, in his observatory; or floating between Sion and the Tower by day +on the broad bosom of the Thames, prying into the optical secrets of +lenses, and inventing his perspective trunks by which he could bring +distant objects near, Hariot in foggy England of the north was working +out almost the same brilliant series of discoveries that Galileo was +making in Italy. To this day, with our undated and indefinite material, +even with the new and much more precise evidence now for the first time +herewith produced, it is difficult to decide which of them first +invented the telescope, or first by actual observation with that +marvellous instrument confirmed the truth of the Copernican System by +revealing the spots on the Sun, the orbit of Mars, the horns of Venus, +the satellites of Jupiter, the mountains in the Moon, the elliptical +orbits of comets, _etc._ It is manifest, however, that they were both +working in the same groove and at the same time. + +Hariot was undoubtedly as great a mathematician and astronomer as +Galileo. In 1607 at Ilfracombe and in South Wales, he had taken by hand +and Jacob's staff, the old patriarchal method, valuable observations of +the comet of that year, and compared notes with his astronomical pupil +William Lower, and afterwards with Kepler. This comet, now known as +Halley's, ought perhaps to have been named Hariot's, for it confirmed +his notions that the motions of the planets were not perfect circles and +afforded probably the germ of his reasoning out the elliptical orbits of +comets, especially afterhis friend and correspondent [see infra, pages +178-180] Kepler's book _de Motibus Stella Atartis_ came out in 1609, and +he had invented and improved his telescope or perspective ' truncke' or +cylinder in 1609-10. + +It is not positively stated that Hariot held direct correspondence with +Galileo in 1609 and 1610 or even later, but the evidence is strong that +he was promptly kept informedof what was going on in Italy in +astronomical and mathematical discovery, as well as in Germany and +elsewhere. That he was using a ' perspective truncke ' or telescope as +early as the winter of 1609-10, and that his ' servaunte ' Christopher +Tooke (or as Lower in 1611 familiarly called him' Kitt') made lenses for +him and fitted them into his 'trunckcs' for sale by himself, is known. +From this circumstance,and from the fact that he disposed of many ' +trunckes ' by his will, and left a considerable stock of them to Tooke, +it is manifest that he manufactured and traded in telescopes from 1609 +to 1621. With his invention of the telescope then it required no +correspondence with Galileo to induce him to rake the heavens and sweep +our planetary system for new astronomical discoveries. To an astronomer +of his activity and mathematical acumen these discoveries followed as a +matter of course. Like Galileo he may have borrowed from the Dutch (or +quite as likely they of him) the idea that by a combination of lenses it +was possible to bring distant objects near, but that he worked out the +idea independently of Galileo admits hardly of a doubt. But he seems to +have been less ambitious than Galileo to claim priority in either the +invention or the discoveries that immediately followed. In this +connection the following hitherto unpublished letter will be read with +interest: + + LETTER OF SIR WILLIAM LOWER _in South Wales to_ + + THOMAS HARIOT _at Sion_ 21 _June_ 1610. + + _Printed from the holograph original in the British Museum_ + +I gaue your letter a double welcome, both because it came from you and +contained newes of that strange nature ; although that wch I craued, you +haue deserved till another time. Me thinkes my diligent Galileus hath +done more in his three fold discouerie then Magellane in openinge the +streightes to the South sea or the dutch men that weare eaten by beares +in Noua Zembla. I am sure with more ease and saftie to him selfe and +more pleasure to mee. I am so affected with this newes as I wish sommer +were past that I mighte obserue these phenomenes also, in the moone I +had formerlie observed a strange spotted-nesse al ouer, but had no +conceite that anie parte therof mighte be shadowes; since I haue +obserued three degrees in the darke partes, of wch the lighter sorte +hath some resemblance of shadinesse but that they grow shorter or longer +I cannot yet pceaue. ther are three starres in Orion below the three in +his girdle so neere togeather as they appeared vnto me alwayes like a +longe starre, insomuch as aboute 4 yeares since I was a writing you +newes out of Cornwall of a view a strange phenomenon but asking some +that had better eyes then my selfe they told me, they were three starres +lying close togeather in a right line, thes starres with my cylinder +this last winter I often observed, and it was longe er I beleued that I +saw them, they appearinge through the Cylinder so farre and distinctlie +asunder that without I can not yet disseuer. the discouerie of thes made +me then obserue the 7 starres also in, ### [Taurus], wch before I +alwayes rather beleued to be, 7. then euer could nomber them, through my +Cylinder I saw thes also plainelie and far asunder, and more then, 7. +to, but because I was prejugd with that number, I beleved not myne eyes +nor was carefull to obserue how manie; the next winter now that you have +opened mine eyes you shall heare much frö me of this argument, of the +third and greatest (that I confesse pleased me most) I have least to +say, sauing that just at the instance that I receaved your letters wee +Traventane Philosophers were a consideringe of Kepler's* reasons [*pag. +106. Noua Stella Serpentarii] by wch he indeauors to ouerthrow Nolanus +and Gilberts opinions concerninge the immensitie of the Spheare of the +starres and. that opinion particularlie of Nolanus by wch he affirmed +that the eye beinge placed in anie parte of the Univers the apparence +would be still all one as vnto us here. When I was a sayinge that +although Kepler had sayd somethinge to moste that mighte be vrged for +that opinion of Nolanus, yet of one principall thinge hee had not +thought; for although it may be true that to the ey placed in anie +starre of, ### [Cancer], the starres in Capricorne will vanish, yet he +hath not therfore so soundlie concluded (as he thinkes) that therfore +towards that parte of the world ther wilbe a voidnesse or thin +scattering of little starres wheras els round about ther will appeare +huge starres close thruste togeather: for sayd I (hauinge heard you say +often as much) what is in that huge space betweene the starres and +Saturne, ther remaine euer fixed infinite nombers wch may supplie the +apparence to the eye that shalbe placed in ### [Cancer], wch by reason +of ther lesser magnitudes doe flie our sighte what is aboute ### +[Saturn], ### [Jupiter], ### [Mars], etc. ther moue other planets also +wch appeare not. just as I was a saying this comes your letter, wch when +I had redd, loe, qd I, what I spoke probablie experience hath made good +; so that we both with wonder and delighte fell a consideringe your +letter, we are here so on fire with thes thinges that I must renew my +request and your promise to send mee of all sortes of thes Cylinders. my +man shal deliuer you monie for anie charge requisite, and contente your +man for his paines and skill. Send me so manie as you thinke needfull +vnto thes obseruations, and in requitall, I will send you store of +observations. Send me also one of Galileus bookes if anie yet be come +ouer and you can get them. Concerning my doubte in Kepler, you see what +it is to bee so far fro you. What troubled me a month you satisfyed in a +minute. I have supplied verie fitlie my wante of a spheare, in the +desolution of a hogshead, for the hopes therof haue framed me a verie +fine one. I pray also at your leasure answere the other pointes of my +last letter concerning Vieta, Kepler and your selfe. I have nothinge to +presence you in counter, but gratitude with a will in act to be vsefull +vnto you and a power in proxima potentia ; wch I will not leaue also +till I haue broughte ad actum. If you in the meane time can further it, +tell wher in I may doe you seruice, and see how wholie you shall dispose +of me. + +Your most assured and louing friend +Tra'uenti the longest day of, 1610. Willm Lower. +~ _Addressed:_ To his espesial good frind +Mr. Thomas Hariot + +Seal of Arms, _(B. M. Add._ 6789.) at Sion neere London. + +[Tra'venti or Trafenty, near Lower Court, is eight or nine miles +south-west of Caermarthen, near the confluence of the rivers Taf and +Cywyn.] + +The writer is fortunately able to throw some light upon these letters of +Lower to Hariot. In _the Monatlicbe Correspondenz Vol._ 8, 1803, +published by F. X. von Zach at Gotha, pages 47-56, is a most interesting +fragment of an original letter inEnglish toHariot. Dr Zach says that he +found this letter at Petworth in 1784, and it being without date or +signature he confidently assigned its authorship to the Earl of +Northumberland, and guessed the date to have been prior to 1619. In his +many notes he is in raptures over his discovery, and deplores the +misfortune of its breaking off in the most interesting place just as the +Earl was about to announce the discovery of the elliptical orbit of the +comet of 1607, as reasoned out of Hariot's observations and the writings +of Kepler. This famous letter has been used or copied in many places, +particularly in Ersch and Gru-ber's Algemeine Encyklopadie under Hariot. + +The mystery is now solved by giving here the letter in full. It is even +more important than Dr Zach with all his enthusiasm supposed. It is not, +however, from the pen of Northumberland, though none the less +interesting on that account. The letter is in the well-known handwriting +of Lower, of Tra'venti, on Mount Martin, near Llanfihangel, in South +Wales, to his dearly loved friend and master Hariot at Sion, and is +dated the 6th of February, 1610. The letter fills two sheets of foolscap +paper. The first sheet of four pages Dr Zach found at Petworth, and it +is to be hoped that it still exists there. The other sheet of four pages +is preserved in the British Museum (Add. 6789). How long these two +sheets have been separated it is difficult to tell, but probably from +Hariot's day, that is, for more than two centuries and a half. The two +fragments are now brought together and printed for the first time +complete, the first half from Dr Zach's text, and the latter half copied +verbatim direct from the original autograph manuscript, Brit. Mus. Add. +6789. + + LETTER FROM SIR WILLIAM LOWER MATHEMATICIAN + + AND ASTRONOMER TO THOMAS HARIOT AT SION + + FEBRUARY 6, 1610. + + I have receeved the perspective Cylinder that you promised me + and am sorrie that my man gave you not more warning, that I + might have had also the 2 or 3 more that you mentioned to + chuse for me. Hence forward he shall have order to attend you + better and to defray the charge of this and others, that he + forgot to pay the worke man. According as you wished I have + observed the Mone in all his changes. In the new I discover + manifestlie the earthshine, a little before the Dichotomic, + that spot which reprefents unto me the Man in the Moone (but + without a head) is first to be feene. a little after neare the + brimme of the gibbous parts towards the upper corner appeare + luminous parts like starres much brighter then the rest and + the whole brimme along, lookes like unto the Description of + Coasts in the dutch bookes of voyages, in the full she + appeares like a tarte that my Cooke made me the last Weeke. + here a vaine of bright stuffe, and there of darke, and so + consufedlie al over. I muft confesse I can see none of this + without my cylinder. Yet an ingenious younge man that + accompanies me here often, and loves you, and these studies + much, sees manie of these things even without the helpe of the + instrument, but with it sees them most plainielie. I meane the + younge Mr. Protherbe. + + Kepler I read diligentlie. but therein I find what it is to be + so far from you. For as himfelf, he hath almoft put me out of + my wits, his Aequanes, his sections of excentricities, + librations in the diameters of Epicycles, revolutions in + ellipses, have fo thoroughlie seased upon my imagination as I + do not onlie ever dreame of them, but oftentimes awake lose my + selfe, and power of thinkinge with to much wantinge to it. not + of his caufes for I cannot phansie those magnetical natures, + but aboute his theorie which me thinks (although I cannot yet + overmafter manie of his particulars) he eftablifheth soundlie + and as you say overthrowes the circular Aftronomie. + + Do you not here startle, to see every day some of your + inventions taken from you ; for I remember long since you told + me as much, that the motions of the planets were not perfect + circles. So you taught me the curious way to observe weight in + Water, and within a while after Ghetaldi comes out with it in + print, a little before Vieta prevented [anticipated] you of + the gharland of the greate Invention of Algebra, al these were + your deues and manie others that I could mention ; and yet to + great reservednesse had robd you of these glories, but + although the inventions be greate, the first and last I meane, + yet when I survei your storehouse, I see they are the smallest + things and such as in comparison of manie others are of smal + or no value. Onlie let this remember you, that it is possible + by to much procrastination to be prevented in the honor of + some of your rarest inventions and speculations. Let your + Countrie and frinds injoye the comforts they would have in the + true and greate honor you would purchase your selfe by + publishing some of your choise workes, but you know best what + you have to doe. Onlie I, because I wish you all good, with + this, and sometimes the more longinglie, because in one of + your letters you gave me some kind of hope therof. + + But againe to Kepler I have read him twice over cursoridlie. I + read him now with Calculation. Some times I find a difference + of minutes, sometimes false prints, and sometimes an utter + confufion in his accounts, these difficulties are so manie, + and often as here againe I want your conference, for I know an + hower with you, would advance my studies more than a yeare + heare, to give you a taft of some of thes difficulties that + you may judge of my capacitie, I will send you onlie this one + [upon the _Locum Martis_ out of Kepler's Astronomy, de motibus + Stella: Martis, etc. Pragæ, 1609, folio Ch. xxvi, page 137.] + For this theorie I am much in love with these particulars; + + 1° his permutation of the medial to the apparent motions, for + it is more rational that all dimensions as of Eccentricities, + apogacies, etc.. . . should depend rather of the habitude to + the sun, then to the imaginarie circle of orbis annuus. + + 2° His elliptical iter planetarum. for me thinks it shiews a + Way to the folving of the unknown walks of comets. For ai his + Ellipfis in the Earths motion is more a circle _[here endeth + Dr Zacb's fragment, and here beginneth the continuation from + tie original in the Britith Museum]_ and in Mars is more longe + and in some of the other planets may be longer againe so in + thos commets that are appeard fixed the ellipsis may be neere + a right line. + + 3. His phansie of ecliptica media or his via regia of the sun, + vnto wch the walke of al the other planets is obliqj more or + lesse; even the ecliptica uera under wch the earth walkes his + yeares journie; by wch he solues handsomelie the mutation of + the starres latitudes. Indeed I am much delighted with his + booke, but he is so tough in rnanie places as I cannot bite + him. I pray write me some instructions in your next, how I may + deale with him to ouermaster him for I am readie to take + paines, te modo jura dantem indigeo, dictatorem exposco. But + in his booke I am much out of loue with thes particulars. I. + First his manie and intolerable atechnies, whence deriue thos + manie and vncertaine assayes of calculation. 