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diff --git a/old/51302-0.txt b/old/51302-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 30e290a..0000000 --- a/old/51302-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5877 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of English Coins and Tokens, by -Llewellynn Jewitt and Barclay V. Head - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: English Coins and Tokens - With A Chapter on Greek and Roman Coins - -Author: Llewellynn Jewitt - Barclay V. Head - -Release Date: February 26, 2016 [EBook #51302] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGLISH COINS AND TOKENS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Jordan, Susan Theresa Morin and The -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - -ENGLISH -COINS AND TOKENS. - -BY -LLEWELLYNN JEWITT, F.S.A., - -_Author of “Half-Hours among some English Antiquities;” “Grave -Mounds and their Contents;” “The Ceramic Art in Great -Britain;” “Corporation Plate and Insignia -of Office;” “The Stately Homes -of England,” etc., etc._ - -WITH -A Chapter on Greek and Roman Coins, - -BY -BARCLAY V. HEAD, M.R.A.S., ETC., - -_Assistant Keeper of Coins, British Museum; -Corresponding Member of the Imperial German Archæological Institute_. - -[Illustration] - -LONDON: -SWAN SONNENSCHEIN, LE BAS & LOWREY, -PATERNOSTER SQUARE. -1886. - -COINS OF THE ANCIENT BRITONS. - -[Illustration] - - -It is not possible to say, with any degree of certainty, at what -precise period our ancient British forefathers acquired a knowledge of -the art of coining, or into what part of our island that art was first -introduced. The probability, however, amounting almost to a certainty, -is that the use of money and, consequently, the art of making it, -was introduced into Britain from Gaul; and the Kentish coast being -the nearest to that country, and receiving friendly and bartering -incursions from the Belgic tribes, with whom, doubtless, the natives -traded, the natural assumption is that money was known to, and its use -appreciated by, the inhabitants of that county long before those of -the inland and more northern parts of the island had any knowledge of -such a medium as a substitute for ordinary product-barter. Kent may -therefore, I apprehend, be looked upon as the district in which money -made its first appearance in our country; and, probably, where also it -was first made by our Celtic progenitors. - -[Illustration: “GOTHIC CROWN,” OF QUEEN VICTORIA.] - -The period which may, with more than ordinary probability; be assigned -to the adoption of a home-struck currency among the tribes of our -country, is also, naturally, a matter about which only a vague -conclusion can be arrived at. The conclusion, however, that has been -come to after the most assiduous and searching attention to and -consideration of every possible circumstance of locality, analogy of -types, and weight, is that that period may be fixed at from a hundred -and fifty to two hundred years before the birth of Christ. This, then, -for general purposes may be looked upon as the most closely approximate -period that the present state of our knowledge has enabled those -numismatists who have made this branch of the science their special -study to arrive at. - -The type of supposed earliest coins of the Britons, derived, there can -be no doubt, from those of Gaul, to which they had become accustomed, -are uninscribed; those of Gaul having, in turn, originally and long -before the days of Julius Cæsar, been derived from the _stater_ of -Philippus of Macedon. This has been ably shown and insisted upon by -various writers, and to it Mr. Evans, the highest and most enlightened -authority upon the subject, has given his full adhesion. The Phocæan -colony of Massilia (Marseilles), he says, “appears to have formed -the centre from which civilization spread through Gaul, as well as -to have been the emporium of its commerce. It was founded about B.C. -600, and from intercourse with its inhabitants the neighbouring -Gauls first learned the usages of civilized life, and after a time -became acquainted with the art of coining. The early silver coins of -Massilia (and none in gold are known) were occasionally imitated in -the surrounding country; but when, about the year B.C. 356, the gold -mines of Crenides (or Philippi) were acquired by Philip II. of Macedon, -and worked so as to produce about £250,000 worth of gold annually, the -general currency of gold coins, which had before been of very limited -extent, became much more extensive, and the _stater_ of Philip--the -_regale numisma_ of Horace--became everywhere diffused, and seems at -once to have been seized on by the barbarians who came in contact -with Greek civilization as an object of imitation. In Gaul this was -especially the case, and the whole of the gold coinage of that country -may be said to consist of imitations, more or less rude and degenerate, -of the Macedonian Philippus.” - -The types of the Philippus are, on the obverse, a laureated profile -bust of Apollo, or young Hercules, and, on the reverse, a charioteer -in a biga, and the earliest Gaulish imitations are tolerably closely, -though more rudely, rendered. These, naturally, were introduced, and -became known, to the Britons, who, as naturally, imitated them, as -their neighbours had done the originals. But these imitations were not -always servile, but had occasionally additional features, as drapery, a -torque round the neck, a bandlet, or what not. The constant reproducing -of the dies by different workmen and in different localities also -resulted in the original design being at length almost lost, and what -now, to the uninitiated, appear a lot of unmeaning pellets and curved -strokes, serve only as indications, or faint traces, of the original. -Here, upon the coins (p. 5), is an example. First is the _stater_ -of Philip of Macedon, with laureated bust and biga; next a British -coin on which there is an attempted reproduction of the head on one -side, and a rude imitation of horse and driver on the other; and on -the third a very degenerate example, on which only a trace of each -is discernible. These three, out of hundreds of examples, will serve -to show the descent of the type and the changes to which the design -has been subjected. Other types shared the same fate, and thus the -correct appropriation of Celtic coins becomes a matter of no little -difficulty. It is well to remember, as evidenced by these gradual -marks of degeneration, that the ruder coins are not, as might well be -(and indeed have usually been) supposed, the oldest, but are, in fact, -later than others of a higher and more artistic character. In other -words, some of these series of coins, instead of showing the onward -and gradual progress of art from a first rude attempt up to a highly -finished work, serve to exhibit step by step its gradual degeneracy and -decline down to ultimate extinction. - -[Illustration] - -Other coins were more or less imitations of Roman coins, but others -again have a true native character about them that shows that the -Briton, who was an admirable and accomplished worker in metals, was -also a clever die-sinker, and had in him considerable power of design. - -Celtic coins are usually considered under two classes, the uninscribed -and the inscribed--that is, those which are without any inscriptions, -and those upon which names or other letters occur--and it seems to -be a generally received opinion that whenever an inscribed currency -was in use, an uninscribed one had preceded it. The uninscribed are, -unfortunately, the most abundant, and therefore, manifestly, it is -impossible to judge by them to what princes or tribes they belong. -The geographical arrangement--that of classifying the types according -to the localities in which they have been found--has therefore, as a -general and very convenient rule, to be adopted. Some coins, as the one -here engraved from my own collection, have the convex side perfectly -plain, while the reverse, concave, side bears a more or less rude -representation of a horse. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: _Figs._ A-J, TYPES OF ANCIENT BRITISH COINS.] - -“Although we have assigned the date of about 150 B.C. for the -commencement of the British coinage,” Mr. Evans remarks, “it is hard -to say with any degree of certainty in what part of the country it -actually commenced. The study of this class of coins is to some -extent like that of geology: we have no written testimony on which to -fall back, and the annals of the past have to be reconstructed from -the evidence of contemporary yet dumb witnesses disinterred from the -soil. But the numismatist has none of those aids which the geologist -derives from the order of superposition, and the mineral characters -of the rocks in which his fossils are preserved; and, in the case of -uninscribed coins, has nothing but the type and its geographical range -on which to found any conclusion, unless, as in some rare instances it -happens, the coins are associated with others of more certain date. -The mere fact of finding a single coin of a certain class in a certain -locality proves nothing; but when a considerable number of coins of -much the same type are found at different times in places all within a -certain district, the proof becomes almost conclusive that they were -originally struck within that district. And this holds true even with -gold coins, which, from their greater value and relative portability, -have, as a rule, a much wider range than those of silver or copper.” - -The districts into which it has been found most convenient (and -undoubtedly as presenting an arrangement that may be looked upon as -practically correct) to classify the inscribed coins are as follows:-- - - I.--COINS OF THE WESTERN DISTRICT, or country of the Dobuni, - comprising the present counties of Somerset, Wilts, Gloucester, and - part of Oxfordshire and Berkshire, and in which are classed the - coins of-- - - BODVOC of uncertain date. - CATTI " " - COMVX " " - VO-CORIO-AD (?) " " - ANTEDRIGVS after 41 A.D. - SVEI uncertain date. - INARA (?) - - II.--SOUTH-EASTERN DISTRICT, or country of the Belgæ, Regni, and - Atrebatii, comprising the present counties of Hampshire, Sussex, - and West Surrey, and in which are classed the coins of-- - - COMMIVS the earliest inscribed coin, 55 B.C. - COMMI F[IL] - TINC[OMMIVS] son of Commius. - VERICA or VIRICA son of Commius. The first coin with - REX inscribed. - - III.--KENTISH DISTRICT, or country of the Cantii, comprising the - present counties of Kent and East Surrey, and in which are classed - the coins of-- - - EPPILLVS son of Commivs. - DVBNOVELLAVNVS _temp._ Augusti. - VOSE[NOS] of uncertain date. - AMMINVS " " - CRAB " " - - IV.--The CENTRAL DISTRICT, or country of the Catyeuchlani and - Trinobantes, comprising the present counties of Buckinghamshire, - Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, Middlesex, Essex, Northamptonshire, - and parts of Berkshire, Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, and - Oxfordshire, and in which are included the coins of-- - - ANDOCO[MIVS] contemporary with Tasciovanus. - TASCIOVANVS 30 B.C., who died 5 A.D. - VERULAMIUM which was the chief seat of Tasciovanus’s government. - RUFI or RVLI } - DIAS } - RICON } contemporary, but unknown. - SEGO } - EPATICVS son of Tasciovanus. - CVNOBELINVS son of Tasciovanus, _circa_ 40 A.D. - And several others whose legends are undecipherable. - - V.--The EASTERN DISTRICT, or country of the Iceni, comprising - the present counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, and parts of - Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire, and in which are classed the - coins of-- - - - ADDEDOMARVS, supposed to have been contemporary with Cunobelinus. - - ECEN } - SAEMV-- } - ACSV } all unknown - ANTED } - CAV (?) or CAM } - DVRO } - - VI.--The YORKSHIRE DISTRICT, or country of the Brigantes, comprising - Yorkshire and parts of the adjacent counties to the south, and in - which are included the coins of-- - - VOLISIOS. - DVMNOCOVEROS. - DVMN--TIGIP--SENO (?) - VEP-- - CORF. - AVN T-- - IISVPSV. - -The parts of the country inhabited at one time or other by various -tribes may be tabulated as follows, and will be useful to students of -that early period of national history; the present names of counties, -as the most convenient, are given in the list. The tribes seem to have -been the-- - -ANCALITES, an early tribe who inhabited part of Berkshire. - -ATREBATES, the main portion of Berkshire. - -ATTACOTTI, a fierce Scottish tribe. - -BELGÆ, the country from the southern coast to the Bristol Channel, -including Hants, Wilts, and Somerset. - -BIBROCI, an early tribe, part of Berks, and Hants, Surrey, Sussex, and -the east of Kent. - -BRIGANTES, the country from the Mersey and Humber to Scotland. - -CIMBRI, the borders of Devonshire. - -CANGI, North Wales, on the coast of the Irish Sea. - -CANTII, Kent, which in Cæsar’s time was divided among four chiefs or -kings. - -CASSI, Hertfordshire. - -CATYEUCHLANI, Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, and Hertfordshire. - -CŒNIMAGNI, Suffolk. - -CORITANI, or CORITAVI, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, -Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, and Rutland. - -CORNABII, Warwickshire, Worcestershire, Staffordshire, Shropshire, -Cheshire, and part of Flintshire. - -DUMNONII, or DAMNONII, Cornwall and Devonshire. - -DEMETÆ, Caermarthenshire, Cardiganshire, and Pembrokeshire. - -DOBUNI, Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire. - -DUROTRIGES, Dorsetshire. - -GADENI, Cumberland and part of Northumberland; and Selkirk, and -adjacent portions of Scotland. - -HEDUI, Somersetshire. - -ICENI, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and Huntingdonshire. - -JUGANTES, coast of the Irish Sea. - -MORINI, Dorsetshire. - -ORDOVICES, Flint, Denbigh, Montgomery, Merioneth, Caernarvon, and -Anglesea. - -OTADINI, the land from the Tyne to the Forth. PARISII, the south-east -of Yorkshire. - -REGNI, Surrey and Sussex. - -REMI, supposed to be identical with the Bibroci. - -SEGONTIACI, the greater part of Hampshire, and Berkshire. - -SENONES, a portion of Hampshire. - -SESTUNTII, Westmoreland and Cumberland. - -SILURES, Herefordshire, Radnorshire, Brecknockshire, Monmouthshire, and -Glamorganshire. - -TRINOBANTES, Middlesex and Essex. - -VOLUNTII, Lancashire. - - * * * * * - -I now proceed to enumerate some of the inscribed coins referred to -under the geographical arrangement already given. - - -BODVOC. - -[Illustration] - -Coins bearing the word BODVOC, BODVO, or ODVOC, have usually, but -erroneously, been ascribed to Boadicea, Queen of the Iceni. As is -remarked by Evans, “there is no ground for supposing that any coins -were struck by Boadicea, who never seems to have exercised the queenly -power, unless as the leader of a short-lived revolt, and whose chief -complaint against the Romans was, that the kingdom left by her husband -Prasutagus, to which possibly she may have hoped to succeed, was -overrun and pillaged by their troops, she herself scourged, and her -daughters put to shame.” Moreover, no coins of BODVOC have ever been -found in the Icenian territory, but are confined to the opposite side -of the country; and are evidently of a date anterior to the revolt of -Boadicea. The usual type has on the _obverse_ simply the word BODVOC -in large letters across the field; _reverse_, a horse of more or less -disjointed character, with chariot-wheel and other details. One example -has, however, on the _obverse_ a profile bust to the left, and letters -BODVO in front of the face; and _reverse_, a horse, etc. - - -CATTI. - -A convex coin. _Obverse_, an object which may be described as -a branch, or a spike of flowers; _reverse_, a disjointed horse, -chariot-wheel, etc., and the letters CATTI. - - -COMVX. - -Much the same as the last, with the letters, on _reverse_, COMVX. - - -VO-CORIO. - -The reading of these is doubtful. The coins are much the same as the -last, with the letters VO-CORIO over the horse on the _reverse_. One -variety has the additional letters A D in front of the horse’s head, -and another also a D by its legs; thus the continuous inscription would -be VOCORIOADD, but is at present uninterpretable. - - -ANTEDRIGVS. - -_Obverse_, same as the last; _reverse_, disjointed horse, with -chariot-wheel and other objects, and the letters ANTEDRIGV, or ANTE[BO] -I. OV. Another type has, _obverse_, a barbarous attempt at a head; and -_reverse_, a horse as usual, with the letters ANTE[BO], or ANTED, or -ANTE[BO]RI, etc. - - -INMA, INAM, or INARA. - -[Illustration] - -_Obverse_, as before; _reverse_, disjointed horse, with chariot-wheel, -etc., and the letters INMA, INAM, or more probably INARA. - - -SVEI. - -_Obverse_, barbarous attempt at a head; _reverse_, disjointed horse, -and letters SV above, and EI beneath the horse. Probably struck by some -British regulus whose name began with SVEI. - - -COMMIVS (?). - -_Obverse_, rude attempt at a head; _reverse_, disjointed horse, with -chariot-wheel, etc., and the letters MMIOS, or OMMIOS. - - -TINC[OMMIVS]. - -A son of Commivs. _Obverse_, on some, portions of a rude bust; on -others, TINC on a sunk tablet; others, COM, or COM·F, on a similar sunk -tablet; others, TINCOM, or NCOM, etc., between zigzag and corded lines -across the field; others, TINC on a tablet, above which is C and below -F, etc. _Reverse_, on some, a rude, disjointed horse, with the letters, -TINC COMMI F; others, a horse as before, with TIN DV; others, of a -higher class of art, a horseman poising a javelin, and charging to the -left, with C F below and a star above; others, horseman with javelin as -before, and TIN; another, a winged head of Medusa, which unique coin is -in Mr. Evans’s cabinet; others, a horse and TIN; and other varieties. - - -VERICA, or VIRICA. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -A son of Commivs. _Obverse_, an expanded five-lobed leaf, or a cluster -of five oak leaves, with VI on one side, and RI on the other; a sunk -tablet of various forms, with the letters COM·F; VERI·COM·F in two -lines; VERICA COMMI F encircling a circular shield, or other object; -COM F between crescents with horns facing inwards; a semi-draped seated -figure, with VERICA; a filleted bust with VIRRI; and others, examples -of which are here engraved. _Reverse_, on some a horseman galloping -or leaping, with CO·F, VIR REX, or VIR; a riderless horse with REX, -VI, VIR; a lion with VIR; a trophy of an attempted imitation of the -Roman caduceus between two cornucopiæ, rising from a two-handled vase, -and COMMI F; a capricorn, with EPPI COM F, etc.; this latter being -very remarkable as bearing the names of the two brothers Verica and -Eppillus. Another variety has a horseman on each side, with COM F on -the _obverse_, and VERICA on the _reverse_; and another, a diademed and -draped bust on one side with VIRI, and on the other, a seated figure of -Victory (?), as here engraved. - - -EPPILLUS. - -[Illustration] - -One of the sons of Commius, and brother to Tinc[ommius] and Verica. -His name occurs in various stages of abbreviation, EPPILLVS, EPPIL, -EPPI, EPP, and EP. _Obverse_, on some the name EPPIL COM F in two -lines across the coin; others, a circular wreath inclosing COM F; or -winged figure of Victory within a wreath; or a beaded band and a line -of foliage in saltire, with the four letters E P P I, one on each of -the angles of the cross; or a diademed head; or an eagle rising with -EPP; or an ornamental cross, with EPPI COM F between the limbs (p. -6, Fig. E); or a bull, evidently copied from the coin of Augustus, -here engraved. _Reverse_, a winged horse, or Pegasus; or an undraped -horseman galloping, with EPPILLVS, etc.; or draped horseman galloping, -with EPPI COM F; or horse only, with EPPI, and a quatrefoil or other -ornaments; or undraped standing winged figure, with EP; or a crescent -between two clusters of pellets, with REX CALLE (supposed to allude to -Calleva--Silchester--as place of mintage); and other varieties. - - -DVBNOVELLAVNVS. - -_Obverse_, on some a device (placed diagonally across the coin) that -may almost be taken to be the thunderbolt of Jove, between two circles -that _may_ be the wheel of Nemesis, the emblem of swift and retributive -justice, as not unfrequently represented in Roman art; or a laureated -head, with DVBNO; or other device. _Reverse_, on some a horse with or -without a wreath or branch below and other minor devices, with the -letters DVBNO ..., [DV]BNOVELL ..., DVBNOVIILLA, [DVBNO]VIILLAVN, or -DVBNO[VELLA]VNOS; or a griffin, or ornithocephalous winged horse with -star and other ornaments; or a horse with DVBN in a tablet; or other -varieties. - - -VOSE[NOS] (?). - -_Obverse_, plain convex. _Reverse_, a horse, above which is a bull’s -head and a ring ornament; and, beneath, what has been described as a -“horned serpent,” but may be a torque or other object, with ... NOS; -or a horse with other accompaniments, and VOSII. - - -AMMINVS. - -[Illustration] - -_Obverse_, a bust to the right, with or without AMMI; or a plant of -seven branches with AMMINVS. _Reverse_, front view of a biga, or what -may be described as two demi-horses conjoined, heads and forelegs -facing outwards, a human head between, and the letters E above and S -below; or the exergual line, winged Pegasus passant, with DVN above and -AM; or a Capricorn, or hippocampus, and AM. - - -CRAB. - -Only two coins, according to Mr. Evans, are known bearing this name, or -rather commencement of a name, the remainder of which is unknown. One -of the two known examples bears on the _obverse_ a cross whose limbs -are formed of three rows of beads, with central ring, and in the angles -between the limbs of the cross the letters C R A B. _Reverse_, an eagle -rising regardant. The other has, _obverse_, the letters C R A B on a -tablet, above which is an annulet, and, below, an S-shaped object; -_reverse_, a tressure of six beaded points, points outwards, with a -central ring, and within each of the outer curves three pellets. - - -ANDOCO[MIVS] (?). - -[Illustration] - -_Obverse_, on some, bust to the right, with the letters ANDOCO; or a -double cruciform ornament, formed, the one cross of beaded fillets, -and other of two torque-like figures, more or less developed and -accompanied by other minor marks (p. 6, Fig. B); or a bearded profile -bust with a, etc. _Reverse_, a horse, with ANDOCO; or a horse with a -bull’s head above, and ANDO; or a bridled winged Pegasus, with ANDOC, -the N and D conjoined, etc. - - -TASCIOVANVS. - -Ascertained from numismatic evidence to have been the father of -Cunobelinus and of Epaticcus, is supposed to have reigned some quarter -of a century B.C., with his capital fixed at Verulamium, and to have -died somewhere about 5 B.C. _Obverse_, on some, a double cruciform -device of the same general character as the last described, but of -more or less disjointed and imperfect execution (p. 6, Fig. H); or a -somewhat similar device, with the letters TASCI between the limbs of -the cross; or TASC on an oblong tablet with lines extended from its -angles, and forming, with a beaded band, etc., a kind of cruciform -ornament; or TASC within an oblong tablet surrounded by a beaded -circle; or a beaded bust to the left; or a laureated bust, with TASCIA; -or a Pegasus, with TAS; or an eagle, wings closed, regardant, with -TASCIA; or a bust to the right, with TASCIAVA; and others. _Reverse_, -on some, a horse with various accompaniments, with TASCIOVAN, -[T]ASCIAV, TAXCI, TASCIA, or TASC, etc.; or a mounted horseman, with -various contractions of the name; or a figure of Pegasus; or a bull -with tail over back and head as in act of tossing, as on the coin -of Augustus (already referred to under Eppillus), from which it has -evidently been copied; or a winged griffin; or a boar; or other device. - - -VERVLAMIVM. - -The coins of Verulamium, the ancient city of Verulam, near St. Albans, -the capital of the Catyeuchlani, and a place of mintage during -some period of time, are tolerably numerous in their types and of -considerable interest. Its name as a place of mintage first appears -upon the coins of Silvanus; on the gold in extremely small characters, -but more conspicuously upon the silver and copper pieces. On some of -the latter we have the name of the town alone, without that of the -prince, but the types are so connected with those which bear the name -of Tasciovanus that it is evident the apparently autonomous coins -must have been issued during his reign. Among the abbreviated forms -of the name of the city upon coins there struck are V, VER, VIIR, -and VERLAMIO, and these occur in connection with, or separate from, -other inscriptions. The _obverse_ of one, bearing the letters VERLAMIO -between the points of the limbs of a double cruciform ornament, is -engraved on (p. 6, Fig. J). - - -TASCIO RICON. - -Coins bearing the letters-- - - TASCIO TASCI TASCIOV TASCI - RICON RICONI RICON RICON - -and the like, in two lines divided from each other in a tablet across -the field of the coin, appear to have been struck by Tasciovanus at -some town of mintage indicated by RICON, but which has not yet been -satisfactorily ascertained. - - -SEGO. - -Coins bearing the letters SEGO on a tablet, with or without the TASCIO -of Tasciovanus, would seem to have been struck by him at some place, or -recording some tribe, not yet accurately appropriated. - - -EPATICCVS. - -One of the sons of Tasciovanus and brother of Cunobeline. _Obverse_, -on some, an ear of bearded coin and the letters TASCI F; or a head -of Hercules, and EPATI or EPAT. _Reverse_, on some a nude mounted -horseman, with lance and shield, and EPATICCV; or an eagle standing on -a serpent, etc. - - -CVNOBELINVS. - -The “Cymbeline” of Shakespeare, a son of Tasciovanus and brother -of Epaticcus, and during whose reign the birth of our Saviour took -place, struck a considerable variety of coins in all the metals. He -had Camulodunum (Colchester) for his capital and place of mintage. -Of his sons Togodumnos and Caractacus no coins are known. The coins -of Cunobeline are so numerous and varied that it is not necessary to -summarize their types. The following are examples of the inscriptions:-- - - _Obverse_, CAMVL. _Reverse_, CVNOBELI. - CA MV. CVNO. - CA MV. CVN. - CVNO BELI. CVN. - CVNO BELI. IDA. - CVN. - CVN. CV N. - CVNO. TASC. F. - CVNOBELINI. TASCIO. - CVNO. TASCIO. - TASCIIOVAN. CVNOBELI. - CV NO. TASCIIOVA. - CVNOBELINVS. TASCIOVANI. - CVN or CVNO. CAM. - CVNO. CAMV. - CVNOBELIN. CAM. - CAMVL. CVNO. - CVNO. SOLIDV. - CVNOBELINI. TASCIOVANI. F. - CVNOBELINVS. TASCIIOVANII. F. - CVNOB. TASCIIOVANTIS. - CVNOBII. TAS FIL. - CVNOBELINVS REX. TASC. - CAMVL ODVNO. CVNO. - - -ADDEDOMAROS. - -Possibly partly contemporary with Cunobeline. _Obverse_, on some a -singular device partaking of the conventional form of the “Thunderbolt -of Jove,” as before alluded to; on others, a six-limbed device, the -limbs curved in “Catherine-wheel” form, and springing from three -central crescents, rings and pellets in the angles; or a cross with -beaded lines and two crescents (p. 6, Fig. C). _Reverse_, on some, a -horse with or without branch beneath, and with or without wheel, and -other rude ornaments, and ADDEDO-MARVS, or ADDEDO, or A[BO][BO]IIDO[M], -or other abbreviations. - - -THE ICENI. - -A number of inscribed coins about which nothing certain is known have, -with considerable show of reason, been attributed generally to the -Iceni. Their types are very varied, and need not be recapitulated. -Among the inscriptions are the following:--ECE or ECEN (probably for -ICEN), AESV, SAEMV or SAFMV, ANTD or ANTED, CAV ... DVRO (possibly -DVRO-CAM[BORICVM]), etc., etc. Many varieties of uninscribed coins are -also, with more or less show of reason, attributed to the Iceni. The -_obverse_ of one example is engraved on (p. 6, Fig. i). - -[Illustration] - - -THE BRIGANTES. - -A number of coins have, with plausible reasoning, been appropriated by -Mr. Evans and other authorities, to the Brigantes, whose dominions seem -to have comprised Yorkshire, Lancashire, and other northern parts, and -who are indeed said to have been the original inhabitants, the Britons -proper, of the island, who had been driven inland and northwards by -successive invaders of the soil, and they seem to have been among -the latest to retain the original national characteristics. Among -the inscribed coins (which are of unusual rudeness) believed to have -belonged to them, are those bearing the letters VO·LI·SI·OS on the -_obverse_, and DVM NOCO VEROS, or DVMNO CO VEROS, on the _reverse_; -DVMNOVERO; IISVPSV; VEP, VEP CORF, or VEP RF; DVMN on _obverse_, and -TIGIP-SENO on _reverse_; AVNT or AVN-T, the AVN being over the back of -the horse, and the T beneath its neck. - - -CHANNEL ISLANDS. - -A number of types of rude uninscribed coins, partaking of the character -of those of Gaulish origin, mostly in billon, but sometimes of silver -or bronze, are ascribed to the Channel Islands, and numbers of them -have been found in Jersey and other islands, as well as in our own -country. The examples engraved are in my own possession, and were -found, with others, in Devonshire. - -[Illustration] - -The usual type is a boldly cut, but rudely designed, head, a coarse -imitation of the Greek already referred to; and the _reverse_ a -horse more or less disjointed or disintegrated, and accompanied by -indications, more or less distinct, of wheels and other objects. - -As indicating to some extent the area over which the coins of the -ancient Britons circulated, it may be said that the approximate number -of _recorded_ localities in which “finds” have been made in the -“forty shires” may be summarized as most of all in Kent (say forty -places); about half that number in Dorset, Sussex, and Essex; about -a third in Oxfordshire; say a fourth in Suffolk, Surrey, Buckingham, -Hampshire, Herts, and Northampton; and so decreasing in Beds., Cambs., -and Norfolk; Berks, Middlesex, and Gloucester; Wilts and Somerset; -Lincolnshire and Yorkshire; Leicestershire, Monmouthshire, and -Worcestershire; and Devonshire, Cornwall, Huntingdon, Lancashire, -Northumberland, Nottingham, and Westmoreland. Derbyshire, -Staffordshire, and the other counties not enumerated, not having, so -far as at present known to me, produced a single _recorded_ example. - -[Illustration] - - - - -COINS OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS. - - -The earliest coins of the Anglo-Saxon period appear to have been -rude imitations of some of the later current pieces of their Roman -predecessors in our island. It seems doubtful whether at first they -had a coinage of their own, the probability being that those of the -Romano-Britons continued, as they naturally would, to be circulated. -Some of the sceattæ bear more or less rude figures and uncouth heads -and devices, some being evident imitations of the well-known type of -Romulus and Remus suckled by the she-wolf, and others of equally well -known types. From the sceattæ, one of our common expressions at the -present is derived. The word in the singular is _sceat_ or _scæt_, -and the Saxon _sc_ being pronounced soft, as _sh_, became _sheat_ or -_shæt_. From this it naturally became corrupted into “shot,” and thus -“paying your shot” simply meant paying your money, or clearing your -reckoning, and “not having a shot in your locker,” being without money -in cupboard, or purse. These early coins, some of which appear to bear -Runic characters, cannot with any degree of certainty be appropriated -to any kings. - -The penny, _penig_, _pening_, or _pending_ (said to be the diminutive -of _pand_, a pledge, and also by some said to be derived from -_pendere_, to weigh) is first named in the laws of Ina, king of the -West Saxons, who began to reign A.D. 688. It was, as now, as has been -conclusively shown, the 240th part of a pound, which weighed about 5760 -grains; the weight of a penny was, therefore, 24 grains, which still in -our tables constitute a “dwt.” or “pennyweight.” - -The generally received opinion is that the first pennies as succeeding -the sceattæ; and quite independent of the stycas, were struck by -Offa, king of Mercia, from A.D. 757 to 796. “When the kingdoms of -the Heptarchy were united in one sovereignty,” as I have written on -another occasion, “the mints were regulated by laws framed by the -Wittenagemote, or Great Council of the Nation; but it was not till the -time of Æthelstan (924-940), that it was appointed there should be -one kind of money throughout the whole realm, and that no one should -coin but in a town. According to Stow, ‘Æthelstan made, seven coining -mints at Canterbury, four for the king, two for the archbishop, and one -for the abbot; at Rochester three, two for the king, and one for the -bishop. Besides these, in London eight, in Winchester six, in Lewes -two, in Chichester one, in Hampton two, in Shaftesbury two, and in -every other town one coiner.’ The coins remaining pretty well prove -this, and show there were very few considerable towns without a mint; -for besides those particularly mentioned in Æthelstan’s law, there are -coins of Derby, Bristol, Evesham, Exeter, Gloucester, Ipswich, Lincoln, -Norwich, Shrewsbury, Thetford, Wallingford, Worcester, York, and other -places. The probability is that the custom of impressing on coins the -name of the town of the mintage began in the early part of the reign of -Æthelstan.” - -One of the largest “finds” of Anglo-Saxon coins was made at Cuerdale, -where, along with a vast number of foreign pieces, there were found:-- - - 2 of Æthelred. - 24 of Æthelstan II. - 1 of Ciolwulf. - 857 of Alfred. - 45 of Eadwerd. - 1 of Abp. Ceolnoth. - 59 of Abp. Plegmund. - 2 of Sitric. - 1770 of St. Eadmund. - etc. - - -Under the ordinary order of arrangement, the following may be taken as -indications of the coins of Anglo-Saxon rulers:-- - - -_KINGS OF KENT._ ÆTHILBERHT I., 725-764. - -The _sceat_ attributed to this king is doubtful. - -EGCBERHT, 765-791. - -The name is found as EGCBERHT RX. and on the _reverse_ is the moneyer’s -name. - - -EADBEARHT, 794-798. - -_Obverse_, the name EADBEARHT REX in three lines across the field. - -_Reverse_, moneyer’s name with device. - - -CUTHRED, 798-805. - -_Obverse_, on some a profile bust, others three arms branching out -from the inner circle, and extending through the legend, CVDRED REX -or CVDRED REX CANT. _Reverse_, moneyer’s name with similar device or -cross, etc. - - -BALDRED, 805-823. - -_Obverse_, bust or cross within inner circle, BALDRED, BELDRED, or -BEALDRED REX CN or CANT. _Reverse_, moneyer’s name, cross, etc. One of -his coins has on the _reverse_ DIORMOD MONETA, and within the inner -circle, in two lines, DRVR CITS for _Dorovernia Civitas_ or city of -Canterbury, and is the earliest known instance of place of mintage -appearing upon Saxon coins. - - -_MERCIAN KINGS._ OFFA, 757-796. - -[Illustration] - -The coins of Offa are of great variety in type, of considerable beauty -in design, and of better workmanship than most of the Saxon pennies. -On the _obverse_ is the name OFFA REX, or REX M, or REX MERCIORN. -_Reverse_, various crosses and other devices and moneyer’s name. Of -these upwards of fifty are known, and some of them used Runic letters. - - -CYNEFRYTH. - -Coins of this queen (supposed to be the wife of Offa) are known, and -bear on one side the bust and moneyer’s name; on the other her name and -REGINA. - - -COENVVLF, 794-818. - -The coins bear a marked resemblance to those of Offa, but are inferior -in execution. The name is usually COENVVLF REX, with or without M for -Mercia, and on the _reverse_ the moneyer’s name, and often the word -MONETA. Upwards of fifty moneyers are known. - - -CEOLVVLF I., 819. - -[Illustration] - -The appropriation of coins to this king is conjectural. The name occurs -as CIOLVVLF or CEOLVVLF REX M, or MI or MCI or MERCI. - - -BEORNVVLF, 820-824. - -_Obverse_, BEORNVVLF or BEORNWVLF REX, REX M, etc., with bust. -_Reverse_, moneyer’s name. - - -LUDICA or LUDICAN, 824, 825. - -_Obverse_, LVDICA REX or RX, ME with bust. _Reverse_, moneyer’s name, -with cross, etc. - - -WIGLAF, 825-839. - -_Obverse_, VVIGLAF REX M and bust. _Reverse_, moneyer’s name, with -cross. - - -BERTHVVLF, 839-852. - -_Obverse_, bust, and name BERHTVLF or BERHTVVLF REX or REX M. -_Reverse_, moneyer’s name, with cross, etc.; one has a tall cross -between T A, and another the Christian monogram [CR] within the inner -circle. About twenty moneyers are known. - - -BURGHRED, 852-874. - -_Obverse_, bust, and name BVRGRED or BVRGRD; RE, REX, or RECX M. -_Reverse_, moneyer’s name, usually in a line across the middle of -the coin with MON above and ETA below. About one hundred and fifty -varieties of moneyers’ names are known. - - -CEOLVVLF II., 874. - -The coins of this last of the Mercian kings are not very satisfactorily -to be distinguished from those of Ceolvvlf I. They bear a bust and -CIOLVVLF or CEOLVVLF REX. - - -_KINGS OF THE EAST ANGLES._ BEONNA. - -Beonna or Beorn was contemporary with Offa. _Obverse_, BEONNA REX. -_Reverse_, a cross within a square, from whose angles lines of dots -project, and letters. - - -EADVALD, 819-827. - -_Obverse_, EADVALD REX in three lines. _Reverse_, moneyer’s name. - - -ÆTHELSTAN I., _circa_ 828-837. - -_Obverse_, bust or letter A, and name ETHELTTAN or ETHELZTAN REX or REX -ANG. _Reverse_, moneyer’s name, of which several varieties are known. - - -ETHELWARD, _circa_ 837-850. - -Same general character as the others, with ETHELWARD, AETHELVVEARD, -ETHELVVEARD, or ETHELOARO, RE or REX. _Reverse_, crosses and moneyers’ -names. - - -BEORHTRIC, _circa_ 852. - -_Obverse_, letter A or AM, and name BEORHTRIC, BEORMIRIC, or -BEORCHTRIC, RE or REX. _Reverse_, moneyer’s name, etc. - - -EADMUND, OR ST. EADMUND, 855-870. - -_Obverse_, letter A or cross and crescent, and name EADMVND or ADMVND; -RE, RX, or REX, AN. _Reverse_, moneyers’ names, etc., of which above -thirty varieties are known. - - -ÆTHELSTAN II., 870-890. - -_Obverse_, letter A or cross and name EDELSTIN, EDELSTAN, EDILARE, -etc.; R, RE, or REX, A or AN. _Reverse_, moneyer’s name, of which -several varieties are known. - - -_KINGS OF NORTHUMBERLAND._ ECGFRITH, - -670-685. - -_Obverse_, cross and name ECGFRID REX. _Reverse_, radiated cross and -LVX. - - -ALDFRID, 685-705. - -_Obverse_, cross and name ALDFRIDVS. _Reverse_, a four-footed animal. - - -EADBERHT, 737-758. - -Nothing can be definitely asserted as to the coins of this king; those -ascribed to him may belong to Ecgberht. - - -MOLL ETHILWALD, 759-765. - -Two coins have been attributed to him, the name on the _obverse_ being -on one EDI[L]HD[L]V, and on the other ATHBADIV. - -ALCHRED, 765. - -Coins supposed to belong to him bear the name ALCHRED or A[L]CHRED. - - -ELFWALD, 779-788. - -Some sceattæ bearing the word E[L]FVA[L]V or VALD[F][E]LA on one side, -and a quadruped on the other, have been ascribed to him. - - -HEARDULF, 794-806. - -_Obverse_, HEARDVLF. _Reverse_, moneyer’s name, of which six are known. - - -ELFWALD II., 806-808. - -The coins assigned to this king are uncertain. - - -EANRED, 808-840. - -About two thousand coins of Eanred were found some years back at -Hexham. His name is variously spelled, as EANRED REX, and the like, and -the variety of names of moneyers numbers about a hundred. - - -ÆTHELRED II., 840-848. - -About two thousand coins of this king were found at Hexham. Some -bear his own name and that of his father Eanred. The name is spelled -EDELRED, EDE[L]RED, AEILRED, AEDELRED, or AEDILRED, R or REX; and the -_reverse_, the moneyer’s name and a device; the varieties of moneyers’ -names numbering about a hundred. - - -REDULF, 844. - -About a hundred of his stycas were found at Hexham. _Obverse_, cross -and REDVLF, REDVVLF, REDVL, or REDVLE, RE RX or REX. _Reverse_, -moneyers’ name, of which about a score of varieties are known. - - -OSBERCHT, 848-867. - -_Obverse_, name OSBERCHT, OSBERCHTE, OSBERCHE, OSBERCHEC, OSBRCHT, -OSBERH, or OSBVEHT; R, RE, or REX. _Reverse_, moneyers’ names, of which -about twenty varieties are known. - - -ÆLLA, 862-867. - -It is doubtful whether the stycas said to belong to this king are -correctly appropriated. - - -HALFDEN, 875-883. - -From the time of Halfden both sceattæ and stycas ceased to be coined. A -penny and a halfpenny of his were found at Cuerdale. _Obverse_, cross -and ALFDENE or VLFDENE, RX or REX. _Reverse_, moneyer’s name. - - -SITRIC. - -_Obverse_, SITRIC COMEZ in two lines across the coin, with crosses -between; _reverse_, moneyer’s name in lines across the coin. - - -CNUT, 883-900. - -Of Cnut no fewer than 2534 coins were found at Cuerdale in 1840. -_Obverse_, CNVT, CNVTI, CVNNETTI (differently abbreviated), CNT, etc.; -R, RN, RX, RIX, REX, etc. Some have a cross of various forms with the -letters CNVT terminating the four - - C - | - limbs, thus V-+-T _Reverse_, extremely varied, with crosses - | - N - -and other devices, and moneyers’ town or names, as EBRAICE CIVITAS, -MIRABILA FECIT, SIEFREDVS, etc. - - -SIEFRID, _circa_ 900. - -_Obverse_, crosses and name, as SIEFREDVS, SIEVERT, SIEVERTI, or -SIUERT; R, RE, or REX. The cross with letters at ends of - - CSIE - E | - D | F - the limbs occurs on some, as I --|-- R _Reverse_, names of - I | X - SRE - -moneyer or town with cross, etc., and on some the word - - X - | - REX X--|--R etc. - | - E - - -ALWALD, 901-905. - -_Obverse_, ALVALDVS or ALVVALDV. _Reverse_, D[=NS] [=DS] REX in two -lines across the coin. - - -SITRIC, _circa_ 921-926. - -_Obverse_, SITRIC REX in two lines across the coin divided by a sword; -SITRIC CVNVNC A with trefoil ornament; or L[=VD]O SITRC in two lines -with sword between, and hammer of Thor below, dividing the lower word. -_Reverse_, crosses and crescents and lettering. - - -ERIC, 927-954. - -_Obverse._ ERIC REX A, or AL, EBOR, EF, EN, IO, N or NO, or TO, in two -lines divided by a sword. _Reverse_, moneyer’s name, etc. - - -REGNALD, 912-944. - -_Obverse_, trefoil interlaced knot, or cross, and name, REGNALD CVNVL, -or REG CVNVNC. _Reverse_, cross or “Danish Standard,” and AVRA MONITRE -or BA[ldri]C NOTR AL, etc. - - -ANLAF. - -_Obverse_, cross, “Danish Raven,” or interlaced trefoil knot, and the -name ANLAF, ONLAF or ONLOF, REX, or CVNVNC, T D or other letters. -_Reverse_, cross, Danish Raven, or Danish Standard, and moneyer’s -name, followed by MONETA, MONE, MONETR, MINETER, etc., etc. About -twenty varieties of moneyers’ names are known. One _reverse_ has the -moneyer’s name, RADVLF, in a line across the coin, with a flower and -leaves above, and flowers below. - - -_KINGS OF THE WEST SAXONS, etc._ ECGBEORHT. - -[Illustration] - -_Obverse_, profile, cross, or other device with name ECGBEARHT, -AEGCBEARHT, or HECBEARHT; R, RE, or REX; SAX or SAXO. _Reverse_, -crescents, tribrach, monogram, or cross and moneyer’s name, of which -there are about thirty varieties known. - - -ETHELWLF, 837-856. - -[Illustration] - -_Obverse_, cross, bust, or monogram, etc., and name ETHELVVLF, -ÆTHELVVLF, AETHLVLF, ETHELVLF, ETHELVVLFI, or other form; R, RE, REX, -or REXX. _Reverse_, cross, monogram, or other device, and moneyer’s -name. On some the titles of the king are continued on the _reverse_, -as CANT, SAXONIORVM, OCCIDENTALIVM, etc. About sixty varieties of -moneyer’s names are known. - - -AETHELBEARHT; 856-866. - -[Illustration] - -_Obverse_, bust with name AETHELBEARHT or AETHEBEARHT, RE or REX. -_Reverse_, cross or other device, and moneyer’s name, etc. The one -engraved bears in a cross the moneyer’s name [+] DEGBEARHT, and MO of -MONETA, the last four letters of which (NETA) are between the limbs of -the cross. Sixty varieties of moneyers’ names are known. - - -AETHELRED, 866-871. - -_Obverse_, bust, or in one instance front of a temple, and name, -AETHELRED, ETHELRED, EDELRED, ATHELERED, or ATHLEDI; REX or REX ANG. -_Reverse_, cross, or other device, and moneyer’s name, of which about -thirty varieties are known. - - -AELFRED, 872-901. - -_Obverse_, bust of the king on many coins, on others a cross or other -device, with the name ÆLFRED, ÆLFRD, ÆLFD, EL, ELFRED, or AELFRED; R, -RE, RX or REX; S, SAX, SAXONVM, etc. _Reverse_, various devices and -moneyers’ names, of which about two hundred varieties are known. Some -of his coins bear the monogram of London, or rather Londini, sometimes -with or without the moneyer’s name, and MONETA and others with -monograms of other places of mintage. The variety of forms and devices -upon Alfred’s coins is exceptionally great. - - -EDWEARD THE ELDER, 901-925. - -_Obverse_, bust, cross, star, or other device, and name EADVVEARD REX -SAXONVM. On some there is no device, and the name is arranged in three -lines across the coin. _Reverse_, cross, building, bird, flower, or -other device, and moneyer’s name, etc., of which there are about 130 -varieties known. - - -AETHELSTAN, 925-941. - -_Obverse_, crowned bust or cross, and name ÆTHELSTAN, ETHELSTAN, -ÆDELSTAN, or abbreviated; R or REX, or REX SAXORVM, or REX TOTIVS -BRITANNIÆ, etc. _Reverse_, cross, building, or other device, and name -of moneyer, etc. On some the name is in lines across the coin, and -some are devoid of all ornament. The names upon these coins, of towns -where minted, are Derby, Bath, Southampton, Canterbury, Exeter, York, -Gloucester, Hereford, Leicester, London, Langport, Norwich, Oxford, -Rochester, Shaftesbury, Shrewsbury, Nottingham, Stafford, Worcester, -Wallingford, Wareham, and Winchester, and the number of known varieties -of moneyers’ names closely approaches 220. - -EADMUND, 941-946. - -_Obverse_, bust, or cross and name, as EADMVND, or EDMEVNDI, REX. -_Reverse_, small cross in centre of inner circle and moneyer’s name, -or the name in lines across. The places of mintage are London, York, -Exeter, Southampton, Leicester, Oxford, and Norwich, and the number of -varieties of moneyer’s names over 160. - - -EADRED, 946-955. - -_Obverse_, bust, or cross, etc., and name, as EADRED or ETHRED REX, -or REX ANGLOR, or REX SAXORVM. _Reverse_, moneyer’s name, either in -the usual way or in lines across, and small cross or other device. The -known towns of mintage on these coins are Exeter, Lincoln, and Norwich, -and the number of varieties of moneyers’ names is over 160. - - -EADWIG, 955-959. - -_Obverse_, bust or cross, and name, as EADVVIG REX. _Reverse_, -moneyer’s name, etc., in usual way or in lines, with cross or other -device. The towns of mintage are Exeter, Bedford, York, Southampton, -Hereford, Huntingdon, London, Norwich, Worcester, and Winchester, and -there are sixty known varieties of moneyers’ names. - - -_SOLE MONARCHS._ EADGAR, 959-975. - -_Obverse_, bust or cross, and name, as EADGAR REX, or REX ANGLOR, -or other abbreviation of ANGLORVM, or TO BI, or TOTIVS BRITANNIÆ. -_Reverse_, moneyer’s names, etc. The towns of mintage are Bath, -Bedford, Canterbury, Derby, Exeter, Ely, York, Canterbury, Gloucester, -Ipswich, Southampton, Rochester, Huntingdon, Tutberge, Lewes, -Leicester, Lyminge, Lincoln, Lynn, London, Malmesbury, Norwich, -Oxford, Shrewsbury, St. Edmundsbury, Stamford, Thetford, Teignmouth, -Wallingford, Winchelsea, Wilton, and Winchester; and the varieties in -names of moneyers are almost innumerable. - - -EADWARD (II.) THE MARTYR, 975-978. - -_Obverse_, bust, or cross, and name, as EADPEARD or EADVVEARD, -REX, ANG, ANL, or ANGLORVM, more or less abbreviated. _Reverse_, -moneyers’, etc., names as usual. The towns of mintage are Bath, -Bedford, Canterbury, Chester, Derby, Exeter, York, Ipswich, Gloucester, -Cambridge, Southampton, Hertford, Lewes, Leicester, Lincoln, Lyminge, -Lydford, London, Norwich, Oxford, St. Edmundsbury, Stamford, Tamworth, -Thetford, and Winchester; the varieties in names of moneyers being -above a hundred. - - -AETHELRED II., 978-1016. - -[Illustration] - -_Obverse_, bust of varied character with or without sceptre, etc., -or Agnus Dei, with name, as ÆDELRED, EDELRED, or EDELRÆD, REX, ANG, -ANGL, ANGM, or ANGLORVM, etc. _Reverse_, various crosses and other -devices, or hand from heaven between A ω, and moneyer and town -names. The known names of mintages are Bath, Bedford, Buckingham, -Canterbury, Cambridge, Chichester, Chester, Colchester, Derby, Dublin, -Dover, Dorchester, Exeter, Godalming, Gloucester, Ilchester, Ipswich, -Hertford, Hereford, Huntingdon, Jedburgh, Shaftesbury, Shrewsbury, -Southampton, Sudbury, Lewes, Lancaster, Leicester, Lyminge, Lincoln, -London, Lydford, Maldon, Malmesbury, Norwich, Oxford, Reading, -Winchester, Castle Rising, Rochester, Stafford, Thetford, Totnes, -Torksey, Warwick, Wallingford, Watchet, Worcester, Wilton, and -Winchester. - - -CNUT, 1016-1035. - -_Obverse_, bust, much varied, on some mitred, with or without sceptre, -and name, as CNVT, REX, RECX, RECCX, or RXC; A, AN, ANGL, or ANGLORUM, -etc. _Reverse_, various crosses, etc., and moneyers’ and town names. Of -the latter the following are known:--Bardney, Bath, Bedford, Bristol, -Buckingham, Cadbury, Chichester, Cambridge, Castle Rising, Chepstow, -Chester, Chichester, Canterbury, Colchester, Cricklade, Crewkerne, -Dorchester, Dublin, Exeter, Ely, Ilchester, Ipswich, Gloucester, -Godmanchester, Hastings, Hertford, Hereford, Huntingdon, Hythe, Lewes, -Leyton, Langport, Leicester, Lydford, London, Maldon, Malmesbury, -Norwich, Nottingham, Oxford, Ribchester, Romney, Rochester, Salisbury, -Sandwich, Southampton, Shaftesbury, Shrewsbury, Steyning, Stamford, -Stafford, Southwark, Taunton, Thetford, Totnes, Warwick, Watchet, -Wallingford, Worcester, Wilton, Winchester, and York. - - -HAROLD I., 1035-1040. - -[Illustration] - -_Obverse_, bust, varied, and name, as HARALD, HAROLD, HLOD, or HARE -..., R, RE, REX, or RECX, A, or AN. _Reverse_, cross, varied, and -names of moneyer and town. The mint towns are Bath, Bedford, Bristol, -Canterbury, Cambridge, Chichester, Colchester, Dover, Exeter, Ipswich, -Lewes, Leicester, Lincoln, London, Norwich, Oxford, Rochester, -Salisbury, Southampton, Nottingham, Stafford, Thetford, Warwick, -Wilton, Wallingford, Worcester, Winchester, and York. - - -HARTHACNUT, 1040-1042. - -_Obverse_, bust, varied, and name, as HARTHACNVT, HARTHECNVT, -ARTHECNVT, HARNATHECN, or abbreviations, R, RE, or REX, and in one -instance, AN. _Reverse_, cross, varied, and moneyer and town names. The -latter, as known, are Bath, Bristol, Chester, Dover, Exeter, Guildford, -Gloucester, Hereford, Huntingdon, London, Lincoln, Norwich, Nottingham, -Oxford, Salisbury, Stamford, Steyning, Southwark, Warwick, Worcester, -and Winchester. - - -EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, 1042-1066. - -_Obverse_, bust, varied, or king seated on throne with full regalia, -and name, as EDWERD, EDWARD, EDWEARD, EADWARD, EADVVEARDVS, EADVEARD, -etc., R, RE, or REX, ANGLORVM, more or less abbreviated. _Reverse_, -cross, varied, and other devices, or PAX across the field, or the -arms, a cross between four martlets, etc., and moneyers’ and mintage -town names, among the known places of which are Aylesbury, Bath, -Derby, Hastings, Southampton, Bedford, Bedwin, Berkeley, Bristol, -Canterbury, Chichester, Cricklade, Colchester, Salisbury, Dover, -Dorchester, St. Edmundsbury, Exeter, Lewes, York, Ilchester, Ipswich, -Gloucester, Guildford, Hastings, Cambridge, Southampton, Hertford, -Hereford, Horningdon, Huntingdon, Hythe, Longport, Leicester, Chester, -Lincoln, London, Maldon, Malmesbury, Newport, Norwich, Oxford, Castle -Rising, Rochester, Winchester, Sandwich, Shaftesbury, Shrewsbury, -Nottingham, Stamford, Stafford, Steyning, Sudbury, Southwark, Tamworth, -Taunton, Thetford, Teignmouth, Warwick, Wallingford, Watchet, Wareham, -Worcester, Wilton, Winchester, and York. About two thousand coins of -this king were found near Steyning. - - -HAROLD II., 1066. - -Although Harold reigned only nine months before his death at the battle -of Hastings, there are several varieties of his coins known. They have -the bust on the _obverse_, with the name HAROLD REX ANG, or ANGL; and -on the reverse the word PAX across the field within the inner circle, -and the moneyers’ and mintage town names. The names of known towns -are Hastings, Bedford, Bristol, Canterbury, Chichester, Colchester, -Cricklade, Derby, Dover, York, Exeter, Ilchester, Guildford, Ipswich, -Gloucester, Cambridge, Hereford, Southampton, Huntingdon, Lewes, -Leicester, Chester, Lincoln, London, Maldon, Norwich, Oxford, -Rochester, Romney, Shaftesbury, Nottingham, Shrewsbury, Stamford, -Steyning, Southwark, Taunton, Thetford, Warwick, Wallingford, Wareham, -Winchester, Worcester, and Wilton; and the variety in the names of -moneyers numbers over a hundred. - - -SAINTS AND ECCLESIASTICS. - -Coins bearing the names of St. Eadmund, St. Peter, and St. Martin. Of -the first of these nearly 1800 were found at Cuerdale, and therefore -they must have been struck before 905; they bear in one form or other -the name of the saint. The next, vulgarly known as “Peter’s Pence,” are -supposed to have been struck somewhere between 905 and 941; and those -of St. Martin from 921 to 942. - -Archbishops, bishops and abbots, were in early times permitted to -coin money. Those known before the time of Æthelstan’s decree that -all the money in the kingdom should be uniform, are the following: -of Canterbury, Archbishops Jaenbrht, 736-790; Æthelheard, 790-803; -Vulfred, 803-830; Ceolnoth, 830-870; Ethered, 871-891; and Plegmund, -891-923. Of York, Archbishops Eanbald, 796; and Vigmund, 831-854. - -[Illustration] - -ENGLISH COINS, - -FROM THE CONQUEST DOWN TO THE REIGN -OF VICTORIA. -ENGLISH COINS. - -_FROM THE CONQUEST DOWN TO THE REIGN -OF QUEEN VICTORIA._ - -[Illustration] - -WILLIAM I. and WILLIAM II. -(1066 to 1087, and 1087 to 1100.) - -The coins of William the Conqueror and his son William Rufus cannot, -with any degree of certainty, be distinguished the one from the other; -their appropriation is therefore purely conjectural. - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Pennies only. - -[Illustration] - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Crowned bust, sometimes full-faced, at others in -dexter or sinister profile; on some the shoulders and arm extending to -the edge of the coin, on others the whole confined within the inner -circle; sometimes with tassel, or pendant, hanging from the crown on -either side (“bonnet” type), or with a canopy over the head (“canopy” -type). On one or both sides of the bust is generally a sceptre, or -star; or sceptre on one side and star on the other; or sword. Those -usually ascribed to the first William are those with the sceptres -only; the others are attributed to William II. But this is entirely -supposititious. - -_Legend._ PILEM.[1] PILELM. PILLEM. PILLELM. PILEMV. PILLEMV. -PILLEMVS, etc.--R. or REX.--A. AN. ANG. ANGL. ANGLO. ANGLOR., -etc. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ Crosses in considerable variety, including fleury, -battonée, annulæ, voided, etc.; others terminating in pellets, knots, -etc.; cross and saltire; cross and lozenge; cross and annulets, etc. -One type of common occurrence has, in circles between the limbs of the -cross, the letters P A X S. In all cases the device is confined within -the inner circle. - -[1] It should be observed that the P is the Saxon W. - -[Illustration] - -_Legend._ Mint master’s and town names, as GODPINE ON LIN, which -signifies that it was struck by Godwine of Lincoln; SIPORD ON PINC, by -Siward of Winchester; ESBRN ON SERBR, by Osbern of Salisbury; SIBODE ON -LVNDEN; and so on. About sixty or seventy different places of mintage -are known. - -_Rarity._ Some scarce; those with the canopy over the head exceedingly -so. Those with P A X S are common. - - -HENRY I. (1100 to 1135.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Pennies only. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Crowned bust, sometimes full-faced, at others -three-quarter faced, or in dexter or sinister profile; generally with -a sceptre in the right hand, sometimes one, two, or three stars, or a -rose before the face. In some instances the figure is half length and -full robed, showing right hand holding sceptre, and left extended. -There are many varieties. - -_Legend._ H. HNRI. HNRE. HENRI. HENRIE. HENRIC. HNRICVS. or -HENRICVS.--R. RE. or REX.--A. AN. ANG. or ANGL. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ Crosses of the same general character as those of -previous monarchs; quatrefoils with crosses, pellets, bezants, roses, -etc., in them; others the letters P A X, bars and annulets. - -_Legend._ Mint master’s and town names. About eighty moneyers’ names -are known. One example has the legend in two circles. - -_Rarity._ All rare; some types extremely so. - - -STEPHEN. (1135 to 1154.) - -[Illustration] - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Pennies only. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Crowned bust, sometimes almost full-faced, but -generally in dexter profile; sceptre, mace, lance, or flag in the right -hand. On one are two figures, variously surmised to be Stephen and -Henry, and Stephen and Matilda, represented standing side by side, hand -clasped in hand, and between them a sceptre. - -_Legend_. S. STE. STEF. STEFN. STIFN. STIEN. STEFNE. STEIFNE. -STIEFEN. STIEFNEI. STIFNE. STEFENERE. STEP. STEPHENI. STEFANVS, or -STEPHANVS.--R. or REX. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ Crosses, etc., in great variety, all within the inner -circle; some have the space usually allotted to the legend filled with -various little devices, as roses, escallops, etc.; the Stephen and -Henry (or Matilda) is of this kind. One example, struck at Derby, has -within the inner circle a double cross, between the limbs of which are -four martlets. - -_Legend._ Mint master’s and town names, of which there are many -varieties. - -_Rarity._ All very rare. The Stephen and Henry (or Matilda) at Tyssen’s -sale, in 1802, brought ten guineas, and at Dimsdale’s, in 1824, -thirteen pounds two shillings and sixpence, and later, much higher -prices. - -Other coins bear the name of Eustace, son of Stephen (EVSTACIVS. -EISTCHIVS, etc.); Matilda (MA[T]ILD[A] IM[PERATRIX], etc.); William, -second son of Stephen (WILLELMVS. LVI--LLEM DVD); Earl of Warwick; -Robert Earl of Gloucester; and Henry Bishop of Winchester (HENRICVS -EPC.); all rare. - - -HENRY II. (1154 to 1189.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Pennies only. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Crowned bust, full-faced or profile; sceptre in his -right hand, generally held upright, but on some leaned on the shoulder. -In one instance, with three stars before the face. - -_Legend._ HENRI.--R. RE. or REX.--A. AN. ANG. or ANGL. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ Cross patée, with four small ones, one in each -quarter; all within the inner circle. - -_Legend._ Mint master’s and town names; as, WALTER ON LV. (Walter of -London), IOHAN ON LUNDEN (John of London), and so on. - -_Rarity._ All rare. - - -RICHARD I. (1189 to 1199.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Pennies and Halfpennies. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ The only coins known of this monarch are those struck -at Poictou and Aquitaine; they have no bust, merely a plain cross -patée. No English examples have as yet been discovered; the Evesham -ones, etc., were forged by White. - -_Legend._ RICARDVS.--RE. or REX. - -REVERSE.--In three lines across the coin-- - - PIC - TAVIE - NSIS. - -or ACVITAINE. No device. - -_Rarity._ Extremely rare. - -JOHN. (1199 to 1216.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Pennies, Halfpennies, and Farthings. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ No English coins of John are known, but there -are abundant proofs that coins were during his reign struck to a -considerable extent in England. The supposition, amounting almost to -a certainty, is that the “short cross” pennies of Henry II. continued -to be struck and issued during this reign as well as in the early -part of the next. The Irish coins of John have--_Penny_, full-faced, -crowned bust, within a triangle, sceptre in the right hand; on the left -of the head a rose. _Halfpenny_ and _Farthing_, head in triangle, on -either side a star; one variety of halfpenny, called the “full moon -halfpenny,” has the face filling up the whole field of the coin, the -inner circle forming the outline of the face. - -_Legend._ IOHAN. or IOHANNES.--REX or DOM. or DO.--the latter has -IOHANNES DOM.; Farthing, WILLEM ON. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ _Penny_ and _Halfpenny_, within a triangle a -crescent, above which is a star or cross. Penny, a star at each point -and side of triangle; Halfpenny, star on either side the crescent; -Farthing, within a triangle a star; “full moon” halfpenny, a voided -cross between four annulets, within inner circle. - -_Legend_. Mint master’s and town names; as ROBERD ON DIVE., for Robert -of Dublin; WILLEM ON LI, or WILLEM ON LIME, for William of Limerick; or -WILLEM ON WA, for William, of Waterford. The Farthing has IOHANNES and -DW (Dublin) in continuation of obverse. - -_Rarity._ All very rare, the Farthing more particularly so. - - -HENRY III. (1216 to 1272.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Gold_, Penny. _Silver_, Pennies only. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ _Silver Penny._ Full face, crowned in some, without -neck or shoulders; on some, on the right of the head (in the legend), -a hand holding a sceptre over the head; in some, a mullet or star, in -others a crescent and mullet. - -_Legend._ HERICVS. or HENRICVS.--REX. or REX ANG.--III. TER. or TERCI. -The legends of these coins are remarkable for the letters in many -instances being conjoined. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ There are two mintages. The early one (called “short -cross pennies”) has a voided cross within the inner circle, and four -pellets conjoined in each compartment; but the practice of clipping -and filing the moneys had been carried to such an extent, that about -1248 Henry issued a new coinage, called “long cross pennies,” with the -same cross, but extending through to the outer edge, thereby rendering -any mutilation visible. The cross is a voided or double one, each end -terminating in a pellet, and one in the centre; three pellets were now -inserted in each compartment instead of four, and not conjoined. - -_Legend._ Mint master’s and town names; some have TER. or TERCI. added; -as, TER. RI ON LVND. in continuation of obverse. One variety reads LIE -TERCI LON, being a continuation of HENRICVS REX ANG. of the obverse; -this, in full, would be “HENRICVS REX ANGLIE TERCI. LON.” - -_Rarity._ Not uncommon; those with TERCI. and REX ANG. rare. - -[Illustration] - -_Gold._ The _Gold Penny_ of Henry III. was the first gold coin struck -by any English monarch; it is therefore important as marking a new era -in numismatics. The weight is forty-five grains, and it is of pure, -unalloyed gold. On the _obverse_ is a full length robed and crowned -figure of the king seated on a throne or chair of state, with sceptre -in right hand, and orb and cross in the left. Legend HENRIC REX III. -_Reverse_, a long double or voided cross and pellets, a rose between -the pellets in each compartment. This coin has fetched at sales as much -as £140. - -From this time till Edward III., no other gold coins were struck by -English monarchs. - - -EDWARD I. (1272 to 1307.) - -[Illustration] - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Crowned full-faced bust of the king, with neck and -part of the shoulders draped; crown, consisting of three fleurs-de-lis, -and two lozenges, balls, or points; beneath the rim of the crown, on -the forehead, is a row of from one to five pearls; the hair, which is -very abundant, stands out a considerable distance on either side the -face, and curled; the whole within the inner circle. The Irish mintages -are distinguished by having the head in a triangle, the legend running -on its three sides; there are one or two specimens of English coins -with the triangle, but they are very rare. - -_Legend._ E. EDW. [EDWA. EDWAR. EDWARD. EDWARDVS.]--R. REX. or -D.G.R.--A. AN. ANG or ANGL.--D.H. or DNS HYB. There are many opinions -respecting the Pennies of the first three Edwards. The one most -generally received is, that those with the name contracted to EDW. -belong to Edward I.; those with the name in full EDWARD, to Edward -III.; and the intermediate varieties to Edward II. It remains still, -however, a vexed question, and one not easy of solution. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ A plain cross, with its terminations enlarged, -extending through to the outer edge of the coin and dividing the legend -into four parts; three pellets in each compartment within the inner -circle. - -_Legend._ In every instance except one, which has a moneyer’s name, -ROBERTVS DE HADL., or ROBERT DE HADELIE, consists of the name of the -city or town where struck; as, CIVITAS LONDON. VILL BEREWICI. VILLA -BRISTOLLIE. CIVITAS EBORACI. CIVITAS CANTOR. CIVITAS DVREME. CIVITAS -LINCOL. VILL SCI EDMVNDI. CIVITAS CESTRIE. CIVITAS EXONIE. VIL NOVI -CASTRI. VILL KYNGESTON, etc. - -_Rarity._ Pennies common, with the exception of a few mintages. The -Halfpenny and Farthing very rare, the Farthing particularly so. - - -EDWARD II. (1307 to 1327.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Pennies, Halfpennies, and Farthings. - -As I have just remarked, the coins bearing intermediate abbreviations -of the king’s name, between EDW. and EDWARD, are, more for convenience -than by right, appropriated to this monarch. The description just given -will therefore apply to the coins of this reign. - - -EDWARD III. (1327 to 1377.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Groat, Half-groat, Penny, Halfpenny and -Farthing. _Gold._--Florin, Half-florin, Quarter-florin; Noble, -Half-noble, and Quarter-noble. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Groat and Half-groat, head same as Edward I.’s, -within a circle formed of nine arches, fleury; Pennies, Halfpennies, -and Farthings, as Edward I.’s. - -_Legend._ Groat, EDWARD. DEI G. REX. ANGL. DNS. HY. Z. AQT.; or -EDWAR. or EDWARD D. G. REX. ANGL. Z. FRANC. D.H.Y., or HYB. or HIBE. -Half-groat, EDWARDVS. REX. ANGL. (or ANGLI) DNS. HYB., or Z. FRANCI or -FRANCIE.; or ANGL. FRA. Z. HI. Penny, EDWARD or EDWARDVS.--D. G. or -DI. GRA.--R. or REX.--ANGL. ANGLI. or ANGLIE.--D. or DNS. HYB. Z. FRA. -FRANC. or FRANCI. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ Cross and pellets as his predecessor; one limb of the -cross of the Durham coins terminating in a crozier. - -_Legend._ Groat and Half-groat. In the outer circle, POSVI DEVM -ADIVTOREM MEVM, or MEV. Inner circle, town name where struck; as, -CIVITAS LONDON or CIVITAS EBORACI. Pennies, etc., town, etc., names. - -_Rarity._ Calais Groat very rare; Halfpence and Farthings rare; all -others not uncommon. - -_Gold._ Florins (six shillings), Half-florins (three shillings), -and Quarter-florins (eighteenpence); Nobles (six and eightpence), -Half-nobles, or Maille-nobles (three and fourpence), and Quarter or -Ferling-nobles (twenty pence). Florin: obverse, the king crowned and -robed, seated under a canopy, with sceptre in right hand and orb and -cross in the left; on the robe a fleur-de-lis; two lions, one on each -side the throne: reverse, within a quatrefoil a short beaded cross with -foliated ends; in each of the angles between the four limbs a lion, -or leopard, surmounted with a crown. Half-florin: a lion, crowned; a -mantle, or banner, charged with the royal arms, hung from his neck: -reverse, within a quatrefoil a foliated cross having a lion in each -angle; legend, DOMINE NE IN FVRORE TVO ARGVAS ME, and variations. -Quarter-florin: helmet, with lamberquins and crest of lion, field -semé-de-lis; reverse, richly foliated cross; legend, EXALTABITVR IN -GLORIA. Noble and Half-noble, king in armour, crowned, standing in -a ship, with sword in his right hand, and in his left a shield of -England and France quarterly; reverse, in a tressure of eight arches -a rich foliated cross, in each angle a lion surmounted by a crown, -a fleur-de-lis at the end of each limb of the cross; legend, IHC -TRANSIENS PER MEDIVM ILLORVM IBAT, with variations. Quarter-noble: an -escutcheon with the arms of France and England, quarterly, within a -tressure of eight foils. All more or less rare. A Florin has sold for -£113; a Quarter-florin for £170. - -[Illustration] - - -RICHARD II. (1377 to 1399.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Groat, Half-groat, Penny, Halfpenny, and -Farthing. _Gold._ Noble, Half-noble, and Quarter-noble. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Groat and Half-groat, crowned bust within a tressure -of nine arches, as his predecessor; the Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing -similar to the last reigns. - -_Legend._ RICARD. RICARDVS.--D. G. DI. G. or DI. GRA.--R. REX.--ANG. -ANGL. or ANGLIE.--Z. FRA. FRANC. or FRANCIE. - -REVERSE.--_Type_ and _Legend_. Similar to the preceding reign; on some, -a rose in the centre of the cross. - -_Rarity._ All rare. - -_Gold._ Nobles, Half-nobles, and Quarter nobles; same types as before, -with only the necessary change in the legend. All rare; the Half-noble -particularly so. - -HENRY IV. (1399 to 1413.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Groat, Half-groat, Penny, Halfpenny, and -Farthing. _Gold._ Noble, Half-noble, and Quarter-noble. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ All his coins like his predecessor’s; (the head -within the circle of arches on the Groat and Half-groat;) and are only -to be distinguished from those of his successors Henry V. and VI. by -weight. The Groat weighs seventy-two grains, the others of course of -proportionate weights. - -_Legend._ HENRIC. or HENRICVS.--D. G. or DI. GRA.--REX. ANGL. or -ANGLIE.--Z. FRAN. or FRANC.--D. or DNS. HI. HIB. or HYB.--Z. AQ. or -AQE., etc. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ As his predecessor’s; the pellets in two of the -quarters are joined together by an annulet. - -_Legend._ Groat and Half-groat; POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEV or MEVM in -outer circle, and name of town, as CIVITAS LONDON, in inner one. -Pennies, etc., names of towns, as CIVITAS EBORACI, etc. - -_Rarity._ Not uncommon; Groat rarest. - -[Illustration] - -_Gold._ Noble, Half-noble, and Quarter-noble, same as Richard II., with -only alteration of name. All rare; first coinage particularly so. - -[Illustration] - - -HENRY V. (1413 to 1422.) - -His coins are precisely like Henry IV.; no distinguishing mark has as -yet been discovered, so that what is said of the one will equally apply -to the other. - - -HENRY VI. (1422 to 1461.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Groat, Half-groat, Penny, Halfpenny, and -Farthing. _Gold._ Noble, Half-noble, Quarter-noble, and, later, Angel, -and Half-angel or Angelet. - -_Silver._ Same in every respect with the preceding ones, the only -distinction being by weight, and minor differences, which are not to -be taken as certain indications for appropriation; the weight of the -earlier Groat being 60 grains, and the later, or “light coinage,” 48, -and the other coins in proportion; the 48 grains Groat very rare. - -[Illustration] - -_Gold._ Noble, Half-noble, and Quarter-noble, as before. The Angel, -and Angelet or Half-angel, bear on the obverse a winged and nimbed -figure of the Archangel Michael standing upon a dragon, which he is -transfixing through the mouth with a spear, the upper end of which -terminates in a cross crosslet. - -_Legend._ HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC.; or HENRIC DEI GRA REX ANGL Z -FR. - -REVERSE.--A ship with a large plain cross in place of mast, on which is -a shield of the royal arms. On the dexter side of the cross a letter H, -on the sinister a fleur-de-lis. - -_Legend._ PER CRVSE TVA SALVA NOS XPE REDETOR.; or IHC AVTE TRANSIENS -PER MEDIV ILORV.; or O CRVX AVE SPES VNICA. - -_Rarity._ All rare. - - -EDWARD IV. (1461 to 1483.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Groat, Half-groat, Penny, Halfpenny, -and Farthing. _Gold._ Noble, Rose-noble Royal or Rial, Half-noble -or Half-rial, Quarter-noble or Quarter-rial, Angel, an Angelet or -Half-angel. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ The general types of his silver coins are same as -those of his predecessors. The Groat and Half-groat have the bust -within the circle of arches; Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing, the same -as before. Some have the royal badge of the House of York, the rose, on -either side the neck of the bust, and others an annulet and rose, or -four pellets, etc., on the breast; others with the initial letter of -the town. - -_Legend._ EDWARD. With titles as before. On the Farthing EDWARD REX -ANGL. REVERSE.--_Type._ Similar to the others. - -_Legend._ On Groat and Half-groat. POSVI DEVM ADIVTORE MEVM in the -outer circle, and name of town in the inner. On the lesser coins the -names of towns only, as CIVITAS LONDON, etc. - -_Gold._ Noble. Same type as his predecessor. Rial or Rose-noble, and -its Half, much the same general type, but with a rose on the side of -the ship, beneath the king and letter E on the flag. - -REVERSE.--Within a tressure as before a sun of sixteen rays in place of -limbs of the cross, the lions and crowns and the terminations of the -limbs remaining. - -_Legend._ As before. Quarter-rial: arms as before within a quatrefoil; -there are several minor varieties. Angel and angelet as before. The sun -and the rose were badges of the House of York. - - -EDWARD V. (1483.) - -There are some gold and silver coins exactly similar to those of Edward -IV., but bearing as mint marks a boar’s head, a rose-en-soleil, or -a rose-en-soleil on one side and boar’s head on the other, that are -conjectured to have been issued by this youthful king by authority and -order of his uncle the “Protector,” afterwards Richard III., whose -badges they bear. They are extremely rare. - - -RICHARD III. (1483 to 1485.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Groat, Half-groat, Penny, and Halfpenny. -_Gold._ Angel, and Angelet or Half-angel. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ As his predecessors’; the only difference being the -alteration of name in the legend; on some he has a cross on the breast; -mint marks, a boar’s head, and rose-en-soleil. - -_Legend._ RICARD.--D. G. or GRA.--REX.--AN. ANG. or ANGL.--Z. FRANC. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ As before, but with the different mint marks and -badges. - -_Legend._ As before, Groat and Half-groat, POSVI DEVM ADIVTORE MEVM, in -outer, and name of town in inner circle. Penny and Halfpenny, name of -town only, as CIVITAS LONDON. Angel, PER CRVSEM (or CRVCE) TVA SALVA -NOS XPE REDEMPT. Half-angel, O CRVX AVE SPES VNICA. - -_Rarity_. All rare, those with M. M., a boar’s head, especially so. - - -HENRY VII. (1485 to 1509.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Testoon or Shilling, Groat, Half-groat, -Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. _Gold._ Rose-noble or Rial, Angel, -Angelet or Half-angel, Sovereign or Double-rial, and Double-sovereign. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ To this monarch we owe the great change which has -been, since his reign, gradually improving in coins. In the first -issue, his coins very closely resemble those of Henry VI. Bust crowned -with an open double-arched crown, now first used; some have a key on -either side the Bust. In the 18th year of his reign his coins assumed -a very different character. The circle of arches was discarded; the -head (which, for the first time, may be considered as a portrait) is -represented in dexter profile, crowned with a double or single arched -crown, with the ball and cross on top. The Penny of his later issue has -the king sitting in a chair of state, crowned, sceptre in his right, -and globe in his left hand. - -[Illustration] - -_Legend._ H. HENRIC or HENRICVS.--VII. or SEPTIM.--D. G. DI. or -DEI.--G. or GRA REX.--A. AN. ANG. ANGL. AGL. or ANGLIE.--Z.--F. FR. -FRAN. FRANC.--DNS. HIBN. IBAR. or IBARNC. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ In his first coinage are the cross and pellets, but -in his subsequent one the cross (fleury) is retained, but in the place -of the pellets is a shield, France and England quarterly. The cross -dividing the shield. - -_Legend._ POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM and its usual abbreviations. On the -Groats and Half-groats the inner circle of legend bearing name of town -is dismissed, its place being filled with the shield. In this reign the -Testoon or Shilling makes its first appearance. - -_Rarity._ Penny of first coinage extremely rare; Halfpenny rare; others -common. Second coinage, Shilling with VII., Groat with SEPTIM., and -Penny, rare; others far from uncommon. - -_Gold._ The Sovereign and Double-sovereign now make their appearance; -they have on the obverse the king, fully robed, sitting on a richly -canopied throne, crowned, sceptre in his right, and orb and cross in -his left, hand; reverse within a tressure of ten arches a large double -rose, in the centre of which is a shield bearing the arms of France and -England quarterly. In the space between the arches of the tressure and -the outer petals of the rose are, alternately throughout, a lion and a -fleur-de-lis. There are several varieties of this coin. The Rial has -the king in a ship, on the obverse as before; on the reverse a rose -with royal shield in the centre as first described. Angel and angelet -much the same as those of his predecessors. Rial, Double-sovereign, and -Sovereign, rare; others, common. - - -HENRY VIII. (1509 to 1547.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Testoon or Shilling, Groat, Half-groat, -Penny, Halfpenny, Farthing. _Gold._ Double-sovereign, Sovereign, -Pound-sovereign, Half-sovereign, Rose-noble or Rial, George-noble, -Angel, Angelet or Half-angel, Quarter-angel, Crown, Half-crown. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ His first coinage very closely resembles Henry VII. -In his 15th year the Farthing has a portcullis. In his 34th year the -head is almost full-faced, in a robe crowned with an open-arched crown. -In his 36th and 37th years, full-faced portrait, on some with the cap. - -_Legend._ H. HE. HERIC. HENRIC. or HENRICVS. VIII. or 8.--D. DI. or -DEI.--G. GR. or GRA.--A. ANG. ANGL. or ANGLIE.--FR. FRA. FRAN. or -FRANC.--Z. HIB. or HYB.--R. RE. or REX. Testoon, HERIC. VIII. DI. GRA. -AGL. FRA. Z. HIB. REX. Penny, H. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA; Halfpenny the -same, or abbreviated. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ First coinage, like Henry VII., with only the -numeral changed from VII. to VIII.; Farthing has a rose and cross or -portcullis. The Testoon or Shilling has the royal rose, crowned with -an open-arched crown, between the royal initials H and R also each -crowned. The others with the cross and shield. There are many varieties -with different marks of towns and prelates, where and by whom they were -struck. - -_Legend._ POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM, and its abbreviations on the -Shilling and Groat. Half-groat, occasionally the same, or with name of -town. Penny and Halfpenny, name of town. Farthing, CIVITAS LONDON or -RVTILANS ROSA. - -_Rarity_. Groat struck at Tournay, CIVITAS TORNACI. etc., very rare. -Henry VIII. debased his silver so much that his later coins have more -the appearance of brass than silver. The shillings and halfpenny rare, -the rest are not. - -_Gold_. Double-sovereign, Sovereign, Half-sovereign, Rial, Half -and Quarter-rials, similar in general type to those of Henry VII.: -George-noble, with an equestrian figure of St. George riding over and -transfixing with a spear a dragon, on the obverse; and on the reverse -a ship, a cross, between H R, for a mast, and upon it a double rose. -Angel and Angelet as before. Crown and Half-crown obverse a double -rose, etc., crowned, between the crowned or uncrowned letters H. K. -(Henry and Katherine), H. A. (Henry and Ann Boleyn), H. I. (Henry and -Jane Seymour), or H. R.; reverse, royal arms crowned between same -initials. RVTILANS ROSA SINE SPINA. Half-george, Noble, Crown, and -Half-crown, George-noble, rare; Rial extremely so. - - -EDWARD VI. (1547 to 1553.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Crown, Half-crown, Testoon or Shilling, -Sixpence, Groat, Threepence, Half-groat, Penny, Halfpenny, Farthing. -_Gold._ Treble-sovereign, Double-sovereign, Sovereign or Double-rial, -Half-sovereign, Quarter-sovereign or Crown, Half-crown, Six-angel, -Angel, Angelet. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ First coinage, which is base in the same degree as -Henry VIII.’s last coinage. Testoon, etc., profile, crowned with an -open arched crown; Penny and Halfpenny, some with crowned profile, -others with the royal rose. Farthing, portcullis. - -Later coinages. Crown, the king in armour, crowned, sword drawn, on -horseback; to the right, under the horse, the date. Half-crown, the -same, sometimes with the addition of a plume on the horse’s head. -Shilling, Sixpence, and Threepence, fullfaced bust of king in robes, -with the chain of the Order of the Garter round his neck, crowned, a -rose on the left, and the value on the right side of the head. Penny, -king enthroned, crowned ball and sceptre in his hands, or royal rose. - -_Legend._ E. ED. EDWAR. EDWARD. EDOARD. EDOVARD. or EDWARDVS. VI. -or 6.--D. DEI.--G. GRA.--AGL. ANGL.--FRA. FRANCIE. Z.--HIB. HIBE. -HIBER.--REX. etc. Testoon, TIMOR DOMINI FONS VITE. MDXLIX. or -MDXL.[2]--likewise on reverse, INIMICOS EIVS INDVAM CONFVSIONE. Penny, -E. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA. Crown, SCVTUM FIDEI PROTEGET EVM; or RVTILANS -ROSA SINE SPINA. Half-sovereign, SCVTVM FIDEI PROTEGET EVM MDXLVIII[3]; -or LVCERNA PEDIBVS MEIS VERBVM TVVM. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ One Testoon has the arms of France and England in an -oval shield mantled; all others have the cross fleury, and plain shield -of France and England quarterly. Farthing, cross and pellets. - -_Legend._ POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM and its abbreviations, and town -names. Other legends are E. R. INIMICOS EIVS INDVAM CONFVSIONE; TIMOR -DOMINE FONS VITE; IHS. AVTE TRANSIE PER MED ILLOR IBAT; SCVTVM FIDEI -PROTEGET EVM; PER CRVCEM TVAM SALVA NOS XPE. RED.; IHESV. AVTEM -TRANSIENS PER MEDIVM ILLORVM IBAT; and on some the titles appear. - -_Rarity._ Gold coins rare, some extremely so. Silver, first coinage, -the Testoon, Groat, Half-groat, and Penny, rare; all his last are -tolerably common, with the exception of the Crown, Half-crown, and -Penny. Halfpenny and Farthing rare. - -_Gold._Treble-sovereigns, with the king in robes, and crowned, seated -on the throne, drawn sword in right, and orb in left, hand; reverse, -royal arms, with supporters, a lion and a dragon. Double-sovereigns, -similar figure, but with sceptre instead of sword; a portcullis at his -feet. Sovereign, same as Double-sovereign, or a half-length figure of -the king in profile, in armour, crowned, sword in right hand, orb in -left; reverse, arms of France and England, crowned, with or without -lion and dragon supporters; beneath, on the mantling, E. R.; others -have the same type as the foregoing. Half-sovereigns, king in chair of -state; half-length figure, and bust crowned, etc. - -[2] The first date that appears on any English silver coins. - -[3] The first instance of a date upon an English gold coin. - - -MARY I. AND PHILIP AND MARY. (1553 to 1558.) -Married Philip of Spain, 1554. - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, Groat, -Half-groat, Penny. _Gold._ Sovereign or Double-rial, Rial, Angel, -Angelet. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Before her marriage, Mary’s coins have a sinister -bust profile, crowned, arched crown, hair long and flowing, draped. One -Penny, a rose instead of head. After her marriage with Philip of Spain, -the Shilling and Half-shilling have their busts face to face, with a -crown above between them: here she appears with her dress up to her -chin, and a head dress; he has the stiff ruffle about his neck. This -arrangement of the profile heads facing each other gave rise to the -couplet, - - “... cooing and billing - Like Philip and Mary on a shilling.” - -The Half-crown, which appears to be merely a pattern-piece, but never -issued, has on one side her bust, over which is the crown between the -date 1554, with the legend MARIA D. G. R. ANG. FR. NEAP. PR. HISP.; and -on the other a similar bust of Philip, beneath a crown, and the legend -PHILIPVS D. G. R. ANG. FR. NEAP. PR. HISP. Some of the coins have no -date, others the date above, others below the heads. - -_Legend._ M. or MARIA.--D. G. ANG.--FR. FRA. Z. HIB. REG. or REGI. -Shilling and Sixpence, PHILIP. ET. or Z.; or MARIA. D. G. R. ANG. FR. -NEAP. PR. HISP.; or PHILIP ET MARIA D. G. REX ET REGINA ANG. or ANGL. -Some have the date as 1553 either beneath the heads or by the crown. -Penny, M. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA; or P. Z. [ET] M. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ Before the marriage, cross fleury and shield, as on -her predecessor’s coins. After the marriage, Shilling and Sixpence bear -the Spanish and Neapolitan royal arms, impaling those of England, in an -oval shield, mantled; surmounted by a crown, between numerals for value. - -_Legend._ Groat and Half-groat of Mary, VERITAS TEMPORIS FILIA, -and also abbreviated; of Philip and Mary, POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTO -NOS. Shilling and Sixpence, POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTOREM NOSTRVM, and -abbreviated. Penny, CIVITAS LONDON; or VERITAS TEMP FILIA. - -_Rarity._ Rose-penny rare; Half-crown, Half-groat, and Penny, extremely -so. - -_Gold._ Sovereign or Double-rial, the queen full-robed and crowned -seated on the throne, in her right hand a sceptre, in the left the orb -and cross; at her feet a portcullis; reverse, within a tressure of ten -arches a double rose, with shield of royal arms in centre. _Legend_, -A. DNO. FACTV. EST ISTV. Z. EST MIRA IN. OCVL. NRIS. (“It is the work -of the Lord, and is wonderful in our eyes.”) Rial, the queen crowned -standing in a ship, in her right hand a drawn sword, in her left a -shield of arms; in front, a rose. Same legend. Angel and Angelet, with -St. Michael and the Dragon as on those of preceding monarchs. - - -ELIZABETH. (1558 to 1603.