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diff --git a/old/51556-0.txt b/old/51556-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 383e9ff..0000000 --- a/old/51556-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1693 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mentor: The Cradle of Liberty, Vol. 6, -Num. 10, Serial No. 158, July 1, 1918, by Albert Bushnell Hart - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Mentor: The Cradle of Liberty, Vol. 6, Num. 10, Serial No. 158, July 1, 1918 - -Author: Albert Bushnell Hart - -Release Date: March 25, 2016 [EBook #51556] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MENTOR: THE CRADLE OF LIBERTY *** - - - - -Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - - THE MENTOR 1918.07.01, No. 158, - The Cradle of Liberty - - LEARN ONE THING - EVERY DAY - - JULY 1 1918 SERIAL NO. 158 - - THE - MENTOR - - THE CRADLE OF - LIBERTY - - By ALBERT BUSHNELL HART - Professor of Government - Harvard University - - DEPARTMENT OF VOLUME 6 - HISTORY NUMBER 10 - - TWENTY CENTS A COPY - - - - -LIBERTY - - -Liberty is older than Law, older than Government, older than the State. -Liberty goes back to the Garden of Eden, where first was taught the -bitter lesson that where Liberty is uncontrolled, society breaks down. -The word is a splendid one, coined by the Romans, “With a great price -obtained I this freedom,” said the Roman centurion; “But I was free -born,” replied St. Paul. Liberty was in the hearts of the English -colonists; Liberty rang out from the Bell of Independence Hall; Liberty -is stamped upon our state and federal constitutions. For Liberty -millions of men have struggled and died. Toward Liberty oppressed -myriads are stretching out their hands today. Liberty is the pole-star -of peoples, the hope of mankind. - - - - -[Illustration: FANEUIL HALL, BOSTON, MASS.--“THE CRADLE OF LIBERTY”] - - - - -_THE CRADLE OF LIBERTY_ - -_Faneuil Hall_ - -ONE - - - “In old Faneuil, that guild temple of traders and aldermen, - butchers and clerks, hucksters and civic magistrates, the - spirit of the people conceived an embryonic nation.” - -Among early Bostonians who owned argosies and had a prosperous trade -with France and England was a young bachelor named Peter Faneuil, -who, like Paul Revere, was descended from Huguenot refugees. He was -the heir of his uncle, Andrew Faneuil, who died in 1738 and left a -large fortune. Fond of good living and hospitable, “Here’s to Peter -Faneuil!” was the toast often proposed above brimming bumpers. From -Madeira he ordered amber wine, from London, chariots and sets of -crested harness, and fine stuffs, buttons and laces. His ships carried -cargoes of tobacco, black walnut, fish, stoves and general merchandise. -At forty years of age he was a prince among Colonial merchants. He -had, moreover, pride in Boston’s advancement, and offered “at his own -cost and charge” to build a market for “the use, benefit and advantage -of the town.” Later, the donor of the market house instructed his -architect, the renowned John Smibert, to add a hall above the space -given over to provisioners’ stalls. In 1742 the two-story brick -building was completed. When Peter Faneuil received the formal thanks -of Boston, he made the prophetic response, “I hope what I have done -will be for the service of the whole country.” A year later he died, -and was buried in the Granary Burying Ground. - -The chamber over the market became the seat of public offices, and, as -the Town Hall, was in demand for patriotic celebrations, debates and -banquets. In 1761, all of the structure except the walls was destroyed -by fire. As no benevolent townsman offered to duplicate Faneuil’s -gift, the selectmen were empowered to raise the necessary funds for -rebuilding by holding a lottery. “Faneuil Hall Lottery Tickets” bore -the signature of John Hancock, then a young politician of promise. In -1763 the reconstructed Town Hall was ready for occupancy. It was this -rebuilt meeting-place that became the forum of free speech in Boston, -the Altar of Liberty from which rose the flame that “roused a depressed -people from want and degradation. Here those maxims of political truth -which have extended an influence over the habitable globe, and have -given rise to new republics, were first promulgated.” - -The Stamp Act (1765) was denounced within its arched and pillared -walls, and the repeal celebrated with festivities. Revenue laws were -discussed, and when troops were ordered to the provincial capital, -a convention in session here raised a fearless voice in defence of -Colonial independence. The day following the massacre of the fifth -of March, 1770, a mass meeting was called in the Hall, but so many -citizens responded that it was necessary to repair to Old South Church, -where there was more room. Early in November, 1773, John Hancock -presided over a Town Hall meeting, the object of which was to protest -against threatened importations of tea by the East India Company of -London. At numerous conclaves the tea question continued to agitate the -grave townsfolk, until on December sixteenth a group of patriots in the -disguise of Indians summarily put an end to discussion by dumping the -cargoes of the newly-arrived tea ships into Boston harbor. - -Faneuil Hall echoed to vigorous protests against the Port Bill, -which so vitally affected Boston commerce, and from the same “Old -Faneuil” printed letters were dispatched to the other colonies for the -purpose of presenting facts and securing coöperation against proposed -aggressions by the mother country. At Faneuil Hall representatives -of General Gage assembled one tragic day to receive the arms of the -Bostonians. In joyous contrast were the meetings held in the honored -edifice after the evacuation of the city by British troops. - -French naval officers and the Marquis de Lafayette were feasted here; -two presidents, George Washington and John Adams, were guests of -honor at Faneuil Hall banquets; and in 1793 the execution of Louis -XVI was celebrated by sons of freedom who sympathized with the French -Revolutionists. - -In the year 1806 the sturdy building was remodeled and enlarged. During -the naval war with England, citizens again held meetings in the Town -Hall to inveigh against renewed violations of their “national rights -and sovereignty.” In the “Cradle of Liberty” Charles Francis Adams, -Daniel Webster, Wendell Phillips, Edward Everett, Rufus Choate and -Charles Sumner championed justice and democracy. In 1834, at a memorial -meeting for Lafayette held in Faneuil, Edward Everett delivered one -of his most glowing and eloquent orations, in which he extolled the -departed French patriot as the “Lover of Liberty.” Referring to the -Hall in which he spoke, he said, “The spirit of the departed is in high -communion with the spirit of this place.” - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 6, No. 10, SERIAL No. 158 - COPYRIGHT, 1918, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -[Illustration: OLD NORTH CHURCH, BOSTON, MASS.