2. His finding + fault with Vieta for mending the like things in Ptol: Cop..... + but se the justice Vieta speakes sleightlie of Copernicus a + greater then Atlas. Kepler speakes as slightlie of Vieta, a + greater then Appollonius whom Kepler everie wher admires. For + whosoever can doe the things that Kepler cannot doe, shalbe to + him great Appollonius. But enough of Kepler let me once againe + intreate your counsel how to read him with best profit, for I + am wholie possessed with Astronomical speculations and + desires. For your declaration of Vieta's appendicle it is so + full and plaine, as you haue aboundantlie satisfyed my desire, + for wch I yield you the thankes I ought, onlie in a word tell + me whether by it he can solue Copernicus, 5 cap: of his 5. + booke. The last of Vieta's probleames you leaue to speake of + because (you say) I had a better of you, wch was more + vniuersal and more easilie demonstrated, and findeth the + point, E. as wel out of the plaine of the triangle giuen, as + in the plaine. I pray here helpe my memorie or + vnderstand-inge, for although I haue bethought my selfe vsq ad + insaniam, I cannot remember or conceaue what proposition you + meane. If I haue had such a one of you, tel me what one it is + and by what tokens I may know it ; If I haue not had, then let + me now haue it, for you know how much I loue your things and + of all wayes of teaching for richnesse and fullnesse for + stuffe and forme, yours vnto me are incomparablie most + satisfactorie. If your leasure giue you leaue imparte also + unto me somewhat els of your riches in this argument. + + Let me intreate you to advise and direct this bearer Mr. + Vaughan wher and how to prouide himselfe of a fit sphere ; + that by the contemplation of that our imaginations here may be + releued in manie speculations that perplexe our vnderstandings + with diagrammed in plano. He hath monie to prouide doe you but + tell him wher the are to be had and what manner of sphere (I + meant with what and how manie circles) wilbe most vsefull for + vs to thes studies. After all this I must needs tell you my + sorrowes. God that gaue him, hath taken from me my onlie sun, + by continual and strange fits of Epelepsie or Apoloxie, when + in apparence, as he was most pleasant and goodlie, he was most + healthie, but amongst other things, I haue learnt of you to + setle and submit my desires to the will of god ; onlie my wife + with more greife beares this affliction, yet now againe she + begins to be comforted. Let me heare fro you and according to + your leasure and frindshippe haue directions in the course of + studie I am in. Aboue al things take care of your health, + keepe correspondence with Kepler and wherinsoeuer you can haue + vse of me, require it with all libertie. Soe I rest ever, + + Your assured and true friend to be vsed in + + all things that you please. + + Willm Lowër. + + Tra'vent on Mount Martin [in South Wales.] 6 February, 1610. + + Let me not make my selfe more able then ther is cause. I can + not order the calculation by the construction you sent me of + Vieta's 3. probleme, to find the distances of C. & D. & B. + from the Apegen or the proportion of ia. to ac. the + eccentricitie. I tooke Copernicus, 3. observations in the, 6. + chap, of his, 5. booke, therfore helpe here once againe. + + _Addressed:_ To his especiall good friend + + Mr. THO : HARRYOT at Sion neere London. + +About this time, it is understood, Raleigh took up seriously and +earnestly the great literary work of his life, _The History of the +World._ It must have been brewing in his mind for years, for in his +preface he expressed the fears he had entertained 'that the darkness of +age and death would have overtaken him long before the performance.' The +work, according to Camden, was published in April 1614, just before the +meeting of Parliament. It appeared anonymously, and for obvious reasons +was not entered at Stationers' Hall. James is said to have had his +conscience so pricked by certain passages which everywhere pervade the +work on the power, conduct and responsibility of princes, that strenuous +efforts were made in January 1615 to call in and suppress it, but the +king might as well have attempted to call back a departed spirit by Act +of Parliament as to call in that ' History of the World' by royal +proclamation. The Book was in type and in the hands of the people of +England. It could therefore no more be suppressed at that day by +princely power than could manifest destiny itself. The second edition of +1621 was the first with Raleigh's name. + +This grand work, which in almost everychapter shows the masterly hand of +Raleigh himself, needs no comment here. It is however no disparagement +of the book (but the contrary) to say that in the collection, +arrangement and condensation of its materials; that in unlocking the +muniment room of antiquity and perusing the chief authors of the Greek +and Latin classics from Heroditus to Livy and Eusebius, covering a +period of near four thousand years, he must have had at cheerful beck +powerful and competent aid. To collect, read, collate, note down, and +digest these vast and scattered treasures into reasonable and +presentable shape for the master mind, required not a bevy of poets and +parsons, but one masterly scholar of scientific, analytic, mathematical, +philosophical and religious training. Such a man was Hariot. + +We read of Gibbon's twenty years' fag and toil on the materials of the +History of the Roman Empire alone, and at a time when there were many +aids not existing in Raleigh's day. Gibbon personally ransacked the +libraries of Europe. Raleigh had scarcely four years to cover the four +most ancient empires and a much longer period, and was himself confined +to Tower Hill. But he had at command a Hariot, a sort of winged Mercury, +who was neither entowered nor hide-bound with conceit or ignorance. He +was a marvellously good Greek and Latin scholar, who wrote Latin with +almost as much ease as English. One has but to read the vast number of +notes, citations and particular references in the History of the World +to see the height, depth, and perfect modelling of the structure. + +Raleigh was unquestionably the designer, the architect and the finisher +of his History of the World. To him is due the honor and credit of the +work. But who was the builder ? The answer manifestly is Thomas Hariot +of Sion on Thames, learned, patient, self-forgetting, painstaking, +long-waiting, devoted Hariot. Many writers have claimed to be, or have +been named as, Sir Walter's assistants and polishers. Ben Jonson, Rev. +Dr Burhill, John Hoskins the poet, and others have each had their +advocates,but without sufficient evidence. It may well be questioned if +any one of them possessed either the ability, the time, the access to +the Tower, or the opportunity to perform such herculean labors of love. +These claims are apparently all based on pure conjecture, or unrectified +gossip, as shown by Mr Bolton Corney in his razorly reply to Mr Isaac +D'israeli. But Thomas Hariot, on the contrary, possessed abundantly what +they all lacked, the necessary credentials. For proof of this assertion +the doubter, as well as the lover of confirmed historical accuracy, is +referred to the Hariot papers still preserved partly at Petworth and +partly in the British Museum. + +The Hariot manuscripts, of which there are thousands of folio pages all +in his own handwriting, seem to be still in the same confused state in +which he left them. He directed that the 'waste' should be weeded out of +his mathematical papers and destroyed. But this duty seems, fortunately +for us, to have been neglected by his executors, and hence among this +'waste' one has even now no great difficulty in recognizing in the +well-known Latin handwriting of the' magician,' many jottings in +chronology, geography and science, and many abstracts and citations of +the classics, that in their time must have played parts in the _History +of the World._ The Will now first produced lets in a flood of light on +the history of these valued papers, and dispels a great deal of the +heaps of foreign pretension, domestic assertion, and mixed charlatanism +that have since 1784 beclouded the memories of both Raleigh and Hariot. +It is true that on a hint in the previous century from Camden of a will +by the great mathematician, many conjectures were afloat from the days +of Pell, Collins, Wallis and Wood, but it has not been possible until +now for one, with due knowledge of the main events in the lives of these +two men, each equally great in his own sphere, to satisfactorily clear +away any considerable portion of the misconception and misstatements of +biographers and historians concerning them and their achievements. The +dawn however is coming, when these new materials now first printed by +the Hercules Club, but not worked up, may attract the attention of some +historian competent to give them a thorough scientific scrutiny and 'pen +their doctrine.' + +It is not our purpose here to dwell upon Raleigh's masterpiece. From the +preface of the _History of the World,_ which opens with 'the boundless +ambition of mortal man,' to the epilogue which closes up the work with +the glorious triumph of Death, the whole book is replete with lessons of +wisdom and warning. No one can rise from its perusal without perceiving +that the modern author has made himself by apt illustration an +accomplished actor in ancient history, while the ancient characters are +made in their vera effigies to strut on modern stages. His pictures of +great actions and great men, noble deeds and nobler princes, are drawn +with such masterly perspective of truth, that they serve for all time ; +while his portraiture of tyrants, villains, and dishonorable characters +are no less lifelike and human. One marvels not therefore that King +James, whose political creed was that the people are bound to princes by +iron, and princes to the people by cobwebs, should see in Raleigh's +portraiture of the upright kings no likeness to himself, but had no +difficulty in recognizing in the deformed greatness and selfish virtues +of the old monarchs qualities suggestive of himself and his favorites. +This grand history, extending from the creation over the four great +monarchies of the world, near four thousand years, closes with the final +triumph of Emilius Paullus in these memorable and oft-repeated words +from the first edition of 1614. + +Kings and Princes have alwayes laid before them, the actions, but not +the ends, of those great Ones which precededthem. They are alwayes +transported with the glorie of the one, but they never minde the miserie +of the other, till they finde the experience themselves. They neglect +the advice of God, while they enioy life, or hope it; but they follow +the counsell of Death, upon his first approach. It is he that puts into +man all the wisdome of the world, without speaking a word ; which God +with all the words of His Law, promises, or threats, doth not infuse. +Death which hateth and destroyeth man, is beleeved ; God, which hath +made him and loves him, is alwayes deferred. I have considered, saith +Solomon, all the workes that are under the Sunne, and behold, all is +vanitie and vexation of spirit: but who beleeves it, till Death tells it +us. It was Death, which opening the conscience of Charles the fift, made +him enjoyne his sonne Philip to restore Navarre ; and King Francis the +First of France, to command that justice should be done upon the +murderers of the Protestants in Merindol and Cabrieres, which till then +he neglected. It is therefore Death alone that can suddenly make man +know himselfe. He tells the proud and insolent, that they are but +Abjects, and humbles them at the instant ; makes them crie, complaine, +and repent; yea, even to hate their forepassed happinesse. He takes the +account of the rich, and proves him a beggar, a naked begger, which hath +interest in nothing, but in the grauell that filles his mouth. He holds +a glasse before the eyes of the most beautifull, and makes them see +therein their deformitie and rottennesse; and they acknowledge it. + +O eloquent, just and mightie Death ! whom none could advise, thou hast +perswaded ; what none hath dared, thou hast done ; and whom all the +world hath flattered, thou onely hast cast out of the world and despised +: thou hast drawne together all the farre stretched greatnesse, all the +pride, crueltie, and ambition, of man, and covered it all over with +those two narrow words : _Hic jacet._ + +With this outburst of true eloquence the historian of the world laid +down his pen in 1614. Four short years later the same historian himself, +wickedly sacrificed by his hispaniolized monarch, laid down his life on +the scaffold, with an apotheosis scarcely less eloquent. No death +recorded in ancient or modern history is more grand or instructive than +that of Sir