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diff --git a/old/51261-0.txt b/old/51261-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c16df89..0000000 --- a/old/51261-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5372 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Stirling Castle, by Eric Stair-Kerr - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Stirling Castle - Its place in Scottish history - -Author: Eric Stair-Kerr - -Illustrator: Hugh Armstrong Cameron - -Release Date: February 20, 2016 [EBook #51261] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STIRLING CASTLE *** - - - - -Produced by Charlie Howard and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - -STIRLING CASTLE - - - - - PUBLISHED BY - - JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS, GLASGOW, - - Publishers to the University. - - MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD., LONDON. - - _New York_, _The Macmillan Co._ - _Toronto_, _The Macmillan Co. of Canada_. - _London_, _Simpkin, Hamilton and Co._ - _Cambridge_, _Bowes and Bowes_. - _Edinburgh_, _Douglas and Foulis_. - _Sydney_, _Angus and Robertson_. - - MCMXIII. - -[Illustration: STIRLING CASTLE.] - - - - - STIRLING CASTLE - - ITS PLACE IN SCOTTISH HISTORY - - BY - - ERIC STAIR-KERR - - M.A. EDIN. AND OXON., F.S.A. SCOT. - - AUTHOR OF “SCOTLAND UNDER JAMES IV” - - _WITH EIGHTEEN ILLUSTRATIONS BY - HUGH ARMSTRONG CAMERON_ - - GLASGOW - JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS - - PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY - - 1913 - - - - -PREFACE - - -Stirling Castle is a many-sided subject that can be treated in more -than one way. The story of the castle might be dealt with in a book -divided into sections, each one taking up a special part, such as -Military History, Stirling as a Royal Palace, Notable Visitors, etc.; -but I have thought it better to set forth the whole of the castle’s -history in chronological order, and, after discussing the buildings and -their associations, to bring together the salient events connected with -the three chief Scottish strongholds, and to record what the poets have -said about Stirling. - -With regard to dates, for the sake of simplicity I have adopted the -historical computation; that is to say, the years have been reckoned as -if they had always begun on the 1st of January and not on the 25th of -March, as was the rule in Scotland until 1600. For example, the date of -Prince Henry’s birth is given as February, 1594, although the event -was considered at the time to belong to the year 1593. - -I am glad to express here my thanks to my uncle, the Rev. Eric -Robertson, for suggesting that I should undertake this work, and -for valuable hints given from time to time; to Mr. David B. Morris, -Stirling, who has always responded most willingly to any appeal for -help, and who has kindly read the proofs; and to Mr. James Hyslop, -Edinburgh, for guidance in the subject of the buildings of the castle. -To the artist, Mr. Cameron, I am grateful for the whole-hearted -interest which he has taken in my part of the work as well as in his -own. - - E. S. K. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - CHAPTER PAGE - I. EARLY HISTORY 1 - - II. THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 18 - - III. THE EARLY STEWARTS 36 - - IV. JAMES V. AND MARY 57 - - V. JAMES VI. 79 - - VI. LATER HISTORY 114 - - VII. THE BUILDINGS, THE PARK, AND THE BRIDGE 133 - - VIII. THE ASSOCIATIONS OF THE BUILDINGS 161 - - IX. STIRLING’S POSITION WITH REGARD TO OTHER CASTLES 178 - - X. STIRLING CASTLE IN POETRY 197 - - INDEX 214 - - - - -ILLUSTRATIONS - - - PAGE - Stirling Castle _frontispiece_ - - The Highlands from Stirling Castle 13 - - The Abbey Craig and River Forth 21 - - Stirling Castle from Bannockburn 29 - - *The Prospect of Stirling Castle 32 - _From Engraving by Captain John Slezer, circa 1693._ - - The Douglas Window 45 - - James IV.’s Gateway (where Margaret Tudor defied the - Commissioners) 59 - - The Pass of Ballengeich 67 - - The Keep and the Prince’s Walk 89 - - The Chapel Royal 109 - - *Stirling Castle 112 - _From Engraving by Robert Sayer, 1753._ - - Turret on Queen Anne’s Battery 125 - - The Old Mint 135 - - Portcullis in James IV.’s Gateway 139 - - James V. as the Gudeman o’ Ballengeich 143 - - *The Prospect of Their Majesties’ Castle of Stirling 144 - _From Engraving by Captain John Slezer, 1693._ - - Stirling Old Bridge 155 - - The Parliament House 163 - - Old Entrance from Ballengeich 167 - - Old Buildings in Upper Square 189 - - A Chimney of the Palace 193 - - - _All the Illustrations, with the exception of the three marked - with an asterisk, are by Mr. Hugh Armstrong Cameron._ - - - - -CHAPTER I. - -EARLY HISTORY. - - -For many centuries travellers have been struck by the remarkable -resemblance which Stirling bears to Edinburgh. In each case there is -a castle perched on a precipitous rock, and a town built on a narrow -ridge that slopes from the crag to the plain. That two places so much -alike in situation should be found in Scotland, and but thirty miles -apart, may seem a matter for wonder, but a word or two on the geology -of the district may help to explain how the similarity arose. - -During the Great Ice Age, when the physical features of Scotland were -moulded into almost their present form, the extensive plain of the -River Forth was filled by a giant glacier, which swept down from the -Highland hills to the lower land on the south and east, clearing the -softer rocks from its path and exposing the hard basalt of igneous -sheets and old volcanic necks. These great eruptive obstructions -withstood the pressure of the eastward-moving mass of ice, and so -prevented the ground on their lee sides from being subjected to the -scouring action that hollowed out the land on the north and west and -south. Numerous examples of this “crag and tail” formation are to be -found in the track of the ancient glacier, but two of the rocks stand -out with striking prominence; on one is built the Castle of Edinburgh, -on the other that of Stirling. - -It is strange that of such natural strongholds early history has so -little to say, for these fortresses were afterwards to have their -names writ large on almost every page of Scotland’s romantic story. -The third sister castle, Dumbarton, came earlier to the front. It was -a stronghold of renown in the days of the Strathclyde Britons; but as -time wore on its importance diminished, and the place which it had held -in the principality of Strathclyde was taken by Stirling and Edinburgh -in the consolidated Kingdom of Scotland. - -On the Gowan Hills, to the north of Stirling Castle, traces of an -ancient fort show that the Britons considered it more important to -defend the rising ground overlooking the River Forth than to occupy -the crag, with its precipitous south-west face. When the Romans under -Agricola attempted the conquest of northern Britain they constructed -a chain of forts across the country, between the Firths of Forth and -Clyde. The untrustworthy Boece asserts that Stirling was fortified -at the time of those campaigns, but no real traces of their work have -been discovered to prove that the Romans occupied the castle rock under -Agricola in A.D. 81-82, or when Lollius Urbicus, Governor of Britain -for Antoninus Pius, erected the wall on the line of the earlier forts. -Near the Pass of Ballengeich is the so-called Roman Stone, with its -indistinct, almost unintelligible letters. Antiquaries of a former -day--Camden, Sibbald and Horsley--considered the inscription genuine, -but recent scholars are of opinion that the letters were carved many -centuries after the departure of the legions from Britain. Again, the -existence of a Roman causeway has not yet been proved. The natural -supposition that a military road, connecting the camp at Ardoch with -the south, passed near Stirling led to the belief that the highway -crossed the Forth at Kildean, or higher up at the Ferry of Drip. No -vestiges of a causeway of undoubted Roman origin have, however, been -discovered either at the river or on the Field of Bannockburn, through -which it was thought to have passed on its way to the station of -Camelon. - -After the withdrawal of the Roman legions, Stirling Castle dimly -appears in the haze of half-real history. King Arthur is claimed as -a local prince in Brittany, Cornwall, Wales and Cumberland, but -southern Scotland seems to have, on the whole, the best right to the -hero of romance. His tenth battle, it would seem, was fought in the -neighbourhood of Stirling, and his victory over the Saxons gave him -possession of the fortress. Tradition has always associated his name -with the Round Table, which afterwards became the King’s Knot, and -William of Worcester, who flourished in the fifteenth century, wrote -that King Arthur preserved the Round Table in the Castle of Stirling or -Snowden.[1] - -A less famous, though not a less real, person than the great British -warrior chief was Monenna or Modwenna, a high-born saint of Ireland. At -least two women bearing this name devoted themselves to the religious -life, and some confusion has arisen as to which of them it was who -became connected with Stirling. The Monenna who lived in the ninth -century, however, apparently visited both England and Scotland, and she -seems to have been the one who built, among other churches, the chapel -in Stirling Castle.[2] - -Perhaps because the fortress was so obviously a place of strength the -early chroniclers have associated with it events which possibly never -took place. Boece mentions that Kenneth MacAlpine laid siege to the -castle during the Pictish wars; and the same historian asserts that -King Osbert of Northumbria occupied Stirling for a number of years, and -established a mint in the fortress. A “cunyie-house” at one time did -exist in the castle, but the oldest coins known to have been struck at -Stirling date from the reign of Alexander III. A site so favourable -for a stronghold, however, must have been the scene of many unrecorded -fights, so that “the place of striving,” which was formerly thought to -have been the meaning of the citadel’s name, would be no inappropriate -appellation. “Stirling” is now held to be a corruption of the Welsh -_Ystre Felyn_, signifying “The dwelling of Velin,” old forms of the -name being _Estrevelyn_, _Striviling_ and _Struelin_.[3] The more -poetic “Snowdon” or “Snawdoun,” a corruption perhaps of some Celtic -appellation, or else meaning merely the “snowy hill,” was the name -given to Stirling by some of the old chroniclers, as well as by Sir -David Lyndsay in _The Testament of the Papingo_. - -As Rutherglen is known as Ruglen, as Anstruther is called Anster, -so Striviling throughout the ages has been spoken of as Stirling. -Scots have always had a tendency to elide a syllable or to soften any -harshness in their place-names, and the metathesis of the letter _r_ -and its vowel is common in the English language, as in the case of -_three_, _third_ and _hundred_, which used to be sounded as _hunderd_. -In modern times the spelling of the name has been fixed to suit the -pronunciation, but that in James IV.’s reign the place was called -Stirling is seen from the rhyming lines of one of Dunbar’s poems: - - “Cum hame and dwell no moir in Striuilling; - Frome hiddouss hell cum hame and dwell, - Quhair fische to sell is non bot spirling; - Cum hame and dwell no moir in Striuilling.”[4] - -In the poems of Barbour and Wyntoun the scansion seems to require the -name to be pronounced as a word of two syllables, and in Sir David -Lyndsay’s _Complaynt_ the following lines occur: - - “Quhen his Grace cumis to fair Sterling - There sall he se ane dayis derling.” - -Definite though meagre history associated with Stirling begins with -the reign of Alexander I., who occupied the Scottish throne from -1107 till 1124. This monarch, known as “The Fierce,” because of his -swift vengeance on the rebellious subjects who rose to attack him -at Invergowrie, seems to have frequently resided in the castle. He -apparently built a new chapel on the rock, for during the reign of his -brother David a document, drawn up at Edinburgh to settle a dispute -concerning tithes, refers to the dedication by King Alexander of the -Chapel of Stirling Castle: - -“Hec est concordia que facta fuit apud Castellum Puellarum, coram rege -Dauid et filio eius et baronibus eorum, inter R. episcopum Sancti -Andree et G. abbatem de Dunfermelyn, de ecclesia parochiali de Eccles -et Capella Castelli de Striuelin: Recordati fuerunt barones regis, -et in hac recordacione omnes concordati sunt, quod ea die que Rex -Alexander facit Capellam dedicare supra dictam, donauit et concessit -eidem Capelle decimas dominiorum suorum in soca de Striuelin; que eadem -die fuerunt domina sua siue acreuerunt siue decreuerunt....”[5] - -The above may be rendered as follows in English: - -“This is the agreement that was made at the Castle of the Maidens -[Edinburgh] in the presence of King David, his son Henry and their -barons, between Robert, Bishop of St. Andrews, and Galfrid, Abbot of -Dunfermline, regarding the parish church of Eccles and the chapel of -Stirling Castle. The King’s barons remembered, and in that remembrance -all agreed, that on the day on which King Alexander dedicated the -aforesaid chapel, he gave and granted to it the tithes of his domains -in the jurisdiction of Stirling, which domains were his at the time, -whether they increased or decreased.” - -Although given the name of “The Fierce” by his subjects, Alexander was -not of an irreligious temperament. From Queen Margaret, his mother, he -inherited an interest in ecclesiastical affairs, and although he was -not such a lavish patron of the clergy as was his brother David, he to -some extent remodelled the Scottish Church. Alexander died in Stirling -Castle, leaving the crown and a prosperous realm to David I., who made -the fortress one of his chief residences, many of his charters being -dated at “Striuelin.” During the reign of the “sair sanct for the -Croun,” as David was called by his descendant, James I., the castle did -not conspicuously figure in history; not till the time of William the -Lion did it appear as a place of national importance. Then, however, -its name became prominent in the convention that brought Scotland’s -pride to a fall. - -The Treaty of Falaise is the most humiliating document in the records -of Scottish history. It proclaims the feudal subjection of Scotland -to Henry II. of England. The circumstances leading to this unhappy -situation may be briefly stated. Young Henry of England rebelled -against his father, and procured the assistance of William the Lion -by offering him Northumberland. The King of Scots accordingly swept -across the Border, but was captured under the walls of Alnwick in -1174. The royal prisoner was taken by the English King to the Castle -of Falaise in Normandy, where he lay in chains for several months till -conditions of peace were arranged. - -The terms of the treaty were that he, his brother, his barons and his -clergy were to be vassals of Henry II., that the English Church was -to exercise the rights which it was wont to claim over the Scottish -Church, and, in order to ensure the fulfilment of the conditions, the -castles of Roxburgh, Berwick, Jedburgh, Edinburgh and Stirling were to -be garrisoned by English soldiers.[6] Henry, however, seems to have -been satisfied with the occupation of Roxburgh, Berwick and Edinburgh, -for when Richard I. fifteen years later acknowledged the independence -of Scotland, he handed over only the two Tweedside fortresses, and made -no mention of Jedburgh and Stirling. Edinburgh Castle was restored -a few years earlier as the dower of Ermengarde de Beaumont, who, in -compliance with the wishes of Henry II., married King William the Lion. - -It is to the credit of the King of Scots that he adhered to the -convention made at Falaise. When summoned he attended his suzerain’s -court, and even journeyed to Normandy to meet his lord. The terms of -a treaty, although signed under compulsion, were held by William to be -sacred, and his behaviour is in striking contrast to the conduct of -the chivalry-loving Francis I. of France, who, when placed in similar -circumstances three and a half centuries later, broke his oath to the -Emperor Charles V. and renounced the Treaty of Madrid on the ground -that a promise could not be binding when extorted from a reluctant -prisoner. - -King William added to the amenity of Stirling Castle by forming a royal -park on the table-land to the south-west of the rock. In causing this -enclosure to be made, he unwittingly trespassed on property belonging -to the monks of Dunfermline, and the following deed of excambion shows -the King’s acknowledgment of the mistake and his readiness to give -compensation to the abbey: - -“Willelmus Rex Scottorum omnibus probis hominibus tocius terre sue, -clericis laicis, salutem. Sciatis me concessisse et dedisse et hac -carta me confirmasse Deo et ecclesie Sancte Trinitatis de Dunfermelyn -et monachis ibidem Deo seruientibus et Capelle Castelli mei de -Striuelin in excambium terre sue quam primum clausi in parco meo quando -parcum meum primum clausi, terram que est inter terram suam quam habent -extra parcum et diuisas terre de Kirketun et ex alia parte terram que -est inter Cambusbarun terram Petri de Striuelin et terram Rogeri filii -Odonis, sicut magna strata uadit ad Cuiltedouenald, sicut Ricardus -de Moreuilla, constabularius, et Robertus Auenel, justiciarius, et -Radulphus vicecomes, et Petrus de Striuelin perambulaverunt: Tenendam -in perpetuam elemosinam ita libere et quiete, sicut alias elemosinas -suas tenent: Testibus, Ricardo de Moruilla, constabulario, Roberto -Auenel, justiciario, Alano filio dapiferi, Adamo filio Thome, Rogero de -Voloniis, Radulpho vicecomite de Striuelin, Petro de Striuelin, Waltero -de Berkelai; Ricardo clerico apud Striuelin.”[7] - -In English this runs as follows: - -“William King of Scots to all good men of his whole realm greeting. -Know that I have granted and given and by this charter have confirmed -to God and the Church of the Holy Trinity at Dunfermline and the -monks there serving God and to the Chapel of my Castle of Stirling in -exchange for their land which I formerly included in my park, when I -first enclosed my park, the land which is between their land which -they have outside the park and the boundary of the land of Kirkton, -and on the other side the land which is between Cambusbarron--the -land of Peter of Stirling--and the land of Roger, son of Odo, as the -highway leads to Cuiltedouenald, as Richard Morville, the constable, -Robert Avenel, the justiciar, Ralph the sheriff and Peter of Stirling -have marked it out: to be held in perpetual alms. Witnessed by Richard -de Morville, constable, Robert Avenel, justiciar, Alan, son of the -Steward, Adam, son of Thomas, Roger de Voloniis, Ralph, Sheriff of -Stirling, Peter of Stirling, Walter de Berkeley, Richard the clerk, At -Stirling.” - -In the later years of William the Lion war with England seemed likely -to break out. The Scottish King would not relinquish his claim to -Northumberland, for which he had offered Richard Cœur de Lion the sum -of 15,000 merks, and John repeatedly declined to come to an agreement -regarding the disputed territory. More than once William prepared for -war, and in 1209 he met his Great Council in Stirling Castle for the -purpose of sending a deputation to lay the case once more before the -English King. The result of this embassy was that the armies of both -countries advanced towards the Border; but negotiations were again -entered into before any fighting took place, so that peace was with -difficulty preserved. - -[Illustration: THE HIGHLANDS FROM STIRLING CASTLE.] - -After reigning for nearly fifty years William the Lion began to realise -that his powers were beginning to fail. During an expedition into the -district of Moray his health completely broke down, but he felt that -he might recover his strength if he were to breathe the invigorating -air of Stirling. Slowly he made his journey southward, and succeeded -in reaching his favourite seat, but the breezes of the Forth were no -more restorative than the winds of the Spey or the Findhorn.[8] The -aged monarch expired in the castle in December, 1214, bequeathing an -independent kingdom to the youthful Alexander II., his only son by -Ermengarde de Beaumont. - -Under the new King Stirling continued to benefit by the presence of the -Court, and although no stirring history connected with the castle falls -to be recorded of this prosperous reign, it should be mentioned that -the King more than once held his Council or Parliament at Stirling, and -doubtless the assembly met in a hall of the royal castle. Alexander -III. followed his predecessors in making the lofty fortress one of his -chosen homes, and once indeed, in the troubles of his early reign, he -was compelled to take up residence within its walls. That incident -occurred in 1257, during Alexander’s minority, when two hostile -parties of nobles struggled to obtain the control of the state. The -Comyns--more patriotic than their opponents, who were ruling in the -English interest--resolved to effect a change of government for their -country’s sake and their own. Seizing the young King in his bedchamber -at Kinross, they carried him to Stirling Castle, whereupon the -unpopular Anglophile lords, having lost possession of the sovereign, -broke up and sought refuge in flight.[9] - -Alexander showed his predilection for Stirling by laying out an -extensive pleasure-ground, known as the New Park, and by setting -in order the older royal chase, which apparently had suffered from -neglect.[10] Just about this time, however, more serious affairs -claimed attention. King Haakon of Norway in 1263 set sail with his -Viking Armada in order to oppose Alexander’s designs of annexing the -western islands. The fury of the autumn winds and the opposition of the -Scots at Largs broke the Norse King’s power; but the devastation of -the Lennox was sufficient warning that the invaders might carry their -depredations further inland; consequently Stirling Castle was provided -with a special garrison till King Haakon had withdrawn his shattered -fleet from the Clyde.[11] This is the only instance in historical times -of the stronghold’s being prepared for defence against a foe that had -come across the sea. - -The last of the Celtic Kings of Scots was not to draw his final breath -in the castle beloved by his line, where Alexander I. and William -the Lion had laid themselves down to die. The third Alexander’s fall -from the cliff near Kinghorn in 1286 was followed by years of grievous -distress, in sad contrast to the flourishing days which had suddenly -come to an end. Yet in the time of national prosperity, the King’s own -later years were clouded by misfortune. His Queen, the sister of Edward -I., died unexpectedly in 1275, his daughter Margaret predeceased him, -as did his two sons, Alexander and David, the latter of whom expired -in Stirling Castle at the early age of ten. Four years after the -King’s fatal ride, his granddaughter, the Maid of Norway, passed away, -her death giving rise to the disputed succession and the subsequent -struggle with England. - -Had this infant princess survived, she would have become the wife of -the King of England’s heir; and the Union of the Crowns would thus have -taken place more than three hundred years before it actually occurred. -The death of the Maid of Norway ruined the plans of Edward I.; he had -now to devise a less straightforward scheme for bringing Scotland under -his control. - - - - -CHAPTER II. - -THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. - - -The county of Stirling has aptly been called the “Battlefield of -Scotland,” for no less than six memorable conflicts have taken place in -this district within historical times. During the wars with England, in -the period of the Stewart sovereigns, the Borders and the neighbourhood -of Edinburgh were the principal scenes of operations; but Stirling -Castle was the centre of hostilities in the stirring days of Wallace -and Bruce. Edinburgh, though an important fortress and town, was not -the capital of the country at the time of the War of Independence. In -later years, the armies of England did not need to advance any further -than Lothian. The heart of Scotland lay south of the Firth of Forth; a -blow struck there was felt throughout the kingdom. But in the beginning -of the fourteenth century no fixed seat of government existed; and thus -the chief aim of the leaders of both nations was to occupy the place of -greatest strategic value. The strong position of Stirling Castle, near -the head of the country’s most important estuary, guarding the fords -of the River Forth, and keeping watch over the passes leading to the -Highlands, made the castle the focus of the military operations of both -the English and the Scots. Seven times in half a century the veteran -fortress changed hands. - -When Edward I. agreed to act as arbiter in the case of the -Scottish succession he startled the competitors by demanding their -acknowledgment of his claim to be Lord Paramount of Scotland. The -selfish disputants, each anxious to obtain the prize of even a vassal -kingdom, and not being stirred with the patriotism which was to be -born of the coming struggle, reluctantly consented to admit the -English King’s pretension, while the guardians of the realm apparently -saw no way of avoiding civil war except by concurring in this base -arrangement. It was agreed, therefore, in 1291, that Edward should -have seisine of Scotland and its royal castles until two months after -the award of his arbitrament; and in accordance with this compact a -southerner, named Norman Darcy, was placed in command of Stirling -Castle. - -In November, 1292, judgment was given in favour of the feeble John -Balliol, who almost immediately swore fealty to the English King and -who was crowned soon afterwards at Scone. Weak though he was, however, -the new King of Scots could not endure the oppressive exactions of his -overlord. At first he obeyed when his suzerain summoned him to court, -but soon he renounced his allegiance and opened negotiations with -France, thus forming a friendship that developed into a close alliance -to last till the reign of Queen Mary. Edward invaded Scotland with a -powerful army to punish his perfidious vassal. The town of Berwick -was mercilessly sacked, the Scots were defeated by Surrey at Dunbar, -and the English monarch made a triumphal procession through Scotland, -arriving at Stirling in the middle of June, 1296. So dispirited had -John Balliol’s subjects become that the castle garrison fled at the -approach of the invading host, leaving only the porter to deliver the -keys of the fortress to the English King.[12] - -[Illustration: THE ABBEY CRAIG AND RIVER FORTH.] - -The rise of Wallace inspired the Scots with courage. They required a -man of might to lead them and not a “Toom Tabard,” or empty jacket, -as they called their English-made King. It was a fearless band of -patriots that was posted on the Abbey Craig on an autumn day of 1297, -waiting to swoop down on the troops of Warenne and Cressingham. The -English commanders made the mistake of attempting to cross the Forth -by Stirling Bridge, thus playing into the hands of Wallace, whose -spearmen rushed from the steep hillside and caught their foes in a -trap. A great many of the garrison, including the constable, were slain -or were drowned in this valley of death hardly more than half a mile -from their fortress.[13] - -After the defeat, Sir Marmaduke de Twenge endeavoured to hold Stirling -Castle for King Edward, but, receiving no succour from the south, -he was soon obliged to retire from his dangerous seat, leaving it -to Wallace and the Scots. Falkirk, in the following year, avenged -the battle of the bridge. Wallace, with a number of fugitives, fled -to Stirling Castle, but realising the impossibility of holding the -fortress against the English army, he dismantled it and withdrew. -Edward pushed on to Stirling, where he rested for some days to recover -from a kick from his horse, his men being employed in rebuilding the -castle as a station for another English garrison. - -Little more than a year elapsed, however, before the Scots laid siege -to the fortress. The defenders appealed to their King for aid; but the -winter had set in, and Edward could not induce his barons to advance -into the heart of Scotland. The only course open to him, therefore, was -to authorise the governor, John Sampson, to surrender. The garrison, -accordingly, some ninety in number, delivered up the stronghold to the -patriots, whose commander’s name of Gilbert Malerbe seems unsuited to -a leader of a band of Scots.[14] This same Gilbert proved faithless to -the Scottish cause, and years afterwards he was hanged at Perth for -treachery to King Robert the Bruce. - -The custody of the perilous castle of Stirling was entrusted to the -chivalrous knight, Sir William Oliphant. He must have almost daily -expected his hour of trial to be at hand; but not until 1304 was the -stronghold besieged by King Edward, for on two previous occasions when -he journeyed past Stirling, the King was not prepared to attack the -strongest castle in Scotland. In that year, however, every effort was -made to secure the fortress for England. Oliphant informed the King -that he held the castle for Sir John de Soulis, one of the Scottish -guardians, who was at this time resident in France, and that if Edward -would grant him a truce to enable him to go abroad, he would bring back -word from his superior. - -But the King, furious at the stubborn opposition of the Scots, replied: -“To no such terms will I agree; if he will not surrender the castle -let him keep it against us at his peril.” On receiving this answer -the garrison felt that their only course of action was to hold out -to the last extremity. The siege began on the 22nd of April, and for -three months the gallant defenders withstood the attack of the most -formidable artillery which the English King could command. Edward had -written to the Prince of Wales urging him to strip the lead from the -churches of Perth, Dunblane and other places--leaving only the altars -covered--in order to provide weights for the military engines.[15] -He commanded also the Sheriff of York to dispatch forty cross-bowmen -and forty carpenters to Stirling,[16] while the governor of the Tower -of London was required to send north all the ammunition that was -under his care in that arsenal.