--ASSOCIATED WITH THE -RIDE OF PAUL REVERE] - - - - -_THE CRADLE OF LIBERTY_ - -_Paul Revere_ - -TWO - - -Though Paul Revere performed bravely and well numerous patriotic duties -assigned to him, most early historians of the Revolution forgot even to -mention his name in recounting the crucial events of April, 1775. He -lives in our memory today chiefly because one valorous deed of his, in -that month of valorous deeds, was made the subject of a popular poem. -Nearly ninety years after the Ride, Longfellow rescued the Midnight -Messenger from oblivion, and gave him a place among Revolutionary -heroes. - -Apollos Rivoire, father of Paul, was a native of the Island of -Guernsey, and came of Huguenot stock. A fugitive in search of freedom, -he found a home in Boston, where on January 1, 1735 (new style), the -son was born who was to establish in the annals of his country the -Anglicized name of liberty-loving French ancestors. Father and son were -metal craftsmen and wrought fine tableware, many examples of which are -still in existence. Paul was a skilful designer, and a cartoonist of -wit and imagination. But of far greater importance to his associates, -he was an up-and-ready sort of person, keen for any task that gave vent -to an ardent nature--always in the thick of everything. He was a moving -spirit in various secret organizations, had an active part in the Tea -Party, and because he was bold and dependable was chosen to carry the -news of Boston’s successful exploit to sympathizers in New York, and -speed it on to Philadelphia. Following a ride of Revere’s in December, -1774, to Durham and Portsmouth, the provincials secured powder and -ammunition from Fort William and Mary that actually saved the day at -the Battle of Bunker Hill. - -Early in 1775 Revere engaged with other patriots to patrol the Boston -streets and keep advised as to the movements of the redcoats. On April -15th they reported the British camp unwontedly astir. The next day, -Sunday, Revere took a message from Dr. Warren to Lexington, where -Hancock and Adams, on whose heads a price had been set by the king, -were lodging. Upon receiving the messenger’s news of British activities -the adjourned Provincial Congress re-assembled in Concord and began -immediate preparation against attack on the colony’s stores. Here let -us read the account of “the express” himself, an account at variance -with the familiar rhymed version, especially in respect to the lantern -signals, and his arrival at the journey’s end. - -“On Tuesday evening, the 18th, it was observed that a number of -soldiers were marching towards the bottom of the Common (thus -indicating to Revere and his fellow-watchers that the troops were -about to leave Boston by water). About ten o’clock Dr. Warren sent in -great haste for me, and begged that I would immediately set off for -Lexington, where Messrs. Hancock and Adams were.… When I got to Dr. -Warren’s house, I found he had sent an express by land to Lexington, a -Mr. William Dawes.… The Sunday before.… I agreed with a Colonel Conant -(at Charlestown, across the river from Boston) that if the British went -out by water we would shew two lanthorns in the North Church steeple: -and if by land, one, as a signal.… I left Dr. Warren, called upon a -friend, and desired him to make the signals.… Two friends rowed me -across Charles River, a little to the eastward where the _Somerset_ -man-of-war lay.… I met Colonel Conant, and several others; they said -they had seen our signals.… I set off upon a very good horse; it was -then about eleven o’clock, and very pleasant.” It is plain that the -signals were not for the messenger, as related by Longfellow, but were -intended to flash the intelligence to the people and militia that the -British were advancing. - -Revere was in constant danger of being overtaken by the entire force, -which had embarked at Boston almost at the moment he was reaching the -Charlestown shore. Riding at top speed he reached Medford. “I awaked -the captain of the Minute Men; and after that I alarmed almost every -house, till I got to Lexington. I found Messrs. Hancock and Adams at -the Rev. Mr. Clarke’s; I told them my errand, and inquired for Mr. -Dawes.” - -When the latter arrived, the two set out for Concord, six miles -distant. On the road they were overtaken by a young Dr. Prescott, and -all three proceeded to wake the sleeping households along the highway. -Suddenly, Revere, riding ahead, was surrounded by four armed redcoats. -With William Dawes he was forced into a pasture and detained, while -Dr. Prescott, “jumped his horse over a low stone wall, and got to -Concord.” Revere was led back toward Lexington, but at the sound of -guns his captors seized his mount and let him continue alone on foot. -In Lexington he saved important papers of Hancock’s, and witnessed the -first exchange of shots between the provincials and the British. - -“Old North Church,” Boston, still stands on the original ground where -it was erected in 1723. From “the highest window in the wall” the -sexton hung the warning lights. The face of the tower bears a tablet to -the memory of the dauntless and resourceful Messenger of Liberty. - - “Through the gloom and the light - The Fate of a nation was riding that night; - And the spark struck out by that steed, in his flight - Kindled the land into flame with its heat.” - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 6, No. 10, SERIAL No. 158 - COPYRIGHT, 1918, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -[Illustration: THE LINE OF THE MINUTE MEN, LEXINGTON, MASS.] - - - - -_THE CRADLE OF LIBERTY_ - -_Lexington Green_ - -THREE - - -During the years immediately preceding the conflict on Lexington -Green, the temper of the Colonials was sorely tested by persecutions -instigated by Tyrant George III--“the Stamp Act, its repeal, with -the declaration of the right to tax America; the landing of troops -in Boston, beneath the batteries of fourteen vessels of war, lying -broadside to the town, with springs on their cables, their guns loaded, -and matches smoking; the repeated insults, and finally the massacre -of the fifth of March resulting from this military occupation; and -the Boston Port Bill, by which the final catastrophe was hurried -on.” Delegates were appointed to the Continental Congress; at Salem -the Provincial Congress was formed in October, 1774. At Concord and -Cambridge the latter assembly enacted measures providing for troops, -officers and stores. Early in the year 1775 it was clear that the -crisis was at hand. General Gage betrayed his intentions when in March -he caused the stone walls to be leveled that divided the fields about -Boston, and so made these peaceful pastures ready for battle. His spies -obtained information as to the amount of provisions hoarded at Concord -and Worcester. On the fifteenth of April patriots in Boston were -convinced that the plans of the British were mature, and an attack on -Concord was imminent. By advice of Hancock and “Sam” Adams the stores -were distributed among neighboring towns. Colonel Revere delivered his -first warning, and “at length the momentous hour arrived, as big with -consequences to Man as any that ever struck in his history.” - -Though British officers were ignorant of the means by which Gage was -to assail American freedom, the provincials already knew, and were -prepared. The lanterns in North Church tower had signaled their message -to watchers in Charlestown, and Revere and Dawes were already on their -separate ways, when eight hundred grenadiers and light infantrymen -landed at East Cambridge and crossed the marshland to the road that -led to Lexington and Concord. At dawn the Minute Men were alive to the -warning given by bells and drums that the enemy was approaching; three -score or more answered the call to arms on Lexington Green--“a little -band of farmers on their own training-field, facing the veteran ranks -of the king.