Walter Raleigh, in many respects the greatest man of his age. + +On the execution being granted in the King's Bench Court, on the +afternoon of the 28th of October 1618, he asked for a little time for +pre- paration, but his request was refused, Bacon having already in his +pocket the death warrant duly signed by the King before the meeting of +the Court! Sir Walter then asked for paper, pen and ink; and when he +came to die that he might be permitted to speak at his farewell. To +these last requests he appears to have received no reply, but was with +indecent haste hustled off to the Gate House for execution early the +next morning, the 29th of October, Lord Mayor's day, when it was +expected that the crowd would go cityward. However, there was a crowd, +and probably in consequence he was not prohibited from speaking. He had +prepared himself, and is said to have consulted a _'Noteof Remembrance'_ +which he held in his hand while speaking. It is possible, nay, probable +that this very same _Note_ still survives in 'paper-saving' Hariot's +'waste,' for a precious little waif, all crumpled and soiled, just such +a ' Noteof Remembrance,' it is believed, as Raleigh held in his hand and +consulted during that ever memorable speech, has comedown to us, and is +now preserved among the Hariot papers in the British Museum. It has been +recently recognized and identified by Mr Stevens, who has placed it, +with other newly discovered documents respecting our philosopher, at the +disposition of the Hercules Club. It is thought to possess internal +evidence of having been drawn out _before_ the speech, and is not +therefore Hariot's jottings of remembrance _after_ it. But positive +proof is wanting. + +It is beyond all doubt, however, in the well-known handwriting of +Hariot, and is presumed to be the ' note of remembrance' _for_ the +speech, made in the Gate House, probably from dictation, during the +night before the execution. It appears as if hurriedly penned with a +blunt quill, and is on a narrow strip of thin foolscap paper such as +Hariot used. It is about twelve inches long and nearly four inches wide, +about one-third of the lower part of the paper being blank. There is no +heading, date, or anything else on the paper. It is rather difficult to +read, but every word, letter and point have been made out, and the whole +_Note_ is here given, line for line, and verbatim, the heading and +press-mark only being added : + + [SIR WALTER RALEIGH'S ' NOTE OR REMEMBRANCE ' + + _for his speech on the Scaffold_ Oct. 29 1618.] + + Two fits of an agew. + + Thankes to god. + + of calling god to witness. + + note + + That He Speake iustly & truely. + + I.) Concerning his loyalty to _ye_ + + King. French Agent, + + & Comission fro ye french King. + + 2.) of Slanderous fpeeches touching + + his majty. a french man. + + Sr L. Stukely. + + 3.) Sr L. Stukely. My lo: Carewe. + + 4.) SrL. Stukely. My lo: of Danchaster. + + 5.) Sr L. St: S' Edward Perham. + + 6.) Sr L. St. A letter on london hyway l0000li. + + 7.) Mine of Guiana. + + 8.) Came back by constreynt. + + 9.) My L. of Arundell. + + 10.) Company ufed ill in ye Voyadge. + + 11. Spotting of his face & counterfeiting sicknes. + + 12 The _E. of_ Eflex. + + Lastly, he deiired ye company to ioyne with him in prayer. &c. + + _[Brit. MM. Add._ MSS. 6789.] + +Every paragraph of the speech is noted, but not quite in the order of +the speech as variously reported by those who witnessed the execution +and heard it. Circumstances occurred after Sir Walter began to speak, +which may have caused the slight change in the order as here set down. +This argues in favor of its being a note prepared beforehand. If so It +must have been written shortly before the speech, because the order for +the execution was not given in the King's Bench Court till the afternoon +of the 28th, and the execution was fixed for early the next morning. + +There is a little confusion of the tenses, but this is not strange +considering that the note was penned by a third person. The last two +lines, below the number 12, may have been added by Hariot afterwards, as +they are in the past tense and third person, and are separated from the +rest of the note by a dash. This point is not numbered. It is possible +that thefirst five lines were also added subsequently, as they are not +numbered, and are placed near the top of the paper, as if interpolated, +but they are in the same handwriting, and apparently were written with +the same pen and ink. + +At all events, whether written by Hariot before or after the deed, it is +a precious contemporary document, and is another proof, if any more be +needed, of the genuineness of the reported dying speech, and, +consequently, that the famous 'Spanish papers' recently reproduced are +forgeries and false. It requires no great stretch of the imagination +with this little messenger in hand to believe that the ingenious teacher +and friend of his youth, and for nearly two score years the constant +companion of his manhood, passed that dreadful night with Sir Walter in +the Gate House at Westminster, and after ' dear Bess' had taken her +leave at midnight, penned out this note of remembrance for his friend's +morning guidance, that nothing should be forgotten in case the ague +returned, which he feared even more than death. + +A little more than a month after the execution of his friend, Hariot is +found in his observatory at Sion taking observations of the comet of +December 1618. His valuable observations are preserved among his +mathematical papers. During the eleven years following his primitive +observations of the ' Hariot' comet of 1607, first at Ilfracombeand +later at Kidwely, great advances had been made in the science of +astronomy, chiefly in consequence of the invention of the telescope, and +the discoveries by means of it. No mathematician in Europe was probably +further advanced in this science than Hariot. + +What particular discoveries belonged to him and what to Galileo, Kepler +and other contemporaries, it is very difficult to determine, since it is +now positively known that from 1609 or 1610 Hariot was a manufacturer +and dealer in lenses, or perspective glasses, as well as in perspective +trunks or telescopes; and that he was in correspondence with Kepler, and +probably with Galileo. He was easily the chief of astronomers in +England, and is known to have possessed the earliest books of Galileo +and to have sent them to his disciples, Lower and Protheroe, in Wales. +Respecting this comet of 1618, he was in correspondence with Alien and +Standish of Oxford and other scholars at home and abroad. + +In 'Certain Elegant Poems, Written By Dr. [Richard] Corbel, Bishop of +Norwich. R. Cotes for Andrew Crooke, 1647, 16°- The mirth-loving Bishop, +in 'A Letter sent from Doclor Corbetto MaJler [Sir Thomas] Ailebury, +Decem. 9. 1618' [on the Comet of that year] is the following allusion to +Hariot: + + _Burton_ to _Gunter_ Cants, and _Burton_ heares + From _Gunter,_ and th' Exchange both tongue & eares + By carriage : thus doth mired _Guy_ complaine, + His Waggon on their letters beares _Charles_ Waine, + _Charles_ Waine, to which they fay the tayle will reach + And at this diftance they both heare, and teach. + Now for the peace of God and men, advise + (Thou that haft wherewithall to make us wise) + Thine owne rich ftudies, and deepe Harriots mine, + In which there is no drosse, but all refine, + O tell us what to trust to, lest we wax + All stiffe and tupid with his paralex ; + Say, shall the old Philofophy be true ? + Or doth he ride above the Moone think you ? _etc._ + +After the departure of the ' Blazing Starr' of December 1618, very +little is known of Hariot, except that he lived at Sion while his patron +the Earl was still in the Tower, where he was probably frequently +visited by his man of science. The following letter, dated the 19th of +January 1619, to him at Sion from Sir Thomas Aylesbury is interesting as +showing the great interest taken in his old master by his ' loytering +scholar.' Many other letters of this stamp, breathing love and ardent +friendship, are found among the Hariot papers, from Sir William Lower, +Sir John Protheroe, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, Dr Turner, and Sir Thomas +Aylesbury. Here is a sample: + + Sr, Though I have bene yet soe little a while att New + Mar-kett, that I have not any thing of moment to ympart; yet I + thinke it not amisse to write a bare salutacons, and let yo + know, that in theise wearie journeys I am often times + comforted wth the remembraunce of yor kind love and paynes + bestowed on yor loytering scholar, whose little credit in the + way of learning is all-waits underpropped wt the name of soe + worthie a Maister. + + The Comet being spent, the talke of it still runnes current + here; The Kings ma before mycumming spake w' one of Cambridge + called Olarentia, (a name able to beget beleefe of some + extraordinarie qualities) but what satisfaction he gave, I + cannot yet learne; here are papers out of Spayne about it, yea + and fro Roome, wc I will endevor to gett, and meane yt yo + shall partake of the newes as tyme serves. + + Cura ut valeas et me ames, who am ever trulie and unfaynedlyr + yors att Commaund. THO: AYLESBURIE. + + Newmarkett. 19, Jan. 1618/1619 + + _Addressed:_ To my right woorthie frend Mr. THOMAS HARRIOT + + att Syon, theise, fro Newmarkett. + +Between 1615 and 1620 there are evidences of Hariot's failing health. He +was greatly troubled with a cancerous ulcer on the lip. How early this +began is not apparent. In 1610 his friend Lower cautions him to be +careful of his health. There is in the British Museum among the Hariot +papers the drafts of three beautiful letters in Latin written from Sion +in 1615 and 1616 to a friend of distinction, name not mentioned, who had +been recently appointed to some medical office at court, in which he +describes himself and his disease. + +These letters show great resignation and Christian fortitude. He seemed +to be getting better in 1616, and expressed himself as somewhat hopeful. +The progress of the cancer and other troubles cannot now probably be +traced, but he is found in the summer of 1621 lodging with his old +friend Thomas Buckner, in Threadneedle Street, near the Royal Exchange, +in the parish of St Christopher. Buckner had been one of Raleigh's ' +First Colonie ' to Virginia in 1585 with Hariot, and Hariot, now in +1621, had come up from Sion probably for medical advice near the +hospital. On the 2gth of June he made or executed his Will, and died +three days after at Buckner's, on the and of July 1621. He was buried +the next day, according to the wish expressed in his will, in the old +parish church of St Christopher in Threadneedle Street. + + Sifte viator, leviter preme, + Iacet hic juxta, Quod mortale fuit, + C. V. + THOMÆ HARRIOTT. + Hic fuit Doftiffimus ille Harriotus + de Syon ad Flumen Thamefin, + Patria & educatione + Oxonienfis, + QVM omnes fcientias Caluit, + Qui in omnibus excelluit, + Mathematicis, Philofophicis, Theologicis. + Veritatis indagator ftudiofiffimus, + Dei Trini-uniui cultor piiffimus, + Sexagenarius, aut eo circiter, + Mortalitati valedixit, Non vitæ, + Anno Christi M.DC.XXI. Iulii 2. + +Shortly after there was erected to his memory in the chancel, at the +expense, it is understood, of his noble friend the Earl of +Northumberland, a fine marble monument, bearing the above neat and +appropriate inscription. + +St Christopher's, a very old church, with its records (still preserved) +extending back in an almost unbroken series to 1488, passed through many +vicissitudes before itwas finally swallowed up by the leviathan of the +world's commerce. The site of it is now occupied by the south-west +cornerof the Bank of England on Princes Street, to the left of the +entrance, nearly opposite the Mansion House. The church was restored and +redecorated the year of Hariot's death, and again twelve years later, +but was burnt in the great fire of 1666. Hariot's monument perished with +it, but the inscription had been preserved by Stow. The church was +rebuilt on the same foundation by Sir Christopher Wren in 1680. + +About a century ago the church, with the whole parish of St Christopher +(called then St Christopher-le-stocks because near the stocks standing +at the east end of Cheapside), together with a large portion of two +other parishes, St Margaret's and St Bartholomew's, was purchased by the +Old Lady of Threadneedle Street for the site of the new Bank of England. +Thus one great bank of this modern metropolis covers a large part of +three parishes of old London. + +The whole area of the Bank, however, was not given up to mammon, though +still here men most do congregate, and worshippers most do worship. One +small consecrated spot, enough perhaps to leaven and memorize the whole +site, was respected, and not built over. It was the churchyard of St +Christopher. This ' God's acre' the architect and the governors have +dedicated to Beauty, Art, and Nature. The little ' Garden of the Bank of +England,' the loveliest spot in all London at this day, measuring about +twenty-four by thirty-two yards, was just a hundred years ago the little +churchyard of St Christopher, where still repose the bones of THOMAS +HARIOT. + +Virginia, which once comprehended the present United States from South +to North, has been called the monument to Sir Walter Raleigh. So the +Bank of England, built round the churchyard of St Christopher, may be +called the monument to Thomas Hariot. + +The present year, 1879, is just three centuries since Hariot went forth, +a youth of twenty, from the University of Oxford. We have briefly told +his story. England is all the richer for his life, and the world itself +acknowledges the wealth of his science and the worth of his philosophy. +The Bank of England is built round his bones, but it cannot cover his +memory. + + Stay, traveller, tread lightly ; + Near this spot lies what was mortal + of that most celebrated man + THOMAS HARRIOT. + He was the very learned Harriot + of Sion on Thames ; + by birth and education + an Oxonian, Who cultivated all the sciences, + and excelled in all, + In Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Theology. + A most studious investigator of truth, A most pious + worshipper of the Triune God, + At the age of sixty, or thereabouts, + He bade farewell to mortality, not to life, + July 2d A.D. 1621. + +He lived, died, and was forgotten in the parish of St Christopher. +Henceforward, whenever