[17] So anxious indeed was the King -to secure the assistance of his most experienced soldiers, that he -forbade his knights to participate in tournaments without his special -permission.[18] - -While the English battered the walls of the castle with stones and -leaden balls, and threw the combustible known as Greek Fire to damage -the engines and injure the men, the defenders kept up a constant -shower of javelins and other missiles. The King himself was struck -by a weapon that lodged in a joint of his armour, and once a large -stone fell so near his horse that the animal took fright and fell -with his royal master. At last the stronghold was rendered untenable, -for the walls were broken down in many places and the food supply was -exhausted; but before the starving survivors of the garrison were -allowed to issue forth, Edward experimented on the long-suffering -fort with his most formidable engine, the War-Wolf. The Queen and her -ladies viewed this assault from an oriel window constructed for the -purpose.[19] - -The Scottish historians maintain that Edward broke his word to the -defenders, but they seem to have surrendered unconditionally, not -being in a position to make stipulations. William Oliphant, William de -Dupplin, William de Ramsay, Ralph de Halliburton, Alan de Vipont, John -Napier and others were led half-naked before His Majesty, who spared -their lives, but put them in chains and sent them to various English -prisons. The King entered into possession of the castle on July 24th, -1304. - -All the Scottish fortresses were now in Edward’s hands, and in the -following year his arch-enemy, Wallace, was captured and put to death. -But Scotland, though crushed, was by no means conquered, for just at -this time rose Robert Bruce to kindle the almost extinguished sparks -of patriotism into an unquenchable flame. Stirling Castle, however, -remained for ten years in English keeping in charge of various -constables. John Lovel was the first to take over the fortress, but -he was succeeded next year by William Bisset, a Scot in the King of -England’s service. Another Scotsman was Philip Mowbray, who held the -castle for Edward II. after all the other strongholds in the country, -except Berwick and Bothwell, had been won for King Robert the Bruce. -The English tenure ceased the day after the decisive Scottish victory -at Bannockburn. - -The great battle that established the freedom of Scotland was fought -almost under Stirling rock. Indeed, to reach the castle itself was -the object of the English invasion. The events leading up to the -conflict are well known. In the spring of 1313, Edward Bruce, brother -of King Robert, invested Stirling, but growing impatient with the -long-protracted siege, he imprudently agreed to the one-sided bargain -which Mowbray audaciously proposed. The compact was that the fortress -should surrender if not relieved by June 24th, Saint John the Baptist’s -Day, in the following year. Edward Bruce’s consent to this arrangement -may have been given in the hope that it would terminate the war by -bringing about a decisive pitched battle. Both nations, at any rate, -prepared for the coming struggle; for it was clear that the duty of the -English monarch was to succour his northern castle, while the Scottish -King’s task was to block the way of any relieving army. - -[Illustration: STIRLING CASTLE FROM BANNOCKBURN.] - -On June 23rd, 1314, Edward II., with his vast feudal host, amounting, -perhaps, to fifty thousand men, came in sight of Stirling Castle, but -between him and his goal lay Bruce’s Scottish troops, relying not upon -their numbers but upon their valour and the skill of their commanders. -The main body of the English army apparently kept to the low ground -near the Forth, while the advanced guard marched on the higher land to -the south, and encountered the Scots on the border of the New Park. -Here Bruce slew de Bohun in single combat, while Sir Robert Clifford, -with a troop of horse, pushed on to relieve the Castle of Stirling. -Randolph, with a company of spearmen, intercepted this English force, -and after a stubborn engagement drove them back on their own lines. -King Robert’s successful duel and the triumph of Randolph’s men caused -the whole of King Edward’s advanced guard to retreat before the elated -Scots. It was on the next day, the 24th of June, that the armies came -fully into contact. The English had passed the night in the carse, -which in those days, even in summer, was a marshy tract of country. -Barbour, the author of _The Brus_, was told that the Stirling garrison -assisted the movements of the Southrons by carrying doors and shutters -from the castle, under cover of darkness, and laying them over the -numerous pools. - -The question of the exact site of the battle has provoked a good deal -of dispute. Tradition favours the ground between the Borestone Hill -and the burn, and this most likely was the scene of the skirmish that -followed the death of de Bohun. The great conflict of the ensuing -day, however, seems to have been fought out on the low land near the -confluence of the Bannock and the Forth, where the English, hemmed in -by the two streams, were unable to take advantage of their superiority -in numbers.[20] The Lanercost chronicler mentions that he heard from an -eye-witness that the English in the rear were unable to fight owing to -the leading division being in the way, and that there was nothing they -could do but take to flight. - -Barbour states that after the battle the King of England fled to -Stirling Castle, but was counselled by Mowbray to depart with all -speed, as the place could no longer be held. There are people who -find it impossible to believe this and another statement by the same -writer to the effect that many fugitives sought refuge on the castle -rock, for the most obvious way of retreat would be south-eastwards, -across the Bannock. Great weight, however, must be given to Barbour’s -account, for the poet derived his information from men who had actually -fought in those wars, and in many cases his testimony is corroborated -by other records and documents. The _Scalacronica_ makes Sir Giles de -Argentine urge the King to flee to the castle. The author of that work, -Sir Thomas Gray, no doubt acquired his knowledge from his father, who -witnessed but did not take part in the battle, having been brought by -Randolph to the Scottish camp after the engagement with Clifford. Most -of the fugitives probably escaped across the Bannock, but doubtless -some found their way to the castle past the Scottish left flank; and it -must be remembered that King Robert kept his men well in hand and would -not allow them to begin the pursuit till the day was indisputably won, -lest their foes, realising the strength of their own numbers, should -make a successful rally. History furnishes other examples of portions -of defeated armies retreating round and behind their conquerors. It -is well known that after the Battle of Prestonpans, Sir John Cope’s -soldiers fled in all directions except towards the Firth of Forth. - -[Illustration: THE PROSPECT OF STIRLING CASTLE. - -From Engraving by Captain John Slezer, _circa_ 1693.] - -Stirling Castle surrendered on the following day, and Sir Philip -Mowbray transferred his allegiance to the King of Scots when he handed -over the keys of the fortress. Bruce, in accordance with his policy -of dismantling all strongholds that might harbour English garrisons, -destroyed the fortifications, but in his later years he sometimes -resided within its weakened walls. - -Although the War of Independence is usually regarded as having been -brought to a close at Bannockburn, it is more correct to consider the -latter part of Bruce’s reign as a break in the long-enduring struggle. -After King Robert had been laid to rest, Edward Balliol saw his chance -of winning his father’s crown, and soon the King of England advanced -the old claim put forward by his grandfather, The Hammer of the -Scots. Balliol’s victory at Dupplin in 1332 was followed a year later -by the Battle of Halidon Hill, the English revenge of Bannockburn. -Edward III. garrisoned the defenceless castle of Stirling in 1336, -placing Sir Thomas de Rokeby in command. The work of renovation was -straightway begun. New walls were at once constructed, two wells--one -in the castle proper, the other in the nether bailey--were cleared -out and deepened;[21] hall, pantry, kitchen, larder, etc., were all -repaired, and men were employed in Gargunnock Wood in hewing down -trees for the timber-work of the fortress. The Scots were not long -in attacking the strengthened castle, but before the defenders were -reduced to their last extremity, the King of England appeared upon the -scene and immediately raised the siege. Wyntoun and Fordun tell of a -Scottish knight named Keith, who, when attempting to scale the wall, -lost his footing and was killed by falling on his spear. Quantities of -provisions were thereafter sent to Sir Thomas de Rokeby, lest the Scots -should again surround the rock and cut off his supplies.[22] These -precautions were indeed necessary, for the patriots under Robert the -Steward renewed the siege towards the end of 1341, but so well had the -garrison been victualled that not until April of the following year was -it compelled by hunger to capitulate. The English garrison consisted of -Sir Thomas de Rokeby, Sir Hugh de Montgomery, fifty-seven esquires, ten -watchmen and sixty-two archers.[23] - -According to Froissart, cannon were employed during this investiture of -Stirling. His statement is not substantiated by any other authority, -but as he was in the habit of enquiring eagerly for details about -the events of which he wrote, and as he visited Scotland before the -generation had passed away that had taken part in these wars, it is -probable that his information is correct. This seems to have been the -first occasion on which gunpowder was used in Scotland, for Barbour -mentions that the town of Berwick was not provided with “gynis for -crakkis” when the English laid siege to it in 1319, but he says that -during the invasion of England in 1327 the Scots saw for the first time -the mysterious “crakkis of wer.” - -No further attempts were made by King Edward to regain possession of -Stirling Castle. His efforts to win the crown of France diverted his -attention, and the Hundred Years’ War had already broken out. No second -Bannockburn closed the latter portion of the War of Independence; such -a triumph could not take place under so unpatriotic and degenerate a -King as the son of the valiant Bruce. Yet Scotland wrestled through the -storm, though not until the High Steward had succeeded his worthless -uncle on the throne was the nation safe from the grasping hand of her -more powerful neighbour. - - - - -CHAPTER III. - -THE EARLY STEWARTS. - - -On the death of David II. in 1371, the crown passed to Robert the -Steward, grandson of the Bruce, in accordance with the succession -settlement made at the Parliament of 1318. The first of the Stewarts -was past middle life when he mounted the Scottish throne, and although -he had been a man of war in his youth, he longed to spend his later -years in the enjoyment of repose. To some extent his desire was -fulfilled, for the war with England--which continued in spite of -a truce--was of a fitful nature and not a desperate struggle for -freedom. The King’s favourite seat was the Castle of Rothesay, but -he occasionally made Stirling his place of residence, finding it a -convenient resting-place between Bute and St. Andrews or Perth. - -For a number of years Sir Robert Erskine had been keeper of Stirling -Castle, and in 1373 the sovereign’s son Robert, Earl of Menteith and -Fife, and afterwards Duke of Albany, was appointed to fill the office. -For the maintenance of this important position the Earl received an -annual grant of fourteen chalders of corn and twelve chalders of -oatmeal from the lands of Bothkennar, as well as an income of two -hundred merks from the Lord Chamberlain of Scotland.[24] The money was -to be levied from the crown lands and from feudal dues in the shire of -Stirling; but this arrangement did not long hold good, as a few years -afterwards the fee was paid from the Treasury. It was in the power of -the keeper to appoint and dismiss the constable and janitors of the -castle. The Earl of Fife did not neglect the duties of his office, for -the Exchequer Rolls bear witness to much strengthening and repairing of -the fortress; alterations doubtless rendered necessary by the use of -gunpowder in war. If Froissart is to be trusted, these fortifications -served their purpose well, as he declares that an unsuccessful -attack was made upon the castle by the soldiers of Richard II. Other -chroniclers, however, do not refer to Stirling in connection with the -invasion of 1385; they imply that the English army advanced little -further than Edinburgh, being compelled by the wasted condition of the -country to retreat across the Border. - -Robert II. was succeeded in 1390 by his eldest son John, Earl of -Carrick, who chose to reign as Robert III., John being considered an -unlucky name for kings. Even less a man of action than his father, -he allowed his ambitious brother, whom he created Duke of Albany, -to manage the chief affairs of state. A younger brother, the Earl -of Buchan, usually called the “Wolf of Badenoch,” lived like an -independent sovereign in the Highlands, and with his sons committed -depredations on the low-lying districts of Angus and Moray. These -unruly sons were taken captive, however, and sent to prison in Stirling -Castle, where they were under the eye of the keeper, their uncle, -Robert of Albany. - -The age of chivalry had hardly yet passed its zenith. It was still the -delight of gentlemen to travel from Court to Court displaying their -prowess in feats of arms. In 1384 a number of French knights landed in -Scotland desirous of finding adventures in the Border wars, as their -country afforded no field for their activities since peace had been -made with England. Otterburn, a few years later, was more a chivalric -tournament _à outrance_ than a serious battle between the armies of -two hostile nations. A tournament for passages of arms was arranged to -take place at Stirling in 1398. The principal combatants were to be Sir -Robert Morley, a renowned English knight, and Sir James Douglas of -Strabrock. The barriers were prepared and all was in readiness, when -it was announced that the English champion, in a tilting match with a -Scot named Thomas Traill, had suffered an unexpected defeat, and in -consequence of the disgrace to his knighthood had taken to his bed and -died. - -A strange and ghost-like figure appeared in Scotland in the reign of -Robert III. This was a half-crazed individual, called Thomas Warde of -Trumpington, who bore a striking resemblance to King Richard II. He -had been found in the castle of the Lord of the Isles at Islay, and -was brought forward as a person likely to be of advantage in times of -trouble with England. The uncertainty regarding Richard’s end led many -on both sides of the Border to believe that the King had escaped from -Pontefract Castle; but the simpleton at the Scottish Court denied that -he was Richard, while a report was spread that the deposed English -monarch was hiding in the mountains of Wales. At all events a so-called -King of England, known in history as the “Mammet” or false King, was -maintained for political purposes in Stirling Castle, where he died -in 1419, without having ventured to cross the Border to fight for the -English crown. - -During the regencies of Robert of Albany and his son Murdoch, who -succeeded to the dukedom and to the office of keeper of Stirling -Castle, carpenters and masons were employed from time to time in -repairing and improving the fortress. The Chapel was to a large extent -rebuilt in 1412, the year that saw the erection of the Chapel of -Linlithgow Palace. Duke Robert died in Stirling Castle in 1420, and -four years later James I. returned to his native country after eighteen -winters of captivity in England. - -The author of _The Kingis Quair_ was an eminent poet, an accomplished -knight, a constitutional monarch and a man of iron will. He was -determined to strengthen the power of the Crown, not for his own -selfish ends, but for the purpose of bringing the country into order. -Unfortunately, however, he carried out his policy with haste and with -merciless severity. Stirling was made the scene of James’s relentless -harshness only a year after his coronation at Scone. The King came to -reside in the castle, and held a court on the 24th of May, 1425, at -which he presided crowned and in his robes of state. A jury consisting -of twenty-one barons, among whom were the Earls of Douglas, March and -Angus, condemned Walter Stewart, Albany’s eldest son, on a charge of -robbery. The unfortunate man was promptly executed on the Heading Hill -of Stirling. Next day the same jury, evidently acting in accordance -with the King’s desires, pronounced Duke Murdoch and another son -guilty, although the crimes for which they suffered have not been -brought to light. Doubtless James believed that the lawless state in -which he found his kingdom was due to the misgovernment of the Albanys, -and he may have thought that the Regents did not sufficiently exert -themselves to procure for him an earlier release. The prospect of -acquiring the estates of his kinsmen may also have influenced James. -At any rate, the blood-stained Heading Hill witnessed the deaths of -the father and the brother of its previous sufferer, as well as that -of Albany’s father-in-law, the aged Earl of Lennox. Sir John Kennedy, -a nephew of the King, was, a few years later, imprisoned in Stirling -Castle.[25] - -It is little wonder that the pitiless policy of James stirred up -feelings of revenge amongst the nobles. His relatives were not the -only prominent persons who felt their sovereign’s severity. Sir Robert -Graham, who had once been imprisoned by the King, and whose nephew had -been deprived of the Earldom of Strathearn, resolved to rid Scotland of -her rigorous ruler. The assassination took place at Perth; but Graham -was captured and brought to Stirling, where he was cruelly tortured to -death. He felt sure he would be looked upon as a national deliverer; -but neither his own contemporaries nor later generations so considered -him, for the Poet-King, in spite of his heartless repressive measures, -has always been a popular hero in Scotland. - -The boy King, James II., was crowned in Holyrood Abbey, and some -time afterwards was brought by the Queen-Mother to Stirling Castle, -which was at that time in the charge of Sir Alexander Livingstone of -Callendar. The marriage of the Queen in 1439 to Sir James Stewart, the -Black Knight of Lorne, gave Livingstone a pretext for taking over the -guardianship of the royal child. Compelling Queen Jane to keep within -the walls of her own chamber, he threw her husband and his brother into -prison; after which an irregular Parliament acknowledged his right -to the custody of the King. At the same time, the Queen made over to -Livingstone her right to the tenure of Stirling Castle. Sir William -Crichton, the Chancellor, however, envious of his rival’s power, -determined to take possession of young James. Accompanied by a troop of -horsemen, he secretly left Edinburgh with the intention of kidnapping -the King as he took his exercise in the Royal Park. The enterprise was -successful; for early one morning the boy was surrounded by a body of -armed men, and was straightway carried to Edinburgh Castle, of which -fortress Crichton was governor. - -This James of the Fiery Face--so called because of a dark red mark on -his cheek--made Stirling Castle a dower-house for his Queen, Mary, -daughter of the Duke of Gueldres. In 1449, the year of the King’s -marriage, a knightly tournament was held in the level ground to the -south of the castle, the combatants being two Burgundian knights, -Jacques and Simon de Lalain, with a squire called Meriadet, and three -Scottish champions, James, brother to the Earl of Douglas, James, -brother to Douglas of Lochleven, and John Ross of Halket. The six -warriors were entertained by the King before the jousting took place, -and on the appointed day they appeared before James as he sat in his -pavilion, and received from him the order of knighthood. The nobles of -Scotland flocked to Stirling to witness the encounter, which was to be -fought to the death or until the King should command the combatants to -desist. - -After trumpets had been sounded and proclamations had been made, the -warriors eagerly advanced to the contest. The Earl of Douglas’s brother -and Jacques de Lalain managed to disarm each other and so continued -the fight by wrestling; Simon de Lalain’s coolness of head enabled him -eventually to obtain a slight advantage over the Laird of Halket; the -Lochleven Douglas, though twice struck to the ground, persistently -returned to the attack, but was hardly able to hold his own with the -skilful Meriadet. When at last the King threw down his truncheon as a -signal for the conflict to cease, the marshals of the field laid hold -of the struggling champions and compelled them to disengage. Neither -side could claim a decisive victory, though the advantage, on the -whole, lay with the foreign knights. King James, however, praised the -valour of each individual, and before the Burgundians returned to their -own country, he entertained them sumptuously in Stirling Castle and -loaded them with gifts. - -[Illustration: THE DOUGLAS WINDOW.] - -If the feats of arms of the Douglases brought honour to the chivalry of -Scotland, their insatiable ambition was a danger to the King and gave -rise to the evils of civil war. Earl William’s vast estates--increased -by his marriage with the Fair Maid of Galloway--and his descent -from King Robert II., led him to consider himself the equal of his -sovereign, and tempted him to plot against the throne. James was at -this time doing his utmost to make himself master in his own realm. He -had already imprisoned Sir Alexander Livingstone and his sons, and had -given to Sir William Crichton the keepership of Stirling Castle. The -conspiracy of Douglas is a somewhat mysterious affair. His loyalty had -been questioned, but in the beginning of 1452 he seems to have been -on friendly footing with James. There was, however, a rumour that Earl -William had formed a plan of rebellion in conjunction with the Earl -of Ross and the Tiger Earl of Crawford. Hoping to persuade his mighty -subject to abandon his treasonable designs, James invited him to visit -Stirling Castle and sent him a letter of safe-conduct under the privy -seal. Douglas accordingly presented himself to his sovereign, and as -the interview was marked by mutual goodwill, the Earl was asked to dine -and sup with the King on the following day. At their second meeting -all went well till after the evening meal, when James ventured to -broach the subject of the Ross and Crawford league. Douglas’s obstinate -refusal to break the band roused the royal wrath to such a pitch, that, -exclaiming, “False traitor, if you will not I shall,” the King twice -plunged his knife into Earl William’s body. Sir Patrick Gray, Sir -Alexander Boyd, Stewart of Darnley and other courtiers soon dispatched -the helpless noble, and having finished the work of butchery, rudely -flung the corpse out of the window. - -James’s hasty deed was a blunder as well as a crime. He had great -provocation, it is true, but even if he had not pledged his word that -Douglas should be safe, he had no right to slay him without a fair -trial. His act gave excuse to the slaughtered man’s family to rise -against their King, and thus he fomented the civil strife which he -was so anxious to suppress. After the lapse of several weeks, James, -the new Earl--he that had fought in the tournament with the knights -of Burgundy--accompanied by his brother, the Earl of Ormond, and by -Lord Hamilton, rode to Stirling with six hundred men to defy the King -of Scots. After exhibiting in public the letter of safe-conduct and -dragging it at a horse’s tail through the principal streets, they -showed their open disregard for their sovereign by plundering and -burning the town. James’s throne was at this time in considerable -danger. Public sympathy was to some extent with the Douglases. A three -years’ struggle ensued, in which the King gradually strengthened his -position, till the Douglases were crushed in 1455 at the battle of -Arkinholm in Eskdale. - -Stirling Castle was the birthplace of James II.’s son and successor in -1451. Eight years later the bursting of a cannon killed the father at -Roxburgh, so that Scotland had again the misfortune to be under a minor -King. Many of James III.’s early days were spent in royal Snowdon, the -residence that soon became his favourite dwelling-place. Lindsay of -Pitscottie remarks that “he took such pleasure to dwell there that he -left all other castles and towns in Scotland, because he thought it -most pleasantest dwelling there.” When Margaret of Denmark, in 1469, -married James III., she received the castle as a portion of her dower, -and within its gates she breathed her last, two years before the death -of her husband. It was at Stirling that James entertained his low-born -favourites: Cochrane, the architect; Rogers, the musician; Andrews, -the astrologer; Hommyl, the tailor; and others. From the towers of the -fortress he studied the stars, anxious to know what the future held in -store. A King devoted to music, arts and science, but disliking war and -manly sports, was not a monarch suited to fifteenth century Scotland. -James’s brothers, Albany and Mar, would have made better rulers. It was -long, however, before the smouldering discontent in the country burst -into the fire of rebellion. - -King James III. wrought many improvements at the castle. The Parliament -Hall, which is still in existence, dates from his reign, and was -probably designed by Cochrane. A new chapel was built at this time, and -the King intended to make it a collegiate church, but its erection to -that dignity did not take place till his son had been some years upon -the throne. His interest in the welfare of the Chapel Royal was the -occasion, though not the main cause of James’s fall. He endeavoured to -attach to it the revenues of Coldingham Priory, a religious house in -the Merse, in the country of the Homes and Hepburns. Patrick and James -Home, however, had already annexed the funds, which they considered -were their due, and they determined to resist an encroachment on their -rights. The alliance of the Hepburns with the Homes was the beginning -of the insurrection that soon spread far and wide, involving among -other lords the Earls of Angus and Argyll. - -The King at once made preparations for the struggle. Having placed -his son, the Duke of Rothesay, in Stirling Castle, under the care of -Shaw of Sauchie, he journeyed to the north to raise the subjects whom -he knew to be loyally disposed. During the King’s absence the rebels -secured the person of the heir-apparent, who was treacherously handed -over by the fickle Shaw. James returned south with a large army to -meet the insurgents at Blackness, where a skirmish and a subsequent -pacification took place. Hostilities, however, broke out afresh. -The King was refused admittance to Stirling Castle, and the rebel -army was advancing from Falkirk. A battle called Sauchieburn or the -Field of Stirling was fought near Bannockburn, on June 11th, 1488, in -which the charges of the Border spears eventually drove the King’s -Highlanders from the field, and during the flight the unhappy monarch -was overtaken and slain. His body was buried near the High Altar in the -Abbey of Cambuskenneth, where his Queen Consort, Margaret of Denmark, -had not long before been interred. The engagement at Sauchieburn is -interesting as being the only occasion in Scottish history in which -Highlanders and Borderers were opponents on the field of battle. - -The rebel Duke of Rothesay, a lad in his sixteenth year, mounted the -throne as King James IV. in his luckless father’s room. Soon after his -accession he visited Stirling Castle and there expressed contrition for -his part in the late insurrection, but a few months later he gave the -keeping of the fortress to the traitor, Shaw of Sauchie. All through -his later life, however, James IV. felt remorse for his conduct towards -his father, and he often retired from Holyrood to Stirling when fits of -depression were upon him. - -Yet, subject as he was to sudden changes of mood, James could turn -quickly from fasting and praying to the pleasures of society and the -excitement of the chase; indeed, his reign was probably the gayest -period in Stirling Castle’s history. The King’s genial nature broke -through the gloom of remorse and gave mirth and gladness to a brilliant -Court. The affairs of state having been transacted, the days were often -spent in hawking expeditions, or in tilting matches, in which foreign -knights sometimes took part, while the evenings were passed in playing -cards and in listening to performances given by the royal minstrels -on various musical instruments. James’s expeditions in pursuit of the -deer were not confined to the Royal Park. He often set out with a large -retinue from Stirling to enjoy his sport in the neighbouring Highlands, -and on those occasions tents were taken for the accommodation of the -King and his nobles.[26] After one of those excursions, more than three -hundred men were paid for having assisted James and his suite in their -hunting in the forest of Glenartney.[27] - -In 1496 the King’s mistress, Margaret, daughter of John, Lord Drummond, -resided for some months in Stirling Castle before being sent to -Linlithgow.