… Their homes, their property, personal and communal, and -their rights as freemen were threatened; they were patriots and heroes, -everyone.” - -Commanded with threats and oaths to lay down his arms, Captain Parker -of the militia cried to his men: “Don’t fire unless you are fired on; -but if they want a war, let it begin here.” In the ensuing assault -several militiamen fell, wounded to the death. The blood they spilled -baptized the cause of Freedom in a new land. Resolved to die rather -than submit, their martyrdom fixed the resolution of all their brothers -in the Colonies. - -Here, three-quarters of a century later, in “the birthplace of -American liberty,” Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot, eulogized -“the embattled farmers” of immortal memory in these eloquent phrases: -“It is their sacrificed blood in which is written the preface of your -nation’s history. Their death was and ever will be the first bloody -revelation of America’s destiny, and Lexington the opening scene of a -revolution destined to change the character of human governments, and -the condition of the human race.” - -“The Minute Man of the Revolution!” exclaims George William Curtis. -“And who was he? He was the husband and father, who left the plough in -the furrow, the hammer on the bench, and, kissing wife and children, -marched to die or be free!… This was the Minute Man of the Revolution! -The rural citizen, trained in the common school, the town meeting, -who carried a bayonet that _thought_, and whose gun, loaded with a -principle, brought down, not a man, but a system!” - -A youth who fought the king’s men that wonderful day described how they -pushed the British back from Concord Bridge, back through Lincoln, -Arlington, Cambridge and Somerville to the Charles. “What could be -more pleasing to ambition,” he wrote, “than to knock off the shackles -of despotism? Freedom was the hobby I mounted, sword in hand, neck or -nothing, life or death. I will be one to support my country’s rights -and gain its independence!” - -“What was the matter, and what did you mean in going to the fight?” one -of a later generation asked a veteran of Concord. “Young man,” was the -reply, “what we meant in fighting was this: We always had been free, -and we meant to be free always.” - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 6, No. 10, SERIAL No. 158 - COPYRIGHT, 1918, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -[Illustration: FROM THE PAINTING BY JOHN TRUMBULL. ORIGINAL IN THE -CAPITOL, WASHINGTON, D. C. - -SIGNING THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE] - - - - -[Illustration] - - -The Declaration of Independence is here reproduced in miniature--not -for reading purposes; that would be too severe a tax on the -eyesight--but simply to show the form and style of the historic -Document. The original of this Document is preserved in the Department -of State, Washington, carefully protected against light and air. - -As may be seen, the Declaration bears the date July 4, 1776, and this -is accepted as the Birthday of Independence. On July 3rd and 4th the -Declaration was debated and the convention voted in favor of it, and -authorized the presiding officer, John Hancock, and the secretary, -Charles Thomson, to sign the Document. There was no single hour during -which all signed. It was a matter of weeks. All came to it finally, -for, as Benjamin Franklin shrewdly observed, “We must all hang -together, or else we shall all hang separately.” - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 6, No. 10, SERIAL No. 158 - COPYRIGHT, 1918, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -[Illustration: IN INDEPENDENCE HALL, PHILADELPHIA, PA. - -THE LIBERTY BELL] - - - - -_THE CRADLE OF LIBERTY_ - -_The Liberty Bell_ - -FIVE - - -The Philadelphians, having outgrown the primitive “Towne House” -that had served the community’s needs since 1709, undertook in -1729 to erect an Assembly building commensurate with the growing -importance of the province. A dozen years later the new State House -was completed, including the dignified chamber now famous as the Hall -in which the Declaration of Independence was discussed and received -its first signatures. Another decade passed before sufficient funds -were available for the rearing of a frame steeple on the south side -of the building, “with a suitable place thereon for hanging a bell.” -To grace this steeple and call together the Provincial Fathers, -whose meeting-place was in one of the rooms below, it was decided -after prolonged discussion that a bell be ordered from England. A -letter dated November 1, 1751, was forthwith dispatched from the -Superintendents of the State House to the Colonial agent in London, -asking that he purchase “a good bell, of about two thousand pounds -weight, the cost of which we may presume may amount to about one -hundred pounds sterling, or, perhaps, with the charges, something -more.… Let the bell be cast by the best workmen, and examined carefully -before it is shipped, with the following words well shaped in large -letters around it, viz: - - ‘By order of the Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania, for - the State House in the city of Philadelphia, 1752.’ - -And underneath, - - ‘Proclaim Liberty through all the land, to all the inhabitants - thereof.--Levit. XXV. 10.’” - -Within a year a ship bearing the new bell was reported at the -water-front, and eager citizens thronged the pier hoping to see it. -The arrival of the State House bell, destined none knew to what -great mission, was the chief interest of that August day in Quaker -Philadelphia. To the chagrin of the Superintendents they were compelled -to announce a few days later that the long-looked-for bell had “cracked -by a stroke of the clapper without any other violence, as it was hung -up to try the sound.” Two “ingenious workmen” essayed to recast the -metal, to which a larger proportion of copper had been added, and in -April, 1753, artisans raised the “American bell” to its place in the -steeple. Later on it was cast again, because the metal composition was -now thought to contain too much copper. The result, we are told, was -but tolerably successful. However, this “new great bell” continued -in service for over sixty years. It announced the convening of the -Assembly and the courts, and for a time was used to summon church-goers -on Sunday. - -The voice of the bell joined in joyful celebration with that of the -people when the odious Stamp Act was repealed; late in the year 1773 -it witnessed the agitated remonstrances of the inhabitants against the -proposed importations of taxed tea. On September 5, 1774, the First -Continental Congress convened in Carpenter’s Hall, Philadelphia. It -convened again the following May in the State House, and paved the way -to the Declaration of Independence. When the Battle of Lexington was -reported on an April day, the State House bell summoned to the historic -enclosure called the “Yard” a company of eight thousand people, -determined to defend “with arms their lives, liberty and property, -against all attempts to deprive them of them.” - -Matters were hurrying to the breaking-point when in June, 1776, the -State Assembly received the resolutions of the General Convention -of Virginia, which forecast in sentiment and wording the final -Declaration. Two days later the National Assembly, also in session -at the State House, took the first step toward the Colonies’ Magna -Charta when the resolution was read and seconded “That these United -Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states.” -A committee on the Declaration of Independence was chosen; July -second the “Resolution respecting Independency” was confirmed by -representatives of all the colonies except New York. For two days it -was debated, on the evening of the fourth day of July it