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, -Groat, Threepence, Half-groat, Three-halfpence, Penny, Three-farthing, -Halfpenny. _Gold._ Sovereign or Double-rial, Rial, Pound-sovereign, -Half-sovereign, Crown, Half-crown, Angel, Angelet, Quarter-angel. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Silver. Crown and Half-crown, sinister bust profile, -crowned, open double-arched crown, hair turned back, draped, robe with -wide puffed sleeves, stiff frill round the neck; in the right hand -the sceptre, the orb as if held in the left. The Shilling, Sixpence, -Groat, Threepence, Half-groat, Three-halfpence, Penny, Three-farthing, -Halfpenny, and Farthing have also the bust profile, crowned with a -single-arched crown, hair long and flowing down the back, draped -robe, much plainer than before, and having no sceptre or orb.[4] The -Sixpence, Threepence, Three-halfpence, and Three-farthing pieces are -distinguished from the others by having the Tudor rose behind the head. -It was in reference to this distinguishing mark of a rose behind the -head that the satirist on costumes wrote:-- - - “... Behind her head a rose - That people cry, ‘Lo! there Three-farthings goes!’” - -[4] One variety, the “Pudsey” Shilling and Sixpence, said to have been -used in the wars in Ireland, has an escallop shell filling the inner -circle. - -The commonest Halfpenny has a portcullis instead of the bust; the -one with the bust is extremely rare. The “milled” money is neater in -execution than the earlier “hammered” pieces. The “portcullis” money, -struck in 1601 for foreign use, has on the obverse the royal arms, -surmounted by a crown, between the initials E. and R., each crowned, -and the usual name and titles of the queen; reverse, a portcullis -crowned, and the POSVI, etc., legend. - -_Legend._ E. ELIZ. ELIZAB. or ELIZABETH.--D. G. ANG. FR. (or FRA.) ET. -HIB. (or HIBER.) REG. (REGI or REGINA). Three-halfpence, Penny, etc., -E. R.,--E. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ Cross fleury, or plain cross, and shield of France -and England; the shield on the crown mantled. Halfpenny, cross and -pellets. Farthing, crowned monogram of name. - -_Legend._ POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM, or its abbreviations; or name of -town. - -_Gold._ Sovereign, or Double-rial, same general type as the Sovereign -of Mary. Pound-sovereign, Half-sovereign, Crown and Half-crown, -sinister bust fully robed, crowned with an open crown of two, four, -or five arches. Rial, with the queen in a large ruff, standing in a -ship, crowned, etc. Angels, Angelets, and Quarter-angels, St. Michael -and the Dragon; reverse, a ship, royal shield in front, surmounted by -a cross, with E. and a rose. Some of the legends on the reverses of -gold coins are, A DNO. FACTV. EST ISTVD ET EST MIRAB. IN OCVL. NRS; -IHS. AVT TRANSIENS PER MEDIV. ILLORVM IBAT; SCVTVM FIDEI PROTEGET -EAM; and one Rial, referring to the taking of Virginia by Sir Walter -Raleigh, has on its obverse ELIZAB [ETHA] D [EI] G [RATIA] ANG [LIÆ] -FR[ANCIÆ]ETM[AGNÆ]PR[OVINCIÆ]C[APTÆ]A[VSPICIIS]I[LLIVS] REGINA -(“Elizabeth, by the Grace of God, Queen of England, France, and the -Great Province captured under her auspices”). - -In this reign pattern copper coins were struck, but never issued. The -Penny bore on the obverse a full-face portrait of the queen, and the -words THE PLEDGE OF; and on the reverse the crowned monogram, and the -continuation of the legend, A PENNY, and date 1601. Other pattern -pieces were also struck of copper, lead, pewter, and leather, but are -all extremely rare. - - -JAMES I. (1603 to 1625.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, -Half-groat, Penny, and Halfpenny. _Gold._ First issue. Sovereign -or Thirty-shilling-piece, Half-sovereign or Double-crown (15_s._), -Quarter-sovereign or Crown (7_s._ 6_d._), Eighth-of-Sovereign or -Half-crown (3_s._ 9_d._). Second issue. Unit (20_s._), Double-crown -(10_s._), British-crown (5_s._), Half-British-crown (2_s._ 6_d._), -Thistle-crown (4_s._). Third issue. Rose-rial or Sovereign (30_s._), -Spur-rial (15_s._), Angel (10_s._), Angelet or Half-angel (5_s._). -Last issue. Rose-rial or Sovereign (Thirty-shilling-piece), Spur Rial -(Fifteen-shilling-piece), Angel, Laurel or Unit, Double-crown or -Half-laurel, British-crown or Quarter-laurel. The current values were -from time to time raised. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Crown and Half-crown, king on horseback, in armour, -crowned, drawn sword in his right hand; on the caparison the royal rose -or the thistle crowned. - -On some IACOBVS D G MA (or MAG) BRI (or BRIT) FRA (or FRAN) ET HI (or -HIB or HIBER) REX. - -Shilling, Half-shilling, etc., dexter bust profile, robed, crowned; -long pointed beard and mustachios, hair short, numerals at back of -head for value. Twopence, the bust as before on some, on others the -royal rose crowned. Penny, bust as before, or I. R. crowned; a rose -on one side the letters, and a thistle on the other: others, a rose. -Halfpenny, a portcullis, or rose. - -_Legend._ I. IA. IACOBV. or IACOBVS. D. G. ANG. SCO. FRAN. ET. HIB. -REX., and other abbreviations. Half-groat, etc., I. D. G. ROSA SINE -SPINA. Penny with I. R.; and Halfpenny, no legend. - -REVERSE..--_Type._ Crown, etc., royal arms, quarterly, 1 and 4, France -and England quarterly; 2, Scotland; 3, Ireland. The shield of the -Crown and Half-crown mantled, the others plain; Twopence, on some the -same arms, on others a thistle, crowned. The Penny, with I. R. has -a portcullis crowned; the others, a thistle; others have the arms. -Halfpenny, cross moline with three pellets in each quarter; or a -thistle. - -_Legend._ Crown, Shilling, etc., EXVRGAT DEVS. DISSIPENTVR INIMICI; -or QUÆ DEVS CONIVNXIT NEMO SEPARET. Half-groat, Penny, TVETVR VNITA -DEVS. Penny same as Half-groat; other pennies and halfpennies without -legend. _Rarity._ All common, except Half-crown. - -_Gold._ Thirty-shilling, Unit, and other pieces, king enthroned, in -full regalia, his feet upon a portcullis, the field diapered; or -half-length or shorter portrait of king in armour, crowned, sceptre in -right and orb in left hand: reverse, shield of arms. Rose-rial, king -enthroned as before; reverse, a large double rose with shield of arms. -Spur-rial, king in armour, standing in a ship with sword and shield; -or, the Scottish lion, sejant, crowned, holding a sceptre in his right -paw and supporting with his left a shield of the royal arms; reverse, -within a tressure a Spur-rowel, or star of 16 points centred with a -rose, four points terminated with lions, and four with fleurs-de-lis. -Angel, etc., usual type. Thistle crown, a double rose on its stem, -crowned, between the initials I. R.; reverse, a thistle crowned in like -manner. Some of the legends or reverses are EXVRGAT DEVS DISSIPENTVR -INIMICI; TVEATVR VNITA DEVS; FACIAM EOS IN GENTEM VNAM; HENRICVS ROSAS, -REGNA IACOBVS; A DNO. FACTVM EST ISTVD ET EST MIRAB. IN OCVLIS NRIS; A -DNO. FACTVM EST ISTVD, etc. - -_Copper._ Farthing, crown and two sceptres in saltire, IACO. D. G. -BRIT. Reverse, Irish harp, crowned, FRA. ET. HIB. REX. For Scotland a -brass Twopence, called “Hardhead” was struck: obverse three thistles on -one stem, IACOBVS D. G. MAG BRIT; reverse, lion rampant, FRAN and HIB -REX. - - -CHARLES I. (1625 to 1649). - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Twenty-shilling-piece or Pound, -Ten-shilling-piece or Half-pound, Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, -Sixpence, Groat, Threepence, Half-groat, Penny, and Halfpenny. - -_Gold._ Tower Mint. Unit, Broad, or Twenty-shilling-piece; Double-crown -or Half-broad or Ten-shilling-piece; crown, Britain-crown, -or Five-shilling-piece, Angel. Oxford Mint, Treble-Unit, or -Three-Pound-piece; Unit or Twenty-shilling-piece; Half-unit, -Double-crown, or Ten-shilling-piece. Briot’s Mint. Unit, Double-crown, -or Half Unit, Angel. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Twenty-shilling and Ten-shilling-piece, king on -horseback with or without artillery, armour, arms, etc., under horse’s -feet. Crowns and Half-crowns, king in armour on horseback, but with -very many variations in detail. One description is as much as our -limits will allow. The Oxford Crown, the rarest in the series, has -the king on horseback, in armour, to the left, crowned, double-arched -crown, drawn sword in his right hand, a sash round his neck, coming -under his left arm, the ends flying behind; the horse not caparisoned, -having only a saddle cloth. On the field of the coin, beneath the -horse, is a view of the city of Oxford, with the word OXON above -it. This coin is beautifully executed. Shilling, Half-shilling, -Quarter-shilling, Groat, Half-groat, and Penny, sinister bust profile, -in robes, crowned, hair long and flowing, beard long. Some Groats and -Half-groats have a rose crowned as also have Pennies. Halfpenny, a -rose, no legend, or a rose crowned between C. R. The variations in -the coins, consequent on the number of mints set up--London, Exeter, -Aberystwith, Oxford, Bristol, Chester, Worcester, Weymouth, York, -and other places--is very great; the differences being more or less -important both as to mint marks and other features. - -_Legend._ C. CAR. or CAROLVS. D. G. MAGNA BRITAN. FRAN. ET HIBER. REX, -variously abbreviated. Oxford Crown, CAROLVS. D. G. MAG. BRIT. FRAN. -ET. HIBER. REX. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ Generally the royal shield. The Oxford Crown and -some other coins have no device, except an ornament to divide the -legends; and the Prince of Wales’ feathers three times repeated, or -single, above. On some, the shield (which is as James I.’s) is oval, -and mantled, sometimes crowned; others have shields, the quarterings -terminating in a cross moline, etc. The smaller coins have sometimes a -rose crowned, sceptres, or sceptre and trident in saltire, etc., or the -declaration EXVRGAT, etc., in lines across. One Half-groat has two Cs -interlinked, crowned. - -_Legend._ Oxford Crown, EXVRGAT DEVS DISSIPENTVR INIMICI. In the field -of the coin, in two parallel lines, is RELIG. PROT. LEG. ANG. LIBER. -PARL., beneath which is 1644, OXON, and above v. for value. A branch of -leaves and flowers between the words of the first. Others have CHRISTO -AVSPICE REGNO. Others IVSTITIA THRONVM FIRMAT, or TVEATVR VNITA DEVS. -The groat has RELIG., etc., within a scroll on the field, EXURGAT, etc. - -_Rarity._ For the most part common. The Oxford crown is of the most -extreme rarity, and most of the Oxford mintages are rare, as are those -of Aberystwith and other places. - -_Gold._ Three-pound-piece, crowned profile bust to the waist, with or -without sword and olive branch; feathers behind the head; reverse, -declaration in three lines. Unit or Broad-piece, bust profile, crowned, -much varied on some with drawn sword and olive branch; behind the -head XX for value. Reverse: On field, RELIG., etc., on a ribband. -Double-crown and Crown, bust profile crowned. Reverse. Shield crowned, -CVLTORES. SVI. DEVS. PROTEGIT. Angel same type as its predecessors. - -_Copper._--Halfpence and Farthings, David playing the harp, looking -upward; above, a crown, FLOREAT REX. Reverse: Halfpenny, St. Patrick in -full robes, mitered, with crosier, etc., holding to figures around him -the shamrock leaf; behind him the arms of Dublin. Farthing, St. Patrick -as before, stretching his hand over reptiles; behind him a cathedral; -legend, QVIESCAT PLEBS. Other Halfpence, Farthings and Half-farthings -have on obverse two sceptres in saltire, behind, a crown, or C. R. -crowned. Reverse: Some, the royal rose crowned; others, the Irish harp -crowned; and others, again, the Scotch thistle; others, a small pellet -of brass inserted in the centre of the rose. _Legend._ Obverse: CAR. -CARO. or CAROLVS.--D. G. MAG. BRIT. Reverse: On some, the Scotch motto, -NEMO., etc.; others, continuation of titles. - -OBSIDIONAL or SIEGE PIECES. These rude coins, if coins they can be -called, were struck by the king, and those favourable to his cause, to -supply that monarch with the necessary funds for carrying on his wars. -They are extremely interesting, as showing the various inconveniences -and shifts the king was subject to. The nobility and gentry, his -partisans, were applied to for the use of all their plate, as were also -wardens and fellows of the different colleges in the universities of -Oxford, etc., the mayors and corporations, of cities and towns, etc. -The plate thus collected was chopped up, for the greatest part, in -unmeaning shapes, and struck or engraved with different devices, and -the value. The Scarborough Half-crown is a piece of thin plate doubled, -the corners turned over to hold together. On one side is engraven in -a very rude manner the castle, with the value in numerals; and on the -other, OBS. SCARBOROUGH, 1645. The Newark Shilling, which is one of the -commonest, is lozenge shaped. Obverse, crown between C. R.; beneath, -XII. Reverse, OBS. NEWARK, 1646. Pontefract, sometimes an octagonal, -and sometimes a round piece. Obverse, C. R. under a crown; DVM SPIRO -SPERO. Reverse, Pontefract Castle, with name or letters. Other places -where these were struck were Colchester, Carlisle, Dublin, Cork, etc. -At Colchester a gold siege piece of the value of 10s. was struck. A -history of the coinage in this reign alone would fill a folio volume. - - -COMMONWEALTH. (1649 to 1660.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, -Half-groat, Penny, Halfpenny. _Gold._ Broad, or Twenty-shilling-piece; -Half-broad, or Ten-shilling-piece; Quarter-broad, or Five-shilling-piece. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Half-shilling, -Half-groat, and Penny, a plain shield charged with the cross of St. -George, encircled by a branch of palm, and an olive branch. Halfpenny, -same shield, without branches or numerals. Numerals to denote value (as -V for 5_s._; II VI for 2_s._ 6_d._; XII for 12_d._; VI for 6_d._; II -for 2_d._) on all except the Halfpennies. - -_Legend._ THE COMMONWEALTH OF ENGLAND. Half-groat, Penny, and -Halfpenny, no legend or numerals. Half-shilling, one type has TRVTH AND -PEACE. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ Shield of St. George’s cross, and shield of Irish -harp conjoined, above which is the value, in numerals. Halfpenny, -single shield of the Irish harp. - -_Legend._ GOD WITH US, and date. Half-groat and Penny, without legend. -Halfpenny without legend or value. - -_Rarity._ All comparatively common; the coins of 1658 and 1660 are -rarest. - -_Gold._ Twenty-shilling, Ten-shilling, and Five-shilling pieces, same -type and legend as the silver; numerals to denote value. - -_Copper._ Farthings. On the obverse a shield of St. George’s cross -as before; reverse, shield of Irish harp; legend, FARTHING TOKENS OF -ENGLAND. ENGLAND’S FARTHING. THE FARTHIN TOKENS FOR. FOR NECESSITY OF -CHANGE, 1649. RELEFE OF THE PORE, etc. Pewter Farthing, shield with -voided cross, surmounted by the letters, T.K., in an oval; legend, -1/4 OVNCE OF FINE PEWTR. Reverse: shield of Irish harp, upon rays, -surmounted by a palm and laurel wreath; legend, FOR NECESSARY CHANGE. -These are all pattern pieces, and are all rare. Several pattern pieces -for other coins are also known. One of these has the two shields on the -reverse held by a winged angel, and the words GVARDED WITH ANGELS, 1651. - - -PROTECTORATE.--OLIVER CROMWELL. (1653 to 1658.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Nine-pence, and -Sixpence. _Gold._ Fifty-shilling-piece, Broad or Twenty-shilling-piece, -Half-broad or Ten-shilling-piece. _Copper._ Farthings. - -OBVERSE. _Type._ Sinister bust profile of the Protector, draped, loose -drapery, head laureated, hair long. - -_Legend._ OLIVAR. D.G. RP. ANG. SCO. ET HIB. and PRO. or otherwise -abbreviated. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ Shield surmounted by an open arched crown, bearing -quarterly, 1 and 4, cross of St. George; 2, cross of St. Andrew; 3, -Irish harp, upon an escutcheon of pretence, the arms of Cromwell, a -lion rampant. - -_Legend._ PAX QVÆRITVR BELLO. and date. - -_Edge._ HAS NISI PERITVRVS MIHI ADIMAT NEMO. - -_Gold._ Same type and legend as silver. On the edge of the -fifty-shilling-piece, PROTECTOR LITERIS LITERÆ NVMMIS CORONA ET SALVS. - -[Illustration] - -_Copper._ Farthing. Obverse, head as before, OLIVAR PRO ENG SC IRL. -Reverse, shield as before, and legend CHARITIE AND CHANGE; another, -three columns tied together, having on top of the first a cross, the -second a harp, and the third a thistle, and the legend THVS VNITED -INVINCIBLE; another, a ship under sail, and legend, AND GOD DIRECT OVR -COVRS; another, CONVENIENT CHANGE. - - -CHARLES II. (1660 to 1685.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ First issue, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, -Half-groat, Penny. Second, same. Third, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, -Fourpence or Groat, Threepence, Half-groat, Penny. Fourth, Crown, -Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence. _Gold._ Broad or Twenty-shilling-piece, -Half-broad or Ten-shilling-piece, Quarter-broad or Five-shilling-piece. -Five-Guinea-piece, Two-guinea-piece, Guinea, Half-guinea. _Copper._ -Halfpenny and Farthing. _Tin._ Farthing. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Sinister laureated bust profile, crowned, loose -drapery, hair long and flowing. - -_Legend._ CAROLVS. II. D.G. (or DEI. GRA. or GRATIA). MAG. BRI. FRA. -ET HIB. REX, or otherwise abbreviated. REVERSE.--_Type._ The first -three issues of coins bore a plain shield of arms, quarterly, 1 and -4 France and England quarterly, 2 Scotland, 3 Ireland, over a cross -fleury. Those of the fourth and last issue bear four shields, with the -bottoms joined, forming a cross; the shields being England, Scotland, -France, and Ireland, each crowned; in the centre, within a star, St. -George’s cross. Between the shields, in the four compartments, are two -Cs interlinked. One Shilling has one shield of France and England, -quarterly, two shields of Scotland, and one of Ireland, not crowned; -between the shields are the interlinked Cs crowned. The Fourpence has -a monogram of four Cs interlinked, in form of a cross, crowned; and in -the compartments are severally a rose, a thistle, a fleur-de-lis, and -a harp. The Threepence has three Cs interlinked; the Twopence two Cs -interlinked; and the Penny a single C, all crowned; these denote the -value; others have numerals crowned. - -_Legend._ MAG. BR. FRA. ET HIB. REX., or otherwise abbreviated, and -date. CHRISTO AVSPICE REGNO. - -_Edge._ DECVS ET TVTAMEN ANNO XV or VICESIMO, or other year of reign. - -_Gold._ Same type, sceptres between shields. Obverse: Bust, laureated -and draped, with long hair. Reverse: First issue, arms, etc., as on -silver; later issue, Five-guinea, Guinea, etc., four shields arranged -as a cross, and each crowned; in the centre four Cs interlinked, from -which issue four sceptres, terminating respectively in orb and cross, -thistle, fleur-de-lis, and harp. Legend on reverses, FLORENT CONCORDIA -REGNA, or titles. Edge, DECVS ET TVTAMEN, and year of reign as on the -silver. - -_Copper._ Halfpence and Farthings, sinister bust profile, laureated, -in armour. English, CAROLVS A CAROLO. Scotch, CAR. II. D. G. SCO. AN. -FR. ET HIB. R. Irish, CAROLVS II DEI GRATIA. Reverse, English, figure -of Britannia, which now first appears; Irish, a harp crowned, date on -field; Scotch, a thistle crowned. English, BRITANNIA, date in exergue; -Irish, MAG. BR. FRA. ET. HIB. REX.; Scotch, NEMO ME IMPVNE LACESSET. -and date; all common. Farthing with Britannia particularly so. - -_Tin or Pewter._ Halfpence and Farthings, some with a plug of copper in -the centre. On the edge, NVMMORVM FAMVLVS and date. - -Siege pieces of Charles II., CAROLVS SECVNDVS, or CAROL. II. D.G. MAG. -B. F. ET H. REX.; and on the reverse, C. R. under a crown; DVM SPIRO -SPERO, or POST MORTEM PATRIS PRO FILIO were struck at Pontefract. - -I may here mention a most splendid specimen of the die-sinker’s art, -produced by Simon, the celebrated die-sinker, as a trial piece against -an artist who was employed by Charles. The obverse has a bust of the -king of most exquisite workmanship, and round the _edge_ of the coin, -in place of DECVS., etc., was this simple petition in two lines: -“THOMAS. SIMON. most humbly prays your MAJESTY to compare this, his -tryal piece, with the Dutch, and, if more truly drawn, and embossed, -more gracefully ordered, and more accurately engraven, to relieve him.” -At Trattle’s sale, in 1832, a very fine specimen sold for £225. It is -said that only twenty copies were struck with the petition on the edge, -and a few others with a different edge, REDDITE QVAE CAESARES CAESARI -& POST; and one is recorded to be known bearing, RENDER TO CÆSAR THE -THINGS WHICH ARE CÆSAR’S. - -[Illustration] - - -JAMES II. (1685 to 1689.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, -Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, Penny. _Gold._ Five-guinea, -Two-guinea, Guinea, Half-guinea. _Tin or Pewter._ Halfpenny, Farthing. -_Gun Money._ As silver. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Sinister bust profile, laureated, on some draped, -on others undraped; hair long. The Crown has the king in armour on -horseback, with drawn sword. - -_Legend._ IACOBVS. II. DEI. GRATIA. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ Shields in cross, etc. The Fourpence, Threepence, -Twopence, and Penny have the value, IIII., III., II., I., crowned. - -_Legend._ MAG. BR. FRA. ET. HIB. REX. and date. - -_Edge._ DECVS ET TVTAMEN REX, and year of reign. - -_Gun Money._ Silver being scarce in this reign, an issue of base money -was resorted to, some of which, being struck from the old cannon and -domestic utensils melted down, is called “Gun Money.” The Crown, which -is scarce, has the king in armour, laureated, on horseback, with a -drawn sword, a long sash flying behind; reverse, four shields in cross, -with the crown in the centre; the Half-crowns, Shillings, and Sixpences -have two sceptres in saltire, behind a crown, between I. R.; above the -crown are numerals for value, and beneath, the month in which it was -struck. _Gold._ The Five-guinea-piece is rare, the others common. They -are of the same general type as the silver. - -_Tin or Pewter._ Halfpence and Farthings: obverse, bust profile, as -before; reverse, English, figure of Britannia, BRITANNIA; Irish, -figure of Hibernia with the harp, HIBERNIA, or Irish harp crowned. -Half-farthings: obverse, sceptres in saltire, and crown; reverse, -harp or rose, crowned. There is also a kind called plug-money; this -was struck owing to a scarcity of copper; it is of pewter, and in the -middle is inserted a very small square plug of copper, to show that it -is intended to pass for copper money. One tin Halfpenny has the king on -horseback with drawn sword, on the obverse, and on the reverse the harp -surmounted by a crown with lion crest, and two sceptres in saltire; in -this two or more plugs of brass are inserted. Other varieties need not -be particularized. White metal coins were also issued. - - -WILLIAM III. AND MARY II. (1689 to 1702. 1689 to 1694.) - -DENOMINATIONS. _Silver._ Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, -Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, Penny. _Gold._ Five-guinea, -Two-guinea, Guinea, Half-Guinea. _Tin._ Halfpenny, Farthing. _Copper._ -Halfpenny, Farthing. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Dexter busts profile of king and queen, (William -and Mary) side by side, that of the king laureated, partly in armour. -Queen draped, hair curled; some have the bust of Mary only; Fourpence, -Threepence, Twopence, and Penny, busts undraped. After Mary’s death, -the bust of William, profile and laureated, appears alone. - -_Legend._ First, GVLIELMVS ET MARIA or GVLIELMVS ET MARIA DEI GRATIA. -Later, GVLIELMVS TERTIVS. or GVLIELMVS III. DEI GRATIA. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ Four crowned shields in cross, as before; in the -centre, the shield of Nassau; between the shields, W. and M. conjoined; -the four figures of the date, as 1693, one under each monograph. Some -Half-crowns have a plain shield of the royal arms, crowned; Fourpence, -Threepence, Twopence, and Penny, values crowned. After the death of -Mary, feathers on some, and on others roses, take the place of the -monogram of W and M between the shields; on others the space is left -blank. - -_Legend._ MAG BR FRA ET HIB REX ET REGINA, or the same, leaving off “et -regina.” - -_Edge._ DECVS ET TVTAMEN and year of reign. - -_Gold._ Busts as before; reverse, royal arms in large shield, crowned. -After Mary’s death, reverse, shields in cross, with sceptres, as on the -silver. - -_Copper._ Halfpence and Farthings. Obverse, busts as before, GVLIELMVS -ET MARIA, or GVLIELMVS TERTIVS. Reverse, figure of Britannia, -BRITANNIA, date in exergue; Irish, GVLIELMVS ET MARIA DEI GRATIA; -reverse, Irish harp crowned, MAG BR FR ET HIB REX ET REGINA, date on -field. There are coins also, of Mary’s only, one of which has, on -obverse, bust profile of queen, draped, hair turned up behind, MARIA -II DEI GRATIA; reverse, full blown rose on a branch, EX CANDORE DECVS. -After the queen’s death, the coins have the bust of William, as before, -with GVLIELMVS TERTIVS; reverse, same as before. Scotch have, on -obverse, a sword and sceptre in saltire, with a crown above: reverse, -thistle, crowned; another has a monogram. - - -ANNE. (1702 to 1714.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, -Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, Penny. _Gold._ Five-guinea, -Two-guinea, Guinea, Half-guinea. _Copper._ Farthing. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Sinister bust profile, draped, hair thrown back, and -tied at back of head with a ribband, which passes round the head. - -_Legend._ ANNA DEI GRATIA. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ Four crowned shields in cross. Before the union -these shields were, 1 England, 2 Scotland, 3 France, 4 Ireland. After -the union they were altered to two shields of England and Scotland -impaled, one of France, and one of Ireland. In the centre, the cross -of St. George, in a star of the garter; between the shields, feathers -or roses, or feathers and roses alternately; Fourpence, Threepence, -Twopence, and Penny, values, crowned. - -_Legend._ MAG BRI FR ET HIB REG and date. - -_Edge._ DECVS ET TVTAMEN, and year of reign. - -_Rarity._ All common. The smaller denominations scarcer than the others. - -_Gold._ Same type and legend and edge. Reverse, sceptres between the -shields. - -_Copper._ As there is so much popular error concerning the farthings, -it may be well to remark at length upon them, in order to clear away -the absurd idea generally entertained, of there being only three in -existence. Instead of this being the case, there are absolutely six -distinct varieties. The first, which is the only one which was ever in -general circulation, has, on the obverse, sinister bust profile, of -queen, draped, hair thrown back, encircled with a string of pearls, -ANNA DEI GRATIA; reverse, figure of Britannia, olive branch in her -right, and spear in her left hand, BRITANNIA, date, 1714, in exergue: -this, although scarce, is by far the commonest of the whole: there is -one with the same type, but broad rim, which is rare. Second, bust -as before, ANNA REGINA; reverse, as last. Third, same bust, ANNA DEI -GRATIA; reverse, figure of Britannia, right leg bare; BRITANNIA, 1713, -round. Fourth, obverse as before; reverse, Britannia, as last, under -an arch; BRITANNIA in exergue, 1713. Fifth, bust as before, with band -instead of pearls, within an inner circle (the busts on the others -are on the field); reverse, figure of Britannia standing, helmeted, -in the right hand the olive branch, and in her left the spear, within -inner circle; BELLO ET PACE; date 1715, in exergue. Sixth, bust as -one, ANNA AVGVSTA; reverse, same figure as last, standing in a car, -drawn by two horses; in her right hand she holds the olive branch, -in her left the reins and a spear; PAX MISSA PER ORBEM; in exergue, -1713. The prices depend upon the state of preservation of the coins, -but, for FINE ones, the following are about the values: 1, from six -shillings to fourteen shillings; 2 and 3, from fifteen shillings to -thirty shillings; 3, 4, and 6, from two to three pounds: 5, the rarest, -from five to ten, or twelve pounds. There is a small medal, or counter, -which is very frequently mistaken by the generality of persons for one -of her farthings. It has on the obverse the bust, with ANNA DEI GRATIA; -reverse, the four shields in cross, sometimes plain, and sometimes with -roses between the shields, MAG BR FRA ET HIB REG 1711; frequently RIG -instead of REG. Some of these are of beautiful workmanship, and others -very rude: they are far from being scarce; they were not struck as -current coins. Halfpenny, bust, ANNA D G MAG BR FR ET HIB REG; reverse, -sitting figure of Britannia, leaning on a shield, in her left hand a -spear, in her right a rose and thistle emanating from the same branch; -the whole beneath a crown. - - -GEORGE I. (1714 to 1727.