Englishmen and Americans, merchants and scholars, +rich and poor, men of genius and men of money, enter this little' +Garden,' let them read there in English what Henry Percy originally set +up in Latin, the above inscription. + +An impression has gone abroad, traceable chiefly to Aubrey and to +Anthony à Wood, that Hariot was unsound in religious principles and +matters of belief; that he was, in fact, not only a Deist himself, but +that he exerted a baleful influence over Raleigh and his History as well +as over the Earl of Northumberland. Not to misstate this utterly +unfounded imputation, the very words of Wood, as first printed in his +Athenæ in 1691, and never since modified, are here given in full: ' But +notwithstanding his great skill in mathematics, he had strange thoughts +of the scripture, and always undervalued the old story of the creation +of the world, and could never believe that trite position, _Ex nihilo +nihil fit._ He made a _Philosophical Theology,_ wherein he cast off the +OLD TESTAMENT, so that consequently the New would have no foundation. He +wasaDeist, and his doctrine he did impart to the said Count [the Earl] +and to Sir Walt. Raleigh when he was compiling the _History of the +World,_ and would controvert the matter with eminent divines of those +times; who therefore having no good opinion of him, did look on the +manner of his death as a judgment upon him for those matters, and for +nullifying the scripture.' + +It is needless to say that in all our investigations into the life, +actions, and character of this eminent philosopher and Christian, from +the time when, as a young man in 1585, he took delight in reading the +Bible to the Indians of Virginia, down to the time that he made his +remarkable will in 1621, not one word has been found in cor-roboration +of these statements; but, on the contrary, many passages have appeared +to contradict and disprove them. Let any one notice the numerous +citations of the various books of the Bible in Raleigh's History, and he +will surely fail to discover any evidence of Raleigh's being a Deist, or +that Hariot had taught him to undervalue the scripture. + +It is not necessary here to say more in this connection than to quote +the following passage from one of the Latin letters in 1616 referred to +above by Hariot to the eminent physician who had just received a high +medical appointment at Court, describing himself and his terrible +affliction [a cancer on the lip]. The passage is given in English, but +the original Latin may be seen in the British Museum (Add. 6789). It +seems to have been written on purpose to refute such slanders. He writes +: + + Think of me as your sincere friend. Your interests are + involved as well as mine. My recovery will be your triumph, + but through the Almighty who is the Author of all good things. + As I have now and then said, I believe these three points. I + believe in God Almighty; I believe that Medicine was ordained + by him ; I trust the Physician as his minister. My faith is + sure, my hope firm. I wait however with patience for + everything in its own time according to His Providence. We + must act earnestly, fight boldly, but in His name, and we + shall conquer. Sic transit gloria mundi, omnia transibunt, nos + ibimus, ibitis, ibunt. So passes away the glory of this world, + all things shall pass away, we shall pass away, you will pass + away, they will pass away. + +There is unfortunately no portrait known of Hariot, and we can form no +idea of his personal appearance; but, fortunately, the drafts of the +three Latin letters to his eminent friend at Court, alluded to above, +fully describe his terrible disease and other bodily infirmities in 1615 +and 1616, and give us some notion of himself and his personal habits. +His regular physician was Dr Turner, and his apothecary Mr May-orne, +both employed also by Sir Walter. + +Dr Alexander Read, in his ' Chirurgicall Lectures of Tumors and Vlcers +Delivered in the Chirurgeans Hall, 1632-34. London. 1638,' 4°, says in +Treatise 2, Lecture 26, page 307: + + Cancerous ulcers also feize upon this part [lips]. This grief + haftened the end of that famous Mathematician, Mr. Hariot, + with whom I was acquainted but a fhorttime before his death : + whom at one time, together with Mr. Hughes, who wrote of the + Globes, Mr. Warner, and Mr. Torperley, the Noble Earl of + Northumberland, the favourer of all good learning, and Mecænas + of learned men, maintained while he was in the Tower for their + worth and various literature + +A great deal of misconception has hitherto prevailed respecting Hariot's +great printed work on Algebra. His reputation as a mathematician has +been permitted to hinge chiefly upon it, very much to his disadvantage. +A brief bibliographical statement of facts will probably present the +matter in a new light. But first let the book be described as it lies +before us and has been described by many others since the days of +Professor Wallis, nearly two hundred years ago. The Title is as follows +: 'Artis Analyticæ / Praxis / Ad æquationes Algebraicas nouæ, expeditæ, +& generali / methodo, resoluendas : / Tractatus/ E posthumis THOMÆ +HARRIOTI Philosophi ac Mathematici ce- / leberrimi sche-diasmatis summæ +fide & diligentia / descriptus:/ Et/Illvstrissimo Domino/Dom. +HenricoPercio,/ Northvmbriæ Comiti,/Qui hæc primò, sub Patronatus & +Munificentiæ suæ auspicjss / ad proprios vsus elucubrata, in communem +Mathematicorum / vtilitatem, denuò reuisenda, describenda, & publicanda +/ mandauit, meritissimi Honoris ergò / Nuncupatus. / Londini / Apud +Robertvm Barker, Typographum / Regium : Et Hæred. Io. Billii. /Anno +1631. / _Title, reverse blank;_ Prefatio 4 pages; Text 180 pages, and +Errata 1 page (Bbb) followed by a blank page, folio. A very handsomely +printed book. In the British Museum, 529 m 8, is Charles the First's +copy in old calf, gilt edges, with the royal arms on the sides. In the +Preface the editors (Aylesbury and Prothero aided by Warner)say: + + Artis Analyticæ, cuius caufa hîc agitur, port eruditum illud + Græcorum fæculum antiquitatæ iamdiù & incultæ iacentis, + rcftitutionem _Francifcus Viete,_ Gallus, vir clariflimus, & + ob infignem in fcientijs Mathematicis peritiam, Gallicæ gentis + decus, primus fingulari confilio & intentato ante hâc conamine + aggreffus eft; atque ingenuam hanc animi fui intentionem per + varios tractatus, quos in argumenti huius elaboratione + eleganter & acutè confcripfit, pofteris teftatem rcliquit. Dùm + verò ille veteris Analytices reftitutionem, quam fibi + propofuit, feriò molitus eft, non tàm eam reftitutam, quàm + proprijs inuentionibus actam & exornatam, tanquam nouam & + fuam, nobis tradidifle videtur. Quod generali conceptu + enuntiatum paulo fufius explicandum eft; vt, oftenfo eo quod + primùm à _Vieta_ in inftituto fuo promouendo actum eft, quid + pofteà ab authore noftro doctifiimo _Thomâ Harrioto,_ qui + ilium certamine ifto Analytico fequntus eft, praeftitum fit, + meliùs innotefcere possit. [Which done into English is + substantially as follows] + + Francis Vieta, a Frenchman, a most distinguished man, and on + account of his remarkable skill in Mathematical Science the + honour of the French nation, first of all with singular genius + and with industry hitherto unattempted undertook the + restoration of the analytic art, of which subject we are here + treating, which after the learned age of the Greeks for a long + time had become antiquated and remained uncultivated : and by + various treatises which he eloquently and ingeniously wrote in + the working out of this line of argument, left a record to + posterity of this noble design of his mind. But while he + seriously laboured at the restoration of the old Analysis, + which he had proposed to himself, he seems not so much to have + transmitted to us a restoration of that science, as a new and + original method, worked out and illustrated by his own + discoveries. This, having been enunciated in general terms, + must be explained a little more at length ; so that having + shown what was first effected by Vieta in promoting his + design, it may be more clear, what was afterwards performed by + our very learned author Thomas Harriot, who followed him in + these analytical investigations. + +And at the end of the volume, on page 180, is the following explanatory +note : + + AD MATHIMATICIS STUDIOSOS. + + 'Ex omnibus _Thoma Harrioti_ fcriptis Mathematicis,quòd + opus hoc Analyticum primum in publicum emiflum fit, haud + inconfulto factum eft. Nam, quùm reliqua eius opera, + multiplici inuentorum nouitate excellentia, eodem omnino quo + tractatus ifte (Logiftices fpeciofsæ exemplis omnimodis totus + compofitus) ftilo Logiftico, hactenùs inufitato, confcripta + fint, eâ certè ratione fit, vt prodromus hic tractatus, vltra + proprium ipfius inæftimabilem vfum, reliquis _Harrioti_ + fcriptis, de quorum editione iam ferio cogitatur, pro + neceffario preparamento fiue introductorio opportunè inferuire + poffit. De quâ quidem accefforiâ operis huius vtilitate rerum + Mathematicarum ftudiofos paucis his præmonuiffe operæprecium + efle duximus.' [Which being interpreted reads as follows in + English] + + TO STUDENTS OF MATHEMATICS. + + It is not without good reason that, of all Thomas Harriot's + Mathematical writings, this on Analysis has been published + first. For whereas all his remaining works, remarkable for + their manifold novelties of discovery, are written precisely + in the same, hitherto unusual, logical style as this treatise + (which consists entirely of varied specimens of beautiful + reasoning); this was certainly done that this preliminary + treatise, besides its own inestimable utility, might suitably + serve as a necessary preparation or introduction to the study + of Harriot's remaining works, the publication of which is now + under serious consideration. Of this accessory use of this + treatise we have thought it worth while to remind mathematical + students in these brief remarks. + +From this it appears that Hariot's system of Analytics or Algebra was +based on that of his friend and correspondent Francois Vieta, as Vieta's +was avowedly based on that of the ancients. There appears to have been +no attempt whatever on the part of the Englishman to appropriate the +honors of the Frenchman, as many foreign writers have charged. Full +credit was given by Hariot and his friends to the distinguished French +mathematician. + +But Hariot's modifications, improvements, and simplifications were so +distinct and marked that from the first, and long before publication, +they were called among his students and correspondents ' Hariot's +Method,' meaning thereby only Hariot's peculiarities, without reference +to the great merits of Vieta's restoration, modification, adaptation, +and improvement of the old analyses from the times of the Greeks. + +Vieta's' Canon Mathematicus' was published at Paris in 1579, and was +reissued in London with a new title in 1589 as his ' Opera Mathematica.' +But this work does not contain the Algebra. That was first published in +1591 under the following title : + +'Francisci Vietæ/InArtem Analyticam/Isagoge/Seorfim excuffa ab Opere +reftitutæ Mathematicæ/Analyfeos, seu, Algebraicâ nouâ. / Tvronis,/ Apud +Iametivm Mettayer Typographium Regium. / Anno 1591.' / folio. A +Supplement appeared in 1593. Seven years later there came out under the +auspices of Ghetaldi, a young Italian nobleman of mathematical tastes, +who had been studying in Paris, the following :-' De Nvmerosa Potestatvm +/ Ad Exegefum / Resolvtione. / Ex Opere reftitutæ Mathematicæ Analyfeos, +/ feu, Algebrà nouà / Francisci Vietæ. / Parisiis, / Excudebat David le +Clerc. / 1600.' / folio. On the last page of this book is an interesting +letter from Marino Ghetaldi to his preceptor Michele Coignetto, dated at +Paris the I5th of February 1600. + +These three thin folio volumes of great rarity are models of typographic +beauty. They manifestly served as the model for printing Hariot's +Algebra in 1631. The set here described (the three bound in one volume), +Prince Henry's own copies, bearing his arms and the Prince of Wales' +feathers, is preserved in the British Museum, press-marked 530, m. 10. + +Thus Vieta's method appears to have been given to the world in three +instalments between 1591 and 1600, while the author himself died in +1603. It was probably in reference to one or both of these works that +Lower gently reproached Hariot for having allowed himself to be +anticipated in the public announcement of his discoveries in Algebra by +Vieta. It has already been seen, on page 101 above, what Torperley, the +friend of Vieta, wrote of his two masters in 1602, and also, on page +121, what Lower wrote to Hariot in 1610. + +One is forced, therefore, to the conclusion that by 1600, if not some +time before, Hariot had completed his method in Algebra, and distributed +his well known problems to his admiring scholars. It has also been seen +how, from 1603 to the day of his death, he was occupied in many other +absorbing matters connected with Raleigh and Percy. Yet he may have +felt, as Lower expressed it, that when he surveyed his storehouse of +inventions this one of Algebra might seem in ' comparison of manie +others smal or of no value.' The matter is introduced here mainly +because certain foreign writers,rebutting Wallis's patriotic claims in +behalf of Hariot, have not only accused Hariot of appropriating Vieta's +rights, but they even describe the distinguished English mathematician +as working on the ' Cartesian Method.' While the truth appears to be +that Hariot's method in Algebra, though not published for more than +thirty years after its invention, must date from a time when Descartes +was scarcely four years old. + +On the other hand, on looking into Descartes' great and original work on +geometry, first published in 1637, six years after Hariot's Algebra +first saw the light in print, one is not disposed to accuse the great +philosopher of plagiarism because in working out his problems of great +novelty in reference to geometrical curves he employed any systems of +notation and calculation in algebra (Hariot's among the others) that +happened to be before the world. The point or essence of Descartes' work +was geometry and not algebra. Therefore, in climbing to his loft, he was +perfectly justified in using the ladder which Hariot had left, as it was +then in general use, and was only an incidental aid in his independent +calculations, especially as the fame of his great