[28] James seems to have wished to have married this lady, -but many of the leading nobles envied the power of the Drummonds, and -the King saw what trouble would arise if he were to raise another -member of the family to the throne; for David II. and Robert III. had -both wedded daughters of that house. In 1502 Margaret and her two -sisters fell suddenly ill, and died at Drummond Castle, but whether -poison was administered at the instigation of envious nobles or not -has never been ascertained. The three sisters were interred in Dunblane -Cathedral, where, at the King’s command, masses were said regularly for -the welfare of Margaret’s soul. - -Great improvements were carried out both within and without the castle -during the reign of James IV. The main gateway, much of which is still -standing, was erected in the first decade of the sixteenth century. -Other buildings were enlarged during the same period, while plasterers, -painters, glaziers and wrights were in almost constant employment. -Towards the end of the fifteenth century part of the low ground below -the castle rock was converted into a garden, which soon was stocked -with vines and fruit trees, as well as flowers and vegetables. In the -June of 1508 the gardener of Stirling travelled twice to Holyrood with -strawberries for the King. - -James IV. was often at Stirling when ambassadors and other foreign -visitors sought his presence, but the most famous alien who was -received within the castle was the impostor, Perkin Warbeck. He arrived -in Scotland in 1495, and was welcomed with great magnificence at Court -as the son of Edward IV. The nobles, like their sovereign, received him -with favour, Huntly actually, at James’s request, bestowing the hand -of his daughter upon him. A pension of £1200 a year was given to the -princely visitor, whose clever acting completely deceived the generous -King of Scots. James made war on England, mainly for Perkin’s sake, in -1496 and the following year, but the impostor and the King of Scots -eventually became estranged, and Warbeck set sail from Ayr in July, -1497. - -The King carried out his father’s wish regarding the raising of the -Chapel Royal to the position of a collegiate church. In 1503 Parliament -confirmed the appropriation of the rents of various lands and churches -in the King’s patronage for the support of the increased staff of -clergy in the castle. Next year Pope Julius II. appointed the Bishop -of Whithorn or Galloway Dean of the Chapel Royal, thus uniting the new -collegiate church with the southern See of St. Ninian. - -The clans of the west had troubled James IV. for many years, but before -the end of his reign the defiant chiefs were subdued. The turbulent -West Highlander, Donald Dubh, son of Angus of the Isles, having been -captured by the Earl of Huntly, was imprisoned in Stirling Castle in -1506, before being removed to Edinburgh. He was probably one of the -“Erschmen” mentioned in the Lord High Treasurer’s Accounts as having -been conducted by Andrew Aytoun “fra Striviling to Edinburgh,” although -the payment for clothes provided for Donald seems to have been long in -reaching Aytoun’s hands. - -In 1507 an experiment, more foolish than interesting, was made at -Stirling Castle in the presence of James IV. and his nobles. John -Damian, a foreigner, known as the French Leech, had wormed his way by -various arts into the King’s favour. The alchemical investigations -which he carried on at Stirling and elsewhere led James to reward his -labours by appointing him Abbot of Tungland, in Galloway. Feeling -that he was losing his place in the royal favour, however, Damian -determined to reinstate himself by means of a hazardous enterprise. -Announcing that with a pair of wings of his own making he would fly -from the battlements of Stirling Castle and be in France before the -King’s ambassadors, he convoked a large assembly to witness his bold -adventure. He sprang into the air, but fell at once to the ground, and -was fortunate in escaping with no greater injury than the fracture -of a leg. The jeers of the disappointed multitude caused the Abbot -more pain than did the broken limb; but the King, ever fascinated by -the foreigner’s fatuous practices, received him again at Court. This -incident is the subject of Dunbar’s satirical poem called the “Ballad -of the Fenzeit Freir of Tungland.” - -The brightness of the Court at Stirling was clouded by the shadow of -approaching Flodden. Revels were interrupted by visits of ambassadors; -the King was unable to cast care aside. Nicholas West, the envoy of -Henry VIII., held several interviews with James in the castle in -April, 1513. West did his utmost to induce the Scottish monarch to -abandon the league with France. He was unwilling to leave James without -extracting a promise that no invasion of England would take place when -Henry crossed the Channel. The King of Scots stood firm, however, and -would not agree to desert his old ally, so the disappointed and angry -ambassador departed from Scotland, hating the people and being hated in -return. Not many months later James lay dead on Flodden Field, and the -nation suffered a blow from which it did not completely recover until -its existence as a separate state had ceased. - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - -JAMES V. AND MARY. - - -James V. in an especial sense belongs to Stirling Castle. True, -Linlithgow was his birthplace, but he was brought at a tender age to -Stirling, and although much of his early life was spent in Edinburgh -Castle, he seems to have regarded ancient Snowdon as his favourite -place of residence. It was usually from Stirling that James travelled -in disguise to make himself acquainted with the habits of his people -and to hear the complaints of his peasant subjects. The name “Gudeman -o’ Ballengeich,” by which he chose to be called on those occasions, -was a designation taken from a hollow or pass that separates the Gowan -Hills from the castle rock of Stirling. - -To this stronghold, which was her dower-house, Queen Margaret retired -with her infant son after the battle of Flodden. Here in April, 1514, -was born Alexander, Duke of Ross, James IV.’s posthumous son, a child -that died in the castle of his birth less than two years later. When -the Queen-Mother took the impolitic step of marrying the powerful -young Earl of Angus in August, 1514, she made almost inevitable the -loss of her position as Regent and as guardian of her sons. The Duke -of Albany was summoned from France to rule in the land of his fathers, -and although Margaret and her brother, King Henry of England, did all -in their power to prevent his arrival, he landed in Scotland in 1515. -Directly after his elevation to the Regency, Albany sent commissioners -to Stirling for the purpose of compelling the Queen to deliver up her -sons. Margaret met the nobles in the gateway of the castle; her hand -was clasped in that of the young King, while a nurse stood behind -bearing the infant Duke of Ross. The Queen commanded the intruders -to halt until they should explain the nature of their mission. On -hearing that they came to take over the custody of her sons, Margaret -ordered the warder to drop the portcullis, and from behind its bars she -delivered a speech justifying her conduct in refusing to surrender the -castle. It is pleasant to record this dramatic incident in the life of -James IV.’s widow, for the bold Tudor spirit displayed on this occasion -shows that the character of the Queen-Mother was not entirely ignoble. - -[Illustration: JAMES IV.’S GATEWAY (WHERE MARGARET TUDOR DEFIED THE -COMMISSIONERS).] - -The defiance of his authority brought Albany with an armed force from -Edinburgh. The Queen, therefore, realising the hopelessness of the -situation, led the boy King to the gate, and made him with his own -hands deliver the keys of the castle to the Duke. The Regent garrisoned -the fortress with one hundred and forty men, and gave the charge of -it, with the custody of the princes, to the Earl Marischal and Lords -Fleming and Borthwick.[29] Queen Margaret, after a brief stay in -Edinburgh, returned to her native land, but finding it impossible to -relinquish Scottish politics, she recrossed the Border in 1517. Her -most memorable residence in Stirling Castle after her reappearance was -during the winter of 1522-3, when an attack of smallpox injured her -beauty and nearly put an end to her inglorious career. - -In 1522 the boy James V. was placed under the care of Lord Erskine, who -at the same time received the appointment of keeper of Stirling Castle. -Strict precautions were taken to prevent the young monarch from being -seized and carried off like his great-grandfather, James II. Twenty -footmen were commissioned to be the nightly watch, taking turn by fours -to guard the door of the royal chamber; and when the King rode out to -the park he was to be preceded by six or eight horsemen and accompanied -by a bodyguard. Only in “right fair and soft weather” was James to be -allowed to take his sport.[30] - -The King was thought to be old enough in 1524 to do without Lord -Erskine’s guidance. Margaret, consequently, took her son from Stirling -to Edinburgh, where the nobles acknowledged the lad as an independent -sovereign. His enjoyment of freedom did not last long, however, for in -1525 the Earl of Angus asserted himself, and by obtaining possession -of the person of the King ruled the country for several years in his -own and the English monarch’s interests. Two unsuccessful attempts were -made to rescue James from the Douglases’ guardianship, but in 1528 he -escaped to Stirling Castle by night, most probably from Falkland, as -Pitscottie has it, although some have thought that the flight must have -been from Edinburgh. The ambitious family was now to suffer for its -insolent treatment of the King. Sentence of forfeiture was passed on -the leading members of the house, and although Angus was for some time -able to set his sovereign at defiance, he was at length compelled to -retire for safety to England. - -Archibald of Kilspindie was a Douglas who suffered banishment when -his kinsmen fell into disgrace. Tiring of an exile’s life in England, -however, he resolved to throw himself on James’s clemency. In 1534, -accordingly, he made his way to Stirling, where he waited in the Royal -Park as the King was returning from the chase. The monarch recognised -the powerful figure of his old acquaintance, but did not stop to favour -him with so much as a look of acknowledgment. Kilspindie ran by the -side of the King, keeping pace with the horse up the hill towards the -castle, but when they came to the entrance James rode straight on, -leaving the breathless Douglas at the gate. The unhappy man’s desire to -spend his remaining years in Scotland was not fulfilled, for the King -first sent him to Leith with Robert Barton, and afterwards commanded -him to cross the sea to France.[31] - -As in the previous reign, a distinguished ambassador from Henry VIII. -visited the Court at Stirling. The messenger on this occasion was -Lord William Howard, whose purpose in 1536 was to induce the Scottish -King to meet his royal uncle in England. James’s excuses seemed to -irritate the English envoy, whose audacity and plainness of speech -amounted almost to discourtesy. The King, at any rate, warned by his -Council, would not promise to accede to Henry’s wish; for his capture -or some such calamitous occurrence was an event to be expected from the -treacherous Tudor monarch. - -Mary of Guise, James’s second wife, as she journeyed from Fife to -Edinburgh soon after her landing at Crail, crossed the Forth at -Stirling, and beheld for the first time the towers of the castle in -which she was afterwards to spend so many days. At this date the -building known as the Palace was probably not completed, but nearly a -year later, in the spring of 1539, when James V. came with his jousting -gear to Stirling, he and his Consort may have lodged in the Renaissance -addition, although it was still unfinished in 1541. The daughter of the -first Duke of Guise took kindly to her adopted country and its people, -and although in the years of her Regency, while Mary, her child, was in -France, she underestimated the strength of the Reformation movement, -and ruled mainly in the interests of her ambitious brothers, she -nevertheless became a Scotswoman in sympathy, and learned to converse -in the northern tongue as fluently as in French. - -It was in James V.’s reign that the Reformation movement made itself -manifest in Scotland. The King, not without hesitation, kept true -to the Church of Rome, but his subjects were becoming increasingly -dissatisfied with the ecclesiastical situation. Amongst the clergy -themselves heretical doctrines were rapidly finding favour. Towards -the close of James’s life a Friar named Kyllour, or Keillor, set forth -Christ’s Crucifixion in the form of a play, and attracted large -crowds at Stirling. One Good Friday morning the King was present at -a performance held not far from the castle, and although the Friar’s -earnestness roused the wrath of the greater part of the audience -against the bishops, and provoked at the same time the indignation of -such priests as were present, James retired to his palace at the end of -the display without showing whether his sympathies lay on the side of -Friar Keillor or on that of the orthodox clergy.[32] - -Many tales of James V.’s adventures in disguise must at one time have -been current in the neighbourhood of Stirling, but unfortunately most -of them have passed beyond recall. One story concerning the Gudeman -of Ballengeich runs, however, as follows: Once when the Court was -in residence at Stirling Buchanan of Arnprior commanded a carrier, -who was journeying from the Lennox with commodities for the royal -household, to leave him the entire load, for which a just price would -be given. On the servant’s refusing to obey this order Buchanan boldly -took possession of the goods, telling the carrier that James might -be King in Scotland but that Arnprior was King in Kippen. A day or -two later His Majesty rode with one or two attendants to Buchanan’s -house in Kippen. James was refused admittance by a tall man bearing a -battleaxe, who announced that the laird was at dinner, and would not -be disturbed at his meal. A second time the disguised monarch demanded -access to the house, and again he was denied entrance, but at length -he persuaded the porter to carry in a message to the effect that the -Gudeman o’ Ballengeich was desirous of an interview with the King of -Kippen. Arnprior at once guessed the truth, and coming out humbly -to the King, begged him to enter and grace his subject’s board. So -well was James entertained that, before returning home, he requested -Buchanan to take in future such provision as he should need from any -royal carrier passing his door; also he invited the King of Kippen to -return the unexpected visit by riding to Stirling Castle to see his -neighbour, the King of Scots. - -[Illustration: THE PASS OF BALLENGEICH.] - -A few days before the death of James at Falkland his daughter Mary was -born at Linlithgow in December, 1542. The Earl of Arran was appointed -Governor of the realm; but in July, 1543, his rival, Cardinal Beaton, -rode from Stirling with the Earls of Lennox, Argyll and Huntly, at the -head of several thousand men, in order to secure the person of the -Queen. Arran, reckoning the troops at his disposal insufficient to -enable him to frustrate their designs, sent messengers to treat for -peace, and allowed the infant Mary and her mother to be carried -to Stirling Castle. The two Queens were placed in the charge of four -nobles, the chief of whom was John, Lord Erskine, the constable of -the fortress. On the 9th of September the young Queen of Scots was -crowned in the castle, the Earls of Arran and Lennox taking part in the -ceremony “with such solemnity,” wrote Sadler, the English envoy, “as -they do use in this country, which is not very costly.” The solemnity, -however, was costly enough to make the unconscious child a crowned -Queen, and to give her a high position among European princes, also to -stir up strife among the nations and to lead to the grim tragedy of -Fotheringay Castle. - -For the next four years--save for a short time at Dunkeld during -Hertford’s expedition--the little Queen was carefully guarded in -Stirling: a fortress further than Edinburgh from the greedy hand of -Henry VIII. The English monarch had set his heart on wedding his son to -Mary of Scotland, but he alienated the people of the northern kingdom -by trying to coerce them into submission to his will. During these -years the Queen-Mother at the castle kept in touch with the politics of -the day. Here she received the joyful news of the Scottish victory of -Ancrum Moor in 1545. Later she welcomed Lorges de Montgomery, who came -with money and soldiers from France. In September, 1547, Arran rode in -haste to the castle bearing the depressing tidings of the defeat and -slaughter at Pinkie Cleuch. After this disaster even Stirling Castle -was considered hardly a safe enough abode for the youthful sovereign -of Scotland, so without delay she was conveyed to Inchmahome, an -island priory in the Lake of Menteith. When the immediate danger was -past the precious royal child was carried back to Stirling, before -being removed to the fortress of Dumbarton, whence a few months later -she set sail for the friendly realm of France. After her daughter’s -departure from Scotland Mary of Guise was often at Stirling, but she -did not survive to welcome the young Queen home when she returned a -girl widow in 1561. The battery at the south-east corner of the castle, -overlooking Ballengeich, is known as the Spur or French Battery, the -latter name recalling foreign workmen of Mary of Guise, who caused -this fortification to be made at the time of the French occupation -of Stirling during the religious dissension called the Wars of the -Congregation. - -After her return to the land of her fathers Queen Mary made Holyrood -her principal seat. She sometimes, however, removed to the castle that -had been the home of her early youth, finding it a useful halting-place -on her journeys to and from the north. In September, 1561, she -narrowly escaped being burnt in the Palace. One night as she slept -the candle which had been left alight set fire to the curtains of -her bed, and although the Queen was rescued from the flames, she was -almost overpowered by the smoke. An old prophecy that a queen should -be burnt at Stirling came near to being fulfilled.[33] Mary’s short -stay in the castle at this time was marked by another disturbance. On -her chaplains’ attempting to sing High Mass, her half-brother, Lord -James, and the Earl of Argyll, in their zeal for the Protestant cause, -attacked the priests and singers with such fury that blood was actually -shed in the Chapel Royal. Some of those who witnessed the scuffle -regarded it as an amusing entertainment; others, however, took it more -to heart, and gave way to tears instead of laughter.[34] - -The Queen’s visit to Stirling in 1565 was of longer duration than -usual. The cause of her protracted sojourn was the illness of Henry -Stewart, Lord Darnley, to whom at this time she was passionately -attached. This young Anglo-Scottish nobleman had recently come from -Elizabeth’s Court, and was confined to bed in Stirling Castle with -an illness which developed into measles.[35] Throughout the months -of April and May the Queen kept watch by the bedside of her lover, -refusing to travel until he had recovered, and paying no heed to the -danger of infection. - -The royal marriage was celebrated at Holyrood in July, 1565, and in -June of the following year Prince James was born in Edinburgh Castle. -Two months later the infant heir was removed for greater safety to -Stirling, the fortress that had sheltered his mother some twenty -years before. Towards the end of the year Queen Mary followed her son -to the castle, where elaborate preparations were being made for the -infant’s baptism and for the reception of the foreign ambassadors. -Care was taken on this occasion that no Englishman should have reason -to remark that “the solemnity was not very costly,” for the Estates -made a grant of twelve thousand pounds Scots to meet the expenses of -the visitors’ entertainment. The Prince’s godmother, Queen Elizabeth, -sent the Earl of Bedford with a massive golden font; the Count of -Brienne, representing Charles IX. of France, brought a pair of earrings -and a necklace to the Queen; Morette, the Duke of Savoy’s ambassador, -who arrived too late for the ceremony, presented to Mary a handsome -jewelled fan. On the late afternoon of the 17th of December, 1566, -the six months old child was baptised in the Chapel Royal. Barons -and gentlemen bearing torches lined the way from the nursery to the -Chapel door, where the Prince was received by the Archbishop of St. -Andrews and the Bishops of Dunkeld, Dunblane and Ross. The christening -service was performed according to the rites of the Church of Rome, -although the ceremony of the spittle was omitted at the express command -of the Queen. The child was given the names of James and Charles, the -former in commemoration of his Scottish ancestors, the latter as a -compliment to the Most Christian King of France. The Earl of Bedford -and the Scottish Protestant Lords--including Bothwell, who had been -appointed superintendent of arrangements--stood outside the building -while the Romish service lasted; but the Countess of Argyll, although -a Protestant, held the royal infant up to the font. At the conclusion -of the ceremony the company adjourned to supper, the remainder of the -evening being spent in dancing and music. - -The festivities in connection with James’s baptism were not confined to -the christening day. On the 19th of December the Queen held a banquet -in honour of her distinguished guests, and after the party had risen -from the table a display of fireworks was given. Later in the evening -Mary created her son Prince of Scotland, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of -Carrick, Kyle and Cunningham, and Baron of Renfrew.[36] In spite of the -appearance of gaiety, however, all was not well at Court. Darnley, -although residing in the castle, refused to be present at the baptism -of his son and at the social functions that followed. By this time the -Queen and he were completely estranged. His own selfish and disgraceful -conduct had caused her to regard him with loathing, and her increasing -interest in Bothwell aroused her husband’s jealousy and led to his -sulky behaviour. The Queen made an effort to seem joyous to her guests, -but her heart was all the time heavy with trouble: Du Croc, the French -ambassador, found her weeping in her chamber, suffering both mental and -bodily pain.[37] - -Sir James Melville also has placed it on record that at this time of -gaiety Mary was in deep distress. She was sad and pensive, he said, -and she continually gave great sighs; but few of those who were with -her at the castle were able to extend to her the sympathy she needed. -Melville, however, seems to have been a person in whom the Queen could -confide. One evening, shortly before the baptism, she took him by the -hand and led him down to the Royal Park, where they could discuss the -troubles of the state without being interrupted by the mockery of -Court festivities. After humbly proffering his advice and endeavouring -to lighten her burden of sorrow, he escorted her back to the castle -through the steep streets of the town.[38] - -A source of unpleasantness on the evening of the banquet was the masque -arranged by the Frenchman, Bastien. A number of men dressed as satyrs, -entered the hall as the meat was being served, and seizing the long -tails with which they had been furnished, wagged them in front of the -English guests. It was an ancient jest among the Scots that their -southern neighbours had tails, so whether Bastien intended to give -offence or not, the Englishmen present felt highly insulted.[39] The -angry voices behind her back attracted the Queen’s attention. Instantly -perceiving the cause of the uproar, she rose from her seat and -addressed the unruly company, and so with the assistance of the Earl of -Bedford she succeeded in putting an end to the tumult. - -Mary remained at Stirling after the ambassadors had gone, but in the -dismal weather of the middle of January she departed with her son for -the capital.[40] Two months afterwards the Prince was carried back to -Stirling Castle by the Earls of Huntly and Argyll, and placed in the -charge of John, Lord Erskine, by this time Earl of Mar.[41] Meanwhile -Darnley had perished at Kirk-of-Field, and Bothwell was plotting for -his marriage with the Queen. Shortly before the consummation of that -union, Mary paid her last visit to Stirling. She came with the natural -desire to see her son and possibly with the object of removing him from -the castle. The child, however, remained in the faithful hands of Mar, -and in a few days the Queen, on her homeward journey, was intercepted -and carried off by Bothwell. The marriage was celebrated in Holyrood -Palace in May, 1567; but the ambitious and unscrupulous nobleman, not -satisfied with being the husband of his sovereign, sought to gain -possession of the person of the Prince, in order, as Sir James Melville -says, to “warrant him fra revenging of his father’s death.” Mar, -however, distrusting the Queen and regarding Bothwell as a murderer, -refused to allow the Prince of Scotland to pass into even his own -mother’s keeping. - -The Stewarts were an unhappy race, but James V. and Mary had the -saddest lives of all. He was gifted with a joyous nature and a genuine -love of justice, and yet when only thirty years old he died of a broken -heart. She was endowed with beauty, vivacity, generosity and courage, -but these brought her sorrow, captivity and death. The national -disaster at Flodden Field was to a great extent responsible for those -unhappy reigns. The country was crippled by the heavy blow and was -more at the mercy of the English Crown than in the days of the early -Stewarts. This was especially the case in James V.’s time, for his -weariness of life was chiefly due to despair of being able to combat -Henry’s schemes. - -The defeat had another effect, however, which gave rise to the troubles -of Mary’s reign. Almost all the nobles of Scotland fell with their King -in battle, leaving, in many cases, minors to succeed. Consequently, -the government passed into the hands of the prelates, who were mostly, -at this time, men of low moral character and of selfish worldly aims. -Moreover, the Regent Albany, in order to avert civil strife, filled the -wealthy benefices with members of influential families. Thus the clergy -grew more and more corrupt, and a Reformation became a necessity. The -revolution did not break out in James V.’s days, mainly on account of -that monarch’s alliance with France and his distrust of his English -uncle; but it accomplished its work with greater thoroughness because -of its postponement, and directly after the change had been wrought, -Queen Mary returned to Scotland. Yet had Flodden and Pinkie not been -lost, the Queen in all likelihood would not have been sent to France -to be reared at the Court of Catharine de’ Medici and trained by the -fiercely orthodox Guises, and Scotland might have been ruled by a -sovereign who had not been educated in a form of faith that had become -obnoxious to the majority of her subjects. - - - - -CHAPTER V. - -JAMES VI. - - -Once more a minor became sovereign of Scotland. Not, however, as in -former cases, by the early death of the preceding monarch did the -throne become vacant again, but by a deed of abdication which the -helpless captive Queen was compelled to sign at Lochleven. On July -29th, 1567--a few days after the close of Mary’s reign--the thirteen -months old Prince of Scotland was crowned at Stirling as James VI. -The Chapel at the castle on this occasion was not the scene of the -function, the High or Parish Church being chosen as a suitable place -for the ceremony. The child was anointed by the Protestant Bishop of -Orkney, while the Earl of Atholl held the crown over the royal head. -Morton and Home took the oath for the King that he would maintain -the true religion, and after Knox had preached a sermon, the company -returned to the castle, Mar carrying the infant monarch and Atholl -bearing the crown. - -For twelve years after his coronation young James resided in Stirling -Castle under the care of the family of Mar. During almost the whole -of that period the government of Scotland was carried on in the name -of the King by four Regents in succession; and Stirling, being the -sovereign’s seat, figured conspicuously in the history of the time. In -September, 1569, at a council held in the castle by the Regent Moray, -Maitland of Lethington was accused by Thomas Crawford of having taken -part in the murder of Darnley. His trial being fixed for December 21st, -Lethington was placed in confinement in the fortress, but a few days -later he was carried to Edinburgh, where he managed to escape from -bondage by the instrumentality of Kirkcaldy of Grange.[42] - -Less than two years later there was thrust into Stirling Castle another -prominent member of Queen Mary’s dwindling faction. This was John -Hamilton, Archbishop of St. Andrews, the prelate who had taken the -leading part at the Prince’s baptism not many years before. He had been -seized in Dumbarton Castle on the memorable night when the King’s men -scaled the rock, and had been brought without delay to his enemies’ -headquarters. Like Maitland of Lethington, he was charged with having -been implicated in the murder of James’s father, and his confinement -in Stirling, like Lethington’s, lasted for only one or two days. -The Archbishop, moreover, was held to be guilty of having encouraged -Bothwellhaugh to assassinate the Regent Moray, so after a hasty trial -he was hanged at the market cross in April, 1571. - -Stirling, being at this time the young King’s home, was naturally the -headquarters of his mother’s opponents. Edinburgh, where the castle -was held for the Queen by Sir William Kirkcaldy of Grange, was the -principal seat of Mary’s less powerful party. A plan was accordingly -devised by the Laird of Grange that nearly succeeded in changing, for -a time at least, the course of Scottish history. Knowing that the -leaders of the opposite faction were gathered together for a meeting -of Parliament, he resolved to surprise and capture Stirling, to seize -all the prominent supporters of the King, and to obtain possession, if -possible, of the royal child himself. Kirkcaldy was anxious to conduct -the expedition in person, but, being persuaded by his followers not to -run such a risk, he appointed the Earl of Huntly, Lord Claude Hamilton, -Scott of Buccleuch and Ker of Fernihirst to undertake the enterprise. - -On the evening of the 3rd of September, 1571, these chiefs, accompanied -by three or four hundred men, rode out of Edinburgh and took the road -to Jedburgh in order to deceive their enemies as to the object of -their journey. In the gathering darkness they wheeled to the right and -made their way swiftly to within a mile of Stirling, where they halted -and left their horses.