was passed, -and the next day it was officially promulgated. On July eighth the -Declaration of Independence was read from a balcony in the State House -square, and the bell, which for a quarter of a century had awaited this -moment to fulfill the prophecy of its Biblical quotation, proclaimed -free and independent the Colonies of America. - -The bell’s period of service was finally closed exactly forty-nine -years after that day of rejoicing, when in tolling for the death of -Chief Justice John Marshall its sides again cracked. It was then -removed from the steeple, and now remains a monument in Independence -Hall to the days when American Liberty was young. - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 6, No. 10, SERIAL No. 158 - COPYRIGHT, 1918, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -[Illustration: FROM A PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN INDEPENDENCE HALL. - -CHILDREN OF LIBERTY] - - - - -_THE CRADLE OF LIBERTY_ - -_Children of Liberty_ - -SIX - - - “Here the heart - May give an useful lesson to the head, - And learning wiser grow without his books.” - --_William Cowper_ - -Youthful feet that wander through the classic halls of the old -Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall) pause longest before -reminders of the first republic’s first president. To the children of -Liberty, the name of Washington, “Freedom’s first and favorite son,” -“the ideal type of civic virtue to succeeding generations,” sums up -all the elements of patriotism. “Washington is the mightiest name on -earth,” declared Abraham Lincoln, “long since mightiest in the cause -of civil liberty, still mightiest in moral reformation.” Hear Daniel -Webster: “The name of Washington is intimately blended with whatever -belongs most essentially to the prosperity, the liberty, the free -institutions, and the renown of our country.” - -To the youth of the land this lustrous name is synonymous with Freedom, -whose lessons they begin to learn in their primers. In the classroom, -scholars receive instruction in loyalty to country, and initial -training for their future obligations as citizens. The schools shelter -the reserve forces of the nation, just as tender saplings are nurtured -until the time when they will be uprooted and set in the open, to brave -the winds that smite the forest. “Thy safeguard, Liberty, the school -shall ever be.” - -The inspirational sources of the country’s power, the mighty principles -of its Constitution, are part of the teaching prescribed in American -educational institutions. In recent years state legislatures have -enacted laws providing for the display of the flag during school hours, -for ceremonies that include a salute to Old Glory at the opening of -each school day, for the observance of national holidays by special -exercises, and for military instruction of public school pupils. - -The promotion of patriotic study in the schools has, very -appropriately, been fostered by bodies of Civil War veterans and -allied organizations. Recognizing that “the training of citizens in -the common knowledge and in the common duties of citizenship belongs -irrevocably to the State,” wise leaders have consistently impressed -upon the students under their care that a share in the safety of -American freedom rests upon them. Programs comprising military drills, -camp life, first aid, nursing, and the conservation of food supplies -are in force, or contemplated, in many schools throughout the United -States, such instruction frequently being under control of the Federal -Government. - -That patriotism is something more than a sentiment is the principle -that modern school children are learning. In the United States there -is a marked revival of interest in history, civics, and national -traditions, and an accelerated curiosity among both native and -foreign-born youth as to the circumstances that led to the founding of -the Republic, and the patriots that sponsored its creation. - -“The sheet-anchor of the Ship of State is the common school. Let -no youth leave the school without being thoroughly grounded in the -history, the principles, and the incalculable blessings of liberty. Let -the boys be the trained soldiers of constitutional freedom, the girls -the intelligent mothers of freemen.” - -The accompanying gravure makes an especial appeal because of its -simplicity. There is no posing in this group. The utter unconsciousness -of the children, standing agaze before Washington’s portrait, is -evidence enough of the deep-rooted feelings that hold them there in -silent contemplation of the Father of their Country. - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 6, No. 10, SERIAL No. 158 - COPYRIGHT, 1918, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - - THE MENTOR · · JULY 1, 1918 - DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY - -_The_ CRADLE _of_ LIBERTY - -By ALBERT BUSHNELL HART - -_Professor of Government, Harvard University_ - - _MENTOR GRAVURES_ - - FANEUIL HALL BOSTON, MASS. - - OLD NORTH CHURCH BOSTON, MASS. - - THE LINE OF THE MINUTE MEN LEXINGTON, MASS. - - _MENTOR GRAVURES_ - - SIGNING THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE By John Trumbull - - THE LIBERTY BELL - - CHILDREN OF LIBERTY - -[Illustration: LIBERTY ENLIGHTENING THE WORLD - -The Statue of Liberty is 151 feet high, standing on a granite pedestal -155 feet high. It was designed by the French sculptor, Frédéric -Auguste Bartholdi. The cost, over a million francs, was subscribed by -the people of France. The pedestal cost $250,000, raised by popular -subscription in the United States. The statue was unveiled on October -28, 1886.] - - Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1913, at the - postoffice at New York, N. Y., under the act of March 3, 1879. - Copyright, 1918, by The Mentor Association, Inc. - - -Singularly enough, the freest people on earth are not the happiest -(using the word “free” in the broadest sense). The Esquimaux and the -Australian “black fellows” know no hours of labor, no restriction on -their movements, no courts to punish offences; yet, by all accounts, -their lives are filled with danger, disease, and famine. Real liberty -comes into being only when men feel the contact of freemen with -freemen. Liberty flourishes where men are gathered into communities, -because every man must accept some abridging of that perfect freedom -which the lowest savages enjoy. The essence of liberty is to recognize -other people’s liberty--and that means some restrictions all around; -thus arises the system of balance and elastic government which we call -democracy. - -[Illustration: PLYMOUTH ROCK - -The granite boulder enclosed by this memorial shrine is a fragment -(broken off in 1774) of the large flat rock where the Pilgrims -landed--which lies near the sea and is now covered by a wharf] - -Take an example of unlicensed liberty from the bumblebees, who have -their own way, though unloved, while the honey-bees are citizens of -a state, everyone going armed, as becomes a race renowned for its -preparedness. The bees, however, are monarchists, who will fight -and die for a sovereign queen whom they have never seen. So, at the -opposite pole from the care-free, house-free--and often food-free -savage, we may find a mass of individuals clustered in an empire, and -obedient to the scepter or the nod of a personal sovereign. - -Why do men with minds and wills accept personal sovereigns? Many times -for safety. The beginning of kings is the soldier-chief, that “man on -horseback,” who has been the destruction of commonwealths, and yet has -founded many