mathematical brother +was well established, and he had been already sixteen years in St +Christopher's. Vieta therefore had manifestly no just reason to +complain, and Descartes stands acquitted. + +The history of Hariot's _Praxis_ has attracted a great deal of attention +for more than two centuries and has long been obscured by many +misconceptions and erroneous statements. In the first place it has been +always said from the days of Collins that it was edited by Walter +Warner, and Wood adds that Warner was to have his pension continued by +Algernon Percy, for that scientific labor. There is evidence that +Warner, though employed on the work by Sir Thomas Aylesbury, was not the +sole editor. See Aylesbury's Letter to the Earl on page 189. + +The book led to a great deal of international or patriotic controversy, +and with great injustice to Hariot was treated by the English advocates +as his masterpiece in science. Wallis in 1685 in his History of Algebra, +after much correspondence with Collins and others on the subject between +1667 and 1676, became Hariot's English champion. The controversy +respecting the Methods of Hariot and of Descartes became as warm as that +respecting the discoveries of Leibnitz and of Newton. + +Wallis ranked Oughtred's _Clavis_ and Hariot's _Praxis_ very high, and +because both were first printed in 1631, treated them as productions or +inventions of that year, whereas Hariot's method, as we have seen, had +been long practically before his disciples; and was, ten years after the +author's death, given to the world avowedly as an' accessory' only, or +preliminary treatise, that it 'might suitably serve as a necessary +preparation or introduction to the study of Hariot's remaining works, +the publication of which is now under serious consideration.' +Unfortunately this excellent scheme fell through, probably in +consequence of the death of the Earl of Northumberland, and perhaps +partly because of the death of Nathaniel Torporley who had long been +engaged in ' penning the doctrine' of Hariot's mathematical papers. They +both died in 1632, shortly after the publication of the Praxis. Wallis's +charge had a basis of truth, but it was narrow and petty. As an +Algebraist he seems to have lost sight of the main point, that +Descartes' great work was on Geometry and not on Algebra, and that +Hariot's method, though first printed in 1631, was almost as old as +Descartes himself. Montucla the French mathematician, near the close of +the last century, in his History of Mathematics, summed up the +controversy raised by Wallis including the minor one raised by Dr Zach +in 1785, clearing Descartes of Wallis's charges and relegating Hariot to +the respectability of a second-rate mathematician. If Montucla's verdict +be based on mathematical reasoning as loose and slipshod as is his +statement of the historical points of the case, to say nothing of his +utter ignorance of Hariot's biography and true position as an English +man of science, one feels justified in rejecting it as worthless : as +one also is compelled to do the vapid conclusions drawn from Montucla +which have since found their way into many recent biographical +dictionaries and into many pretentious articles in learned encyclopædias +respecting Hariot and his works. The truth seems to be that Hariot was +unlucky and fell into oblivion accidentally. He was a man of immense +industry and great mental power, but perhaps careless of his scientific +and literary reputation. As has been seen, he always had many irons in +the fire, and was overtaken by death in the prime of life, leaving, as +his will shows, many things unfinished, and none of his papers in a +state ready for publication. He was surrounded by the best of friends, +but time and opportunity, as so often happens in the affairs of busy +men, worked against him, and he was well nigh consigned to forgetfulness. + +However, after a half century's slumber, when the great fire of London +had destroyed his monument, and too late many scholars were minded to +attempt the recovery and preservation of memorials of the past, John +Collins the mathematician began soundings in the pool of oblivion for +Hariot and his papers. He and his correspondents fished up a great deal +of truth and history, but so mixed with error and conjecture that the +results, though interesting, are misleading. + +In the ' Correspondence of Scientific Men of the Seventeenth Century, +Edited by Professor S.J. Rigaud, 2 volumes, Oxford 1841,' 8°, are found +the following instructive and amusing passages : + + As for Geysius, he published an Algebra and Stereometria + divers years before the first edition of the Clavis [of + Oughtred, 1631] was extant in Mr. Harriot's method, out of + which Alsted took what he published of algebra in his + Encylopasdia printed in 1630, the year before the Clavis was + first extant (see Christmannus and Raymarus). Mr. Harriot's + method is now more used than Oughtred's, and himself in the + esteem of Dr. Wallis not beneath Des Cartes. Dr. Hakewill, in + his Apology, tells you Harriot was the first that squared the + area of a spherical triangle; and I can tell you, by the + perusal of some papers of Torporley's it appears that Harriot + could make the sign of any arch at demand, and the converse, + and apply a table of sines to solve all equations, and treated + largely of figurate arithmetic. His papers fell into the hands + of Sir Thomas Aylesbury, father to the Lord Chancellor's lady, + where I hope they still are, unless they had the hard fate to + be lent out, before the fire, and be burned, as some have said. + + _Collins to Wallis, no date, circa_ 1670, _vol. ii, page_ 478. + + As to Harriot, he was so learned, saith Dr. Pell, that had he + published all he knew in algebra, he would have left little of + the chief mysteries of that art unhandled. His papers fell + into the hands of Sir Thomas Aylesbury, who was father to the + late Lord Chancellor's [Clarendon] Lady,by which means they + fell into the Lord Chancellor's hands, to whom application was + made by the members of the Royal Society to obtain them: his + lordship (then in the height of his dignity and employments) + gave order for a search to be made, and in result the answer + was, they could not be found. I am afraid the search was but + perfunctory, and that, if his lordship (now at leisure) were + solicited for them, he might write to his son the Lord + Cornbury to make a diligent search for them. One Mr. + Protheroe, in Wales, was executor to Mr. Harriot, and from him + the Lord Vaughan, the Earl of Carbery's son, received more + than a quire of Mr. Harriot's Analytics. The Lord Brounker has + about two sheets of Harriot de Motu et Collisione Corporum, + and more of his I know not of: there is nothing of Harriot's + extant but that piece which Mons. Garibal hath. + + _Collint to Vernon, not dated but circa_ 1671, _vol. i, page_ + 153. + +Upon this passage Professor Rigaud makes the following note, written at +Oxford in 1841: + + Harriot's will is not to be found, but Camden says that he + left his property to Viscount Lisle and Sir Thomas Aylesbury. + Lord Lisle's share of the papers appear to have been given up + to his father-in-law, Henry earl of Northumberland, who had + been Harriot's munificent patron, and they descended with the + family property to the E. of Egremont, by whom a large portion + has been given to the British Museum, and the remainder are + still preserved at Petworth. Sir Thomas Aylesbury's share + became the property of his son-in-law Lord Chancellor + Clarendon, to whom the Royal Society applied, but, as it + appears, without obtaining them. (See Birch, Hist. Royal + Society, vol. ii, pp. 120, 116, 309.)-_Vol. i, page_ 153. + +Here seems to be the germ of Professor Wallis's charge of plagiarism +against Descartes, written to Collins twelve years before it appeared in +thefirst editionof his History of Algebra in English in 1685. It +subsequently took a wider range, and was strenuously defended by Wallis +when opposed: + + That which I most valued in his [Des Cartes] method, and which + pleased me best, was the way of bringing over the whole + equations to one side, making it equal to nothing, and thereby + forming his compound equations by the multiplication of + simples, from thence also determining the number of roots, + real or imaginary, in each. This artifice, on which all the + rest of his doctrine is grounded, was that which most made me + to set a value on him, presuming it had been properly his own; + but afterwards I perceived that he had it from Hariot, whose + Algebra was published after his death in the year 1631, six + years before Des Cartes' Geometry in French in the year 1637 : + and yet Des Cartes makes no mention at all of Harriot, whom he + follows in designing his species by small letters, and the + power: of them by the number of dimensions, without the + characters of _j, c, qq, &c._ + + _Walla to Collins, Oxford,_ 12 _April_ 1673, _vol, ii, page_ + 573. + + And had I but known of any precedent, (as since in Harriot I + find one, and I think but one √_-dddddd,)_ I should not + have scrupled to follow it; but I was then too young an + algebraist to innovate without example. Since that time I have + been more venturous, and I find now that others do not scruple + to use it as well as I. [Just what Descartes did. He ' + innovated' prior to 1637, when he took Hariot's well + recognized notation in algebra to work out his problems in + geometry for which Hariot himself would have thanked him.] + + _Wallis to Collins, May 6,_ 1673, _vol. ii, page_ 578. + + One Torporley, long since, left a manuscript treatise in Latin + in Sion College, wherein is a much more copious table of + figurate numbers, which I have caused to be transcribed, with + what he says de combinationibus, to send to Mr. Strode. + +On this passage, extracted from a letter from Collins to Baker, dated +the 19th of August, 1676, Professor Rigaud has the following note, +written in 1841, vol. ii, page 5 : + +Nath. Torporley left his manuscripts to Sion College, where he spent the +latter years of his life ; but the greater part of them was destroyed by +the fire of London. Reading, in his catalogue of the library, mentions +only one, " Corrector Analyticus," which is an attack on Warner for the +manner in which he had edited Harriot's " Artis Analyticæ Praxis." This +is a short tract, and incomplete. There is, however, another volume, A. +37-39, entitled, "Algebraica, Tabulæ Sinuum,&c." in which Torporley's +hand may be certainly recognized. Wood, in the list of his works, speaks +of "Congestor opus Mathematicam,- imperfect." A perfect copy of this +treatise is in Lord Maccles-field's possession, and probably once +belonged to Collins. + +Perhaps the best comment that one can make on the wild and extraordinary +statements contained in the above extracts is to ask the reader to read +over Hariot's Will,given entire on pages 193-203, and especially this +_Item_ respecting his Mathematical and other Writings, and the Rev. +Nathaniel Torporley, from which it will appear that all his valued +papers were bequeathed with great care to the Earl of Northumberland, to +be deposited in his library in a trunk with lock and key, after they had +been looked over and perused, by Mr Torporley, and (the waste papers +having been weeded out) the whole arranged by him ' to the end that +_after hee doth vnderstand them_ he may make use in penning such +doctrine that belongs unto them for publique use.' This, of course, was +to be done under the supervision of the four Executors, who were persons +of no less distinction than Sir Robert Sidney Knight Viscount Lisle, +John Protheroe Esquire, Thomas Aylesbury Esquire, and Thomas Buckner +Mercer. + + ITEM I ordayne and Constitute the aforesaid Nathaniel + Thorperley first to be Overseer of my Mathematical Writings to + be received of my Executors to peruse and order and to + separate the Chiefe of them from my waste papers, to the end + that after hee doth vnderstand them hee may make use in + penninge such doctrine that belongs vnto them for publique + vses as it shall be thought Convenient by my Executors and him + selfe. And if it happen that some manner of Notacions or + writings of the said papers shall not be understood by him + then my desire is that it will please him to confer with Mr + Warner or Mr Hughes Attendants on the afore said Earle + Concerning the aforesaid double. And if hee be not resolued by + either of them That then hee Conferre with ihe aforesaid John + Protheroe Esquier or the aforesaid Thomas Alesbury Esquior. (I + hopeing that some or other of the aforesaid fower last + nominated can resolve him). And when hee hath had the use of + the said papers soe longe as my Executors and hee have agreed + for the use afore said That then he deliver them againe unto + my Executors to be putt into a Convenient Truncke with a locke + and key and to be placed in my Lord of Northumberlandes + Library and the key thereof to be delivered into his + Lordshipps hands. And if at anie tyme after my Executors or + the afore said Nathaniell Thorperley shall agayne desire the + use of some or all of the said Mathematicall papers That then + it will please the said Earle to lett anie of the aforesaid to + have them for theire use soe long as shall be thought + Convenient, and afterwards to be restored agayne unto the + Truncke in the afore said Earles Library. Secondly my will and + desire is that the said Nathaniell Thorperley be alsoe + Overseere of other written bookes and papers as my Executors + and hee shall thincke Convenient. + +This will, of extraordinary interest, has fallen to our lot to exhume, +after many antiquaries and scholars had long sought it in vain. It was +recently discovered in the Archdeaconry Court of London, just the place +where one would least expect to find it. One has only to read the +document to read the character of the man-good, learned,affectionate, +charitable and just. He was carried off by a terrible disease, away from +home, but among friends. He left his affairs and fame in loving hands. +His will was proved on the 4th day after his death by two of the +Executors, Sir Thomas Aylesbury and Mr Buckner, with the right reserved +to the other two to act subsequently. It is found by papers in the +British Museum that Sir John Protheroe did act, for there is a very long +list of manuscripts, copied from Protheroe's list of papers delivered to +Mr Torporley, which served as a receipt for