[43] One of the party, a native of the place, -knowing of the existence of a secret passage, guided the raiders into -the town at an early hour in the morning. There was not even the bark -of a dog to give the citizens alarm; the burghers and nobles were -aroused by the cries of “A Hamilton” and “God and the Queen.” Houses -were instantly broken into and most of the lords were captured with -ease, but at Morton’s lodging some fighting took place, resulting -in the slaughter of two of the Earl’s retainers. Morton, however, -eventually gave himself up to the Laird of Buccleuch, the Regent Lennox -surrendered to Spens of Wormiston, and the Earls of Glencairn and -Eglinton also submitted themselves to the adventurers. - -The Queen’s party seemed to have triumphed completely, but their -easily-won victory led to their defeat. The Borderers, unable to resist -the temptation of plunder, rushed in all directions in search of booty, -so that when the Earl of Mar sallied forth from the castle with a band -of musketeers, a panic at once ensued. The citizens armed themselves -and turned on their despoilers, while the castle soldiers kept up a -fire from behind the walls of Mar’s unfinished house. The raiders were -demoralised and quickly took to flight, but rather than allow the -Regent Lennox to be rescued, a man named Calder fired his pistol at -the Earl. By throwing himself in front of his distinguished prisoner, -Spens of Wormiston was shot, and the bullet passing through his body, -mortally wounded Lennox. The dying Regent was conveyed to the castle, -where in the evening he passed away. His death was deplored not only by -his friends but by his foe, Kirkcaldy of Grange, who had desired the -Raid of Stirling to be, if possible, a bloodless triumph.[44] - -Little more than a year had elapsed when another Regent died in -Stirling Castle. This was the King’s hereditary keeper, John, Earl of -Mar, who had been elected to govern the realm in the room of James’s -grandfather, Lennox.[45] The cares of state and the worries of the -civil war seem to have been responsible for the Regent’s premature -decease, although the usual report of poisoning was given circulation -at the time. Mar left the charge of the King and the castle to his -brother, Alexander, Master of Erskine, for his son, the new Earl, a -companion of James, was a boy not much older than the King. - -The next governor, the Regent Morton, was in favour of the young -sovereign’s continuing his residence at Stirling. His education was -meanwhile receiving attention from George Buchanan and Peter Young, the -former a brilliant scholar and a strict disciplinarian, the latter too -full of respect for the Lord’s Anointed to oppose his pupil’s wayward -will. “My Lady Mar was wise and sharp,” wrote Sir James Melville, “and -held the King in great awe; and so did Mr. George Buchanan. Mr. Peter -Young was gentler and was loath to offend the King at any time, and -used himself warily, as a man that had mind of his own weal, by keeping -of His Majesty’s favour; but Mr. George was a Stoic philosopher, and -looked not far before the hand.” - -In June, 1574, Killigrew, the English ambassador, visited Stirling -Castle, and heard James translate into French a chapter, chosen at -random, of a Latin version of the Bible; while to show that his -accomplishments were not confined to intellectual pursuits, the King -delighted the English envoy by an exhibition of dancing.[46] Weldon, in -his oft-quoted description of James, writes: “His legs were very weak -... that he was not able to stand at seven years of age.”[47] Weldon’s -unflattering portrait of the King is held by some to be a faithful -representation; but the statement regarding James’s physical weakness -seems to be untrue, for if he could not stand at seven, he would surely -be unable to give a display of dancing when exactly eight years of age. -Later in the same year the two famous Melvilles--Andrew and his nephew -James--were presented to their sovereign at Stirling. The younger man -notes in his Diary that the boy monarch, on account of his strange and -extraordinary gifts, was the sweetest sight in Europe that day. The -writer goes on to say: “I heard him discourse, walking up and doun -in the auld Lady Mar’s hand, of knowledge and ignorance, to my great -marvel and astonishment.”[48] - -James had companions at work and play in those schooldays at the -castle. The young Earl of Mar, Lord Invertyle and others learnt -their lessons with their King at Stirling. That Buchanan showed no -favouritism in his dealings with his pupils will be seen by the -following story, originally told by Invertyle: The Earl of Mar -possessed a tame sparrow which the King was anxious to obtain. On the -young nobleman’s refusing to hand over the bird to his sovereign, a -struggle between the two playmates ensued, ending in the death of the -sparrow. Mar burst into tears at the loss of his pet, and Buchanan, -being informed of the cause of the weeping, gave the King a box on the -ear, and told him he was a true bird of the bloody nest of which he was -come.[49] - -That the stern preceptor was not devoid of humour the following -anecdote will show. The young King’s readiness to grant requests -thoughtlessly was noted by Buchanan with distress. Determined to teach -the boy a lesson, he requested him to sign two documents, the purport -of one being to transfer the regal power to Buchanan for fifteen days. -After asking one or two random questions, the sovereign willingly -signed the papers without taking trouble to read their contents; and -that same day the tutor acted the part of King to the astonishment of -the courtiers and the utter amazement of James. At length Buchanan -informed his pupil that he had temporarily resigned his crown, and as -the King continued to appear bewildered, the document was produced. -Before James had time to recover from his discomfiture, the tutor -followed up his practical lesson by a discourse on the evils that are -likely to accrue from the rashness and carelessness of kings.[50] - -Buchanan’s interest in education during the Stirling period of his -life was not confined to the training and instruction of the monarch -and his companions. He was appointed president of the commission which -met in Stirling Castle to consider the question of a standard Latin -grammar, as teachers had been complaining of the confusion arising from -the various manuals in use throughout the country. The result of the -proceedings was that Buchanan and two commissioners, Andrew Simson and -James Carmichael, schoolmasters, undertook to produce a new book which -was to supersede all the others. In due time the joint work of these -eminent scholars appeared, but it never became established as the one -and only grammar.[51] - -The room still exists in the Keep of the castle where George Buchanan -and Peter Young are believed to have discharged their pedagogic duties, -and a terrace below is called the _Prince’s Walk_, where James, it -is said, was wont to take the air before returning to his studies. -Doubtless the young King and his comrades romped on this narrow -playground, but it owes its name more likely to James’s son, Prince -Henry, for the father was a crowned monarch before his education -began, and the terrace is known not as the _King’s_ but as the -_Prince’s Walk_. - -[Illustration: THE KEEP AND THE PRINCE’S WALK.] - -The regency of Morton was, on the whole, a time of peace, but his -enemies were all the time planning his overthrow. The greater part of -the nobility was hostile to the Regent; thus when the King, at the -instigation of Argyll, and with the approval of Buchanan and Alexander -Erskine, summoned a convention of peers to Stirling Castle in March, -1578, Morton felt compelled to send in his resignation. The clever -Earl, however, soon found an opportunity of placing himself again in -power. On the morning of the 26th of April, the young Earl of Mar, -possibly acting on Morton’s advice, called for the keys of the castle -as though he intended to ride forth to hunt. Although the hour was -about six o’clock the Master of Erskine was already astir, and meeting -his nephew’s followers at the gate, he called his servants to his -assistance. After a scuffle, in which the Master’s eldest son was so -severely crushed that he died next day, the parties withdrew to the -hall to discuss the situation. The proceedings resulted in the young -Earl of Mar’s being allowed to take over the charge of the King and -the keeping of Stirling Castle.[52] It was also decreed that James was -to remain in the castle, that no earl was to be received within -the gates with more than two servants, no lord with more than one -attendant, and no gentleman with any retainer at all.[53] The stirring -events of that morning made such an impression on the youthful King, -that for several nights his sleep was disturbed by visions of the fray. - -Morton was not long in breaking through the decrees. Riding secretly by -night from Edinburgh to Stirling, towards the end of May, he persuaded -Mar to admit him and his followers into the royal castle. Once within -the same building as the King, the Earl was now as powerful as before. -He managed to arrange the formation of a new Council, with himself in -the principal place, and he persuaded the King to order the Parliament, -which had been summoned to meet at Edinburgh, to assemble in the hall -of Stirling Castle. The opponents of Morton, naturally objecting to the -Estates being convened within the walls of a fortress, were determined -not to appear without a protest, so they sent the Earl of Montrose -and Lord Lindsay of the Byres to lay their remonstrances before the -King. James opened the Parliament in person, and before any business -was transacted, Lord Lindsay protested against its proceedings. Morton -interrupted him and ordered him to sit down, but Lindsay disobeyed -the command until it was repeated by the King. Later in the day the -intrepid lord again arose to make objections, and this time also he -was silenced by James, who, at Morton’s prompting, declared that the -Parliament was free and that those who loved him would think as he -thought.[54] - -Morton’s recovery of power rendered civil war imminent. Argyll and -Atholl raised the town of Edinburgh and were joined by the Borderers -of Teviotdale and the Merse. Angus, on the other side, was preparing -his forces at Stirling. The armies came within sight of each other near -the town of Falkirk, and some skirmishing took place, but through the -intervention of two leading ministers of the church and of Bowes, the -English ambassador, an agreement was arrived at without any fighting -taking place. The settlement left things much as they were, with the -power in Morton’s hands, but the Earl of Montrose and Lord Lindsay of -the Byres were admitted into the Council. - -Although not holding the title of regent, the Earl of Morton was now as -powerful as ever he had been. His opponents felt themselves incapable -of compelling him to deliver up their sovereign, and so secure did -Morton consider his position and the King’s to be, that on the 12th of -June, 1579, James was allowed to leave the castle by the nether bailey -gate at five o’clock in the morning, with his own domestics, and was -permitted to remain in the Park until seven o’clock at night. This was -the first occasion on which the King passed beyond the castle walls -without the protection of an armed guard.[55] - -Morton’s day of triumph, however, was beginning to draw to a close. -There arrived in Scotland a man from France, who quickly won the -favour of King James, and who set himself to restore Queen Mary to the -throne, to overthrow the Protestant religion in Scotland and to ruin -the Earl of Morton. He was successful in only the last of these three -enterprises. This remarkable person was Esmé Stewart, Lord of Aubigny -in France, and nephew of the Regent Lennox. “He was a man of comely -proportion, civil behaviour, red-bearded, honest in conversation.”[56] -Recommended to James by the Guises, whose special agent he was, he -arrived at Stirling in September, 1579, and was presented to the King -in the hall of the castle. The artful schemer was not long in winning -James’s favour. Soon he received the wealthy Abbey of Arbroath, which -had been in the possession of the Hamilton family, and about the same -time he was made a privy-councillor and was given the Earldom of -Lennox. - -Esmé Stewart had not been many months at Court before a rumour was -reported to the Earl of Mar to the effect that the half-foreign -favourite and his partisans intended to remove the King to Dumbarton, -and afterwards to convey him secretly to France. The night of the -10th of April, 1580, was believed to be the time arranged by the -conspirators for carrying out their plan. The rumour, whether -well-founded or not, gave rise to intense excitement in the castle. -When the dreaded evening came round, Mar placed soldiers both within -and without the King’s apartment, and ordered them on no account to -allow anyone to enter the room. Lennox, armed and supported by a guard -of friends, prepared to defend himself in his own chamber, for he heard -the threatening shouts in the courtyard and knew that his life was in -danger. - -The night passed away, however, without an attack being made upon -Stirling, although in the morning the Earls of Argyll, Glencairn and -Sutherland--friends of Esmé Stewart, Lord Lennox--endeavoured without -success to gain admittance to the castle.[57] - -Lennox and another rising favourite, James Stewart, together worked -for the hated Morton’s fall, and as the King was completely in -their hands and bore no love to the stern ex-regent, the Earl was -condemned to death in 1581, for being “art and part” in the murder of -Darnley. Yet not much more than a year after Morton’s death, Lennox’s -ascendency came to an end. A number of nobles--Mar, Gowrie, Lindsay and -others--seized the King at Ruthven Castle, near Perth, and virtually -held him a prisoner, while Lennox was ordered to leave the country--a -step which at last he reluctantly took. James was brought back to -Stirling, and, although chafing at the restraint, was compelled to -announce that he was a free King and that he desired to reside in the -castle. But the Ruthven Raiders were unable to keep their sovereign -for more than ten months in their hands. In June, 1583, a plot for the -recovery of his freedom was formed, and he escaped from Falkland Palace -to St. Andrews, where he threw himself into the castle. - -Their inability to hold the King in their power was disastrous to the -leaders of the Raid of Ruthven; consequently they lost little time -in arranging a scheme to place themselves again in command. The Earl -of Mar and the Master of Glamis had retired to the north of Ireland, -but in the spring of 1584 they stealthily crossed the Channel, and on -the 17th of April, with five hundred horse, they seized the Castle -of Stirling. James at once raised an army in Edinburgh and marched -to attack the rebels. No fighting of any sort took place, however, -for the insurgent lords, taken aback by the King’s swift action and -disappointed in the support of their friends, fled towards the Border -before the royal army appeared. The small garrison which they left to -guard the fortress surrendered at once to the King. The constable and -three of the men were hanged as a sign of the royal displeasure.[58] -On the failure of the conspiracy, the Earl of Gowrie, who had come to -be regarded with distrust by both parties, was tried at Stirling and -executed almost beneath the walls of the castle. - -In November, 1585, another Raid of Stirling occurred. The exiled lords -who had forsaken the castle in the previous year, collected their -forces in the south of Scotland, where they were joined by a number -of the Border lairds. Proclaiming that they sought to save the King -and the country from the evil rule of James Stewart, Earl of Arran, -they advanced northwards with some nine hundred men and camped at St. -Ninians on November 1st. Next morning at daybreak they crept into -the town, like Buccleuch and Fernihirst fourteen years before, while -Arran and Montrose, who had kept watch on the walls, immediately took -to flight, the former seeking safety beyond the Bridge of Forth, the -latter finding refuge in the castle with the King. Having captured -the town with comparative ease, the lords proceeded to invest the -fortress which they knew to be ill prepared for a siege. After sending -messengers to treat with the invaders, James agreed to surrender, for -his attempt to escape by bribing William Maxwell of Newark, who had -charge of one of the postern doors, was discovered by the besiegers. -The nobles entered the castle on the 4th of November, assuring their -sovereign that they had acted from motives of loyalty, while he replied -that words were unnecessary, as their weapons had spoken quite loudly -enough. Differences were settled for the time, and James professed to -be pleased with the change; Arran was banished for ever from the Court, -and to Mar, who had forfeited his hereditary privilege, the custody of -Stirling Castle was restored. - -Too often in Scottish history the conduct of the barons towards the -sovereign was insolent and disloyal; but there were occasions in which -their coercive action was fraught with good to the country. The nobles -who captured James VI. at Ruthven Castle and who besieged him in his -own stronghold of Stirling, were actuated to some extent by selfish -motives, but at the same time they realised that their measures were -such as would confer real benefit upon the land. Yet although the -weakness of the King in placing his trust in unpopular favourites -justified the daring steps taken by the nobles, it is not a matter -for wonder that in his later life the shout of “Treason” escaped from -James’s lips whenever an unexpected incident occurred. - -James VI. married Anne, second daughter of Frederick II. of Denmark, -in 1589, and Stirling Castle was chosen to be the birthplace of their -eldest son, who was born in February, 1594. For the Prince’s baptism -great preparations were made, including the hasty reconstruction of -the Chapel, for James was always anxious to impress his visitors with -the dignity of the Scottish Court. The foreign representatives arrived -at Stirling before the end of August, and on the 30th of that month -the christening service was held.[59] The Prince was carried to the -Chapel by Elizabeth’s representative, the Earl of Sussex, who walked -under a canopy supported by the Lairds of Cessford, Buccleuch, Dudhope -and Traquair; and in the procession Lord Hume carried the ducal crown, -Lord Seton bore the basin and Lord Livingstone the towel. The chief -officiating clergyman was David Cunningham, Bishop of Aberdeen, who -at the King’s command named the royal infant Frederick Henry, and -thereafter addressed the congregation in Latin. At the conclusion -of the service the company retired to the Prince’s chamber, where -James created his child a knight and bestowed on him the usual titles -belonging to the eldest son of the King. After a number of less -important knights had been made, supper was served in the great hall of -the castle, at which, for the entertainment of the guests, a decorated -chariot and ship were drawn in, containing viands for the later courses -of the banquet.[60] No ill-timed jest spoilt the pleasure of the -party, as on the occasion of the festivities in celebration of James’s -baptism; but this time, owing to the religious change in Scotland, no -French representatives were present at Stirling. - -A few months before he departed from Scotland to take possession of -the English crown, James looked down from Stirling Castle upon a -strange and striking spectacle. On December 21st, 1602, a band of -riders, consisting mainly of women, was observed advancing from the -west. It was seen that the principal members of the party were bearing -bloodstained garments and were displaying them to view with the object -of attracting attention. The procession wound its way up the castle -hill, and at the King’s command was admitted within the gates. -Alexander Colquhoun of Luss was the leader of the company, and from -him the King learned that a party of Macgregors had raided the lands -of Glenfinlas in the Lennox, had plundered the farms of the Colquhoun -tenants, and had killed and wounded a number of men, and that these -women bearing the bloody shirts were the relatives of the clansmen who -had innocently suffered. - -The sorrowing deputation and the accompanying tale of woe so greatly -shocked King James that he granted a commission to Alexander Colquhoun, -giving him licence to repress such crimes and to lay hold of any -malefactors. The knowledge that their enemies possessed this commission -so enraged the Macgregors that they rose in great force to oppose the -Colquhouns, and inflicted upon them a heavy defeat at the memorable -conflict of Glenfruin.[61] Their triumph, however, although sweet for -the moment, brought long and bitter sorrow to the victors, as they -came to be regarded as the most lawless of the Highland clans, and -were pursued with fire and sword at the instance of the Government. -To assist in crushing the indomitable race, the Earl of Mar, in 1611, -sent two pieces of ordnance from Stirling Castle, to be used in the -guerrilla warfare against the hunted Clan Gregor.[62] - -James VI.’s son, Henry, was the last Prince of Scotland to be -brought up in Stirling Castle. He spent nine years--exactly half of -his life--in his royal birthplace on the rock. The King’s former -companion, the Earl of Mar, was appointed guardian of the boy, and -Annabella, the Countess-Dowager, was authorised to assist her son in -his charge. James had perfect confidence in the friend of his youth, -but the Queen, partly, perhaps, from political motives and partly from -a natural desire to be with her child, endeavoured in 1595 to remove -the Prince from the custody of Mar. This intrigue becoming known to -the sovereign led to a quarrel between him and his Consort, the result -being that the Earl received a written statement from the King granting -him full charge of the boy until he should reach the age of eighteen -years:--“1595, July 24. Stirling.--Milorde of Mar. Because in the -suretie of my sonne consistis my suretie and that I have concreditid -unto you the chairge of his keiping upon the trust I have of youre -honestie, this present thairfore sall be ane warrande unto you not to -delyver him out of youre handis except I commande you with my awin -mouth, and being in sikke cumpanie as I my self sall best lyke of, -otheruayes not to delyver him for any chairge or message that can cum -from me. And in kayce God call me at any tyme that nather for Quene -nor Estaitis pleasure ye delyver him quhill he be auchtein yeiris of -age and that he commande you himself. At Stirling the xxiiij of Julie, -1595. James R.”[63] - -The Queen succeeded in a later attempt to gain possession of her son. -After James had set out for England to occupy Elizabeth’s throne, she -made her way to Stirling in April, 1603, in order to seize the person -of the Prince. The family of Mar, refusing to deliver their charge, -even when a band of nobles appeared in support of the Queen, Anne, in -her disappointment, fell dangerously ill, whereupon the King dispatched -the Duke of Lennox with instructions to the Earl of Mar to deliver the -Prince to the Duke.[64] In order to appease the Queen, Lennox and the -Council handed the boy to his mother, who at once began her journey -with her son, reaching Windsor at the end of June, after a progress of -more than four weeks. - -On his father’s accession to the English throne, the Prince of Scotland -at once became Duke of Cornwall, and almost immediately after his -arrival in England he was invested with the Order of the Garter. Not -until 1610 was young Henry created Prince of Wales, a title which he -was destined to enjoy for little more than two years. In October, 1612, -he began to suffer from headaches and languor, but always making light -of bodily ailments, he continued to lead an active life and to play his -favourite games. Fever, however, most probably typhoid, compelled him -to take to his bed. The best physicians were in attendance during his -illness, but from the first there was little hope of recovery, and on -the 6th of November he lost his speech and peacefully passed away. - -So much beloved was the Prince by the people, and such a sensation did -his early death create, that nearly all the eminent authors of the day, -and many undistinguished mourners, wrote verses extolling his virtues -and lamenting his demise. Donne, Heywood and Drummond of Hawthornden, -were among the poets whose elegies were called forth by the national -bereavement. Henry was a young man of great force of character, who -held strong opinions on the topics of the day, and who did not fear -to speak out his mind concerning some of his father’s actions. He was -naturally of a religious disposition, being strict in his attendance at -the services of the Church, and his own deliberations on the different -forms of faith led him to become a stronger Protestant than James. -Kind-heartedness was one of Henry’s characteristics. His pedagogue in -the early Stirling days had been Adam Newton, a man whom the Prince -always held in the highest esteem. Newton continued to discharge -the duties of tutor after the Royal Family had migrated to England, -but, like William Dunbar at the Court of James IV., he longed to be -presented to an ecclesiastical benefice. In January, 1606, His Royal -Highness sent a letter to the King, reminding him of his promise to -give preferment to the tutor, and stating that for two years past -Master Newton had been looking for the Deanery of Durham. James -complied with his son’s request, and in September the faithful tutor -was rewarded with the coveted position.[65] - -Steadfast attachment to his early friends was a feature of Henry’s -character. When an infant in Stirling Castle, he had been lovingly -cared for by David Murray the attendant who slept in his chamber. The -trusty Scot followed his young master to England and the friendship -between them grew closer as the Prince advanced in years, till at last, -when the fatal fever had rendered him almost speechless, he called out -repeatedly for David. When Murray approached the bed the dying youth -recognised his life-long companion, but sighed as he muttered again and -again “I would say somewhat but I cannot utter it.”[66] - -According to the French ambassador, de la Boderie, Henry spent less -time in study than in out-of-door exercise and games. “None of his -pleasures,” says the Ambassador, writing when the boy was little more -than twelve, “savour the least of a child. He is a particular lover of -horses and what belongs to them; but is not fond of hunting; and when -he goes to it, it is rather for the pleasure of galloping, than that -which the dogs give him. He plays willingly enough at Tennis, and at -another Scots diversion [golf] very like mall; but this always with -persons elder than himself, as if he despised those of his own age. He -studies two hours a day, and employs the rest of his time in tossing -the pike, or leaping, or shooting with the bow, or throwing the bar, -or vaulting or some other exercise of that kind; and he is never idle. -He shows himself likewise very good natured to his dependants, and -supports their interests against any persons whatever; and pushes what -he undertakes for them or others, with such zeal, as gives success to -it.”[67] - -The Frenchman was probably wrong in supposing that the Prince played -golf with persons older than himself because he despised those of his -own age. The likelihood is that, as golf was introduced into England by -Scotsmen who went south with James, only amongst his father’s northern -courtiers would Henry be able to find opponents and partners for -his game. An anecdote of the Prince regarding golf is told by Strutt -in _The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England_. “At another -time playing at goff, a play not unlike to pale-maille, whilst his -schoolmaster stood talking with another, and marked not his highness -warning him to stand farther off, the prince thinking he had gone -aside, lifted up his goff-club to strike the ball; mean tyme one -standing by said to him, ‘beware that you hit not master Newton’: -wherewith he drawing back his hand, said, ‘Had I done so, I had but -paid my debts.’” Henry’s remark seems to infer that good Master Newton -had not spared the rod in the course of his tutorial duties, just as -George Buchanan, a generation earlier, did not shrink from chastising -the Prince’s father in the schoolroom at Stirling Castle. - -The departure of Prince Henry for the south, after his father had come -to his new inheritance, marks the end of the history of Stirling Castle -as a regular dwelling-place of royalty. The ancient seat of monarchy -was seldom occupied by princes after James had made his progress to -London; but from time to time distinguished persons were lodged in the -forsaken pile, albeit their stay within the fortress was not of their -own seeking. In November, 1604, John, fifth Earl of Cassillis, was -brought as a prisoner to Stirling from Blackness, his offence being -that in the course of a dispute with his wife he attacked her in the -presence of the Privy Council and dragged her out of the chamber. As -the nobleman soon repented of his deed and sent a letter expressing his -contrition to the Council, he was released from the castle at the end -of the year, but was forbidden to pass further east than Linlithgow.[68] - -In the following year Stirling Castle received as prisoners men of -lowlier rank but of loftier spirit than Cassillis. These were several -Presbyterian ministers, who, with others that were warded in Blackness, -had attended the Assembly at Aberdeen in 1605, although the Privy -Council, at James’s instigation had forbidden all persons to appear -at such a meeting. For about one year the disobedient clergymen were -detained in the castle by the King.[69] - -James at this time was inclined for little toleration towards either -Presbyterians or Roman Catholics. In 1608, George, first Marquis of -Huntly, was warded in Stirling Castle for refusing to abjure the Romish -religion, and for alleged disloyalty, while for the same reasons the -Popish Earl of Erroll was placed in confinement in Edinburgh.