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, -Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, Penny. _Gold._ Five-guinea, -Two-guinea, Guinea, Half-guinea, Quarter-guinea. _Copper._ Halfpenny, -Farthing. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Dexter laureated bust profile, in armour and draped, -hair long and curled. - -_Legend._ GEORGIVS D. G. M. BR. FR. ET. HIB. REX. F. D. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ Four crowned shields in cross. 1, England and -Scotland impaled; 2, France; 3, Ireland; 4, Brunswick, and Lunenberg -with Hanoverian escutcheon. Between the shields, on some, are a rose -and thistle or feathers alternately; on others, S. S. C. (South Sea -Company, silver), etc., indicative of the kind of silver of which -they are minted; in the centre is the star and cross of St. George. -Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, and Penny, values crowned. - -_Legend._ BRVN. ET. L. DVX. S. R. I. A. TH. ET. EL., reading on -from the obverse; thus, in full, “Georgius, Dei gratia, Magnæ -Britanniæ Franciæ et Hiberniæ Rex, Fidei Defensor, Brunsvicensis et -Lunenbergensis Dux, Sacri Romani Imperii Thesaurarius et Princeps -Elector” (or Elector only), and date. - -_Edge._ DECVS ET TVTAMEN, and year of reign. - -_Gold._ Same general type and legend as the silver. - -_Copper._ Halfpence and Farthings. Obverse, dexter bust profile, -draped, laureated, GEORGIVS REX. Reverse, figure of Britannia, -BRITANNIA, date in exergue. The Farthing has a broad rim. Obverse, -Irish Halfpence, bust as before, undraped, GEORGIVS DEI GRATIA REX; -reverse, figure of Hibernia, with harp, HIBERNIA; date in same line. - - -GEORGE II. (1727 to 1760.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, -Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, Penny. _Gold._ Five-guinea, -Two-guinea, Guinea, Half-guinea. _Copper._ Halfpenny, Farthing. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Sinister laureated bust profile, in armour, hair long -and curled; under the head of some is LIMA. - -_Legend._ GEORGIVS II DEI GRATIA. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ Four crowned shields in cross as on those of George -I. In the centre of some is the motto, HONI SOIT, etc., on the garter -round the cross, as George I. On some, plain between the shields; on -others, a rose and Welsh feathers alternately, four roses or four -feathers, to denote the silver from which they are minted. Fourpence, -Threepence, Twopence, and Penny, values, crowned. - -_Legend._ M. B. F. ET. H. REX. F. D. B. ET. L. D. S. R. I. A. T. ET. -E., as explained under George I., and date. Penny, MAG. BRI. FR. ET. -HIB. REX., and date. - -_Gold._ Bust, undraped, laureated; reverse, royal arms in an ornamented -shield, crowned. - -_Copper._ Halfpence and Farthings. Bust as before, laureated and in -armour, GEORGIVS II REX.; reverse, figure of Britannia, BRITANNIA, -date in exergue. Irish Halfpence and Farthings, same bust, undraped; -reverse, Irish harp, crowned, HIBERNIA, and date. - - -GEORGE III. (1760 to 1820.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, -Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, Penny. _Gold._ Guinea (21_s._), -Half-guinea (10_s._ 6_d._), Third-of-guinea or Seven-shilling-piece -(7_s._), Quarter-of-guinea (5_s._ 3_d._), Sovereign (20_s._), -Half-sovereign (10_s._). _Copper._ Twopence, Penny, Halfpenny, Farthing. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Early issues: dexter bust profile of king, in armour, -laureated, hair long; on his later coinage, bust undraped, laureated, -hair short. - -_Legend._ Early: GEORGIVS III DEI GRATIA. Late: GEOR. (or GEORGIVS) -III. D. G. BRITT. (or BRITANNIARVM) REX. F. D. (or FID. DEF.), etc. -Later coinage has the date beneath the head. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ Early coinage: Four crowned or uncrowned shields in -cross, as on coins of George I. and II.; the crowns in those instances -where they do not surmount the shields, being placed in the angles -between them. Later coinage: Crown, St. George and the Dragon within -the mottoed garter, Half-crown, crowned shield of royal arms, within -the garter, on which is the motto, HONI SOIT, etc.; quarterly, 1 and -4, England, 2, Scotland, 3, Ireland, Brunswick, etc., on an escutcheon -surmounted by the electorate crown; the shield crowned; on another, -round the garter, is the collar and badge of the order. Shillings, -royal shield encircled by the garter, no legend; Fourpence, Threepence, -Twopence, and Penny, values, either IIII. III. II. I., or in figures; -one mintage, called wire-money, has the value in writing figures, all -the lines of the same strength. - -_Legend._ Early: M. B. F. ET. H. REX. F. D. B. ET. L. D. S. R. I. A. T. -ET. E. and date. Late: BRITANNIARVM REX FID DEF OR FIDEI DEFENSOR. - -During great scarcity of silver money in 1797 Spanish dollars and -half-dollars were countermarked with a small punch of the king’s -head and put into circulation as current coin of the value of 4_s._ -9_d._ This stamp having been counterfeited to a considerable extent, -a different one was adopted in 1804, but it in turn being much -counterfeited, the whole dollar was re-stamped with a fresh octagonal -device, the king’s head, etc., on the obverse, and on the reverse a -figure of Britannia within an oval, crowned with a mural crown, and -having the words BANK OF ENGLAND FIVE SHILLINGS DOLLAR, 1804. Bank -of England tokens, value Six-shillings, Three-shillings, and other -amounts, were also issued. Of these, and the Irish and Madras and other -issues, I must forego particulars. - -_Gold._ Obverse, bust laureated; reverse, Guinea, and Half-guinea, -royal arms in a “spade ace” shield, crowned; Sovereign, George -and Dragon within the garter; Half-sovereign, royal shield; -Seven-shillings, a crown. - -_Copper._ Early coinage: Halfpennies and Farthings, bust laureated and -in armour, GEORGIVS III REX.; reverse, figure of Britannia, BRITANNIA -and date; Irish, bust undraped; reverse, Irish harp crowned. 1797 -and 1799, Twopence and Penny, with raised broad rim, on which is the -legend, indented, bust profile, laureated, hair long, draped, GEORGIVS -III DEI GRATIA REX; Farthing, date under head; reverse, Britannia, -bareheaded, in the right hand an olive branch, in the left a trident; -seated on a rock, shield under her left hand, BRITANNIA, in the -distance a ship (the water cut up to the curve of the coin), date under -figure. Halfpence and Farthings, same figure of Britannia, but without -the broad rim; halfpenny, BRITANNIA, date under figure; Farthing, -BRITANNIA, under figure, 1 FARTHING. In 1806-7, Pence, Halfpence, and -Farthings, bust laureated and draped, hair short, GEORGIVS III. D. G. -REX. and date. Britannia as before, water in a line across, BRITANNIA. -Irish, harp, crowned, HIBERNIA, and date. A large variety of copper -coins for the East India Company, Isle of Man, Prince of Wales Island, -Sierra Leone, Barbadoes, Ceylon, etc., were struck, which need not be -particularized. - - -GEORGE IV. (1820 to 1830.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, -Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, Penny. _Gold._ Five-sovereign, -Double-sovereign, Sovereign, Half-sovereign. _Copper._ Penny, -Halfpenny, Farthing. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Sinister large bust profile, laureated, undraped. -In 1826 the bust differs, the neck and head are much narrower in -proportion, and it is not laureated. These latter coins are the -productions of Mr. Wyon, from the bust by Chantrey; the former ones -are Pistrucci’s. - -_Legend._ On the former, GEORGIVS IIII D. G. BRITANNIAR. F. D. Latter, -GEORGIVS IV DEI GRATIA. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ Crown, St. George on horseback, undraped, helmeted, -loose vest flying behind, in his right hand a dagger, his left holding -the reins; under the horse, a dragon, a broken lance lying beside, -no legend, date in exergue, edge, DECUS, etc. This coin is of most -beautiful workmanship. Half-crown, early, royal arms; on some in plain -square shield, crowned, encircled by the garter, with motto, HONI, -etc., or ornamented shield, crowned, a rose beneath, and a thistle on -one side, and on the other a shamrock, no legend; date on the former, -with ANNO.; later, royal shield, beautifully mantled. - -Early, Shilling and Sixpence as the Half-crowns; later, royal crown and -crest, a lion passant-guardant, crowned; beneath is the rose, thistle -and shamrock. This is commonly known as the “lion shilling.” - -_Legend._ Later, BRITANNIARVM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR. - -_Gold._ Five-pound-piece, Double-sovereign, Sovereign, and -Half-sovereign, bust as before; reverse, George and dragon; or royal -shield. - -_Copper._ Pennies, Halfpennies, and Farthings; early, bust profile, -laureated, draped or undraped; Pence and Halfpence, GEORGIVS IV DG -REX.; Farthings, GEORGIVS IIII DEI GRATIA; Pence and Halfpence; Irish, -harp, crowned, HIBERNIA. and date; Farthing, Britannia seated on a -rock, facing the right, helmeted, in her left hand the trident, in her -right, which rests on the shield, an olive branch, lion at her feet, -no water in distance, date in exergue; later, Pence, Halfpence, and -Farthings, Britannia seated helmeted, left hand the trident, right -resting on shield, no olive branch, nor lion, beneath the figure, the -rose, thistle, and shamrock, BRITANNIAR REX FID. DEF. A Half-farthing -for Ceylon, and a one third of a Farthing, for Malta, were struck in -1827-8, and are rare. - - -WILLIAM IV. (1830 to 1837.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, -Groat or Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, Penny, Three-halfpence. -_Gold._ Double-sovereign, Sovereign, Half-sovereign. _Copper._ Penny, -Halfpenny, Farthing. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Dexter bust profile, undraped, hair short. - -_Legend._ GVLIELMVS IIII D. G. BRITANNIAR. REX F. D. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ Half-crown, ermine robe surmounted by the crown, tied -at the corners with cord and tassels, on the robe are the royal arms -in a plain square shield, beneath which is the collar and badge of the -Order of the Garter; dated with the word ANNO.; Shilling and Sixpence, -within a wreath formed by branches of olive and oak is the value, ONE -SHILLING.--SIXPENCE. in two lines, a crown above, beneath the wreath -the date; Fourpence, figure of Britannia, FOUR PENCE, date in exergue. -Maundy money, value, crowned, within a wreath of oak branches. - -_Gold._ All the same bust as on the silver. Five-pound-piece, a pattern -piece only; Double-sovereign, with arms, with mantle, garter, and -crown; Sovereign, Half-sovereign, bust as before; reverse, royal arms -in ornamental shield. - -_Copper._ Pence, Halfpence, and Farthings, bust as before, date under -the head, GULIELMUS IIII DEI GRATIA; reverse, Britannia, as last -coinage of George IV.; beneath the figure, rose, thistle, and shamrock, -BRITANNIAR REX. FID. DEF. Several colonial and other coins were also -struck in silver and copper. - - -VICTORIA. (1837.) - -DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Crown, Half-crown, Florin or Two-shilling -piece, Shilling, Sixpence, Groat or Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, -Penny. _Gold._ Five-pound-piece, Double-sovereign or Two-pound-piece, -Sovereign, Half-sovereign. _Copper._ Penny, Halfpenny, Farthing, -Half-farthing. _Bronze._ Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. - -OBVERSE.--_Type._ Crown and Half-crown. Sinister bust profile of the -queen, undraped, round the head two plain bands, hair parted on the -forehead, carried over the top of the ear, and all gathered together -at the back of the head. The Half-crown has the fore hair plaited -immediately before it joins the back hair. None of these have been -issued for home currency since 1851. Florin. Sinister bust profile of -the queen, crowned with an open arched crown, elegantly draped over the -shoulders. Shilling, Sixpence, etc., bust same as Half-crown. - -_Legend._ Crown and Half-crown, VICTORIA DEI GRATIA. Date under -the head. Florin, first issue, VICTORIA REGINA, 1849; later issue, -=Victoria: d: g: britt: reg: f: d:= and date as =mdccclxviii=. Shilling -and sixpence, VICTORIA DEI GRATIA BRITANNIAR REG. F. D. Fourpence and -Maundy money, VICTORIA D. G. BRITANNIAR. REGINA F. D. - -REVERSE.--_Type._ Crown and Half-crown, royal arms quarterly, 1 and -4, England, 2, Scotland, 3, Ireland, shield plain, crowned, within a -wreath formed of two olive branches tied together at the bottom by a -ribband; beneath the shield, the rose, thistle, and shamrock. Florin, -first issue, in a tressure of eight arches, whose cusps have trefoil -terminations, within the inner circle, four crowned shields arranged -as a cross, first and third England, second Scotland, fourth Ireland. -In the centre a rose; the crowns extending through the legend to the -outside edge of the coin. In the four angles are, respectively, two -roses, a thistle and a shamrock. Later issues, similar to the other, -with a trefoiled quatrefoil instead of rose in the centre. Shilling -and Sixpence; value in two lines, within a wreath formed of a branch -of olive and an oak branch tied together with a ribband, above the -value the royal crown, beneath the wreath the date. Fourpence, figure -of Britannia seated, helmeted, in her left hand the trident, her right -resting on the shield, date in exergue. Maundy money, value, crowned, -within a wreath of oak branches and date. - -_Legend._ Crown and Half-crown, BRITANNIARVM REGINA FID. DEF. Florin, -first issue, ONE FLORIN ONE TENTH OF A POUND; later issues, =One florin -one tenth of a pound=. Shilling and Sixpence, the words ONE SHILLING, -and SIXPENCE, within the wreath of laurel and oak, beneath which is the -date. Fourpence, FOUR PENCE. Threepence, figure 3 crowned. - -The most beautiful of our modern coins is a Crown-piece struck in 1847, -from dies engraved by Wyon. It is in somewhat low relief, and bears on -the obverse an exquisite profile portrait of the queen, to the left, -filling up the entire diameter of the coin. Her Majesty wears an open -four-arched crown; the hair, being plaited, is brought down below the -ear, and fastened at the back of the head; shoulders and bosom draped -with delicate and elaborately ornamented lace, pearls, and jewels, the -portion of the robe visible being diapered with roses, thistles, and -shamrocks in lozenges. _Legend._ =Victoria dei gratia britanniar. reg: -f: d=. Reverse: within the inner circle four shields (two England, one -Scotland, one Ireland), arranged as a cross, within a tressure of eight -arches; each shield crowned, the crowns extending through the legend -and to extremity of the coin. In the centre the star of the Order of -the Garter, and in the angles between the shields, which are diapered, -a rose twice repeated, a thistle, and a shamrock; the spandrils and the -cusps trefoiled. _Legend_, =tueatur unita deus anno dom. mdcccxlvii=. -Round the edge =decus· et· tutamen· anno· regni· undecim=. This, -usually known as the “gothic crown,” was not put in circulation. - -_Gold._ Sovereign, and Half-sovereign; obverse, same bust as the -silver, VICTORIA DEI GRATIA, and date; reverse, Sovereign, royal arms, -as the Half-crown; later issues, St. George and the Dragon as on those -of George IV., and date; Half-sovereign, royal shield as before, -without the wreath, mantled, crowned, BRITANNIARVM REGINA FID. DEF. - -_Copper._ Farthings; obverse, same as Sovereign; reverse, figure of -Britannia, as before, with the rose, thistle, and shamrock beneath, -BRITANNIAR REG. FID. DEF.; Half and Quarter-farthings have also been -struck for the colonies to supersede the use of cowries. - -_Bronze._ Obverse: beautifully laureated profile bust of the queen, -hair tied behind, draped over the shoulders; the portrait filling up -the diameter of the coin; legend, VICTORIA D: G: BRITT: REG: F: D: -Reverse: figure of Britannia, helmeted and draped, holding a trident -in her left hand, and her right resting on a shield of the union; in -the distance, on one side, the Eddystone Lighthouse, on the other a -ship in full sail. _Legend_: ONE PENNY, date in exergue, 1860, _et -seq_. A large number of pattern pieces for coins of various values, and -in all the metals, have at one time or other during this reign been -prepared and struck, and are of the highest interest for the cabinets -of collectors. - - - -TRADERS’ TOKENS -OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. - -[Illustration: TRADERS’ TOKENS, SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.] - -[Illustration: TRADERS’ TOKENS, SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.] - -[Illustration] - - - - -TRADERS’ TOKENS. - - -The Traders’ Tokens of this kingdom, properly so-called, are confined, -in issue, to the seventeenth, eighteenth, and early part of the -nineteenth centuries--those of the first of these periods being the -most numerous as well as, in most respects, the most interesting. -Though not coins in the ordinary sense, not having been issued by -kings or governments, they play a more important part in the history -of the country than even the regal pieces do, and the information to -be derived from their study is not only valuable but in many instances -entertaining. - -Coins, the currency of nations, as I have, on another occasion, -observed, are hoarded up and studied, and constantly referred to in -illustration of historical facts, or as corroborations in cases of -doubtful points; and their value, admitted on all hands, cannot be too -highly estimated. They, however, tell but of princes and nationalities, -not of the people. The coins of Greece and Rome tell of events, of -changes, and of wars, and become, when properly studied, a complete -epitome of the history of the great nations to which they belong. -Those of our own country, however, have not that recommendation--they -become simply, and solely, matters of regal chronology. From the Norman -Conquest to the present hour not one event does an English coin record, -not one national trait does it exhibit, and not one matter connected -with national history or the people does it illustrate. - -Not so with Traders’ Tokens. Issued _by_ the people, they tell _of_ the -people, and become imperishable records of that most important estate -of the realm. They indicate to us their occupations and their skill; -their customs and their modes of life; their local governments; their -guilds and trade companies; their habits and sentiments; their trades, -their costume, their towns, their families, and their homes. Pity it -is that these lasting and reliable records and adjuncts to national -history are, as I have just said, confined to some two centuries of -our historical annals--but of those two periods (and especially of the -earliest) they are, assuredly, among the more interesting and important -of illustrations. - -In Anglo-Saxon and mediæval times the want of small coins--that is, a -currency representing a small value--was much felt, and this gave rise -to the occasional issue of spurious, or rather base, coins to supply -the deficiency, as it was found the smaller pieces--for instance, the -pennies when broken up for use as halfpence and farthings--were unfit -for general use among the rough-handed population. - -In the reigns of Edward VI. and Mary the issue of a base-metal -currency gave rise to considerable dissatisfaction and fraud, and -under Elizabeth, who issued three-halfpence and three-farthing pieces, -that spurious currency was declared no longer current. Despite the -issuing, however, of these three-halfpenny and three-farthing pieces, -the want of halfpennies and farthings was still so seriously felt by -the entire population, that housekeepers, chandlers, grocers, mercers, -vintners, and most other traders were impelled, for conscience’ sake, -to the issue of private tokens of lead, pewter, latten, tin, and even -leather, for the purposes of trade. These were issued by the traders, -and commodities in exchange could only be had from their issuers; they -were thus useless as a circulating medium and a source of frequent loss -to their holders. - -In 1574 a proposition was made to the Queen by two persons named -Wickliffe and Humphrey, to coin halfpence and farthings in base silver -(to weigh respectively 12 and 6 grains), but was not acted upon. -It was then proposed to coin pledges of copper, and a proclamation -forbidding the use of private tokens and authorizing those just named -was prepared; this, however, again, was not acted upon, and private -tokens still continued in use. In 1582 the three-farthing pieces were -withdrawn and silver halfpennies issued. They bear on the obverse a -portcullis and mint mark, and on the reverse a cross and pellets. - -In 1601 and 1602 the requirements of the army in Ireland caused, for -a time, the issue of copper pence, halfpence, and farthings, and this -seems to have revived the idea of copper pledges for England, for -which, indeed, pattern pieces were struck. Copper tokens were, at that -time, issued by the cities of Oxford, Worcester, and Bristol. - -On the accession of James I. that monarch issued silver pennies for -this country, in which his Scottish baubees, bodles, and placks were -useless. A pattern farthing was also prepared but not issued. Soon -afterwards a fresh scheme, which met the approval of the king, was -acted upon. This was the issue of Royal farthing tokens weighing only -six grains each. The licence to mint these dishonest coins which, for -the purpose of getting them into circulation, were sold by the Crown -to all comers at 21 shillings’ worth for a pound, was granted to Lord -Harrington--the king stipulating that he should receive one-half -the profit every quarter of a year. His majesty, however, ere long -altered the arrangement, allowing Lord Harrington a fixed sum, and -himself taking all the rest of the profit. Their principal distributor -was Gerard Malyns, who thus spoke of their intention and use:--“The -necessitye of these small moneys did appeare here with us in England, -where everie chandler, tapster, vintner, and others, made tokens of -lead and brasse for half-pences, and at Bristol by the late Queenes -authoritie were made of copper, with a ship on one side, and C.B. on -the other side, signifying CIVITAS BRISTOLL: these went current, for -small things, at Bristoll and ten miles about. Hereupon, it pleased -our soveraigne lord the king to approve of the making of a competent -quantitie of farthing tokens to abolish the said leaden tokens, made -in derogation of the king’s prerogative royall, which farthing tokens, -being in the yeare 1613, with certain cautions and limitations, made -of meere copper, have on the one side two sceptres crossing under one -diadem, in remembrance of the union betweene England and Scotland; and -on the other side the harpe for Ireland, and the inscription, ‘IACOBVS -D.G. MAGNÆ. BRITT. FRA. ET HIBER. REX.’ And the said farthing tokens -have not oneley beene found very commodius and necessarie for pettie -commutations, but also to be a great reliefe of the poore, and meanes -to encrease charitie, without which many of them had perished, everie -man having meanes to give almes, even the mechanicall poore to the -indigent poore.” - -The mode adopted for distributing these farthing tokens and getting -them into circulation was crafty and business-like. They were made up -in packets of 5_s._ 3_d._ worth in each, and these packets, made up -in bags of £20 worth in each, were sent to the mayors of the different -towns of the kingdom, who were required to sell them to the public. For -all sold and remitted for within two months the mayor was allowed two -shillings in the pound for his trouble; if over two months, then only -one shilling; and the purchaser of course in any case got 21_s._ worth -for 20_s._ Thus each 21_s._ worth was sold by the king for 18_s._ - -Despite all this, however, and the issuing of proclamation after -proclamation to enforce this Royal swindle, private tokens continued -to be issued as much as ever and could not be put down. The office for -the issue of the Royal tokens was in Lothbury, London, and the place is -still known as “Token-House Yard.” After the annulling of this office, -copper farthing tokens of a more honest value were issued, but traders -still struck their own to such an extent that they became more than -ever general throughout the country. - -In 1649 an attempt was made to establish a national farthing, and -pattern pieces were prepared. Nothing, however, was done until 1671, -when Traders’ Tokens having increased to a prodigious extent, and being -issued by one or other in almost every town and village in the kingdom, -the government announced the intended issue of halfpence and farthings -to supersede them; and in 1672 a proclamation prohibiting the making or -use of any such private tokens was issued, and stringent measures taken -for their suppression. From that time their use rapidly declined, and -they were soon utterly put down. - -From that time (1672) until 1787 no Traders’ Tokens whatever were -struck or issued in this kingdom. In the latter year (1787) the -government having for a long time neglected to issue a sufficient -quantity of copper coins for the purposes of trade, and the copper -coinage having been forged to so great an extent that not one-fourth -of what was in circulation was of Royal mint coining, the Anglesey -Copper Mines Company issued tokens of their own, and to such an extent -that they put into circulation three hundred tons of copper pennies -and halfpennies. The example thus set was followed by other companies, -corporations, and private traders, and tokens soon became so general -that the matter attracted the attention of government, and resulted in -orders being issued for the preparation of a new national coinage. - -To that end in June, 1797, George the Third issued his warrant -empowering Matthew Boulton, of the Soho Works, Birmingham, to -manufacture a considerable quantity of penny and twopenny pieces. The -extent to which this contract was carried may be gathered from the -fact that between June, 1797, and 1805, Matthew Boulton “coined under -contract for the British Government upwards of 4,000 tons weight of -copper coin, amounting at its nominal value to nearly £800,000.” These -coins were strictly and unequivocally _honest_, as were also those of -the Anglesey and other works. - -The Soho twopenny pieces weighed exactly two ounces each, and eight of -them laid side by side measured one foot; the pennies weighed one ounce -each, and seventeen in like manner measured two feet; the halfpennies -weighed half an ounce each, and twelve of them measured one foot. - -The effect of this issue was the stoppage of private tokens, only -one or two examples being known of so late a date as 1802, when they -finally ceased. - -By 1811, consequent on the great increase in the value of copper caused -by the costly wars in which this country was engaged, the twopenny and -penny pieces (which were of the intrinsic value of the metal) were -melted down, or used in various ways, and thus the copper currency had -again, gradually and surely, become deficient. In that year the Copper -Companies and others again resorted to the issue of batches of tokens, -and these continued to increase and to be issued in large numbers until -1817, when, by Act of Parliament passed on the 27th of July, their -manufacture was prohibited, and their issuers ordered, under penalties -for disobedience, to take up all they had issued before the 1st of -January, 1818. - -Thus came entirely to an end the issue of Traders’ Tokens in this -country. - -It is impossible to ascertain, or even to form a correct estimate of, -the number of varieties of seventeenth century tokens that were issued. -Boyne, after mature consideration and much research, estimated the -entire issue as not having exceeded 20,000, and in that he was probably -tolerably correct. - -In round numbers the _known_ examples of tokens of the seventeenth -century, issued in the various counties of England, Wales, and Ireland, -may be put down as in:-- - - Bedfordshire about 80 - Berkshire " 150 - Buckinghamshire " 140 - Cambridgeshire " 150 - Cheshire " 70 - Cornwall " 50 - Cumberland " 10 - Derbyshire " 110 - Devonshire " 250 - Dorsetshire " 160 - Durham " 60 - Essex " 250 - Gloucestershire " 180 - Hampshire " 150 - Herefordshire " 50 - Hertfordshire " 170 - Huntingdonshire " 70 - Kent " 500 - Lancashire " 100 - Leicestershire " 100 - Lincolnshire " 200 - Middlesex, including London " 3,200 - Monmouthshire " 20 - Norfolk " 300 - Northamptonshire " 150 - Nottinghamshire " 90 - Northumberland " 20 - Oxfordshire " 230 - Rutlandshire " 20 - Shropshire " 100 - Somersetshire " 280 - Staffordshire " 100 - Suffolk " 300 - Surrey, including Southwark " 650 - Sussex " 200 - Warwickshire " 160 - Westmoreland " 25 - Wiltshire " 200 - Worcestershire " 120 - Yorkshire " 450 - Uncertain English " 100 - Wales " 100 - Isle of Man " 1 - Ireland " 700 - Scotland, none known. - -Making a grand total in all of about twelve thousand distinct -varieties; and these, of course, can be only about one-half of what -were actually issued. - -The denominations are Pennies, Half-pennies, and Farthings, and they -are of copper, or, in not a few instances, brass. - -Their shape is usually round, but some are square, others octagonal, -others lozenge, and others again heart-shaped. These varieties will be -best understood by reference to the following engravings, which may be -taken as general typical examples. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -They are usually thin, not very cleverly struck, and many of them -exhibit, in their orthography, ignorant and eccentric modes of spelling -names, both of persons, trades, and places. The greater bulk of them -are, fortunately, dated; the dates ranging from about 1648 to 1672. - -The inscriptions in by far the greatest number of examples commence on -the obverse, and are continued on the reverse. They commonly consist -of the christian and surname of the issuer, his trade or occupation, -and the town or village in which he resided. Usually on the ordinary -disc-formed tokens this inscription is between the outer and inner -circle of dotted lines. On the field, within the inner circle, is -usually the value of the coin; the initials of the issuer and his wife -joined together with a knot; trade-company, town, or family-arms; -tavern or shop sign; device, indicating the handicraft or trade of -the issuer; initials or other lettering; or other matter. On some, -principally on the square, lozenge, octagonal, and heart-shaped -examples, the inscription is placed in several lines across the entire -field, and is accompanied more or less by devices, etc. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -Among devices the arms of Trade-guilds or Companies are most numerous, -and a brief description of those most commonly met with will be found -of great service to the collector. They are as follows,--but for the -sake of brevity, and as they are but seldom indicated on the tokens -themselves, I omit tinctures:-- - -[Illustration] - -APOTHECARIES.--Full length figure of Apollo, the inventor of physic, -his head radiant, holding in his left hand a bow, and in his right hand -an arrow, supplanting (_i.e._ standing over, astride, or vanquishing) -a serpent. On tokens these arms are sometimes represented without -being on a shield. The crest of the company, a Rhinoceros, is also -occasionally used. - -ARMOURERS.--On a chevron a gauntlet between two pairs of swords in -saltire; on a chief an oval shield whereon a cross of St. George, -between two peers’ helmets. - -BAKERS.--A pair of balances, held, between three garbs, by a hand, -vested, and arm embowed, issuing from radiated clouds, affixed to the -upper part of a chief barry wavy of four, whereon are two anchors. - -BAKERS (WHITE).--Three garbs; on a chief an arm issuing from a cloud, -holding a pair of scales, between three garbs. - -BARBER-SURGEONS.--On a cross of St. George between, in first and fourth -quarters a chevron between three fleams, and second and third a rose -crowned, a lion passant-guardant. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -BLACKSMITHS.--A chevron between three hammers crowned. On some tokens -a single hammer, crowned or uncrowned, without a shield is used; -occasionally also three uncrowned hammers; or, hammer and pincers, as -on the cut; or, again, an anvil, as on the next example. BOTTLE MAKERS -AND HORNERS (now only Horners).--On a chevron between three leather -bottles as many bugle horns, stringed. - -BRAZIERS.--On a chevron between, in chief, two ewers (or beakers), and -in base, a tripod pot with two handles, three roses seeded and barbed. - -BREWERS.--On a chevron, between three pairs of barley garbs in saltire, -as many tuns. Instead of these arms it was not infrequent for a single -barrel, or three barrels, to be used. Another not uncommon device was -two men carrying a barrel suspended from a shoulder-pole. - -BRICKLAYERS AND TILERS.--A chevron between, in chief, a fleur-de-lis -between two brick-axes palewise, and in base a bundle of laths. - -[Illustration] - -BUTCHERS.--Two slaughter-axes addorsed in saltire between three -bulls’ heads couped, two in fesse and one in base; on a chief a -boar’s head couped between two block brushes (_i.e._ two bunches of -“butchers’-broom”). A knife and cleaver, and other signs were also used. - -[Illustration] - -CARPENTERS.--A chevron (sometimes engrailed) between three pairs of -compasses expanded at the points. CLOCKMAKERS.--Sable, a clock, or. - -CLOTHWORKERS OR SHEARMEN.--A chevron ermine between, in chief, two -habbicks, and, in base, a teazle slipped. - -COACH MAKERS AND COACH HARNESS MAKERS.--A chevron between three -coaches. Crest, Phœbus drawn in a chariot. Supporters, two horses, -armed. Sometimes this crest alone appears, and sometimes a horse -caparisoned. - -COOKS.--A chevron engrailed between three columbines, stalked and -leaved. Or, a chevron between three columbines, pendant. - -COOPERS.--Gyronny of eight, on a chevron, between three annulets, a -grose between two adzes; on a chief three lilies, slipped, stalked, and -leaved. - -[Illustration] - -CORDWAINERS OR SHOEMAKERS.--A chevron between three goats’ heads -erased and attired. It is not unusual for the three goats’ heads to be -used without shield or chevron, and sometimes a single goat’s head is -introduced. The public-house sign of the “Three Goats’ Heads,” a “house -of call” for shoemakers, took its origin from these arms. - -[Illustration] - -CUTLERS.--Three pairs of swords in saltire, two pairs in chief and one -in base. Frequently two swords in saltire is used as the trade device -on tokens. DISTILLERS.--A fesse wavy between, in chief, the sun in -his splendour encircled with a cloud distilling drops of rain, and, in -base, a distillatory [still] double armed, on a fire, with two worms -and bolt receivers. Other simpler devices used on tokens are the sun in -splendour; a still; or an Indian holding a bow and arrow (being one of -the supporters of the company’s arms). - -DRAPERS.--Three triple crowns each issuing out of a cloud shedding rays -of the sun. Frequently only one triple crown is used on tokens. - -[Illustration] - -DYERS.--A chevron between three madder bags, corded. - -FARRIERS.--Three horseshoes pierced. A single horseshoe was, however, -sometimes used on tokens. - -[Illustration] - -FELTMAKERS.--A dexter hand couped at the wrist between two hatbands, -nowed, in chief a hat, banded; or, a hat; or, a hand holding a hat and -feather, were adopted. - -FISHMONGERS.--Three dolphins naiant, in pale, finned and ducally -crowned, between two pairs of lucies in saltire (the sinister -surmounting the dexter), over the nose of each lucy a ducal crown; on a -chief three pairs of keys, endorsed, in saltire. FLETCHERS.--A chevron -between three arrows, headed and feathered. - -FOUNDERS.--A laver pot (or vase) between two prickets (or -taper-candlesticks). - -FRAMEWORK KNITTERS.--On a chevron between, in chief, two combs and -as many leads of needles, and, in base, an iron jack springer, a -main-spring between two small springs. - -FRUITERERS.--On a mount, a representation of the Tree of Life (Tree of -Paradise) environed with a serpent; on the dexter side thereof a male -figure, on the sinister a female (representing Adam and Eve); at the -bottom of the tree a rabbit. - -GIRDLERS.--Party per fesse, _azure_ and _or_, a pale counterchanged, -the first charged with three gridirons, the handles in chief, of the -second. - -GLAZIERS.--Two grozing irons in saltire between four closing nails; on -a chief a lion passant-guardant. - -GLOVERS.--Party per fesse, counterchanged, on each part of the first, -two and one, a ram salient, armed, and unguled. The same arms, -quartering two goats, statant, affront[=e]e and attired, in fesse, were -granted to the Leathersellers’ Company as an impalement in 1505. - -GOLDSMITHS.--Quarterly, first and fourth a leopard’s face, second and -third a covered cup; and in chief two buckles, their tongues fessewise, -pointed to the dexter. - -GOLD AND SILVER WIRE DRAWERS.--On a chevron between, in chief, two -coppers, and, in base, two points in saltire, a drawing iron between -two rings. - -[Illustration] - -GROCERS.--A chevron between nine cloves, three, three and three. -Sometimes seven (three, three, and one) are used. Not unfrequently on -tokens three cloves are used as a grocer’s trade device, as are also -one, two, or three sugar-loaves. - -[Illustration] - -HABERDASHERS (Anciently called “Hurrers” and “Milleners).”--Barry -nebulée (or wavy) of six; on a bend, a lion passant-guardant. - -HATTERS, OR HATTER MERCHANTS.--On a chevron between three felt hats -with strings, as many escallops. On some tokens a hat, or hat and -feather, or cap, alone occurs. - -INNHOLDERS.--A chevron, quarterly per chevron, and per pale, between -three garbs. The crest of this company, a star of sixteen rays, was -also a common device on tokens. - -[Illustration] - -IRONMONGERS.--On a chevron between three steel gads (billets) as many -swivels, the middle one palewise, the other two with the line of the -chevron. - -JOINERS OR CARPENTERS.--A chevron (sometimes engrailed) between three -pairs of compasses expanded at the points. Or, a chevron between two -pairs of compasses extended, in chief, and a sphere in base; on a chief -a pale between two roses, the pale charged with an escallop. - -LEATHERSELLERS.--Three bucks passant reguardant attired and unguled. - -LORINERS.--A chevron between three curbits and as many bosses. - -MASONS.--On a chevron (sometimes engrailed) between three castles, a -pair of compasses, extended. - -[Illustration] - -MERCERS.--A demi-virgin, couped below the shoulders, vested, crowned -with an Eastern-crown, her hair dishevelled and wreathed about her -temples with roses, issuing from clouds, and all within an orle of the -same. This device is sometimes, on tokens, shorn of its clouds, and -used without shield. - -MERCHANT ADVENTURERS.--Barry nebulée (or wavy) of six, on a chief -quarterly, first and fourth, a lion passant-guardant, second and third -two roses in fesse, barbed. - -MERCHANT TAILORS (or “Taylors and Linen Armourers”). A royal tent -between two Parliament robes, lined ermine; the tent garnished, with -tentstaff and pennon; on a chief a lion passant-guardant. - -MERCHANTS OF THE STAPLE.--Barry nebulée (or wavy) of six; on a chief, a -lion passant-guardant. - -MUSICIANS.--A swan with wings expanded, within a double tressure -fleury-counter-fleury; a chief charged with on a pale between two lions -passant-guardant a rose seeded and barbed. - -NEEDLE MAKERS.--From three crowns in fesse as many needles, pendant. - -PAINTERS AND PAINTER-STAINERS.--Three escutcheons quarterly with three -phoenix’ heads, erased. - -PARISH CLERKS.--A fleur-de-lis; on a chief a leopard’s head between two -song-books (shut), stringed. - -PEWTERERS.--On a chevron between three limbecks, as many roses stalked, -leaved, and seeded. Or:-- - -PEWTERERS.--On a chevron between three single-handled cups, each -containing so many sprigs of lilies, the Virgin accompanied by four -cherubs, between two pairs of limbecks. - -PIN MAKERS.--A demi-virgin couped at the waist, mantle turned -down ermine, her hair dishevelled, on her head an Eastern crown. -PLAISTERERS.--On a chevron engrailed between, in chief, two -plaisterers’ hammers, and, in base, a treble flat brush, handle upward, -a rose seeded and barbed between two fleurs-de-lis; in chief a trowel -fessewise with handle to the sinister. - -PLUMBERS.--On a chevron between, in chief, two plummets and, in base, a -level reversed, two soldering irons in saltire between a cutting knife -on the dexter and a shave hook on the sinister; in chief a cross-staff -fessewise. - -[Illustration] - -SADDLERS.--A chevron between three manage saddles complete. - -[Illustration] - -SALTERS OR DRYSALTERS.--Party per chevron, three covered cups -sprinkling salt; crest, a cubit arm erect, holding a covered cup, or -salt sprinkler. - -SCRIVENERS.--An eagle with wings expanded, holding in his beak a -penner and inkhorn, standing on a book, closed, fessewise, the clasps -downwards. - -SHIPWRIGHTS.--On an antique hulk, the stern terminating with the head -of a dragon in the hulk, the Ark with three doors in the side, from the -Ark against the side a step-ladder; on a chief the cross of St. George -charged on the centre with a lion passant-guardant. - -SILKMEN.--A ship of three masts in full sail on the sea, in base; on a -chief a bale of silk, corded, between two bundles of silk, pendant. - -SOAPMAKERS.--A dolphin naiant between three eel spears. - -STATIONERS.--On a chevron between three Bibles fessewise, clasps -downwards, garnished and leaved, an eagle, rising, between two roses -seeded and barbed; from the chief a demi-circle of glory edged with -clouds, therein a dove displayed and nimbed. - -[Illustration] - -TALLOWCHANDLERS.--Party per fesse a pale counterchanged; on the first -three doves each holding an olive branch. In place of these arms the -devices commonly found on tokens issued by tallowchandlers are: a -man making candles; a stick of candles; a stick of candles within a -crescent moon; one or three doves with olive branch, etc. - -[Illustration] - -TIN PLATE WORKERS AND WIREWORKERS.--A chevron between three lamps, the -two in chief (one light each) facing each other, the one in base with -two lights, all garnished and illuminated. - -[Illustration] - -TOBACCONISTS.--Usually a roll of tobacco; or one, two, or three pipes; -or a combination of pipes and tobacco. - -UPHOLDERS OR UPHOLSTERERS.--On a chevron between three tents (without -poles) ermine and lined, as many roses. - -[Illustration] - -VINTNERS.--A chevron between three tuns (barrels). - -WATERMEN.--Barry wavy of six; on the middle bar a boat; on a chief two -oars in saltire between two cushions, tasselled. - -WAX-CHANDLERS.--On a chevron between three mortcours as many roses. - -WEAVERS.--On a chevron between three leopards’ heads, each holding a -shuttle, as many roses, seeded and barbed. On tokens sometimes three -leopards’ faces alone, without shield, are used. - -WOODMONGERS.--A sword erect, hilted and crowned (or enfiled with -a ducal coronet) between two flaunches each charged with a faggot -(or bundle of laths). On one token, that of Govin Gouldegay, -of Whitefriars, the arms are a chevron between three faggots. - -[Illustration] - -WOOLMEN OR WOOLPACKERS.--A woolpack. - -[Illustration: “King’s Head,” Derby.] - -[Illustration: “King’s Arms,” Uttoxeter.] - -[Illustration: “Crown,” Repton.] - -Ale-house and shop-signs were much used as devices on tokens; but, -of course, occurring as they do by the hundred, are too numerous -to particularize. Sometimes the sign was named in addition to the -device, but at others the name or the device was alone used. Thus for -instance:-- - -[Illustration: “Red Lion,” Ashbourne.] - -[Illustration: “George and Dragon,” Uttoxeter.] - -[Illustration: “Bunch of Grapes,” Bolsover.] - -_Obv._ WILLIAM WEBB AT THE = Within the inner circle the figure of St. -George and the Dragon. - -_Rev._ IN SITTINGBORN, 1670 = Within the inner circle, in three lines, -HIS HALF PENY. - -_Obv._ EDMOND HOLT AT THE = Within the inner circle a ship. - -_Rev._ SHIP IN RATCLIFFE, 1668 = Within the inner circle, in four -lines, HIS HALFE PENY. E.H. - -[Illustration: Arms of the Borough of Derby.] - -Arms of cities and towns are found not only on those tokens which were -issued by corporations, mayors, or other bodies or officials, but by -some tradesmen. Of the first an example or two will be sufficient:-- - -_Obv._ THE MAYOR OF = A shield bearing the arms of the city of Oxford; -an “Ox” crossing a “Ford.” - -_Rev._ OXFORD TOKEN = C.O., 1652. A small R for Rawlins the die sinker. - -_Obv._ A BECCLES FARTHING, 1670. B = In four lines across the coin. - -_Rev._ The arms of Beccles, a cattle pen, and Town Hall. - -_Obv._ A BRISTOLL FARTHING = C.B., 1652, and a small R for Rawlins the -die sinker. - -_Rev._ THE ARMES OF BRISTOLL = The arms of Bristol on a shield. - -Of family arms, which are occasionally met with on tokens, and also -of crests, the following engraved examples will be sufficient to show -their general character. - -[Illustration: Arms and Crest of Shalcross.] - -[Illustration: Arms and Crest of Manaton.] - -[Illustration: Arms and Crest of Gent.] - -[Illustration: Arms of Coates.] - -[Illustration: Crest of Rossington.] - -Merchants marks, some of which are curious and of considerable -interest, were to some extent used. They were, indeed, of much the same -use as the “Trade Marks” of our own day. Other devices are implements -of one kind or other connected with the trade or calling of the issuer; -articles of clothing made or sold by him; animals and heraldic figures -usually derived from guild arms or from signs; articles of domestic use -of endless variety; and ships, boats, coaches, carriages, pack-horses, -and numerous other matters connected with the daily life of the people. - -[Illustration] - -Rebusses and allusive designs--that is, devices containing a play upon -the name of the issuer--are far from uncommon. Thus James Bolton, of -Blackburn, adopted on each side his tokens the device of a _bolt_ and -_tun_; Thomas Towers, of March, a _tower_; Anthony Rachell, of Wisbech, -a “_rachalled_” or cogged _wheel_; Walter Coates, of Stockport, a -_colt_; Francis Woodward, of Crutched Friars, a _wood-ward_ mounted and -blowing his horn; William Archer, of Deptford, an _archer_ with bow and -arrow; Hannah Bell, of Tooley Street, a _bell_; Hugh Conny, of Potton, -three _conies_; John Curtis, of Yarmouth, two men _curtseying_; Robert -Hancock, of Whitefriars, a _hand_ and a _cock_; Ralph Harbottle, of -Great Torrington, a _hare_ and a _bottle_; Robert Thornhill, who kept -the “Bull” inn, a _Bull_ standing under a _Thorn_ tree on a mound or -_hill_; and so on. - -[Illustration] - -Very frequently, and sometimes on the obverse and at others on the -reverse, are the initials of the issuer or, more frequently still, -those of the issuer and his wife tied together with, or having between -them, a “true lover’s knot,” with floral or tasselled terminations. The -initials in the latter case are thus arranged - - M - I·K, that of the family name (Malyn) at the top, and those of - -the Christian name, of the husband (John) and wife (Katherine), at the -sides as here engraved from a Duffield token. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -On some the issuer has, as will occasionally be met with by the -collector, introduced some remarkably quaint inscriptions. Thus on a -token of Richard Bakewell, of Derby, 1666, is the curious inscription, -GOOD MORROW VALENTINE, the device being two doves billing. On another -Derby token, that of William Newcome, we have on the obverse, TOVCH NOT -MINE ANOINTED, and on the reverse DOE MY PROPHETS NOE HARME. On one of -Samuel Hendon, of Macclesfield, - -WELCOME YOU BE -TO TRADE WITH ME. - -On one of Thomas Cotton, of Middlewich, - -ALTHOVGH BVT BRASS -YET LET ME PASS. - -On one of Ann Greene, of Skipton, I WILL EXCHAING MY PENY. Others refer -to the use and benefit of tokens alike to the poor and to the traders. -Thus on one of Andover, on one side we have, FOR YE POORE’S BENEFIT, -and on the other, HELP O’ ANDEVER, 1666; on one of Winchcombe, REMEMBER -THE POORE; on one of Croyland, THE POORE’S HALFE PENY OF CROYLAND, -1670; Great Yarmouth, FOR THE VSE OF THE POORE; Chard, THE BVRROVGH -OF CHARD MADE BY YE PORTREEVE FOR YE POORE; Southwold, FOR THE POORES -ADVANTAG; Tamworth, FOR CHANGE AND CHARITIE; Worcester, FOR NECESSARIE -CHAING; and so on in very great variety. They were often issued by the -Mayor, the Portreeve, the Overseers, the Chamberlain, or other official -for public convenience. - - * * * * * - -The best, indeed only worthy, book on the general subject of -seventeenth century tokens is Boyne’s, published in 1858, in which -close upon ten thousand examples are carefully and minutely described. - -Of the more modern tokens--those so abundantly issued during the thirty -years preceding 1818--and of the silver tokens of the latter part of -that period which, including the Bank Tokens, number some four hundred -varieties, I purposely abstain in this little work from giving any -particulars. - -Of those of silver and gold, Boyne’s “Silver Tokens of Great -Britain and Ireland,” etc., published in 1866, is the best and most -comprehensive list that has been prepared. Of those of copper, Batty’s -“Descriptive Catalogue,” in which some twenty thousand varieties are -minutely described, is as exhaustive a list as could well be prepared. - - - - -GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. - -BY - -BARCLAY V. HEAD. - -[Illustration: MEDALLION OF SYRACUSE.] - - - - -GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. - -[Illustration] - - -§ THE SCIENCE OF NUMISMATICS. - -The science of Numismatics (from the Greek word νὁμυὁμα, -a legally current coin) embraces the study of the coins of all the -nations of the earth who have at any period impressed upon pieces of -metal--gold, silver, bronze, brass, copper, iron, tin, lead, etc. -etc.--any devices (_types_), or inscriptions, indicating that such -pieces of metal were issued by authority for public use as money. - -Strictly speaking, the term Numismatics should not therefore be applied -to the study of medallions, medals, or counters, whether commemorative, -purely artistic, military, scholastic, etc., unless, as is sometimes -the case, such medals have been at the same time current as money. - -The study of medals is, however, in many respects so nearly allied -to Numismatics that it may be and frequently is included in it for -convenience sake. - -For practical purposes coins may be roughly classified under four -principal headings:-- - - { Greek, etc. -I. Ancient, including { Roman, etc. - { Phœnician, etc. - -II. Byzantine. - -III. Mediæval " { European various. - { Oriental various. - -IV. Modern " All countries. - -Each series may be again subdivided into an enormous number of classes, -as will be seen when we come to examine the Greek and Roman series to -which the following pages will be devoted. - -In the outset a few brief remarks on the uses of a cabinet of antique -coins may not be out of place. Of these the first and foremost is the -undoubted fact that these “strange face to face vestiges of vanished -æons” (to use an expression of Carlyle’s) bring our minds into -immediate contact with the life and history of antiquity as no mere -book-study can ever do. Not that we would depreciate the value of a -knowledge of history; on the contrary, this is the one study which is -all important for a collector of coins. Without it a man may indeed -become familiar with the look of ancient coins, and he may gain much -practical knowledge of the prices which they usually fetch at sales, -but he will never be a true Numismatist. If he possess the artistic -sense he may admire them as works of art, but beyond this they will be -to him as a sealed book. - - -I. GREEK COINS. - - -§ INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. - -The following extract from the preface to the British Museum “Guide to -the Coins of the Ancients”[5] will give some idea of the uses of Greek -Numismatics. - -“The chief value of Greek coins lies in their being original works of -art, not copies as are most of the extant sculptures in the round, and -in their recording the successive phases and local varieties of Greek -art, in which respect no other class of monuments, sculptures, bronzes, -terracottas, fictile vases, or gems, can compete with them. From the -seventh century before the Christian era downwards, and from the -farthest east to the extreme west of the ancient civilized world, coins -are still extant, in many cases as uninjured as when they first left -the dies. The devices or _types_ which they bear, if not by leading -artists, certainly faithfully represent the style of the sculpture -and even of the painting of the periods to which they belong. Thus in -no other branch of Greek monuments can the student so readily and so -thoroughly trace the growth, the maturity, and the decay of the plastic -art as on coins chronologically arranged. - -“For the study of mythology they present the local conceptions of the -gods and heroes worshipped in the Greek world, with their attributes -and symbols. - -“The historian will find a gallery of portraits of sovereigns almost -complete, as well as evidences of the history and of the political -revolutions of innumerable autonomous states and cities in these all -but imperishable records. - -“The student of palæography will find on coins examples of various -ancient alphabets, such as Lycian and Cyprian, Phœnician, Greek, -Latin, Iberian, etc., in various stages of development. - -“The metrologist, by comparing the weights of coins of different -localities and periods, may gain an insight into the various systems -of ancient metrology in its various standards, and obtain a just view -of the relative values of the precious metals, and of the great lines -of trade in the Greek and Roman world. For practical purposes the -medallist and art workman will find in Greek coins the most profitable -as well as the safest guide. The artist will not fail to perceive -the suggestive value of designs which, on however small a scale, are -essentially large in treatment.” - -[5] “A Guide to the Coins of the Ancients, from cir. B.C. 700 to A.D. -1,” with seventy plates, by B. V. Head, second edition, London, 8vo, -1881, Trübners. - -No one whose means are at all limited should attempt to form a complete -collection of Greek coins. Even the vast collection in the British -Museum is far from perfect, and in many series is still lamentably -deficient. - -Any one, however, by limiting his ambition to one particular branch, -may hope in course of time to form a cabinet the value of which will -increase rapidly in proportion as it approaches completion. - -This applies not only to Greek coins but to every class. Thus, for -instance, there are collectors of English coins who confine their -attention to the Anglo-Saxon period; others who will buy no coins later -than the reign of Charles I.; and others, again, who only collect the -copper money of the last two centuries. - -The young collector who would not drift into unprofitable -_dilettanteism_ should therefore select some one series and keep to it, -and it is chiefly with the view of assisting him to make his choice of -a field to work upon that these pages have been written. - -It will be well to form some idea, in the first instance, of the -numerous series which are included in the general term of “_Greek -coins_.” - -Greek coins may be divided into three principal sections:-- - -A. _Autonomous_, _i.e._ coins issued by cities governed by their own -laws. - -B. _Regal_, _i.e._ coins struck in the names of kings. - -C. _Imperial_, _i.e._ coins of Greek cities struck in Roman Imperial -times, and with the head of the Emperor on the obverse. - -And into eight chronological periods as follows:-- - -I. B.C. 700-480. _Period of Archaic Art_, ending with the Persian wars. - -II. B.C. 480-430. _Period of Transitional Art_, between the Persian and -Peloponnesian wars. - -III. B.C. 430-400. _Period of Early Fine Art_, to the end of the -Athenian supremacy. IV. B.C. 400-336. _Period of Finest Art._ Age of -the Spartan and Theban supremacies. Philip of Macedon. - -V. B.C. 336-280. _Period of Later Fine Art._ Age of Alexander and his -immediate successors. - -VI. B.C. 280-197. _Period of the Decline of Art._ Age of the Epigoni or -descendants of Alexander’s successors. - -VII. B.C. 197-27. _Period of Late Decline of Art._ Age of the Attalids, -Mithradates, and of the Roman supremacy. - -VIII. B.C. 27--A.D. 268. _Period of Latest Decline of Art._ The Empire. -Augustus--Gallienus. - - -§ OF THE METALS OF WHICH COINS ARE - -COMPOSED. - -The coins of the ancients were of various metals, of which the -following need only be specified. - -1. _Gold_, distinguished in numismatic works by the abbreviation [AU] -(for aurum). - -2. _Electrum_, a compound of gold and silver. EL. - -3. _Silver._ AR (argentum). - -4. _Billon_ and _Potin_, alloys of silver and bronze. Bil. and Pot. - -5. _Bronze._ Copper with a percentage of tin. Æ (æs). - - -§ OF THE TERMS USED TO DEFINE THE VARIOUS - -PARTS OF A COIN. - -The front or face of a coin is called the _obverse_. Obv. - -The back is called the _reverse_. Rev. - -The principal device or object represented on a coin is called the -_type_. - -The area or space between the type and the circumference is called the -_field_. - -The lower portion of the area of a coin beneath the type and separated -from the rest of the field by a horizontal line is called the -_exergue_. Ex. - -Small objects represented either in the field or the exergue as -adjuncts to the main type are called _symbols_. - -Portions of a coin which are sunk below the level of the surface are -said to be _incuse_. - - -§ OF THE TYPES OF GREEK COINS. - -The types of Greek coins were from the earliest times down to the age -of the successors of Alexander almost exclusively religious. The reason -for this is not far to seek. In an age of simple faith the head of a -god upon the coin was the best of all guarantees for purity of metal -and good weight. The gods were, so to speak, invoked by the State to -vouch for the good quality of its currency, in the same way as State -decrees often began with the formula “_In the name of the gods_.” There -is, moreover, some reason to think that the earliest coins were struck -within the sacred precincts of the Temple treasuries, as being holy -places, secure from plunder and inviolable. - -In the most ancient period the principal or obverse type is generally -some animal or object sacred to or emblematical of that god whose -worship was prevalent in the city in which the coin was issued. -Subsequently the head of the deity himself was usually placed upon the -obverse of the coin, while the reverse side was occupied by the object -emblematical of his worship. Frequently, too, the head of one principal -deity appears upon the obverse, and, either the entire figure or the -emblem of some other, generally local divinity, on the reverse. - -The chief exceptions to the above rule are the so-called _agonistic -types_, or types referring to the games such as the victorious quadriga -on the money of various Sicilian cities. These types are commemorative -in a general way of victories in the Olympian or other local games, but -it is hardly ever possible to refer them to any particular victory. - -Victories in war and political revolutions are never directly referred -to on Greek coins, although the unintentional records of such events -may often be traced in a sudden change of coin-types. Thus, for -instance, at Syracuse when the Corinthians succeeded in liberating -that city from the tyranny of the Dionysian dynasty, the coinage of -Syracuse is for a time assimilated to that of Corinth; a still clearer -indication of restored freedom at the same time (B.C. 345) being seen -in the first introduction of the head of Zeus “the Liberator” upon the -coins of Syracuse. - -All through the history of free and independent Greece, the original -idea of the religious character of the coinage may be traced. The -coinage was everywhere placed under the auspices of the gods, and -gods, heroes, and their emblems, were alone considered worthy to be -represented upon it. No tyrant, however despotic, not even the great -Dionysius of Syracuse, would have dreamed of placing his own head upon -the coinage of the State. Even Philip of Macedon, when he had united in -his single hand the whole of Northern Greece, and when he reorganized -the coinage of his empire on a new model, placed on his gold money the -head of Apollo and on his silver that of Zeus. - -It was reserved for the successors of Alexander the Great, when -the political centre of the Greek world was no longer to be found -in Greece itself, but in the various capitals of the powerful -semi-oriental monarchies which arose out of the ruins of the Persian -empire--Alexandria, Antioch, etc.