them, and which was returned +with the papers. + +Mr Torporley then, it is manifest, had in hand the papers and returned +them, but it is not apparent what amount of labor he bestowed upon them. +They do not appear to be properly arranged, nor have the waste papers +been weeded out. From Protheroe's list and other circumstances it is +likely that nothing has been destroyed, except perhaps the Raleigh +accounts and the Irish papers in the ' canvas baggs.' The papers were at +Sion, and were placed in a trunk and delivered to the Earl, who left the +Tower only sixteen days after Hariot's death. They subsequently found +their way to Petworth, another seat of the Earl, where the trunk and +half of the papers still remain, in the possession of the Earl of +Leconsfield, a branch of the Northumberland family. They are briefly +described in this manner by Mr Alfred J. Horwood in the Sixth Report of +the Historical Manuscript Commission for 1877, page 319, folio. + + A black leather box containing several hundred leaves of + figures and calculations by Hariot. + A large bundle of Hariot's papers. They are arranged in + packets by Professor Rigaud. Spots on the Sun. Comets of 1607 + and 1618. The Moon. Jupiter's Satellites. Projectiles, Centre + of Gravity, Reflection of bodies. Triangles. Snell's + Eratosthenes Batavus. Geometry. Calendar. Conic Sections. De + Stella Martis. Drawings of Constellations, papers on Chemistry + and Miscellaneous Calculations. Collections from Observations + of Hannelius, Warner, Copernicus, Tycho Brahe. On the vernal + and autumnal equinoxes, the solstices, orbit of the Earth, + length of the year, &c. Algebra. + +A similar collection, but not yet arranged, catalogued, numbered or +bound, is carefully preserved in the Manuscript Department of the +British Museum (Additional, 6782-6789), in eight thick Solander cases, +probably as much in bulk as the Petworth papers. They were presented to +the Museum by the Earl of Egremont in 1810. Why the two collections were +separated does not appear. The Museum papers contain much that is waste, +but much also that is of importance equal probably to those at Petworth. +Mr Torporley was in effect appointed by Hariot his literary and +scientific editor under the direction of the Executors. No papers were +left ready for publication. It must have required great study and labor +to master them sufficiently to pen for public use such doctrine or +science as belonged to them. Torporley lived in Shropshire, but a few +years after Hariot's death he retired from his rectorship and removed to +London,taking rooms in 1630 at Sion College in London Wall, when that +institution was first founded. It contained then as now a library for +the use of the Clergy, and a few suites of apartments for those who +desired to reside on the premises. It never was a College or place of +instruction, but a sort of guild or Clergyman's Club. At this time Mr +Torporley was about seventy years old. He died in his chambers at Sion +College in April 1632, and was buried on the 17th of that month in the +Church of St Alphage, close by. In a nuncupative will spoken the 14th +ofApril, a copy of which is before the writer, he left his books and +manuscripts to the Sion Col ege Library. A complete list of about 170 +books and several manuscripts is preserved in the ' Donors' Book.' A few +of the books are said to have been destroyed by the fire of London, but +probably none of the manuscripts were lost. + +Torporley's manuscripts, as has been stated, have often been referred +to, and sometimes copied, but their true history and character is +explained by Hariot'sWill. There are really but two manuscripts relating +to Hariot. The more important one comprises 116 closely-written folio +leaves, or 232 pages, all in Torporley's handwriting. It bears no title +or designation. Hence various writers who have seen it, from Collins, +Wood, and Dr Zach, have given it different names, such as, _'Ephemeris +Chysometria,' 'Congestor opus Matbematicum,'_ etc. but it appears to be +nothing more nor less than Torporley's attempt to pen out such doctrine +as he found in Hariot's papers. The leaves are numbered, 1 to 16 +containing a Treatise on Hariot's Theory of Numbers. Leaves 17 to 25 are +tables of the divisors of odd numbers up to 20,300. On the verso of leaf +25 the Theory of Numbers is resumed, extending to the recto of 27. On +the verso of leaf 27 begins the treatise on the properties of Triangles +and ends on leaf 34. Leaves 35 to 55 comprise examples of Algebraical +processes, and leaves 56 to 116 contain Tables (probably tabulæ sinuum +?) up to 180°. On the second leaf the Author speaks of himself as +working out, or working on Hariot's principles, and also as making use +of the writings of Vieta. He adds: + + ' And since it is our principal design to explain the + improvement in this science[the Properties of Numbers and + Triangles] discovered by our friend Thomas Hariot; but he + neither completely reformed it (which indeed was not + necessary) nor gave a full account of it, but only + strengthened it where it was defective, and by treating in his + own way the points of the science which were heretofore more + difficult, rendered them clear and easy.' + +This manuscript was probably intended for another printed volume of +Hariot's mathematical works, but owing to the deaths about the same +time, 1632, of the venerable editor and the noble patron this work never +bore a definite name and never saw the light of the press. + + CORRECTOR ANALYTICUS + Artis pofthumx + THOMÆ HARIOTI + Vt Mathematici eximij, perraro + Vt Philofophi Audentes, frequentius errantis + Vt Hominis evanidi, infigniter + Ad + Fidedigniorem refutationem Philopfeudofophiæ + Atomifticæ;, per cum Reducis, et præ + cæteris eius Portentis + feriò + corripiendæ, anathematyzandæq + Compendiu Antimonitorfi, et Speciminale + exanthorati ia Senioris + Na: Torporley. + Vt + Noverit Arbiter Caveat Emptor. + non bene Ripæ + Creditur, ipfe Aries etiam nunc Vellera ficcat. + _Virgil, Ecl._ iii. 94,95,] + +This Second Manuscript is a pretentious but small affair. It was +manifestly written at Sion College after the _Praxis_ appeared in 1631. +It is only the preface or the opening of a growl of envy or +disappointment. It shows clearly that Torporley himself was not the +editor of the Algebra or Praxis. The above is the pedantic title-page, +given line for line and verbatim. + +The manuscript is in small quarto, and exclusive of the title (which, +indeed, is the nub of the achievement) contains only nine pages, +breaking off abruptly in the middle of a sentence. He criticises the +editors of Hariot's Algebra, the executors Aylesbury and Protheroe, +aided by Warner, who were all eminent mathematicians. He speaks of the +administrators or editors as if more than one, and does not mention +Warner, or lead us to believe that he was sole editor. Only a small +portion of this projected criticism seems ever to have been written. It +appears to have been begun in senile peevishness, containing only a few +prefatory remarks and discussing some algebraical questions with the +fancied errors of the editors. No mention is made of the'Atomic +Theory,'as promised on the title-page, which is here done into English, +and is as follows:- + + THE ANALYTICAL CORRECTOR + of the posthumous scientific writings + of THOMAS HARRIOT. + As an excellent Mathematician one who very seldom + erred + As a bold Philosopher one who occasionally erred, + As a frail Man one who notably erred + For + the more trustworthy refutation of the pseudo-philosophic + atomic theory, revived by him and, outside his + other strange notions, deserving of + reprehension and anathema. + A Compendious Warning with specimens by the aged + and retired-from-active-life + Na: Torporley. + So that + The critic may know + The buyer may beware. + It is not safe to trust to the bank, + The bell-wether himself is drying his fleece. + +The ' Corrector Analyticus' may be found printed in full (but without +the quaint titles) in 'The Historical Society of Science. A Collection +of Letters illustrative of Science, edited by J. O. Halliwell,' London, +1841, 8°, Appendix, pages 109-116. ForTorporley's curious paper entitled +' A Synopsis of the Controversie of Atoms,' see Brit. Mus. Mss, Birch +4458, 2. + +Mr Torporley informs us, and the papers appear to bear him out in the +statement, that Hariot wrote memoranda, problems, etc. on loose pieces +of paper, and then arranged them in sets fastened together according to +the subjects treated of. He adds, ' First then let me speak of Hariot's +method, of which frequent mention will have to be made in the following +pages; so that the reader may understand why some things are stated and +some passed over: here I cannot but complain, that I find it a serious +defect that his Commentators have so completely transformed it [the +Praxis] that they not only do not retain his orderbut not evenhis +language.' Again he writes, ' But not even those well-thought-out and +necessary to be known matters, which have been delivered to us, have +been handed down to posterity by his administrators with the fidelity +and accuracy promised.' The suspicion is raised that Torporley's age and +dilatoriness compelled the accomplished executors to take the editorial +matter in hand themselves and hinc iliae lacrymæ. + +On the back of the above title-page is another attempt of the same sort +as follows, showing that this deed of pedantry was committed at Sion +College: + + CORRECTOR + sive + Notæ in Analyticam + Novam, Novatam, Posthuma + quatenus + Fallacem, Defectivam, Extrariam + cum + Apodictica refutatione Atomorum + Somnij, præ cæteris Novatorum + portentis corripiendi Ana- + thematizandiq + Ex Collegio Sion Londinenfi + perfuncti Senis Artemq reponentis + NT + Extremu hoc munus morientis + habetor : + Σĸηρον προς κ + 41;ντρονλ α + κτρον λακτ + 43;ζειν + [Greek Text] + nee bene Ripæ + Creditur ipse Aries etia nunc Vellera ficcat. + +There are one or two unimportant papers among the Torperley manuscripts +that bear marks of having belonged to the Hariot papers, and there is a +manuscript by Warner, entitled, 'Certayne Definitions of the +Planisphere.' Any one curious in the history of Torperley may find in +the Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, 1636, page 364, how his +property was purloined by Mr Spencer, the first Librarian of Sion +College. He was sued by Mistress Payne the administratrix and was +compelled to disgorge _£4.0_ in money, eleven diamond rings, eight gold +rings, two bracelets, etc. Then Archbishop Laud took away Spencer's +librarianship, and let him drop. + +Mr William Spence of Greenock published in Nov. 1814, a work entitled, ' +Outlines of a Theory of Algebraical Equations deduced from the +Principles of Harriott, and extended to the Fluxional or differential +Calculus. By William Spence. London, for the Author, by Davis and +Dickson, 1814, 8°, _iv and 80 pages._ Privately printed, intended ' +exclusively for the perusal of those gentlemen to whom it is addressed.' +He says in his prefatory note that- + + ' As the principles are drawn from that theory of equations, + by which Harriott has so far advanced the science of algebra.' + The author says, page I,' Until the publication of Harriot's + _Artis Analytica Praxis,_ no extended theory of equations was + given. Harriot considered algebraical equations merely as + analytical expressions, detached wholly from the operations by + which they might be individually produced ; and, carrying all + the terms over to one side, he assumed the hypothesis, that, + as in that state the equation was equal to nothing, it could + always be reduced to as many simple factors as there were + units in the index of its highest power.' + +Between 1606 and 1609 a very interesting and historically instructive +correspondence took place between Kepler and Hariot upon several +important scientific subjects. Five of the letters are given in full in +'Joannis Keppleri Alio-rumque Epistolæ Mutuæ. [Frankfort] 1718,' folio, +to which the reader is referred, but a brief abstract of them may not be +out of place here. The letters are numbered from 222 to 226 and fill +pages 373 to 382. The correspondence was begun by Kepler: + + _Letter_ 122, _dated Prague,_ 11 _October,_ 1606, + _from John Kepler_ + + _to Thomas Hariot,_ + + Kepler had heard of Hariot's acquirements in Natural + Philosophy from his friend John Eriksen. Would be glad to know + Hariot's views as to the origin and essential differences of + colours; also on the question of refraction of rays of light; + and the causes of the Rainbow; and of haloes round the sun. + + _Letter_ 223, _dated London,_ 11 _December, + 1606,from_ + + _Thomas Hariot to John Kepler,_ + + Had received with pleasure Kepler's letter; but should not be + able to answer it at length, being in indifferent health, so + that it was not easy to write or even carefully to reflect. + Sends a table of the results of experiments on equal bulks of + various liquids and transparent solids (thirteen in number, + including spring, rain, and salt water; Spanish and Rhenish + wine; vinegar; spirits of wine; oils and glass). The angle of + incidence is 30° in each case; also the specific gravity of + each substance is given. Then he discusses the reason why + refraction takes place. Promises to write on the Rainbow; but + will merely say at present that it is to be explained by the + reflection on the concave superficies and the refraction at + the convex superficies of each separate drop. + + _Letter_ 224 _is from John Kepler to Thomas Hariot, + dated at Prague,_ 11 _August,_ 1607. + + Thanks Hariot for his table, which supplies matter for serious + consideration. Asks questions as to how he defines the angles + of incidence and refraction; and goes on to discuss the + reasons of refraction. Agrees with Hariot as to his views + about the Rainbow; but will be very glad to receive his + treatises on Colours and the Rainbow. + + _Letter_ 225 _is from Thomas Hariot to John Kepler, + dated at Syon,_ + + _near London,_ 13 _July_ (o.s.), 1608. + + The departure of Eriksen and other matters do not allow + leisure to write at length. The turpentine (oleum terebinth + inum) was not the same as that experimented on by Kepler but a + purer and lighter article (Sp. grav. '87). The angle of + incidence is understood as defined by Alhazen and Vitellio + [first published 1572]. Points out some errors in Vitellio's + second table of refractions. As to the causes