[70] -After enduring imprisonment for many months, Huntly and Erroll wrote -to their sovereign vainly beseeching him to grant them liberty, “for -the King (as the treuth was) thought that he could not preserue the -publicke peace better, then be keiping thesse birdes of prey so caidget -wpe.”[71] In the beginning of 1610, however, the Marquis was released -on the understanding that henceforward he should embrace the Protestant -faith. - -Just about the time of Huntly’s discharge the Earl of Mar, in his -capacity of Sheriff of Stirlingshire, placed in the Palace at Stirling -Castle a man named John Murray, who was charged with murder or -manslaughter. The delinquent should have been lodged in the Tolbooth -of the town, but the magistrates, “being movid with some foolishe -consait,” as Mar complained to the Privy Council, refused to concern -themselves with the Sheriff’s prisoners, and so he was obliged to turn -the King’s Palace into a common gaol. However, the Lords of Council -listened to the Earl’s petition and ordered the Stirling magistrates to -receive in future such persons as he should apprehend.[72] - -[Illustration: THE CHAPEL ROYAL.] - -James was once again to reside in the home of his early days. Before -leaving Scotland he had promised his people that he would return to -his native land every three years; but only once in the course of his -English reign did he pass within the borders of his northern kingdom. -The summer of 1617 was the season chosen for the visit. Edinburgh, -Dundee, St. Andrews and Glasgow were honoured by the presence of the -King, and the inhabitants of Stirling had twice an opportunity of -according welcome to their sovereign. The early days of July were spent -by James in the familiar castle, and again towards the end of the month -he came to reside in the Palace. - -It was at the time of this, his last, visit to the castle that he heard -the Regents of Edinburgh College discourse on the various branches of -philosophy. A rumour had gone abroad that James intended to suppress -the Universities of Aberdeen and Edinburgh, leaving the more ancient -St. Andrews and Glasgow to be the Oxford and Cambridge of Scotland.[73] -The Regents had desired to address the King at Edinburgh, but as no -opportunity was given to them in the capital they made the journey to -Stirling, hoping, doubtless, to impress him with their erudition and to -justify the existence of their college. The scene of the disputation -was the Chapel of the castle, where, on the evening of the 19th of -July, a number of Scottish and English lords assembled with the King. -Speeches were delivered in Latin and Greek, the pronunciations of the -ancient tongues being after the Scottish mode, so that James took -occasion to call the Englishmen’s attention to the superior grace which -the languages acquired when spoken in the manner prevalent north of the -Tweed. - -The King was highly pleased with the discussion, and after supper he -summoned the Principal and Regents. The fears of the Professors as to -the future of their seat of learning were dispelled at this evening -interview, for James graciously offered himself as Patron of their -institution, giving it the name of King James’s College, and granting -permission for the placing of his coat-of-arms on the gate of the -humble building. - -[Illustration: STIRLING CASTLE. - -From Engraving by Robert Sayer, 1753.] - -James’s two brief sojourns at Stirling gave the inhabitants a taste of -the glory that had formerly belonged to their town, while his residence -in the castle after an absence of fourteen years must have brought -again to his own mind a throng of gay and gloomy memories. The Park -recalled the summer hours spent in his favourite pastime of hunting; -the Keep reminded him of weary tasks and the rigid discipline of George -Buchanan; the Chapel, where he listened to the Edinburgh Regents, -had been the scene of his eldest child’s baptism--that promising -son who did not live to see again the place of his birth and early -training. Young Mar’s revolution and the second Raid of Stirling were -events of too stirring a kind to be forgotten, and the King doubtless -felt as he recalled his early reign that although his responsibilities -had increased with his accession to the English throne, his life and -liberty were less at his subjects’ mercy than in the days when he -reigned over Scotland alone. - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - -LATER HISTORY. - - -In the times when the King of Scots’ capital was Edinburgh, a royal -visit to Stirling was an occurrence of an ordinary kind. Preparations -were made in the interior of the castle for the housing of the Court, -but naturally the sovereign’s arrival was not regarded as an event of -historic importance. After the Union of the Crowns, however, when the -royal family was domiciled in England, and the people in the north -had grown unaccustomed to the sight of a monarch’s pomp, a visit of -the King to his ancient castle was eagerly looked forward to by the -inhabitants of Stirling, and elaborate preparations were undertaken for -his reception both within and without the building. - -King Charles I. was a native of Scotland, but he left his fatherland -when a child of tender years, and although he was anxious to travel -north with James when that monarch obeyed what he called his -salmon-like instinct, not until 1633 did Charles set foot again -upon Scottish soil. Each year after his accession to the throne -his northern subjects had expected his arrival, but time after time -their sanguine hopes had been doomed to disappointment. In November, -1631, the Privy Council believed that Charles’s promised visit was at -length near at hand. Not only were the royal apartments at Stirling -made ready for the King, but, in order that he might enjoy the sport -his father loved, the hunting of hares was strictly forbidden within -eight miles of the castle. At last, when Charles had finally made up -his mind to venture into Scotland, the Privy Council reissued the -decree regarding the protection of ground game.[74] The townspeople -of Stirling, however, were to have but poor reward for their long and -patient waiting. During his Scottish visit in 1633, the King passed two -nights in the castle in the beginning of July, as he journeyed from -Edinburgh to Fife and Perth, and when a few days later he returned to -the Scottish capital he avoided the detour by the Old Bridge of Forth -and crossed the Firth in a storm.[75] - -The outbreak of the Great Civil War brought Stirling Castle again to -the front. The Covenanting party being dominant at the time, Parliament -decreed in 1640 that the fortresses should be placed in the charge of -trusty natives of Scotland, although the Earl of Mar was not deprived -of his heritable right to the custody of the castle.[76] In this year -Archibald, Earl of Argyll, while endeavouring to force the Covenant on -the Highlanders of Central Scotland, seized the Earl of Atholl in his -camp in Strathtay and sent him prisoner to Stirling Castle.[77] After a -brief stay in the fortress, however, the nobleman was conveyed to the -capital, where an agreement was entered into by which he recovered his -freedom. - -In 1644 the great Marquis of Montrose began his brilliant series of -military successes. Not only did the Highland clans rise, as always, -for the House of Stewart, but a considerable body of Scoto-Irish -troops had landed in the west to support the King’s cause. After the -Covenanters’ defeat at Tippermuir the Government began to be seriously -alarmed, and Sir Archibald Primrose, Clerk to the Privy Council, was -ordered to write to Livingstone of Westquarter, urging him to look -well after the town, castle and bridge of Stirling, in case the Irish -soldiers should take their route that way.[78] The castle, however, -though garrisoned and prepared, did not figure in the wars of Montrose; -for the Marquis turned northwards after Tippermuir, and when he -eventually descended on the Lowlands he crossed the Forth by the Fords -of Frew and not by Stirling Bridge. - -Although the “Great Marquis” suffered death for his devotion to the -King, the cause for which he laid down his life was not lost in his -native country. In 1650 Charles II., a young man of twenty, landed at -the mouth of the Spey, and although England at the time was under the -Protectorate, the youthful adventurer was crowned King of Scots. In the -end of July he spent some nights in Stirling Castle, delighting the -townsfolk with his courtly manners and reminding the old inhabitants of -the splendid days that had gone. Charles was the last of a long line of -monarchs to take up residence within the old walls. A few months later -Holburne, the captain of the castle, was suspected of being a Royalist -only by pretence, and of having held treacherous communications with -some of the agents of Oliver Cromwell. The officer obeyed the summons -to appear before the Parliament of Perth, and there he succeeded in -clearing himself of the charge which his enemies had brought up against -him.[79] - -Young King Charles did not long enjoy the ancient crown of his fathers. -Cromwell’s victories of Dunbar and Worcester made the continuance -of the monarchy impossible, although all the Scottish strongholds -did not at once surrender to the rule of the Protector. Under the -governorship of Colonel William Conyngham--who as an undoubted Royalist -had been placed in Holburne’s position--the garrison of Stirling Castle -determined to hold the fortress for the King. This defiance brought -General Monk to the gates, with over five thousand men, on August -6th, 1651. The day after his arrival he ordered his soldiers to raise -earthen platforms for mounting his guns. One of these batteries was -erected in the churchyard, whence for three days a fire was kept up, -causing considerable damage to the castle. At the same time Colonel -Conyngham’s ordnance played hard upon the graveyard platform: a -cannonade that has left its traces on the church to the present day. -On the fourteenth of the month, owing to a mutiny in the garrison, the -governor sent out a letter to Monk desiring a treaty of surrender, -although two days before, not foreseeing this contingency, he had told -the besiegers that he would hold the fortress as long as he could.[80] - -It was agreed that the castle should be handed over to Monk, that the -prisoners in the building should be released, and that the garrison -should be allowed to march out. Also that noblemen, gentlemen and -inhabitants of the town, whose goods were in the castle, should have -liberty to transport their property to other places.[81] Forty pieces -of ordnance and twenty-six barrels of powder, along with a large number -of barrels of beef and beer and many vessels of claret, fell into -the hands of the besiegers. The spoils of the castle included also -two coaches, the Earl of Mar’s coronet and his robes of Parliament, -and some of the King’s hangings. The national records which had been -preserved in the fortress were sent to the Tower of London. Some were -returned to Scotland a few years later; others were lost at sea shortly -after the Restoration. - -Colonel Reade was left by General Monk in charge of Stirling Castle; -and in his plan for the defence of Scotland, which he laid before the -Protector in 1657, Monk proposed to garrison Stirling with thirteen -companies of foot and a regiment of horse.[82] The Erskines’ right to -the custody of the fortress was overlooked by Oliver Cromwell, but -after the Restoration, in 1661, Parliament granted to John, Earl of Mar -and his heirs male, the governorship of the castle with its parks and -pasturage and their rents and duties.[83] Quarter of a century later -King James VII., angry at Earl Charles’s opposition to his plans for -the relief of Roman Catholics, deprived the nobleman of part of his -hereditary right; but when William of Orange ascended the throne the -keeping of the castle, with all the privileges attached to the office, -was again entrusted to the family of Mar. - -During the reign of Charles II. Stirling Castle was notable as a -prison. All kinds of offenders--persons convicted of treason, holders -of unlawful conventicles, disturbers of the public peace--were placed -in ward in the fortress. One of these prisoners was Patrick Gillespie, -who as a staunch supporter of Cromwell, had been made Principal of -Glasgow University. On Charles’s return he craved pardon through his -wife for his anti-monarchical conduct, but in September, 1660, he was -confined in Stirling Castle,[84] although in March of the following -year he was released from a rigorous captivity. - -Sir Patrick Hume of Polwarth was another of Charles II.’s distinguished -prisoners. In 1673 he had spoken “with abundance of freedom and -plainness” against the Duke of Lauderdale’s policy;[85] and two years -later he petitioned against and refused to pay for the support of, -the garrison which was stationed in his shire in order to curb the -Covenanters. Consequently, in 1675-6, he was compelled to spend some -months in Stirling Castle, and a year or two later he was warded there -again, though his wife was allowed to be with him. - -Although Charles II. never saw Stirling after his Restoration, his -brother James, the heir-presumptive, visited the castle in 1681. -During the time of his sojourn in Scotland he resided chiefly at -Holyroodhouse, but his interest in Linlithgow and Stirling was such -that he determined to make a progress to those ancient seats in the -early days of February. The weather, indeed, had been uncommonly mild, -but on the 3rd of the month, when the Duke of Albany and York set forth -from Holyrood, accompanied by John Churchill, afterwards the famous -Duke of Marlborough, the ground was covered with a heavy coat of snow. -James arrived at Stirling that evening, and passed the night, not, -as would have been appropriate, in the palace of his fathers, but in -Argyll’s Lodging on the Castle Hill. Next day he was conducted round -the royal fortress after the great guns had fired a salute and the Earl -of Mar, with the garrison under arms, had received him at the gate. The -Duke examined all the important rooms in the Palace and inspected the -castle walls; he expressed his admiration for the buildings and for -the situation of the fortress, as well as for the extensive prospect of -the windings of the river and the country through which it meandered. -He remarked that he had been told a great deal about that noble seat, -but that it much exceeded all that he had heard of it. “It was,” His -Highness said, “inherent and natural to all the Royal Family for many -years past to have a particular kindness for Strivling.” As James -departed from the castle the guns again sounded a salute. Next day he -travelled back to Holyrood.[86] - -Coming events do not always cast their shadows before. As the -heir-presumptive to the British throne walked round the castle with Mar -he did not foresee that soon, as King, he would curtail the privileges -which the Earl enjoyed as governor of Stirling, and that the hereditary -office would be fully restored by the supporters of the man who was -to tear his crown from his brow. Nor could he picture to himself his -grandson, a disinherited prince, striving to recover this bulwark of -the north from the servants of an alien sovereign. - -Rivers winding in rich valleys were favourite scenes with James. When -an exile in France he used to enjoy the view of the Seine from the -terrace of St. Germain, partly because of its intrinsic beauty and -partly because it reminded him of the prospect of the Thames from -Richmond Hill. Doubtless his thoughts often travelled to Scotland too, -and the Seine must sometimes have brought to his mind the tortuous -river that he once admired from the ramparts of Stirling Castle. - -As the Restoration sent Patrick Gillespie into captivity at Stirling, -so the Revolution brought the fourth Earl of Perth a prisoner into the -castle. Earl James had been one of Scotland’s leading men under the -last Stewart king; but the days of his prosperity were brought to a -close with the flight of his sovereign in 1688, and as he had espoused -the Roman Catholic faith and had profited by the King’s dispensing -power, he had only punishment to expect at the hands of his political -opponents. After an attempt to flee the country he was thrown into -Stirling Castle, where he lay a prisoner till 1693. At first the Earl -was somewhat harshly treated, but on his Countess’s petitioning against -his want of privacy the Estates agreed to relieve him of the constant -attendance of his guards.[87] - -Although Queen Anne never saw Stirling Castle, her name is associated -with the fortifications that were constructed outside the gateway which -James IV. had built. This addition consists of massive embrasured -walls with outlook turrets, and an archway bearing the initials A. R. -surmounted by a crown. The probability, however, is that the battery -existed before the time of Anne, but that during her reign it was -repaired and strengthened, an extra protection being the fosse. Thus -the castle was fortified for the Jacobite rebellion that was yearly -expected and dreaded, but that did not break out until 1715, a year -after the death of the Queen. - -On the accession of George I., John, Earl of Mar, being suspected -of having Jacobite sympathies, was deprived of the governorship of -Stirling Castle. Since that time the office of hereditary keeper has -never been revived. The new King’s prompt action not unnaturally -strengthened the Jacobite predilections of the Earl, who awaited a -favourable opportunity of raising the standard of James VIII. - -[Illustration: TURRET ON QUEEN ANNE’S BATTERY.] - -In Mar’s insurrection of 1715, as in former days, Stirling, with -its bridge and castle, was a valuable military post. King George’s -Government lost little time in concentrating forces upon it, in order -to prevent the Highland Jacobites from joining their friends in the -south. In the end of August the royal army under General Wightman -encamped in the Park and secured the castle and the bridge. The Duke of -Argyll, to whom the supreme command of the forces was given, arrived -at Stirling on the 17th September, and before long found himself at the -head of nearly four thousand men. - -The insurgents proposed to cross the Forth by detaching a portion -of their army for the apparent purpose of effecting a passage at -Stirling, and by sending their main body by the upper fords while the -Royalists were engaged at the bridge. Argyll, however, having heard of -his enemies’ intentions, determined to take the initiative. Marching -out of Stirling on November 12th, he blocked the Highlanders’ way -at Sheriffmuir, where on the following day an indecisive battle was -fought. The right wing of each army was successful, and both sides -claimed the victory, but as Mar was prevented from crossing the Forth -the advantage really lay with Argyll. During the absence of the army -at Sheriffmuir the town and castle of Stirling were garrisoned by five -hundred volunteers from Glasgow, who had camped for nearly two months -in the Park with Wightman’s regular troops. - -The next appearance of Stirling Castle in history is during the -Rebellion of the Forty-five, although not until after the retreat from -Derby did the enemy come before its gates. True, in September, 1745, -the Highlanders passed so close to the castle that guns were fired -from the battlements, but Charles was pushing on rapidly to Edinburgh -and had no mind for a siege by the way. It was on the 6th of January, -1746, that the Highland army appeared again in the neighbourhood of -Stirling. Charles Edward took up residence in Bannockburn House, while -his soldiers camped in the vicinity, and on the same day the town of -Stirling was summoned to surrender. Seeing no prospect of holding out -against the dreaded mountaineers, the citizens capitulated on the 8th -of the month, but the castle garrison under General Blakeney prepared -to resist to the last extremity. To Charles’s demand for the delivery -of the fortress the General proudly replied that His Royal Highness -must have a bad opinion of him to think him capable of surrendering the -castle in such a cowardly manner.[88] - -An engineer of the name of Grant had arranged to erect batteries in -the old churchyard, as it occupied a high piece of ground, commanding -the entrance to the castle. The citizens, however, objected to this -plan, as General Blakeney’s guns would have reduced their town to -ruins. Charles therefore ordered the Frenchman, Mirabelle de Gordon, -whom the soldiers ironically called Mr. Admirable, to undertake the -siege operations. Mirabelle, according to the Chevalier Johnstone, had -little knowledge of engineering and was totally destitute of judgment, -discernment and commonsense; but because he was a French engineer, -decorated with an order, it was supposed he was a person of experience, -talents and capacity. The Frenchman began to dig trenches on the Gowan -Hills, at a place where the solid rock was only fifteen inches below -the surface of the ground, so that bags filled with wool and earth had -to be brought from a distance to afford some sort of cover. The battery -after all did little damage to the castle, and when Blakeney’s guns -were turned upon it Mirabelle’s men were slaughtered in great numbers, -and the position had soon to be abandoned.[89] - -This ill-conducted siege was an unsuccessful enterprise, but it gave -to Charles’s Highlanders their victory at Falkirk. History never -repeats itself, but sometimes it nearly does so. As Edward II. had -marched to Bannockburn in order to relieve the Castle of Stirling, -so General Hawley advanced by the same route from Edinburgh for the -purpose of saving the same ancient stronghold from falling into the -hands of Bruce’s descendant. Charles left the Duke of Perth with over -a thousand men to continue the blockade while the rest of the army -barred the way near Bannockburn, as King Robert had done long before; -but finding that Hawley was in no haste to attack, Charles quitted the -field of happy omen and advanced to unpropitious Falkirk. The memory -of Wallace’s defeat, however, did not oppress the eager Highlanders, -for they routed the Government troops in a storm of wind and rain, and -drove them back on Linlithgow. After this victory Charles returned to -Stirling to proceed with the siege of the castle, and twice on the -day of his arrival the garrison was summoned to surrender. Blakeney, -however, answered that he had always been looked upon as a man of -honour, and that the rebels should find that he would die so.[90] In -their desperation a number of Highlanders tried to scale the castle -rock, but they were driven back with heavy loss of life in their daring -attempt to imitate the feats of medieval warriors. The chiefs at length -saw the hopelessness of the undertaking, and with difficulty managed -to persuade their Prince--who at times was bravely exposing himself -to the fire of the garrison’s guns--to withdraw his troops to the -Highland hills. On February 1st the army began its disorderly retreat, -taking the road to the Fords of Frew, for Blakeney had some time before -destroyed the south arch of the old Bridge of Forth, and next day the -Duke of Cumberland, who had superseded Hawley, entered and occupied -Stirling town. - -To many people the history of Scotland seems to cease with the -suppression of the Rebellion of Forty-five. This idea doubtless takes -its rise from the fact that no battle has been fought on Scottish soil -since the Jacobites were vanquished by Cumberland. Up to that point -strife and bloodshed are so characteristic of the nation’s history, -that the important half-centuries that have elapsed since Culloden -are apt to be considered as having no connection with the story that -began in the early ages and ended when “Prince Charlie” took ship at -Lochnanuagh. Yet because royalty has forsaken its former seat, and -because in times of peace a fortress cannot play a glorious part, the -retiral of the Highlanders in 1746 does mark the close of Stirling -Castle’s long and noble history. - -Since that time the building has been used as barracks and has become -a recruiting depot for the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. Once or -twice in the course of the nineteenth century its former days were -recalled. In 1820, Hardie and Baird, two prominent leaders in the -“Radical War,” were imprisoned in the castle before their execution, -like Archbishop Hamilton and other political offenders in the times of -the Stewart kings. On the 13th of September, 1842, the pleasanter days -of the past were brought to mind when the presence of Queen Victoria -and Prince Albert within the walls revived the old associations -of royalty. Seventeen years later their son, the Prince of Wales, -inspected the ancient building where his ancestors had lodged, and -from the spot where his mother had surveyed the scene, he admired the -view which kings have enjoyed of the Vale of Menteith and the Highland -hills. To Queen Victoria and her son thoughts must have occurred -similar to those which passed through the mind of James, Duke of Albany -and York, when he observed that it was inherent and natural to all the -Royal Family to have a particular kindness for Stirling. - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - -THE BUILDINGS, THE PARK AND THE BRIDGE. - - -The castle that stands on Stirling rock to-day is not the building -that was the home of Alexander I. and William the Lion. Their royal -dwelling was thrown into ruins in the days of the devastating War of -Independence. Robert the Bruce’s invariable policy was to destroy all -fortresses that fell into his hands, lest they should be captured again -by the English and made the seats of oppression; so that most of the -castellated buildings that had escaped destruction before Bannockburn -were cast down or dismantled soon after that battle. In 1336, when the -Southrons were again overrunning distracted Scotland, King Edward III. -ordered the castle to be repaired and fortified, and it is possible -that some of the work then done has lasted to the present day. A -portion of the north-west structure, overlooking the steepest part of -the rock, may date from the time when Thomas de Rokeby held Stirling -for Edward III. - -Throughout the reigns of the Stewart monarchs money was spent on -mason-work at the castle, but it is impossible to say with certainty -for how much of the building each king was responsible. It seems clear, -however, that the ancient gateway, afterwards built up, leading to -Ballengeich, was erected by Robert II., for the _Exchequer Rolls_ of -1380-1 mention the construction at Stirling Castle of a barbican and a -northern gate. This was apparently the main entrance to the fortress; -but either because the approach to the inner ward was found to be too -steep, or because a later building--perhaps the Parliament Hall--partly -obstructed the way, a new gateway was made beside the older one, and a -twisted tunnel was boldly cut through the lower storey of the Mint--a -building which was probably the “cunyie-house” of the early Stewarts, -and which seems to have been erected at the same time as the original -archway. There is little doubt also that important additions were made -during James III.’s reign. Certainly the castle wall was rebuilt in -1467,[91] and the likelihood is that it remains to the present day -in the part above the Prince’s Walk and in the portion of similar -construction overlooking Ballengeich. - -[Illustration: THE OLD MINT.] - -The splendid building called the Parliament Hall indicates by its style -of architecture that it belongs to a period corresponding to the reign -of James III., and tradition is doubtless correct in ascribing its -design to the ill-fated Cochrane who was hanged by the nobles at Lauder -Bridge. This great hall unfortunately suffered at the hands of the -military authorities when they converted it into barracks towards the -end of the eighteenth century, but even with all its defacements it is -still a building of noble proportions. Taylor, the Water-Poet, who saw -it in 1618, wrote that “it surpasses all the halls for dwelling-houses -that ever I saw, for length, breadth, height and strength of building.” -On the east and west sides the windows have been ruthlessly modernised, -but those in the south end remain unaltered, showing their simple -moulding and remarkable deep recesses. The oriel facing east, towards -the south end of the hall, preserves much of its former beauty, its -most interesting features being the interlacing of the moulded jambs -of the now built-up side lights. The tower on the east side containing -the stair is still a prominent feature of the building, although it is -not now crowned by its steep-pitched conical roof. A covered passage -formerly extended along the west side of the edifice, but--like the -majority of the figures that filled the niches on the walls--it has -not survived the harsh treatment to which the Parliament Hall was -subjected. The corners of this great pile were formerly adorned with -turrets, but these with the rest of the building were allowed to go to -decay, and were removed when the hall was repaired for use as barracks. -The stones of the south gable bear numerous scars like bullet-marks, -which possibly date from the siege of 1746. The Highlanders on that -occasion climbed to the roofs of the houses in the town, and thence -discharged their small arms at the fortress that so resolutely kept at -bay the enemies of King George. - -[Illustration: PORTCULLIS IN JAMES IV.’S GATEWAY.] - -The portcullis gateway leading to the lower courtyard from the outer -works was erected by James IV.