states,--first conqueror and then despot. As Daddy Smith -said in the Massachusetts ratifying convention of 1788, in describing -the social disturbances of Shays’ Rebellion, “Our distress was so great -that we should have been glad to catch at anything that looked like a -government for protection. Had any person that was able to protect us -come and set up his standard, we should all have flocked to it, even if -it had been a _monarch_, and that monarch might have proved a tyrant, -so that you see that anarchy leads to tyranny, and better have _one_ -tyrant than so many at once.” - -[Illustration: FANEUIL HALL IN 1789 - -The second Faneuil Hall. As rebuilt after the fire of 1761] - -[Illustration: INTERIOR OF FANEUIL HALL] - - -_Ancient Despotism_ - -One would expect to find the cradle of liberty in the cradle of -the civilized human race, that is in that once wealthy valley of -Mesopotamia. Whatever the previous organization of family or tribe or -clan, the earliest organized states of which we have a record were the -mighty empires of Babylon and Assyria, the closest-knit monarchies -of history, whose kings compared themselves with divinities and were -worshiped as gods. What opportunity was there for the individual? -The Great King lived in one world and all his subjects in another. -The Assyrian sculptures tell how Sargon and Assurbanipal relieved the -oppressed that ventured to strive for home rule! Shattered, pierced, -impaled, these aspirants for liberty served to illustrate the absolute -power of their masters. Yet despotism proved then, as it will in future -prove, that when liberty is strangled, power departs; for all those -vast empires fell before the armies of other invaders and conquerors. - -[Illustration: OLD STATE HOUSE, BOSTON, MASS. - -Erected in 1748, and now under the guardianship of the Bostonian -Society] - -Throughout later history the same effort has been made to corral human -beings into a nation controlled over their heads by self-appointed -rulers. Many dynasties began their power by seizing the citadel, -destroying the freedom of their subjects, raising an army that should -depend on them for pay and honors, and thus founding a lineage of -sovereigns, who presently began to call themselves “Kings by the grace -of God.” What mattered it that Dionysius, self-appointed Tyrant of -Syracuse, built temples to the gods, offered splendid prizes for horse -races, and rewarded sculptors? Did he not at the same time plunder -and oppress his fellow-citizens, and murder his critics? With all his -splendor he was a paltry adventurer, a thief, a usurper, a robber of -liberty! - - -_Beginnings of Liberty_ - -The spirit of the tyrant has infuriated thousands of chieftains, -despots, princes, dukes, sultans, monarchs, sovereigns and emperors, -all the way through history; and all the way there has been the -counterbalancing force of men who would rather die than submit to an -absolute master; men who did die to keep their families and friends -and countrymen from bondage. The original cradle of liberty was in the -hearts of free men and women, in the villages of the Slavs, among the -turbulent Goths, in the republics of Greece and Rome, in the mountains, -where it is easy for small groups to defend their own valleys and -upland plateaus. Even in those communities part of the people often -claimed superior privileges, and many free groups changed into the form -that passed for liberty during medieval times, when a small top stratum -of nobles and landowners claimed to be a master group, and trampled on -the dependent races or men of their own race who furnished them with -their daily bread. - -[Illustration: THE BOSTON MASSACRE, MARCH 5, 1770 - -The result of an encounter between a British sentry and the crowd - -From the engraving by Paul Revere] - -[Illustration: THE BOSTON TEA PARTY] - -From the fall of the Roman Empire to the French Revolution--a space of -thirteen centuries--the only real republican governments were mountain -peoples and independent trading cities, in which again the voting class -was in small proportion. The only factors that ardently strove for -liberty were the knights and noblemen, who did their best to weaken -the power of the kings, so that they might have the more authority -over their own vassals. The Middle Ages and even the period of the -Restoration, with its appeal to the right to choose one’s own religion -and to achieve one’s own salvation, did little to relieve the serf, the -peasant, and the poor workman. - -[Illustration: TABLET CELEBRATING THE BOSTON TEA PARTY - -The inscription reads: “Here formerly stood Griffin’s wharf, at which -lay moored on December 16, 1773, three British ships with cargoes of -tea. To defeat King George’s trivial but tyrannical tax of three pence -a pound, about ninety citizens of Boston, partly disguised as Indians, -boarded the ships, threw the cargoes, three hundred and forty-two -chests in all, into the sea, and made the world ring with the patriotic -exploit of the Boston Tea Party.”] - - -_English Liberty_ - -Against this gloomy background rose the wondrous structure of English -liberty. At first the English people under their Norman kings were no -freer than other peoples: England contained serfs and even slaves. -The only people that had a share in the government were the Norman -nobles who were sometimes consulted on the making of laws, and they -were not different from the nobles that tried to divide power with -the sovereigns of France and Sweden and the Germanic countries. The -difference was that the dukes and counts and barons in most parts of -Europe lost ground before the growth of an arbitrary royal power, while -the English lords banded together successfully to secure pledges from -their kings. In 1215 they wrung from King John the magnificent Magna -Charta, including the glorious privileges that: “No freeman shall be -taken or imprisoned, or disseised, or outlawed, or banished, or any way -destroyed, nor will we pass upon him, nor will we send upon him, unless -by the lawful judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land. We will -sell to no man, we will not deny or delay to any man, either justice or -right.” - -[Illustration: Original painting by Peter Frederick Rothermel (born -1817) - -PATRICK HENRY ADDRESSING THE VIRGINIA ASSEMBLY IN 1765 - -Henry, supporting the resolutions to resist the Stamp Act, at one point -exclaimed, “Caesar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, -and George the Third--” “Treason! treason!” shouted the Speaker of -the Assembly. “Treason! treason!” shouted the members--“and,” Henry -continued, “George the Third may profit by their example. If this be -treason, make the most of it!”] - -Here we have at last a cradle of liberty; for the personal rights -exacted by the nobles passed over to freemen, and in course of time all -Englishmen became freemen. It was centuries before the kings at last -gave way to the principle that the people through their representatives -in Parliament ruled even the Crown; and in the process King Charles -I lost his head, and King James II lost his throne. In the end, all -the men and women of the realm were recognized as having the personal -rights expressed in royal charters and acts of Parliament, which set -them free from arbitrary taxes, arbitrary arrests, and arbitrary -punishments. - -They were entitled also to a tradition of common law, based on ideas of -freedom, enforced for their benefit by independent courts and protected -by trial by jury. Hence the England of the seventeenth century, from -which the first colonists proceeded to