--it was reserved for these -self-constituted kings and their descendants to substitute their own -heads for those of the gods. - -Such an innovation as this, such a complete upsetting of the ancient -deeply rooted idea of the connection between the gods and the coinage -could not be introduced all at once. It had to be effected by degrees. -Alexander the Great even in his lifetime gave himself out as the son -of Zeus Ammon, and after his death the idea of his divinity gained -ground year by year. The first step towards the new fashion of placing -the king’s head upon the coinage was made by Lysimachus of Thrace, who -introduced on his money the portrait of the deified Alexander in the -character of the son of Ammon with the ram’s horn over the ear. - -Ptolemy Soter, king of Egypt, the first of the dynasty which ruled -Egypt for two centuries and a half after the death of Alexander, was -the first monarch who placed his own head upon his coins. By slow -degrees his example was followed, first in Asia and finally in Europe, -where Philip V. of Macedon, B.C. 220, was the first king whose portrait -in the character of a mortal, and not disguised as a demi-god, appears -upon the coinage. - -The influence of the old religious beliefs nevertheless maintained so -firm a hold on men’s minds that the reverses of Greek coins continued -to bear sacred types throughout the Roman Imperial period; and even on -the money of the Byzantine emperors when Christianity had become the -State religion, the figures of Christ and the Virgin, or the sign of -the Cross, still bear witness that the same religious sanction in a new -form continued to be invoked for the coin of the realm. - - -§ THE GODS AS REPRESENTED ON THE - -COINAGE. - - ZEUS (JUPITER). The head of this god is almost always bearded and - crowned with laurel or olive (Fig. 1). The youthful head called - Zeus Hellenios, on certain coins of Syracuse, is however - beardless, and but for the inscription which in this case - accompanies it, would be indistinguishable from a head of Apollo. - - _Zeus Ammon_ (Fig. 2), frequent on coins of Cyrene, is - distinguished by the ram’s horn behind the ear. This god is - sometimes beardless. - - The head of the Zeus of Dodona is represented with a wreath of - oak-leaves (Fig. 3). - -[Illustration: Fig. 1. Zeus (Jupiter).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 2. Zeus (Ammon).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 3. Zeus (Jupiter).] - - The entire figure of Zeus appears in various attitudes, of which - the following are of most frequent occurrence:-- - - - Zeus enthroned (Fig. 4), holding in one hand a sceptre, and in - the other an eagle or a victory. - - Zeus standing, with eagle or victory. - - Zeus advancing, with ægis on his arm and hurling his thunderbolt. - - _Zeus Labrandeus_ on coins of Caria stands full draped, with the - double axe (Labrys) over his shoulder and a sceptre in his hand. - -[Illustration: Fig. 4. Zeus (Jupiter).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 5. Apollo.] - - - HADES (PLUTO), the king of the under world, resembles Zeus in type, - but is usually accompanied by Cerberus. - - SERAPIS. The great Egyptian divinity of the Ptolemaic age is also very - like Zeus, but his head is always surmounted by a lofty modius (a - measure for corn), which is often richly ornamented. - - APOLLO. The head of this god is more commonly met with on coins than - that of any other divinity. He is represented in full youthful - beauty, generally with flowing hair and almost always crowned - with laurel (Figs. 5, 6, and 7). - - His full-length figure is variously delineated, usually naked, - with bow or laurel branch in his hand, either standing or seated, - often on the Delphian omphalos (Fig. 8), or else beside his - sacred tripod. When he wears a long robe reaching to the feet, - and carries a lyre, he is called Apollo Musegetes, the leader of - the Muses. - -[Illustration: Fig. 6. Apollo.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 7. Apollo.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 8. Apollo.] - - - HELIOS (SOL). The Sun god is known by the rays which encircle his - head (Fig. 9). On coins of the Imperial period he is often seen - driving the chariot of the Sun. - - POSEIDON (NEPTUNE). The head of this god much resembles that of Zeus, - but may usually be distinguished from it by the absence of the - laurel wreath, and by the heavy way in which the dank locks of - his hair fall about his neck (Figs. 10 and 11). Poseidon is - sometimes seated on rocks holding a trident and a dolphin or an - aplustre (Fig. 12). - -[Illustration: Fig. 9. Helios (Sol).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 10. Poseidon (Neptune).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 11. Poseidon (Neptune).] - - Sometimes he stands resting on his trident, and sometimes he - wields it on high as if about to strike. Occasionally he is - seen on horseback armed with his trident. He is called _Poseidon - Hippios_ (Fig. 13). - -[Illustration: Fig. 12. Poseidon (Neptune).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 13. Poseidon (Neptune).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 14. Dionysos.] - - DIONYSOS (BACCHUS). The head of Dionysos is either youthful or - bearded, and is encircled by a wreath of ivy (Figs. 14, 15, and - 16). His full-length figure is usually naked, or with merely - a fawn skin hanging from his shoulder. He holds a wine cup - (kantharos), or a bunch of grapes or the Bacchic staff (thyrsus), - surmounted by a pine cone. - - Sometimes he has bull’s horns growing from his forehead, and - on coins of Neapolis he appears as a bull with a human head - (_Dionysos Hebon_). - -[Illustration: Fig. 15. Dionysos (Bacchus).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 16. Dionysos (Bacchus).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 17. Hermes (Mercury).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 18. Hermes (Mercury).] - - HERMES (MERCURY). The head of Hermes is youthful, and wears a hat - called a _petasus_ (Figs. 17 and 18), close fitting, sometimes - with a broad flapping brim and adorned with two wings. - - When his entire figure is represented, he is usually clad in a - short cloak (_chlamys_), and has winged sandals (_pedilia_) on - his feet. - - As the messenger of the gods and the conductor of the souls - of the dead, he carries the winged staff (_caduceus_), and - sometimes, as god of trade, a purse. HEPHÆSTUS (VULCAN). - This god is sometimes young and sometimes bearded. He wears - a conical hat (_pilos_), (Fig. 19). On coins of Lipara he is - generally seated naked on a four-legged stool, holding a hammer - in one hand and a cup (_kantharos_) in the other (Fig. 20). The - tongs and the anvil are also emblems of the worship of Hephæstus. - -[Illustration: Fig. 19. Hephæstus (Vulcan).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 20. Hephæstus (Vulcan).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 21. Herakles (Hercules).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 22. Herakles (Hercules).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 23. Herakles (Hercules).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 24. Herakles (Hercules).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 25. Pan.] - - HERAKLES (HERCULES). The head of Herakles, youthful (Fig. 21), or - bearded (Fig. 22), is usually covered with the skin of the Nemean - Lion. Occasionally, however, he is simply laureate, and sometimes - the club at his shoulder is added as a distinctive symbol. On - reverses of coins, Herakles is represented performing his various - labours, most frequently contending with the Nemean Lion (Fig. - 23). Sometimes also he is seen at rest, either standing and - leaning upon his club, or seated (Fig. 24). The infant Herakles - strangling two serpents is a less frequent type. - - - PAN. The head of Pan (Figs. 25, 26, and 27) has pointed ears, and is - either youthful or bearded. Sometimes also he has goat’s horns. - At his shoulder on many coins appears the shepherd’s crook - (_pedum_). - - ARES (MARS). The head of Ares is of rare occurrence on coins. He is - usually bearded and helmeted, but sometimes young and crowned - with laurel like Apollo (Fig. 28), and when thus represented, as - on the Mamertine coin here engraved, his name was added in order - that there might be no mistake as to whose head was intended. - -[Illustration: Fig. 26. Pan.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 27. Pan.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 28. Ares (Mars).] - - ASKLEPIOS (ÆSCULAPIUS). Representations of the god of healing belong - to a comparatively late period of art. He is bearded, amply - draped, and leans upon a staff, round which a serpent twines - (Fig. 29). - -[Illustration: Fig. 29. Asklepios (Æsculapius).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 30. River Gods.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 31. River Gods.] - - He is sometimes accompanied by his daughter _Hygieia_, the goddess - of health, or by a small figure enveloped in a cloak and hood, - who is called _Telesphorus_, and is supposed to be the genius of - convalescence. - - RIVER GODS. Rivers are represented during the earlier and finer - periods of art as rushing bulls or as bulls with human heads - (Fig. 30), or again as young male figures with bull’s horns over - the forehead (Fig. 31). - - In the later period the conventional River god is a bearded - reclining figure, generally half-draped, resting upon an - overturned vase from which a stream of water is flowing (Fig. - 32). Less frequently the god is shown as actually swimming in the - water. - - THE DIOSCURI (CASTOR AND POLLUX) wear conical hats, each surmounted - by a star (Fig. 33 _a_). Sometimes they are seen standing side by - side with palm branches in their hands, but they are more often - represented on horseback (Fig. 33 _b_). - -[Illustration: Fig. 32. A River God.] - -[Illustration: (_a_) Fig. 33. (_b_) The Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux).] - - PERSEUS. The head of the hero Perseus (Fig. 34), the slayer of the - Gorgon Medusa (Fig. 35), wears a winged helmet, while at his - shoulders is sometimes seen the short sword or knife with a hook - at the back of the blade (_harba_). - -[Illustration: Fig. 34. Perseus.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 35. Gorgon-Head.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 36. Hera (Juno).] - - -§ THE GODDESSES AS REPRESENTED ON THE -COINAGE. - - HERA (JUNO). The head of Hera on coins usually wears a lofty circular - crown (_stephanos_) adorned with floral or other patterns (Figs. - 36, 37). She also wears sometimes a crescent-shaped crown and a - veil, and has often a sceptre at her shoulder. - - PALLAS ATHENE (MINERVA). The head of this goddess is helmeted. - Sometimes the helmet is of the Corinthian pattern (Fig. 38) and - sometimes of the Athenian (Fig. 39), often richly ornamented. - -[Illustration: Fig. 37. Hera (Juno).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 38. Pallas Athene.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 39. Pallas Athene.] - - She is often seen in a fighting attitude, as _Pallas Promachos_ - (Fig. 40), wielding a spear and holding before her a shield or - ægis. She is also very frequently seated with a victory in her - hand and her shield beside her. The shield of Pallas is usually - distinguished by the Gorgon’s head in the centre. The attributes - of this goddess are the owl and the olive. - -[Illustration: Fig. 40. Pallas Athene.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 41. Demeter.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 42. Persephone (Proserpine).] - - DEMETER (CERES) AND PERSEPHONE (PROSERPINE). These two goddesses are - known by the corn wreath which they both wear. Demeter, the - mother (Fig. 41), is generally veiled; the daughter, Persephone, - seldom (Figs. 42, 43). The beautiful head on the well-known - Syracusan medallions (see _Frontispiece_), crowned with corn - leaves, is that of Persephone. This goddess often has a poppy - either in her hair or at her breast. The torch is a frequent - emblem, especially of Demeter. - -[Illustration: Fig. 43. Persephone (Proserpine).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 44. Artemis (Diana).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 45. Artemis (Diana).] - - ARTEMIS (DIANA). As the goddess of Nature in her wilder aspects, - Artemis carries a bow, and at her shoulder a quiver of arrows - (Figs. 44, 45). She is often accompanied by a dog or a stag. As - the Moon goddess, _Selene_, the crescent is her symbol. On late - coins of Ephesus she appears under a totally different aspect, - viz., as the embodiment of the nourishing, life-giving forces of - nature, symbolised by her many breasts. - -[Illustration: (_a_) Fig. 46. (_b_) Aphrodite (Venus).] - - APHRODITE (VENUS). On the coins of Eryx, in Sicily, the goddess of - love is seated fully draped, with Eros (Cupid) as a youth - (not a child, as in Roman art) standing before her, and with a - dove in her hand. On Imperial coins of Cnidu, the famous naked - Aphrodite by Praxiteles was represented. As the goddess of heaven - (_Aphrodite Urania_), she sits upon the globe (Fig. 46 _a_), her - head surmounted by the morning star, and holding in her hand a - sceptre. On the reverse of the same coin (Fig. 46 _b_) are seen - the sun, the moon, and the five planets. - - CYBELE. “The mother of the gods” wears a turreted crown. Sometimes - she rides upon a lion, at other times she is seated on a throne - between two lions. The rabbit is also symbolical of her worship, - as an earth goddess. - - ISIS. This Egyptian goddess is recognised by her peculiar head-dress, - consisting of a globe or disc flanked by two cow’s horns and - surmounted by two ostrich feathers. In her hand she often holds - the sistrum (a musical instrument). As Isis Pharia (a sea - goddess) she holds a sail. - -[Illustration: Fig. 47. Nike (Victory).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 48. Nike (Victory).] - - NIKE (VICTORY). (Figs. 47, 48). This divinity is almost always winged, - and often flying (_see Frontispiece_). She usually carries a - wreath; and on coins of Alexander the Great a sort of mast with - a cross-yard (the stand for a trophy of arms). Sometimes she is - nailing armour to a trophy (Fig. 48). - - -§ SYMBOLS. - -In addition to the principal type, whether of the obverse or of the -reverse, there is generally to be seen on the coins of Greek states a -subordinate adjunct device, which occupies some vacant space in the -field of the coin. These additions to the main type are of two kinds:-- - -(1) Symbols connected more or less directly with the main type: such as -the sacred olive branch on the coins of Athens, and the club and bow on -Fig. 24. (2) Symbols having no connection whatever with the principal -type; such as the small animal on Fig. 7. - -The symbols of the 1st class are naturally limited in number and more -or less constant accompaniments of the main type, to which they were -intended to give greater precision and definiteness of meaning. Those -of the 2nd class, on the other hand, might be varied very frequently -on coins of one and the same series. There can be no doubt that -such symbols were the distinctive badges or signets of one of the -magistrates or moneyers under whose authority the coinage was issued. -The frequency with which these personal symbols were varied corresponds -with the duration of the term of office of the magistrate in question, -whether annual or other. - -On the regal coinages from the time of Philip of Macedon onwards, in -cases where a uniform coinage was issued at many mints, an adjunct -symbol was very generally placed in the field of the coin as a -mint-mark designating the place of issue (_e.g._ the Trident on Fig. -4). It is frequently impossible to distinguish such local mint-marks -from the personal signets of the officer entrusted by the king with the -supervision of the currency. - - -§ INSCRIPTIONS. - -The inscriptions on Greek coins may be divided into the following -principal classes:-- - - (i.) The name of the people or state. - (ii.) The name of the chief of the state, whether tyrant or king. - (iii.) The name of a magistrate. - (iv.) The name of the engraver of the die. - (v.) A legend referring to the type. - -The above are written sometimes at full length and sometimes in an -abbreviated form, or in the form of a more or less complicated monogram. - -Those of class i., when written in full, are usually in the genitive -plural, _e.g._ ΣΤΡΑΚΟΣΙΟΝ (Frontispiece). - -Those of class ii. are also in the genitive, _e.g._, ΒΑΣΙΛΑΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ -(Fig. 8). - -Those of class iii. are either in the nominative (as ΠΟΛΥΚΡΑΤΗΣ, Fig. -45) or the genitive; in the latter case frequently preceded by ΕΗΙ -(Fig. 12), and often also accompanied by the title of the office as ἑφι -Λυσιστῥατου ἁρχοντος, ἑφι στραθηγου Διονυσἱου. - -Among the magistrates most frequently mentioned on Greek Imperial coins -are the following:-- The Archon, the Strategos (Prætor), the Grammateus -(Secretary), the Prytanis, the Tamias (Treasurer), the Archiereus and -Hiereus (High Priest and Priest), the Asiarch, the Hypatos (Consul), -and the Anthypatos (Proconsul), etc., etc. - -Those of class iv. are in the genitive, except when accompanied by the -verb (_e.g._ ΘΕΟΔΟΤΟΣ ΕΠΟΕΙ, for ἑποἱει). This class of inscriptions is -usually in very minute characters. - -Those of class v. are in the nominative, as ΖΕΥΣ ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΟΣ (Fig. 1), -or genitive, as ΑΡΕΟΣ (Fig. 28). - -The names of kings, even when unaccompanied by the title ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ, -hold so conspicuous a position on the reverse of the coins, that it -is easy to distinguish them from the names of less important monetary -magistrates. - -The names of eponymous magistrates, such as archons, etc., also occupy -a very prominent place on the money of certain cities; such as Ephesus, -for example. - -The names of less important functionaries are written in an abbreviated -form or even in monogram (Fig. 40), in which latter case it is almost -always impossible to say what name was intended. - -On coins of the later and especially of the Imperial period, the -inscriptions are much more lengthy than on those of an earlier date. - -§ OF THE METHOD OF DATING COINS. - -Dates are not found on Greek coins before the age of Alexander the -Great, and even after his time they are of rare occurrence, except on -certain Asiatic series and on the money of Egypt. They are usually -placed either in the field or the exergue of the coin. - - Units. A. B. Γ. Δ. E. ς. Ζ. H. Θ. - - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. - - Tens. I. Κ. Λ. Μ. Ν. Ξ. Ο. Π. κοππα - - 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. - - Hundreds. P. Σ. Τ. Υ. Φ. Χ. Ψ. Ω. σαμπι - - 100. 200. 300. 400. 500. 600. 700. 800. 900. - -They are sometimes preceded by the word ΕΤΟΥΣ, thus, ΕΤΟΥΣ ΡΚΔ = _Anno_ -124. On the coinage of Egypt, both under the Ptolemies and under the -Roman Emperors, the character [L] is used instead of the word ΕΤΟΥΣ, -thus, ΛΓ = _Anno_ 33. This character was probably an ancient Egyptian -symbol meaning _year_, adopted into the Greek system of numeration for -the sake of brevity. The following are a few of the many epochs or -_æras_ according to which coins are dated:-- - - The Seleucid æra begins B.C. 312. - The Pompeian " B.C. 63. - The Cæsarian " B.C. 48 or 47. - The Augustan or Actian æra begins B.C. 31. - - -§ OF THE DENOMINATIONS OF GREEK COINS. - -The unit of account in Greece was the _drachm_. The weight of the -drachm was not everywhere identical. It ranged, as a rule, between -about 55 and 95 grs. troy. For purposes of calculation it may be taken -in a general way as the ancient equivalent of our modern shilling or -franc. - -Of the various standards of weight which prevailed in different parts -of the Greek world, the _Attic standard_ was the most widely diffused. -The weights of the various denominations, according to this standard, -are as follows:-- - - The Talent = 405,000 grs. troy } not { = 6,000 drachms. - " Mina (1/60 of the Talent } coined { - = 6,750 grs. troy) } { = 100 drachms. - " Tetradrachm = 270 grs. troy = 4 drachms. - " Didrachm = 135 " " = 2 " - " Drachm = 67·5 " " = 1 " - " Tetrobol = 45 " " = 4 obols. - " Triobol = 33·75 " " = 1/2 drachm or 3 obols. - " Diobol = 22·5 " " = 2 obols. - " Trihemiobol = 16·8 " " = 1-1/2 obols. - " Obol = 11·25 " " = 1 obol. - " Hemiobol = 5·62 " " = 1/2 " - " Tetartemorion = 2·81 " " = 1/4 " - -The other standards are the _Æginetic_ (drachm 97 grs.); the -_Phœnician_ (drachm 56 grs.); the _Rhodian_ (drachm 60 grs.); the -_Persian_ (drachm 88 grs.). The other denominations of the above -standards may be easily got at by multiplying or dividing the drachms -as in the Attic standard. - -Larger denominations than the tetradrachm are rare, but octadrachms, -decadrachms, etc., etc., occur at some towns. The unit in copper was -called the _chalkous_; but its weight does not appear to have been -definitely fixed like that of the silver drachm. - -The Attic gold money was regulated according to the same standard of -weight as the silver. The gold unit of account was, however, not the -drachm, but the _stater_, as it was called, equivalent in weight to -the didrachm, and in value to 20 drachms of silver. - -As a rule, the denomination of a Greek coin can only be determined by -weighing it. Marks of value occur, however, on the copper of Italy, -Sicily, etc.; but these coins follow a system foreign to Greece proper -(see below). - - -§ OF THE ARRANGEMENT OF A CABINET OF - -GREEK COINS. - -Greek coins are classified in all great collections in geographical -order, as follows:--The towns under each province should be arranged -alphabetically, for convenience of reference. We have only space here -to mention a few of the principal cities:-- - - -EUROPE. - - _Provinces._ _Cities_, _Islands_, _Tribes_, _Kings_, _etc._ - SPAIN. - Lusitania Emerita. - Bætica Carteia, Gades. - Tarraconensis Emporiæ, Osca, Rhoda, etc. - GAUL. - Aquitania Arverni. - Narbonensis Massilia, Nemausus. - Lugdunensis Lugdunum. - Belgica - BRITAIN. Atrebates, etc., Camulodunum. - ITALIA. - Etruria Populonia. - Umbria Tuder. - Picenum Hatria. - Vestini - Latium Roma. - Samnium Beneventum. - Frentani Larinum. - Campania Capua, Cumæ, Neapolis, Nola. - Apulia Arpi, Cælia, Teate, Venusia. - Calabria Brundusium, Tarentum. - Lucania Metapotum, Posidonia, Thurium, Velia. - Bruttii Croton, Locri, Rhegium, Terina. - SICILY. Agrigentum, Camarina, Gela, Himera, - Leontini, Messana, Naxos, Segesta, Selinus, - and Syracuse. - _Kings, etc., of_ Agathocles, Hicetas, Hiero II., Philistis, - Gelo, Hieronymus. - Siculo-Punic Solus, Motya, Panormus. - _Islands of Sicily_ Lipara, Sardinia. - TAURIC CHERSONESE Panticapæum. - SARMATIA Olbia, Tyra. - DACIA. - MŒSIA SUPERIOR Viminacium. - MŒSIA INFERIOR Istrus, Marcianopolis, Nicopolis, Tomi. - THRACE Abdera, Ænus, Byzantium, Maronea, - Perinthus, Philippopolis. - THRACIAN CHERSONESE Cardia, Cœla, Lysimachia. - _Kings of Thrace_ Seuthes, etc., Rhœmetalces, etc. - _Islands of Thrace_ Imbros, Lemnos, Samothrace, Thasos. - PÆONIA, _Kings_ Lycceius, Patraus, Audoleon. - MACEDON, _Cities_ Acanthus, Amphipolis, Chalcidice, Lete, - Neapolis, Pella, Philippi, Pydna, Thessalonica. - _Tribes_ Bisaltæ, Orrescii. - _Kings of_ Alexander I., Perdiccas II., Archelaus I., - Amyntas III., Philip II., Alexander the - Great, Philip III., Cassander, Lysimachus, - Demetrius I., Antigonus I. and - II., Philip V., Perseus. - THESSALY Ænianes, Crannon, Larissa, Pharsalus, - Pheræ. - ILLYRICUM Apollonia, Dyrrachium. - EPIRUS Cassope, Damastium, Nicopolis. - _Island of_ Corcyra. - _Kings of_ Alexander I., Pyrrhus. - ACARNANIA Œniadæ, Thyrreum. - _Island of_ Leucas. - - ÆTOLIA Federal coins. - - LOCRIS Opus, Amphissa. - - PHOCIS Delphi. - - BŒOTIA Coronea, Haliartus, Orchomenus, Tanagra, - Thebes, Thespiæ. - ATTICA Athens, Eleusis. - _Islands of_ Eubœa (with its towns, Chalcis, Carystus, - Eretria, Histiæa), Salamis. - MEGARA. - ÆGINA. - ACHÆA Ægium, etc., Corinth, Patræ, Phlius, Sicyon. - ELIS Elis. - _Islands of Elis_ Cephallenia, Zacynthus. - MESSENIA Messene. - LACONIA Lacedæmon. - ARGOLIS Argos, Epidaurus, Trœzen. - ARCADIA Heræa, Megalopolis, Pheneus, Stymphalus. - CRETE Cnossus, Gortyna, Hierapytna, Phæstus. - ÆGEAN ISLANDS Ceos, Naxos, Siphnos, Syros, Tenos, etc. - - -ASIA. - - _Provinces._ _Cities, Islands, Tribes, Kings, etc._ - BOSPORUS