of refraction, + Hariot believes in the theory of the vacuum; ' where we still + stick in the mud '. Hopes God (Deum optimum maximum) will soon + put an end to this. Wishes for Kepler's meteorological records + for the last two years, and will send his own notes in return. + Gilbert, author of a work on the magnet, had recently died, + leaving in his brother's hands a book entitled ' De Globo et + Mundo nostro sub lunari Philosophia nova contra Peripateticos, + lib. 5." [A treatise, in five books, on Natural Philosophy, in + answer to the Peripatetics.] The book is likely to be + published before the end of the year. Hariot had read some + chapters; and saw that Gilbert defends the doctrine of a + vacuum. Not to leave a vacuum on this page (says Hariot), it + is remarkable that though gold is both heavy and opaque, when + beaten out into gold-leaf the light of a candle can be seen + through it, though it appears of a green colour. + + _Letter 226, from John Kepler to Thomas Hariot, it + dated from_ + + _Prague, September,_ 1609. + + Excuses himself for not having replied sooner; having been + very busy; but would not lose the present opportunity of + writing. Discusses the questions of refraction and the vacuum. + Commentaries on Mars entitled 'Astronomia Nova [Greek Text] or + Physica Cælestis,' have been published at Frankfort; has not a + copy by him. Regrets to hear of the death of Gilbert. Hopes + his work on Magnetism will also be published; and that Erikson + will bring a copy with him. Promises to send a copy of his own + meteorological observations; and hopes to receive Hariot's. + +These studies in optics and this correspondence with the learned Kepler +indicate Hariot's great advancement in natural philosophy as early as +1606 to 1609 and give an earnest of his inventive genius and scientific +enterprise with his telescope in the astronomical discoveries which +immediately followed in 1609 to 1613. Before awarding all the prizes for +discoveries and inventions in mathematics, philosophy and natural +science to claimants throughout the wide Republic of Letters, let modest +Hariot be heard and examined. Let his papers and all his credentials be +laid out before the high court of science, not in the light of today, +but contemporaneously with those of Tycho, Kepler, Galileo, Snell, Vieta +and Descartes. Hariot himself has claimed nothing, but Justice and +Historical Truth are bound to assign him a niche appropriate to his +merits. + +To show that Hariot, like his friends Hakluyt and Purchas, was alive to +everything geographical as well as mathematical going on, the following +is given from the original manuscript among the Hariot papers in the +British Museum (Add. 6789): + + Three reasons to prove that there is a passage from + the North' west into the South-sea. + 1. The tydes in Port Nelson (where Sr. Tho : Button did + winter, were constantly, 15, or, 18, foote ; wc is not found + in any Bay Throughout the world but in such seas as lie open + att both ends to the mayne Ocean. + 2. Every strong Westerne winde did bring into the Harbor where + he wintered, soe much water, that the Neap-tydes were equall + to the Spring-tydes, notwtstanding yt the harbor was open only + to ye E.N.E. + 3. In comming out of the harbor, shaping his course directly + North, about, 60, degrees, he found a stronge race of a tyde, + set-ting dueEast and West, wc in probabilitie could be noe + other thing, than the tyde comming from the West, and + retourning from the East, + +Among the manuscripts in the handwriting of Hariot in the British Museum +(Add. 6789) are these samples of ingenious trifling. No evidence is +forthcoming that he was ever a married man, but that he occasionally let +himself down from pure mathematics and high philosophy and amused +himself with anagrams is plain enough. Here are a few specimens on his +own name. + + ANAGRAMS ON THOMAS HARIOTUS + + + Tu homo artis has traho hosti mufa + + Homo has vt artis O trahit hos mufa + + Homo hasta vtris oh, os trahit mufa + + vitus oho trahit mifas + + rutis oho, trahis mutis + + Humo astra hosti oho, fum Charitas. + +If the pertingent Reader still craves more evidence of the extent of +Hariot's friendships, and the universality of his acquirements, let him +read the following pithy, quaint, and beautiful tribute paid to him by +blind Old Homer's Chapman in 1616. It is found in the Preface to the +Reader in the first complete edition of Homer'sworks translated by +George Chapman, London [1616], fo. + + No coference had with any one liuing in al the noueltiet I + prefume I haue found. Only fome one or two places I haue + fhewed to my worthy and moft learned friend, M. Harriots, for + his cenfure how much mine owne weighed: whofe iudgement and + knowledge in all kinds, I know to be incomparable, and + bottomlefle ; yea, to be admired as much, as his moft blameles + life, and the right facred expence of his time, is to be + honoured and reuerenced. Which affirmation of his cleare + vnmatchednefle in all manner of learning; I make in contempt + of that naftie objection often thruft vpon me ; that he that + will iudge, muft know more then he of whom he iudgeth ; for fo + a man fhould know neither God nor himfelf. Another right + learned, honeft, and entirely loued friend of mine, M. Robert + Hews, I muft needs put into my confest conference touching + Homer, though very little more than that I had with M. + Harriots. Which two, I proteft, are all, and preferred to all. + +It remains to say two words more about Baron Zach's' discovery' of the +Hariot papers at Petworth in 1784. This remarkable story has been told +many times, in many books, and in many languages. It has found its way +into many modern dictionaries and grave encyclopædias, but it always +appears with an unsatisfactory and suspicious flavor. Dr Zach's ' +discovery' is found cropping up all over the continent, and everywhere +is made paramount to Hariot's papers, while Oxford is blamed for not +giving the young German his dues! + +It seems that Dr Zach, a young man, was in England with Count Bruhl, who +had married the dowager Lady Egremont. He thus had easy access to the +old Percy Library at Petworth, in Sussex, where was stored, as we have +seen by Hariot's will, the black trunk containing his mathematical +writings as bequeathed to the 9th Earl of Northumberland. In 1785 Dr +Zach announced with a truly scholastic flourish in Bode's Berlin +Ephemeris for 1788 his remarkable 'discovery ' of the papers of Thomas +Hariot previously known as an eminent Algebraist or Mathematician, but +now elevated to the rank also of a first-class English Astronomer. The +next year, 1786, is celebrated in the annals of English science from the +circumstance of Oxford's having accepted a proposition from Dr Zach to +publish his account of Hariot and his writings. The Royal Academy of +Brussels in 1788 printed in its Memoirs Dr Zach's paper on the planet +Uranus, with a long note relative to the discovery at Petworth. + +The Berlin paper immediately upon publication was translated into +English and extensively circulated in this country, conducing, it is +suspected, more to the renown of Dr Zach than to that of Hariot. In 1793 +Bode's Jahrbuch gave from the pen of Dr Zach an account of the Comets of +1607 and 1618, with Hariot's Observations thereon. But these +observations were given with so many errors and misreadings, as shown by +Professor Rigaud, that they were soon pronounced worthless, to the +discredit of Hariot rather than of his eminent editor. But matters came +to a crisis in 1794, nine years after the grand flourish of the first +announcement at Berlin. Dr Zach sent to Oxford for publication his +abstract of certain of the scientific papers, and the Earl of Egremont +intrusted to the University Dr Zach's selection of the original papers. +Zach's abstracts were merely sufficient to identify himself with the +works of Hariot, but he had performed no real editorial labours, and had +not 'pen'd the doctrine ' contained in them. Here were years of useful +work to be done which the University dreamed not of, so the whole matter +was referred to Professors Robertson and Powell, who both reported +adversely in 1798, or before. In 1799 all the Hariot papers were +returned to Petworth. + +In the mean time the full translation of Dr Zach's account of his ' +discovery,' with some curious additions, found its way into Dr Hutton's +Dictionary of Mathematics, under Hariot, 1796, 2 volumes in quarto. This +publication gave an air of solemn record and history to the +transactions, insomuch that Oxford began to be blamed for withholding +from the press Dr Zach's great work. Oxford preserved a becoming +silence. In 1803 Dr Zach published at Gotha in his Monatliche +Correspondenz a fragment of that remarkable letter from the Earl of +Northumberland to Hariot (which letter we have shown to be Lower's, see +p. 120). This publication, together with the reprint of the original +Berlin paper by Zach in the second edition of Hutton's Dictionary in +1815 without alteration, seemed to bring the matter to a point. Oxford +was obliged to rise and explain. + +The whole question was inquired into. Professor Robertson's original +report was brought out and sent to Dr David Brewster, who printed it in +his Edinburgh Philosophical Journal for 1822, volume vi, page 314, in an +article on the Hariot papers. In the meanwhile, in 1810, that portion of +the Hariot papers that did not go to Oxford was presented to the British +Museum by the Earl of Egremont. The division of the papers (on what +principle it is difficult to guess) was unquestionably Dr Zach's. The +value is no doubt much depreciated by the separation. Under all these +circumstances no one can wonder at the Oxford decision, or that the +papers were deemed not worthy of publication. Yet under other +circumstances it is almost certain that the two collections when worked +together will yield valuable materials for the life of Hariot and the +history and progress of English science, discovery, and invention. To +Professor S. F. Rigaud is due the credit for the most part of working +out the crooked and entangled history of the Zachean fiasco, which has +apparently depreciated the real value of these papers. Professor +Rigaud's papers may be seen in the Royal Institution Journal, 1831, +volume ii, pages 267-271, in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, iii, +125, and in the Appx to Bradley's Works. Now to pick up a few dropped +stitches. Notices of Hariot by Camden, Aubrey, Hakewill, and others are +omitted from press of matter. Gabriel Harvey in 1593, in his' Pierces +Supererogation,' page 190, exclaims ' and what profounde Mathematician +like Digges, Hariot, or Dee esteemeth not the pregnant Mechanician ?' +MrJ.O.Halliwell's Collection of Letters referred to on page 174, though +falling late under our eye, is most acceptable and thankfully used. +Several letters of Sir William Lower are printed from the originals in +the British Museum. And so is John Bulkley's dedication to Hariot of his +work on the Quadrature of the Circle, dated Kal. Martii, 1591, the +original manuscript of which is in Sion College. There is also an +interesting letter from Hariot to the Earl dated Sion June 13, 1619, +respecting the doctrine of reflections as communicated to Warner and +Hues for the use of the Earl. But the most important letter is the +following on page 71 from Sir Thomas Aylesbury, one of Hariot's +executors, to the Earl of Northumberland, respecting some remuneration +for the extra services of Warner in assisting him in passing Hariot's ' +Artis Analyticæ Praxis ' through the press : + + Rt. Ho. May it plese your löp. July 5, 1631. + + I presumed heretofore to moue your löp on the behalf of Mr. W. + for some consideration to be had of his extraordinary expense + in attending the publication of Mr. H. book after the copy was + finished. The same humble request I am induced to renew by + reson of his present wants occasioned by that attendance. + + For his literary labour and paines taken in forming the work + and fitting it for the publik view, he looks for no other + reward then your löps acceptance therof as an honest discharge + of his duty. But his long attendance through vnexpected + difficulties in seeking to get the book freely printed, and + after that was vndertaken the friuolous delaies of the + printers and slow preceding of the presse, wch no intreties of + his or myne could remedy, drew him to a gretter expence then + his meanes would here, including both your löps pencion and + the arbitrary help of his frends. It is this extraordinary + expense, wch he cannot recouer wch makes both him and me for + him appele to your Löps goodnei and bounty for some tollerable + mitigation thereof. + + I purpose God willing to set forth other peeces of Mr. H. + wherein by reson of my owne incombrances I must of necessitie + desire the help of Mr. W. rather then of any other, whereto I + find him redy enough because it tends to your löps service, + and may the more freely trouble him, yf he receive some little + encouragement from your löp towards the repairing of the + detrement that lies still vpon him by his last imploiment. But + for the future my intention it to haue the impression at my + owne charge, and not depend on the curtesy of those + mechaniks,making account that wch may seeme to be saued by the + other way will not countervaile the trouble and tedious + prolongation of the busines. But the copies being made perfect + and faire written for the presse they shall be sufficiently + bound to deliuer the books perfectly clen out of theire hands, + and by this meanes the trouble and charge of attending the + presse will be saued. Therfore my Lo. what you do now will be + but for this once, and in such proportion as shall best like + you to favour the humble motion of him who is + + Allway most redy at your Löps commaund _ . + + _Endorsed in the handwriting of Warner,_ + + Sr Th. A. letters about my busines. + + [B. M. Birch, 4396, 87.] + +Notwithstanding the plain initials T. A. Mr Halliwell erroneously +attributes this letter to Torporley, who had been in his grave three +months. The handwriting is not Torporley's but Warner's. The Earl died +on the 5th of November following. T. A. unquestionably stands for Sir +Thomas Aylesbury, who, as executor and good friend, had the matter in +hand. Indeed Warner's endorsement settles the question of authorship. + +Six shillings and eight pence were paid for Hariot's knell, and £4 were +paid as his legacy to the parish for the poor, according to memoranda +supplied by Mr Edwin Freshfleld from the Records of St Christopher's. +See Will, page 200. + +Hariot had a lease from Raleigh of' Pinford grounds,' at Sherburne, for +fifty-eight years, but the King wanted it for Carr, so of course the +title was found defective. + +In conclusion, before laying down the pen with which has been exhumed +and set up on a new pedestal one of England's worthiest of her many +forgotten Worthies, let the holder crave the indulgence of the reader +for the illogical, wordy and mixed style of this essay. He is perfectly +aware of these shortcomings, but puts in the plea that while groping in +the past as if blindfolded he has been decoyed on step by step by the +unexpected recovery of new materials after the others were in type, so +that as often as he had finished his labor of love new facts have turned +up which he had not the heart to reject. So he has incorporated them one +after another as best he could. The results are more inartistic and +crude than he could have wished, but he hesitates not on that account to +invite lovers of and believers in the Truth of History to the banquet he +has prepared. + +A well-dined Reader is not likely, the writer thinks, to quarrel with +his dessert because he has to pick out, with some little patience, the +dainty meats of the nuts he has to arrange and crack for himself. +Repetition, and perhaps some contradiction, are acknowledged. But +meandering thoughts and ill-digested narratives, though tedious, are not +criminal. When these new materials have dried in the noon-day sun for a +year and a day, the writer then, or at the expiration of the Horatian +period, may bring them back to his anvil to be re-hammered. May they +then prove as true as they now seem new, is the wish of the admirer of +Thomas Hariot, the first historian of Virginia, the friend of Sir Walter +Raleigh, the companion of Henry Percy, and the Benefactor of Mankind. + +------------------------------------------------------------------------- +THE WILL of THOMAS HARIOT + +Recorded in the Archdeaconry Court of London + +IN THE NAME OF + +GOD Amen ye nine and twentieth daie of june, in the yeare of or Lord God +1621 And in ye yeares of the reigne of or Soueraigne Lord James by the +Grace of God of England Scotland Fraunce & Ireland Kinge Defender of the +Faythe & (that is to saie) of England Fraunce & Ireland the nineteenth +And of Scotland the fower & fiftieth I THOMAS HARRIOT of Syon in the +County of Midd Gentleman being troubled in my bodie wth infirmities. But +of pfecte minde & memorie Laude & prayse be giuen to Almightie God for +the same doe make & ordayne this my last will and testamt. In manner and +forme following (viz) First & principally I Comitte my Soule in to the +hands of Almighty God my maker and of his sonne Jesus Christe my +Redeemer of whose merritts by his grace wrought in mee by the holy +Ghoste I doubte not but that I am made ptaker, to thend that I may +enioye the Kingdome of heaven ppared for the electe. Item my will is +that if I die in Londn that my bodie bee interred in the same pishe +Churche of the house where I lye the we" I comitte to the discrecon of +my Executors hereafter named, Excepte taking the advise and direccon of +the right honorable my very good Lord the EARLE OF NORTHUMBERLAND if it +bee his pleasure to haue me buryed at Ilseworth in ye County of Midd And +if it be the pleasure of God that I die at Syon I doe ordayne that my +buriall bee at ye said Churche of Ilseworth w'out question Item I will & +bequeath vnto the aforesaid Earle One wooden Boxe full or neere full of +drawne Mappes standing nowe at the Northeast windowe of that Roome wch +is Called the plor at my house in Syon, And if it pleaseth his Lorpp to +haue anie other Mappes or Chartes drawne by hand or printed Or anie +Bookes or other thinges that I haue I desire my Extors that hee may haue +them according to his pleasure at reasonable rates excepte my +Mathematicall papers in anie other sorte then is here after menconed +Excepting alsoe some other thinges giuen away in Legacies hereafter +alsoe specified Item I bequeath vnto the right honorable Sr ROBERT +SYDNEY KNIGHT VICOUNT LISLE, One Boxe of papers being nowe vppon the +table in my Library at Syon, conteyning fiue quires of paper, more or +lesse wch were written by the last Lord Harrington, and Coppyed out of +some of my Mathematicall papers for his instrucon Alsoe I doe +acknowledge that I haue two newe greate globes wch haue Cous of Leather +the wch I borrowed of the said LORD LISLE And my will is that they bee +restored vnto him againe Item I giue vnto JOHN PROTHEROE of Hawkesbrooke +in the Countie of Carmarthen Esquier One furnace wth his apputnnce out +of the North Clossett of my Library at Syon. Item I giue vnto NATHANIELL +THORPERLEYof Salwarpe in the Countie of Worcester Clarke One other +furnace wth his apputnnce out of the same Clossett. Item I glue vnto my +servaunte CHRISTOPHER TOOKE one other furnace wth his apputennce out of +the same Clossett Alsoe I glue to him an other furnace out of the South +Clossett of my said Lybrarie Item I give and bequeath vnto Mris BUCKNER +wife vnto THOMAS BUCKNER Mercer at whose house being in St Christophers +pishe I nowe lye, and hereafter nominated one of my Executors the some +of fiffteene poundes towards the repacons of some damages that I haue +made, or for other vses as shee shall thincke Convenient' Item I giue +vnto Mr JOHN BUCKNER theire eldest sonne the some of fiue poundes Item I +giue & bequeath vnto my Cozen THOMAS YATES my sisters sonne fifty +poundes towardes the paiemt. of his debte and not otherwise, But if his +debt doe fall out to be lesse then fifty poundes then the residue to +remayne to himselfe Item to JOHN HARRIOTT Late servaunte to Mr Doleman +of Shawe neere Newbury ín Barkeshire and being the sonne of my vnckle +John Harriotte but nowe married and dwelling in Churche peene about a +Myle westward from the said Shawe, I doe giue and bequeath fifty poundes +Item I giue and bequeath vnto CHRISTOPHER TOOKE my foresaid servaunte +one hundred poundes. Item I giue & bequeath vnto myservaunte JOHN +SHELLER fiue poundes more then the forty shillinges wch I haue of his in +Custodie,being money given vnto him at sevall tymes by my frends wch in +all is seauen poundes to bee imployed for his vse according to the +discrecon of my Executors for ye placing of him wth an other Master Item +I giue and bequeath to JOANE my servaunte fiue poundes more then her +wages. Item I giue and bequeath vnto my svaunte JANE wch serveth vnder +the said JONE fortie shillinges more then her wages wch wages is twenty +shillinges by yeare Item I giue and bequeath to my auncient svaunte +CHRISTOPHER KELLETT a Lymning paynter dwelling neare PettyFraunce in +Westminster fiue poundes Item to my aincient servaunte JOANE wife to +Paule Chapman dwelling in Brayneford end I bequeath fortie shillinges. +Item I giue vnto the aforesaid EARLE OF NORTHUMBERLAND my two pspectiue +trunckes wherewth I vse espetially to see Venus horned like the Moone +and the Spout in the Sonne The glasses of wch trunckes I desire to haue +remooved into two other of the fayrest trunckes by my said servaunte +CHRISTOPHER TOOKE Item I bequeath vnto euyone of my Executors +hereafterwards to be named, One pspectiue truncke a peece of the best +glasses, and ye fayrest trunckes, as my said servaunte Can best fitt to +theire liking Item I giue vnto my said servaunte CHRISTOPHER TOOKE the +residue of my Cases of pspectiue trunckes wth the other glasses of his +owne making fitted for pspectiue trunckes (excepting two great longe +trunckes Consisting of many ptes wch I giue vnto the said EARLE OF +NORTHUMBERLAND to remayne in his Library for such vses as they may be +put vnto, Alsoe I bequeath the dishes of iron Called by the spectacle +makers tooles to grinde spectacles, and other pspectiue glasses for +trunckes vnto my foresaid servaunte CHRISTOPHER TOOKE, Item Concerninge +my debts, I doe acknowledg that at this psente I doe owe moneyes to +Monseir Mayornes a Potycarie More to Mr Wheately a Potticary dwelling +neare the Stockes at the East end of Cheapeside Item to my Brewer +dwelling at Braynford end Item to Mr John Bill Staconer for Bookes The +some of the debte to all fower before meneoned I thincke and Judge not +to bee much more or lesse then forty poundes. Item I doe acknowledge to +owe vnto Mr Christopher Ingram keeper of the house of Syon for the +aforesaid EARLE OF NORTHUMBERLAND Three thousand sixe hundred of Billett +wch I desire to be repayed vnto him Item I doe acknowledge that I haue +some written Coppies to the number of twelue or fowerteene (more or +lesse) lent vnto me by Thomas Allen of Gloster Hall in Oxford M` of +Artes vnto whome I desire my Executors hereafter named to restore them +safely according to the noate that hee shall deliu of them (I doubting +whether I haue anie true noate of them my selfe) Item I make Constitute +and ordayne theise fowre following my Executors Namely the aforesaid Sr +ROBERT SIDNEY KNIGHT VISCOUNT LYSLE (if his Lopp may take soe many +paynes in my behalfe) Also JOHN PROTHEROE of Hawkesbrooke in the County +of Carmarthen Esquio` Alsoe THOMAS ALESBURY of Westminster Esquior +Lastly THOMAS BUCKNER Mercer dwelling in St Xpofers pishe in Lond not +farre from ye Royall Exchainge vnto wch Executors I giue full power & +aucty to vse theire owne discrecons in paying theire Charges in my +behalfe out of the rest of my good And if my Bookes wth other goods doe +in value Come to more then I haue afore supposed First I desire them to +bestowe soe much vppon ye poore not exceeding twenty poundes as they +shall thincke Convenient somee pte whereof I giue vnto the poore of the +hospitall in Christes Churche in Lond, Some pte vnto the said pishe of +St Xpofors where I nowe lye, and some pte wch I would haue the greater) +vnto the poore of the píshe of Isleworth neere Syon in the Countie of +Midd Secondly out of the said residue of my good, my will is, That the +said Executors take some pte thereof for theire owne vses according to +theire discretions Lastly my will and desire is that they bestowe the +value of the rest vppon Sr Thomas Bodleyes Library in Oxford, or imploy +it to such Charitable & pious vses as they shall thincke best Item my +will and desire is that Robert Hughes gentleman and nowe attendant vppon +th'afore said EARLE OF NORTHUMBERLAND for matters of Learning bee an +ouseer at the prizing of my Bookes, and some other thinges as my +Executors and hee shall agree vnto Item I ordayne and Constitute the +aforesaid NATHANIELL THORPERLEY first to be Ouseer of my Mathematicall +Writinges to be receiued of my Executors to pvse and order and to sepate +the Cheife of them from my waste papers, to the end that after hee doth +vnderstand them hee may make vse in penninge such doctrine that belonges +vnto them for publique vses as it shall be thought Convenient by my +Executors and him selfe And if it happen that some manner of Notacons or +writinges of the said papers shall not be vnderstood by him then my +desire is that it will please him to Conferre wth Mr Warner or Mr Hughes +Attendants on the aforesaid Earle Concerning the aforesaid doubte. And +if hee be not resolued by either of them That then hee Conferre wth the +aforesaid JOHN PROTHEROE Esquior or the aforesaid THOMAS ALESBURY +Esquior. (I hoping that some or other of the aforesaid fower last +nominated can resolue him) And when hee hath had the vse of the said +papers see longe as my Executors and hee have agreed for the vse afore +said That then he deliu them againe vnto my Executors to be putt into a +Convenient Truncke with a locke & key and to be placed in my Lord of +Northumberlandes Library and the key thereof to be delifted into his +Lordpps hands And if at anie tyme after my Executors or the afore said +NATHANIELL THORPERLEY shall agayne desire the vse of some or all of the +said Mathematicall paps That then it will please the said Earle to lett +anie of the aforesaid to haue them for theire vse soe long as shall be +thought Convenient, and afterwards to be restored agayne vnto the +Truncke in the afore said Earle's Library Secondly my will & desire is +that the said NATHANIELL THORPERLEY be alsoe Ouseere of other written +bookes & papers as my Executors and hee shall thincke Convenient. Item +Whereas I haue diuers waste papers (of wch some are in a Canvas bagge) +of my Accompte to Sr Walter Rawley for all wch I haue discharges or +acquitances lying in some boxes or other my desire is that they may bee +all burnte. Alsoe there is an other Canvas bagge of papers concerning +Irishe Accompt (the psons whome they Concerne are dead many yeares since +in the raigne of queene Elizabeth wch I desire alsoe may be burnte as +likewise many Idle paps and Cancelled Deedes wch are good for noe vse +Item I revoake all former wills by mee heretofore made saue onely this +my pnte last will and Testament wch I will shalbe in all thinges +effectually and truely pformed according to the tenor and true meaning +of the same In witnes whereof I the afore said THOMAS HARRIOTT haue to +this my psent last will & Testament put my hand & scale yeouen the daie +and yeare first aboue written THO : HARRIOTTS. + +Sealed a published and deliued by ye wthin named THOMAS HARRIOTT for and +as his last will & Testamt the daie & yeares wthin written in the pfice +of vs IMMANUELL BOWRNE WILL: FUTTER, Scr: & THO : ALFORD Svte to the +said scr + +Probatum fuit hfnoi Testum sexto die mensis Julij Anno Dni 1621. Coram +venli viro RICHARDO CLARKE legum Dcore Surto Dni Offitis &c . jurio +THOME AILESBURIE et THOME BUCKNER duorum Extorum &c quibus &c de bene &c +saluo jure &c Resrvata tamen ptate similem Comissionem faciendi Dno +ROBERTO SIDNEY militi et JOHANNI PROTHERO armigero alteris Extoribus &c +Cum venerint eandem in debita Juris forma petituri. Pro Inveno ANDREE +prox &c. Concordat cum Originali fca exaicoe pnos HEN: DURHAM Norium +Pubcm RA: BYRDE + +[From the certified copy filed in the Probate Registry in Somerset +House, which has been collated with the copy registered, Arch. Lond. +1618-1626/7, Folio 71. The differences in spelling, punctuation etc. are +numerous but unimportant.] + + END + + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THOMAS HARIOT *** + +This file should be named 5171.txt or 5171.zip + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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