[92] This fore-entry is not now so -imposing as it was in the days of the Stewart sovereigns, for instead -of the two stumps of towers now remaining there were formerly four high -bastion-like structures. This part of the castle received some damage -from the guns of General Monk, but although the towers suffered at the -time of the siege, they were standing many years afterwards. Gradually, -however, they crumbled into ruins until repairs were undertaken to -prevent further decay at about the beginning of the nineteenth century. -The lowest chamber in each of these great towers was a dark and noisome -dungeon. The vaulted passage of the gateway was provided at both the -outer and the inner ends with portcullises, one of which still hangs -in the small archway at the side of the principal entrance. - -It has been thought that the Palace, the most important part of -Stirling Castle, owes its origin to James IV. True, it is always spoken -of as James V.’s building, but several extracts from the _Treasurer’s -Accounts_ have led many to believe that the work was begun by the -knight-errant monarch who fell on Flodden Field. Certainly, in 1496, -Walter and John Merlioun, masons, were employed on the King’s house -in Stirling, and in the following year the master-mason of Linlithgow -rode over to give his advice. If the Palace, however, had been merely -begun by James IV. the _Treasurer’s Accounts_ would not have contained -references to glass for the windows and to other furnishings for a -nearly furnished building;[93] and it is obvious by the style of the -architecture, which is the earliest Renaissance work in Scotland, that -the work could not have been completed before the fifth James succeeded -to the throne. The house that was being erected by John and Walter -Merlioun may have been the tower called the Keep, an older and plainer -edifice than the Palace to which it has been joined. - -This building, then, was raised in the time of James V., the monarch -during whose troubled reign the Renaissance style was introduced. -The King’s visit to France for his marriage with Princess Madeleine -in 1537, may have increased his interest in the architecture of the -day, but the royal dwelling at Stirling was probably designed before -the date of that alliance, as Sir James Hamilton of Finnart, who -was James’s principal architect, and who is known to have worked at -Stirling Castle,[94] had seen the French Renaissance structures twenty -years before. - -[Illustration: JAMES V. AS “THE GUDEMAN O’ BALLENGEICH.”] - -The Palace is an ornate edifice, showing a blending of the Gothic and -the Classical designs. It is roughly in the form of a square, having -a courtyard in the middle called the Lions’ Den, where tradition says -the royal animals were caged. The third and fourth Jameses certainly -owned lions, and it is likely that their successor kept a specimen -of the King of Beasts as much for his amusement as for an emblem of -royal power. On the exterior of the Palace, between the windows--each -of which is surmounted by a stone showing I 5 for James V.--are -shallow niches containing ornamental pillars supporting statues which -are now much defaced. The figure at the north-east corner of the -building is thought to represent the King disguised as the “Gudeman -o’ Ballengeich,” as above the head a lion holds the crown and a -tablet inscribed I 5. Running round three sides of the Palace -is an elaborately-carved cornice, upon which rests a series of short -pillars, each one intended to bear a small statue, although some on the -north are wanting. Towards the west the building presents an unfinished -appearance; obviously it was meant to have additions on that side. The -interior of the Palace has been greatly changed since the days of James -V., but one or two noble fire-places still exist in the rooms that are -now given over to the soldiers. More than one ancient door studded -with iron has survived the alterations; but the beautiful carved oak -panels, representing members of the Royal Family and persons about -the Court, and known as the Stirling Heads, were removed towards the -end of the eighteenth century because one of them fell from its place -in the ceiling and seriously injured a soldier. Tradition asserts, -doubtless with truth, that the gratings were placed in the windows for -the protection of young James VI., in the stormy days when raids on -Stirling were events against which it was well to be guarded. - -[Illustration: THE PROSPECT OF THEIR MAJESTIES’ CASTLE OF STIRLING. - -From Engraving by Captain John Slezer, 1693.] - -On the north side of the inner square stands the Chapel rebuilt by -James VI. in 1594. This was the Chapel Royal of Scotland before King -James carried out Queen Mary’s wish and transferred the endowments -and the epithet “Royal” to the chapel of Holyroodhouse. It is a -somewhat plain Renaissance structure, having externally much the same -appearance as when it was newly finished for Prince Henry’s baptism. -The Chapel, however, has been put to so many secular uses that the -interior now bears no resemblance to a place of worship, and it is hard -to believe that within these walls a brilliant congregation of nobles -assembled to witness the christening of an heir to two crowns. - -The _Exchequer Rolls_ and other sources of information contain many -entries referring to the payment of chaplains in Stirling Castle, -and some of those records imply that for a considerable period two -ecclesiastical buildings were maintained on the top of the rock. The -Collegiate Church of Stirling was not the same edifice as that which -was known as the Old Kirk in the castle. The truth seems to be that -when James III. determined to erect a Chapel Royal and Collegiate -Church he chose a new site for this building, and not the one occupied -by the Kirk of St. Michael, where he and his fathers had worshipped. -There were two chapels in Stirling Castle as late as the second half of -the sixteenth century,[95] but to-day no walls remain above the ground -to point out the position of old St. Michael’s Church. Its site was -probably the high part of the rock near the north-west angle of the -Palace. The building that James VI. re-erected in 1594 doubtless rests -on the foundations of James III.’s Collegiate Church. - -The part of the castle containing the Douglas Room was largely -destroyed by fire in the middle of the nineteenth century, and has -been restored in a style out of keeping with its surroundings, but the -closet with the window through which the Earl’s body was flung did -not share the fate of the neighbouring apartments on the night of the -conflagration. - -The present outer gateway of Stirling Castle is a comparatively modern -structure. It was probably erected in the first half of the eighteenth -century in view of the expected Jacobite rebellion. The inner barrier -with the initials of Queen Anne is naturally supposed to date from that -monarch’s reign, but the probability is that the fortifications were -only strengthened in the early eighteenth century, for Slezer’s views -of the castle in 1693 show walls and turrets similar to those now known -as Queen Anne’s, and as Slezer records that the battery was at that -time in course of erection, it is unlikely that it would have needed -rebuilding only some ten years later. This bulwark of William and -Mary’s reign probably succeeded an earlier fortification in nearly the -same situation, for the French or Spur Battery would not likely have -been erected beyond the outer gate of the castle, and the Prince’s -Walk, with the adjacent lawn, was almost certainly protected by a wall -before the last decade of the seventeenth century. - -The Nether Bailey was never much built upon, and does not now contain -any interesting structures. The name, meaning the “lower fortified -enclosure,” is derived through the late Latin _ballium_, from _vallum_, -a fortification or rampart. - -As a water supply within the walls was essential to every medieval -castle, the well in many fortresses is the oldest piece of work that -has come down to the present day. Stirling Castle possesses two wells, -both of them of great antiquity, but the probability is that the one in -the Outer Square is older than that in the Nether Bailey. The earliest -stronghold doubtless occupied only the higher part of the rock, and -when in later times the lower ledge was enclosed the additional well -would be made. Both founts are known to have been used before the -middle of the fourteenth century, but the older one must have been hewn -out of the rock many hundreds of years earlier than the days of David -Bruce. To-day the wells in Stirling Castle are not exposed to view, but -it is likely that in the near future one at least will be uncovered, -and will remain open as of yore. - -The first mention of a royal park connected with Stirling Castle occurs -in the reign of King William the Lion. That monarch, as has already -been stated, acknowledged in a charter to the monks of Dunfermline -that he had appropriated some of their land when he first enclosed -the chase. This piece of ground, to the south-west of the castle, was -afterwards known as the Old Park to distinguish it from another royal -hunting-field made by Alexander III. The New Park of King Alexander lay -to the south of the other, and its position brought it prominently into -history at the time of the Battle of Bannockburn. - -Towards the end of his life King Robert the Bruce granted the lands of -Old Park and New Park to his faithful servant, Adam the Barber;[96] but -during David Bruce’s reign the estates by some means became for a time -Sir Robert Erskine’s property. The King resumed possession of the royal -domains by giving Erskine in exchange the lands of Alloa and others, -but soon afterwards David bestowed the New Park on Alexander Porter, -who was obliged to present to the King every year _arcum cum uno -circulo pro alaudis_--a bow and apparently a snare for catching larks. -A portion of the Old Park was granted by James IV. to the burgesses -of Stirling in compensation for the lands of Gallowhills (or Gowan -Hills), which they had allowed him to enclose.[97] The table-land lying -to the south-west of the castle rock is known to this day as the King’s -Park, and, along with the Gowan Hills, is still the property of the -Crown. - -As a short cut to the Park and to the King’s Stables, which lay not -far from the village of Raploch, a path was made in 1531 down the -steep hillside from the north-west angle of the castle. The built-up -doorway can still be seen in the wall of the Nether Bailey, and it was -doubtless by this postern that the boy James VI. passed out to hunt on -the summer day of 1579 when his wardens allowed him to go forth without -a guard. - -It is not until the latter half of the fifteenth century that the -Royal Gardens at Stirling become important enough to demand attention. -In earlier days there was probably a piece of ground set apart for -horticultural purposes on the top of the castle rock, but not before -the reign of James III. do gardens on an extensive scale appear to -have been laid out. In the _Exchequer Rolls_ of that King’s time there -are numerous entries of payments to James Wilson, the keeper of the -garden at Stirling Castle; indeed, the unfortunate _dilettante_ monarch -was almost as much interested in his plants and fruit-trees as in -architecture, music and astrology. This King and his successor, James -of the Iron Belt, wrought great improvements in the pleasure grounds -at Stirling. The father made a new royal garden, which probably lay on -the sloping land close to the old Round Table; and the son extended the -horticultural area by including a portion of the adjoining meadow and -thus embracing the ancient mound. James IV. was more versatile than his -father, and he showed his warlike nobles that devotion to gardening -and other peaceful occupations was not incompatible with interest -in military affairs. The new enclosure was stocked with plum-trees, -pear-trees, vines and vegetables, as well as strawberries and flowers. -There was in the Park a small natural loch to the south of the Round -Table, but James IV. seems to have made ponds or canals beside his -new beds and terraces, for the garden was not only an orchard, it was -also a pleasant retreat for the King and the lords and ladies of the -Court. The clergy of the Chapel Royal took over the charge of the -horticulture, and sent men to different parts of Scotland to procure -the best seeds and plants. - -The Round Table which formed the middle point of James IV.’s new garden -was probably in ancient days a place for holding tribal assemblies. In -early feudal times it seems to have been the centre of the King’s Ward, -which was the muster-ground where armed vassals presented themselves -to their sovereign. The _Exchequer Rolls_ of James IV. state that the -King changed the ward into a garden, and it was doubtless after this -alteration that the place came to be spoken of as the Knot, although -the old name continued to be used, for Sir David Lyndsay in James V.’s -reign wrote of the “Tabyll Rounde.” The Town Council of Stirling, -thinking that the mound and terraces were in danger of becoming -obliterated, repaired and slightly altered the King’s Knot in the -latter half of the nineteenth century. - -The site of the tournament ground at Stirling has been a matter of -dispute, some holding that the jousting took place on the flat land -near the King’s Knot, others maintaining that the hollow called the -Valley, between the castle and the Ladies’ Rock, was the scene of -these chivalric encounters. The truth seems to be that although the -Valley was used for games in the time of James VI.,[98] the level -ground below the hill was the place where the lists were set in the -period of the early Stewart kings. This opinion is supported by the -fact that the ground now covered by houses to the south-east of the -King’s Knot was formerly known by the significant name of the Justing -(or Justin) Flats. It must have been on this level tract that the -Douglases fought with the knights of Burgundy in the presence of James -II., for in the Valley there would have been too little space for the -lists, the champions’ tents, the King’s pavilion and the four thousand -retainers brought by the Douglases to witness the encounter. The rock -where tradition says the ladies sat to view the games and combats is -much nearer to the Valley than to the Justin Flats, but it is probable -that the high-born dames of the Court sat in the royal pavilion beside -the lists, and that the rock was occupied by gentlewomen to whom the -privilege was not granted of sitting beside the King. It may be, -however, that the Ladies’ Rock did not receive its name till Queen -Mary’s time or even till 1594, when the Valley was the scene of the -sports which were held in celebration of Prince Henry’s baptism. - -The surroundings of the castle, like the buildings themselves, have -undergone considerable changes since royalty resided in Stirling. No -beds of flowers and fish ponds are now to be seen in the gardens of -the Jameses: that piece of ground is somewhat like what it was before -the Round Table became the King’s Knot. Villas now stand on the once -famous Justin Flats; the small Park Loch has been drained away; and the -Ladies’ Rock has suffered partial demolition to make room for the new -cemetery that occupies the Valley. Ballengeich, or the “Windy Pass,” -on the other side of the castle, was deepened at the north-west end to -afford a more gradual ascent for the road; and the Back Walk, leading -from Ballengeich round the rock, although it had been begun a number -of years before “Prince Charlie’s” siege, was not completed till the -eighteenth century had almost come to a close. - - * * * * * - -The old Bridge of Stirling, although half a mile distant from the -summit of the rock, has been too closely associated with the history -of the castle to be overlooked in even a brief description of the -buildings and their surroundings. The fortress watched and guarded the -bridge for three centuries and a half, as it had watched and guarded -the earlier bridge which crossed the Forth about one hundred yards -above the site of the later structure. The early edifice, which seems -to have been a platform of wood on piers of stone, was the scene of -Wallace’s victory in 1297. During that great battle the beams gave way, -plunging many soldiers into the river; and although Edward I. in 1305 -issued a writ for the repair of the bridge,[99] it was apparently never -rebuilt, as throughout the fourteenth century a ferry was in use at -Stirling. - -[Illustration: STIRLING OLD BRIDGE.] - -The stone bridge of four arches, which is still to be seen, was -erected in the early days of the fifteenth century, but in the course -of many ages it has undergone repairs and alterations. Under Robert -III. the building was begun, and was finished by his brother, the -Regent Albany, about the year 1415. Its appearance to-day is slightly -less imposing than it was before the middle of the eighteenth century, -for in former times the road passed through an archway at each end -of the bridge--the northern one containing an iron gate--and the -buttresses of the central pier rose above the parapet and were made to -form small guardhouses for those who kept the gate. On the southern -bank of the Forth, at the end of the bridge, stood the Chapel of St. -Marrock or St. Roch, in which in pre-Reformation days kings and others -made their offerings before passing over the stream. As the road -approaches the river from the north, it is made to take a double twist, -the object of this arrangement doubtless being to throw into confusion -any body of cavalry intending to force a passage at this important -spot. Probably for the same defensive purpose the bridge is not -straight but is somewhat bow-shaped; it seems to sag as if it had felt -the current’s strain, for the centre is about a couple of feet further -down the stream than the ends. - -It may truly be said that Stirling Auld Brig has borne more men -and women famous in Scotland’s history than any other bridge in the -kingdom. Every Scottish monarch, from James I. to Charles II., nine -sovereigns in all, has crossed the Forth by those arches. To most of -the kings and queens, as to the majority of the Scottish nobility, the -bridge was as familiar as the castle. Because of its being a clasp -connecting the north with the south, this structure was almost as -valuable a military post as the stronghold which overlooks it. When -the rebels closed the gates of the castle against King James III., -they at the same time placed a force at the bridge in order to cut off -communications between the sovereign and his northern friends. The -royal forces, however, with more spirit than they showed a few days -later at Sauchieburn, drove this company across the Bridge of Forth and -pursued them as far as the house of Keir. - -In later times, the Privy Council in Edinburgh, realising the -importance of the bridge, ordered that it as well as the castle should -be in a state of defence, for Montrose had won the battle of Tippermuir -and his Scoto-Irish soldiers were expected to pass by way of Stirling. -The Marquis, however, on his way to the south, avoided crossing the -Forth near the castle, but his enemy, Baillie, the Covenanting general, -led his troops over the river by this bridge before his defeat by -Montrose at Kilsyth. Again, on the outbreak of the Fifteen Rebellion, -Wightman, the Hanoverian general, took possession of both bridge and -castle, placing sentries in the former’s guardhouses, as the object of -the Government was to prevent the Highland Jacobites from joining their -friends in the south. The bridge was prominent in military history -for the last time during “Prince Charlie’s” war. Its proximity to the -garrisoned castle caused the Highlanders to cross the Forth at Frew, -some eight miles up the river, and before they returned from England -to the neighbourhood of Stirling, Blakeney had cut the south arch, so -that when Cumberland pressed on their rear they could not retreat by -the bridge. By throwing beams across the breach the Hanoverian soldiers -were able to take the nearest way to the north, but three years elapsed -before the broken arch was restored to its former condition. - -The Forth is now spanned by many bridges, including a comparatively -new one at Stirling, but from the days of the Regent Albany until the -middle of the eighteenth century all traffic between north and south -that went not by ford and ferry was supported by the four medieval -arches. The Old Bridge of Stirling, although closed to vehicles, still -bears passengers on foot; but its great days all belong to the past, -though “Time, which antiquates antiquities,” and has long ago given to -it a venerable appearance, will not destroy the fabric for many years -to come and will cherish its story for ever. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII. - -THE ASSOCIATIONS OF THE BUILDINGS. - - -In the preceding pages a description was given of the buildings of the -castle as they stand at the present day. In this chapter the purpose is -to remind the reader of the celebrated events that took place within or -beside these existing edifices, and to enable him to picture to himself -some of the scenes that have been enacted on the “well-trod stage” of -Stirling rock. - -Since the gay days of the Jameses, and still more since the troubled -years of Robert Bruce, important changes have been wrought in the -buildings that have occupied Snowdon Crag. War has done its work of -destruction; government officials have disfigured noble halls; fire -has eaten up the dwelling-rooms of kings; and monarchs themselves have -sometimes thought it right to remove the ancient landmarks which their -fathers had set. Yet there still remains at Stirling a large cluster of -historical buildings sufficient to make the castle the most notable -place of its kind in Scotland, if not in the British Isles. - -[Illustration: THE PARLIAMENT HOUSE.] - -The first thing to strike the visitor after he has passed through Queen -Anne’s gateway is the ancient Keep, with its corbelled turrets, that -rises from the lawn and the Prince’s Walk. Associations lend interest -to the beauty, for there is the staircase leading to the schoolroom -where George Buchanan taught and punished his wilful pupil, James -VI., and on the terrace below the old wall that King’s eldest son, -Prince Henry, was accustomed to walk when released by his tutor for -a few minutes’ breathing-space in the fresh air. Other incidents are -quickly brought to mind on this same approach to the castle. Just in -front is James IV.’s entrance, shorn, it is true, of its lofty towers, -but still the same archway that witnessed, besides other memorable -events, two striking scenes in the time of James V. The first was -when Margaret Tudor, standing hand-in-hand with her son, the young -King, rang down the portcullis in these self-same grooves, suddenly -placing the ponderous grating between her precious child and the Regent -Albany’s dumfoundered commissioners. The second occurrence took place -some years later when James had become a grown man. A panting horse -clattered up the ascent, bearing a stern-eyed, hard-visaged monarch. At -the side ran Archibald Douglas of Kilspindie, almost collapsing with -fatigue, but gazing into the rider’s face in his eagerness to catch -a look of recognition. Here, at the entrance, Kilspindie sank down -exhausted, while the King, unheeding, rode on through the archway into -the castle yard. In his exile Douglas had thought the English people -too proud, “and that they had too high a conceit of themselves, joined -with a contempt and despising of all others.” But his treatment at the -hands of his sovereign and former friend must have been the bitterest -experience of his life. No affront that he received in England had been -harder to bear than this. It would be difficult to find in history a -more cruel, silent rebuff. - -On emerging from the tunnel gateway the stranger is confronted by the -great imposing gable of the Parliament House. This building, although -altered and much defaced, is still a majestic pile, and is noteworthy -as having almost certainly been erected under the directorship of -Cochrane, the architect, one of James III.’s unpopular favourites. -Poor Cochrane was hanged at Lauder Bridge on the famous occasion when -the Earl of Angus thought fit to “Bell the Cat,” and show the King -that Scottish nobles would not suffer art-loving upstarts to usurp the -high places at Court. The quaint, twisted entrance below the old Mint, -to the north of the Parliament House, was the way of approach to the -castle up till the following reign, so that often in his later years, -when James III. rode into his courtyard, he must have shuddered as he -caught sight of the building that reminded him of Cochrane and his -miserable fate. - -[Illustration: OLD ENTRANCE FROM BALLENGEICH.] - -The Palace, which is chief among Stirling Castle’s buildings, can be -viewed on one of its three elaborate sides from this same spot near -James IV.’s gateway. Often must King James V. have walked about this -ground while the walls of his stately house were rising, and many a -day he doubtless stood watching the workmen shaping the pillars and -carving the curious figures. Out of these windows, before they were -barred, have looked Mary of Guise and the Regent Arran, and unhappy -Queen Mary has lain within these walls weeping sorely at the hardness -of her lot. Then came the time when the infant Prince James was brought -for his safety to Stirling, the stronghold that was to become his home -throughout his boyhood’s years. Yet, in the turmoil of politics and -religion, the royal child’s anxious guardians felt that the strong -position of the castle was not sufficient protection for their precious -charge. Consequently, the windows on the main floor of the Palace were -grated with heavy iron bars--the work, it is said, of a St. Ninian’s -blacksmith--which yet remain firmly fixed in their stones to remind -the peace-loving generations of the perilous days of the past. Many a -night has James VI. lain sleepless behind these gratings, dreading lest -by the morning light he should be carried a prisoner to Edinburgh or -Dumbarton. - -From the upper square of the castle another side of the Palace can be -examined, and from here can best be seen the corner statue of James V., -disguised as “The Gudeman o’ Ballengeich.” The Parliament House, having -been so much changed for the worse, is hardly worth regarding from -this point of view; but the past can be recalled on the north side of -the quadrangle, where stands the Chapel of James VI. Immediately after -the re-erection of the building, that pillared doorway was thronged -with a gay procession, pressing in to witness the baptism of baby -Henry, the first-born son of the King of Scots. Great nobles of the -kingdom as well as powerful lairds accompanied James and the foreign -ambassadors into the sacred edifice; but the interior to-day has such -a profaned appearance that even the most imaginative persons find it -nearly impossible to picture to themselves the interesting religious -ceremony. A number of years later, when James VI. returned from England -to visit his native land, the Chapel was the scene of a long series of -discourses, which the Regents or Professors of the Edinburgh College -delivered to their sovereign in Latin and Greek. As the exterior of the -building is almost precisely the same as it was when King James looked -with pride upon it, so it is in the doorway again that the pedantic -monarch can be summoned up as he slowly leaves the Chapel--where he had -followed all the arguments--at the head of a company of courtiers and -scholars. - -Now let the visitor proceed to the Douglas Garden, a name that conjures -up a passionate monarch’s crime. The tall buildings overlooking the -lawn do not contain the actual chamber where the Earl of Douglas supped -with James II. Fire made away with most of the apartments in this -interesting portion of the castle, but fortunately the little closet -was spared where the King and his attendants stabbed the nobleman to -death. There, above the old archway, it lies open to public view, -and the window still exists through which the body was hurled after -it had stained with blood the floor of the royal chamber. There is a -grim fascination about that little room. The Earl of Douglas, the most -powerful lord in Scotland, sat there and quietly but firmly refused -to obey his sovereign’s command, till James of the Fiery Face grew -hot with indignation and suddenly put an end to the career of his -over-powerful subject. The scene as the corpse was flung through -the window, while the King stood by half angry and half afraid, can -vividly be brought to mind even although the small apartment is not in -appearance exactly as it was in the middle of the fifteenth century. - -The walk round the wall of the Douglas Garden is in itself a sufficient -attraction to bring passing travellers to the summit of the rock. The -view is not one that is to be compared with others in Scotland only; -it must have a place in the limited list of the world’s most famous -prospects. The great blue screen of the Highland mountains, including -Ben Lomond, Ben Venue, Ben Ledi and Ben Vorlich, stretches from west to -north with an outline of beautiful irregularity. Not in one long chain -are the hills, but peak behind peak and row behind row, they appear -as a compact phalanx of bens when the mist is lifted from off their -heads. Nearer are the Braes of Doune and the fertile fields of the -Vale of Menteith, in the midst of which the Forth can be seen gleaming -in its lazy windings. The lofty Ochils in the north-east bring the -Highlands near to Stirling and form a noble background to the historic -Abbey Craig; and in the opposite direction the eye finds rest on the -bleak Gargunnock Hills, that serve to shut from the observer’s mind the -remembrance that a great city’s turmoil lies not far beyond. - -It is not, however, only for the beauty of the distant scene that the -wall of the Douglas Garden must be sought; close beside the castle -rock many spots of intense historical interest claim a share of -attention. The battlefield of Stirling Bridge, where Wallace won his -greatest victory, may be observed beyond the Heading Hill--that dismal -mound with its stone still showing the marks of the executioner’s -axe. Southwards from the scene of conflict the ancient tower of -Cambuskenneth Abbey rises from between two reaches of the River Forth. -Nearer, on the Gowan Hill, Edward I. placed the military engines that -succeeded in breaching the castle wall; and on the same eminence, in -1746, the Jacobites planted a battery. Slightly further to the right -is the hollow, now occupied by the houses of the Lower Castle Hill, -where Friar Keillor set forth his play before King James V. On the -other side of the rock the visitor will notice the extensive elevated -tract of land known as the King’s Park. There the Stewart monarchs -and their predecessors found delight in the excitement of the chase; -there the boy James II. was hunting when Crichton’s men surrounded him -and carried him to Edinburgh; there the youthful James VI., rejoicing -in the freedom from his guardians and tutors, found such zest in -his sport one summer day that he tarried till seven o’clock in the -evening, having left the castle at the early hour of five. The