Phanagoria. - COLCHIS Dioscurias. - PONTUS Amisus, Amasia, Trapezus. - _Kings of Pontus_ } Mithradates IV., Pharnaces I., Mithradates - _and Bosporus_ } VI. the Great, etc. - PAPHLAGONIA Amastris, Sinope. - BITHYNIA Chalcedon, Cius, Heraclea (Timotheus, - Dionysius, Amastris). - _Kings of_ Nicomedes I., II., and III., Prusias I., II. - MYSIA Cyzicus, Lampsacus, Pergamus. - _Kings of Pergamus_ Philetaerus, the Attalids. - TROAS Abydos, Alexandria, Troas, Ilium, Scepsis. - _Island of Troas_ Tenedos. - ÆOLIS Cyme, Myrina, Temnos. - _Islands of Æolis_ Lesbos (Methymna, Mytilene). - IONIA Clazomenæ, Colophon, Ephesus, Erythræ, - Magnesia, Miletus, Smyrna. - _Islands of Ionia_ Chios, Samos. - CARIA Cnidus, Halicarnassus, Stratonicæa. - _Kings of Caria_ Hecatomnus, Mausolus, Hidrieus, Pixodarus. - _Islands of Caria_ Calymna, Cos, Rhodes Ialysus, Camirus, - Lindus. - LYCIA Cragus, Myra, Patara, Phaselis, etc. - PAMPHYLIA Aspendus, Perga, Side. - PISIDIA Antiochia, Sagalassus, Selge. - ISAURIA AND LYCAONIA Iconium, etc. - CILICIA Celenderis, Mallus, Soli, Tarsus, etc. - CYPRUS Paphos, Salamis. - _Kings of Cyprus_ Baalmelek, Azbaal, Evagoras, Nicocles, etc. - LYDIA Sardes, Tralles, etc. - PHRYGIA Apamea, Cibyra, etc. - GALATIA Ancyra, Pessinus, etc. - _Kings of Galatia_ Amyntas, etc. - CAPPADOCIA Cæsarea, etc. - _Kings of Cappadocia_ Ariarathes, Ariobarzanes, etc. - ARMENIA, _Kings of_ Tigranes, Artavazdes, etc. - SYRIA, _Kings of_ Seleucus I. (Nicator), Antiochus I. (Soter), - Antiochus III. (the Great), etc., etc. - COMMAGENE Samosata, Zeugma. - CYRRHESTICA Berœa, Hierapolis. - CHALCIDENE Chalcis. - SELEUCIS and - PIERIA Antioch. - CŒLE-SYRIA Damascus, Heliopolis, Laodicea ad Libanum. - TRACHONITIS with - ITURÆA Cæsarea-Paneas. - DECAPOLIS Canatha, Gadara, Philadelphia, etc. - PHŒNICE Byblus, Marathus, Sidon, Tyre. - _Island of_ Aradus. - GALILÆA Ace (Ptolemais), Sepphoris (Diocæsarea), - Tiberias. - SAMARIA Cæsarea, Joppa, Sebaste. - JUDÆA Ælia Capitolina (Jerusalem), Ascalon, etc. - _Judæa, Kings of_ Simon Maccabæus, Alexander Jannæus, - Herod the Great, Agrippa, etc., etc. - ARABIA Bostra, Philippopolis. - MESOPOTAMIA Carrhæ, Edessa (_Kings_--Mannus, Abgarus, - etc.) - BABYLONIA, - _King of_ Timarchus. - ASSYRIA Niniva (Claudiopolis). - PARTHIA, _Kings of_ Arsaces I. and his Successors. - PERSIA, _Kings of_ Darius, the son of Hystaspes, Xerxes, - Artaxerxes, etc. - BACTRIANA and Sophytes, Diodotus, Euthydemus. - INDIA Demetrius, Eucratides, Heliocles, Euthydemus - _Kings of_ II., Pantaleon, Agathocles, Antimachus, - etc., etc. - CHARACENE, - _Kings of_ Tiræus, Artabazes, Attambilus, etc. - -AFRICA. - - _Provinces._ _Cities, Islands, Tribes, Kings, etc._ - EGYPT, _The Ptolemaic_ { Ptolemy I. (Soter),--Ptolemy XIII. and - _Kings of_. { Cleopatra. - _Alexandria, Imperial_ M. Antony,--Galerius. - _The Nomes_. - CYRENAICA Cyrene, Barca. - SYRTICA Leptis Magna, Oea. - BYZACENE Hadrumetum, etc. - ZEUGITANA Carthage, Utica, etc. - NUMIDIA, _Kings of_ Jugurtha, etc. - MAURETANIA Bocchus I., Juba II., etc. - -The above list, although an outline of the barest description, may -serve to give some idea of the ground which is covered by a collection -of Greek and cognate coins. - -It will also serve to warn the young collector against buying in a -miscellaneous manner. - -Let him take up some particular province; say, for example, Sicily, in -which there were some fifty towns which struck coins. He will soon find -that the numismatics of these fifty towns will be a field for study -which will amply reward him for the labour he bestows upon it. - - -§ OF THE PRICES OF GREEK COINS. - -The prices which Greek coins fetch at sales depend upon their rarity, -their state of preservation, and their size, not much upon the artistic -or the historical interest, or upon the metal of which they are -composed. Thus, a gold coin of Alexander the Great, being common, may -be obtained almost at metal value, while a rare copper coin of some -obscure town in the heart of Phrygia may cost almost as many pounds as -the gold coin of Alexander does shillings. - - -II. ROMAN COINS. - - -§ GENERAL CLASSIFICATION. - -The coins of ancient Rome are not artistically as interesting as those -of Greece. They are, however, most useful for all who desire to become -acquainted with the history and institutions of the eternal city. - -They may be divided into the following classes:-- - - -_Coins of the Republic._ - -I. Heavy Bronze coins cast in a mould, _Æs Grave_. II. The so-called -_Consular_ or _Family_ series, consisting of silver and bronze struck -coins, together with a few gold pieces. - - -_Coins of the Empire._ - -III. Gold and silver, struck by the authority of the Emperor. - -IV. Bronze (commonly called Large, Middle, and Small Brass), struck -by authority of the Senate, and distinguishable by the letters S. C. -(Senatus-Consulto). - -V. Imperial medallions in all metals, not intended to circulate as -money. - - -§ OF THE ÆS GRAVE. - -(1) The _æs grave_ was the earliest money used in Rome and throughout -the central and northern parts of the Italian peninsula. It consisted -of the As (or unit) and its divisions and multiples, as follows:-- - - As. _Obv._ Head of Janus; _Rev._ Prow of ship. Mark of value I - Semis (1/2 As). _Obv._ Hd. of Jupiter " " S - Triens (1/3 As). " " Pallas " " .... - Quadrans (1/4 As). _Obv._ Head of Hercules " " ... - Sextans (1/6 As). " " Mercury " " .. - Uncia (1/12 As). " " Roma " " . - - -MULTIPLES OF THE AS. - - Dupondius (2 Asses). _O._ Hd. of _R._ Prow of - Pallas; ship. Mark of value II - Tripondius (3 Asses). " " " III - Decussis (10 Asses). _O._ Head of Roma. " " X - -The above types are those of the coins of Rome itself. The æs grave of -the other Italian states had different types. - -The As first issued in Rome is said to have weighed one pound, hence -it was called the As Libralis. The earliest known specimens of the -Libral series date from about B.C. 400. As time went on, it was -gradually reduced in weight, at first to 4 ounces, about B.C. 268 -(_Triental Reduction_), and subsequently, B.C. 217, to 1 ounce (_Uncial -Reduction_), and somewhat later even to 1/2 an ounce. - - -§ OF THE SILVER “CONSULAR” COINAGE. - -(2) Silver money was first struck in Rome about B.C. 268. It consisted -of the following denominations:-- - - The Denarius (= 10 Asses). _Obv._ Head of Roma; - _Rev._ The Dioscuri. Mark of value X - The Quinarius (= 5 Asses). Similar types " V or Q - The Sestertius (= 2-1/2 Asses). " " IIS - -Afterwards another denomination called the Victoriatus was added: -_Obv._ Head of Jupiter; _Rev._ Victory crowning a trophy. This was -a coin of Campanian origin, and its value was 3/4 of the denarius. -The types of the silver money, at first constant and uniform, were -subsequently varied according to the pleasure of the officers entrusted -with the supervision of the coinage. The types of the Roman denarii of -the last century of the Republic generally contain allusions to past -(but never or very rarely to contemporary) events connected with the -family of the moneyer. Hence such pieces may be called Family coins, -but to give this name to the whole series of Republican denarii is -incorrect. - -At first it is supposed that the direction of the Roman mint was -entrusted to the Consuls themselves, but it was not long before -special magistrates were appointed from time to time to superintend -the currency. These Triumviri or Tresviri Monetales were officially -designated as Tresviri auro argento aere flando feriundo, a title -abbreviated on some coins to IIIVIR. A. A. A. F. F. The adjective -Monetalis referred to the temple of Juno Moneta, in which the mint was -situated, and from this epithet of Juno our modern word “Money” is -derived. - -It is usual, though not strictly scientific, to arrange a cabinet of -Roman Republican denarii under the _family_ names of the moneyers, in -alphabetical order. As the family name does not always occur upon the -coin, the following table of surnames and of the families to which they -belong will be found useful to the young collector in arranging his -coins. - - _Surname._ _Family._ - Acisculus Valeria. - Agrippa Luria. - " Vipsania. - Ahala Servilia. - Ahenobarbus Domitia. - Albinus Postumia. - Antiaticus Mænia. - Aquinus Cæcilia. - Asiagenes Cornelia. - Atratinus Sempronia. - Augurinus Minucia. - Bala Ælia. - Balbus Acilia. - " Antonia. - " Atia. - " Cornelia. - " Nævia. - " Thoria. - Bassus Betiliena. - Bibulus Calpurnia. - Blandus Rubellia. - Blasio Cornelia. - Brocchus Furia. - Brutus Junia. - Buca Æmilia. - Bursio Julia. - Cæicianus Cassia. - Cæpio Servilia. - Cæsar Julia. - Caldus Cœia. - Capella Nævia. - Capito Fonteia. - " Maria. - " Oppia. - Capitolinus Petillia. - Carbo Papiria. - Casca Servilia. - Cato Porcia. - Catullus Valeria. - Celer Cassia. - Celsus Papia. - Censorinus Marcia. - Cerco Lutatia. - Cestianus Plætoria. - Cethegus Cornelia. - Chilo, Cilo Flaminia. - Cinna Cornelia. - Cocles Horatia. - Cordus Mucia. - Cossus Cornelia. - Costa Pedania. - Cotta Aurelia. - Crassipes Furia. - Crassus Licinia. - " Canidia. - Crispinus Quinctia. - Croto Metilia. - Dossenus Rubria. - Fabatus Roscia. - Faustus Cornelia. - Felix Cornelia. - Flaccus Rutilia. - " Valeria. - Flavius Decimia. - Florus Aquillia. - Fostulus Pompeia. - Frugi Calpurnia. - Gal[eria] Memmia. - Galba Sulpicia. - Gallus Asinia. - " Caninia. - Geminus Aburia. - Geta Hosidia. - Grag[ulus] Antestia. - Gracchus Sempronia. - Hemic... Flavia. - Hypsæus Plautia. - Judex Vettia. - Junianus Licinia. - Kalenus Fufia. - Labeo Fabia. - Labienus Atia? - Læca Porcia. - Lamia Ælia. - Lariscolus Accoleia. - Lentulus Cornelia. - Lepidus Æmilia. - Libo Marcia. - " Scribonia. - Licinus Porcia. - Limetanus Mamilia. - Longinus Cassia. - Longus Mussidia. - Lucanus Terentia. - Lupercus Gallia. - Macer Licinia. - " Sepullia. - Magnus Pompeia. - Malleolus Poblicia. - Marcellinus Cornelia. - Marcellus Claudia. - Maridianus Cossutia. - Maximus Egnatia. - " Fabia. - Mensor Farsuleia. - Messalia Valeria. - Metullus Cæcilia. - Molo Pomponia. - Murcus Statia. - Murena Licinia. - Mus Decia. - Musa Pomponia. - Naso Axia. - Natta Pinaria. - Nerva Cocceia. - " Licinia. - " Silia. - Nomentanus Atilia. - Nonianus Considia. - Otho Salvia. - Pætus Ælia. - " Considia. - Palikanus Lollia. - Pansa Vibia. - Paullus Æmilia. - Philippus Marcia. - Philus Furia. - Pictor Fabia. - Piso Calpurnia. - Pitio Sempronia. - Pius Cæcilia. - " Pompeia. - Plancus Munatia. - " Plautia. - Platorinus Sulpicia. - Pulcher Claudia. - Purpureo Fabia. - Quinctilianus Nonia. - Reginus Antistia. - Regulus Livineia. - Restio Antia. - Rocus Creperia. - Rufus Aurelia. - " Cordia. - " Lucilia. - " Mescinia. - " Minucia. - " Plotia. - " Pompeia. - " Pomponia. - " Sulpicia. - Rullus Servilia. - Rus[ticus] Aufidia. - Sabinus Minatia. - " Tituria. - " Vettia. - Sabula Cossutia. - Salinator Oppia - Saranus Atilia. - Saserna Hostilia. - Saturninus Appuleia. - Saxula Clovia. - Scæva Junia. - Scarpus Pinaria. - Scaurus Æmilia. - " Aurelia. - Scipio Cornelia. - Secundus Arria. - Ser ... Manlia. - Silanus Junia. - Silianus Licinia. - Silus Sergia. - Sisenna Cornelia. - Spinther Cornelia. - Stolo Licinia. - Strabo Volteia. - Sufenas Nonia. - Sulla Cornelia. - Sulpicianus Quinctia. - Surdinus Nævia. - Talna Juventia. - Tampilus Bæbia. - Taurus Statilia. - Thermus Minucia. - Tod.. ... - Torquatus Manlia. - Trigeminus Curiatia. - Trio Lucretia. - Trogus Maria. - Tubulus Hostilia. - Tullus Mæcilia. - Turdus Papiria. - Turpilianus Petronia. - Unimanus Claudia. - Vaala Numonia. - Varro Terentia. - Varus Vibia. - Vetus Antistia. - Vitulus Voconia. - Volusus Valeria. - - -§ OF THE MONEY OF THE EMPIRE. - -(3 and 4.) Imperial coins. The Imperial series may be said to commence -in B.C. 2, when Augustus was made Pater Patriæ. From this time forward -the names of the moneyers cease to appear on the coinage. - -The portrait of the emperor, or of some member of the Imperial family, -now almost always occupies the obverse of the coin. The reverse -type is, as a general rule, some allegorical figure, such as Spes, -Justitia, Salus, Pietas, etc., etc., or the representation of some one -of the many provinces of the empire, _e.g._ Britannia, Judæa, etc., or -again some military subject, _e.g._ legionary standards, or the emperor -addressing his soldiers, together with a great variety of types, to -mention which would occupy far more space than we have here at our -disposal. - -The inscriptions on the Imperial coins contain in an abbreviated form -the date of their issue, calculated by the number of times which the -Tribunitia Potestas, or Tribunitian power, had been conferred upon the -emperor. This office was renewed annually on the first day of January. -The formula is TR. POT. or TR. P., followed by a numeral, as, on a -coin of Trajan, TR. P. XX. COS. VI. IMP. XI. This means that the coin -was struck when the emperor was in the possession of the Tribunitian -power for the 20th time, of the consulship for the 6th time, and of the -Imperatorship for the 11th time. Now, as Trajan had the Tribunitian -power for the first time in A.D. 98, we get the date A.D. 116 for the -coin in question. The other offices mentioned were not annual. - - * * * * * - -The following is a list of the Roman emperors, and other members of -the Imperial families, arranged in the order in which it is usual to -classify their coins, which is, as far as possible, chronological:-- - - Augustus B.C. 27-A.D. 14 - Livia or Julia, wife of Augustus Agrippa - - A.D. - Tiberius 14-37 - Caius - Caius and Lucius - Drusus senior - Antonia - Drusus junior - Germanicus - Agrippina, wife of Germanicus - Nero & Drusus, sons " - Caligula 37-41 - Claudius 41-54 - Britannicus - Agrippina, w. of Claudius - Nero 54-68 - Galba 68-69 - Otho 69 - Vitellius 69 - Vespasian 69-79 - Domitilla, w. of Vespasian - Domitilla, daughter of Vespasian - Titus 79-81 - Julia, daughter of Titus - Domitian 81-96 - Domitia, wife of Domitian - Nerva 96-98 - Trajan 98-117 - Plotina, wife of Trajan - Marciana, sister of Trajan - Matidia, daughter of Marciana - Hadrian 117-138 - Sabina, wife of Hadrian - Ælius, adopted by Hadrian - Antoninus Pius 138-161 - Faustina I., w. of Ant. Pius. - M. Aurelius 161-180 - Faustina II., w. of M. Aurelius - L. Verus 161-169 - Lucilla, w. of L. Verus - Commodus 180-192 - Crispina, w. of Commodus - Pertinax 193 - Didius Julianus 193 - Manlia Scantilla, w. of Did. Julian. - Pescennius Niger 194 - Clodius Albinus (in Britain) 193-197 - Septimius Severus 193-211 - Julia Domna, w. of S. Severus - M. Aurel. Antoninus (Caracalla) 211-217 - Plautilla, w. of Caracalla - Geta, brother of Caracalla 211-212 - Macrinus 217 - Diadumenian, son of Macrinus - M. Aurel. Antoninus (Elagabalus) 218-222 - Julia Paula, w. of Elagabalus - Aquillia Severa, w. of Elagabalus - Annia Faustina, w. of Elagabalus - Julia Soaemias, mother of Elagabalus - Julia Mæsa, grandmother of Elagabalus - M. Aurel. Severus Alexander 222-235 - Barbia Orbiana, w. of Sev. Alex. - Julia Mamæa, mother of Sev. Alex. - Uranius Sulpicius Antoninus (in the East) - Maximinus I. 235-238 - Paulina, w. of Maximinus - Maximus, son of Maximinus - Gordian I. 238 - Gordian II. 238 - Balbinus 238 - Pupienus 238 - Gordian III. Pius 238-244 - Tranquillina, w. of Gordian III. - Philip I. 244-249 - Otacilia, w. of Philip I. - Philip II., son of Philip I. 244-249 - Trajan Decius 249-251 - Herennia Etruscilla, w. of Traj. Decius - Herennius Etruscus, son of Traj. Decius 251 - Hostilianus, son of Traj. Decius 251 - Trebonianus Gallus 251-254 - Volusianus, son of Treb. Gallus - Æmilianus 253-254 - Cornelia Supera, w. of Æmilian. - Valerianus I. 253-260 - Mariniana, w. of Valerian I. - Gallienus 253-268 - Salonina, w. of Gallienus - Saloninus, son of Gallienus - Claudius II., Gothicus 268-270 - Quintillus, brother of Claudius II. - Aurelianus 270-275 - Severina, w. of Aurelianus - Postumus (in Gaul) 258-267 - Postumus II., son of Postum. - Lælianus (in Gaul) - Victorinus I. (in Gaul) 265-267 - Marius (in Gaul) 267 - Tetricus I. (in Gaul) 267-273 - Tetricus II., son of Tetric. I. - Macrianus I. (in the East) 260-262 - Macrianus II., son of Macrianus I. - Quietus, son of Macrianus I. 260-262 - Tacitus 275-276 - Florianus 276 - Probus 276-282 - Carus 282-283 - Carinus 283-285 - Magnia Urbica, w. of Carinus - Nigrinianus, son of Carinus - Numerianus 283-284 - Julianus - Diocletianus 284-305 - Maximianus I., Hercules 286-305 - Carausius (in Britain) 287-293 - Allectus 293-296 - Domitius Domitianus (in Egypt) - Constantius I., Chlorus 305-306 - Maximianus II. 305-311 - Valeria, w. of Maximian. II. - Severus II. 306-307 - Maximinus II. (Daza) 308-313 - Maxentius 306-312 - Romulus, son of Maxentius - Licinius I. 307-323 - Licinius II., son of Licinius I. - Martinianus 323 - Constantinus I., the Great 306-337 - Fausta, w. of Constantine - Crispus, son of Constantine - Helena, mother of Constant. - Theodora - Delmatius, nephew of Constantine - Hanniballianus, brother of Delmatius - Constantinus II. 337-340 - Constans 337-350 - Magnentius (in Gaul) 350-353 - Decentius, brother of Magnentius - Nepotianus 350 - Vetranio 350-356 - Constantius II. 337-361 - Constantius Gallus - Julian II. (The Apostate) 361-363 - Jovianus 363-364 - Valentinian I. 364-375 - Valens 364-378 - Procopius (in the East) 365-366 - Gratianus 375-383 - Maximus II. (Britain and Gaul) 383-388 - Victor, son of Maximus II. - Valentinian II. 375-392 - Theodosius I., the Great 379-395 - Flaccilla, w. of Theodosius - Eugenius (in Gaul) 392-394 - Honorius 395-423 - -The above list is not quite complete, even as far as it goes, but it -includes the names of all the emperors whose coins are at all likely to -be met with by the young collector. - -The series of the large brass coins, which is more interesting than the -others, ceases after the reign of Postumus. - - -§ ROMAN MEDALLIONS. - -(5) Imperial medallions. As illustrations of the life and religion of -the Romans under the Empire, as well as of the history of the times, -no numismatic monuments which have come down to us can compete with -the large bronze medallions. They are to be distinguished from the -current large brass coins by the absence of the letters s.c. (_senatus -consulto_), as well as usually by their larger size, higher relief, and -finer work. As, however, the prices fetched by good medallions are, -as a rule, very high, they are practically out of the reach of the -collector of moderate means. - - -§ HOW TO DISTINGUISH TRUE FROM FALSE - -COINS. - -The young collector will not be long before he learns that a large -number of the coins exposed for sale in shop windows are false, and -at first he may be a little discouraged by finding that he is himself -quite unable to discriminate between a true coin and a false one. -But let him not despair. He will in time, by careful observation of -undoubtedly authentic specimens of the class which he has selected for -study, gain a kind of instinct which will enable him to detect the -modern imitation at a glance, even though he may not always be able to -explain his reasons to the uninitiated. - -False coins may be divided into the following classes:-- - -I. _Forgeries struck from false modern dies._ Such forgeries, when the -dies have been well executed by men familiar with the characteristic -peculiarities of ancient work, are often exceedingly difficult to -detect, especially when they are of gold. The true ancient patina and -oxide which time alone gives to bronze and silver, cannot be exactly -imitated. - -A few hints may be of use in the detection of false struck coins. - -The weight, owing to the ignorance of the forger, is generally -incorrect. - -The style of the art is weak, and the forms of the letters especially -are timid and wanting in firmness. - -II. _Modern casts made from ancient struck originals._ A cast coin, -when in gold or silver, may always be detected by its light weight, -unless this has been compensated for by making the cast thicker than -the original. The lettering and the types on cast coins are also less -sharply defined than on struck coins, and the surface has either a soft -and soapy appearance, or else it is covered with minute sand-holes, an -infallible indication of rough casting. The genuine patina of bronze -coins is imitated by paint, which can be removed by spirits of wine. - -III. _Electrotypes._ These are of necessity of wrong weight. They may -also be known by the edges, where the mark of joining of the two sides -separately made and then stuck together, is never concealed, unless, -which is seldom the case, the electrotype is intended to deceive. Many -students who cannot afford to buy originals of rare coins, supply their -places by electrotypes, which, as they are exact facsimiles, do not -spoil the eye, as too much familiarity with false coins undoubtedly -does. Electrotypes may generally be split in two with a strong knife. - -IV. Original coins which have been altered with a graving tool may be -classed as forgeries, and should be avoided, as there is no telling to -what extent they may have been “restored.” - - -§ THE COIN CABINET. - -Coins should be kept under lock and key in a mahogany cabinet. Trays -made of cedar should never be used, as there is a deposit from this -wood which covers the surface of copper and lead coins with a kind of -varnish which is difficult to remove. In arranging coins in the trays, -begin at the left hand top corner, placing the coins in rows, one in -each hole. Under every coin there should be a descriptive card or a -number referring to a catalogue, in which the price paid for every -specimen should be carefully recorded, as well as the name of the -persons from whom it was acquired. A coin from a well-known cabinet -will always fetch more when sold than an equally fine specimen of which -the antecedents are unknown. - -BARCLAY V. HEAD. - - - - -Transcriber’s notes: - - - Pg. 7 ... COMIVS the earliest inscribed coin, 55 B.C should be - ... COMMIVS the earliest inscribed coin, 55 B.C.. Period - after C in B.C. missing--added in. - - Pg. 14 ... and within each of the. outer curves three pellets. - Between the and outer no punctuation needed. Period removed. - ... and within each of the outer curves three pellets. - - Pg. 15 ... is engraved on p. 6, Fig. J). Opening parenthesis - missing, adjusted to ... is engraved on ( p. 6, Fig. J). - - Pg. 16 CVNOBELINVS, comma is a period in all other names on list. - Changed to period. CVNOBELINVS. - - Pg. 17 The _obverse_ of one example is engraved on p. 6, Fig. i. - Parenthesis missing, should be, The _obverse_ of one - example is engraved on (p. 6, Fig. i.). - - Pg. 18 Britions should be Britons. - - Pg. 24 Two coins have been attributed to him, the name on the - _obverse_ being on one EDI[L]HD[L]V, and on the other - ATHBADIV. EDI[L]HD[L]V, look like upside down L’s facing - right. Transcribed as [L]. - - Pg. 24 Coins supposed to belong to him bear the name ALCHRED or - A[L]CHRED. Upside down L character facing right transcribed - as[L]. - - Pg. 24 Some sceattæ bearing the word E[L]FVA[L]V or VALD[F][E]LA on - Upside down and backward characters in brackets [L], [F], - [E] L,upside down facing left, F,upside down facing left, - E, since top and bottom of capital E are identical, just - facing left. - - Pg. 26 _Obverse._ ERIC REX A, or AL, EBOR, EF, EN, IO, - N or NO, or TO, in two lines divided by a sword. - _Reverse_, moneyer’s name, etc. Left as printed in - original. - - Pg. 27 AETHELBEARHT; 856-866. Left as printed in original. - - Pg. 31 ful, End of line type setting error. - EADWARDl It should be full and EADWARD, .... The comma comes - down to EADWARD, and the l goes above to full. - - Pg. 32 Wallingford Watchet, Wareham, Worcester, Wilton, Winchester, - and York. Missing comma between Wallingford and Watchet. - Comma inserted. - - Pg. 32 About two thousand coins of this king were found near - Steyning Period after Steyning missing. Inserted. - - Pg. 38 D H. Missing period after D. Period inserted. D.H. - - Pg. 39 DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Pennies, Halfpennies, and - Farthings Period missing at end of sentence. Period - inserted. - - Pg. 44 FRAN. FRANC.--DNS. HIBN, IBAR. or IBARNC. - Punctuation after HIBN should be period, so changed. - FRAN. FRANC.--DNS. HIBN. IBAR. or IBARNC. - - Pg. 47 Shilling and Sixpence. PHILIP. ET. or Z.; - Period after Shilling and Sixpence should be comma, - so changed to comma. Shilling and Sixpence, PHILIP. ET. - or Z.; - - Pg. 51 Reverse: Halfpenny, St. Patrick in full robes, mitred ... - Mitred should be mitered. - - Pg. 52 Reverse, OBS. NEWARK. 1646. Period after NEWARK should - be comma. Changed to comma. Reverse, OBS. NEWARK, - 1646. - - Pg. 54 Legend on reverses. FLORENT CONCORDIA REGNA, or titles. - Period after reverses should be comma. Period so changed. - Legend on reverses, FLORENT CONCORDIA REGNA, or titles. - - Pg. 56 Other varieties need not be particularised. Particularised - should be particularized. - - Pg. 62 Shilling, Sixpence, Groat or Fourpence, Threepence Twopence, - Penny. Comma missing after Threepence--corrected. - - Pg. 63 ... obverse, same bust as. the silver, VICTORIA DEI GRATIA, - and date; reverse, Sovereign, royal arms, as the Half-crown; - Phrase, “same bust as. The silver” should not have a period - between as and the. Changed to, ... same bust as - the silver ... - - Pg. 70 ... their loca governments; Should be, ... their local - governments; - - Pg. 81 FOUNDERS.--A laver pot (or vase) between two - prickets) or taper-candlesticks). Sentence should be, - FOUNDERS.--A laver pot (or vase) between two prickets - (or taper-candlesticks). - - Pg. 85 On a chevron between three Bibles fessewise, - claspsdownwards ... Should be, “clasps downwards,” . - - Pg. 88 ... are too numerous to particularise. Particularise - should be particularize. - - Pg. 93 ... and so on in very grea variety. Grea should be spelled - great. - - Pg. 113 On Imperial coins of Cnidu. the famous naked Aphrodite by - Praxiteles was represented. Punctuation after Cnidu should - be comma. - - Pg. 113 [Illustration: Fig 47. Nike (Victory).] Should be period - after Fig. [Illustration: Fig. 47. Nike (Victory).] - - Pg. 115 Denomination for 90 should be koppa (κοππα). The symbol may - not be rendered correctly by all readers so it has been - written by name. - - Tens. I. Κ. Λ. Μ. Ν. Ξ. Ο. Π. κοππα - 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. - - Pg. 115 Denomination for 900. should be sampi (σαμπι). The symbol may - not be rendered correctly by all readers so it has been - written by name. - - Hundreds. P. Σ. Τ. Υ. Φ. Χ. Ψ. Ω. σαμπι - 100. 200. 300. 400. 500. 600. 700. 800. 900. - - Pg. 119 _Kings of Pergamus_ Philetaerus, the Attalids ... - Should be, _Kings of Pergamus_ Philetaerus, the Attalids. - - Pg. 119 Abydos, Alexandria Troas, Ilium, Scepsis. Alexandria needs - following comma. Abydos, Alexandria, Troas, Ilium, Scepsis. - - Pg. 119 Calymna, Cos, Rhodes Ialysus, Camirus, Lindus). Extraneous - parenthesis--removed. - - Pg. 120 (_Kings_--Mannus, Abgarus, etc. Missing parenthesis--corrected. - (_Kings_--Mannus, Abgarus, etc.) - -Alternate Spellings and hyphenation: - - Pg. 8 ADDEDOMARVS, supposed to have been contemporary with Cunobelinus. - Pg. 17 and ADDEDO-MARVS, or ADDEDO, or A[BO][BO]IIDO - [M], or other abbreviations. Difference of ADDEDOMARVS - and ADDEDO-MARVS retained. - - Pg. 48 Sixpence, Groat, Threepence, Half-groat, Three-halfpence, - Penny, - Pg. 70 In 1574 a proposition was made to the Queen by two persons - named Wickliffe and Humphrey, to coin half-pence and - 3 instances of halfpence. Only one of half-pence. Changed - to halfpence. - - Pg. 46 ... and Threepence, fullfaced bust of king - Pg. 49 The Penny bore on the obverse a full-face portrait of the - queen ... Alternate hyphenation of full-face. - - Pg. 39 one limb of the cross of the Durham coins terminating in a - crozier. - Pg. 51 St. Patrick in full robes, mitered, with crosier, etc., - - Pg. 52 reverse, shield of Irish harp; legend, FARTHING TOKENS - OF ENGLAND. ENGLAND’S FARTHING. THE FARTHIN TOKENS FOR. - The spelling in question is FARTHIN. This is how it is said - to be on the token. I am leaving it as is. - - Pg. 52 Other places where these were struck were Colchester, - Carlisle ... - Pg. 49 ... to use an expression of Carlyle’s) - Preserved both Carlisle and Carlyle as one is a place name and - one is a proper name. - - Instances of various pages: - 21 instances of twopence. One instance of two-pence changed - to twopence. - - 37 instances of half-groat. 1 instance of halfgroat, - changed to half-groat. - - Pg. 39 DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Groat, Halfgroat, Penny, Halfpenny - Changed to Half-groat. - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of English Coins and Tokens, by -Llewellynn Jewitt and Barclay V. 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