North America, was that part -of the globe in which law-abiding men and women had the largest -opportunity of living their own lives, enjoying the fruits of their own -labor, and dwelling under their own government. - - -_Colonial Liberty_ - -[Illustration: HISTORIC BRIDGE, CONCORD, MASS. - -Showing battleground, and, across the bridge, the statue of the Minute -Man by the sculptor, Daniel Chester French] - -Writers often speak of our present American system of government as -founded upon the British practices of personal liberty and local self -government and a free parliament. This is not accurate: Both our -state and federal governments have borrowed little directly from the -British parliamentary governing system. We have made our constitutions -while Great Britain had none; we have organized a system of cabinet -government, very different from that of parliamentary responsibility; -we expanded our suffrage, and England slowly followed on that highway -of liberty. - -[Illustration: BUNKER HILL MONUMENT - -Charlestown, Mass. A granite obelisk, 221 feet high, erected 1825-42 to -commemorate the Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775] - -The truth is that the present government of Great Britain and the -present government of the United States of America, with their personal -liberties, both go back to a common source--the English government of -the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It is a great mistake for -us to think of Queen Elizabeth as a sovereign of a foreign country; -or of the King James version of the Scriptures as something outside -the United States; or of Shakespeare and Milton simply as “British -poets.” We Americans have the same heritage in everything that was -great and glorious in the British Isles, previous to colonization, as -those that remained upon the soil, and in many respects we have made -more improvement on those old models than our kin across the sea. -The English had to struggle for nearly a century, from 1604 to 1688, -against their kings, who wanted to turn the clock backward and take -government out of the hands of the people. At that time the Colonies -were very nearly independent little republics, who loved their English -kings in proportion as those sovereigns kept their hands off. Except -for the curse of negro slavery, which was allowed to get a firm grip on -the body politic, the Colonies down to Revolutionary times were freer, -happier and more prosperous than the mother country, and that was -the main reason for the Revolution. Why should people who were doing -so well in managing themselves continue in the leading strings of a -government that saved its democracy in England for the higher classes? - -The Colonies were not little political heavens. Their ideas of liberty -did not extend to Indians, or Negroes, or Quakers. Nevertheless, in the -main, they stood stoutly for freedom of person, freedom of judicial -trial, freedom of legislative bodies; and they were about half a -century earlier than England in establishing (in the famous Zenger -case of 1734) the priceless right publicly to criticize their own -governments. John Wise, who was one of them, had a right to say that -they “hate an arbitrary power (politically considered) as they hate the -devil.” - - -_Hartford, the “Birthplace of American Democracy”_ - -The first written constitution in history that was adopted by a people -and that also organized a government, “The Fundamental Orders of -Connecticut,” was drawn up in 1639 by freemen of Windsor, Hartford -and Wethersfield. Under this law the people of Connecticut lived for -nearly two centuries. The twelve articles it comprised expressed -“pure democracy acting through representation, and imposing organic -limitations.” - -“Here is the first practical assertion of the right of the people, not -only to choose, but to limit the powers of their rulers--an assertion -that lies at the foundation of the American system. It is on the banks -of the Connecticut, under the mighty preaching of Thomas Hooker, and -in the constitution to which he gave life, if not form, that we draw -the first breath of that atmosphere which is now so familiar to us. The -birthplace of American Democracy is Hartford.” - -[Illustration: PAUL REVERE] - -[Illustration: READING THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE FROM THE STATE -HOUSE, BOSTON] - -By common consent, the period when these principles of liberty of -person and of government were first clearly impressed on the world was -in the American Revolution, which deserves to be called the cradle -of modern liberty. When things grew squally in the Colonies, our -forefathers insisted that their brand of liberty was better than the -British kind, and they began to draw up lists of rights and grievances, -especially in the Stamp Act Congress of 1765. The new states of the -American Union, as they were organized, bound themselves to observe -Bills of Rights containing such stirring principles as that, “All -power is vested in, and consequently derived from, the people.” -“All elections ought to be free, and that all men having sufficient -evidence of permanent interest with, and attached to the community, -have the right of suffrage.”--“The freedom of the press is one of the -great bulwarks of liberty.”--“All men are equally entitled to the free -exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience.” - -By far the most renowned statement of the noble rights of liberty -was the Declaration of Independence. At the time, people were most -interested in the classified indictment of the king of Great Britain -for interfering with American liberty. The world, however, has long -agreed that the big memorable, permanent thing in that Declaration is -found in the three magnificent sentences that fulfill the injunction -of the Liberty Bell, to “proclaim liberty throughout all the land, to -all the inhabitants thereof.” Those imperishable sentences are: “We -hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, -that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, -that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness,--That -to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving -their just powers from the consent of the governed,--That whenever -any form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the -Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new -Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its -powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their -Safety and Happiness.” - -[Illustration: ORIGINAL INDEPENDENCE HALL] - -[Illustration: INDEPENDENCE HALL TODAY - -Chestnut Street front] - -[Illustration: THE LIBERTY BELL] - -After all, anyone who can think like Franklin and write like Jefferson -could draw up a Declaration of Independence; but somebody had to fight -like Washington, in order to demonstrate that a democratic country, -resting on principles of liberty, could (with never-to-be-forgotten aid -from the French) achieve its own freedom. The lesson of liberty was -deeply learned in France, where the early French Revolution of 1789 -basked in the sunshine of American freedom. - -[Illustration: INTERIOR OF INDEPENDENCE HALL - -Room in which Independence was born into a definite -Declaration--showing table at which Hancock placed his signature on the -historic Document] - -[Illustration: From original painting by T. H. Matteson. - -FIRST PRAYER IN CONGRESS--CARPENTER’S HALL, PHILADELPHIA] - -Frenchmen read the Declaration of Independence, and framed a -“Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.” They adopted for -their watchword