field -immediately below the rock on this south-west side of the castle was -formerly known as the Butt Park, for in olden times it was the place -appointed for the practice of archery and for shooting competitions. A -little further south the eye can detect the ancient mound called the -King’s Knot, past which Edward II. rode when refused admittance to the -castle after Bannockburn, and which in the days of the later Jameses -formed the centre of an ornamental garden. On account of the change -that has come over it, the ground that was once the Justin Flats makes -little appeal to the imagination. Villas and gardens cover the level -space where Douglases and Burgundian warriors fought for personal glory -and national reputation in the presence of young James II.; but the -flat nature of the land, well-suited for tournaments, can be made out -beyond the King’s Knot. The Field of Bannockburn, or that part of it -where the first of the fighting took place, can be distinguished from -the commanding position of the Douglas wall, and close beside the scene -of Bruce’s triumph may be discerned the site of the battle of Sauchie, -which resulted in King Robert’s descendant, James III., fleeing to his -death from the presence of his son. - -The view from the castle could not fail to have some effect upon the -minds of the monarchs who have gazed from the walls. To William the -Lion, old and sick, the remembrance of the winding Forth and the purple -peaks of Ben Lomond and Ben Ledi came as a light in the darkness, and -he urged his attendants to carry him to Stirling that the breezes from -the hills of the Lennox and Menteith might blow again upon his aged -cheek. When James IV. looked out upon Ben Vorlich he was reminded of -the merry hours of hunting near its base, and often did he plan an -expedition to Glen Artney when the mountains in one of their genial -moods tempted his eager spirit. The effect which the view had on James -V. was to arouse in that “King of the Commons” the desire to become -acquainted with the customs of the people who inhabited the spacious -strath spread out beneath his feet. The burdensome pomp of royalty was -gladly thrown aside, and, disguised as “The Gudeman o’ Ballengeich,” he -enjoyed for a time the rude society of the humblest of his subjects. -The beautiful prospect of mountains and vales brought tears to Queen -Mary’s eyes. When at the time of the Prince’s baptism she stole away -with an aching heart from the presence of unsympathetic guests and -gazed in the direction of the Lake of Menteith, she doubtless recalled -how as a little child she had been carried from Stirling to Inchmahome, -and she must have felt a passionate longing to recover the golden -girlhood days that she might live again through the happy years in -France, and make a new beginning to her reign as Scottish Queen. James -VI., on the whole, preferred the view towards the east and south to -that in the direction of the Highlands. The peace-loving monarch -realised that disturbed as was often the state of Lowland Scotland, it -was a tranquil part of his realm compared with the region of mountains -and glens. A sight of the purple peaks sometimes made him shake his -head as he thought of the wild Macgregors and other kilted warriors, -and felt that the day was not near at hand for their swords to be -turned into ploughshares. - -So striking is the beauty and range of the scenery which is displayed -before the observer, that even a practical man of affairs of the -sixteenth century could not refrain in a business document from -expressing his admiration of the view. This was Sir Robert Drummond of -Carnock, who, as Master of Works under James VI., drew up a report in -1583 on the condition of the buildings of the castle. His _Inventory_, -which is preserved in the Register House at Edinburgh, recommends that -the west-quarter of the Palace be pulled down and rebuilt to a height -sufficient to make it command the four cardinal points, “by reason it -will have the most pleasant sight of all the four airts: in special -Park and Garden (deer therein), up the rivers of Forth, Teith, Allan -and Goodie to Loch Lomond, a sight round about in all parts, and down -the river of Forth where there stands many great stone houses.” This -project of Drummond’s was not carried out, probably because of the -greatness of the expense. The buildings were doubtless put in repair, -but the west side of the Palace remains in the unfinished state in -which it was left by the workmen of James V. - -The visitor who has knowledge and appreciation of Stirling’s majestic -past will leave the castle with a sense that he has existed long before -his present life, or with a feeling that the hands of the Clock of Time -have gone back and have counted the years again. The early kings, such -as William the Lion, Alexander III. and Robert the Bruce, will seem to -have passed like ghosts before him, but he will almost persuade himself -that he has seen the Regent Morton in the flesh, crossing from the -Palace to the Parliament Hall, and George Buchanan, old and infirm, -ascending the stair to the schoolroom in the Keep. It may be that he -will fancy he has seen some other outstanding figures belonging to the -past, for Stirling Castle is not given over to the shades of one or two -personalities. A building may be visited by pilgrims on account of its -memories of one great individual. It is Queen Mary’s presence that -dominates still the deserted chambers at Holyrood and Craigmillar, and -that gives Loch Leven Castle the glamour which its other associations -have failed to impart; but although the famous Queen of Scots spent -many days at Stirling, the castle is so wealthy in romantic history -that the elsewhere pre-eminent personality here takes its place side -by side with other figures and does not occupy the forefront of the -pageant of the shades. - - - - -CHAPTER IX. - -STIRLING’S POSITION WITH REGARD TO OTHER CASTLES. - - -Scotland, never having been conquered since the Scots themselves -overcame the Picts, does not possess that type of castle that -victorious invaders have been obliged to erect throughout their -newly-won regions in order to keep the native races in subjection. -Soon after the Norman Conquest, massive, square-built strongholds were -raised in different parts of England for use as houses for feudal -barons and as bulwarks against Anglo-Saxon insurrections. Rochester, -Richmond and other well-known castles date from the period of the -Norman kings. Scotland, again, has not many strongholds of the great -Edwardian style, like those which make such conspicuous landmarks in -Wales and the neighbouring English counties. Edward I. had never a -firm enough hold upon the northern land to enable him to do more than -strengthen some of the existing fortresses. Bothwell, Kildrummy and -Lochindorb bear witness to the English monarch’s influence, but they -cannot rightly be classed as real Edwardian castles. - -Although the strongholds of Scotland are, on the whole, of smaller -dimensions than the castles of the adjoining kingdom, yet in her -bestowal of sites suitable for fortresses, Nature has dealt more -generously with the former than with the latter country. Each of -the Castles of Edinburgh, Stirling and Dumbarton holds a commanding -position upon a precipitous rock. The main incidents in Stirling’s -history, as compared and contrasted with those of the two sister -strongholds, form the subject matter of this chapter. - -Dumbarton differs from Stirling and Edinburgh in that it was prominent -as a dwelling-place of princes before the other castles emerged from -the haze of tradition. From the time of the departure of the Romans -until the middle of the ninth century, Alclyde or Dumbarton was the -capital of the independent British Kingdom of Strathclyde; but the -union of the Scottish and Pictish nations in 844 proved too strong -a coalition for the more southerly race to withstand. Stirling and -Edinburgh cannot lay claim to any certain history during this early -period. Yet the fairly-well-authenticated tradition of St. Monenna -having founded chapels on the three great rocks in question links the -castles together near the time of Strathclyde’s loss of freedom. - -The hard days of the War of Independence brought the strongholds -roughly into line. Stirling, of course, on account of its pre-eminently -favourable position for military strategy, received more attention -from both English and Scots than either of the other castles. All -three garrisons were forced to surrender to Edward I. in 1296, but -while Edinburgh and Dumbarton remained in English keeping for many -years subsequent to the Battle of Dunbar, Stirling changed hands -again and again before its memorable surrender to Bruce after the -Battle of Bannockburn. Yet, although defiant Snowdon bore the brunt -of the struggle for national freedom, a more heroic feat of arms than -any performed at Stirling took place in this war at the Castle of -Edinburgh. Thomas Randolph with a few picked men, guided by a soldier -who knew a dangerous track on the northern face of the rock, climbed -the cliff on a dark night, while a feint attack was made at the -principal gate, and won the stronghold for Scotland and the Bruce. In -a later century, a somewhat similar deed of daring was successfully -carried out at Dumbarton. In the early days of James VI., when the -country was divided between the King’s partisans and his mother’s, -Crawford of Jordanhill led a party up the rock at the place where it -was highest, and took the slumbering garrison of the Queen completely -by surprise. During the escalade, a member of the adventurous band was -seized by an epileptic fit, but Crawford, undismayed by the untoward -event, tied him to the scaling-steps upon which he happened to be -standing, and by turning the ladder round made way for the others to -ascend. Again, no tale of cunning strategy falls to be related of -Stirling, such as that which describes the capture of Edinburgh in -the second portion of the War of Independence. After the Battle of -Halidon Hill, both castles passed into English keeping, but Sir William -Douglas, the Knight of Liddesdale, recovered Dunedin by an artful ruse. -Having sent to the gate a few of his warriors disguised as merchants -with provisions, he lay with his main force concealed near the rock. -The porter, glad to take in food for the garrison, admitted the crafty -Scots, whereupon they threw down their bundles in the entrance to -prevent the fall of the portcullis, and, having killed the porter, -blew a horn to summon their companions. Douglas and his men rushed up -the hill in time to support their countrymen against the on-coming -garrison. A sharp conflict followed, in which the English, taken thus -at a disadvantage, were defeated with heavy loss of life. - -Yet although romantic exploits were of commoner occurrence at Edinburgh -than at Stirling, at the latter fortress deeds of stout endurance and -of daring brought renown to the warriors of Scotland. The famous siege -of 1304, which resulted in the castle’s being captured by Edward of -England, reflected more credit on the defenders than on the attacking -army. In spite of the King’s largest and most modern military engines, -supplied with all the ammunition which the Tower of London could -provide, in spite of the advice and skill of his most experienced -knights, in spite of the steady reduction in the food stores of the -castle, the valiant Sir William Oliphant and his rapidly-diminishing -garrison maintained a resistance for more than thirteen weeks. Some -thirty years later, as an earlier chapter records, when the castle was -again in English hands, the Scottish knight named Keith, in attempting -to follow Randolph’s great example, climbed up Stirling rock, but a -missile from above caused him to lose his foothold and he met his death -by falling on his spear; and as late as the siege of 1746, it will be -remembered, some impatient Highlanders tried unsuccessfully to scale -the dangerous cliff. - -Stirling’s proudest boast, however, is that the Battle of Bannockburn -was fought for its possession. To save Scotland’s most valuable -fortress, Edward II. in the course of a year collected the largest -English army that had ever taken the field. Bruce, in order to -checkmate his opponent, faced the enormous invading host with the prize -of the conflict at his back. No garrison at Edinburgh or Dumbarton had -ever an opportunity of gazing from the ramparts on such a fight as -that which took place outside the walls of Stirling. It is not given -to many castles to be the object of a battle affecting the destinies -of two nations, a battle that must be reckoned as one of the decisive -engagements of the world. - -Both Edinburgh and Stirling Castles stand out darkly in the annals -of the princely House of Douglas. In one king’s reign two chiefs of -that great family were suddenly done to death when expecting courteous -treatment in their sovereign’s own halls. The Earl who perished at -Edinburgh, although a youth of sixteen years, was regarded by William -Crichton, who had made himself chief man of affairs during James II.’s -minority, as a danger to the peace of the realm. Crichton invited him -to come with his young brother to Edinburgh, to enjoy the companionship -of the boy king and to assist in the government of the country. Deep -treachery, however, lurked behind the festivities which were held to -greet the Earl’s arrival. At the close of a banquet given in honour -of the Douglases, a bull’s head was set upon the table--a proceeding -which the Earl at once recognised as a sign of his approaching death. -A hasty trial was held for form’s sake, and thereafter the two youths -were led to execution in spite of the earnest remonstrances of James. -When at Stirling in later years this James of the Fiery Face drew his -knife in his rage at another Earl of Douglas, he would have done well -to have recalled, even in that moment of anger, the terrible scene of -his boyhood at Edinburgh, and to have paused in horror at the thought -of another royal castle’s being stained with the Douglas blood. - -Down to the time of the Union of the Crowns, and even later, Stirling -Castle remained a royal residence, but the middle of the fifteenth -century saw the beginning of a change in Edinburgh. Instead of taking -up their abode in the fortress of Dunedin, the kings preferred to -live in the valley with the canons of Holyrood Abbey. By the end -of the century, the foundations of the palace had been laid, and -thereafter the castle as a dwelling-place fell rapidly in the favour -of the sovereigns of Scotland. A hundred years before the building of -Holyrood Palace, however, a change of a different kind had taken place. -Edinburgh having become by far the largest and most important town, -English generals seldom penetrated into the heart of the country, -deeming the sack of the capital the worst evil they could inflict. But -for more than two centuries before the Union of the Crowns the only -wars which troubled Stirling were those which Scots themselves stirred -up when they found themselves at variance with their rulers. Dumbarton, -again, lay open to invasion only from the sea, but this route was -made use of by the traitor Earl of Lennox, when he sailed in the pay -of Henry VIII., though he failed to induce the patriotic garrison to -hand over to the English King the castle of which the Earl himself was -governor and practical owner as well. - -Henry VIII. was aware of the advantage of a western gate into Scotland. -When Queen Mary was scarcely one year old, he audaciously proposed, -in his scheme for uniting her with Edward, his heir, that she should -be sent to England for her education, and that English garrisons -should hold the castles of Edinburgh, Stirling and Dumbarton. The King -therefore looked upon the fortress on the Clyde as one of Scotland’s -three most important strongholds, thus differing from an earlier Henry, -who did not demand Dumbarton in the Treaty of Falaise, but stipulated -for three Border castles along with Stirling and Edinburgh. - -All three rocky strengths have been used as prisons for disobedient -subjects of the Crown, but the stories of captives’ romantic escapes -almost all belong to Edinburgh. Although MacDonald of Gigha, in the -reign of James VI., burst out of the castle on the Clyde, Dumbarton’s -as well as Stirling’s walls seem to have been more formidable obstacles -than the barriers of the capital fortress; or else it is a coincidence -that Edinburgh’s prisoners have been gifted with more guile than the -others. Certainly the Duke of Albany and the ninth Earl of Argyll -escaped by relying upon cunning. Albany, brother of James III., was -ordered into ward by his sovereign on a charge of plotting against the -Throne. He was able, however, to make good use of the help which his -friends afforded. Wine was sent to him, along with which a rope was -secretly conveyed. Albany invited the captain of the castle and one or -two men to supper. The royal prisoner and his attendant refrained from -drinking, while the guests consumed the liquor. At length the Duke and -his varlet overpowered their helpless guardians, and having slain them, -threw their bodies on the fire. Without delay the master and servant -made their way to the edge of the rock. The wall was apparently easily -climbed, and the rope was securely fastened. It was found, however, -to be too short until Albany had added the sheets from his bed. Next -morning this dangling line amazed both garrison and townsfolk, while -the Duke was enjoying the fresh air of the Firth as he sailed for -safety to France. - -Two centuries later the Earl of Argyll, who suffered imprisonment for -his Protestant principles, made good his escape by walking through the -gateway disguised as a lady’s page. Mackenzie of Kintail, Lord Maxwell -and others found opportunity at different times to break from Edinburgh -Castle and gain their liberty by scrambling down the rock. - -Stirling more often than the other two castles has been sought by kings -as a tower of refuge. When the party of the Comyns, in Alexander III.’s -minority, stealthily carried the King from Kinross, it was to the -fortress above the Links of Forth that they bore their rescued charge. -The faction favouring England, from whose power the sovereign was -snatched, did not attempt a counter-surprise; but although the walls -of the castle secured Alexander’s person, for a number of nights he -must have quivered in his bed lest his former guardians should attempt -to storm the fort. It was to Stirling in a later century that James V. -took headlong flight when bolting from the exasperating tutelage of -the Douglases. Like his early predecessor, James for many nights lay -trembling on his couch. The Douglases, he knew, could command a large -following. They were bold enough and disloyal enough to attack their -King in his castle. When the wind groaned round the turrets and the -gables he must have started from his restless sleep, thinking that his -enemies were thundering at the gate. Still, he was now a free King, and -he soon felt secure in the homely castle that had sheltered him from -kidnapping nobles in the early years of his life. - -[Illustration: OLD BUILDINGS IN UPPER SQUARE.] - -Stirling was held to be the safest place of residence for James V.’s -daughter, the child Queen Mary. In this case grasping nobles were not -so much to be feared as King Henry VIII. of England. Edinburgh lay -too near the Border, and was subject to devastation at the hands of -the English soldiers, while the ruthless Tudor’s agent, the Earl of -Lennox, was ever seeking to capture Dumbarton. The death of the dreaded -Henry did not put an end to Scotland’s fears. The “Black Saturday” of -Pinkie soon followed, and although the child Queen remained in innocent -happiness, not realising that for her sake hundreds of her subjects -had given up their lives, her mother and the Earl of Arran were filled -with the greatest fear lest the victorious English soldiers should -seek out the young sovereign of Scotland. At the height of their alarm -the anxious guardians sent the little Queen to the borders of the -Highlands; but Stirling, as it turned out, was a safe enough abode, -and soon she was brought again within its friendly protection. -Twenty years later, however, when Mary escaped from Loch Leven, -Dumbarton and not Stirling was the goal towards which she pressed; but -the Earl of Moray came up with her near Glasgow, and having defeated -her troops at Langside, turned her course southwards to England. In -the wars that followed Queen Mary’s flight Stirling became the centre -of the young King’s party, while Edinburgh and Dumbarton Castles were -held for his captive mother. Dumbarton, as has been observed, was -afterwards forced to capitulate, and later Edinburgh underwent a siege, -which ended in its also falling to the winning side and in Queen Mary’s -ill-fated cause being irretrievably lost. - -In the troubles of after days all three castles submitted to the -Protectorate, but in the following century none of them changed hands -when the Jacobite risings disturbed the peace of Scotland. Dumbarton -lay out of the routes of the insurgents both in the Fifteen and in -the Forty-five, though the Earl of Mar’s chiefs at one time had made -up their minds to seize it; but Stirling and Edinburgh could not be -neglected in either of those campaigns. In the earlier rebellion the -attempt to storm the latter fortress failed because the well-laid plans -were badly carried out; and the former castle was saved from attack -by Argyll’s success in preventing Mar from crossing the River Forth. -In the Forty-five both strongholds held out stoutly for King George, -although the towns outside their gates made little or no resistance to -the dreaded Highland clans. - -As a fortress Stirling possesses a history which places it first among -the castles of Scotland; as a palace its record entitles it to rank -above Dumbarton and Edinburgh. Its double use as stronghold and as -dwelling-place of kings gives it a unique position among the royal -houses, for Falkland and Linlithgow were pleasure palaces erected -upon the sites of ancient castles, and Holyrood was built as a kind -of extension to a defenceless, low-lying abbey. Edinburgh Castle, -it is true, was for centuries a seat of kings as well as a famous -fortress, but long before the Stewarts took up residence in England the -abbey-palace as a home had superseded the stronghold. In the sixteenth -century Edinburgh Castle was preferred by royalty to Holyrood only in -times of peril. Queen Mary moved up from the valley to the rock before -giving birth to James VI., the Riccio murder having made her realise -the danger of living at the palace. - -[Illustration: A CHIMNEY OF THE PALACE.] - -There was never a Holyrood Palace at Stirling to rob the castle of any -of its glory. Kings might have lived in Cambuskenneth Abbey instead -of on the summit of the windy rock; but it did not seem good to James -IV. or any other monarch to erect a royal house beside the convent -near the river. At Stirling the much-beloved old castle underwent -various changes as the centuries rolled on; and when, with the advance -of time, the taste for luxury developed and the Renaissance style of -architecture was introduced from France, the fortress, instead of -ceasing to be occupied by royalty, was crowned with a richly-carved -palace. Until Scotland was forsaken by her ancient line of monarchs -Stirling remained as much in favour with the kings and queens as the -palaces of Falkland and Linlithgow, which were almost unencumbered with -a castle’s fortifications. - -Stirling Castle thus retained its hold on the affections of the -Scottish sovereigns. It therefore stands out from its sister castles -in that it kept its place as a royal residence beside the palaces of -Falkland and Linlithgow, while Dumbarton became more of a noble’s -stronghold than a prince’s seat, and while Edinburgh sank from its -position as a monarchs’ home to that of a mere garrison fortress. -Stirling, to be sure, also fell from its high estate, but its -humiliation was long delayed, and did not come until after the Royal -Family had ceased to be domiciled in Scotland. - -All down the centuries Stirling Castle has been a place of arms, but -since royalty ceased to dwell under its roof soldiers have become -its most important, and almost its only, occupants. After the Union -of 1707 the British Parliament followed the Scottish Estates in -maintaining a garrison in the fortress, as well as in Edinburgh and -Dumbarton, but the statement often made that the Treaty of Union -requires this arrangement to be kept up has no foundation in fact. -The error possibly arose from the confusion of the Union Treaty with -an agreement made by Scottish and English commissioners in 1641. This -earlier set of articles contains a clause providing for the furnishing -for military purposes of the Castle of Edinburgh and other strengths -of the kingdom. Long before the Union was carried out this Treaty -became null and void, for the Scottish Parliament in 1661 rescinded -all statutes that had been passed since 1640. Stirling Castle is used -to-day as barracks, but the Government is not bound by any treaty to -maintain a garrison in the fortress. - - - - -CHAPTER X. - -STIRLING CASTLE IN POETRY. - - -It was Nathaniel Hawthorne who said that it takes a great deal of -history to make a little poetry. The record of Stirling Castle bears -out this remark, although it might be maintained also that in the case -of the grey bulwark overlooking the River Forth a great deal of history -has oppressed and has tended to silence the sensitive Muse of Poesy. -The ancient fortress has been mentioned in verses composed in different -ages, but the romance and magic of the storied spot remained unrevealed -by rhyming chronicler or bard until Scott wrote _The Lady of the Lake_. - -Scotland is a country rich in ballad literature, and although nearly -every part of the kingdom has produced folk-poems of merit, the Borders -and Aberdeenshire have been the most prolific districts. The Forth, -that “bridles the wild Highlandman” and that has upon its bank a famous -castle-palace, cannot vie in minstrelsy with less important streams, -such as the Yarrow and the Don. - -The well-known ballad of “Young Waters,” however, takes for its theme -a Stirling episode. It seems to commemorate the death of Murdoch Duke -of Albany’s eldest son, Walter, who was executed on the Heading Hill -in 1425 by order of James I. Ballads cannot be relied upon to adhere -to the facts of a case. In course of transmission from mouth to mouth -they acquire a more and more romantic cast, and romance does not always -agree with sober history. The Walter Stewart known to historians was -condemned to death by a jury of barons for the crime of robbery or -brigandage; but the ballad of “Young Waters” assigns the jealousy of -the King as the cause of its hero’s execution. - - -YOUNG WATERS. - - About Yule when the wind blew cool, - And the round tables began, - O, there is come to our king’s court - Mony a well-favoured man. - - The queen looked o’er the castle wa’, - Beheld baith dale and down, - And there she saw young Waters - Come riding to the town. - - * * * * * - - Out then spake a wily lord, - And to the queen said he: - “O, tell me, wha’s the fairest face - Rides in the company?” - - “I’ve seen lord, and I’ve seen laird, - And knights of high degree; - But a fairer face than young Waters’ - Mine een did never see.” - - Out then spake the jealous king, - And an angry man was he: - “O, if he had been twice as fair, - You might have excepted me.” - - “You’re neither laird nor lord,” she says, - “But the king that wears the crown; - There is no knight in fair Scotland, - But to thee maun bow down.” - - For a’ that she could do or say, - Appeased he wouldna be: - And for the words which she had said, - Young Waters he maun die. - - They ha’e ta’en young Waters, - Put fetters to his feet; - They ha’e ta’en young Waters, - And thrown him in dungeon deep. - - “Aft ha’e I ridden through Stirling town - In the wind baith and the weet; - But I ne’er rade through Stirling town - Wi’ fetters at my feet. - - “Aft ha’e I ridden through Stirling town - In the wind baith and the rain; - But I ne’er rade through Stirling town - Ne’er to return again.” - - They ha’e ta’en to the Heading Hill - His young son in his cradle; - And they ha’e ta’en to the Heading Hill - His horse baith and his saddle. - - They ha’e ta’en to the Heading Hill - His lady fair to see; - And for the words the queen had spoke - Young Waters he did die. - -The slaughter of the Earl of Douglas by his sovereign has not been -commemorated in any ballad, although the Douglas execution at Edinburgh -formed the subject of some verses, of which only one has survived: - - “Edinburgh Castle town and toure - God grant thou sink for sin, - And that even for the black dinnour - Erl Douglas gat therein.” - -The Stirling victim, however, was not an innocent sufferer, as were the -youths who perished in Dunedin. In a sense he deserved his fate, for -his plans of treachery to the Crown were deeply laid. His well-known -guilt no doubt silenced the bards, even those of his own house; for -while they could wax indignant and eloquent at the cruel treatment -meted out to harmless boys, they could not sound the praises of one -who, though wronged, was himself an evil-doer. - -The rhyming chronicles dealing with Stirling Castle, although less -worthy of being classed as poetry than “Young Waters,” keep truer to -history than that ballad. The plain style of Langtoft, an English -writer who lived at the time of the War of Independence, may be seen -from two of his lines referring to the siege of 1304: - - “Thrittene grete engynes, of alle the reame the best, - Brouht thei to Striuelyne, the castelle doun to kest.” - -Wyntoun, the Scottish chronicler, who wrote in the early fourteenth -century, tells his tale in an equally straightforward manner. Stirling -comes under his notice many times, and in speaking of Robert the -Steward’s siege he says: - - “The Wardane than fra Perth is gane - To Stryvelyne wyth off his ost ilkane, - That castelle till assege stowtly.... - - * * * * * - - The Wardane has this castelle tane, - A wycht hows made off lyme and stane, - And set in till sa stythe a place - That rycht wycht off it-selff it was.” - -John Barbour, Archdeacon of Aberdeen, comes, as regards time, between -Langtoft and Wyntoun; but he was no mere chronicler, he was a great -epic poet. In his day there