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diff --git a/5171-h/5171-h.htm b/5171-h/5171-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..161a14f --- /dev/null +++ b/5171-h/5171-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,5394 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Thomas Hariot, by Henry Stevens</title> + +<style type="text/css"> + +body { margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; + text-align: justify; } + +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 {text-align: center; font-style: normal; font-weight: +normal; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: .5em;} + +h1 {font-size: 300%; + margin-top: 0.6em; + margin-bottom: 0.6em; + letter-spacing: 0.12em; + word-spacing: 0.2em; + text-indent: 0em;} +h2 {font-size: 150%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em;} +h3 {font-size: 130%; margin-top: 1em;} +h4 {font-size: 120%;} +h5 {font-size: 110%;} + +.no-break {page-break-before: avoid;} /* for epubs */ + +hr {width: 80%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;} + +p {text-indent: 1em; + margin-top: 0.25em; + margin-bottom: 0.25em; } + +p.center {text-align: center; + text-indent: 0em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; } + +p.right {text-align: right; + margin-right: 10%; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; } + +a:link {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:visited {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:hover {color:red} + +</style> + +</head> + +<body> + +<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Thomas Hariot, by Henry Stevens</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online +at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you +are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the +country where you are located before using this eBook. +</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Thomas Hariot</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Henry Stevens</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: May 28, 2002 [eBook #5171]<br /> +[Most recently updated: December 25, 2021]</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Norm Wolcott</div> +<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THOMAS HARIOT ***</div> + +<h1>Thomas Hariot</h1> + +<h2 class="no-break">by Henry Stevens</h2> + +<hr /> + +<p> +[Redactor’s note: Very little is known of Thomas Hariot; his only +published works are the ‘Briefe and true report’ (PG#4247) and the +posthumous ‘Praxis’, a handbook of algebra. He anticipated the law +of refraction, corresponded with Kepler, observed comets, and may have been the +first to recognize that the straight line paths of comets might be segments of +elongated ellipses. The lost ‘ephemera’ referred to in the text +have since been found (since 1876) and a conference was held in 1970 at the +University of Delaware on the current state of Hariot research, the proceedings +of which have been published by the Oxford University Press, where one may find +a fairly current view of the historical record. Due to the large number of +quotations and early english typography, the casual reader may find the +‘html’ version easier to follow than the text version.] +</p> + +<hr /> + +<h4>THOMAS HARIOT<br/> +THE MATHEMATICIAN<br/> +THE PHILOSOPHER AND<br/> +THE SCHOLAR<br/> +DEVELOPED<br/> +CHIEFLY<br/> +FROM<br/> +DORMANT MATERIALS<br/> +WITH NOTICES OF HIS ASSOCIATES<br/> +INCLUDING BIOGRAPHICAL AND<br/> +BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DISQUISITIONS<br/> +UPON THE MATERIALS OF THE<br/> +HISTORY OF ‘OULD<br/> +VIRGINIA’</h4> + +<p> +BY HENRY STEVENS OF VERMONT +</p> + +<hr /> + +<h4>PREMONITION</h4> + +<p> +WHEN I YEARS AGO undertook among other enterprises to compile a sketch of the +life of THOMAS HARIOT the first historian of the new found land of Virginia; +and to trace the gradual geographical development of that country out of the +unlimited ‘Terra Florida’ of Juan Ponce de Leon, through the French +planting and the Spanish rooting out of the Huguenot colony down to the +successful foothold of the English in Wingandacoa under Raleigh’s patent, +I little suspected either the extent of the research I was drifting into, or +the success that awaited my investigations. +</p> + +<p> +The results however are contained in this little volume, which has expanded day +by day from the original limit of fifty to above two hundred pages. From a +concise bibliographical essay the work has grown into a biography of a +philosopher and man of science with extraordinary surroundings, wherein the +patient reader may trace the gradual development of Virginia from the earliest +time to 1585 ; I especially,’ says Strachey, I that which hath bene +published by that true lover of vertue and great learned professor of all arts +and knowledges, Mr Hariots, who lyved there in the tyme of the first colony, +spake the Indian language, searcht the country,’ etc ; Hariot’s +nearly forty years’ intimate connection with Sir Walter Raleigh; his long +close companionship with Henry Percy ; his correspondence with Kepler; his +participation in Raleigh’s `History of the World;’ his invention of +the telescope and his consequent astronomical discoveries ; his scientific +disciples ; his many friendships and no foeships ; his blameless life ; his +beautiful epitaph in St Christopher’s church, and his long slumber in the +‘garden’ of the Bank of England. +</p> + +<p> +The little book is now submitted with considerable diffidence, for in +endeavouring to extricate Hariot from the confusion of historical +‘facts’ into which he had fallen, and to place him in the position +to which he is entitled by his great merits, it is desirable to be clear, +explicit and logical. A decision of mankind of two centuries’ standing, +as expressed in many dictionaries and encyclopaedias, cannot be easily reversed +without good contemporary evidence. This I have endeavoured to produce. +</p> + +<p> +Referring to pages 191 and 192 the writer still craves the reader’s +indulgence for the apparently irrelevant matter introduced, as well as for the +inartistic grouping of the many detached materials, for reasons there given. +</p> + +<p> +It ought perhaps to be stated here that the book necessarily includes notices, +more or less elaborate, of very many of Hariot’s friends, associates and +contemporaries, while others, for want of space, are mentioned little more than +by name. +</p> + +<p> +The lives of Raleigh, and Henry Percy of Northumberland, Prisoners in the +Tower, seem to be inseparable from that of their Fidus Achates, but I have +endeavoured to eliminate that of Hariot as far as possible without derogation +to his patrons. All the new documents mentioned have their special value, but +too much importance cannot be attached to the recovery of Hariot’s Will, +for it at once dispels a great deal of the inference and conjecture that have +so long beclouded his memory. It throws the bright electric light of to-day +over his eminently scholarly, scientific and philosophical Life. By this and +the other authorities given it is hoped to add a new star to the joint +constellation of the honored Worthies of England and America. +</p> + +<p> + HENRY STEVENS of Vermont +</p> + +<p> +<small>Vermont House, xiii Upper Avenue Road,<br/> + London, N.W. April +10 1885</small> +</p> + +<hr /> + +<h4>THOMAS HARIOT<br/> +AND HIS<br/> +ASSOCIATES</h4> + +<p class="center"> +‘chusing always rather to doe some thinge worth<br/> +nothing than nothing att all.’ <i>Sir William Lower<br/> +to Hariot</i> July 19 1611 (see p. 99) +</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"> +To +</p> + +<p class="center"> +FRANCIS PARKMAN +</p> + +<p class="center"> +THE +</p> + +<p class="center"> +HISTORIAN and TRUSTIE FRIEND +</p> + +<p class="center"> +Who Forty Years ago<br/> +When we were young Students of History together<br/> +Gave me a hand of his over the Sea<br/> +NOW<br/> +Give I him this right hand of mine<br/> +with<br/> +Ever grateful Tribute to<br/> +our life-long<br/> +<br/> +FRIENDSHIP +</p> + +<p class="center"> +MORIN +</p> + +<p class="center"> +Custos juris reimprimendi<br/> +Caveat homo trium literarum +</p> + +<p> +[The touching Dedication on the opposite page was penned by my father a few +months before his death on February 18, 1886. I have thought it best to leave +it exactly as he had planned it, although now, alas! Mr. Parkman is no longer +with us. Let us hope the old friends may have again joined hands beyond the +unknown sea.-H. N. S.] +</p> + +<hr /> + +<h4>EXPLANATORY</h4> + +<p> +IN the year 1877 the late Mr. Henry Stevens of Vermont, under the pseudonym of +‘Mr. Secretary Outis,’ projected and initiated a literary +Association entitled THE HERCULES CLUB. The following extracts from the +original prospectus of that year explain this platform: +</p> + +<p> +The objects of this Association are literary, social, antiquarian, festive and +historical ; and its aims are thoroughly independent research into the +materials of early Anglo-American history and literature. The Association is +known as THE HERCULES CLUB, whose Eurystheus is Historic Truth and whose +appointed labours are to clear this field for the historian of the future. +</p> + +<p> +“Sinking the individual in the Association the Hercules Club proposes to +scour the plain and endeavour to rid it of some of the many literary, +historical, chronological, geographical and other monstrous errors, hydras and +public nuisances that infest it . . . . Very many books, maps, manuscripts and +other materials relating alike to England and to America are well known to +exist in various public and private repositories on both sides of the Atlantic. +Some unique are of the highest rarity, are of great historic value, while +others are difficult of access, if not wholly inaccessible, to the general +student. It ís one of the purposes therefore of the Hercules Club to ferret out +these materials, collate, edit and reproduce them with extreme accuracy, but +not in facsimile. The printing is to be in the best style of the Chiswick +Press. The paper with the Club’s monogram in each leaf is made expressly +for the purpose”. +</p> + +<p> +The following ten works were selected as the first field of the Club’s +investigations, and to form the first series of its publications. +</p> + +<p> +<small>1. Waymouth (Capt. George) Voyage to North Virginia in 1605. By James +Rosier. London, 1605, 4°</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>2. Sil. Jourdan’s Description of Barmuda. London, 1610, 4°</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>3. Lochinvar. Encouragements for such as shall have intention to bee +Vndertakers in the new plantation of Cape Breton, now New Galloway. Edinburgh, +1625, 4°</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>4. Voyage into New England in 1623-24.. By Christopher Levett. London, +1628, 4°</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>5. Capt. John Smith’s True Relation of such occurrences of Noate +as hath hapned in Virginia. London, 1608, 4°</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>6. Gosnold’s Voyage to the North part of Virginia in 1602. By John +Brereton. London, 1602, 4°</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>7. A Plain Description of the Barmudas, now called Sommer Islands. +London, 1613, 4°</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>8. For the Colony in Virginia Brittania, Lavves Divine Morall and +Martiall, &c. London, 1612, 4°</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>9. Capt. John Smith’s Description of NewEngland, 16l4-15, map. +London, 1616, 4°</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>10. Hariot (Thomas) Briefe and true report of the new foundland of +Virginia. London, 1588, 4°</small> +</p> + +<p> +‘Mr. Secretary Outis’ undertook the task of seeing the reprints of +the original texts of these ten volumes through the Press, and almost the whole +of this work he actually accomplished. +</p> + +<p> +The co-operative objects of the Association, however, appear never to have been +fully inaugurated, although a large number of literary men, collectors, +societies and libraries entered their names as Members of the Club. All were +willing to give their pecuniary support as subscribers to the Club’s +publications, but few offered the more valuable aid of their literary +assistance; hence practically the whole of the editing also devolved upon Mr. +Henry Stevens. +</p> + +<p> +He first took up No. 10 on the above list, Hariot’s Virginia. His long +and diligent study for the introduction thereto, resulted in the discovery of +so much new and important matter relative to Hariot and Raleigh, that it became +necessary to embody it in the present separate volume, as the maximum +dimensions contemplated for the introduction to each work had been exceeded +tenfold or more. +</p> + +<p> +Owing to Mr. Stevens’s failing health, the cares of his business, and the +continual discovery of fresh material, it was not till 1885 that his +investigations were completed, although many sheets of the book had been +printed off from time to time as he progressed. The whole of the text was +actually printed off during his lifetime, but unfortunately he did not live to +witness the publication of his work, perhaps the most historically important of +any of his writings. Publication has since been delayed for reasons explained +hereinafter. +</p> + +<p> +On the death of my father, on February 28, 1886, I found myself appointed his +literary executor, and I have since devoted much time to the arrangement, +completion, and publication of his various unfinished works, seeking the help +of competent editors where necessary. +</p> + +<p> +Immediately after his decease I published his +</p> + +<p> +<i>Recollections of Mr. James Lenox of New York, and the formation of his +Library,</i> a little volume which was most favourably received and ran through +several impressions. +</p> + +<p> +In the same year I published <i>The Dawn of British Trade to the East Indies as +recorded in the Court Minutes of the East India Company.</i> This volume +contained an account of the formation of the Company and of Captain +Waymouth’s voyage to America in search of the North-west passage to the +East Indies. The work was printed for the first time from the original +manuscript preserved in the India Office, and the introduction was written by +Sir George Birdwood. +</p> + +<p> +In 1888 I issued <i>Johann Schöner, Professor of Mathematics at Nuremberg. A +reproduction of his Globe of 1523 long lost, his dedicatory letter to Reymer +von Streytperck, and the `De Moluccis’ of Maximilianus Transylvanus, with +new translations and notes on the Globe by Henry Stevens of Vermont, edited, +with an introduction and bibliography, by C. H. Coote, of the British +Museum.</i> This Globe of 1523<i>,</i> now generally known as Schöner’s +Third Globe, is marked by a line representing the route of Magellan’s +expedition in the first circumnavigation of the earth; and the facsimile of +Maximilianus’s interesting account of that voyage, with an English +translation, was consequently added to the volume. Mr. Coote, in his +introduction, gives a graphic account of many other early globes, several of +which are also reproduced in facsimile. The whole volume was most carefully +prepared, and exhibits considerable originality both in the printing and +binding, Mr. Henry Stevens’s own ideas having been faithfully carried +out. +</p> + +<p> +In 1893 I issued to the subscribers that elegant folio volume which my father +always considered as his <i>magnum opus.</i> It was entitled <i>The New Laws of +the Indies for the good treatment and preservation of the Indians, promulgated +by the Emperor Charles the Fifth, 1542-1543. A facsimile reprint of the +original Spanish edition, together with a literal translation into the English +language, to which is prefixed an historical introduction.</i> Of the long +introduction <i>of</i> ninety-four pages, the first thirty-eight are from the +pen of Mr. Henry Stevens, the remainder from that of Mr. Fred. W. Lucas, whose +diligent researches into American history are amply exemplified in his former +work, <i>Appendiculae Historicae, or shreds of history hung on a horn,</i> and +in his recent work, <i>The Annals of the Voyages of the Brothers Zeno.</i> +</p> + +<p> +Ever since 1886 I have from time to time unsuccessfully endeavoured to enlist +the services of various editors competent to complete the projected eleven +volumes of the Hercules Club publications, but after a lapse of nearly fourteen +years I have awakened to the fact that no actual progress has been made, and +that I have secured nothing beyond the vague promise of future assistance. The +field of editors capable of this class of work being necessarily very limited, +and death having recently robbed me in the most promising case of even the +slender hope of future help, I determined to ascertain for myself the exact +position of the work already done, with the hope of bringing at least some of +the volumes to a completion separately, instead of waiting longer in the hope +of finishing and issuing them all <i>en bloc</i> as originally proposed and +intended. On collating the printed stock I found that the two volumes, +<i>Hariot’s Virginia</i> and the <i>Life of Hariot,</i> were practically +complete, the text of both all printed off, and the titles and preliminary +leaves and the Index to <i>Hariot’s Virginia</i> actually standing in +type at the Chiswick Press just as my father left them fourteen years ago! +(Many thanks to Messrs Charles Whittingham and Co. for their patience.) The +proofs of these I have corrected and passed for press, and I have added the +Index to the present volume. My great regret is that I did not sooner discover +the practical completeness of these two volumes, as owing to the nature of the +contents of the <i>Life of Hariot</i> it is not just to Hariot’s memory, +or to that of my father, that such important truths should so long have been +withheld from posterity. +</p> + +<p> +These two volumes being thus completed, ít remained to be decided in what +manner they should be published. I did not feel myself competent to pick up the +fallen reins of the HERCULES CLUB, which, as I have said before, appears never +to have been fully inaugurated on the intended co-operative basis. +</p> + +<p> +There being now no constituted association (such having entirely lapsed on the +death of Mr. ‘Secretary Outis’), and many of the original +subscribers, who were ipso facto members, being also no longer with us, it +appeared impossible to put forth the volumes as the publications of the +HERCULES CLUB. Consequently I resolved to issue them myself (and any future +volumes I may be able to bring to completion) simply as privately printed +books, and I feel perfectly justified in so doing, as no one but Mr. Henry +Stevens had any hand in their design or production either editorially or +financially. No money whatever was received from the members, whose +subscriptions were only to become payable when the publications were ready for +delivery. The surviving members have been offered the first chance of +subscribing to these two Hariot volumes and I am grateful for the support +received. They and the new subscribers will also be offered the option of +taking any subsequent volumes of the series which I may be enabled to complete. +</p> + +<p> +HENRY N. STEVENS, +</p> + +<p> +<i>Literary Executor of the late<br/> +Henry Stevens of Vermont.<br/> + 39, Great Russell Street,<br/> +</i> London, W.C.<br/> +<i> 10th February, 1900.</i> +</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"> +THOMAS HARIOT +</p> + +<p class="center"> +AND HIS +</p> + +<p class="center"> +ASSOCIATES +</p> + +<p> +COLLECTORS OF RARE English books always speak reverently and even mysteriously +of the ‘quarto Hariot’ as they do of the ‘first folio.’ +It is given to but few of them ever to touch or to see it, for not more than +seven copies are at present known to exist. Even four of these are locked up in +public libraries, whence they are never likely to pass into private hands. +</p> + +<p> +One copy is in the Grenville Library; another is in the Bodleian; a third +slumbers in the University of Leyden; a fourth is in the Lenox Library; a fifth +in Lord Taunton’s; a sixth in the late Henry Huth’s; and a seventh +produced £300 in 1883 in the Drake sale. +</p> + +<p> +The little quarto volume of Hariot’s Virginia is as important as it is +rare, and as beautiful as it is important. Few English books of its time, 1588, +surpass it either in typographic execution or literary merit. It was not +probably thrown into the usual channels of commerce, as it bears the imprint of +a privately-printed book, without the name or address of a publisher, and is +not found entered in the registers of Stationers’ Hall. It bears the arms +of Sir Walter Raleigh on the reverse of the title, and is highly commended by +Ralfe Lane, the late Governor of the Colony, who testifies, ‘I dare +boldly auouch It may very well pass with the credit of truth even amongst the +most true relations of this age.’ It was manifestly put forth somewhat +hurriedly to counteract, in influential quarters, certain slanders and +aspersions spread abroad in England by some ignorant persons returned from +Virginia, who ‘woulde seeme to knowe so much as no men more,’ and +who ‘had little vnderstanding, lesse discretion, and more tongue then was +needful or requisite.’ Hariot’s book is dated at the end, February +1588, that is 1589 by present reckoning. Raleigh’s assignment is dated +the 7th of March following. It is probable therefore that the +‘influential quarters’ above referred to meant the Assignment of +Raleigh’s Charter which would have expired by the limitation of six years +on the 24th of March, 1590, if no colonists had been shipped or plantation +attempted. It is possible also that Theodore De Bry’s presence in London, +as mentioned below, may have hastened the printing of the volume. +</p> + +<p> +Indeed, the little book professes to be only an epitome of what might be +expected, for near the end the author says, ‘this is all the fruits of +our labours, that I haue thought necessary to aduertise you of at +present;’ and, further on, ‘I haue ready in a discourse by it self +in maner of a Chronicle according to the course of times, and when time shall +bee thought conuenicnt, shall also be published.’ Hariot’s +‘Chronicle of Virginia’ among things long lost upon earth ! It is +to be hoped that some day the historic trumpet of Fame will sound loud enough +to awaken it, together with Cabot’s lost bundle of maps and journals +deposited with William Worthington ; Ferdinand Columbus’ lost life of his +father in the original Spanish; and Peter Martyr’s book on the first +circumnavigation of the globe by the fleet of Magalhaens, which he so fussily +sent to Pope Adrian to be read and printed, also lost! Hakluyt, in his volume +of 1589, dated in his preface the 19th of November, gives something of a +chronicle of Virginian events, 1584-1589, with a reprint of this book. But +there are reasons for believing that this is not the chronicle which Hariot +refers to. As White’s original drawings have recently turned up after +nearly three centuries, may we not still hope to see also Hariot’s +Chronicle? +</p> + +<p> +However, till these lost jewels are found let us appreciate what is still left +to us. Hariot’s ‘True Report’ is usually considered the first +original authority in our language relating to that part of English North +America now called the United States, and is indeed so full and trustworthy +that almost everything of a primeval character that we know of ‘Ould +Virginia’ may be traced back to it as to a first parent. It is an +integral portion of English history, for England supplied the enterprise and +the men. It is equally an integral portion of American history, for America +supplied the scene and the material. +</p> + +<p> +Without any preliminary flourish or subsequent reflections, the learned author +simply and truthfully portrays in 1585-6 the land and the people of Virginia, +the condition and commodities of the one, with the habits and character of the +other, of that narrow strip of coast lying between Cape Fear and the +Chesapeake, chiefly in the present State of North Carolina. This land, called +by the natives Wingandacoa, was named in England in 1584 Virginia, in +compliment to Queen Elizabeth. This name at first covered only a small +district, but afterwards it possessed varying limits, extending at one time +over North Virginia even to 45 degrees north. +</p> + +<p> +Raleigh’s Virginia soon faded, but her portrait to the life is to be +found in Hariot’s book, especially when taken with the pictures by +Captain John White, so often referred to in the text. This precious little work +is perhaps the most truthful, trustworthy, fresh, and important representation +of primitive American human life, animals and vegetables for food, natural +productions and commercial commodities that has come down to us. Though the +‘first colonie’ of Raleigh, like all his subsequent efforts in this +direction, was a present failure, Hariot and White have left us some, if not +ample, compensation in their picturesque account of the savage life and lavish +nature of pre-Anglo-Virginia, the like of which we look for in vain elsewhere, +either in Spanish, French, or English colonization. +</p> + +<p> +Indeed, nearly all we know of the uncontaminated American aborigines, their +mode of life and domestic economy, is derived from this book, and therefore its +influence and results as an original authority cannot well be over-estimated. +We have many Spanish and French books of a kindred character, but none so +lively and lifelike as this by Hariot, especially as afterwards illustrated by +De Bry’s engravings from White’s drawings described below. +</p> + +<p> +The first breath of European enterprise in the New World, combined with its +commercial Christianity, seems in all quarters, particularly the Spanish and +English, to have at once taken off the bloom and freshness of the Indian. His +natural simplicity and grandeur of character immediately quailed before the +dictatorial owner of property and civilization. The Christian greed for gold +and the civilized cruelty practised without scruple in plundering the +unregenerate and unbaptized of their possessions of all kinds, soon taught the +Indian cunning and the necessity of resorting to all manner of savage and +untutored devices to enable him to cope with his relentless enemies for even +restrained liberty and self-preservation; nay, even for very existence, and +this too on his own soil that generously gave him bread and meat. All these by +a self-asserted authority the coming European civilizer, with Bible in hand, +taxed with tribute of gold, labour, liberty, life. This has been the common lot +of the western races. +</p> + +<p> +It is therefore refreshing to catch this mirrored glimpse of Virginia, her +inhabitants, and her resources of primitive nature, before she was contaminated +by the residence and monopoly of the white man. It may have been best in the +long run that the European races should displace the aborigines of the New +World, but it is a melancholy reflection upon ‘go ye into all the world +and preach the gospel unto every creature,’ that no tribe of American +Indians has yet been absorbed into the body politic. Many a white man has let +himself down into savage life and habits, but no tribe of aborigines has yet +come up to the requirements, the honours, and the delights of European +civilization. Like the tall wild grass before the prairie-fire, the aboriginal +races are gradually but surely being swept away by the progress of +civilization. Now that they are gone or going the desire to gather real and +visible memorials of them is increasing, but fate seems to have swept these +also from the grasp of the greedy conqueror. Cortes gathered the golden art +treasures of Montezuma and sent them to Charles the Fifth, but the spoiler was +spoiled on the high seas, and not a drinking-cup or ringer-ring of that western +barbaric monarch remains to tell us of his island splendour. +</p> + +<p> +A historical word upon the events that led up to Raleigh’s Virginia +patent may not be out of place in a bibliographical Life of Hariot. The patent +was no sudden freak of fortune but was the natural outgrowth of stirring +events. Had it not been allotted to Raleigh it would doubtless soon after have +fallen to some other promoter. But Raleigh was the Devonshire war-horse that +first snuffed the breeze from afar. He fathered and took upon himself the +burden of this newborn English enterprise of Western Planting. +</p> + +<p> +Though unsuccessful himself, Raleigh lifted his country into success more than +any other one man of his time. To this day he is honoured alike in the old +country that gave him birth, and in the new country to which he gave new life. +His energy, enterprise, and fame are now a part of England’s history and +pride, while his disgrace and death belong to his king. Thomas Hariot was for +nearly forty years his confidential lieutenant throughout his varied career. +</p> + +<p> +From his youth Raleigh had sympathized, like many intelligent Englishmen, with +the Huguenot cause in France. As early as 1569, at the age of seventeen, he had +been one of a hundred volunteers whom Elizabeth sent over to assist and +countenance Coligni. He thus probably became better acquainted with the great +but unsuccessful scheme of colonizing Florida. At all events the history of +that disastrous French Huguenot colonization was first published under his +auspices, and a chief survivor, Jacques Le Moyne, became attached to his +service and interests. The story is in brief as follows. +</p> + +<p> +Gaspar de Coligni, Admiral of France, often in our day called the French +Raleigh, was a Protestant, and firm friend of England. One of his captains, +Jean Ribault, of Dieppe, also a Protestant, had written an important paper on +the policy of preserving peace with Protestant England. That paper, transmitted +by the Admiral to England, is still preserved in the national archives. Ribault +became the leader of Coligni’s preliminary expedition in 1562 into +Florida to seek out a suitable place, somewhere between 30° north latitude and +Cape Breton, for the discomfited Huguenots to retire to and found a Protestant +colony. The previous Brazilian project had already been abandoned as +impracticable and unsuccessful. +</p> + +<p> +Hitherto the Spanish Roman Catholic maritime doctrine had been that to see or +sail by any undiscovered country gave possession. But the French Protestants, +now firmly rejecting the Pope’s gift, required occupation in addition to +discovery to secure title. Hence Florida at that time, not being occupied by +the Spanish, was considered open to the French. Ribault sailed from Havre the +18th of February 1562, taking a course across the Atlantic direct, and, as he +thought, new, making his land fall on the 30th of April at 29½ degrees; but +Verrazano had in 1524 sailed also direct for Florida, taking a similar course, +with the difference that he started from Madeira. Thence coasting northward, +seeking for a harbour, touching at the river of May, and proceeding up the +coast to 32½ degrees, Ribault found a good harbour into which he entered on the +27th of May, and named it Port Royal. He was so well pleased with the country +that, perhaps contrary to instructions, he left a colony of thirty volunteers, +under Capt. Albert de la Pierria, and returned home with the news, arriving in +France, after a quick voyage, on the 20th of July, 1562. +</p> + +<p> +Ribault, on leaving Port Royal, intended to explore up the coast to 40°, that +is, to the present site of New York, but gives various reasons for not doing +so, one of which was ‘the declaration made vnto vs of our pilots and some +others that had before been at some of those places where we purposed to sayle +and have been already found by some of the king’s subjects.’ This +little colony of Port Royal, after nearly a year of danger and privation, built +a ship and put to sea, hoping to reach France. After incredible sufferings, +they were relieved by an English ship, which, after putting the feeble on +shore, carried the rest to England, having on board a French sailor who had +come home the previous year with Ribault. These surviving colonists were all +presented to Queen Elizabeth, and attracted much attention and great sympathy +in England. Some found their way back to France, while others entered the +English service. Thus England became acquainted with the aim, object, success, +and failure of the first Florida (now South Carolina) Protestant French colony. +Thomas Hacket published in London the 30th of May 1563, Ribault’s +‘True and last Discouerie of Florida,’ purporting to be a +translation from the French; but no printed French original is now known to +exist. +</p> + +<p> +The year of bigotry, 1563, in France having passed, a second expedition of +three vessels under Réné de Laudonnière, who had been an officer under Ribault +in 1562, sailed for Florida from Havre, April 22, 1564, and arrived at the +river of May the 25th of June. There were men of courage and consequence in +this company of adventurers, among whom was Le Moyne, the painter and +mathematician. The story of the sufferings of this second colony has often been +told, and need not be repeated here. Suffice it to say that it was greatly +relieved in July 1565, by Captain John Hawkins on his return voyage from his +second famous slave expedition to Africa and the West Indies. Hawkins, after +generously relieving the French with food, general supplies, and friendly +counsel, returned to Devonshire, sailing up the coast to Newfoundland, and +thence home, bringing stores of gold, silver, pearls, and the usual valuable +merchandize of the Indies, but the store of information respecting Florida and +our Protestant friends, and especially the geography of the American coast, was +worth more to England than all his vast store of merchandize. +</p> + +<p> +In 1565 a third French expedition was fitted out, again under Ribault, to +supply, reinforce, and support Laudonnière. After many disappointing and +vexatious delays, Ribault, late in the season, put to sea, but by stress of +weather was forced into Portsmouth, where he remained a fortnight. This gave +England still more information respecting the French Protestant projects of +southern colonization, as well as of Florida, which at that time extended very +far north of its present limits. At length on the 14th of June Ribault left the +hospitable shores of England with a fair north east wind to waft his seven +ships, freighted with above three hundred colonists including sailors and +soldiers, and taking the new ‘French route’ north of the Azores and +south of Bermuda, entered the river of May on the 27th of August, just one +month after the departure of Hawkins, and just one day before the arrival of +the Spaniards at the river of St John, a few miles south. +</p> + +<p> +We find no hint of any opposition in England to these French colonizing +schemes, but on the contrary they were looked upon as an advantageous barrier +to Spanish greed of territorial extension northward under the +vicegerent’s gift. There are still existing hints of English projects of +western voyages at this time, about the year 1565, to the American coast. +Elizabeth, however, was friendly to the Huguenots, and evinced great sympathy +with their Florida colonial scheme. England’s claim to Newfoundland and +Labrador, through discovery by the Cabots, had been allowed to lapse chiefly +from the Protestant doctrine of non-occupation. The French occupation of Canada +was not disputed. There was some doubt, however, about the intermediate country +between the New France of Canada and the New France of Florida, and hence we +find that private plans of English occupation were hatching at this early +period, but they were not encouraged. This delicate question between France and +Spain was, however, soon settled by the well known course of events with which +England had nothing to do but to stand aside till the contest was over, and +then in due course of time, like an independent powerful neutral, step in and +reap the rewards. +</p> + +<p> +It is well known that Laudonnière’s followers were not altogether +harmonious. Some restless spirits seceded, and seizing one of the +colony’s ships, entered successfully in the autumn and winter of 1564-65 +into piracy on the rich commerce of Spain in the West Indies. These French +spoliations had been a sore point with the owners of West India commerce since +the days of Verrazano, so much so that the Spanish Government had instituted a +fleet of coastguards among the islands to intercept and destroy the pirates. +This fleet for some time had been under the charge of an experienced, trusted, +and efficient officer named Pedro Menendez de Avilés. No doubt the provocation +was great, and the new piracy was not to be endured. The home government of +Spain had been kept informed of the Huguenot encroachments in Florida, a +country which had long ago been granted to Ponce de Leon, Ayllon and others, +and had been coasted by Estevan Gomez, but these encroachments had hitherto +been so long winked at that the French colonists began to feel themselves to be +in tolerable security. +</p> + +<p> +French piracy and Calvinism, however, coming together were two provocations too +much for the patriotism and piety of the zealous Roman Catholic Spanish +commander in the West Indies. Besides, there was a sorrow which roused his +Spanish bigotry and induced him more than ever to serve God and his king by +exterminating heresy. Don Pedro, with his new honors and high hopes, had left +Cadiz on the 31st of May 1564, as Captain-General of the West India, the Terra +Firma, the Peruvian, and the New-Spain fleets, his son under him commanding the +ships to Vera Cruz. This son on the homeward voyage in the autumn had been lost +on the rocks of Bermuda. This circumstance, with the Florida pirates, the +heretic French and his Spanish love of barbaric gold, fired his zeal. +</p> + +<p> +The General rushed home to Spain for new powers. Early in 1565 he stood again +before Philip petition in hand. Besides his present dignities he would be +Adelantado of Florida. Florida in Spanish eyes extended not only to St. +Mary’s or the Bay of Chesapeake, but even to Newfoundland, so as to +embrace the whole northern continent west of the line of demarcation. Philip +had heard not only of Laudonnière and the French Huguenots the last year, but +was informed of Ribault’s new reinforcing expedition from Dieppe. He at +once not only granted the General’s request, but enlarged his powers from +time to time as additional news came in of the French. Don Pedro became indeed +a royal favourite. He was now a veteran of forty-seven, who had done Philip and +his father personal service. He had cruised against blockaders and corsairs in +early youth, had convoyed richly-laden plate fleets from the Indies; had turned +the scale of victory at StQuintin in 1557 by suddenly throwing Spanish troops +into Flanders greatly to the advantage of Philip; was the commanding general of +the armada in which the king returned in 1559 from Flanders to Spain; had been +made in 1560 captain-general of the convoy or protecting fleets between Spain +and the West Indies, in which there was much active business in guarding +Spanish commerce from corsairs. In spoiling these spoilers the general amassed +much wealth, and was acknowledged the protector of the islands and their +commerce. In 1561 he had fallen into some difficulty which caused his arrest by +the Council of the Indies, but the king came to his rescue, restored his +appointments, and promoted him in 1562 and 1563, and still more, as we have +seen, in 1564. In 1565 Philip gave him almost unlimited power over Florida, +with directions to conquer, colonize, Christianize, explore and survey, and all +these too at his own expense. Such is the fascination of royal grants. He was +given three years to perform these wonders, in which so many others had failed. +He was to survey the coasts up to Chesapeake Bay, explore inlets and find out +the hidden straits to Cathay. Thus armed and instructed this Spanish pioneer of +Virginia history and geography returned to his native Asturias, raised an army, +manned and fitted out a fleet with many soldiers and sailors, and 500 negro +slaves. He embarked at Cadiz with eleven ships on the 29th of June 1565, a +fortnight after Ribault with his seven ships had left Portsmouth. From Porto +Rico the Adelantado, in his hot haste to forestall the French, took a new route +north of StDomingo, through the Lucayan islands and the Bahamas, to the coast +of Florida at the River of StJohn, on the 28th of August, the day after the +arrival of the French a few miles north. Here Menendez entered the inlet, +landed his five hundred African negro slaves, founded a town, the first in what +is now the United States, and named it StAugustine, because he made his +land-fall on the saint’s-day of the great African bishop. Thus +StAugustine became the patron saint of this first town in the United States. +Here slavery struck root, and here the Spanish Papist and the French Huguenot, +brought out of civilized and Christianized Europe were set down blindfolded on +the wild and inhospitable shores of Florida, like two game-cocks, to fight out +their religious and implacable hatred. It was here that these ‘children +of the sun’ showed the red men of the American forests that they too were +human and mortal. Here, a few days later, the Spaniards began that merciless +cut-throat religious butchery of Huguenots, to the astonishment of the savages +of the primeval forests of America which finds a parallel on the pages of +history only in the lesson which it taught in refined Paris just seven years +later on St Bartholomew’s day. +</p> + +<p> +All the world knows how the swift vengeance of Pedro Menendez de Aviles +descended upon the unfortunate colonists of Laudonnière and Ribault and +destroyed them, with very few exceptions, in September 1565. On the other hand, +every one has heard how the Spaniards, almost all except the absent leader, +expiated their murderous cruelty in April 1568, under the retributive justice +of De Gourgues. The Spanish settlers of Florida were thus as completely +exterminated by the French as the French three years before had been +exterminated by the Spaniards. +</p> + +<p> +After this till 1574, the Spaniards maintained possession of Florida, as far +north as the Chesapeake Bay, under Menendez, who had been appointed at first +Adelantado of Florida, and subsequently also Governor of Cuba. He caused an +elaborate and official survey of the whole coast to be made and recorded, both +in writing and in charts. Barcia tells the whole interesting story, but the +charts seem to have been lost, though the description, or parts of it, remains. +Menendez returned to Spain and died in 1574, just as he had been invested with +the command of an ‘invincible’ armada of three hundred ships, and +twenty thousand men to act against England and Flanders. All his North American +acquisitions and surveys seem to have at once fallen into neglect. Not a +Spanish town had been founded north of StAugustine. His Spanish missionaries +sent among the Indians had gained no solid foot hold. Spain however still +claimed possession, on paper, of the whole coast up to Newfoundland, though she +could not boast of a single place of actual occupation. +</p> + +<p> +England at this time began to see the coast clear for the spread of her +protestant principles in America, and for her occupation of some of those vast +countries she now professed to have been the first to discover by the Cabots. +No friendly power any longer stood in her way. Her relations with Spain had +settled into patriotic hatred and open war. The voyages of Hawkins and Drake +into the West Indies had revealed to Englishmen the enormous wealth of the +Spanish trade thither, as well as the weakness of the Spanish Government in +those plundered papal possessions. Frobisher had matured his plans, secured his +grant, and in 1576 made his first voyage to find the north west passage. The +same year the half-brother of Raleigh, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, published his +‘discourse for a discouerieof a new passage to Catai,’ with a map +showing the coast of North America, and the passage to China. This was the +result of years of study, and though the elaborate work was written out hastily +at last, we know that while others were advocating the north east passage, Sir +Humphrey always persisted in the north western. Frobisher’s expedition is +said to have been an outgrowth of Gilbert’s efforts and petitions. These +projects were long in hand, but Gilbert, in June 1578, obtained his famous +patent from Elizabeth for two hundred leagues of any American coast not +occupied by a Christian prince. This grant was limited to six years, to expire +the eleventh of June 1584 in case no settlement was made or colony founded. The +story of Gilbert’s efforts, expenditures of himself and friends, his +unparalleled misfortunes and death, need not be retold here. Part of his rights +and privileges fell to his half-brother Walter Raleigh who had participated +somewhat in the enterprise. After Gilbert’s death and before the +expiration of the patent, Raleigh succeeded in obtaining from Elizabeth another +patent, with similar rights, privileges, and limitations, dated the 25th of +March 1584, leaving the whole unoccupied coast open to his selection. On the +27th of April, only a month later, he despatched two barks under the command of +Captains Amadas and Barlow, to reconnoitre the coast, as Ribault had done, for +a suitable place to plant a colony, somewhere between Florida and Newfoundland. +This patent also, like Gilbert’s, in case of negligence or non-success, +was limited to six years. But it required the confirmation of Parliament. +Though there were many rival interests, some of which had perhaps to be +conciliated, the patent was confirmed. +</p> + +<p> +It ought perhaps to be mentioned here that five of Gilbert’s six years +having already expired without his obtaining success or possession, several +others, anticipating a forfeiture of the patent, began agitation for rival +patents in 1583. Carleil, Walsingham, Sidney, Peckham, Raleigh, and perhaps +others were eager in the strife. Mostof the papers are given in Hakluyt’s +1589 edition. The ‘Golden Hinde’ returned in September 1583 with +the news of the utter failure of the expedition and the death of Sir Humphrey. +Raleigh succeeded in obtaining the royal grant, and then all the rest joined +him in getting the patent confirmed by Parliament. +</p> + +<p> +Raleigh was now thirty-three, a man of position, of large heart and large +income, a popular courtier high in royal favor, a man of foreign travel, great +experience and extensive acquirements. He had served under Coligni with his +protestant friends in France; subsequently served under William of Orange in +Flanders; had served his Queen in Ireland; under Gilbert’s patent, +contemplated a voyage to Newfoundland in 1578; and in 1583 was ready to embark +himself again, but by some happy accident did not go, though he fitted out and +sent a large ship at his own cost bearing his own name, which ship however put +back on account of the outbreak of some contagion. Fully alive to the wants, +plans, and desires of the Huguenots, he had not only informed himself of their +Florida schemes, but had promoted the publication of their history, and secured +the interest and active co-operation of the most important survivor of them +all, Jaques LeMoyne, the painter, who having escaped landed destitute in Wales, +and subsequently entered the service of Raleigh who had him safely lodged in +the Blackfriars. He had also, how or when precisely is not known, secured the +active aid and facile pen of the geographical Richard Hakluyt, who wrote for +him, as no man else could write, in 1584, a treatise on Western Planting, a +work intended probably to prime the ministry and the Parliament, to enable +Raleigh first to secure the confirmation of his patent, and afterwards the +co-operation and active interest of the nobility and gentry in his enterprise. +This important hitherto unpublished volume of sixty-three large folio pages in +the hand writing of Hakluyt, after having probably served its purpose and lain +dormant for nearly three centuries, was bought at Earl Mountnorris’s sale +at Arley Castle in December 1852, by Mr Henry Stevens of Vermont, who, as he +himself informs us, after partly copying it, and endeavouring in vain to place +it in some public or private library in England or the United States, threw it +into auction, where it was sold by Messrs Puttick and Simpson in May 1854, for +£44, as lot 474, Sir Thomas Phillipps being the purchaser. The manuscript still +adorns the Phillipps library at Cheltenham. In 1868 a copy of this most +suggestive volume was obtained by the late Dr Leonard Woods for the Maine +Historical Society, and has since been edited with valuable notes by Mr Charles +Deane of Cambridge and with an Introduction by Dr Woods. It appeared in 1877 as +the second volume of the second series of the Society’s Collections. +</p> + +<p> +This Treatise of Hakluyt under Raleigh’s inspiration may be regarded as +the harbinger of Virginia history. Though intended for a special purpose, it is +of the highest importance in developing the history of English maritime policy +at that time, and defining the growth of the English arguments, advantages and +reasons for western planting. The book is full of personal hints, and is +immensely suggestive, showing us more than anything else the master hand of +Master Hakluyt in moulding England’s ‘sea policie’ and +colonial navigation. No mere geographical study by Hakluyt could alone have +produced this remarkable volume. It is the combination of many materials, and +the result of compromising divers interests. Hakluyt had already, though still +a young man under thirty, entered deeply into the study of commercial +geography, and had in 1582 published his <i>Divers Voyages</i> dedicated to his +friend Sir Philip Sidney, son-in-law to the chief Secretary Walsingham. In the +Spring of 1583 the Secretary sent Hakluyt down to Bristol with a letter to the +principal merchants there to enlist their co-operation in a project of +discovery and planting in America somewhere between the possessions of the +French in Canada and the Spaniards in Florida, which his son-in-law Master +Christopher Carleil was developing under the auspices of the Muscovie Company, +and for which they were about to ask the Queen for a patent independent of Sir +Humphrey Gilbert’s. +</p> + +<p> +In the summer of 1583 Hakluyt thought to go to Newfoundland with +Gilbert’s expedition, according to the letter of Parmenius, but +fortunately did not go. But in the autumn of the same year Walsingham sent him +to Paris nominally as chaplain to the English Ambassador at the French court, +Sir Edward Stafford, but really to pursue his geographical investigations into +the west and learn what the French and Spanish were doing in these remote +regions, and what were their particular claims, resources and trade. +</p> + +<p> +Before his departure for Paris, the ‘Golden Hinde’ had returned to +Falmouth with the heavy news of the fate of Gilbert and the consequent certain +forfeiture of his patent, notwithstanding it had still some nine months to run. +Though Sir Humphrey had taken formal possession of Newfoundland, as no colony +was left there, his rights and privileges would lapse as a matter of course. +</p> + +<p> +Western planting now became the talk and fashion. Many projects were hatching +for new patents. Raleigh alone succeeded. Hakluyt’s position and +circumstances in Paris seem made for the occasion, and he soon found all these +western eggs put into his basket. The materials of the several previous writers +and of the rival claimants were all apparently thrust upon him. He thus became +in 1583-4, though perhaps unconsciously, the mouthpiece of a snug family party +all playing into the hands of Raleigh. There were Walsingham, and Sidney, and +Carleil, and Leicester, all connected with each other and with Raleigh. Then +there were the papers of Sir George Peckham, Edward Hayes, Richard Clarke +master of the Delight, and Steven Par-menius, rich alike in hints and facts. +The interests of these distinguished persons were by family ties or other +influence suddenly merged into a single patent and that Raleigh’s. The +papers mostly passed through Raleigh’s hands into Hakluyt’s, who +acknowledges himself indebted to him for his chiefest light. +</p> + +<p> +Raleigh, besides being the half-brother and representative of Sir Humphrey +Gilbert, held also a large share in that venture. Gilbert’s real aim, +policy and plan, in this last yearof his patent, to prospect for a suitable +place in which to take possession and found a colony, was to begin at the south +and work northward as the French had done, but his previous failures since +1578, the inevitable impediments and delays, the advanced season of this his +last year 1583, and the necessity of making a final strike for success, in +behalf of himself and his assignees, compelled him at the last hour to go +direct to Newfoundland, take possession, and then, if thought best, work +southward. He was however unquestionably influenced or professed to be by +rumours of metals or gold mines in Newfoundland. This northern passage was his +fatal mistake. Had he taken a middle or southern course say between 37° and 42° +he might perhaps have succeeded. +</p> + +<p> +Under these circumstances Hakluyt’s Discourse of Western Planting was +written, and may be considered as a digest of many plans without much +originality and a consolidation of many interests. Hakluyt and Raleigh were at +Oxford together, but we find no particular evidence of their intimacy before +the Spring of 1584, when Hakluyt had returned to London from Paris with his +Discourse, or perhaps it was partly written in England. It is pretty certain +that it was not shown to the Queen before the date of the Patent, the 25th of +March, as Hakluyt speaks of her seeing it in the summer. It was probably +intended principally for the promotion of the interests of the Patent in +Parliament. +</p> + +<p> +At all events with his investigations in France Hakluyt’s Discourse +became thoroughly English in its tone and tenor, and from this time he labored +zealously in the interests of Raleigh. A main point of inquiry in Paris was to +avail himself of the many opportunities at the Spanish and Portuguese +embassies, and with the French merchants and sailors of Paris, Rouen, Havre and +Dieppe, to pick up the particulars of the West India trade of the Spaniards, +and the nature of the French dealings in Cape Breton and Canada. This led him +to set forth the advantages of direct English western trade independent of +France and Spain, and of French and Spanish routes. +</p> + +<p> +The fisheries of Newfoundland and the Banks were extensive, and by repeated +treaties neutral, but gave no exclusive rights on the adjoining territory to +any one of the fishing nations; though in all cases the English by common +consent exercised leadership in the Newfoundland harbors among the fishing +ships, of which there were now some six or eight hundred a year, +notwithstanding the English still fished also at Iceland. +</p> + +<p> +It was necessary however in the interests of England for Hakluyt in this +Discourse to revive and substantiate the English rights in America by putting +forward the prior discovery by the Cabots in 1497-1498. Though he presents this +direct claim modestly, yet like Sir Humphrey Gilbert he founds it upon +insufficient evidence. In a loose manner he speaks of Cabot and not the Cabots, +and attributes to Sebastian the son what properly belongs to John the father. +He reposes full confidence in the loose and gossiping statements of Peter +Martyr that Sebastian Cabot, a quarter of a century after the discovery, told +him that at the time, 1497 or 98,he had explored the coast to the latitude of +Gibraltar, that is to Chesapeake Bay and the longitude of Cuba or the city of +Cincinnati, a thing not probable, in as much as the active old pilot mayor was +never able to declare, down to the time of Gomez, that he had been on that +coast before. It would have been foolish in him to fit out in 1524 Gomez to +‘discover’ what the pilot mayor had already explored in 1497. +</p> + +<p> +Hakluyt’s arguments and historical statements in this Discourse of 1584 +to the present time have always been presented by English diplomatists with +confidence, especially against the French. Yet the French continued to maintain +their occupation of Cape Breton, the Gulf of St Lawrence and Canada, which +together they called New France. It is now however made apparent from +contemporary historical documents that have recently been brought to light from +the archives of Spain and Venice that John Cabot, accompanied by his son +Sebastian, then a youth of some nineteen or twenty years, in 1497 took +possession of Cape Breton in the names of Venice and England conjointly, and +raised the flags of St Mark and St George. There is not yet any trustworthy +evidence that they went south of Cape Breton either in that or the voyage of +1498. +</p> + +<p> +Hakluyt in his Divers Voyages in 1582 did not venture to make this Cabot claim +so strong as in this Discourse. In his dedication to Sir Philip Sidney he +quaintly says that he ‘put downe the title which we haue to this part of +America which is from Florida to 67 degrees northwarde by the letters patentes +graunted to John Cabote and his three sonnes,’ simply meaning that he had +printed the first patent of 5th May 1496. In his title page he speaks of the +Discoverie of America,’ made first of all by our Englishmen and +afterwards by the Frenchmen and Bretons.’ He does not question the rights +and privileges of Frenchmen to the Gulf of St Lawrence and Canada, because they +were in the occupation of a Christian prince. +</p> + +<p> +This Discourse of Western Planting therefore, and the voyage of Amadas and +Barlow, in 1584, at the instigation and expense of Raleigh, based on a thorough +knowledge of the Huguenot and Spanish expeditions to Florida in 1562-1568, are +all parts of Virginia history, and therefore are preliminary to Hariot’s +Report. It should be borne in mind that these terms Florida and Virginia as +used by the Spaniards, French, and English, included the whole country from the +point of Florida through the Carolinas and Virginia to the Chesapeake Bay, or +perhaps even to Bacalaos. +</p> + +<p> +Raleigh’s patent, in which all interests were thus consolidated, came +before Parliament in the Autumn of 1584 well fortified in its historical and +geographical bearings by Hakluyt’s learned Discourse. In the House of +Commons the matter was adroitly referred to a Commitee of which Walsingham and +Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Christopher Hatton and Sir Francis Drake were members. +The bill having passed the House was sent up to the Lords, and there read the +first time on Sunday the 19th of December 1584, as appears by the following +entry in the Lords’ Journal, volume ii, page 76. ‘Hodie allatae +sicut a Dome Communi 4 Billae; <i>Prima,</i> For the Confirmation of the +Queen’s Majesty’s Letters Patents, granted to Walter Raughlieghe, +Esquire, touching the Discovery and Inhabiting of certain Foreign Lands and +Countries, quae i<sup>a</sup> <i>vice</i> lecta est.’ It does not appear +precisely at what date the Bill received the Queen’s signature, but +probably as early as Christmas or New Year. +</p> + +<p> +Having now early in 1585 secured the Confirmation of this much coveted patent +which liberally permitted him in the name and under the aegis of England to +plant a ‘colonie’ and found an English empire in the New World at +his own expense of money, men, and enterprise; having pocketed the geographical +results and valuable experience of the French in Florida and Canada; having +vainly attempted a visit to Newfoundland in 1578, and having succeeded to the +rights and privileges of his noble half-brother Sir Humphrey Gilbert; having +received by the return in September of his two reconnoitring barks favorable +reports as to the properest place to begin his Western Planting in Wingandacoa +; and being thoroughly supported by the good wishes and hearty co-operation of +the Queen and many of her prominent and influential subjects, Raleigh rose +superior to all jealousies and opposition. +</p> + +<p> +This lasted as usual just so long as he was successful and no longer. But he +was blessed in his household, or at his table, or in his confidence, with four +sterling adherents who stuck to him through thick and thin, through prosperity +and adversity. These were Richard Hakluyt, Jaques Le Moyne, John White and +Thomas Hariot. When Wingandacoa makes up her jewels she will not forget these +Four, whom it is just to call Raleigh’s Magi. +</p> + +<p> +With marvellous energy, enterprise, and skill Raleigh collected and fitted out +in an incredibly short time a fleet of seven ships well stocked and well manned +to transport his ‘first colonie’ into the wilds of America. It was +under the command of his valiant cousin, Admiral Sir Richard Grenville, and +sailed from Plymouth on the 19th of May 1585. Never before did a finer fleet +leave the shores of England, and never since was one more honestly or hopefully +dispatched. There were the ‘Tyger’ and the ‘Roe Buck’ +of 140 tons each, the ‘Lyon’ of 100 tons, the +‘Elizabeth’ of 50 tons, the ‘Dorothea’, a small bark, +and two pinnaces, hardly big enough to bear distinct names, yet small enough to +cross dangerous bars and enter unknown bays and rivers. In this splendid outfit +were nearly two hundred souls, among whom were Master Ralfe Lane as governor of +the colony. Thomas Candish or Cavendish afterwards the circumnavigator, Captain +Philip Amadas of the Council, John White the painter as delineator and +draughtsman, Master Thomas Hariot the mathematician as historiographer, +surveyor and scientific discoverer or explorer, and many others whose names are +preserved in Hakluyt. +</p> + +<p> +The fleet had a prosperous voyage by the then usual route of the West Indies +and fell in with the main of Florida on the 20th of June, made and named Cape +Fear on the 23d, and a first landing the next day, and on the 26th came to +Wococa where Amadas and Barlow had been the year before. They disembarked and +at first mistook the country for Paradise. July was spent in surveying and +exploring the country, making the acquaintance of the natives, chiefly by means +of two Indians that had been taken to England and brought back able to speak +English. On the 5th of August Master John Arundel, captain of one of the +vessels, was sent back to England, and on the 25th of August Admiral Grenville, +after a sojourn of two months in Virginia, took his leave and returned, +arriving at Plymouth on the 18th of October. There were left in Virginia as +Raleigh’s ‘First Colonie,’ one hundred and nine men. They +remained there one whole year and then, discontented, returned to England in +July 1586 in Sir Francis Drake’s fleet coming home victorious from the +West Indies. +</p> + +<p> +One of these 109 men was Thomas Hariot the Author of the Report of Virginia. +Another was John White the painter. To these two earnest and true men we owe, +as has been said, nearly all we know of ‘Ould Virginia.’ Their +story is briefly told by Hakluyt. +</p> + +<p> +Sir Francis Drake in the true spirit of friendship went out of his way to make +this call on the Colony of his friend Raleigh. He found them anything but +contented and prosperous. They had long been expecting supplies and +reinforcements from home, which not arriving, on the departure of Drake’s +fleet becoming dejected and homesick, they petitioned the Governor for +permission to return. Immediately after their departure a ship arrived from +Raleigh, and fourteen days later Sir Richard Grenville himself returned with +his fleet of three ships, new planters and stores of supplies, only to find the +Colony deserted and no tidings to be had. Leaving twenty men to hold possession +the Admiral made his way back to England. +</p> + +<p> +It has already been stated how and under what circumstances the epitome of the +labours and surveys of Hariot came to be printed, but it may be well to show +how it came to be united with John White’s drawings and republished a +year or two later as the first part of De Bry’s celebrated collections of +voyages. Hakluyt returned to Paris at the end of 1584. and remained there, +perhaps with an occasional visit to London, till 1588, always working in the +interests of Raleigh. In April 1585, a month before the departure of the +Virginia fleet, he wrote to Walsingham that he ‘was careful to advertise +Sir Walter Raleigh from tyme to tyme and send him discourses both in print and +in written hand concerning his voyage.’ Rene Goulaine de +Laudonnière’s Journal had fallen into Hakluyt’s hand, and he +induced his friend Basanier the mathematician to edit and publish it. This was +done and the work was dedicated to Raleigh and probably paid for by him. Le +Moyne the painter and mathematician who had accompanied the expedition, one of +the few who escaped into the woods and swamps with Laudonnière the dreadful +morning of the massacre, was named by Basanier. He also mentions a lad named De +Bry who was lucky enough to find his way out of the clutches of the Spanish +butchers into the hands of the more merciful American Savages. This young man +was found<br/> +by De Gourgues nearly three years later among the Indians that joined him in +his mission of retribution against the Spaniards, and was restored to his +friends well instructed in the ways, manners and customs of the Florida +Aborigines. +</p> + +<p> +This journal of Laudonnière carefully edited by Basanier was completed in time +to be published in Paris in 1586, in French, in octavo. It was dedicated to Sir +Walter Raleigh. Hakluyt translated it into English, and printed it in small +quarto in London the next year and it reappeared again in his folio voyages of +1589. The French edition fell under the eye of Theodore De Bry the afterwards +celebrated engraver of Frankfort, formerly of Liege. Whether or not this +engraver was a relative of young De Bry of Florida is not known, but we are +told that he soon sought out Le Moyne whom he found in Raleigh’s service +living in the Blackfriars in London, acting as painter, engraver on wood, a +teacher and art publisher or bookseller. +</p> + +<p> +De Bry first came to London in 1587 to see Le Moyne and arrange with him about +illustrating Laudonnière’s Journal with the artist’s maps and +paintings, and remained here some time, but did not succeed in obtaining what +he wanted, probably because Le Moyne was meditating a similar work of his own, +and being still attached to the household of Raleigh was not free to negotiate +for that peculiar local and special information which he had already placed at +Raleigh’s disposal for his colony planted a little north of the French +settlement in Florida, then supposed to be in successful operation, but of +which nothing had yet been published to give either the world at large or the +Spaniards in the peninsula a premature clue to his enterprise. +</p> + +<p> +There is still preserved a good memorial of De Bry’s visit to London in +the celebrated funeral pageant at the obsequies of Sir Philip Sidney in the +month of February 1587, drawn and invented by T. Lant and engraved on copper by +Theodore de Bry in the city of London, 1587. A complete copy is in the British +Museum, and another is said to be at the old family seat of the Sidneys at +Penshurst in Kent, now Lord de L’lsle’s; while a third copy not +quite perfect adorns the famous London collectionof Mr Gardner of St +John’s Wood Park. +</p> + +<p> +LeMoyne died in 1588, and De Bry soon after came to London a second time and +succeeded in purchasing of the widow of Le Moyne a portion of the +artist’s drawings or paintings together with his version of the French +Florida Expeditions. While here this time De Bry fell in with Richard Hakluyt, +who had returned from Paris in November 1588, escorting Lady Sheffield. +</p> + +<p> +Hakluyt at the end of this year, or the beginning of 1589, was engaged in +seeing through the press his first folio collection of the voyages of the +English, finished, according to the date in the preface, the 17th of November, +though entered at Stationers’ Hall on the strength of a note from +Walsingham the first of September previous. Hakluyt with his mind full of +voyages and travels was abundantly competent to appreciate De Bry’s +project of publishing a luxurious edition of Laudonnière’s Florida +illustrated with the exquisite drawings of Le Moyne. Ever ready to make a good +thing better, Hakluyt suggested the addition of Le Moyne’s and other +Florida papers; and introduced De Bry to John White, Governor of Virginia, then +in London. +</p> + +<p> +White, an English painter of eminence and merit, was as an artist to Virginia +what Le Moyne his master had been to Florida. Le Moyne had twenty years before +mapped and pictured everything in Florida from the River of May to Cape Fear, +and White had done the same for Raleigh’s Colony in Virginia (now North +Carolina) from Cape Fear to the Chesapeake Bay. Le Moyne had spent a year with +Laudonnière at Fort Caroline in 1564-65, and White had been a whole year in and +about Roanoke and the wilderness of Virginia in 1585-86 as the right hand man +of Hariot. +</p> + +<p> +Together Hariot and White surveyed, mapped, pictured and described the country, +the Indians, men and women; the animals, birds, fishes, trees, plants, fruits +and vegetables. Hariot’s Report or epitome of his Chronicle, reproduced +by the Hercules Club, was privately printed in February 1589. A volume +containing seventy-six of White’s original drawings in water colours is +now preserved in the Grenville library in the British Museum, purchased by the +Trustees in March 1866 of Mr Henry Stevens at the instigation of Mr Panizzi, +and placed there as an appropriate pendant to the world-renowned Grenville De +Bry. This is the very volume that White painted for Raleigh, and which served +De Bry for his Virginia. Only 23 out of the 76 drawings were engraved, the rest +never yet having been published. Thus Hariot’s text and map with +White’s drawings are necessary complements to each other and should be +mentioned together. +</p> + +<p> +Knowing all these men and taking an active part in all these important events, +Hakluyt acted wisely in inducing De Bry to modify his plan of a separate +publication and make a Collection of illustrated Voyages. He suggested first +that the separate work of Florida should be suspended, and enlarged with Le +Moyne’s papers, outside of Laudonnière. Then reprint, as a basis of the +Collection, Hariot’s privately printed Report on Virginia just coming out +in February 1589, and illustrate it with the map and White’s drawings. +Hakluyt engaged to write descriptions of the plates, and his geographical +touches are easily recognizable in the maps of both Virginia and Florida. +</p> + +<p> +In this way De Bry was induced to make Hariot’s Virginia the First Part +of his celebrated PEREGRINATIONS, with a dedication to Sir Walter Raleigh. +Florida then became the Second Part. The first was illustrated from the +portfolio of John White, and the second from that of Jaques Le Moyne. Both +parts are therefore perfectly authentic and trustworthy. Thus the famous +Collections of De Bry may be said to be of English origin, for to Raleigh and +his magi De Bry owed everything in the start of his great work. Being thus +supplied and instructed, De Bry returned to Frankfort, and with incredible +energy and enterprise, engraved, printed, and issued his VIRGINIA in four +languages, English, French, Latin and German, in 1590, and his Florida in Latin +and German, in 1591. The bibliographical history of these books, the intimacy +and dependence of the several persons engaged; and the geographical development +of Florida-Virginia are all so intertwined and blended, that the whole seems to +lead up to Thomas Hariot, the clearing up of whose biography thus becomes an +appropriate labor of the Hercules Club. +</p> + +<p> +Little more remains to be said of Raleigh’s Magi who have been thus shown +to be hand and glove in working out these interesting episodes of French and +English colonial history. To Hakluyt, Le Moyne, White, De Bry and Hariot, +Raleigh owes an undivided and indivisible debt of gratitude for the prominent +niche which he achieved in the world’s history, especially in that of +England and America ; while to Raleigh’s liberal heart and boundless +enterprise must be ascribed a generous share of the reputation achieved by his +Magi in both hemispheres. +</p> + +<p> +Of Hakluyt and De Bry little more need be said here. They both hewed out their +own fortunes and recorded them on the pages of history, the one with his pen, +the other with his graver. If at times ill informed bibliographers who have got +beyond their depth fail to discern its merits, and endeavour to deny or +depreciate De Bry’s Collection, charging it with a want of authenticity +and historic truth, it is hoped that enough has been said here to vindicate at +least the first two parts, Virginia and Florida. The remaining parts, it is +believed, can be shown to be of equal authority. +</p> + +<p> +Whoever compares the original drawings of Le Moyne and White with the +engravings of De Bry, as one may now do in the British Museum, must be +convinced that, beautiful as De Bry’s work is, it seems tame in the +presence of the original water-colour drawings. There is no exaggeration in the +engravings. +</p> + +<p> +Le Moyne’s name has not found its way into modern dictionaries of art or +biography, but he was manifestly an artist of great merit and a man of good +position. In addition to what is given above it may be added that a +considerable number of his works is still in existence, and it is hoped will +hereafter be duly appreciated. In the print-room of the British Museum are two +of his drawings, highly finished in water-colours, being unquestionably the +originals of plates eight and forty-one of De Bry’s Florida. They are +about double the size of the engravings. They came in with the Sloane +Collection. There is also in the Manuscript Department of the British Museum a +volume of original drawings relating chiefly to Florida and Virginia (Sloane N° +5270) manifestly a mixture of Le Moyne’s and White’s sketches. They +are very valuable. There is also in the Museum library a printed and manuscript +book by Le Moyne, which speaks for itself and tells its own interesting story. +It is in small oblong quarto and is entitled ‘La/ Clef des Champs,/ pour +trouuer plusieurs Ani-/maux, tant Bestes qu’Oyseaux, auec/ plusieurs +Fleurs & Fruitz. . . / Anno. I586./ ¶ Imprimé aux Blackfriers, pour Jaques/ +le Moyne, dit de Morgues Paintre/’. The book consists of fifty leaves, of +which two are preliminary containing the title and on the reverse and third +page a neat dedication in French ‘A Ma-dame Madame/ De Sidney.’/ +Signed’ Voftre tres-affectionne,/ JAQVES LE MOINE dit +</p> + +<p> +de/ MORGVES Paintre.’/ This dedication is dated ‘Londres/ ce xxvi. +de Mars.’/ On the reverse of the second leaf, also in French, is ‘¶ +A Elle Mesme,/ Sonet’ with the initials I.L.M. +</p> + +<p> +Then follow forty-eight leaves with two woodcuts coloured by hand on the recto +of each leaf, reverse blank. These ninety-six cuts sum up twenty-four each of +beasts, birds, fruits and flowers, with names printed under each in English, +French, German and Latin. Although the book is dated the 26th of March 1586, it +was not entered at Stationers’ Hall until the 31st of July 1587. It there +stands under the name of James Le Moyne alias Morgan. Madame Sidney is given as +Mary Sidney. She was sister of Sir Philip, countess of Pembroke, +‘Sidney’s sister, Pembroke’s mother.’ There is no +allusion to Sir Philip in the dedication, and therefore we may infer that it +was penned before the battle of Zut-phen. Both the dedication and the sonnet +show the artist’s intimacy and friendship with that distinguished family. +</p> + +<p> +There are two copies of this exceedingly rare book in the British Museum, both +slightly imperfect, but will together make a complete one, but the more +interesting copy is that in 727 c/2 31, in the Sloane Collection. It has bound +up with it thirty-seven leaves on which are beautifully drawn and painted +flowers, fruits, birds &c. There can be little doubt that these are Le +Moyne’s own paintings. It is curious to find that all these scattered +works in the different departments came in with the Sloane Collection which +formed the nucleus of the British Museum. It is to be hoped that other samples +of Le Moyne’s art may be found or identified, and that all of them may be +brought together or be described as the ‘Le Moyne Collection.’ How +Sir Hans Sloane became possessed of them does not yet appear. +</p> + +<p> +Capt. John White’s name in the annals of English art is destined to rank +high, though it has hitherto failed to be recorded in the art histories and +dictionaries. Yet his seventy-six original paintings in water-colours done +probably in Virginia in 1585-1586 while he was there with Hariot as the +official draughtsman or painter of Raleigh’s ‘First Colonie’ +entitle him to prominence among English artists in Elizabeth’s reign. +There are some other works of his in the Manuscript department mingled with +those of his friend and master Le Moyne. +</p> + +<p> +As Raleigh’s friend and agent White’s name deserves honorable +mention in the history of ‘Ould Virginia.’ He was an original +adventurer in the ‘First Colonie’ and was one of the hundred and +nine who spent a whole year at and about Roanoke and returned with Drake in +1586. He went again to Virginia in April 1587 as Governor of +Raleigh’s’ Second Colonie,’ consisting of one hundred and +fifty persons in three ships, being the fourth expedition. Raleigh appointed to +him twelve assistants ‘to whome he gave a Charter, and incorporated them +by the name of Governour and Assistants of the Citie of Raleigh in +Virginia,’ intended to be founded on the Chesapeake Bay. It never became +more than a ‘paper city.’ +</p> + +<p> +This Second Colony landed at Roanoke the 20th of July, but finding themselves +disappointed and defeated in all points, the colonists joined in urging the +Governor to return to England for supplies and instructions. He reluctantly +departed the 27th of August from Roanoke, leaving there his daughter, who was +the mother of the first child of English parents born in English North America, +Virginia Dare. He intended immediately to return to Virginia with relief, but +the embarrassments of Raleigh, the<br/> +stirring times, and the ‘Spanish Armada’ defeated Sir Walter and +frustrated all his plans. +</p> + +<p> +On the 20th of November 1587 Governor White having reached home apprised +Raleigh of the circumstances and requirements of the Colony. Sir Walter at once +‘appointed a pinnesse to be sent thither with all such necessaries as he +vnderstood they stood in neede of,’ and also ‘wrote his letters +vnto them, wherein among other matters he comforted them with promise, that +with all conuenient speede he would prepare a good supply of shipping and men +with sufficience of all thinges needefull, which he intended, God willing, +should be with them the Sommer following.’ This promised fleet was got +ready in the harbor of Bideford under the personal care and supervision of Sir +Richard Grenville, and waited only for a fair wind to put to sea. Then came +news of the proposed invasion of England by Philip King of Spain with his +‘invincible armada,’ so wide spread and alarming that it was deemed +prudent by the Government to stay all ships fit for war in any ports of England +to be in readiness for service at home ; and even Sir Richard Grenville was +commanded not to leave Cornwall. +</p> + +<p> +Governor White however having left about one hundred and twenty men, women and +children in Virginia, among whom were his own daughter and granddaughter, left +no stone unturned for their relief. He labored so earnestly and successfully +that he obtained two small ‘pinneses’ named the ‘Brave’ +and the ‘Roe,’ one of thirty and the other of twenty-five tons, +‘wherein fifteen planters and all their provision, with certain reliefe +for those that wintered in the Countrie was to be transported.’ +</p> + +<p> +The’ Brave’ and the ‘Roe’ with this slender equipment +passed the bar of Bideford the 22nd of April, just six months after the return +of the Governor, a small fleet with small hope. Had it been larger its going +forth would not have been permitted. The Governor remained behind, thinking he +could serve the Colony better in England. But the sailors of the little +‘Brave’ and ‘Roe’ had caught the fighting mania before +they sailed, and instead of going with all speed to the relief of Virginia, +scoured the seas for rich prizes, and like two little fighting cocks let loose +attacked every sail they caught sight of, friend or foe. The natural +consequence was that before they reached Madeira (they took the southern course +for the sake of plunder) they had been several times thoroughly whipped, and +‘all thinges spilled’ in their fights. ‘By this occasion, God +iustly punishing the theeuerie of our euil disposed mariners, we were of force +constrained to break of our voyage intended for the reliefe of our Colony left +the yere before in Virginia, and the same night to set our course for +England.’ In a month from their departure they recrossed the bar of +Bideford, their voyage having been a disgraceful failure, yet the doings of +these two miniature corsairs are recorded in Hakluyt manifestly only as +specimens of English pluck, a British quality always admired, however much +misdirected. Meanwhile no tidings of the ‘Second colonie’ and worse +still, no tidings or help had the Second Colony received all this long time +from England. And even to this day the echo is ‘no tidings’ and no +help from home. This then may be called the first and great human sacrifice +that savage America required of civilized England before yielding to her +inevitable destiny. +</p> + +<p> +And so it was that Virginia and the Armada Year shook the fortunes of Raleigh +and compelled him to assign a portion of his Patent and privileges under it to +divers gentlemen and merchants of London. This document, in which are included +and protected the charter rights of White and others in the ‘City of +Raleigh,’ bears date the 7th of March 1589. Matters being thus settled, +with more capital and new life a ‘Fifth Expedition’ was fitted out +in 1590 in which Governor White went out to carry aid, and to reinforce his +long neglected colony of 1587. Not one survivor was found, and White returned +the same year in every way unsuccessful. He soon after retired to +Raleigh’s estates in Ireland, and the last heard of him is a long letter +to his friend Hakluyt ‘from my house at Newtowne in Kylmore the 4th of +February 1593.’ +</p> + +<p> +Raleigh’s Patent, like that of Gilbert, would have expired by the +limitation of six years on the 24th of March 1590 if he had not succeeded in +leading out a colony and taking possession. His first colony of 1585 was +voluntarily abandoned, but not his discoveries. His second colony of 1587 was +surrounded with so much obscurity that though in fact he maintained no real and +permanent settlement, yet it was never denied that he lawfully took possession +and inhabited Virginia within the six years and also for a time in the seventh +year, and therefore was entitled to privileges extending two hundred leagues +from Roanoke. As long as Elizabeth lived no one disputed Raleigh’s +privileges under his patent, though partly assigned, but none of the Assignees +cared to adventure further. The patent had become practically a dead letter. As +late however as 1603 the compliment was paid Raleigh of asking his permission +to make a voyage to North Virginia. As no English plantation between the +Spanish and the French possessions in North America at the time of the +accession of James was maintained the patent was allowed nominally to remain in +force. But no one claimed any rights under it. It has been stated by several +recent historians that the attainder of Raleigh took away his patent +privileges, but evidence of this is not forthcoming. It is manifest that James +the First, who had little regard for his own or others’ royal grants or +chartered rights in America, considered the coast clear and as open to his own +royal bounty as it had been long before to Pope Alexander the Sixth. It was +easier and safer to obtain new charters than to revive any questionable old +ones. +</p> + +<p> +But to all intents and purposes the interesting history of Virginia begins with +Raleigh. Whence he drew his inspiration, how he profited by the experience of +others, how he patronized his Magi and bound them to himself with cords of +friendship and liberality; how by his very blunders and misfortunes he +transmitted to posterity some of the most precious historical memorials found +on the pages of English or American history, we have, perhaps at unnecessary +length, endeavoured to show in this long essay on the brief and true Report of +Thomas Hariot, his surveyor and topographer in Virginia, which must ever serve +as the corner-stone of English American History, by a man who, though long +neglected and half forgotten, must eventually shine as the morning star of the +mathematical sciences in England, as well as that of the history of her Empire +in the West. +</p> + +<p> +It remains now to give some personal account of Thomas Hariot, whose first book +as the first of the labors of the hercules club has been reproduced. Every +incident in the life of a man of eminent genius and originality in any country +is a lesson to the world’s posterity deserving careful record. Hitherto +dear quaint old positive antiquarianly slippery Anthony à Wood in his +<i>Athenes Oxoniensis</i> embodies nearly all of our accepted notions of this +great English mathematician and philosopher. Anthony was indefatigable in his +researches into the biography of Hariot who was both an Oxford man and an +Oxford scholar. He happily succeeded in mousing out a goodly number of +recondite and particular occurrences of Hariot’s life. He managed, +however, to state very many of them erroneously ; and he drew hence some +important inferences, the reverse, as it now appears, of historical truth. This +naturally leads one to inquire into his authorities. Wood’s account of +Hariot appeared in his first edition of 1691, and has not been improved in the +two subsequent editions. For most of his facts he appears to have been indebted +to Dr John Wallis’s Algebra, first published in 1685, though ready for +the printer in 1676 ; and for his fictions to poor old gossiping Aubrey; while +his inferences, in respect to Hariot’s deism and disbelief in the +Scriptures, are probably his own, as we find no sufficient trace of them prior +to the appearance of his Athenæ, unless it be in Chief Justice Popham’s +unjust charge at Winchester in 1603, when he is said to have twitted Raleigh +from the bench with having been ‘bedeviled’ by Hariot. Dr Wallis +appears to have obtained part of his facts from John Collins, who had been in +his usual indefatigable manner looking up Hariot and his papers as early as +1649, and wrote to the doctor of his success several letters between 1667 and +1673, which maybe seen in Professor Rigaud’s Correspondence of Scientific +Men of the Seventeenth Century, 2 vols, Oxford, 1841, 8°. +</p> + +<p> +Since 1784, from time to time, several other writers have partly repeated +Wood’s estimate and added several new facts, as will be shown further on. +But it has been reserved for the Hercules Club, now just three hundred years +after Hariot left the University, to bring to light new and important +contemporary evidence, sufficient, it is believed, to considerably modify our +general estimate of Hariot’s life and character, and to raise him from +the second rank of mathematicians to which Montucla coolly relegated him nearly +a century ago to the pre-eminence of being one of the foremost scholars of his +age, not alone of England but of the world. Had he been walled around by church +bigotry like his friend and contemporary Galileo he would unquestionably by the +originality and brilliancy of his observations and discoveries have rivalled, +or perhaps have shared that philosopher’s victories in science. At all +events it is believed that the new matter is sufficient to reopen the courts of +criticism and revision in which some of the decisions respecting the use of +perspective glasses, the invention of the telescope, the discoveries of the +spots on the sun, the satellites of Jupiter and the horns of Venus may be +reconsidered and perhaps reversed. It is believed that in logical analysis, in +philosophy, and in many other departments of science few in his day were his +equals, while in pure mathematics none was his superior. +</p> + +<p> +Thomas Hariot was born at Oxford, or as Anthony à Wood with more than his usual +quaint-ness expresses it, ‘tumbled out of his mother’s womb into +the lap of the Oxonian muses in 1560.’ He was a ‘bateler or +commoner of St Mary’s hall.’ He ‘took the degree of bachelor +of arts in 1579, and in the latter end of that year did compleat it by +determination in Schoolstreet.’ Nothing of his boyhood, or of his family, +except a few hints in his will, has come to light. +</p> + +<p> +It is not known precisely at what time Hariot joined Walter Raleigh, who was +only eight years his senior. From what their friend Hakluyt says of them both, +their intimate friendship and mutually serviceable connection were already an +old story as early as 1587. On the eighth calends of March 1587, that is on the +22d of February 1588, present reckoning, Hakluyt wrote from Paris to Raleigh in +London, +</p> + +<p> +‘To you therefore I have freely desired to give and dedicate these my +labors. For to whom could I present these Decades of the New World [of Peter +Martyr] more appropriately than to yourself, who, at the expense of nearly one +hundred thousand ducats, with new fleets, are showing to us of modern times new +regions, leading forth a third colony [to Virginia], giving us news of the +unknown, and opening up for us pathways through the inaccessible ; and whose +every care, and thought, and effort tend towards this end, hinge upon and +adhere to it ? To whom have been present and still are present the same ideas, +desires, & incentives as with that most illustrious Charles Howard, the +Second Neptune of the Ocean, and Edward Stafford our most prudent Ambassador at +the Court of France, in order to accomplish great deeds by sea and land. But +since by your skill in the art of navigation you clearly saw that the chief +glory of an insular kingdom would obtain its greatest splendor among us by the +firm support of the mathematical sciences, you have trained up and supported +now a long time, with a most liberal salary, Thomas Hariot, a young man well +versed in those studies, in order that you might acquire in your spare hours by +his instruction a knowledge of these noble sciences ; and your own numerous Sea +Captains might unite profitably theory with practice. What is to be the result +shortly of this your wise and learned school, they who possess even moderate +judgment can have no difficulty in guessing. This one thing I know, the one and +only consideration to place before you, that first the Portuguese and +afterwards the Spaniards formerly made great endeavours with no small loss, but +at length succeeded through determination of mind. Hasten on then to adorn the +Sparta[Vir-ginia] you have discovered; hasten on that ship more than +Argonautic, of nearly a thousand tons burthen which you have at last built and +finished with truly regal expenditure, to join with the rest of the fleet you +have fitted out.’ +</p> + +<p> +From this extract one might perhaps reasonably infer that Hariot went directly +from the University in 1580 at the age of twenty into Raleigh’s service, +or at latest in 1582 when Raleigh returned from Flanders. As our translation of +this important passage is rather a free one the old geographer’s words +are here added, in his own peculiar Latin. Hakluyt in his edition of Peter +Martyr’s Eight Decades, printed at Paris in 1587, 8°, writes of his young +friend Hariot in his dedication to his older friend Sir Walter Raleigh, as +follows :— +</p> + +<p> +<small>Tibi igitur has meas vigilias condonatas & confecratas efle volui. +Cui enim potius, quàm tibi has noui Orbis Decades offerem, qui centum ferè +millium ducatoru impenfa, nouis tuis clafsibus regiones nouas, nouam iam tertiò +ducendo coloniam, notas ex ignotis, ex inaccefsis peruias, nouifsimis hifce +teporibus nobis exhibes ? Cuius omnes curse, cogitationes, conatus, hue +fpeflant, haec verfant, in his inhaerent. Cui cum Illuftrifsimo illo herôe, +Carolo Hovvardo, altcro Oceani maris Neptuno, Edoardi Staffbrdij, noftri apud +regem Chriftianifsimum oratoris prudentifsimi fororio, eadem ftudia, eaedem +voluntates, iidem ad res magnas terra maríque aggrediendas funt & fuerunt +ani-morum ftimuli. Cùm vero artis nauigatoriæ peritia, præcipuum regni +infularis ornamentum, Mathematicarii fcientiaru adminiculis adhibitis, fuu apud +nos fplendore poffe cofequi facile per-fpiceres, Thomas Hariotum, iuuenem in +illis difciplinis excellente, honeftifsimo falario iamdiu donatum apud te +aluifti, cuius fubndio horis fuccefsiuis nobililsimas fcientias illas +addifcercs, tuique familiarcs duces maritimi, quos habes non paucos, cum praii +theoria non fine fructu incredibili coiungeret. Ex quo pulcherrimo & +fapientifsimo inftitutotuo, quid breui euentutum fit, qui vel mediocri iudicio +volent, facilè proculdubio diuinare poterunt. Vnum hoc fcio, vnam & vnicam +rationem te inire, quaæ primò Lufitani, deinde Caftellani, quod antea toties +cum no exigua iactura funt conati, tandem ex animoru votis perficerut. Perge +ergo Spartam quam nactus es ornare, perge nauem illam plufquam Argonauticam, +mille cuparum fere capace, quam fumptibus plane regiis fabricatam iam tadem +foelicitcr abfoluifti, reliquae tuae clafsi, quam babes egregiè inftructam, +adiungere.</small> +</p> + +<p> +From this early time for nearly forty years, till the morning of the 29th of +October 1618, when Raleigh was beheaded, these two friends are found +inseparable. Whether in prosperity or in adversity, in the Tower or on the +scaffold, Sir Walter always had his Fidus Achates to look after him and watch +his interests. With a sharp wit, close mouth, and ready pen Hariot was of +inestimable service to his liberal patron. With rare attainments in the Greek +and Latin Classics, and all branches of the abstract sciences, he combined that +perfect fidelity and honesty of character which placed him always above +suspicion even of the enemies of Sir Walter. He was neither a politician nor +statesman, and therefore could be even in those times a faithful guide, +philosopher, and friend to Raleigh. +</p> + +<p> +In the year 1585, as has already been stated above, Hariot, at the age of +twenty-five, went out to Virginia in Raleigh’s « first Colonie’ as +surveyor and historiographer with Sir Richard Grenville, and remained there one +year under Governor Ralph Lane, returning in July 1586, in Sir Francis +Drake’s home-bound fleet from the West Indies. During the absence of this +expedition Raleigh had received triple favors from Fortune. He had entered +Parliament, been knighted, and had been presented by the Queen with twelve +thousand broad acres in Ireland. These Irish acres were partly the +Queen’s perquisite from the Babington ‘conspiracy.’ Other +royal windfalls had considerably increased Sir Walter’s expectations, and +aroused his ambition. Hariot is known to have spent some time in Ireland on +Raleigh’s estates there during the reign of Elizabeth, but it is +uncertain when. It may have been between the autumn of 1586 and the autumn of +1588. He was in London in the winter of 1588-89 in time to get out hurriedly +his report in February 1589. It is possible, however, that he went to Ireland +after his book was out. He was probably the manager of one of the estates there +as Governor John White was of another in 1591-93. +</p> + +<p> +The next early author whom we find speaking of Hariot is his lifelong friend +and companion Robert Hues or Hughes in his ‘Tractatus de / Globis et eo- +/ rvm vsv, / Accommo-datus iis qui Lon-/dini editi funt Anno I593,/ fumptibus +Gulielmi Sanderfoni / Ciuis Londinienfis/Confcriptus a Ro-/bertoHues./ Londini/ +In ardibus Thomae Dawfon. / 1594.’ / 8° +</p> + +<p> +In his dedication to Sir Walter Raleigh the author says : +</p> + +<p> +<small>Borealiora Europae noftrates diligentimme luftrarunt. Primo Hugo +Willoughby eques Anglus & Richardus Chanceler has oras apperuerunt. +Succedit eis Stephanus Borough, vlterius pro-grefsi funt Artunis Pet & +Carol. Iackman. Sufceptæ funt hae nauigationes, inftigante Sebaftiano Caboto, +vt, fiquâ pofset fieri traiectum in regiones Synanum & Cathayac breuimmum +confequeremur, at irreto haec omnia conatu, nifi quod his medijs firmatum eft +commercium cum Mofchouitis. Hâc cum non fuccederet, inftitutx funt nauigationes +ad Borealiora Americæ;, quas primo fuscepit Martinus Frobifher, fecutus eft +poftca Ioannes Dauis. Ex his omnibus nauigationibus multi antiquiorum +errores,magna eorum ignorantia detectacft. Atque his conatibus minus +fuccedentibus, gens noftra nauibus abundans otij impatiens, in alias paries +fuas nauigationes inftituerunt. Humphredus Gilbert Eques, Americæ oras Hifpanis +incognitas, magno animo & viribus, fucceffu non aequali noftris aperire +conatus eft. Id quod tuis poftea aufpicijs (vir honoratifsime) felicius +fufceptum eft quibus Virginia nobis patefacta eft, præefecto clafsis Richardo +Grinuil nobili equite, quam diligentifsime luftrauit & defcripfit Thomæ +Hariotus.</small> +</p> + +<p> +In the English edition of Robert Hues’ work, London, 1638, this very +interesting but somewhat irrelevant passage appears as follows: +</p> + +<p> +<small>Among whom, the first that adventured on the discovery of these parts, +were, Sir Hugh Willoughby, and Richard Chanceler: after them, Stephen Borough. +And farther yet then either of these, did Arthur Pet, and Charles Lackman +discover these parts. And these voyages were all undertaken by the instigation +of Sebastian Cabot: that so, if it were possible, there might bee found out a +nearer pafsage to Cathay and China : yet all in vane ; fave only that by this +meanes a course of trafficke was confirmed betwixt us and the +Mofcovite.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>When their attempts fucceeded not this way ; their next designe was then +to try, what might bee done in the Northern Coasts of America : and the first +undertaker of these voyages was Mr. Martin Frobisher: who was afterward +feconded by Mr. Iohn Davis. By meanes of all which Navigations, many errours of +the Ancients, and their great ignorance was discovered.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>But now that all these their endeavours fucceeded not, our Kingdome at +that time being well furnished in fhips, and impatient of idlenefse : they +resolved at length to adventure upon other parts. And first Sir Humphrey +Gilbert with great courage and Forces attempted to make a discovery of those +parts of America, which were yet unknowne to the Spaniard : but the successe +was not answerable. Which attempt of his, was afterward more prosperously +prosecuted by that honourable Gentleman Sir Walter Rawleigh: to whose meanes +Virginia was first discovered unto us, the Generall of his Forces being Sir +Richard Greenville : which Countrey was afterwards very exactly furveighed and +described by Mr. Thomas Harriot.</small> +</p> + +<p> +This William Sanderson, the patron of Mollineux, Hood, and Hues, was a rich and +liberal London merchant, who had married a niece of Raleigh. He contributed +largely to Sir Walter’s first reconnoitring expedition in 1584 under +Amidas and Barlow, and was afterwards a liberal adventurer and supporter of +Raleigh in all his colonial schemes. He was fond of the science of geography, +and contributed largely to the preparation and publication of the globes of +Mollineux, and the Descriptions of them by Hood and Hues in 1592 and 1594. He +was also a good friend of all Raleigh’s friends, and acted as Sir +Walter’s fiscal agent in regard to the Wine monopoly. On being called +upon for a settlement of the large amount due, as Raleigh supposed, after his +imprisonment in the Tower, Sanderson denied his indebtedness, was sued, cast +into the debtors’ jail, and died in poverty. His son published severe +comments against Raleigh. +</p> + +<p> +Robert Hues, who was an intimate friend and associate of Hariot, was born at +Hertford in 1554. He became a poor scholar at Brazen nose, and was afterwards +at St Mary’s Hall with Hariot. He took his degree of A.B.in 1579. He is +said to have been a good Greek scholar, and after leaving the University +travelled and became an eminent geographer and mathematician. He attracted the +attention, probably through Raleigh, of that noble patron of learning Henry +Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland, who took him into his service, made him one +of his scientific companions while in the Tower, supported him partly at Sion, +intrusted him to instruct his children, and finally sent him to Oxford as tutor +at Christ Church of his eldest surviving son, Algernon Percy, who on the death +of his father on gunpowder treason day 1632, became the 10th Earl of +Northumberland. Hues died at Oxford the 24th of May, 1632, and was buried in +the cathedral of Christ Church, according to the inscription on his monument. +He is mentioned by Chapman in his translation of Homer’s Works [ 1616 ] +as ‘another right learned, honest, and entirely loved friend of +mine.’ See infra, p. 183. +</p> + +<p> +In 1595 Hariot was mentioned as a distinguished man of science in his +Seaman’s Secrets by Captain John Davis the navigator, a friend and +partner of Raleigh. +</p> + +<p> +On the eleventh of July 1596 Hariot under peculiar circumstances wrote a long +and confidential letter to Sir Robert Cecil, Chief Secretary of State, in the +interests of Raleigh’s Guiana projects. The letter is here given in full, +as it shows better than anything else the close and confidential relations +existing between Sir Walter and Hariot at that time. Raleigh had returned from +Guiana, his first El Dorado expedition, in August 1595, and had in the mean +time employed such energy and enterprise that within about five months he had +fitted out and dispatched his second El Dorado fleet under his friend Captain +Keymis. This second expedition returned to Plymouth in June 1596, a few days +after Raleigh had gone with Essex and Howard of Effingham on that +world-renowned expedition against Cadiz. Sir Walter appears to have left his +affairs in the hands of his ever faithful Hariot, and hence this sensible and +timely letter in the absence of his patron. There appears to have been no +complaint against Keymis; but the master of his ship, Samuel Mace, seems to +have been less discreet. The letter tells its own story, and gives a vivid +picture of the intelligent earnestness of Sir Walter respecting Guiana, and at +the same time the earnest intelligence of Hariot during Raleigh’s absence +in Spain. +</p> + +<p> +It has been denied that Raleigh really expected to find the El Dorado in either +his first expedition of 1595 or last in 1617, but this letter goes to show that +both he and Hariot had firm faith in the scheme. Indeed in a German book of +travels just published, entitled ‘Aus den Llanos. Schildenung einer +naturwisscn-schaftlichen Reise nach Venezuela, Von Carl Sachs, Leipzig, +1879,’ the writer states that the export of gold from Spanish Guiana in +1875 was 79,496 ounces. He says that the richest mine, that of Callao, has of +late years returned as much as 500 per centum. After briefly narrating the +expeditions of Raleigh, which had been preceded by various Spanish expeditions, +he adds: ‘Now at this day, after nearly three centuries, the riches +sought for have been actually found In the very country where these unfortunate +efforts were made.’ Hariot’s letter is as follows: +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<small>LETTER OF THOMAS HARIOT TO MR. SECRETARY</small> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<small>SIR ROBERT CECIL.</small> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<small><i>From the original holograph in the Cecil Papers at Hatfield, vol. xliii,<br/> +At first printed in Edward Edward’s Life of<br/> +Raleigh, vol. ii, page 420.</i></small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Right Honourable Sir,</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>These are to let you understand that whereas, according to your +Honor’s direction, I have been framing of a Charte out of some such of +Sir Walter’s notes and writings, which he hath left behind him,—his +principal Charte being carried with him, —if it may please you, I do +thinke most fit that the discovery of Captain Kemish be added, in his due +place, before I finish it. It is of importance, and all Chartes which had that +coast before be very imperfecte, as in many thinges elce. And that of Sir +Walter’s, although it were better in that parte then any other, yet it +was don but by intelligence from the Indians, and this voyadge was specially +for the discovery of the same; which is, as I find, well and sufficiently +performed. And because the secrecy of these matters doth much importe her +Majesty and this State, I pray let me be so bould as to crave that the dispatch +of the plotting and describing be don only by me for you, according to the +order of trust that Sir Walter left with me, before his departure, in that +behalf, and as he hath usually don heretofore. If your Honor have any notes +from Sir Thomas Baskerville, if it may please you to make me acquaynted with +them, that which they will manifest of other particularytyes then that before +Sir Walter hath described shall also be set downe.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Although Captain Kemish be not come home rich, yet he hath don the +speciall thing which he was injoined to do, as the discovery of the coast +betwixt the river of Amasones and Orinico, where are many goodly harbors for +the greatest ships her Majesty hath and any nomber; wher there are great +rivers, and more then probability of great good to be don by them for Guiana, +as by any other way or to other rich contryes borderinge upon it. As also, the +discovery of the mouth of Orinico it self,—a good harbor and free passage +for ingresse and egresse of most of the ordinary ships of England, above 3 +hundred miles into the contry. Insomuch that Berreo wondred much of our mens +comming up so far; so that it seemeth they know not of that passage. Nether +could they, or can possibly, find it from Trinidado; from whence usually they +have made their discoveryes. But if it be don by them the shortest way, it must +be done out of Spayne. Now, if it shall please her Majesty to undertake the +enterprise, or permitte it in her subjectes, by her order, countenance, and +authority, for the supplanting of those that are now gotten thither, I thinke +it of great importance to keepe that which is don as secretly as we may, lest +the Spaniardes learne to know those harbors and entrances, and worke to prevent +us.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>And because I understand that the master of the ship with Captain Kemish +is somewhat carelesse of this, by geving and selling copyes of his travelles +and plottes of discoveryes, I thought it my dutye to remember it unto your +wisdome, that some order might be taken for the prevention of such +inconveniences as may thereby follow : by geving authority to some Justice, or +the Mayor, to call him before them, and to take all his writinges and chartes +or papers that concerne this discovery, or any elce, in other mens handes, that +he hath sold or conveyed them into ; and to send them sealed to your Honor, as +also to take bond for his further secrecy on that behalf. And the like order to +be taken by those others, as we shall further informe your Honor of, that have +any such plots, which yet, for myne owne parte, I know not of; or any other +order, by sending for him up or otherwise, as to your wisdome shall seeme +best.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Concerning the Eldorado which hath been shewed your Honor out of the +Spanish booke of Acosta, which you had from Wright, and I have scene, when I +shall have that favour as but to speake with you I shall shew you that it is +not ours—that we meane—there being three. Nether doth he say, or +meane, that Amazones river and Orinoco is all one,—as some, I feare, do +averre to your Honor ; as by good profe out of that booke alone I can make +manifest; and by other meanes besides then this discovery, I can put it out of +all dout.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>To be breef, I am at your Honor’s comandement in love and duty +farther than I can sodeynly expresse for haste. I will wayte upon you at Court, +or here at London, about any of these matters or any others, at any time, if I +might have but that favour as to heare so much. I dare not presume of my selfe, +for some former respectes. My fidelity hath never been impeached, and I take +that order that it never shall. I make no application. And I beseech your Honor +to pardon my boldness, because of haste. My meaning is allwayes good. And so I +most humbly take my leave. This Sunday, 11th of July 1596.</small> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<small>Your Honor’s most ready at commandement in all +services I may,</small> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<small> THO. HARRIOTE.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small> addressed:</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>To the right honorable Sir ROBERT CICILL, Knight<br/> + Principall Secretary to Her Majesty, these.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small> Endorsed: 11 July, 1596. Mr Harriott to my Master.</small> +</p> + +<p> +The vigilant Secretary lost no time in acting upon Hariot’s suggestions. +On the 31st of July Sir George Trenchard and Sir Ralph Horsey wrote to Cecil +from Dorchester in reply to his instructions, that they had seized the charts +and books of the ‘India Voyage’ [to Guiana] from one Samuel Mace +and William Downe, which they would send up to the Secretary if desired. They +were desired, and accordingly sent them by post on the 10th of August. A few +days later Raleigh returned to Plymouth with the first glorious news of the +success of the English fleet at Cadiz ; which news completely turned the heads +of the people of England one way, and those of the Queen and the hungry +politicians the other. Poor Mace, to whom Raleigh was much attached, was +restored to his confidence. To Raleigh more than to any one man this triumph +over Spain was justly due, but in the pitiful squabbles that followed in the +apportionment of the honors and the spoils Sir Walter used to aver that his +sole gain in this great national enterprise from beginning to end was but a +lame leg. He might have added that the business had gained for him the envy, +malice and all uncharitableness of those in high places. In worldly wealth he +was now comparatively poor, and his fortunes were broken, though the Queen at +times, only at times, smiled on him. +</p> + +<p> +At what precise time Hariot, who never deserted Raleigh, became acquainted with +Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, with whose honored name, next to that of +Sir Walter’s, his must ever be associated, does not as yet appear. It is +known, however, that there was an intimacy between Raleigh and Percy as early +as 1586, when Sir Walter presented Percy with a coat of mail on his going over +to Flanders, and soon after a bedstead made of cedar from Virginia ; while the +Earl about the same time gave to Sir Walter a ‘stroe coloured velvet +saddle.’ From this time to the day of Raleigh’s triumph on the +scaffold there exists plenty of evidence of their continued intimacy. +</p> + +<p> +When therefore the Earl and Raleigh were finally caged together in the Tower +for life in 1606 their friendship was of more than twenty years’ +standing. From this we infer that Hariot also knew Percy almost from the time +of his joining Raleigh; but the earliest mention of his name in connection with +that of the Earl which we have met with is this of 1596, in the Earl’s +pay-rolls, still preserved at Sion, and described in the Sixth Report of the +Royal Commission of Historical Manuscripts, page 227, ‘To Mr. Herytt for +a book of the Turk’s pictures, 7s.’ It appears from the same rolls +that from Michaelmas 1597 to 1610, if not earlier and later, an annual pension +of £80 (not £ 120, or £ 150, £300, as variously stated) was paid to Hariot by +the Earl. This pension was probably continued as long as Hariot lived; and +besides there are not wanting many marks of the Earl’s liberality, +friendship, and love for his companion and pensioner, who was long known as +‘Hariot of Sion on Thames,’ as expressed on his monument. In the +Earl’s accounts for 1608 there is this entry, ‘Payment for +repairing and finishing Mr Heriotts house at Sion.’ +</p> + +<p> +At what time exactly Hariot took up his residence at Sion the Earl’s new +seat (purchased of James in 1604) is not known, but probably soon after the +Earl was sent to the Tower in 1606. There is preserved a Letter from Sir +William Lower addressed to Hariot at Sion dated the 3Oth of September 1607, and +other letters or papers exist showing his continued residence there until near +the time of his death in 1621. Wood and many subsequent writers to the present +time have confused Sion near Isleworth with Sion College in London. They are +totally distinct. Hariot had nothing to do with Sion College, which was not +founded until 1630, nine years after his death. The error arose out of the +coincidence of Torporley’s taking chambers at Sion College on retiring +from his clerical profession, and dying there in April 1632, leaving his +mathematical books and manuscripts to the College Library. He had been +appointed by Hariot to look over, arrange, and ‘pen out the +doctrine’ of his mathematical writings. Torporley’s abstracts of +Hariot’s papers are still preserved in Sion College Library. +</p> + +<p> +What the Earl of Northumberland did for Hariot is, as the world goes, ascribed +to patronage ; what Hariot did for the Earl cannot be measured by money or +houses, but may be summed up in four words, alike honorable to both, +‘they were long friends.’ To this day the debt of gratitude from +the philosopher to the nobleman is fairly balanced by the similar debt of the +nobleman to the philosopher. Hariot’s Will, given on pages 193-203, tells +the rest of the story of this noble friendship. +</p> + +<p> +It is manifest, however, from many considerations that the noble Earl took a +lively and almost officious interest in the public honor and character of his +friend, for Hariot appears to have been as careless of his own scientific +reputation as his contemporary Shakspeare is said to have been of his literary +eminence. +</p> + +<p> +On the other hand, Hariot’s interest in the Earl’s affairs and +family at Sion redound greatly to his credit. He was both an eminent scholar +and a remarkable teacher. Earnest students flocked to him for higher education +from all parts of the country. Besides the private scientific and professional +instruction that from the first he gave to Raleigh, his captains and sea +officers, he seems to have had under his scientific tuition and mathematical +guidance many young men who afterwards became celebrated; among whom may be +mentioned Robert Sidney, the brother of Sir Philip, afterwards Lord Lisle of +Penshurst; Thomas Aylesburyof Windsor, afterwards Sir Thomas, the +great-grandfather of two queens of England; the late Lord Harrington; Sir +William Protheroe and Sir William Lower of South Wales; Nathaniel Torporley of +Shropshire; Sir Ferdinando Gorges of Devonshire; Captain Keymis; Captain +Whiddon, and many others. Cordial and affectionate letters of most of these men +to their venerated master are still preserved. +</p> + +<p> +At Sion were the groves of Hariot’s academy. +</p> + +<p> +Yet he with Warner and Hues was constantly passing by the Thames between Sion +and the Tower, some three or four hours by oar and tide. They were all three +pensioners, or in the pay, of the Earl, though the last two were on a very +different footing from that of Hariot as to emoluments and responsible +position. They were, however, companions of both the Earl and Sir Walter, and, +if tradition is to be believed, they were sometimes joined by Ben Jonson, Dr +Burrill, Rev. Gilbert Hawthorne, Hugh Broughton, the poet Hoskins and perhaps +others. +</p> + +<p> +The Earl had a large family to be educated, and there is reason to believe that +in his absence from Sion Hariot was intrusted for many years with the +confidential supervision of some of the Earl’s personal affairs at Sion, +including the education of his children. How he identified himself with the +noble family of his patron may be inferred from these extracts from a letter to +Hariot, dated July 19, 1611, of William Lower, one of his loving disciples. +Cecil had been fishing out some new evidence of Percy’s treason from a +discharged servant, and was pressing cruelly upon the prisoner. Lower writes : +</p> + +<div> + +<p> +<small>I have here [in South Wales] much otium and therefore I may cast awaye +some of it in vaine pursuites, chusing always rather to doe some thinge worth +nothing then nothing att all. How farre I had proceeded in this, I ment now to +have given you an account, but that the reporte of the unfortunate Erles +relapse into calamitie makes me beleeve that you are enough troubled both with +his misfortunes and my ladys troubles; and so a discourse of this nature would +be unseasonable. [And concludes the letter with] But at this time this much is +to much. I am sorrie to heare of the new troubles ther, and pray for a good +issue of them especiallie for my ladys sake and her five litle ones. [The +Countess of Northumberland here referred to was the mother of Sir William +Lower’s wife, who was Penelope Perrot, daughter of Sir John Perrot, who +married Lady Dorothy Devereux, sister of Essex, and for her second husband +Henry Percy the gth Earl of Northumberland. Lower died in 1615.]</small> +</p> + +</div> + +<p> +This responsible trust gave Hariot a good house and home of his own at Sion, +with independence and an observatory. He had a library in his own house, and +seems to have been the Earl’s librarian and book selector or purchaser +for the library of Sion House, as well as for the use of the Earl in the Tower. +The Earl was a great book-collector, as appears by his payrolls. Books were +carried from Sion to the Tower and back again, probably not only for the +Earl’s own use, but for Raleigh’s in his History of the World. Many +of these books, it is understood, are still preserved at Petworth, then and +subsequently one of the Earl’s seats, but now occupied by the Earl of +Leconsfield. +</p> + +<p> +To look back a little. Before either Raleigh or Henry Percy was shut up in the +Tower, we find one of Hariot’s earliest and ablest mathematical +disciples, Nathaniel Torporley, a learned clergyman, writing in high praise of +him in his now rare mathematical book in Latin, entitled,’ Diclides +Coelometricx,’ or Universal Gates of Astronomy, containing all the +materials for calculation of the whole art in the moderate space of two tables, +on a new general and very easy system. By Nathaniel Torporley, of Shropshire, +in his philosophical retreat, printed in 1602. The exact title is as follows: +</p> + +<p> +Diclides Coelometricæ / Seu / Valvæ Astronomicæ / vniversales / Omnia artis +totius numera Psephophoretica in sat modicis / finibus duarum Tabularum Methodo +noua, generali,/ & facilima continentes./ Authore Natha<sup>le</sup> +Torporlaeo Salopiensi / in secessu Philotheoro. / Londini / Excudebat Felix +Kingston. 1602. / 4°. +</p> + +<p> +In the long preface Torporley, who had entered St Mary’s Hall the year +Hariot graduated, and who during his travels abroad had served two years as +private secretary or amanuensis to Francis Vieta, the great French +Mathematician, but who had since become a disciple of the greater English +Mathematician, thus admiringly speaks of his new master, Thomas Hariot: +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> +<small>Neque enim, per Authorum cunctationem & affectatam ob-scuritatem, +fieri potuit, vt in prima huius Artis promulgatione, eidem alicui & +inventionis laudem, te erudiendi mercedem deferremus; sed dimicamibus illis, +neque de minoribus præmijs quam de imperio Mathematico certantibus; mussantibus +vero alijs, & arrectis animis expectantibus,</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +<p> +<small>Quis pecori imperitet, quern tot armenta sequantur; non defuit Anglæ +& suus Agonista (ornatifimum dico, et in omni eruditionis varietate +principemvirum Thomam Hariotum, homine natu ad Artes illustrandas, &, quod +illi palmariu erit præstantissimu, ad nubes philofophicas, in quibus multa iam +secula caligauit mundus, indubitata; veritatis splendore difcutiendas) qui +vetaret, tarn folidz laudis spolia ad exteros Integra deuolui. Ille enim +(etiamdum in pharetra conclufa, quæ pupilla viuacis auicular terebraret, +sagitta) ipsam totius Artiseius metam egregia methodo collimauit; expedita vero +facilitate patefactam, inter alios amicorum, & mihi quoque tradidit; +multisq vitro citroq, iaftatis Quæstionibus, ingenia nostra in abysso huius +Artis exercendi causam præbuit.</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +Of Mr Torporley we shall have more to say further on, as he is particularly +mentioned in Hariot’s will. Meanwhile here is an attempt at a translation +of his peculiar Latin in the above extract: +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> +<small>For indeed by the delays and affected obscurity of authors, it was +impossible, that in the first promulgation of the art, we should give the +praise of invention and the credit of teaching, to the same individual ; but +while they were quarrelling & contending for no less a prize than the +empire of Mathematics, whilst others were muttering, and waiting with excited +minds to see</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +<p> +<small> Who should rule the flock, whom so many herds +should follow,</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +<p> +<small>our own champion has not been wanting to England. I mean Thomas Hariot, +a most distinguished man, and one excelling in all branches of learning : a man +born to illustrate Science, and, what was his principal distinction, to clear +away by the splendour of undoubted truth those philosophical clouds in which +the world had been involved for so many centuries : who did not allow the +trophies of substantial praise to be wholly carried abroad toother nations. For +he (while the arrow, which was to hit the bull’s-eye, was yet in the +quiver) defined by an admirable method the limits of all that science ; and +showed it to me, amongst others of his friends, explained in an expeditious and +simple manner ; and by proposing various problems to us, enabled us to exercise +our ingenuity in the profundities of this science.</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +But time and space beckon. On the 24th of March 1603, set ‘that bright +occidental Star,’ and ‘that mock Sun’ fræ the north took by +succession its place. To Raleigh the change was the setting of a great hope, +for to Queen Elizabeth he owed his fortunes, and was proud of the debt. To +Raleigh more than to any other one man, notwithstanding his many faults, the +Queen owed the brilliancy of her Court, the efficacy and terror of her navy, +the enterprise and intelligent energy of her people, to say nothing of the +adventurous spirit of colonization which he awoke in his efforts in Western +Planting. The glory of his achievements today is the glory alike of England and +English America. King James let no man down so far as he did Raleigh. Perhaps +it was because there was no one left of Elizabeth’s Court who could fall +so far. +</p> + +<p> +On three trumped up charges which never were, and never could be sustained with +due form of law, Raleigh was with small delay thrown into the Tower. Several +other noblemen and less eminent persons were sent there also. The Asiatic +plague was raging in the City. A moral pestilence of equal virulence at the +same time infested the Court. The State prisoners must be tried openly, though +already secretly condemned. The Judges of his ‘dread Majesty’ dared +not venture to the Tower as usual for the trials, forgetting apparently that +its precincts were just as unhealthy for the great prisoners of State as for +them, who were liable any day on the miffs of majesty to change places. +</p> + +<p> +So it was determined that the’ traitors’ should be carted down to +Winchester for trial. A cold wet November seven-days’ journey through mud +and slush was the miserable dodge to carry out this scheme of darkness which +neither Coke nor Popham would have dared to perpetrate in the broad light of +London. It was, as all the world knows, a mock trial. The prisoners Raleigh, +Cobham, Gray, and Markham were condemned and sentenced to death as traitors, +and Raleigh, for the grim sport of the royal Nimrod, was made to witness a mock +execution of his fellow-convicts, but being in due course all respited by a +warrant which the Governorof Winchester Castle had carried three days in his +pocket, were carted back to the Tower, where, not pardoned, their sentences not +commuted, but simply deferred, they were tortured with a living death hanging +over them, like the sword of Damocles depending on royal caprice. +</p> + +<p> +Here Raleigh dragged out his long imprisonment, and (as tersely & truly +expressed by his son) was, after thirteen years, beheaded for opposing the very +thing he was condemned and sentenced for favouring. The whole story is a bundle +of inconsistencies, like that of Henry Percy, the 9th Earl of Northumberland, +committed to the Tower in 1606, and his fifteen years’ imprisonment. The +stories of these two celebrated men are inseparably connected with that of +Hariot. But it is not our purpose to trace either Raleigh’s or +Percy’s progress through these long and dreary years any further than is +necessary to illustrate the life of Hariot, who was the light of the outer +world to them both. Incarcerated and watched as they were, Hariot was the ears, +the eyes, and the hands of these two noble captives. +</p> + +<p> +The depth and variety of Hariot’s intellectual and scientific resources, +his honesty of purpose, his fidelity of character, his eminent scholarship, his +unswerving integrity, and his command of tongue, rendered him alike +invulnerable to politicians and to royal minions. He was with Raleigh at +Winchester and in the Tower, off and on, as required, from 1604 to 1618, except +during the last voyage to Guiana. He was at the same time a pensioner, a +companion, and confidential factotum of his old friend the Earl of +Northumberland both in the Tower and at Sion for fifteen years. Watched as +these two prisoners were, ensnared, entrapped, and entangled for new evidence +against them, it was necessary for Hariot to pursue a delicate and cautious +course, to eschew politics, statecraft and treason, and to devote himself to +pure science (almost the only pure commodity that was then a safeguard) +metaphysics, natural philosophy, mathematics, history, and literature. He was +their jackal, their book of reference, their guide, their teacher, and their +friend. +</p> + +<p> +Raleigh found himself in December 1603, lodged in the Tower, innocent, as is +now generally admitted, of the charges against him, but legally attainted of +high treason. All his worldly effects therefore escheated to the Crown. The +King out of pure cowardice (for he dared not carry out the sentence of the +Court) waived the horrid parts of the sentence—too horrid even to be +quoted here—and commuted it to execution by the block. He also waived the +immediate forfeitureof property acquired under Elizabeth’s reign, and +even allowed Raleigh to complete the entail of certain estates to his wife and +son. +</p> + +<p> +The Governor of the Tower and his Lieutenant were at first officially kind and +friendly, extending many privileges to win his confidence. If there had been +any treason in Sir Walter they would most certainly have wormed it out of him, +for his eyes at first were not fully open. He still believed in the honour and +fidelity of his mock friends at Court. +</p> + +<p> +When no more satisfactory evidence of his guilt could be smuggled out of him, +or his companions, in support of the unjust verdict, they began, in 1605, to +abridge his privileges and darken his lights. At first his friends and visitors +were cut down to a fixed number. There is a list among the Burleigh papers in +the British Museum by which it appears that Lady Raleigh, her maid, and her son +might visit Sir Walter. For this they took a house on Tower Hill near the +old<br/> +fortress, where they lived six years, or as long as this privilege lasted. +</p> + +<p> +Then Sir Walter was to be allowed two men servants and a boy, who were to +remain within the Tower. Besides these he was permitted to see on occasion, Mr +Hawthorne, a clergyman ; Dr Turner, his physician } Mr Johns, his surgeon ; Mr +Sherbery, his solicitor ; his bailiff at Sherburne ; and his old friend, Thomas +Hariot, with no official designation. +</p> + +<p> +It needs no ears under the walls of the Tower to tell us what were the duties +of this learned and trusted friend, who had been Sir Walter’s +confidential factor for a quarter of a century in all his most important +enterprises. Hariot, it will be perceived, was the only one named, in this +house-list, without an assigned profession. Fortunately there is still +preserved a ‘hoggeshead of papers’ in Hariot’s handwriting, +ill-assorted and hitherto unsifted, which partially reveal the secrets of this +prison-house, and show Hariot here, there, and everywhere, mixed up with all +the studies, toils, experiments, books, and literary ventures of our honored +traitor. +</p> + +<p> +So passed, with tantalizing uncertainty, the year 1605, with many fears for the +future and some hopes; but 1606 brought into the Tower Sir Walter’s old +friend Henry Percy, another ‘traitor.’ With him, at first, there +was considerable liberality on the part of the officials (all paid for), and +both Raleigh and Percy had each a garden to cultivate and walk in, and a +still-room or laboratory in which to study and perform their +‘magic.’ Hariot was the master of both in these occult sciences. +The ‘furnace’ and the ‘still’ were at first +Raleigh’s chief amusement and study. Assaying and transfusing metals, +distilling simples and compounds, concocting medicines, and testing antidotes, +with exercises in chemistry and alchemy, were the studies of both Raleigh and +the Earl. But soon the policy of the Court changed. The prisoners had less +liberty and saw less of each other, and so the stills were pulled down, and the +gardens given up. Raleigh was more closely watched, and entrapped. Then there +was fencing and defencing, for nothing could stand against the King’s +persistent rancor, and Cecil’s dissimulation. From time to time Sir +Walter’s titles, his offices, his Elizabethan monopolies and his +appointments were all taken from him. All his emoluments were wanted for hungry +favourites ; and finally the Sherburne estate which he had been permitted to +entail on his son went by no higher law than the king’s, ‘I mon hae +it for Carr.’ +</p> + +<p> +During all these anxious months Hariot was Sir Walter’s close-mouthed and +trusted Mercury, a silent messenger who floated frequently by the tide on the +Thames between the Tower and his residence at Sion, a pensioner of, and one of +Percy’s staff of wise men, but really Raleigh’s strong right hand. +He adroitly and faithfully served two masters, preserving his own independence +and self reliance, and not losing the confidence of either. +</p> + +<p> +From the trial at Winchester to the final transfer of Sherburne, a period of +some five years, every step against Raleigh was taken through the high Courts +of Justice. That the cannie monarch was capable of all this moral wrong and +legal crookedness need not surprise any one who has investigated his +antecedents and proclivities, but that he on coming to England should have +developed that masterly power of warping great minds and bending the English +Courts of Justice to his purposes, and even crunching its strong old oaken +Bench and Bar into his own royal privy pocket, does surprise one. The secret of +this unenglish strength, however, has been attributed partly to his Bur-leigh +help. +</p> + +<p> +When Raleigh found the cords thus tightening round him, he offered sundry +concessions and services for life and liberty. He would carry out his schemes +for enriching the king and the kingdom by conquering and exploring Guiana; he +would accept exile in Holland; or emigrate to Virginia, and help to build up a +new English empire in the West; but all in vain. It was feared that his +unexpired and dormant patent might interfere with the King’s own Virginia +charter. So Raleigh and Hariot worked on, but relieved the tedium by ever +changing study. Every year or two, as long as he could command through himself +or friends the resources, Raleigh sent privately a reconnoitring and +intelligence ship to Guiana, to keep that pet enterprise alive. In this +delicate matter Hariot was Sir Walter’s geographer and assayer, while +Hariot’s old college friend, Keymis, was his factor or shipping agent. +</p> + +<p> +Then come Raleigh’s Essays and smaller writing with his hopeful +correspondence with the Queen and Prince Henry. Lady Raleigh’s +privileges, after six years, ceased in 1611; probably about the time that Cecil +was for some unaccountable reason prospecting actively for new evidence against +both Sir Walter and Percy. The years 1610 and 1611 were anxious times for them +both; but they were bright days for Hariot, with his invention of the telescope +and his discoveries. Whether in the Tower, administering new scientific +delicacies and delights to the prisoners; or at Sion, unlocking the secrets of +the starry firmament by night, in his observatory; or floating between Sion and +the Tower by day on the broad bosom of the Thames, prying into the optical +secrets of lenses, and inventing his perspective trunks by which he could bring +distant objects near, Hariot in foggy England of the north was working out +almost the same brilliant series of discoveries that Galileo was making in +Italy. To this day, with our undated and indefinite material, even with the new +and much more precise evidence now for the first time herewith produced, it is +difficult to decide which of them first invented the telescope, or first by +actual observation with that marvellous instrument confirmed the truth of the +Copernican System by revealing the spots on the Sun, the orbit of Mars, the +horns of Venus, the satellites of Jupiter, the mountains in the Moon, the +elliptical orbits of comets, <i>etc.</i> It is manifest, however, that they +were both working in the same groove and at the same time. +</p> + +<p> +Hariot was undoubtedly as great a mathematician and astronomer as Galileo. In +1607 at Ilfracombe and in South Wales, he had taken by hand and Jacob’s +staff, the old patriarchal method, valuable observations of the comet of that +year, and compared notes with his astronomical pupil William Lower, and +afterwards with Kepler. This comet, now known as Halley’s, ought perhaps +to have been named Hariot’s, for it confirmed his notions that the +motions of the planets were not perfect circles and afforded probably the germ +of his reasoning out the elliptical orbits of comets, especially afterhis +friend and correspondent [see infra, pages 178-180] Kepler’s book <i>de +Motibus Stella Atartis</i> came out in 1609, and he had invented and improved +his telescope or perspective ‘truncke’ or cylinder in 1609-10. +</p> + +<p> +It is not positively stated that Hariot held direct correspondence with Galileo +in 1609 and 1610 or even later, but the evidence is strong that he was promptly +kept informedof what was going on in Italy in astronomical and mathematical +discovery, as well as in Germany and elsewhere. That he was using a +‘perspective truncke’ or telescope as early as the winter of +1609-10, and that his ‘servaunte’ Christopher Tooke (or as Lower in +1611 familiarly called him’ Kitt’) made lenses for him and fitted +them into his ‘trunckcs’ for sale by himself, is known. From this +circumstance,and from the fact that he disposed of many ‘trunckes’ +by his will, and left a considerable stock of them to Tooke, it is manifest +that he manufactured and traded in telescopes from 1609 to 1621. With his +invention of the telescope then it required no correspondence with Galileo to +induce him to rake the heavens and sweep our planetary system for new +astronomical discoveries. To an astronomer of his activity and mathematical +acumen these discoveries followed as a matter of course. Like Galileo he may +have borrowed from the Dutch (or quite as likely they of him) the idea that by +a combination of lenses it was possible to bring distant objects near, but that +he worked out the idea independently of Galileo admits hardly of a doubt. But +he seems to have been less ambitious than Galileo to claim priority in either +the invention or the discoveries that immediately followed. In this connection +the following hitherto unpublished letter will be read with interest: +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<small>LETTER OF SIR WILLIAM LOWER <i>in South Wales +to</i></small> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<small>THOMAS HARIOT <i>at Sion</i> 21 <i>June</i> +1610.</small> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<small><i>Printed from the holograph original in the British +Museum</i></small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>I gaue your letter a double welcome, both because it came from you and +contained newes of that strange nature ; although that w<sup>ch</sup> I craued, +you haue deserved till another time. Me thinkes my diligent Galileus hath done +more in his three fold discouerie then Magellane in openinge the streightes to +the South sea or the dutch men that weare eaten by beares in Noua Zembla. I am +sure with more ease and saftie to him selfe and more pleasure to mee. I am so +affected with this newes as I wish sommer were past that I mighte obserue these +phenomenes also, in the moone I had formerlie observed a strange spotted-nesse +al ouer, but had no conceite that anie parte therof mighte be shadowes; since I +haue obserued three degrees in the darke partes, of w<sup>ch</sup> the lighter +sorte hath some resemblance of shadinesse but that they grow shorter or longer +I cannot yet pceaue. ther are three starres in Orion below the three in his +girdle so neere togeather as they appeared vnto me alwayes like a longe starre, +insomuch as aboute 4 yeares since I was a writing you newes out of Cornwall of +a view a strange phenomenon but asking some that had better eyes then my selfe +they told me, they were three starres lying close togeather in a right line, +thes starres with my cylinder this last winter I often observed, and it was +longe er I beleued that I saw them, they appearinge through the Cylinder so +farre and distinctlie asunder that without I can not yet disseuer. the +discouerie of thes made me then obserue the 7 starres also in, ### [Taurus], +w<sup>ch</sup> before I alwayes rather beleued to be, 7. then euer could nomber +them, through my Cylinder I saw thes also plainelie and far asunder, and more +then, 7. to, but because I was prejugd with that number, I beleved not myne +eyes nor was carefull to obserue how manie; the next winter now that you have +opened mine eyes you shall heare much frö me of this argument, of the third and +greatest (that I confesse pleased me most) I have least to say, sauing that +just at the instance that I receaved your letters wee Traventane Philosophers +were a consideringe of Kepler’s* reasons [*pag. 106. Noua Stella +Serpentarii] by w<sup>ch</sup> he indeauors to ouerthrow Nolanus and Gilberts +opinions concerninge the immensitie of the Spheare of the starres and. that +opinion particularlie of Nolanus by w<sup>ch</sup> he affirmed that the eye +beinge placed in anie parte of the Univers the apparence would be still all one +as vnto us here. When I was a sayinge that although Kepler had sayd somethinge +to moste that mighte be vrged for that opinion of Nolanus, yet of one +principall thinge hee had not thought; for although it may be true that to the +ey placed in anie starre of, ### [Cancer], the starres in Capricorne will +vanish, yet he hath not therfore so soundlie concluded (as he thinkes) that +therfore towards that parte of the world ther wilbe a voidnesse or thin +scattering of little starres wheras els round about ther will appeare huge +starres close thruste togeather: for sayd I (hauinge heard you say often as +much) what is in that huge space betweene the starres and Saturne, ther remaine +euer fixed infinite nombers w<sup>ch</sup> may supplie the apparence to the eye +that shalbe placed in ### [Cancer], w<sup>ch</sup> by reason of ther lesser +magnitudes doe flie our sighte what is aboute ### [Saturn], ### [Jupiter], ### +[Mars], etc. ther moue other planets also w<sup>ch</sup> appeare not. just as I +was a saying this comes your letter, w<sup>ch</sup> when I had redd, loe, qd I, +what I spoke probablie experience hath made good ; so that we both with wonder +and delighte fell a consideringe your letter, we are here so on fire with thes +thinges that I must renew my request and your promise to send mee of all sortes +of thes Cylinders. my man shal deliuer you monie for anie charge requisite, and +contente your man for his paines and skill. Send me so manie as you thinke +needfull vnto thes obseruations, and in requitall, I will send you store of +observations. Send me also one of Galileus bookes if anie yet be come ouer and +you can get them. Concerning my doubte in Kepler, you see what it is to bee so +far fro you. What troubled me a month you satisfyed in a minute. I have +supplied verie fitlie my wante of a spheare, in the desolution of a hogshead, +for the hopes therof haue framed me a verie fine one. I pray also at your +leasure answere the other pointes of my last letter concerning Vieta, Kepler +and your selfe. I have nothinge to presence you in counter, but gratitude with +a will in act to be vsefull vnto you and a power in proxima potentia ; +w<sup>ch</sup> I will not leaue also till I haue broughte ad actum. If you in +the meane time can further it, tell wher in I may doe you seruice, and see how +wholie you shall dispose of me.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Your most assured and louing friend<br/> +Tra’uenti the longest day of, 1610. Willm Lower.<br/> +~ <i>Addressed:</i> To his espesial good frind<br/> +Mr. Thomas Hariot</small> +</p> + +<p class="right"> +<small>Seal of Arms, <i>(B. M. Add.</i> 6789.) at Sion neere London.</small> +</p> + +<p> +[Tra’venti or Trafenty, near Lower Court, is eight or nine miles +south-west of Caermarthen, near the confluence of the rivers Taf and Cywyn.] +</p> + +<p> +The writer is fortunately able to throw some light upon these letters of Lower +to Hariot. In <i>the Monatlicbe Correspondenz Vol.</i> 8, 1803, published by F. +X. von Zach at Gotha, pages 47-56, is a most interesting fragment of an +original letter inEnglish toHariot. Dr Zach says that he found this letter at +Petworth in 1784, and it being without date or signature he confidently +assigned its authorship to the Earl of Northumberland, and guessed the date to +have been prior to 1619. In his many notes he is in raptures over his +discovery, and deplores the misfortune of its breaking off in the most +interesting place just as the Earl was about to announce the discovery of the +elliptical orbit of the comet of 1607, as reasoned out of Hariot’s +observations and the writings of Kepler. This famous letter has been used or +copied in many places, particularly in Ersch and Gru-ber’s Algemeine +Encyklopadie under Hariot. +</p> + +<p> +The mystery is now solved by giving here the letter in full. It is even more +important than Dr Zach with all his enthusiasm supposed. It is not, however, +from the pen of Northumberland, though none the less interesting on that +account. The letter is in the well-known handwriting of Lower, of +Tra’venti, on Mount Martin, near Llanfihangel, in South Wales, to his +dearly loved friend and master Hariot at Sion, and is dated the 6th of +February, 1610. The letter fills two sheets of foolscap paper. The first sheet +of four pages Dr Zach found at Petworth, and it is to be hoped that it still +exists there. The other sheet of four pages is preserved in the British Museum +(Add. 6789). How long these two sheets have been separated it is difficult to +tell, but probably from Hariot’s day, that is, for more than two +centuries and a half. The two fragments are now brought together and printed +for the first time complete, the first half from Dr Zach’s text, and the +latter half copied verbatim direct from the original autograph manuscript, +Brit. Mus. Add. 6789. +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="center"> +<small>LETTER FROM SIR WILLIAM LOWER MATHEMATICIAN</small> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<small>AND ASTRONOMER TO THOMAS HARIOT AT SION</small> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<small>FEBRUARY 6, 1610.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>I have receeved the perspective Cylinder that you promised me and am +sorrie that my man gave you not more warning, that I might have had also the 2 +or 3 more that you mentioned to chuse for me. Hence forward he shall have order +to attend you better and to defray the charge of this and others, that he +forgot to pay the worke man. According as you wished I have observed the Mone +in all his changes. In the new I discover manifestlie the earthshine, a little +before the Dichotomic, that spot which reprefents unto me the Man in the Moone +(but without a head) is first to be feene. a little after neare the brimme of +the gibbous parts towards the upper corner appeare luminous parts like starres +much brighter then the rest and the whole brimme along, lookes like unto the +Description of Coasts in the dutch bookes of voyages, in the full she appeares +like a tarte that my Cooke made me the last Weeke. here a vaine of bright +stuffe, and there of darke, and so consufedlie al over. I muft confesse I can +see none of this without my cylinder. Yet an ingenious younge man that +accompanies me here often, and loves you, and these studies much, sees manie of +these things even without the helpe of the instrument, but with it sees them +most plainielie. I meane the younge Mr. Protherbe.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Kepler I read diligentlie. but therein I find what it is to be so far +from you. For as himfelf, he hath almoft put me out of my wits, his Aequanes, +his sections of excentricities, librations in the diameters of Epicycles, +revolutions in ellipses, have fo thoroughlie seased upon my imagination as I do +not onlie ever dreame of them, but oftentimes awake lose my selfe, and power of +thinkinge with to much wantinge to it. not of his caufes for I cannot phansie +those magnetical natures, but aboute his theorie which me thinks (although I +cannot yet overmafter manie of his particulars) he eftablifheth soundlie and as +you say overthrowes the circular Aftronomie.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Do you not here startle, to see every day some of your inventions taken +from you ; for I remember long since you told me as much, that the motions of +the planets were not perfect circles. So you taught me the curious way to +observe weight in Water, and within a while after Ghetaldi comes out with it in +print, a little before Vieta prevented [anticipated] you of the gharland of the +greate Invention of Algebra, al these were your deues and manie others that I +could mention ; and yet to great reservednesse had robd you of these glories, +but although the inventions be greate, the first and last I meane, yet when I +survei your storehouse, I see they are the smallest things and such as in +comparison of manie others are of smal or no value. Onlie let this remember +you, that it is possible by to much procrastination to be prevented in the +honor of some of your rarest inventions and speculations. Let your Countrie and +frinds injoye the comforts they would have in the true and greate honor you +would purchase your selfe by publishing some of your choise workes, but you +know best what you have to doe. Onlie I, because I wish you all good, with +this, and sometimes the more longinglie, because in one of your letters you +gave me some kind of hope therof.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>But againe to Kepler I have read him twice over cursoridlie. I read him +now with Calculation. Some times I find a difference of minutes, sometimes +false prints, and sometimes an utter confufion in his accounts, these +difficulties are so manie, and often as here againe I want your conference, for +I know an hower with you, would advance my studies more than a yeare heare, to +give you a taft of some of thes difficulties that you may judge of my +capacitie, I will send you onlie this one [upon the <i>Locum Martis</i> out of +Kepler’s Astronomy, de motibus Stella: Martis, etc. Pragæ, 1609, folio +Ch. xxvi, page 137.] For this theorie I am much in love with these +particulars;</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>1° his permutation of the medial to the apparent motions, for it is more +rational that all dimensions as of Eccentricities, apogacies, etc.. . . should +depend rather of the habitude to the sun, then to the imaginarie circle of +orbis annuus.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>2° His elliptical iter planetarum. for me thinks it shiews a Way to the +folving of the unknown walks of comets. For ai his Ellipfis in the Earths +motion is more a circle <i>[here endeth Dr Zacb’s fragment, and here +beginneth the continuation from tie original in the Britith Museum]</i> and in +Mars is more longe and in some of the other planets may be longer againe so in +thos commets that are appeard fixed the ellipsis may be neere a right +line.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>3. His phansie of ecliptica media or his via regia of the sun, vnto +w<sup>ch</sup> the walke of al the other planets is obliqj more or lesse; even +the ecliptica uera under w<sup>ch</sup> the earth walkes his yeares journie; by +w<sup>ch</sup> he solues handsomelie the mutation of the starres latitudes. +Indeed I am much delighted with his booke, but he is so tough in rnanie places +as I cannot bite him. I pray write me some instructions in your next, how I may +deale with him to ouermaster him for I am readie to take paines, te modo jura +dantem indigeo, dictatorem exposco. But in his booke I am much out of loue with +thes particulars. I. First his manie and intolerable atechnies, whence deriue +thos manie and vncertaine assayes of calculation. 2. His finding fault with +Vieta for mending the like things in Ptol: Cop..... but se the justice Vieta +speakes sleightlie of Copernicus a greater then Atlas. Kepler speakes as +slightlie of Vieta, a greater then Appollonius whom Kepler everie wher admires. +For whosoever can doe the things that Kepler cannot doe, shalbe to him great +Appollonius. But enough of Kepler let me once againe intreate your counsel how +to read him with best profit, for I am wholie possessed with Astronomical +speculations and desires. For your declaration of Vieta’s appendicle it +is so full and plaine, as you haue aboundantlie satisfyed my desire, for +w<sup>ch</sup> I yield you the thankes I ought, onlie in a word tell me whether +by it he can solue Copernicus, 5 cap: of his 5. booke. The last of +Vieta’s probleames you leaue to speake of because (you say) I had a +better of you, w<sup>ch</sup> was more vniuersal and more easilie demonstrated, +and findeth the point, E. as wel out of the plaine of the triangle giuen, as in +the plaine. I pray here helpe my memorie or vnderstand-inge, for although I +haue bethought my selfe vsq ad insaniam, I cannot remember or conceaue what +proposition you meane. If I haue had such a one of you, tel me what one it is +and by what tokens I may know it ; If I haue not had, then let me now haue it, +for you know how much I loue your things and of all wayes of teaching for +richnesse and fullnesse for stuffe and forme, yours vnto me are incomparablie +most satisfactorie. If your leasure giue you leaue imparte also unto me +somewhat els of your riches in this argument.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Let me intreate you to advise and direct this bearer Mr. Vaughan wher +and how to prouide himselfe of a fit sphere ; that by the contemplation of that +our imaginations here may be releued in manie speculations that perplexe our +vnderstandings with diagrammed in plano. He hath monie to prouide doe you but +tell him wher the are to be had and what manner of sphere (I meant with what +and how manie circles) wilbe most vsefull for vs to thes studies. After all +this I must needs tell you my sorrowes. God that gaue him, hath taken from me +my onlie sun, by continual and strange fits of Epelepsie or Apoloxie, when in +apparence, as he was most pleasant and goodlie, he was most healthie, but +amongst other things, I haue learnt of you to setle and submit my desires to +the will of god ; onlie my wife with more greife beares this affliction, yet +now againe she begins to be comforted. Let me heare fro you and according to +your leasure and frindshippe haue directions in the course of studie I am in. +Aboue al things take care of your health, keepe correspondence with Kepler and +wherinsoeuer you can haue vse of me, require it with all libertie. Soe I rest +ever,</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Your assured and true friend to be vsed in</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>all things that you please.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Willm Lowër.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Tra’vent on Mount Martin [in South Wales.] 6 February, +1610.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Let me not make my selfe more able then ther is cause. I can not order +the calculation by the construction you sent me of Vieta’s 3. probleme, +to find the distances of C. & D. & B. from the Apegen or the proportion +of ia. to ac. the eccentricitie. I tooke Copernicus, 3. observations in the, 6. +chap, of his, 5. booke, therfore helpe here once againe.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small><i>Addressed:</i> To his especiall good friend</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Mr. THO : HARRYOT at Sion neere London.</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +About this time, it is understood, Raleigh took up seriously and earnestly the +great literary work of his life, <i>The History of the World.</i> It must have +been brewing in his mind for years, for in his preface he expressed the fears +he had entertained ‘that the darkness of age and death would have +overtaken him long before the performance.’ The work, according to +Camden, was published in April 1614, just before the meeting of Parliament. It +appeared anonymously, and for obvious reasons was not entered at +Stationers’ Hall. James is said to have had his conscience so pricked by +certain passages which everywhere pervade the work on the power, conduct and +responsibility of princes, that strenuous efforts were made in January 1615 to +call in and suppress it, but the king might as well have attempted to call back +a departed spirit by Act of Parliament as to call in that ‘History of the +World’ by royal proclamation. The Book was in type and in the hands of +the people of England. It could therefore no more be suppressed at that day by +princely power than could manifest destiny itself. The second edition of 1621 +was the first with Raleigh’s name. +</p> + +<p> +This grand work, which in almost everychapter shows the masterly hand of +Raleigh himself, needs no comment here. It is however no disparagement of the +book (but the contrary) to say that in the collection, arrangement and +condensation of its materials; that in unlocking the muniment room of antiquity +and perusing the chief authors of the Greek and Latin classics from Heroditus +to Livy and Eusebius, covering a period of near four thousand years, he must +have had at cheerful beck powerful and competent aid. To collect, read, +collate, note down, and digest these vast and scattered treasures into +reasonable and presentable shape for the master mind, required not a bevy of +poets and parsons, but one masterly scholar of scientific, analytic, +mathematical, philosophical and religious training. Such a man was Hariot. +</p> + +<p> +We read of Gibbon’s twenty years’ fag and toil on the materials of +the History of the Roman Empire alone, and at a time when there were many aids +not existing in Raleigh’s day. Gibbon personally ransacked the libraries +of Europe. Raleigh had scarcely four years to cover the four most ancient +empires and a much longer period, and was himself confined to Tower Hill. But +he had at command a Hariot, a sort of winged Mercury, who was neither entowered +nor hide-bound with conceit or ignorance. He was a marvellously good Greek and +Latin scholar, who wrote Latin with almost as much ease as English. One has but +to read the vast number of notes, citations and particular references in the +History of the World to see the height, depth, and perfect modelling of the +structure. +</p> + +<p> +Raleigh was unquestionably the designer, the architect and the finisher of his +History of the World. To him is due the honor and credit of the work. But who +was the builder ? The answer manifestly is Thomas Hariot of Sion on Thames, +learned, patient, self-forgetting, painstaking, long-waiting, devoted Hariot. +Many writers have claimed to be, or have been named as, Sir Walter’s +assistants and polishers. Ben Jonson, Rev. Dr Burhill, John Hoskins the poet, +and others have each had their advocates,but without sufficient evidence. It +may well be questioned if any one of them possessed either the ability, the +time, the access to the Tower, or the opportunity to perform such herculean +labors of love. These claims are apparently all based on pure conjecture, or +unrectified gossip, as shown by Mr Bolton Corney in his razorly reply to Mr +Isaac D’israeli. But Thomas Hariot, on the contrary, possessed abundantly +what they all lacked, the necessary credentials. For proof of this assertion +the doubter, as well as the lover of confirmed historical accuracy, is referred +to the Hariot papers still preserved partly at Petworth and partly in the +British Museum. +</p> + +<p> +The Hariot manuscripts, of which there are thousands of folio pages all in his +own handwriting, seem to be still in the same confused state in which he left +them. He directed that the ‘waste’ should be weeded out of his +mathematical papers and destroyed. But this duty seems, fortunately for us, to +have been neglected by his executors, and hence among this ‘waste’ +one has even now no great difficulty in recognizing in the well-known Latin +handwriting of the’ magician,’ many jottings in chronology, +geography and science, and many abstracts and citations of the classics, that +in their time must have played parts in the <i>History of the World.</i> The +Will now first produced lets in a flood of light on the history of these valued +papers, and dispels a great deal of the heaps of foreign pretension, domestic +assertion, and mixed charlatanism that have since 1784 beclouded the memories +of both Raleigh and Hariot. It is true that on a hint in the previous century +from Camden of a will by the great mathematician, many conjectures were afloat +from the days of Pell, Collins, Wallis and Wood, but it has not been possible +until now for one, with due knowledge of the main events in the lives of these +two men, each equally great in his own sphere, to satisfactorily clear away any +considerable portion of the misconception and misstatements of biographers and +historians concerning them and their achievements. The dawn however is coming, +when these new materials now first printed by the Hercules Club, but not worked +up, may attract the attention of some historian competent to give them a +thorough scientific scrutiny and ‘pen their doctrine.’ +</p> + +<p> +It is not our purpose here to dwell upon Raleigh’s masterpiece. From the +preface of the <i>History of the World,</i> which opens with ‘the +boundless ambition of mortal man,’ to the epilogue which closes up the +work with the glorious triumph of Death, the whole book is replete with lessons +of wisdom and warning. No one can rise from its perusal without perceiving that +the modern author has made himself by apt illustration an accomplished actor in +ancient history, while the ancient characters are made in their vera effigies +to strut on modern stages. His pictures of great actions and great men, noble +deeds and nobler princes, are drawn with such masterly perspective of truth, +that they serve for all time ; while his portraiture of tyrants, villains, and +dishonorable characters are no less lifelike and human. One marvels not +therefore that King James, whose political creed was that the people are bound +to princes by iron, and princes to the people by cobwebs, should see in +Raleigh’s portraiture of the upright kings no likeness to himself, but +had no difficulty in recognizing in the deformed greatness and selfish virtues +of the old monarchs qualities suggestive of himself and his favorites. This +grand history, extending from the creation over the four great monarchies of +the world, near four thousand years, closes with the final triumph of Emilius +Paullus in these memorable and oft-repeated words from the first edition of +1614. +</p> + +<p> +<small>Kings and Princes have alwayes laid before them, the actions, but not +the ends, of those great Ones which precededthem. They are alwayes transported +with the glorie of the one, but they never minde the miserie of the other, till +they finde the experience themselves. They neglect the advice of God, while +they enioy life, or hope it; but they follow the counsell of Death, upon his +first approach. It is he that puts into man all the wisdome of the world, +without speaking a word ; which God with all the words of His Law, promises, or +threats, doth not infuse. Death which hateth and destroyeth man, is beleeved ; +God, which hath made him and loves him, is alwayes deferred. I have considered, +saith Solomon, all the workes that are under the Sunne, and behold, all is +vanitie and vexation of spirit: but who beleeves it, till Death tells it us. It +was Death, which opening the conscience of Charles the fift, made him enjoyne +his sonne Philip to restore Navarre ; and King Francis the First of France, to +command that justice should be done upon the murderers of the Protestants in +Merindol and Cabrieres, which till then he neglected. It is therefore Death +alone that can suddenly make man know himselfe. He tells the proud and +insolent, that they are but Abjects, and humbles them at the instant ; makes +them crie, complaine, and repent; yea, even to hate their forepassed +happinesse. He takes the account of the rich, and proves him a beggar, a naked +begger, which hath interest in nothing, but in the grauell that filles his +mouth. He holds a glasse before the eyes of the most beautifull, and makes them +see therein their deformitie and rottennesse; and they acknowledge it.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>O eloquent, just and mightie Death ! whom none could advise, thou hast +perswaded ; what none hath dared, thou hast done ; and whom all the world hath +flattered, thou onely hast cast out of the world and despised : thou hast +drawne together all the farre stretched greatnesse, all the pride, crueltie, +and ambition, of man, and covered it all over with those two narrow words : +<i>Hic jacet.</i></small> +</p> + +<p> +With this outburst of true eloquence the historian of the world laid down his +pen in 1614. Four short years later the same historian himself, wickedly +sacrificed by his hispaniolized monarch, laid down his life on the scaffold, +with an apotheosis scarcely less eloquent. No death recorded in ancient or +modern history is more grand or instructive than that of Sir Walter Raleigh, in +many respects the greatest man of his age. +</p> + +<p> +On the execution being granted in the King’s Bench Court, on the +afternoon of the 28th of October 1618, he asked for a little time for pre- +paration, but his request was refused, Bacon having already in his pocket the +death warrant duly signed by the King before the meeting of the Court! Sir +Walter then asked for paper, pen and ink; and when he came to die that he might +be permitted to speak at his farewell. To these last requests he appears to +have received no reply, but was with indecent haste hustled off to the Gate +House for execution early the next morning, the 29th of October, Lord +Mayor’s day, when it was expected that the crowd would go cityward. +However, there was a crowd, and probably in consequence he was not prohibited +from speaking. He had prepared himself, and is said to have consulted a +<i>‘Note of Remembrance’</i> which he held in his hand while +speaking. It is possible, nay, probable that this very same <i>Note</i> still +survives in ‘paper-saving’ Hariot’s ‘waste,’ for +a precious little waif, all crumpled and soiled, just such a ‘Note of +Remembrance,’ it is believed, as Raleigh held in his hand and consulted +during that ever memorable speech, has comedown to us, and is now preserved +among the Hariot papers in the British Museum. It has been recently recognized +and identified by Mr Stevens, who has placed it, with other newly discovered +documents respecting our philosopher, at the disposition of the Hercules Club. +It is thought to possess internal evidence of having been drawn out +<i>before</i> the speech, and is not therefore Hariot’s jottings of +remembrance <i>after</i> it. But positive proof is wanting. +</p> + +<p> +It is beyond all doubt, however, in the well-known handwriting of Hariot, and +is presumed to be the ‘note of remembrance’ <i>for</i> the speech, +made in the Gate House, probably from dictation, during the night before the +execution. It appears as if hurriedly penned with a blunt quill, and is on a +narrow strip of thin foolscap paper such as Hariot used. It is about twelve +inches long and nearly four inches wide, about one-third of the lower part of +the paper being blank. There is no heading, date, or anything else on the +paper. It is rather difficult to read, but every word, letter and point have +been made out, and the whole <i>Note</i> is here given, line for line, and +verbatim, the heading and press-mark only being added : +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> +<small>[SIR WALTER RALEIGH’S ‘NOTE OR REMEMBRANCE’</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small><i>for his speech on the Scaffold</i> Oct. 29 1618.]</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Two fits of an agew.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Thankes to god.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>of calling god to witness.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>note</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>That He Speake iustly & truely.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>I.) Concerning his loyalty to <i>ye</i></small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>King. French Agent,</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>& Comission fro y<sup>e</sup> french King.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>2.) of Slanderous fpeeches touching</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>his maj<sup>ty</sup>. a french man.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>S<sup>r</sup> L. Stukely.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>3.) S<sup>r</sup> L. Stukely. My lo: Carewe.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>4.) S<sup>r</sup>L. Stukely. My lo: of Danchaster.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>5.) S<sup>r</sup> L. St: S’ Edward Perham.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>6.) Sr L. St. A letter on london hyway l0000<sup>li</sup>.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>7.) Mine of Guiana.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>8.) Came back by constreynt.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>9.) My L. of Arundell.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>10.) Company ufed ill in ye Voyadge.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>11. Spotting of his face & counterfeiting sicknes.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>12 The <i>E. of</i> Eflex.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Lastly, he deiired ye company to ioyne with him in prayer. +&c.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small><i>[Brit. MM. Add.</i> MSS. 6789.]</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +Every paragraph of the speech is noted, but not quite in the order of the +speech as variously reported by those who witnessed the execution and heard it. +Circumstances occurred after Sir Walter began to speak, which may have caused +the slight change in the order as here set down. This argues in favor of its +being a note prepared beforehand. If so It must have been written shortly +before the speech, because the order for the execution was not given in the +King’s Bench Court till the afternoon of the 28th, and the execution was +fixed for early the next morning. +</p> + +<p> +There is a little confusion of the tenses, but this is not strange considering +that the note was penned by a third person. The last two lines, below the +number 12, may have been added by Hariot afterwards, as they are in the past +tense and third person, and are separated from the rest of the note by a dash. +This point is not numbered. It is possible that thefirst five lines were also +added subsequently, as they are not numbered, and are placed near the top of +the paper, as if interpolated, but they are in the same handwriting, and +apparently were written with the same pen and ink. +</p> + +<p> +At all events, whether written by Hariot before or after the deed, it is a +precious contemporary document, and is another proof, if any more be needed, of +the genuineness of the reported dying speech, and, consequently, that the +famous ‘Spanish papers’ recently reproduced are forgeries and +false. It requires no great stretch of the imagination with this little +messenger in hand to believe that the ingenious teacher and friend of his +youth, and for nearly two score years the constant companion of his manhood, +passed that dreadful night with Sir Walter in the Gate House at Westminster, +and after ‘dear Bess’ had taken her leave at midnight, penned out +this note of remembrance for his friend’s morning guidance, that nothing +should be forgotten in case the ague returned, which he feared even more than +death. +</p> + +<p> +A little more than a month after the execution of his friend, Hariot is found +in his observatory at Sion taking observations of the comet of December 1618. +His valuable observations are preserved among his mathematical papers. During +the eleven years following his primitive observations of the +‘Hariot’ comet of 1607, first at Ilfracombeand later at Kidwely, +great advances had been made in the science of astronomy, chiefly in +consequence of the invention of the telescope, and the discoveries by means of +it. No mathematician in Europe was probably further advanced in this science +than Hariot. +</p> + +<p> +What particular discoveries belonged to him and what to Galileo, Kepler and +other contemporaries, it is very difficult to determine, since it is now +positively known that from 1609 or 1610 Hariot was a manufacturer and dealer in +lenses, or perspective glasses, as well as in perspective trunks or telescopes; +and that he was in correspondence with Kepler, and probably with Galileo. He +was easily the chief of astronomers in England, and is known to have possessed +the earliest books of Galileo and to have sent them to his disciples, Lower and +Protheroe, in Wales. Respecting this comet of 1618, he was in correspondence +with Alien and Standish of Oxford and other scholars at home and abroad. +</p> + +<p> +In ‘Certain Elegant Poems, Written By Dr. [Richard] Corbel, Bishop of +Norwich. R. Cotes for Andrew Crooke, 1647, 16°- The mirth-loving Bishop, in +‘A Letter sent from Doclor Corbetto MaJler [Sir Thomas] Ailebury, Decem. +9. 1618’ [on the Comet of that year] is the following allusion to Hariot: +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> +<small><i>Burton</i> to <i>Gunter</i> Cants, and <i>Burton</i> heares<br/> +From <i>Gunter,</i> and th’ Exchange both tongue & eares<br/> +By carriage : thus doth mired <i>Guy</i> complaine,<br/> +His Waggon on their letters beares <i>Charles</i> Waine,<br/> +<i>Charles</i> Waine, to which they fay the tayle will reach<br/> +And at this diftance they both heare, and teach.<br/> +Now for the peace of God and men, advise<br/> +(Thou that haft wherewithall to make us wise)<br/> +Thine owne rich ftudies, and deepe Harriots mine,<br/> +In which there is no drosse, but all refine,<br/> +O tell us what to trust to, lest we wax<br/> +All stiffe and tupid with his paralex ;<br/> +Say, shall the old Philofophy be true ?<br/> +Or doth he ride above the Moone think you ? <i>etc.</i></small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +After the departure of the ‘Blazing Starr’ of December 1618, very +little is known of Hariot, except that he lived at Sion while his patron the +Earl was still in the Tower, where he was probably frequently visited by his +man of science. The following letter, dated the 19th of January 1619, to him at +Sion from Sir Thomas Aylesbury is interesting as showing the great interest +taken in his old master by his ‘loytering scholar.’ Many other +letters of this stamp, breathing love and ardent friendship, are found among +the Hariot papers, from Sir William Lower, Sir John Protheroe, Sir Ferdinando +Gorges, Dr Turner, and Sir Thomas Aylesbury. Here is a sample: +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> +<small>Sr, Though I have bene yet soe little a while att New Mar-kett, that I +have not any thing of moment to ympart; yet I thinke it not amisse to write a +bare salutacons, and let yo know, that in theise wearie journeys I am often +times comforted wth the remembraunce of yor kind love and paynes bestowed on +yor loytering scholar, whose little credit in the way of learning is all-waits +underpropped wt the name of soe worthie a Maister.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>The Comet being spent, the talke of it still runnes current here; The +Kings ma before mycumming spake w’ one of Cambridge called Olarentia, (a +name able to beget beleefe of some extraordinarie qualities) but what +satisfaction he gave, I cannot yet learne; here are papers out of Spayne about +it, yea and fro Roome, wc I will endevor to gett, and meane yt yo shall partake +of the newes as tyme serves.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Cura ut valeas et me ames, who am ever trulie and unfaynedlyr<br/> +yors att Commaund. THO: AYLESBURIE.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Newmarkett. 19, Jan. 1618/1619</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small><i>Addressed:</i> To my right woorthie frend Mr. THOMAS HARRIOT</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>att Syon, theise, fro Newmarkett.</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +Between 1615 and 1620 there are evidences of Hariot’s failing health. He +was greatly troubled with a cancerous ulcer on the lip. How early this began is +not apparent. In 1610 his friend Lower cautions him to be careful of his +health. There is in the British Museum among the Hariot papers the drafts of +three beautiful letters in Latin written from Sion in 1615 and 1616 to a friend +of distinction, name not mentioned, who had been recently appointed to some +medical office at court, in which he describes himself and his disease. +</p> + +<p> +These letters show great resignation and Christian fortitude. He seemed to be +getting better in 1616, and expressed himself as somewhat hopeful. The progress +of the cancer and other troubles cannot now probably be traced, but he is found +in the summer of 1621 lodging with his old friend Thomas Buckner, in +Threadneedle Street, near the Royal Exchange, in the parish of St Christopher. +Buckner had been one of Raleigh’s ‘First Colonie’ to Virginia +in 1585 with Hariot, and Hariot, now in 1621, had come up from Sion probably +for medical advice near the hospital. On the 2gth of June he made or executed +his Will, and died three days after at Buckner’s, on the and of July +1621. He was buried the next day, according to the wish expressed in his will, +in the old parish church of St Christopher in Threadneedle Street. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<small>Sifte viator, leviter preme,<br/> +Iacet hic juxta, Quod mortale fuit,<br/> +C. V.<br/> +THOMÆ HARRIOTT.<br/> +Hic fuit Doftiffimus ille Harriotus<br/> +de Syon ad Flumen Thamefin,<br/> +Patria & educatione<br/> +Oxonienfis,<br/> +QVM omnes fcientias Caluit,<br/> +Qui in omnibus excelluit,<br/> +Mathematicis, Philofophicis, Theologicis.<br/> +Veritatis indagator ftudiofiffimus,<br/> +Dei Trini-uniui cultor piiffimus,<br/> +Sexagenarius, aut eo circiter,<br/> +Mortalitati valedixit, Non vitæ,<br/> +Anno Christi M.DC.XXI. Iulii 2.</small> +</p> + +<p> +Shortly after there was erected to his memory in the chancel, at the expense, +it is understood, of his noble friend the Earl of Northumberland, a fine marble +monument, bearing the above neat and appropriate inscription. +</p> + +<p> +St Christopher’s, a very old church, with its records (still preserved) +extending back in an almost unbroken series to 1488, passed through many +vicissitudes before itwas finally swallowed up by the leviathan of the +world’s commerce. The site of it is now occupied by the south-west +cornerof the Bank of England on Princes Street, to the left of the entrance, +nearly opposite the Mansion House. The church was restored and redecorated the +year of Hariot’s death, and again twelve years later, but was burnt in +the great fire of 1666. Hariot’s monument perished with it, but the +inscription had been preserved by Stow. The church was rebuilt on the same +foundation by Sir Christopher Wren in 1680. +</p> + +<p> +About a century ago the church, with the whole parish of St Christopher (called +then St Christopher-le-stocks because near the stocks standing at the east end +of Cheapside), together with a large portion of two other parishes, St +Margaret’s and St Bartholomew’s, was purchased by the Old Lady of +Threadneedle Street for the site of the new Bank of England. Thus one great +bank of this modern metropolis covers a large part of three parishes of old +London. +</p> + +<p> +The whole area of the Bank, however, was not given up to mammon, though still +here men most do congregate, and worshippers most do worship. One small +consecrated spot, enough perhaps to leaven and memorize the whole site, was +respected, and not built over. It was the churchyard of St Christopher. This +‘God’s acre’ the architect and the governors have dedicated +to Beauty, Art, and Nature. The little ‘Garden of the Bank of +England,’ the loveliest spot in all London at this day, measuring about +twenty-four by thirty-two yards, was just a hundred years ago the little +churchyard of St Christopher, where still repose the bones of THOMAS HARIOT. +</p> + +<p> +Virginia, which once comprehended the present United States from South to +North, has been called the monument to Sir Walter Raleigh. So the Bank of +England, built round the churchyard of St Christopher, may be called the +monument to Thomas Hariot. +</p> + +<p> +The present year, 1879, is just three centuries since Hariot went forth, a +youth of twenty, from the University of Oxford. We have briefly told his story. +England is all the richer for his life, and the world itself acknowledges the +wealth of his science and the worth of his philosophy. The Bank of England is +built round his bones, but it cannot cover his memory. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<small>Stay, traveller, tread lightly ;<br/> +Near this spot lies what was mortal<br/> +of that most celebrated man<br/> +THOMAS HARRIOT.<br/> +He was the very learned Harriot<br/> +of Sion on Thames ;<br/> +by birth and education<br/> +an Oxonian, Who cultivated all the sciences,<br/> +and excelled in all,<br/> +In Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Theology.<br/> +A most studious investigator of truth, A most pious<br/> +worshipper of the Triune God,<br/> +At the age of sixty, or thereabouts,<br/> +He bade farewell to mortality, not to life,<br/> +July 2d A.D. 1621.</small> +</p> + +<p> +He lived, died, and was forgotten in the parish of St Christopher. +Henceforward, whenever Englishmen and Americans, merchants and scholars, rich +and poor, men of genius and men of money, enter this little’ +Garden,’ let them read there in English what Henry Percy originally set +up in Latin, the above inscription. +</p> + +<p> +An impression has gone abroad, traceable chiefly to Aubrey and to Anthony à +Wood, that Hariot was unsound in religious principles and matters of belief; +that he was, in fact, not only a Deist himself, but that he exerted a baleful +influence over Raleigh and his History as well as over the Earl of +Northumberland. Not to misstate this utterly unfounded imputation, the very +words of Wood, as first printed in his Athenæ in 1691, and never since +modified, are here given in full: ‘But notwithstanding his great skill in +mathematics, he had strange thoughts of the scripture, and always undervalued +the old story of the creation of the world, and could never believe that trite +position, <i>Ex nihilo nihil fit.</i> He made a <i>Philosophical Theology,</i> +wherein he cast off the OLD TESTAMENT, so that consequently the New would have +no foundation. He wasaDeist, and his doctrine he did impart to the said Count +[the Earl] and to Sir Walt. Raleigh when he was compiling the <i>History of the +World,</i> and would controvert the matter with eminent divines of those times; +who therefore having no good opinion of him, did look on the manner of his +death as a judgment upon him for those matters, and for nullifying the +scripture.’ +</p> + +<p> +It is needless to say that in all our investigations into the life, actions, +and character of this eminent philosopher and Christian, from the time when, as +a young man in 1585, he took delight in reading the Bible to the Indians of +Virginia, down to the time that he made his remarkable will in 1621, not one +word has been found in cor-roboration of these statements; but, on the +contrary, many passages have appeared to contradict and disprove them. Let any +one notice the numerous citations of the various books of the Bible in +Raleigh’s History, and he will surely fail to discover any evidence of +Raleigh’s being a Deist, or that Hariot had taught him to undervalue the +scripture. +</p> + +<p> +It is not necessary here to say more in this connection than to quote the +following passage from one of the Latin letters in 1616 referred to above by +Hariot to the eminent physician who had just received a high medical +appointment at Court, describing himself and his terrible affliction [a cancer +on the lip]. The passage is given in English, but the original Latin may be +seen in the British Museum (Add. 6789). It seems to have been written on +purpose to refute such slanders. He writes : +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> +<small>Think of me as your sincere friend. Your interests are involved as well +as mine. My recovery will be your triumph, but through the Almighty who is the +Author of all good things. As I have now and then said, I believe these three +points. I believe in God Almighty; I believe that Medicine was ordained by him +; I trust the Physician as his minister. My faith is sure, my hope firm. I wait +however with patience for everything in its own time according to His +Providence. We must act earnestly, fight boldly, but in His name, and we shall +conquer. Sic transit gloria mundi, omnia transibunt, nos ibimus, ibitis, ibunt. +So passes away the glory of this world, all things shall pass away, we shall +pass away, you will pass away, they will pass away.</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +There is unfortunately no portrait known of Hariot, and we can form no idea of +his personal appearance; but, fortunately, the drafts of the three Latin +letters to his eminent friend at Court, alluded to above, fully describe his +terrible disease and other bodily infirmities in 1615 and 1616, and give us +some notion of himself and his personal habits. His regular physician was Dr +Turner, and his apothecary Mr May-orne, both employed also by Sir Walter. +</p> + +<p> +Dr Alexander Read, in his ‘Chirurgicall Lectures of Tumors and Vlcers +Delivered in the Chirurgeans Hall, 1632-34. London. 1638,’ 4°, says in +Treatise 2, Lecture 26, page 307: +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> +<small>Cancerous ulcers also feize upon this part [lips]. This grief haftened +the end of that famous Mathematician, Mr. Hariot, with whom I was acquainted +but a fhorttime before his death : whom at one time, together with Mr. Hughes, +who wrote of the Globes, Mr. Warner, and Mr. Torperley, the Noble Earl of +Northumberland, the favourer of all good learning, and Mecænas of learned men, +maintained while he was in the Tower for their worth and various +literature</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +A great deal of misconception has hitherto prevailed respecting Hariot’s +great printed work on Algebra. His reputation as a mathematician has been +permitted to hinge chiefly upon it, very much to his disadvantage. A brief +bibliographical statement of facts will probably present the matter in a new +light. But first let the book be described as it lies before us and has been +described by many others since the days of Professor Wallis, nearly two hundred +years ago. The Title is as follows : ‘Artis Analyticæ / Praxis / Ad +æquationes Algebraicas nouæ, expeditæ, & generali / methodo, resoluendas : +/ Tractatus/ E posthumis THOMÆ HARRIOTI Philosophi ac Mathematici ce- / +leberrimi sche-diasmatis summæ fide & diligentia / descriptus:/ +Et/Illvstrissimo Domino/Dom. HenricoPercio,/ Northvmbriæ Comiti,/Qui hæc primò, +sub Patronatus & Munificentiæ suæ auspicjss / ad proprios vsus elucubrata, +in communem Mathematicorum / vtilitatem, denuò reuisenda, describenda, & +publicanda / mandauit, meritissimi Honoris ergò / Nuncupatus. / Londini / Apud +Robertvm Barker, Typographum / Regium : Et Hæred. Io. Billii. /Anno 1631. / +<i>Title, reverse blank;</i> Prefatio 4 pages; Text 180 pages, and Errata 1 +page (Bbb) followed by a blank page, folio. A very handsomely printed book. In +the British Museum, 529 m 8, is Charles the First’s copy in old calf, +gilt edges, with the royal arms on the sides. In the Preface the editors +(Aylesbury and Prothero aided by Warner)say: +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> +<small>Artis Analyticæ, cuius caufa hîc agitur, port eruditum illud Græcorum +fæculum antiquitatæ iamdiù & incultæ iacentis, rcftitutionem <i>Francifcus +Viete,</i> Gallus, vir clariflimus, & ob infignem in fcientijs Mathematicis +peritiam, Gallicæ gentis decus, primus fingulari confilio & intentato ante +hâc conamine aggreffus eft; atque ingenuam hanc animi fui intentionem per +varios tractatus, quos in argumenti huius elaboratione eleganter & acutè +confcripfit, pofteris teftatem rcliquit. Dùm verò ille veteris Analytices +reftitutionem, quam fibi propofuit, feriò molitus eft, non tàm eam reftitutam, +quàm proprijs inuentionibus actam & exornatam, tanquam nouam & fuam, +nobis tradidifle videtur. Quod generali conceptu enuntiatum paulo fufius +explicandum eft; vt, oftenfo eo quod primùm à <i>Vieta</i> in inftituto fuo +promouendo actum eft, quid pofteà ab authore noftro doctifiimo <i>Thomâ +Harrioto,</i> qui ilium certamine ifto Analytico fequntus eft, praeftitum fit, +meliùs innotefcere possit. [Which done into English is substantially as +follows]</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Francis Vieta, a Frenchman, a most distinguished man, and on account of +his remarkable skill in Mathematical Science the honour of the French nation, +first of all with singular genius and with industry hitherto unattempted +undertook the restoration of the analytic art, of which subject we are here +treating, which after the learned age of the Greeks for a long time had become +antiquated and remained uncultivated : and by various treatises which he +eloquently and ingeniously wrote in the working out of this line of argument, +left a record to posterity of this noble design of his mind. But while he +seriously laboured at the restoration of the old Analysis, which he had +proposed to himself, he seems not so much to have transmitted to us a +restoration of that science, as a new and original method, worked out and +illustrated by his own discoveries. This, having been enunciated in general +terms, must be explained a little more at length ; so that having shown what +was first effected by Vieta in promoting his design, it may be more clear, what +was afterwards performed by our very learned author Thomas Harriot, who +followed him in these analytical investigations.</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +And at the end of the volume, on page 180, is the following explanatory note : +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="center"> +<small>AD MATHIMATICIS STUDIOSOS.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small> ‘Ex omnibus <i>Thoma Harrioti</i> fcriptis +Mathematicis,quòd opus hoc Analyticum primum in publicum emiflum fit, haud +inconfulto factum eft. Nam, quùm reliqua eius opera, multiplici inuentorum +nouitate excellentia, eodem omnino quo tractatus ifte (Logiftices fpeciofsæ +exemplis omnimodis totus compofitus) ftilo Logiftico, hactenùs inufitato, +confcripta fint, eâ certè ratione fit, vt prodromus hic tractatus, vltra +proprium ipfius inæftimabilem vfum, reliquis <i>Harrioti</i> fcriptis, de +quorum editione iam ferio cogitatur, pro neceffario preparamento fiue +introductorio opportunè inferuire poffit. De quâ quidem accefforiâ operis huius +vtilitate rerum Mathematicarum ftudiofos paucis his præmonuiffe operæprecium +efle duximus.’ [Which being interpreted reads as follows in +English]</small> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<small>TO STUDENTS OF MATHEMATICS.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>It is not without good reason that, of all Thomas Harriot’s +Mathematical writings, this on Analysis has been published first. For whereas +all his remaining works, remarkable for their manifold novelties of discovery, +are written precisely in the same, hitherto unusual, logical style as this +treatise (which consists entirely of varied specimens of beautiful reasoning); +this was certainly done that this preliminary treatise, besides its own +inestimable utility, might suitably serve as a necessary preparation or +introduction to the study of Harriot’s remaining works, the publication +of which is now under serious consideration. Of this accessory use of this +treatise we have thought it worth while to remind mathematical students in +these brief remarks.</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +From this it appears that Hariot’s system of Analytics or Algebra was +based on that of his friend and correspondent Francois Vieta, as Vieta’s +was avowedly based on that of the ancients. There appears to have been no +attempt whatever on the part of the Englishman to appropriate the honors of the +Frenchman, as many foreign writers have charged. Full credit was given by +Hariot and his friends to the distinguished French mathematician. +</p> + +<p> +But Hariot’s modifications, improvements, and simplifications were so +distinct and marked that from the first, and long before publication, they were +called among his students and correspondents ‘Hariot’s +Method,’ meaning thereby only Hariot’s peculiarities, without +reference to the great merits of Vieta’s restoration, modification, +adaptation, and improvement of the old analyses from the times of the Greeks. +</p> + +<p> +Vieta’s’ Canon Mathematicus’ was published at Paris in 1579, +and was reissued in London with a new title in 1589 as his ‘Opera +Mathematica.’ But this work does not contain the Algebra. That was first +published in 1591 under the following title : +</p> + +<p> +‘Francisci Vietæ/InArtem Analyticam/Isagoge/Seorfim excuffa ab Opere +reftitutæ Mathematicæ/Analyfeos, seu, Algebraicâ nouâ. / Tvronis,/ Apud +Iametivm Mettayer Typographium Regium. / Anno 1591.’ / folio. A +Supplement appeared in 1593. Seven years later there came out under the +auspices of Ghetaldi, a young Italian nobleman of mathematical tastes, who had +been studying in Paris, the following:—‘De Nvmerosa Potestatvm / Ad +Exegefum / Resolvtione. / Ex Opere reftitutæ Mathematicæ Analyfeos, / feu, +Algebrà nouà / Francisci Vietæ. / Parisiis, / Excudebat David le Clerc. / +1600.’ / folio. On the last page of this book is an interesting letter +from Marino Ghetaldi to his preceptor Michele Coignetto, dated at Paris the +I5th of February 1600. +</p> + +<p> +These three thin folio volumes of great rarity are models of typographic +beauty. They manifestly served as the model for printing Hariot’s Algebra +in 1631. The set here described (the three bound in one volume), Prince +Henry’s own copies, bearing his arms and the Prince of Wales’ +feathers, is preserved in the British Museum, press-marked 530, m. 10. +</p> + +<p> +Thus Vieta’s method appears to have been given to the world in three +instalments between 1591 and 1600, while the author himself died in 1603. It +was probably in reference to one or both of these works that Lower gently +reproached Hariot for having allowed himself to be anticipated in the public +announcement of his discoveries in Algebra by Vieta. It has already been seen, +on page 101 above, what Torperley, the friend of Vieta, wrote of his two +masters in 1602, and also, on page 121, what Lower wrote to Hariot in 1610. +</p> + +<p> +One is forced, therefore, to the conclusion that by 1600, if not some time +before, Hariot had completed his method in Algebra, and distributed his well +known problems to his admiring scholars. It has also been seen how, from 1603 +to the day of his death, he was occupied in many other absorbing matters +connected with Raleigh and Percy. Yet he may have felt, as Lower expressed it, +that when he surveyed his storehouse of inventions this one of Algebra might +seem in ‘comparison of manie others smal or of no value.’ The +matter is introduced here mainly because certain foreign writers,rebutting +Wallis’s patriotic claims in behalf of Hariot, have not only accused +Hariot of appropriating Vieta’s rights, but they even describe the +distinguished English mathematician as working on the ‘Cartesian +Method.’ While the truth appears to be that Hariot’s method in +Algebra, though not published for more than thirty years after its invention, +must date from a time when Descartes was scarcely four years old. +</p> + +<p> +On the other hand, on looking into Descartes’ great and original work on +geometry, first published in 1637, six years after Hariot’s Algebra first +saw the light in print, one is not disposed to accuse the great philosopher of +plagiarism because in working out his problems of great novelty in reference to +geometrical curves he employed any systems of notation and calculation in +algebra (Hariot’s among the others) that happened to be before the world. +The point or essence of Descartes’ work was geometry and not algebra. +Therefore, in climbing to his loft, he was perfectly justified in using the +ladder which Hariot had left, as it was then in general use, and was only an +incidental aid in his independent calculations, especially as the fame of his +great mathematical brother was well established, and he had been already +sixteen years in St Christopher’s. Vieta therefore had manifestly no just +reason to complain, and Descartes stands acquitted. +</p> + +<p> +The history of Hariot’s <i>Praxis</i> has attracted a great deal of +attention for more than two centuries and has long been obscured by many +misconceptions and erroneous statements. In the first place it has been always +said from the days of Collins that it was edited by Walter Warner, and Wood +adds that Warner was to have his pension continued by Algernon Percy, for that +scientific labor. There is evidence that Warner, though employed on the work by +Sir Thomas Aylesbury, was not the sole editor. See Aylesbury’s Letter to +the Earl on page 189. +</p> + +<p> +The book led to a great deal of international or patriotic controversy, and +with great injustice to Hariot was treated by the English advocates as his +masterpiece in science. Wallis in 1685 in his History of Algebra, after much +correspondence with Collins and others on the subject between 1667 and 1676, +became Hariot’s English champion. The controversy respecting the Methods +of Hariot and of Descartes became as warm as that respecting the discoveries of +Leibnitz and of Newton. +</p> + +<p> +Wallis ranked Oughtred’s <i>Clavis</i> and Hariot’s <i>Praxis</i> +very high, and because both were first printed in 1631, treated them as +productions or inventions of that year, whereas Hariot’s method, as we +have seen, had been long practically before his disciples; and was, ten years +after the author’s death, given to the world avowedly as an’ +accessory’ only, or preliminary treatise, that it ‘might suitably +serve as a necessary preparation or introduction to the study of Hariot’s +remaining works, the publication of which is now under serious +consideration.’ Unfortunately this excellent scheme fell through, +probably in consequence of the death of the Earl of Northumberland, and perhaps +partly because of the death of Nathaniel Torporley who had long been engaged in +‘penning the doctrine’ of Hariot’s mathematical papers. They +both died in 1632, shortly after the publication of the Praxis. Wallis’s +charge had a basis of truth, but it was narrow and petty. As an Algebraist he +seems to have lost sight of the main point, that Descartes’ great work +was on Geometry and not on Algebra, and that Hariot’s method, though +first printed in 1631, was almost as old as Descartes himself. Montucla the +French mathematician, near the close of the last century, in his History of +Mathematics, summed up the controversy raised by Wallis including the minor one +raised by Dr Zach in 1785, clearing Descartes of Wallis’s charges and +relegating Hariot to the respectability of a second-rate mathematician. If +Montucla’s verdict be based on mathematical reasoning as loose and +slipshod as is his statement of the historical points of the case, to say +nothing of his utter ignorance of Hariot’s biography and true position as +an English man of science, one feels justified in rejecting it as worthless : +as one also is compelled to do the vapid conclusions drawn from Montucla which +have since found their way into many recent biographical dictionaries and into +many pretentious articles in learned encyclopædias respecting Hariot and his +works. The truth seems to be that Hariot was unlucky and fell into oblivion +accidentally. He was a man of immense industry and great mental power, but +perhaps careless of his scientific and literary reputation. As has been seen, +he always had many irons in the fire, and was overtaken by death in the prime +of life, leaving, as his will shows, many things unfinished, and none of his +papers in a state ready for publication. He was surrounded by the best of +friends, but time and opportunity, as so often happens in the affairs of busy +men, worked against him, and he was well nigh consigned to forgetfulness. +</p> + +<p> +However, after a half century’s slumber, when the great fire of London +had destroyed his monument, and too late many scholars were minded to attempt +the recovery and preservation of memorials of the past, John Collins the +mathematician began soundings in the pool of oblivion for Hariot and his +papers. He and his correspondents fished up a great deal of truth and history, +but so mixed with error and conjecture that the results, though interesting, +are misleading. +</p> + +<p> +In the ‘Correspondence of Scientific Men of the Seventeenth Century, +Edited by Professor S.J. Rigaud, 2 volumes, Oxford 1841,’ 8°, are found +the following instructive and amusing passages : +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> +<small>As for Geysius, he published an Algebra and Stereometria divers years +before the first edition of the Clavis [of Oughtred, 1631] was extant in Mr. +Harriot’s method, out of which Alsted took what he published of algebra +in his Encylopasdia printed in 1630, the year before the Clavis was first +extant (see Christmannus and Raymarus). Mr. Harriot’s method is now more +used than Oughtred’s, and himself in the esteem of Dr. Wallis not beneath +Des Cartes. Dr. Hakewill, in his Apology, tells you Harriot was the first that +squared the area of a spherical triangle; and I can tell you, by the perusal of +some papers of Torporley’s it appears that Harriot could make the sign of +any arch at demand, and the converse, and apply a table of sines to solve all +equations, and treated largely of figurate arithmetic. His papers fell into the +hands of Sir Thomas Aylesbury, father to the Lord Chancellor’s lady, +where I hope they still are, unless they had the hard fate to be lent out, +before the fire, and be burned, as some have said.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small><i>Collins to Wallis, no date, circa</i> 1670, <i>vol. ii, page</i> +478.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>As to Harriot, he was so learned, saith Dr. Pell, that had he published +all he knew in algebra, he would have left little of the chief mysteries of +that art unhandled. His papers fell into the hands of Sir Thomas Aylesbury, who +was father to the late Lord Chancellor’s [Clarendon] Lady,by which means +they fell into the Lord Chancellor’s hands, to whom application was made +by the members of the Royal Society to obtain them: his lordship (then in the +height of his dignity and employments) gave order for a search to be made, and +in result the answer was, they could not be found. I am afraid the search was +but perfunctory, and that, if his lordship (now at leisure) were solicited for +them, he might write to his son the Lord Cornbury to make a diligent search for +them. One Mr. Protheroe, in Wales, was executor to Mr. Harriot, and from him +the Lord Vaughan, the Earl of Carbery’s son, received more than a quire +of Mr. Harriot’s Analytics. The Lord Brounker has about two sheets of +Harriot de Motu et Collisione Corporum, and more of his I know not of: there is +nothing of Harriot’s extant but that piece which Mons. Garibal +hath.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small><i>Collint to Vernon, not dated but circa</i> 1671, <i>vol. i, page</i> +153.</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +Upon this passage Professor Rigaud makes the following note, written at Oxford +in 1841: +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> +<small>Harriot’s will is not to be found, but Camden says that he left +his property to Viscount Lisle and Sir Thomas Aylesbury. Lord Lisle’s +share of the papers appear to have been given up to his father-in-law, Henry +earl of Northumberland, who had been Harriot’s munificent patron, and +they descended with the family property to the E. of Egremont, by whom a large +portion has been given to the British Museum, and the remainder are still +preserved at Petworth. Sir Thomas Aylesbury’s share became the property +of his son-in-law Lord Chancellor Clarendon, to whom the Royal Society applied, +but, as it appears, without obtaining them. (See Birch, Hist. Royal Society, +vol. ii, pp. 120, 116, 309.)—<i>Vol. i, page</i> 153.</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +Here seems to be the germ of Professor Wallis’s charge of plagiarism +against Descartes, written to Collins twelve years before it appeared in +thefirst editionof his History of Algebra in English in 1685. It subsequently +took a wider range, and was strenuously defended by Wallis when opposed: +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> +<small>That which I most valued in his [Des Cartes] method, and which pleased +me best, was the way of bringing over the whole equations to one side, making +it equal to nothing, and thereby forming his compound equations by the +multiplication of simples, from thence also determining the number of roots, +real or imaginary, in each. This artifice, on which all the rest of his +doctrine is grounded, was that which most made me to set a value on him, +presuming it had been properly his own; but afterwards I perceived that he had +it from Hariot, whose Algebra was published after his death in the year 1631, +six years before Des Cartes’ Geometry in French in the year 1637 : and +yet Des Cartes makes no mention at all of Harriot, whom he follows in designing +his species by small letters, and the power: of them by the number of +dimensions, without the characters of <i>j, c, qq, &c.</i></small> +</p> + +<p> +<small><i>Walla to Collins, Oxford,</i> 12 <i>April</i> 1673, <i>vol, ii, +page</i> 573.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>And had I but known of any precedent, (as since in Harriot I find one, +and I think but one √<i>—dddddd,)</i> I should not have scrupled to +follow it; but I was then too young an algebraist to innovate without example. +Since that time I have been more venturous, and I find now that others do not +scruple to use it as well as I. [Just what Descartes did. He +‘innovated’ prior to 1637, when he took Hariot’s well +recognized notation in algebra to work out his problems in geometry for which +Hariot himself would have thanked him.]</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small><i>Wallis to Collins, May 6,</i> 1673, <i>vol. ii, page</i> 578.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>One Torporley, long since, left a manuscript treatise in Latin in Sion +College, wherein is a much more copious table of figurate numbers, which I have +caused to be transcribed, with what he says de combinationibus, to send to Mr. +Strode.</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +On this passage, extracted from a letter from Collins to Baker, dated the 19th +of August, 1676, Professor Rigaud has the following note, written in 1841, vol. +ii, page 5 : +</p> + +<p> +Nath. Torporley left his manuscripts to Sion College, where he spent the latter +years of his life ; but the greater part of them was destroyed by the fire of +London. Reading, in his catalogue of the library, mentions only one, +“Corrector Analyticus,” which is an attack on Warner for the manner +in which he had edited Harriot’s “Artis Analyticæ Praxis.” +This is a short tract, and incomplete. There is, however, another volume, A. +37-39, entitled, “Algebraica, Tabulæ Sinuum,&c.” in which +Torporley’s hand may be certainly recognized. Wood, in the list of his +works, speaks of "Congestor opus Mathematicam,— imperfect." A perfect +copy of this treatise is in Lord Maccles-field’s possession, and probably +once belonged to Collins. +</p> + +<p> +Perhaps the best comment that one can make on the wild and extraordinary +statements contained in the above extracts is to ask the reader to read over +Hariot’s Will,given entire on pages 193-203, and especially this +<i>Item</i> respecting his Mathematical and other Writings, and the Rev. +Nathaniel Torporley, from which it will appear that all his valued papers were +bequeathed with great care to the Earl of Northumberland, to be deposited in +his library in a trunk with lock and key, after they had been looked over and +perused, by Mr Torporley, and (the waste papers having been weeded out) the +whole arranged by him ‘to the end that <i>after hee doth vnderstand +them</i> he may make use in penning such doctrine that belongs unto them for +publique use.’ This, of course, was to be done under the supervision of +the four Executors, who were persons of no less distinction than Sir Robert +Sidney Knight Viscount Lisle, John Protheroe Esquire, Thomas Aylesbury Esquire, +and Thomas Buckner Mercer. +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> +<small>ITEM I ordayne and Constitute the aforesaid Nathaniel Thorperley first +to be Overseer of my Mathematical Writings to be received of my Executors to +peruse and order and to separate the Chiefe of them from my waste papers, to +the end that after hee doth vnderstand them hee may make use in penninge such +doctrine that belongs vnto them for publique vses as it shall be thought +Convenient by my Executors and him selfe. And if it happen that some manner of +Notacions or writings of the said papers shall not be understood by him then my +desire is that it will please him to confer with Mr Warner or Mr Hughes +Attendants on the afore said Earle Concerning the aforesaid double. And if hee +be not resolued by either of them That then hee Conferre with ihe aforesaid +John Protheroe Esquier or the aforesaid Thomas Alesbury Esquior. (I hopeing +that some or other of the aforesaid fower last nominated can resolve him). And +when hee hath had the use of the said papers soe longe as my Executors and hee +have agreed for the use afore said That then he deliver them againe unto my +Executors to be putt into a Convenient Truncke with a locke and key and to be +placed in my Lord of Northumberlandes Library and the key thereof to be +delivered into his Lordshipps hands. And if at anie tyme after my Executors or +the afore said Nathaniell Thorperley shall agayne desire the use of some or all +of the said Mathematicall papers That then it will please the said Earle to +lett anie of the aforesaid to have them for theire use soe long as shall be +thought Convenient, and afterwards to be restored agayne unto the Truncke in +the afore said Earles Library. Secondly my will and desire is that the said +Nathaniell Thorperley be alsoe Overseere of other written bookes and papers as +my Executors and hee shall thincke Convenient.</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +This will, of extraordinary interest, has fallen to our lot to exhume, after +many antiquaries and scholars had long sought it in vain. It was recently +discovered in the Archdeaconry Court of London, just the place where one would +least expect to find it. One has only to read the document to read the +character of the man—good, learned,affectionate, charitable and just. He +was carried off by a terrible disease, away from home, but among friends. He +left his affairs and fame in loving hands. His will was proved on the 4th day +after his death by two of the Executors, Sir Thomas Aylesbury and Mr Buckner, +with the right reserved to the other two to act subsequently. It is found by +papers in the British Museum that Sir John Protheroe did act, for there is a +very long list of manuscripts, copied from Protheroe’s list of papers +delivered to Mr Torporley, which served as a receipt for them, and which was +returned with the papers. +</p> + +<p> +Mr Torporley then, it is manifest, had in hand the papers and returned them, +but it is not apparent what amount of labor he bestowed upon them. They do not +appear to be properly arranged, nor have the waste papers been weeded out. From +Protheroe’s list and other circumstances it is likely that nothing has +been destroyed, except perhaps the Raleigh accounts and the Irish papers in the +‘canvas baggs.’ The papers were at Sion, and were placed in a trunk +and delivered to the Earl, who left the Tower only sixteen days after +Hariot’s death. They subsequently found their way to Petworth, another +seat of the Earl, where the trunk and half of the papers still remain, in the +possession of the Earl of Leconsfield, a branch of the Northumberland family. +They are briefly described in this manner by Mr Alfred J. Horwood in the Sixth +Report of the Historical Manuscript Commission for 1877, page 319, folio. +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> +A black leather box containing several hundred leaves of figures and +calculations by Hariot. +</p> +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +<p> +A large bundle of Hariot’s papers. They are arranged in packets by +Professor Rigaud. Spots on the Sun. Comets of 1607 and 1618. The Moon. +Jupiter’s Satellites. Projectiles, Centre of Gravity, Reflection of +bodies. Triangles. Snell’s Eratosthenes Batavus. Geometry. Calendar. +Conic Sections. De Stella Martis. Drawings of Constellations, papers on +Chemistry and Miscellaneous Calculations. Collections from Observations of +Hannelius, Warner, Copernicus, Tycho Brahe. On the vernal and autumnal +equinoxes, the solstices, orbit of the Earth, length of the year, &c. +Algebra. +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +A similar collection, but not yet arranged, catalogued, numbered or bound, is +carefully preserved in the Manuscript Department of the British Museum +(Additional, 6782-6789), in eight thick Solander cases, probably as much in +bulk as the Petworth papers. They were presented to the Museum by the Earl of +Egremont in 1810. Why the two collections were separated does not appear. The +Museum papers contain much that is waste, but much also that is of importance +equal probably to those at Petworth. Mr Torporley was in effect appointed by +Hariot his literary and scientific editor under the direction of the Executors. +No papers were left ready for publication. It must have required great study +and labor to master them sufficiently to pen for public use such doctrine or +science as belonged to them. Torporley lived in Shropshire, but a few years +after Hariot’s death he retired from his rectorship and removed to +London,taking rooms in 1630 at Sion College in London Wall, when that +institution was first founded. It contained then as now a library for the use +of the Clergy, and a few suites of apartments for those who desired to reside +on the premises. It never was a College or place of instruction, but a sort of +guild or Clergyman’s Club. At this time Mr Torporley was about seventy +years old. He died in his chambers at Sion College in April 1632, and was +buried on the 17th of that month in the Church of St Alphage, close by. In a +nuncupative will spoken the 14th ofApril, a copy of which is before the writer, +he left his books and manuscripts to the Sion Col ege Library. A complete list +of about 170 books and several manuscripts is preserved in the +‘Donors’ Book.’ A few of the books are said to have been +destroyed by the fire of London, but probably none of the manuscripts were +lost. +</p> + +<p> +Torporley’s manuscripts, as has been stated, have often been referred to, +and sometimes copied, but their true history and character is explained by +Hariot’sWill. There are really but two manuscripts relating to Hariot. +The more important one comprises 116 closely-written folio leaves, or 232 +pages, all in Torporley’s handwriting. It bears no title or designation. +Hence various writers who have seen it, from Collins, Wood, and Dr Zach, have +given it different names, such as, <i>‘Ephemeris Chysometria,’ +‘Congestor opus Matbematicum,’</i> etc. but it appears to be +nothing more nor less than Torporley’s attempt to pen out such doctrine +as he found in Hariot’s papers. The leaves are numbered, 1 to 16 +containing a Treatise on Hariot’s Theory of Numbers. Leaves 17 to 25 are +tables of the divisors of odd numbers up to 20,300. On the verso of leaf 25 the +Theory of Numbers is resumed, extending to the recto of 27. On the verso of +leaf 27 begins the treatise on the properties of Triangles and ends on leaf 34. +Leaves 35 to 55 comprise examples of Algebraical processes, and leaves 56 to +116 contain Tables (probably tabulæ sinuum ?) up to 180°. On the second leaf +the Author speaks of himself as working out, or working on Hariot’s +principles, and also as making use of the writings of Vieta. He adds: +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> +‘And since it is our principal design to explain the improvement in this +science[the Properties of Numbers and Triangles] discovered by our friend +Thomas Hariot; but he neither completely reformed it (which indeed was not +necessary) nor gave a full account of it, but only strengthened it where it was +defective, and by treating in his own way the points of the science which were +heretofore more difficult, rendered them clear and easy.’ +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +This manuscript was probably intended for another printed volume of +Hariot’s mathematical works, but owing to the deaths about the same time, +1632, of the venerable editor and the noble patron this work never bore a +definite name and never saw the light of the press. +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="center"> +CORRECTOR ANALYTICUS<br/> +Artis pofthumx<br/> THOMÆ HARIOTI<br/> +Vt Mathematici eximij, perraro<br/> +Vt Philofophi Audentes, frequentius errantis<br/> +Vt Hominis evanidi, infigniter<br/> +Ad<br/> +Fidedigniorem refutationem Philopfeudofophiæ<br/> +Atomifticæ;, per cum Reducis, et præ<br/> +cæteris eius Portentis<br/> +feriò<br/> +corripiendæ, anathematyzandæq<br/> +Compendiu Antimonitorfi, et Speciminale<br/> +exanthorati ia Senioris<br/> +Na: Torporley.<br/> +Vt<br/> +Noverit Arbiter Caveat Emptor.<br/> +non bene Ripæ<br/> +Creditur, ipfe Aries etiam nunc Vellera ficcat.<br/> +<i>Virgil, Ecl.</i> iii. 94,95,] +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +This Second Manuscript is a pretentious but small affair. It was manifestly +written at Sion College after the <i>Praxis</i> appeared in 1631. It is only +the preface or the opening of a growl of envy or disappointment. It shows +clearly that Torporley himself was not the editor of the Algebra or Praxis. The +above is the pedantic title-page, given line for line and verbatim. +</p> + +<p> +The manuscript is in small quarto, and exclusive of the title (which, indeed, +is the nub of the achievement) contains only nine pages, breaking off abruptly +in the middle of a sentence. He criticises the editors of Hariot’s +Algebra, the executors Aylesbury and Protheroe, aided by Warner, who were all +eminent mathematicians. He speaks of the administrators or editors as if more +than one, and does not mention Warner, or lead us to believe that he was sole +editor. Only a small portion of this projected criticism seems ever to have +been written. It appears to have been begun in senile peevishness, containing +only a few prefatory remarks and discussing some algebraical questions with the +fancied errors of the editors. No mention is made of the’Atomic +Theory,’as promised on the title-page, which is here done into English, +and is as follows:— +</p> + +<p class="center"> +THE ANALYTICAL CORRECTOR<br/> +of the posthumous scientific writings<br/> +of THOMAS HARRIOT.<br/> +As an excellent Mathematician one who very seldom<br/> +erred<br/> +As a bold Philosopher one who occasionally erred,<br/> +As a frail Man one who notably erred<br/> +For<br/> +the more trustworthy refutation of the pseudo-philosophic<br/> +atomic theory, revived by him and, outside his<br/> +other strange notions, deserving of<br/> +reprehension and anathema.<br/> +A Compendious Warning with specimens by the aged<br/> +and retired-from-active-life<br/> +Na: Torporley.<br/> +So that<br/> +The critic may know<br/> +The buyer may beware.<br/> +It is not safe to trust to the bank,<br/> +The bell-wether himself is drying his fleece. +</p> + +<p> +The ‘Corrector Analyticus’ may be found printed in full (but +without the quaint titles) in ‘The Historical Society of Science. A +Collection of Letters illustrative of Science, edited by J. O. +Halliwell,’ London, 1841, 8°, Appendix, pages 109-116. +ForTorporley’s curious paper entitled ‘A Synopsis of the +Controversie of Atoms,’ see Brit. Mus. Mss, Birch 4458, 2. +</p> + +<p> +Mr Torporley informs us, and the papers appear to bear him out in the +statement, that Hariot wrote memoranda, problems, etc. on loose pieces of +paper, and then arranged them in sets fastened together according to the +subjects treated of. He adds, ‘First then let me speak of Hariot’s +method, of which frequent mention will have to be made in the following pages; +so that the reader may understand why some things are stated and some passed +over: here I cannot but complain, that I find it a serious defect that his +Commentators have so completely transformed it [the Praxis] that they not only +do not retain his orderbut not evenhis language.’ Again he writes, +‘But not even those well-thought-out and necessary to be known matters, +which have been delivered to us, have been handed down to posterity by his +administrators with the fidelity and accuracy promised.’ The suspicion is +raised that Torporley’s age and dilatoriness compelled the accomplished +executors to take the editorial matter in hand themselves and hinc iliae +lacrymæ. +</p> + +<p> +On the back of the above title-page is another attempt of the same sort as +follows, showing that this deed of pedantry was committed at Sion College: +</p> + +<p class="center"> +CORRECTOR<br/> +sive<br/> +Notæ in Analyticam<br/> +Novam, Novatam, Posthuma<br/> +quatenus<br/> +Fallacem, Defectivam, Extrariam<br/> +cum<br/> +Apodictica refutatione Atomorum<br/> +Somnij, præ cæteris Novatorum<br/> +portentis corripiendi Ana-<br/> +thematizandiq<br/> +Ex Collegio Sion Londinenfi<br/> +perfuncti Senis Artemq reponentis<br/> +NT<br/> +Extremu hoc munus morientis<br/> +habetor :<br/> +Σĸηρον προς +κέντρονλ α +κτρον +λακτίζειν<br/> + [Greek Text]<br/> +nee bene Ripæ<br/> +Creditur ipse Aries etia nunc Vellera ficcat. +</p> + +<p> +There are one or two unimportant papers among the Torperley manuscripts that +bear marks of having belonged to the Hariot papers, and there is a manuscript +by Warner, entitled, ‘Certayne Definitions of the Planisphere.’ Any +one curious in the history of Torperley may find in the Calendar of State +Papers, Domestic Series, 1636, page 364, how his property was purloined by Mr +Spencer, the first Librarian of Sion College. He was sued by Mistress Payne the +administratrix and was compelled to disgorge <i>£4.0</i> in money, eleven +diamond rings, eight gold rings, two bracelets, etc. Then Archbishop Laud took +away Spencer’s librarianship, and let him drop. +</p> + +<p> +Mr William Spence of Greenock published in Nov. 1814, a work entitled, +‘Outlines of a Theory of Algebraical Equations deduced from the +Principles of Harriott, and extended to the Fluxional or differential Calculus. +By William Spence. London, for the Author, by Davis and Dickson, 1814, 8°, +<i>iv and 80 pages.</i> Privately printed, intended ‘exclusively for the +perusal of those gentlemen to whom it is addressed.’ He says in his +prefatory note that— +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> +‘As the principles are drawn from that theory of equations, by which +Harriott has so far advanced the science of algebra.’ The author says, +page I,’ Until the publication of Harriot’s <i>Artis Analytica +Praxis,</i> no extended theory of equations was given. Harriot considered +algebraical equations merely as analytical expressions, detached wholly from +the operations by which they might be individually produced ; and, carrying all +the terms over to one side, he assumed the hypothesis, that, as in that state +the equation was equal to nothing, it could always be reduced to as many simple +factors as there were units in the index of its highest power.’ +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +Between 1606 and 1609 a very interesting and historically instructive +correspondence took place between Kepler and Hariot upon several important +scientific subjects. Five of the letters are given in full in ‘Joannis +Keppleri Alio-rumque Epistolæ Mutuæ. [Frankfort] 1718,’ folio, to which +the reader is referred, but a brief abstract of them may not be out of place +here. The letters are numbered from 222 to 226 and fill pages 373 to 382. The +correspondence was begun by Kepler: +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="center"> +<small><i>Letter</i> 122, <i>dated Prague,</i> 11 <i>October,</i> 1606, <i>from +John Kepler</i></small> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<small><i>to Thomas Hariot,</i></small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Kepler had heard of Hariot’s acquirements in Natural Philosophy +from his friend John Eriksen. Would be glad to know Hariot’s views as to +the origin and essential differences of colours; also on the question of +refraction of rays of light; and the causes of the Rainbow; and of haloes round +the sun.</small> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<small><i>Letter</i> 223, <i>dated London,</i> 11 <i>December, +1606,from</i></small> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<small><i>Thomas Hariot to John Kepler,</i></small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Had received with pleasure Kepler’s letter; but should not be able +to answer it at length, being in indifferent health, so that it was not easy to +write or even carefully to reflect. Sends a table of the results of experiments +on equal bulks of various liquids and transparent solids (thirteen in number, +including spring, rain, and salt water; Spanish and Rhenish wine; vinegar; +spirits of wine; oils and glass). The angle of incidence is 30° in each case; +also the specific gravity of each substance is given. Then he discusses the +reason why refraction takes place. Promises to write on the Rainbow; but will +merely say at present that it is to be explained by the reflection on the +concave superficies and the refraction at the convex superficies of each +separate drop.