the three words, “_Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité_,” -which are inscribed on the public buildings of the present French -Republic. Liberty--that is, personal freedom; equality--that is, equal -rights before the law; fraternity--that is, brotherhood with other -people. The French, like the Americans, made it their bottom principle -that freedom was the normal condition of men, and that everybody -was entitled to a chance to do what in him lay, provided he did not -thereby obstruct the equal privileges of his brother man. With many -hesitations, and some errors, the rising nations of the nineteenth -century strove to make real those glorious ideas. The Latin peoples -of both North and South America all professed liberty. Republics -have been set up in Switzerland, in France, in Portugal, in China, -in Russia. Virtual democracies are established in the Scandinavian -countries, Holland, Italy, Great Britain, and the great British -commonwealths of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Even -Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey use the forms of popular -government to conceal the real refusal of responsibility to the people -by their sovereigns. - -[Illustration: ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE to the -assembled crowd outside Independence Hall, Philadelphia, July 8, 1776] - - -_Constitutional Liberty_ - -After the Revolution came the real test of the whole principle. How -could one generation, nurtured in the cradle of liberty, pass that -blessing on to its descendants? The solution was found in a system -of state and national constitutions wherein, while standing by the -inalienable right of men to alter their government as they saw need, -checks and limitations were introduced for the protection of personal -rights. All the state constitutions, and eventually the new federal -constitution, included statements of those precious privileges. The -share in the government, so necessary for keeping alive an interest -in the welfare of the state, was extended more and more widely, till -in our time it seems likely to include all legally competent men and -women. As time has passed, new personal relations have developed; -slavery has been rooted out, the rights of labor have come to the front -and women have the vote. In time of war personal rights must yield -something to the necessities of the state, but they are the bedrock of -American Government. - -[Illustration: THE BIRTHPLACE OF OLD GLORY - -The Betsy Ross House, on Arch Street, Philadelphia, where the first -American flag was made] - - -_What Is Liberty Today?_ - -What is this liberty for which the statesman labors and the soldier -gives his life? How comes it that the United States of America is the -cradle of the principle, and that the success of this great republic -is the admiration of mankind? The sages and patriots of Revolutionary -times strove to explain and define it without much success. Edmund -Burke, the friend of the Colonies, found six “capital sources” from -which “a fierce spirit of liberty has grown up.” Most of these have -long ceased to operate, yet the spirit of liberty is still fierce. We -all understand that liberty means personal freedom, liberty to express -one’s thoughts in speech and press and religious observance; the right -to be tried by impartial public courts, including a jury; the right -to a government founded on the expression of the will of the people, -through votes; the right to change a government that has ceased to meet -the needs of the people; the right to education; an opportunity to test -one’s powers;--especially the right to take the voice of the many, -instead of a few, on the great questions of national life. - -Liberty, however, is more than a kind of government, or a rule of -action; it is a political religion, a worship, an inspiration. -Statesmen strove to express it in terms of reverence and affection. -Thus the Continental Congress sounded its trumpet call: - -“Honour, Justice, and Humanity forbid us to surrender that freedom -which we received from our ancestors, and which our posterity have a -right to receive from us.” - -A great poet, Emerson, later sought to set forth this passionate -devotion to liberty: “What the tender poetic youth dreams, and prays, -and paints today, but shuns the ridicule of saying aloud, shall -presently be the resolutions of public bodies, then shall be carried -as a grievance and bill of rights through conflict and war, and then -shall be triumphant law and establishment for a hundred years, until it -gives place, in turn, to new prayers and pictures.” So all the ideals -of Liberty, like seed in the souls of mankind, take root and bear fruit -in good time. - -[Illustration: FAC-SIMILE OF THE ORIGINAL RESOLUTION AS OFFERED BY MR. -RICHARD HENRY LEE - -_THE INITIATION OF INDEPENDENCE._] - - -_SUPPLEMENTARY READING_ - -THE STORY OF LIBERTY, as developed in 500 years of history. -Illustrated. _By C. C. Coffin_ - -INDEPENDENCE DAY. A collection of prose and verse. _Edited by R. H. -Schauffler_ - -⁂ Information concerning the above books may be had on application to -the Editor of The Mentor. - - - - -_THE OPEN LETTER_ - - -[Illustration: ONE OF THE LANTERNS THAT HUNG IN THE BELFRY OF OLD NORTH -CHURCH - -Now in the possession of the Concord Antiquarian Society] - -Man was free to begin with--as free as the beasts of the earth and the -birds of the air. Who, then enslaved humanity? Man himself. So when -Man seeks liberty, he seeks to free himself from conditions that he -has imposed on his own kind--to free himself from “Man’s inhumanity -to Man.” It is Desire--selfish Desire for conquest, possession and -control--that has enslaved mankind. The man that seeks liberty, then, -should have no place in his breast for greed and selfish desire. If, -underneath his feelings of revolt against the Tyrant and the Master, -there burns in his own soul the flame of selfish desire, how can he -condemn those that aspire to be masters of the world? How would he -himself use supreme power if it were his? Would he dominate others with -an iron hand, or would he lend his strength to the weak? When a man has -answered that question to his own satisfaction, knowing in his soul -that he has been truthful with himself, he may justly claim to be a -lover of liberty. - - * * * * * - -Carlyle pictured humanity in the mass as an “Egyptian urn filled -with tamed vipers, each one struggling to raise its head above the -others.” That is a bitter expression of life’s struggle--but in the -light of history not an exaggerated one. That kind of struggle does -not make for liberty. That is a struggle for _supremacy_. Until -the desire for supremacy--for conquest and control, be checked in -the human soul, that bitter struggle will go on. Don’t mistake the -meaning of the cry for liberty. Liberty does not mean freedom from -subjection for _us_ that _we_ may master others. It means freedom for -all men--everywhere--always. The love of liberty implies the love of -humanity--the spirit of true democracy. - - * * * * * - -Some years ago I heard a great leader of our people define democracy. -“We observe,” he said, “a young man of high social standing making a -companion of his washerwoman’s son, and we call him democratic. Is -he really so? Perhaps the washerwoman’s son possesses qualities that -would command the attention and respect of every one; perhaps he has -tastes in common with the young man. That is not democracy. That is -natural selection--like seeking like. It is very easy for a man to be -democratic with people he likes. But that is