were men still alive who had fought under -Robert I., and from the lips of some of those warriors he learnt -the particulars of many of the incidents presented in his poem, _The -Brus_. Barbour is at his best in battle scenes, which he describes with -clearness and power, and in those deft touches by which he reveals -the characteristics of the hero and his companions. As the Battle -of Bannockburn was the greatest event in Bruce’s life, and as the -determination of two peoples to possess the Castle of Stirling was the -cause of the mighty conflict, it cannot be said that the poem does not -deal with Scotland’s principal fortress. Yet the references to the -coveted stronghold do no more than explain the story; they are neither -descriptions of the place nor accounts of its previous history. Edward -Bruce’s siege, which brought about the battle, is of course mentioned -in the poem: - - “Till Strevilling syne the vay he tais, - Quhar gud schir Philip the Mowbra, - That wes full douchty at assay, - Wes vardane, and had in keping - That castell of the Yngliss kyng.” - -When the day is lost to England, Edward II. flees to the castle: - - “Bot Philip the Mowbra said him till - ‘The castell, schir, is at your will; - Bot, cum ye in it, ye sall see - That ye sall soyne assegit be.’” - -To be judged fairly, Barbour must be read at great length, but a few -lines from his account of Bruce’s duel with De Bohun may serve as an -example of his spirited style: - - “Schir Henry myssit the nobill Kyng; - And he, that in his sterapis stude, - With an ax bath hard and gude - With sa gret mayn roucht hym ane dynt, - That nouthir hat no helme mycht stint - The hevy dusche that he him gaf, - That he the head till harnyss claf.” - -Blind Harry, who collected traditions about Wallace and wove them -into a poem in the days of James III., could not help referring to -Stirling Castle; but his lines on the subject are not more interesting -than Barbour’s, and his work as a whole is inferior to that of his -predecessor in the field of patriotic poetry. - -It is difficult to believe that a Scottish poet could use hard words -when writing of Stirling; yet when it suited him, William Dunbar -could pen vindictive lines on the place. It was indeed the town more -than the castle that roused the “makar’s” displeasure, but the royal -dwelling cannot be held to be exempt from the general condemnation. It -must, however, be remembered that this dirge which Dunbar addressed to -James IV. was composed for a special purpose; the poet’s real opinion -of Stirling was probably on the whole a favourable one, just as his -love for Edinburgh, expressed in this same work, seemed to turn to -hatred when he wrote his satire on the capital. James, in one of his -penitential moods, had gone to pray with the Observantine Friars at -Stirling; consequently the Court at Holyrood grew dull, and Dunbar felt -the dreariness as much as the nobles and ladies. As time went on, and -the King continued to remain in seclusion, the court-poet, to relieve -his feelings, wrote his “Dregy” or dirge, of which some of the lines -are as follows: - - “We that ar heir in hevins glory, - To you that ar in purgatory, - Commendis ws on our hairtly wyiss; - I mene we folk in parradyis, - In Edinburcht with all mirriness, - To yow of Striuilling in distress, - Quhair nowdir plesance nor delyt is - For pety thus are Apostill wrytis. - - * * * * * - - “And all the hevinly court devyne, - Sone bring yow fra the pyne and wo - Of Striuilling, every court-manis fo, - Againe to Edinburghis ioy and bliss, - Quhair wirschep, welth and weilfar is, - Pley, plesance and eik honesty; - Say ye amen, for cheritie.” - -Dunbar has another poem dealing with Stirling called “Ane Ballat of -the Fenzeit Freir of Tungland.” The subject of this set of verses is -the foreigner John Damian, who imposed in many ways on the credulity of -James IV. The experiment in flying, spoken of in an earlier chapter, is -made fun of by the poet, and although he does not mention Stirling in -his account of the impostor’s attempted flight, it is known that the -castle was the scene of the exploit. By stating that the poem records -the happenings of a dream, Dunbar leaves himself free to indulge his -taste for exaggeration. The following are the last three verses of the -ballad: - - “He tore his feedreme[100] that was schene, - And slippit owt of it full clene, - And in a myre, up to the ene, - Amang the glar did glyd. - The fowlis at all the feathers dang, - As at a monster thame amang, - Quhill all the pennis of it owsprang - In till the air full wyde. - - “And he lay at the plunge evirmair, - Sa lang as any ravin did rair; - The crawis him socht with cryis of cair - In every schaw besyde. - Had he reveild bene to the rukis, - They had him revin all with thair clukis: - Thre dayis in dub amang the dukis - He did with dirt him hyde. - - “The air was dirkit with the fowlis, - That come with yawmeris and with yowlis, - With skryking, skrymming and with scowlis, - To tak him in the tyde. - I walknit with the noyis and schowte, - So hiddowis beir was me abowte; - Sensyne I curss that cankerit rowte - Quhairevir I go or ryde.” - -To Dunbar’s younger contemporary, Sir David Lyndsay, Stirling was not -“every court-manis fo,” but was the ideal place of residence in which -to spend the summer months. The words which he put into the mouth of -James V.’s “papyngo” or parrot were doubtless in agreement with the -poet’s own views: - - “Adew, fair Snawdoun! with thy touris hie, - Thy Chapell Royall, park and tabyll rounde! - May, June and July walde I dwell in thee, - War I ane man, to heir the birdis sounde, - Quhilk doith agane thy royall roche resounde.” - -Lyndsay knew Stirling well, for he was principal attendant upon young -James V.: - - “Thy purs master and secreit Thesaurare, - Thy Yschare, aye sen thy natyvitie, - And of thy chalmer cheiffe Cubiculare.” - -And as Stirling was the home of the King’s boyhood, it was in the -castle that the usher romped with his royal charge and for his -amusement played upon the lute: - - “Quhow, as ane chapman beris his pak, - I bure thy Grace upon my back, - And sumtymes, stridlingis on my nek, - Dansand with mony bend and bek, - The first sillabis that thow did mute - Was PA, DA LYN, upon the lute.” - -Pleasing pictures Lyndsay gives in “The Dreme” and in “The Complaynt to -the King” of this happy comradeship with the boy sovereign. In after -years, when he was free from the Douglas tutelage, James rewarded his -old companion by bestowing upon him the honour of knighthood and making -him Chief Herald, or Lord Lyon King of Arms. - -Stirling Castle, when Sir David Lyndsay knew it, was a pile of stately -buildings and the home of a gay Court. Two-and-a-half centuries later, -when Robert Burns visited Stirling, the ancient seat of kings, long -deserted by its royal owners, was tumbling fast into ruins. Carried -away by anger at the neglected state of the castle, the poet broke out -into these lines, which he scratched on the window-pane of an inn at -Stirling: - - “Here Stuarts once in glory reigned, - And laws for Scotland’s weal ordained; - But now unroofed their palace stands, - Their sceptre’s sway’d by other hands. - The injured Stuart line is gone, - A race outlandish fills their throne-- - An idiot race to honour lost: - Who know them best despise them most.” - -Burns afterwards felt that his words were too severe, and so, when he -returned to Stirling, he broke the inscribed pane of glass. He was too -late, however, to prevent the lines from being circulated far and wide. - -Burns’s junior contemporary, James Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, could -not refrain from breaking out into verse in praise of Stirling Castle: - - “Old Strevline.... - ... I love thee more - For the grey relics of thy martial towers, - Thy mouldering palaces and ramparts hoar, - Throned on the granite pile that grimly towers - Memorial of the times, when hostile powers - So often proved thy steadfast patriot worth; - May every honour wait thy future hours, - And glad the children of thy kindred Forth, - I love thy very name, old bulwark of the North.” - -After Burns’s visit the buildings did not long remain in the -roofless condition which had called forth his bitter ejaculation, -for when Dorothy Wordsworth saw the castle sixteen years later--in -1803--the place had been put in order, although it had suffered much -disfigurement, and she remarked that the whole building was in good -repair. William Wordsworth accompanied his sister to Stirling, and it -might have been expected that such a striking object as the castle -would have been made the subject of one of the poems which he wrote as -memorials of this tour in Scotland. But Wordsworth never could feel the -romance of a medieval fortress. Towers and battlements, studded doors -and grated windows, spoke to him of only cruelty and oppression. The -actions of peasants excited his sympathy, but not the deeds of feudal -kings and warriors. He closed his eyes and ears to Stirling’s past, -and regarded the rock merely as a favourable view-point. He mentions -the castle in “Yarrow Unvisited,” but only as the place whence he had -surveyed the windings of the River Forth: - - “From Stirling Castle we had seen - The mazy Forth unravelled; - Had trod the banks of Clyde, and Tay, - And with the Tweed had travelled; - And when he came to Clovenford, - Then said my _winsome Marrow_, - ‘Whate’er betide, we’ll turn aside, - And see the Braes of Yarrow.’” - -A different type of man from Wordsworth was his friend, Sir Walter -Scott. Wordsworth enjoyed tranquillity and contemplation, Scott -rejoiced in activity, and would have liked to be a soldier. The -feudalism that repelled the Lake Poet attracted the Wizard of the -North. An ancient castle reminded Sir Walter of deeds of self-sacrifice -and of the joyous days of chivalry, and even in the stories of -bloodshed and crime, from which Wordsworth turned in horror, Scott was -able to find a strain of poetry and romance. - -The plot of _The Lady of the Lake_ is based on James V.’s well-known -habit of wandering through his kingdom in disguise. In the poem -the monarch calls himself not “The Gudeman o’ Ballengeich,” but -“Fitz-James, the Knight of Snowdoun,” - - “‘For Stirling’s tower - Of yore the name of Snowdoun claims, - And Normans call me James Fitz-James.’” - -The scene of the sixth canto is laid in Stirling Castle, while in the -earlier parts of the poem the shadow of the fortress is made, as it -were, to fall across the country of Clan Alpine. The Highlanders of the -Lennox and Menteith could never quite forget the royal stronghold on -the Forth. Its far-away outline was a warning and a check even to the -restless Macgregors. Had the clans been able to join their forces they -might have ventured to defy the castle; but feuds amongst themselves -prevented combined action. A league such as Scott makes Roderick Dhu -propose between his clan and the Douglases must sometimes have been -thought of by actual Highland chiefs, and no doubt several kings half -expected to be surrounded at times by Highlanders at Stirling: - - “‘To Douglas, leagued with Roderick Dhu, - Will friends and allies flock enow; - Like cause of doubt, distrust, and grief, - Will bind us to each Western Chief. - When the loud pipes my bridal tell, - The Links of Forth shall hear the knell, - The guards shall start in Stirling’s porch; - And, when I light the nuptial torch, - A thousand villages in flames - Shall scare the slumbers of King James!’” - -Any plans the Highlanders may have made for attacking the sovereign on -his lofty rock were never carried out, but, on the other hand, chiefs -such as Roderick Dhu were frequently warded in the castle. Scott was -not drawing wholly upon his imagination when he imprisoned the head of -a clan in the fortress, and when he made the outlawed Douglas appear -before James V. in the Royal Park of Stirling. The pathetic story of -Archibald of Kilspindie vainly endeavouring to catch a kindly look -in the monarch’s eye is elaborated in the poem, though Scott does not -intend his Douglas to be identified with the historical character. -The poet makes his outlawed hero exclaim as he glances up at the grim -fortress “Where stout Earl William was of old”--the fortress that -seemed likely to be the scene of his imprisonment and death: - - “‘Ye towers! within whose circuit dread - A Douglas by his sovereign bled.’” - -But in order that the tale might be brought to a happy conclusion, a -reconciliation is made to take place between the King and the man whom -he had refused to own as a subject. Neither Scott nor Theodor Fontane, -in his German ballad called “Archibald Douglas,” could bear to leave -the Kilspindie story as history records it. - -Poets of the minor order, such as Hector Macneill, William Sinclair and -John Finlay, have written lines on Stirling and the historical events -connected with it, but they have not succeeded, as Scott has done, in -bringing the castle’s past back to life. Such a great past requires a -great poem, and _The Lady of the Lake_, although dealing with only six -days of James V.’s reign, makes clear Stirling’s position as a palace, -a fortress and a prison, and shows the significance of its geographical -situation--in the Lowlands and yet near the verge of the Highlands. -Walter Scott, both an antiquary and a poet, understood better than any -other author the history as well as the romance of the “grey bulwark of -the North.” - - - - -INDEX - - - Abbey Craig, 20, 171. - - Aberdeen, 107. - - Agricola, 2, 3. - - Albany, Duke Robert of, 36, 38, 39, 40. - - Albany, Duke Murdoch of, 39, 40. - - Albany, Regent, 58, 61, 77. - - Albany (brother to James III.), 186. - - Alexander I., 6, 7, 8, 17, 133. - - Alexander II., 15. - - Alexander III., 5, 15, 16, 17, 176, 187. - - Alnwick, 9. - - Ancrum Moor, Battle of, 69. - - Angus, 38. - - Angus, Earl of, 58, 62, 165. - - Anne of Denmark, 98, 101, 102. - - Anne, Queen, 123, 124. - - Anstruther, 5. - - Antoninus Pius, 3. - - Arbroath Abbey, 93. - - Ardoch, 3. - - Argentine, Sir Giles de, 32. - - Argyll, Earls of, 66, 71, 75, 92, 94, 116, 186, 187. - - Argyll, Duke of, 124, 127. - - Arkinholm, Battle of, 48. - - Arran, Earl of, 66, 69, 188. - - Atholl, Earls of, 79, 92, 116. - - Ayr, 54. - - - Ballengeich, 3, 70, 134, 154. - - “Ballengeich, Gudeman o’,” 57, 65, 66, 142, 174. - - Balliol, Edward, 33. - - Balliol, John, 19, 20. - - Bannockburn, 3, 50, 173. - - Bannockburn, Battle of, 27, 28, 31, 33, 133, 182. - - Barbour, John, 6, 31, 32, 35, 201, 202, 203. - - Barton, Robert, 63. - - Bastien, 75. - - Beaton, Cardinal, 66. - - Bedford, Earl of, 75. - - Berwick, 9, 20, 35. - - Bisset, William, 27. - - Blackness, 50, 107. - - Blakeney, General, 128, 130. - - Blind Harry, 203. - - Boderie, de la, 104, 105. - - Bohun, de, 28. - - Borderers, 51, 82, 92. - - Borestone Hill, 31. - - Bothkennar, 37. - - Bothwell Castle, 178. - - Bothwell, Earl of, 73, 74, 76. - - Boyd, Sir Alexander, 47. - - Bridge, Old, 115, 116, 124, 127, 154, 157-8-9, 160. - - Brittany, 3. - - Bruce, King Robert, 18, 24, 27, 28, 32, 33, 133, 149, 176. - - Bruce, Edward, 27. - - Buchanan of Arnprior, 65, 66. - - Buchanan, George, 84-5-6-7-8, 112, 162, 176. - - Burns, Robert, 207, 208. - - Bute, 36. - - Butt Park, 173. - - - Cambuskenneth Abbey, 51, 172, 192. - - Camden, 3. - - Camelon, 3. - - Cassillis, Earl of, 106, 107. - - Chapels, 4, 7, 10, 40, 49, 54, 71, 72, 73, 79, 111, 145, 146, 169. - - Charles I., 114, 115. - - Charles II., 117, 120. - - Charles V., Emperor, 10. - - Charles IX., of France, 72. - - Charles, Prince, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131. - - Clifford, Sir Robert, 28, 32. - - Clyde, Firth of, 2, 16. - - Cochrane, 49, 137, 165. - - Coldingham Priory, 50. - - Colquhouns, 100. - - Comyns, 15. - - Conyngham, William, 118. - - Cope, Sir John, 32. - - Cornwall, 3. - - Covenanters, 116, 121. - - Crag and tail formation, 2. - - Craigmillar Castle, 177. - - Crail, 64. - - Crawford, Earl of, 47. - - Crawford of Jordanhill, 180, 181. - - Cressingham, 20. - - Crichton, Sir William, 42, 44, 183. - - Croc du, 74. - - Cromwell, Oliver, 117, 118, 119. - - Culloden, Battle of, 131. - - Cumberland, 3. - - Cumberland, Duke of, 130, 131, 159. - - - Damian, John, 55. - - Darcy, Norman, 19. - - Darnley, Lord, 71, 74, 76, 80. - - David I., 7, 8. - - David II., 36, 52, 149. - - Don R., 197. - - Donald Dubh of the Isles, 54. - - Douglas, Earl James, 43, 48. - - Douglas, Earl William, 44, 45, 200. - - Douglas of Kilspindie, 62, 63, 165, 211. - - Douglas of Liddesdale, 181. - - Douglas of Lochleven, 43. - - Douglas Room, 147, 170. - - Douglas of Strabrock, 39. - - Drip, Ferry of, 3. - - Drummond of Carnock, 175, 176. - - Drummond Castle, 52. - - Drummond of Hawthornden, 103. - - Drummond, Margaret, 52. - - Dumbarton Castle, 2, 70, 80, 94, 179, 180, 185, 186, 191, 195, 196. - - Dunbar, Battle of, 20. - - Dunbar, William, 6, 55, 104, 203-4-5. - - Dunblane, 25, 53. - - Dunfermline, Monks of, 10. - - Dunkeld, 69. - - Dupplin, Battle of, 33. - - - Edinburgh, 1, 2, 18, 37, 42, 54, 58, 62, 64, 91, 96, 111, 115, 127, - 184. - - Edinburgh Castle, 2, 9, 42, 57, 72, 81, 179, 180, 181, 183, 186, 191, - 192, 195, 196. - - Edward I., 17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 154, 172, 178, 180, 182. - - Edward II., 28, 31, 173, 183. - - Edward III., 33, 34, 35, 133. - - Edward IV., 53. - - Elizabeth, Queen, 72. - - Erroll, Earl of, 107, 108. - - Erskine Lord, 61, 62, 69. - - Erskine, Master of, 84, 88. - - Erskine, Sir Robert, 36. - - - Falaise, Treaty of, 8, 9, 185. - - Falkirk, 1st Battle of, 23. - - Falkirk, 2nd Battle of, 129. - - Falkland, 62, 66, 95, 192, 195. - - Fife, 64, 115. - - Findhorn R., 15. - - Flodden, Battle of, 56, 57, 76, 77. - - Fontane, Theodor, 212. - - Fordun, 34. - - Forth, Firth of, 18, 32. - - Forth R., 1, 2, 3, 15, 19, 20, 28, 31, 127, 159, 171, 176, 197. - - Fotheringay Castle, 69. - - France, 20, 58, 63, 64, 77, 94, 122. - - Francis I. of France, 10. - - Frew, Fords of, 117, 130. - - Froissart, 34, 37. - - - Galloway, Bishop of, 54. - - Gardens, 150, 151. - - Gargunnock, 34. - - George I., 124. - - Gillespie, Patrick, 120, 123. - - Glamis, Master of, 95. - - Glasgow, 111, 191. - - Glenartney, 52, 174. - - Glenfruin, Battle of, 100. - - Golf, 105, 106. - - Gordon, Mirabelle de, 128. - - Gowan Hills, 2, 57, 129, 150, 172. - - Gowrie, Earl of, 95, 96. - - Graham, Sir Robert, 41. - - Gray, Patrick, 147. - - Gray, Sir Thomas, 32. - - Greek Fire, 25. - - - Haakon of Norway, 16. - - Halidon, Battle of, 33. - - Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, 81. - - Hamilton of Finnart, 142. - - Hamilton, Lord Claude, 81. - - Hawley, General, 129. - - Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 197. - - Heading Hill, 40, 41, 172. - - Henry II. of England, 8, 9. - - Henry VIII., 56, 58, 63, 69, 185, 188. - - Henry, Prince, 87, 98, 99, 101, 102-3-4-5-6. - - Hertford, Earl of, 69. - - Highlanders, 50, 51, 127, 130, 138, 159, 211. - - Highlands, 19, 38, 52. - - Hogg, James, 208. - - Holburne, 117. - - Holyrood, 42, 51, 53, 70, 72, 76, 121, 122, 145, 177, 184, 192. - - Horsley, 3. - - Howard, Lord William, 63. - - Hume, Sir Patrick, 120. - - Hundred Years’ War, 35. - - Huntly, Earls of, 53, 54, 66, 75, 81. - - Huntly, Marquis of, 107, 108. - - - Ice Age, 1. - - Inchmahome, 70. - - Invergowrie, 6. - - Invertyle, Lord, 85. - - Ireland, 4, 95. - - Islay, 39. - - Isles, Lord of the, 39. - - - James I., 8, 40, 41. - - James II., 42-3-4, 48, 61, 172, 183, 184. - - James III., 48, 49, 50, 158, 166, 173. - - James IV., 51-2-3-4-5-6, 138, 141, 149. - - James V., 57, 58, 61-2-3-4-5-6, 76, 77, 142, 162, 169, 174, 187. - - James VI., 79, 80, 84-5-6, 88, 91-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9, 101, 102, 106-7-8, - 111, 162, 172, 175. - - James VII., 120, 121, 122. - - Jane, Queen, 42. - - Jedburgh Castle, 9. - - John, King of England, 12. - - Johnstone, Chevalier, 128. - - Julius II., Pope, 54. - - Justin Flats, 152, 173. - - - Keillor, Friar, 64, 65, 172. - - Keir, 158. - - Kennedy, Sir John, 41. - - Kenneth MacAlpine, 5. - - Ker of Fernihirst, 81. - - Kildean, 3. - - Kildrummy Castle, 178. - - Killigrew, 84. - - Kilsyth, Battle of, 159. - - King’s Knot, 4, 152, 173. - - King’s Stables, 150. - - Kinghorn, 17. - - Kinross, 16, 187. - - Kippen, 65. - - Kirkcaldy of Grange, 80, 81, 83. - - Knox, John, 79. - - Kyllour, Friar, 64, 65. - - - Ladies’ Rock, 152, 153. - - _Lady of the Lake_, 210-13. - - Lalain, Jacques de, 43. - - Lalain, Simon de, 43. - - Lanercost Chronicler, 31. - - Langside, Battle of, 191. - - Langtoft, 201. - - Largs, Battle of, 16. - - Lauderdale, Duke of, 120. - - Leith, 63. - - Lennox, 16, 65. - - Lennox, Earls of, 41, 66, 69, 82, 83, 188. - - Linlithgow, 40, 52, 66, 121, 192, 195. - - Lions’ Den, 142. - - Livingstone of Callendar, 42. - - Lochindorb Castle, 178. - - Lochleven, 79, 177, 191. - - Lollius Urbicus, 3. - - London, Tower of, 25, 119. - - Lothian, 18. - - Lovell, John, 27. - - Lindsay, Lord of Byres, 91, 92. - - Lindsay of Pitscottie, 48. - - Lyndsay, Sir David, 5, 6, 152, 206, 207. - - - Macgregors, 100. - - Madrid, Treaty of, 10. - - Maid of Norway, 17. - - Maitland of Lethington, 80. - - Malerbe, Gilbert, 24. - - Margaret, Queen, 8. - - Margaret of Denmark, 49, 51. - - Margaret Tudor, 57, 58, 61, 62, 162. - - Mar, Earls of, 75, 76, 79, 82, 83, 85, 88, 94, 95, 97, 100, 108, 119, - 120, 121, 124, 127. - - Mary, Queen, 20, 66, 69, 70-1-2-3-4-5-6-7, 79, 93, 166, 174, 177, - 185, 188, 191. - - Mary of Gueldres, 43. - - Mary of Guise, 64, 69, 70, 166. - - Medici, Catharine de’, 78. - - Melville, Andrew, 85. - - Melville, James, 85. - - Melville, Sir James, 74, 76, 84. - - Menteith, Vale of, 132, 171. - - Merlioun, John, 141. - - Merlioun, Walter, 141. - - Mint, 134. - - Monenna, St., 4, 179. - - Monk, General, 118, 119, 138. - - Montgomery, Lorges de, 69. - - Montrose, Earl of, 91, 92. - - Montrose, Marquis of, 116, 117, 158. - - Moray, 12, 38. - - Moray, Regent, 80, 81, 191. - - Morley, Sir Robert, 38. - - Morton, Regent, 79, 82, 84, 88, 91-2-3, 176. - - Mowbray, Sir Philip, 27, 31, 33. - - - Newton, Adam, 103, 104, 106. - - Norman Conquest, 178. - - Normandy, 9, 10. - - Northumberland, 8, 12. - - - Ochil Hills, 171. - - Oliphant, Sir William, 24, 26, 182. - - Ormond, Earl of, 48. - - Osbert, King, 5. - - Otterburn, Battle of, 38. - - - Palace, 141, 142, 145, 166. - - Park, Royal, 42, 52, 63, 74, 93, 112, 124, 149, 150, 172. - - Parliament Hall, 49, 134, 137, 165. - - Perth, 24, 25, 36, 41, 115, 117. - - Perth, Earl of, 123. - - Perth, Duke of, 129. - - Pinkie, Battle of, 70, 77, 188. - - Pontefract Castle, 39. - - Prestonpans, Battle of, 32. - - Prince’s Walk, 87, 134. - - - Raid of Stirling, 81-2-3. - - Raid of Stirling, 2nd, 96. - - Randolph, Thomas, 28, 32, 180. - - Rebellion of 1715, 124, 127, 159. - - Rebellion of 1745, 127-8-9, 130, 131. - - Reformation, 64, 77. - - Renaissance Architecture, 141, 142. - - Restoration, 119, 123. - - Richard I., 9, 12. - - Richard II., 37, 39. - - Robert II., 36, 37, 134. - - Robert III., 38, 39, 52. - - Rokeby, Sir Thomas de, 33, 34, 132. - - Romans, 2, 3. - - Ross, Earl of, 47. - - Ross of Halket, 43. - - Rothesay Castle, 36. - - Round Table, 4, 151, 152. - - Roxburgh Castle, 9, 48. - - Rutherglen, 5. - - Ruthven, Raid of, 95. - - - Sadler, 69. - - St. Andrews, 36, 95, 111. - - St. Andrews, Archbishop of, 73, 80, 81. - - St. Ninians, 96. - - Sampson, John, 23. - - Sauchieburn, Battle of, 50. - - _Scalacronica_, 32. - - Scone, 19. - - Scott of Buccleuch, 81, 82. - - Scott, Sir Walter, 197, 209-10-11-12-13. - - Shaw of Sauchie, 50, 51. - - Sheriffmuir, Battle of, 127. - - Slezer, 147. - - Soulis, John de, 25. - - Spens of Wormiston, 82, 83. - - Spey R., 15. - - Stewart, Earl of Arran, 94, 96, 97. - - Stewart of Darnley, 47. - - Stewart, Esmé, 93-4-5. - - Stewart, Sir James, 42. - - Stewart, Walter, 40, 198. - - Strathclyde, 2. - - - Taylor, Water-Poet, 137. - - Tennis, 105. - - Tippermuir, Battle of, 117, 158. - - Traill, Thomas, 39. - - Treaty of Falaise, 8, 9, 185. - - Treaty of Madrid, 10. - - Tungland, Abbot of, 55. - - Twenge, Sir Marmaduke de, 23. - - - Union Treaty, 196. - - - Victoria, Queen, 131, 132. - - - Wales, 3, 39, 178. - - Wallace, 18, 20, 23, 26, 172. - - Warbeck, Perkin, 53, 54. - - Warde of Trumpington, 39. - - Weldon, 84, 85. - - Wells, 148. - - West, Nicholas, 56. - - Wightman, General, 124. - - William the Lion, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 133, 174, 176. - - William of Orange, 120. - - William of Worcester, 4. - - “Wolf of Badenoch,” 38. - - Wordsworth, Dorothy, 208. - - Wordsworth, William, 209, 210. - - Wyntoun, 6, 34, 201. - - - Yarrow R., 197. - - Young, Peter, 84, 87. - - “Young Waters,” 198, 199. - - -GLASGOW: PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS BY ROBERT MACLEHOSE AND CO. -LTD. - - - - -FOOTNOTES - - -[1] _Itinerary_, p. 311. - -[2] Skene, _The four Ancient Books of Wales_, I. p. 85. O’Hanlon, -_Lives of the Irish Saints_, VII. p. 60. - -[3] Johnston, _Place-Names of Stirlingshire_, p. 60. - -[4] _Poems of William Dunbar_ (Scottish Text Society), II. p. 115. - -[5] _Registrum de Dunfermelyn_, p. 8. - -[6] Rymer, _Fœdera_, pp. 30, 31. - -[7] _Registrum de Dunfermelyn_, pp. 38, 39. - -[8] _Liber Pluscardensis_, VI. xliiii. - -[9] Fordun, _Gesta Annalia_, LII. - -[10] _Exchequer Rolls_, I. p. 24. - -[11] _Exchequer Rolls_, I. p. 24. - -[12] _Itinerary of King Edward I._ II. p. 280. - -[13] Bain, _Calendar_, IV. p. 381. - -[14] Bain, _Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland_, II. p. 518. - -[15] Stevenson, _Documents Illustrative of the History of Scotland_, -II. p. 481. - -[16] Stevenson, II. p. 494. - -[17] Rymer, _Fœdera_ (London, 1816), I. p. 963. - -[18] Rymer, I. p. 964. - -[19] Bain, _The Edwards in Scotland_, p. 43. - -[20] Mackenzie, _The Battle of Bannockburn_, pp. 67, 81. - -[21] _Cal. of Docs. relating to Scotland_, III. p. 367. - -[22] _Rotuli Scotiae_, I. _passim_. - -[23] _Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland_, III. p. 252. - -[24] _Registrum Magni Sigilli_, p. 125. - -[25] _Exchequer Rolls_, IV. p. 591. - -[26] _Treasurer’s Accounts_, IV. p. 134. - -[27] _Ibid._ p. 137. - -[28] _Treasurer’s Accounts_, I. _passim_. - -[29] _Letters and Papers of Henry VIII. 2_, I. p. 209. - -[30] _Historical MSS. Commission Report, Mar and Kellie Papers_, pp. -11, 12. - -[31] Godscroft (Ed. 1743), II. pp. 107, 108. _Diurnal of Occurrents_, -p. 19. - -[32] Knox, _History of the Reformation_, Book I. - -[33] _Calendar of Scottish Papers_, I. p. 555. - -[34] _Calendar of State Papers (Foreign)_, 1561-2, p. 353, note. - -[35] _Calendar of State Papers (Foreign)_, 1564-5, p. 328. - -[36] _Diurnal of Occurrents_, p. 105. - -[37] Keith’s _History_, I. p. xcviii. - -[38] Melville’s _Memoirs_, pp. 167, 169 (Bannatyne Club). - -[39] Melville’s _Memoirs_, pp. 171, 172. - -[40] Birrel’s _Diary_, p. 6. - -[41] _Diurnal of Occurrents_, p. 107. - -[42] _Diurnal of Occurrents_, pp. 147-9. - -[43] _Calendar of State Papers (Foreign)_, 1561-71, pp. 526, 527. - -[44] Calderwood, III. pp. 139. 140. Spottiswoode, II. pp. 164, 165. -_Historie of King James the Sext_, pp. 90, 91. _Diurnal of Occurrents_, -pp. 247, 248. - -[45] _Diurnal of Occurrents_, p. 317. - -[46] Tytler’s _History_, VIII. p. 10. - -[47] _Secret History of the Court of James I._, II. p. 2. - -[48] Melville’s _Diary_, p. 48. - -[49] Mackenzie, _Lives of Scots Writers_, III. p. 180. - -[50] Irving’s _Memoirs of Buchanan_, p. 166. - -[51] _Ibid._, p. 176. - -[52] Bowes’ _Correspondence_, pp. 6, 7. _Register of the Privy Council -of Scotland_, III. p. 711. - -[53] _Reg. of Privy Council_, III. p. 689. - -[54] Calderwood, III. pp. 413, 414. - -[55] Moysie’s _Memoirs_, p. 22. - -[56] Moysie’s _Memoirs_, p. 25. - -[57] Tytler, VIII. pp. 64, 65. - -[58] Calderwood, IV. p. 25. Spottiswoode’s _History_, II. p. 310. - -[59] Birrel’s _Diary_, p. 33. _Register of Privy Council of Scotland_, -V. p. 165, _n._ - -[60] Calderwood, V. pp. 343-5. Spottiswoode, II. pp. 455-6. - -[61] Fraser, _The Chiefs of Colquhoun_, I. pp. 187-189. - -[62] _Reg. Privy Council_, IX. p. 128. - -[63] _Mar and Kellie Papers_, pp. 43-4 - -[64] _Ibid._, p. 51. - -[65] Birch, _Life of Henry, Prince of Wales_, pp. 66-7. - -[66] _Ibid._, p. 354. - -[67] Birch, _Life of Henry, Prince of Wales_, pp. 75-6. - -[68] _Privy Council Register_, VII. pp. 16, 580. 2nd Series, VIII. pp. -258-9. - -[69] Calderwood, VI. _passim_. - -[70] _Mar and Kellie Papers_, pp. 60-3. - -[71] Balfour, _Historical Works_, II. p. 34. - -[72] _Privy Council Register_, IX. p. 137. - -[73] Calderwood, VII. p. 246. - -[74] _Privy Council Register_, 2nd Series, IV. p. 380, V. pp. 17, 52-3. - -[75] Balfour, II. p. 201. - -[76] _Acts of Parliament_, V. p. 288. - -[77] Balfour, III. p. 189. - -[78] _Privy Council Register_, 2nd Series, VIII. p. 115. - -[79] Balfour, IV. p. 250. - -[80] Diary in _Scotland and the Commonwealth_ (Scottish History -Society), pp. 1-5. - -[81] MS. in Bodleian Library. - -[82] _Scotland and the Protectorate_ (Scottish History Society), p. 368. - -[83] _Acts of Parliament_, VII. p. 107. - -[84] Nicoll’s _Diary_, p. 300. - -[85] Wodrow’s _History_, II. p. 228. - -[86] _Progress of James, Duke of Albany and York_ (Edin. 1681). - -[87] _Acts of Parliament_, IX. p. 82. - -[88] Chevalier Johnstone’s _Memoirs_, p. 87. - -[89] Johnstone’s _Memoirs_, pp. 90, 105. - -[90] _Scots Magazine_, VIII. p. 42. - -[91] _Exchequer Rolls_, VII. p. 452. - -[92] _Exchequer Rolls_, _passim_. - -[93] _Treasurer’s Accounts_, IV. pp. 282, 526. - -[94] _Treasurer’s Accounts_, VII. p. 482. - -[95] _Exchequer Rolls_, XIX. _passim_. - -[96] _Stirling Archaeological Society’s Transactions_, 1906-7, p. 123. - -[97] _Register of Great Seal of Scotland_, II. p. 619. - -[98] _Scotia Rediviva_, p. 476. - -[99] Stevenson, _Documents_, II. p. 491. - -[100] Coat of feathers. - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes - - -Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a -predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not -changed. - -Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced -quotation marks retained. - -Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained. - -Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Stirling Castle, by Eric Stair-Kerr - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STIRLING CASTLE *** - -***** This file should be named 51261-0.txt or 51261-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/1/2/6/51261/ - -Produced by Charlie Howard and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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