</small> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<small><i>Letter</i> 224 <i>is from John Kepler to Thomas Hariot, dated at +Prague,</i> 11 <i>August,</i> 1607.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Thanks Hariot for his table, which supplies matter for serious +consideration. Asks questions as to how he defines the angles of incidence and +refraction; and goes on to discuss the reasons of refraction. Agrees with +Hariot as to his views about the Rainbow; but will be very glad to receive his +treatises on Colours and the Rainbow.</small> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<small><i>Letter</i> 225 <i>is from Thomas Hariot to John Kepler, dated at +Syon,</i></small> +</p> + +<p> +<small><i>near London,</i> 13 <i>July</i> (o.s.), 1608.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>The departure of Eriksen and other matters do not allow leisure to write +at length. The turpentine (oleum terebinth inum) was not the same as that +experimented on by Kepler but a purer and lighter article (Sp. grav. +’87). The angle of incidence is understood as defined by Alhazen and +Vitellio [first published 1572]. Points out some errors in Vitellio’s +second table of refractions. As to the causes of refraction, Hariot believes in +the theory of the vacuum; ‘where we still stick in the mud’. Hopes +God (Deum optimum maximum) will soon put an end to this. Wishes for +Kepler’s meteorological records for the last two years, and will send his +own notes in return. Gilbert, author of a work on the magnet, had recently +died, leaving in his brother’s hands a book entitled ‘De Globo et +Mundo nostro sub lunari Philosophia nova contra Peripateticos, lib. 5." [A +treatise, in five books, on Natural Philosophy, in answer to the Peripatetics.] +The book is likely to be published before the end of the year. Hariot had read +some chapters; and saw that Gilbert defends the doctrine of a vacuum. Not to +leave a vacuum on this page (says Hariot), it is remarkable that though gold is +both heavy and opaque, when beaten out into gold-leaf the light of a candle can +be seen through it, though it appears of a green colour.</small> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<small><i>Letter 226, from John Kepler to Thomas Hariot, it dated +from</i></small> +</p> + +<p> +<small><i>Prague, September,</i> 1609.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Excuses himself for not having replied sooner; having been very busy; +but would not lose the present opportunity of writing. Discusses the questions +of refraction and the vacuum. Commentaries on Mars entitled ‘Astronomia +Nova [Greek Text] or Physica Cælestis,’ have been published at Frankfort; +has not a copy by him. Regrets to hear of the death of Gilbert. Hopes his work +on Magnetism will also be published; and that Erikson will bring a copy with +him. Promises to send a copy of his own meteorological observations; and hopes +to receive Hariot’s.</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +These studies in optics and this correspondence with the learned Kepler +indicate Hariot’s great advancement in natural philosophy as early as +1606 to 1609 and give an earnest of his inventive genius and scientific +enterprise with his telescope in the astronomical discoveries which immediately +followed in 1609 to 1613. Before awarding all the prizes for discoveries and +inventions in mathematics, philosophy and natural science to claimants +throughout the wide Republic of Letters, let modest Hariot be heard and +examined. Let his papers and all his credentials be laid out before the high +court of science, not in the light of today, but contemporaneously with those +of Tycho, Kepler, Galileo, Snell, Vieta and Descartes. Hariot himself has +claimed nothing, but Justice and Historical Truth are bound to assign him a +niche appropriate to his merits. +</p> + +<p> +To show that Hariot, like his friends Hakluyt and Purchas, was alive to +everything geographical as well as mathematical going on, the following is +given from the original manuscript among the Hariot papers in the British +Museum (Add. 6789): +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="center"> +<small>Three reasons to prove that there is a passage from the North’ +west into the South-sea.</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +<p> +<small>1. The tydes in Port Nelson (where S<sup>r</sup>. Tho : Button did +winter, were constantly, 15, or, 18, foote ; w<sup>c</sup> is not found in any +Bay Throughout the world but in such seas as lie open att both ends to the +mayne Ocean.</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +<p> +<small>2. Every strong Westerne winde did bring into the Harbor where he +wintered, soe much water, that the Neap-tydes were equall to the Spring-tydes, +notwtstanding y<sup>t</sup> the harbo<sup>r</sup> was open only to ye +E.N.E.</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +<p> +<small>3. In comming out of the harbo<sup>r</sup>, shaping his course directly +North, about, 60, degrees, he found a stronge race of a tyde, set-ting dueEast +and West, wc in probabilitie could be noe other thing, than the tyde comming +from the West, and retourning from the East,</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +Among the manuscripts in the handwriting of Hariot in the British Museum (Add. +6789) are these samples of ingenious trifling. No evidence is forthcoming that +he was ever a married man, but that he occasionally let himself down from pure +mathematics and high philosophy and amused himself with anagrams is plain +enough. Here are a few specimens on his own name. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +ANAGRAMS ON THOMAS HARIOTUS +</p> + +<table> + +<tr> + +<td>Tu homo artis has </td> + +<td>traho hosti mufa</td> + +</tr> + +<tr> + +<td>Homo has vt artis </td> + +<td>O trahit hos mufa</td> + +</tr> + +<tr> + +<td>Homo hasta vtris </td> + +<td>oh, os trahit mufa</td> + +</tr> + +<tr> + +<td>vitus </td> + +<td>oho trahit mifas</td> + +</tr> + +<tr> + +<td>rutis </td> + +<td>oho, trahis mutis</td> + +</tr> + +<tr> + +<td>Humo astra hosti </td> + +<td>oho, fum Charitas.</td> + +</tr> + +</table> + +<p> +If the pertingent Reader still craves more evidence of the extent of +Hariot’s friendships, and the universality of his acquirements, let him +read the following pithy, quaint, and beautiful tribute paid to him by blind +Old Homer’s Chapman in 1616. It is found in the Preface to the Reader in +the first complete edition of Homer’sworks translated by George Chapman, +London [1616], f<sup>o</sup>. +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> +<small>No coference had with any one liuing in al the noueltiet I prefume I +haue found. Only fome one or two places I haue fhewed to my worthy and moft +learned friend, M. Harriots, for his cenfure how much mine owne weighed: whofe +iudgement and knowledge in all kinds, I know to be incomparable, and +bottomlefle ; yea, to be admired as much, as his moft blameles life, and the +right facred expence of his time, is to be honoured and reuerenced. Which +affirmation of his cleare vnmatchednefle in all manner of learning; I make in +contempt of that naftie objection often thruft vpon me ; that he that will +iudge, muft know more then he of whom he iudgeth ; for fo a man fhould know +neither God nor himfelf. Another right learned, honeft, and entirely loued +friend of mine, M. Robert Hews, I muft needs put into my confest conference +touching Homer, though very little more than that I had with M. Harriots. Which +two, I proteft, are all, and preferred to all.</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +It remains to say two words more about Baron Zach’s’ +discovery’ of the Hariot papers at Petworth in 1784. This remarkable +story has been told many times, in many books, and in many languages. It has +found its way into many modern dictionaries and grave encyclopædias, but it +always appears with an unsatisfactory and suspicious flavor. Dr Zach’s +‘discovery’ is found cropping up all over the continent, and +everywhere is made paramount to Hariot’s papers, while Oxford is blamed +for not giving the young German his dues! +</p> + +<p> +It seems that Dr Zach, a young man, was in England with Count Bruhl, who had +married the dowager Lady Egremont. He thus had easy access to the old Percy +Library at Petworth, in Sussex, where was stored, as we have seen by +Hariot’s will, the black trunk containing his mathematical writings as +bequeathed to the 9th Earl of Northumberland. In 1785 Dr Zach announced with a +truly scholastic flourish in Bode’s Berlin Ephemeris for 1788 his +remarkable ‘discovery’ of the papers of Thomas Hariot previously +known as an eminent Algebraist or Mathematician, but now elevated to the rank +also of a first-class English Astronomer. The next year, 1786, is celebrated in +the annals of English science from the circumstance of Oxford’s having +accepted a proposition from Dr Zach to publish his account of Hariot and his +writings. The Royal Academy of Brussels in 1788 printed in its Memoirs Dr +Zach’s paper on the planet Uranus, with a long note relative to the +discovery at Petworth. +</p> + +<p> +The Berlin paper immediately upon publication was translated into English and +extensively circulated in this country, conducing, it is suspected, more to the +renown of Dr Zach than to that of Hariot. In 1793 Bode’s Jahrbuch gave +from the pen of Dr Zach an account of the Comets of 1607 and 1618, with +Hariot’s Observations thereon. But these observations were given with so +many errors and misreadings, as shown by Professor Rigaud, that they were soon +pronounced worthless, to the discredit of Hariot rather than of his eminent +editor. But matters came to a crisis in 1794, nine years after the grand +flourish of the first announcement at Berlin. Dr Zach sent to Oxford for +publication his abstract of certain of the scientific papers, and the Earl of +Egremont intrusted to the University Dr Zach’s selection of the original +papers. Zach’s abstracts were merely sufficient to identify himself with +the works of Hariot, but he had performed no real editorial labours, and had +not ‘pen’d the doctrine’ contained in them. Here were years +of useful work to be done which the University dreamed not of, so the whole +matter was referred to Professors Robertson and Powell, who both reported +adversely in 1798, or before. In 1799 all the Hariot papers were returned to +Petworth. +</p> + +<p> +In the mean time the full translation of Dr Zach’s account of his +‘discovery,’ with some curious additions, found its way into Dr +Hutton’s Dictionary of Mathematics, under Hariot, 1796, 2 volumes in +quarto. This publication gave an air of solemn record and history to the +transactions, insomuch that Oxford began to be blamed for withholding from the +press Dr Zach’s great work. Oxford preserved a becoming silence. In 1803 +Dr Zach published at Gotha in his Monatliche Correspondenz a fragment of that +remarkable letter from the Earl of Northumberland to Hariot (which letter we +have shown to be Lower’s, see p. 120). This publication, together with +the reprint of the original Berlin paper by Zach in the second edition of +Hutton’s Dictionary in 1815 without alteration, seemed to bring the +matter to a point. Oxford was obliged to rise and explain. +</p> + +<p> +The whole question was inquired into. Professor Robertson’s original +report was brought out and sent to Dr David Brewster, who printed it in his +Edinburgh Philosophical Journal for 1822, volume vi, page 314, in an article on +the Hariot papers. In the meanwhile, in 1810, that portion of the Hariot papers +that did not go to Oxford was presented to the British Museum by the Earl of +Egremont. The division of the papers (on what principle it is difficult to +guess) was unquestionably Dr Zach’s. The value is no doubt much +depreciated by the separation. Under all these circumstances no one can wonder +at the Oxford decision, or that the papers were deemed not worthy of +publication. Yet under other circumstances it is almost certain that the two +collections when worked together will yield valuable materials for the life of +Hariot and the history and progress of English science, discovery, and +invention. To Professor S. F. Rigaud is due the credit for the most part of +working out the crooked and entangled history of the Zachean fiasco, which has +apparently depreciated the real value of these papers. Professor Rigaud’s +papers may be seen in the Royal Institution Journal, 1831, volume ii, pages +267-271, in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, iii, 125, and in the Appx to +Bradley’s Works. Now to pick up a few dropped stitches. Notices of Hariot +by Camden, Aubrey, Hakewill, and others are omitted from press of matter. +Gabriel Harvey in 1593, in his’ Pierces Supererogation,’ page 190, +exclaims ‘and what profounde Mathematician like Digges, Hariot, or Dee +esteemeth not the pregnant Mechanician?’ MrJ.O.Halliwell’s +Collection of Letters referred to on page 174, though falling late under our +eye, is most acceptable and thankfully used. Several letters of Sir William +Lower are printed from the originals in the British Museum. And so is John +Bulkley’s dedication to Hariot of his work on the Quadrature of the +Circle, dated Kal. Martii, 1591, the original manuscript of which is in Sion +College. There is also an interesting letter from Hariot to the Earl dated Sion +June 13, 1619, respecting the doctrine of reflections as communicated to Warner +and Hues for the use of the Earl. But the most important letter is the +following on page 71 from Sir Thomas Aylesbury, one of Hariot’s +executors, to the Earl of Northumberland, respecting some remuneration for the +extra services of Warner in assisting him in passing Hariot’s +‘Artis Analyticæ Praxis’ through the press : +</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> +<small>Rt. Ho. May it plese your löp. July 5, 1631.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>I presumed heretofore to moue your löp on the behalf of Mr. W. for some +consideration to be had of his extraordinary expense in attending the +publication of Mr. H. book after the copy was finished. The same humble request +I am induced to renew by reson of his present wants occasioned by that +attendance.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>For his literary labour and paines taken in forming the work and fitting +it for the publik view, he looks for no other reward then your löps acceptance +therof as an honest discharge of his duty. But his long attendance through +vnexpected difficulties in seeking to get the book freely printed, and after +that was vndertaken the friuolous delaies of the printers and slow preceding of +the presse, w<sup>ch</sup> no intreties of his or myne could remedy, drew him +to a gretter expence then his meanes would here, including both your löps +pencion and the arbitrary help of his frends. It is this extraordinary expense, +w<sup>ch</sup> he cannot recouer w<sup>ch</sup> makes both him and me for him +appele to your Löps goodnei and bounty for some tollerable mitigation +thereof.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>I purpose God willing to set forth other peeces of Mr. H. wherein by +reson of my owne incombrances I must of necessitie desire the help of Mr. W. +rather then of any other, whereto I find him redy enough because it tends to +your löps service, and may the more freely trouble him, yf he receive some +little encouragement from your löp towards the repairing of the detrement that +lies still vpon him by his last imploiment. But for the future my intention it +to haue the impression at my owne charge, and not depend on the curtesy of +those mechaniks,making account that w<sup>ch</sup> may seeme to be saued by the +other way will not countervaile the trouble and tedious prolongation of the +busines. But the copies being made perfect and faire written for the presse +they shall be sufficiently bound to deliuer the books perfectly clen out of +theire hands, and by this meanes the trouble and charge of attending the presse +will be saued. Therfore my Lo. what you do now will be but for this once, and +in such proportion as shall best like you to favour the humble motion of him +who is</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>Allway most redy at your Löps commaund _ .</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small><i>Endorsed in the handwriting of Warner,</i></small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>S<sup>r</sup> Th. A. letters about my busines.</small> +</p> + +<p> +<small>[B. M. Birch, 4396, 87.]</small> +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +Notwithstanding the plain initials T. A. Mr Halliwell erroneously attributes +this letter to Torporley, who had been in his grave three months. The +handwriting is not Torporley’s but Warner’s. The Earl died on the +5th of November following. T. A. unquestionably stands for Sir Thomas +Aylesbury, who, as executor and good friend, had the matter in hand. Indeed +Warner’s endorsement settles the question of authorship. +</p> + +<p> +Six shillings and eight pence were paid for Hariot’s knell, and £4 were +paid as his legacy to the parish for the poor, according to memoranda supplied +by Mr Edwin Freshfleld from the Records of St Christopher’s. See Will, +page 200. +</p> + +<p> +Hariot had a lease from Raleigh of ‘Pinford grounds,’ at Sherburne, +for fifty-eight years, but the King wanted it for Carr, so of course the title +was found defective. +</p> + +<p> +In conclusion, before laying down the pen with which has been exhumed and set +up on a new pedestal one of England’s worthiest of her many forgotten +Worthies, let the holder crave the indulgence of the reader for the illogical, +wordy and mixed style of this essay. He is perfectly aware of these +shortcomings, but puts in the plea that while groping in the past as if +blindfolded he has been decoyed on step by step by the unexpected recovery of +new materials after the others were in type, so that as often as he had +finished his labor of love new facts have turned up which he had not the heart +to reject. So he has incorporated them one after another as best he could. The +results are more inartistic and crude than he could have wished, but he +hesitates not on that account to invite lovers of and believers in the Truth of +History to the banquet he has prepared. +</p> + +<p> +A well-dined Reader is not likely, the writer thinks, to quarrel with his +dessert because he has to pick out, with some little patience, the dainty meats +of the nuts he has to arrange and crack for himself. Repetition, and perhaps +some contradiction, are acknowledged. But meandering thoughts and ill-digested +narratives, though tedious, are not criminal. When these new materials have +dried in the noon-day sun for a year and a day, the writer then, or at the +expiration of the Horatian period, may bring them back to his anvil to be +re-hammered. May they then prove as true as they now seem new, is the wish of +the admirer of Thomas Hariot, the first historian of Virginia, the friend of +Sir Walter Raleigh, the companion of Henry Percy, and the Benefactor of +Mankind. +</p> + +<hr /> + +<p> +THE WILL of THOMAS HARIOT +</p> + +<p> +Recorded in the Archdeaconry Court of London +</p> + +<p> +IN THE NAME OF +</p> + +<p> +GOD Amen ye nine and twentieth daie of june, in the yeare of or Lord God 1621 +And in ye yeares of the reigne of or Soueraigne Lord James by the Grace of God +of England Scotland Fraunce & Ireland Kinge Defender of the Faythe & +(that is to saie) of England Fraunce & Ireland the nineteenth And of +Scotland the fower & fiftieth I THOMAS HARRIOT of Syon in the County of +Midd Gentleman being troubled in my bodie wth infirmities. But of pfecte minde +& memorie Laude & prayse be giuen to Almightie God for the same doe +make & ordayne this my last will and testamt. In manner and forme following +(viz) First & principally I Comitte my Soule in to the hands of Almighty +God my maker and of his sonne Jesus Christe my Redeemer of whose merritts by +his grace wrought in mee by the holy Ghoste I doubte not but that I am made +ptaker, to thend that I may enioye the Kingdome of heaven ppared for the +electe. Item my will is that if I die in Londn that my bodie bee interred in +the same pishe Churche of the house where I lye the we" I comitte to the +discrecon of my Executors hereafter named, Excepte taking the advise and +direccon of the right honorable my very good Lord the EARLE OF NORTHUMBERLAND +if it bee his pleasure to haue me buryed at Ilseworth in ye County of Midd And +if it be the pleasure of God that I die at Syon I doe ordayne that my buriall +bee at ye said Churche of Ilseworth w’out question Item I will & +bequeath vnto the aforesaid Earle One wooden Boxe full or neere full of drawne +Mappes standing nowe at the Northeast windowe of that Roome w<sup>ch</sup> is +Called the plor at my house in Syon, And if it pleaseth his Lorpp to haue anie +other Mappes or Chartes drawne by hand or printed Or anie Bookes or other +thinges that I haue I desire my Extors that hee may haue them according to his +pleasure at reasonable rates excepte my Mathematicall papers in anie other +sorte then is here after menconed Excepting alsoe some other thinges giuen away +in Legacies hereafter alsoe specified Item I bequeath vnto the right honorable +Sr ROBERT SYDNEY KNIGHT VICOUNT LISLE, One Boxe of papers being nowe vppon the +table in my Library at Syon, conteyning fiue quires of paper, more or lesse +w<sup>ch</sup> were written by the last Lord Harrington, and Coppyed out of +some of my Mathematicall papers for his instrucon Alsoe I doe acknowledge that +I haue two newe greate globes w<sup>ch</sup> haue Cous of Leather the +w<sup>ch</sup> I borrowed of the said LORD LISLE And my will is that they bee +restored vnto him againe Item I giue vnto JOHN PROTHEROE of Hawkesbrooke in the +Countie of Carmarthen Esquier One furnace wth his apputnnce out of the North +Clossett of my Library at Syon. Item I giue vnto NATHANIELL THORPERLEYof +Salwarpe in the Countie of Worcester Clarke One other furnace wth his apputnnce +out of the same Clossett. Item I glue vnto my servaunte CHRISTOPHER TOOKE one +other furnace wth his apputennce out of the same Clossett Alsoe I glue to him +an other furnace out of the South Clossett of my said Lybrarie Item I give and +bequeath vnto Mris BUCKNER wife vnto THOMAS BUCKNER Mercer at whose house being +in St Christophers pishe I nowe lye, and hereafter nominated one of my +Executors the some of fiffteene poundes towards the repacons of some damages +that I haue made, or for other vses as shee shall thincke Convenient’ +Item I giue vnto Mr JOHN BUCKNER theire eldest sonne the some of fiue poundes +Item I giue & bequeath vnto my Cozen THOMAS YATES my sisters sonne fifty +poundes towardes the paiemt. of his debte and not otherwise, But if his debt +doe fall out to be lesse then fifty poundes then the residue to remayne to +himselfe Item to JOHN HARRIOTT Late servaunte to Mr Doleman of Shawe neere +Newbury ín Barkeshire and being the sonne of my vnckle John Harriotte but nowe +married and dwelling in Churche peene about a Myle westward from the said +Shawe, I doe giue and bequeath fifty poundes Item I giue and bequeath vnto +CHRISTOPHER TOOKE my foresaid servaunte one hundred poundes. Item I giue & +bequeath vnto myservaunte JOHN SHELLER fiue poundes more then the forty +shillinges w<sup>ch</sup> I haue of his in Custodie,being money given vnto him +at sevall tymes by my frends w<sup>ch</sup> in all is seauen poundes to bee +imployed for his vse according to the discrecon of my Executors for ye placing +of him wth an other Master Item I giue and bequeath to JOANE my servaunte fiue +poundes more then her wages. Item I giue and bequeath vnto my svaunte JANE +w<sup>ch</sup> serveth vnder the said JONE fortie shillinges more then her +wages w<sup>ch</sup> wages is twenty shillinges by yeare Item I giue and +bequeath to my auncient svaunte CHRISTOPHER KELLETT a Lymning paynter dwelling +neare PettyFraunce in Westminster fiue poundes Item to my aincient servaunte +JOANE wife to Paule Chapman dwelling in Brayneford end I bequeath fortie +shillinges. Item I giue vnto the aforesaid EARLE OF NORTHUMBERLAND my two +pspectiue trunckes wherewth I vse espetially to see Venus horned like the Moone +and the Spout in the Sonne The glasses of w<sup>ch</sup> trunckes I desire to +haue remooved into two other of the fayrest trunckes by my said servaunte +CHRISTOPHER TOOKE Item I bequeath vnto euyone of my Executors hereafterwards to +be named, One pspectiue truncke a peece of the best glasses, and ye fayrest +trunckes, as my said servaunte Can best fitt to theire liking Item I giue vnto +my said servaunte CHRISTOPHER TOOKE the residue of my Cases of pspectiue +trunckes wth the other glasses of his owne making fitted for pspectiue trunckes +(excepting two great longe trunckes Consisting of many ptes w<sup>ch</sup> I +giue vnto the said EARLE OF NORTHUMBERLAND to remayne in his Library for such +vses as they may be put vnto, Alsoe I bequeath the dishes of iron Called by the +spectacle makers tooles to grinde spectacles, and other pspectiue glasses for +trunckes vnto my foresaid servaunte CHRISTOPHER TOOKE, Item Concerninge my +debts, I doe acknowledg that at this psente I doe owe moneyes to Monseir +Mayornes a Potycarie More to Mr Wheately a Potticary dwelling neare the Stockes +at the East end of Cheapeside Item to my Brewer dwelling at Braynford end Item +to Mr John Bill Staconer for Bookes The some of the debte to all fower before +meneoned I thincke and Judge not to bee much more or lesse then forty poundes. +Item I doe acknowledge to owe vnto Mr Christopher Ingram keeper of the house of +Syon for the aforesaid EARLE OF NORTHUMBERLAND Three thousand sixe hundred of +Billett w<sup>ch</sup> I desire to be repayed vnto him Item I doe acknowledge +that I haue some written Coppies to the number of twelue or fowerteene (more or +lesse) lent vnto me by Thomas Allen of Gloster Hall in Oxford M` of Artes vnto +whome I desire my Executors hereafter named to restore them safely according to +the noate that hee shall deliu of them (I doubting whether I haue anie true +noate of them my selfe) Item I make Constitute and ordayne theise fowre +following my Executors Namely the aforesaid Sr ROBERT SIDNEY KNIGHT VISCOUNT +LYSLE (if his Lopp may take soe many paynes in my behalfe) Also JOHN PROTHEROE +of Hawkesbrooke in the County of Carmarthen Esquio` Alsoe THOMAS ALESBURY of +Westminster Esquior Lastly THOMAS BUCKNER Mercer dwelling in St Xpofers pishe +in Lond not farre from ye Royall Exchainge vnto w<sup>ch</sup> Executors I giue +full power & aucty to vse theire owne discrecons in paying theire Charges +in my behalfe out of the rest of my good And if my Bookes wth other goods doe +in value Come to more then I haue afore supposed First I desire them to bestowe +soe much vppon ye poore not exceeding twenty poundes as they shall thincke +Convenient somee pte whereof I giue vnto the poore of the hospitall in Christes +Churche in Lond, Some pte vnto the said pishe of St Xpofors where I nowe lye, +and some pte w<sup>ch</sup> I would haue the greater) vnto the poore of the +píshe of Isleworth neere Syon in the Countie of Midd Secondly out of the said +residue of my good, my will is, That the said Executors take some pte thereof +for theire owne vses according to theire discretions Lastly my will and desire +is that they bestowe the value of the rest vppon Sr Thomas Bodleyes Library in +Oxford, or imploy it to such Charitable & pious vses as they shall thincke +best Item my will and desire is that Robert Hughes gentleman and nowe attendant +vppon th’afore said EARLE OF NORTHUMBERLAND for matters of Learning bee +an ouseer at the prizing of my Bookes, and some other thinges as my Executors +and hee shall agree vnto Item I ordayne and Constitute the aforesaid NATHANIELL +THORPERLEY first to be Ouseer of my Mathematicall Writinges to be receiued of +my Executors to pvse and order and to sepate the Cheife of them from my waste +papers, to the end that after hee doth vnderstand them hee may make vse in +penninge such doctrine that belonges vnto them for publique vses as it shall be +thought Convenient by my Executors and him selfe And if it happen that some +manner of Notacons or writinges of the said papers shall not be vnderstood by +him then my desire is that it will please him to Conferre wth Mr Warner or Mr +Hughes Attendants on the aforesaid Earle Concerning the aforesaid doubte. And +if hee be not resolued by either of them That then hee Conferre wth the +aforesaid JOHN PROTHEROE Esquior or the aforesaid THOMAS ALESBURY Esquior. (I +hoping that some or other of the aforesaid fower last nominated can resolue +him) And when hee hath had the vse of the said papers see longe as my Executors +and hee have agreed for the vse afore said That then he deliu them againe vnto +my Executors to be putt into a Convenient Truncke with a locke & key and to +be placed in my Lord of Northumberlandes Library and the key thereof to be +delifted into his Lordpps hands And if at anie tyme after my Executors or the +afore said NATHANIELL THORPERLEY shall agayne desire the vse of some or all of +the said Mathematicall paps That then it will please the said Earle to lett +anie of the aforesaid to haue them for theire vse soe long as shall be thought +Convenient, and afterwards to be restored agayne vnto the Truncke in the afore +said Earle’s Library Secondly my will & desire is that the said +NATHANIELL THORPERLEY be alsoe Ouseere of other written bookes & papers as +my Executors and hee shall thincke Convenient. Item Whereas I haue diuers waste +papers (of w<sup>ch</sup> some are in a Canvas bagge) of my Accompte to Sr +Walter Rawley for all w<sup>ch</sup> I haue discharges or acquitances lying in +some boxes or other my desire is that they may bee all burnte. Alsoe there is +an other Canvas bagge of papers concerning Irishe Accompt (the psons whome they +Concerne are dead many yeares since in the raigne of queene Elizabeth +w<sup>ch</sup> I desire alsoe may be burnte as likewise many Idle paps and +Cancelled Deedes w<sup>ch</sup> are good for noe vse Item I revoake all former +wills by mee heretofore made saue onely this my pnte last will and Testament +w<sup>ch</sup> I will shalbe in all thinges effectually and truely pformed +according to the tenor and true meaning of the same In witnes whereof I the +afore said THOMAS HARRIOTT haue to this my psent last will & Testament put +my hand & scale yeouen the daie and yeare first aboue written + THO : HARRIOTTS. +</p> + +<p> +Sealed a published and deliued by ye wthin named THOMAS HARRIOTT for and as his +last will & Testamt the daie & yeares wthin written in the pfice of vs +IMMANUELL BOWRNE WILL: FUTTER, Scr: & THO : ALFORD Svte to the said scr +</p> + +<p> +Probatum fuit hfnoi Testum sexto die mensis Julij Anno Dni 1621. Coram venli +viro RICHARDO CLARKE legum Dcore Surto Dni Offitis &c . jurio THOME +AILESBURIE et THOME BUCKNER duorum Extorum &c quibus &c de bene &c +saluo jure &c Resrvata tamen ptate similem Comissionem faciendi Dno ROBERTO +SIDNEY militi et JOHANNI PROTHERO armigero alteris Extoribus &c Cum +venerint eandem in debita Juris forma petituri. Pro Inveno ANDREE prox &c. +Concordat cum Originali fca exaicoe pnos HEN: DURHAM Norium Pubcm RA: BYRDE +</p> + +<p> +[From the certified copy filed in the Probate Registry in Somerset House, which +has been collated with the copy registered, Arch. Lond. 1618-1626/7, Folio 71. +The differences in spelling, punctuation etc. are numerous but unimportant.] +</p> + +<p> + END +</p> + +<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THOMAS HARIOT ***</div> +<div style='text-align:left'> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will +be renamed. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part +of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project +Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ +concept and trademark. 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