not democracy. _True_ -democracy is that spirit in a man which makes the welfare of his fellow -men a thing vital to him, _whether he likes them or not_.” - - * * * * * - -So it is with the spirit of liberty. It is all inclusive, without -taint of selfishness. It does not mean that _I_ shall be free to do -what _I_ choose. It means that _I_ consider it vital that _all_ men -shall be free and that _all_ shall enjoy life, liberty and the pursuit -of happiness, with due consideration for the rights and privileges -of every one. The spirit found expression in the words of George -Washington, when, after leading the six-year struggle of America for -liberty he was urged by his officers to assume imperial authority. -Indignantly rebuking his officers for an idea that he “viewed with -abhorrence,” he said, in effect, “Let no man ever offer that to me.” - - * * * * * - -Today the United States is engaged in the greatest conflict in all -history--not for conquest and mastery, not for territory nor advantages -in commerce, not for any material gain whatever, but for the simple -cause of liberty. As a national cause, liberty was first established by -the United States. When America determined on its freedom in 1776, the -recording hand of Fate wrote on the pages of History, where the eyes -of all kings might read, “_Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin._” “You have -been tried in the balance and found wanting.” The passing years have -confirmed the judgment. The Divine Right of Kings is under sentence. -The day of reckoning is at hand. - -[Illustration: W. D. Moffat - -EDITOR] - - - - -THE BIRTHDAY OF INDEPENDENCE - - -There are many popular misconceptions concerning the incidents -attending the birth of American Liberty and the Proclamation of -Independence. Erroneous traditions gained credence in the early days, -and romanticists and poets have perpetuated them through successive -generations. It is important, therefore, to note the facts as given by -historical scholars who have made a careful study of original records, -and whose evidence may, in consequence, be relied upon. - - The Fourth of July is observed as the Birthday of Independence. - This is the date the Document bears. The events leading up to - the adoption of the Declaration are recounted in Monograph - Five in this number of The Mentor. Subsequent events were - as follows: On July fifth Congress authorized the official - promulgation of Independence, ordering that broadsides, - signed by John Hancock and Charles Thomson, the President and - Secretary of Congress, be sent to the several assemblies, the - army, and other colonial bodies, and “that it be proclaimed - in each of the United States.” On July sixth it was ordered - “that the Sheriff read or cause to be read and proclaimed - at the State House, Philadelphia, on Monday, the eighth of - July, instant at 12 o’clock noon, the Declaration of the - Representatives of the United States of America.” July 8, - 1776, broke “a warm, sunshiny morning.” Officers, constables, - members of committees and the people at large assembled in the - State House Yard, and there amidst the waving of flags and the - fluttering of banners, the Declaration was read by John Nixon - “in a voice clear and distinct,” and greeted with loud cheers. - - This was the first time the Declaration was read in public. The - stories of the bright-eyed boy, and immense crowds storming - the doors of Congress on July _fourth_, and of the Declaration - being read on that day from the steps are pronounced “pure - inventions” by historical authorities. We have the record, - also, that on the eighth of July, “near the hour of twelve,” - the bell was first rung for the Proclamation of the Declaration. - - John Adams designated the second of July, on which day - the Resolution of Independence was confirmed by the - Representatives, as the anniversary that should, in future - years, be celebrated by bells, fireworks and cannon. On - July fourth the Declaration was adopted, and the document - was authenticated by the signatures of the President and - Secretary and all the members present, except Mr. Dickinson of - Pennsylvania. Several days later the Declaration was engrossed - on parchment and, on the second of August, the first signatures - were affixed; the other signatures followed later. This is - the Declaration that has been preserved as the original, the - first signed paper having probably been destroyed. “If,” as - one writer puts it, “the natal day of American Independence - is to be derived from the ceremony of the signing, and the - _real_ date of what has been preserved as the original of - the Declaration, then it would be the second of August. If - derived from the substantial, legal _act_ of separation from - the British Crown, it would be the second of July. But common - consent has determined the date of the great anniversary - from the apparently subordinate event of the passage of the - Declaration, and thus we celebrate the Fourth of July as the - birthday of the nation.” - -THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - -ESTABLISHED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF POPULAR INTEREST IN ART, LITERATURE, -SCIENCE, HISTORY, NATURE AND TRAVEL - -THE MENTOR IS PUBLISHED TWICE A MONTH - -BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC., AT 114-116 EAST 16TH STREET, NEW -YORK, N. Y. SUBSCRIPTION, FOUR DOLLARS A YEAR. FOREIGN POSTAGE 75 -CENTS EXTRA. CANADIAN POSTAGE 50 CENTS EXTRA. SINGLE COPIES TWENTY -CENTS. PRESIDENT, THOMAS H. BECK; VICE-PRESIDENT, WALTER P. TEN EYCK; -SECRETARY, W. D. MOFFAT; TREASURER, J. S. CAMPBELL; ASSISTANT TREASURER -AND ASSISTANT SECRETARY, H. A. CROWE. - - - - -THE MENTOR - -WHAT HISTORY TELLS US - - -A century ago War had left the heart of Europe torn and bleeding. -Napoleon was ambitious to conquer the earth--a fitting parallel today -is another who wishes a place in the sun! Are you familiar with the -points of similarity in the ambitions of these two imperial disturbers -of the peace of the world? Do you know about the meteoric career of -the great Napoleon--with its equally meteoric ending? There is another -story that has a fascination that will endure forever--the story of -Jeanne d’Arc, one of the most remarkable women of all time, who at -thirteen years of age was inspired to lead the armies of France to -victory. - - But we need not go outside of the United States to find - examples of heroism and valor that make the pages of history - glow with interest. There were the farmers of Lexington who, in - 1775, fired “the shot heard round the world”--a shot that gave - Americans a great country in which to enjoy life, liberty and - the pursuit of happiness. And we cannot forget Paul Jones, who, - when his little ship was about to sink, answered the commander - of the great _Serapis_, who invited him to surrender, with - the immortal words, “I have not yet begun to fight!” It is - of special interest, in the light of present-day happenings, - to recall such patriots as Henry Clay, who, when asked the - question in 1812, “What are we to gain by war?” replied, “What - are we not to lose by peace--commerce, character, a nation’s - best treasure, honor?” There is the spirit of true patriotism - for you! - - Get acquainted with the great men and the great deeds of the - past, for that is the only way to understand and appreciate the - men and deeds of the present. Lay a firm foundation for your - understanding of the World War by studying previous great wars, - warriors and statesmen of the world. 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