diff options
| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-05 08:49:35 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-05 08:49:35 -0800 |
| commit | 37449a3ccb1a6f79758de778fd8cc1f7fcaabece (patch) | |
| tree | e1be8f83dd322354d7e0e45738ea6da9e1c63965 /old/51229.txt | |
| parent | 96e21b45bbcfe2a18b59ea81ea46fda04c660b01 (diff) | |
Diffstat (limited to 'old/51229.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/51229.txt | 5238 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 5238 deletions
diff --git a/old/51229.txt b/old/51229.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a0fbebf..0000000 --- a/old/51229.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5238 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Reformation and the Renaissance -(1485-1547), by Frederick William Bewsher - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: The Reformation and the Renaissance (1485-1547) - Second Edition - - -Author: Frederick William Bewsher - - - -Release Date: February 16, 2016 [eBook #51229] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REFORMATION AND THE -RENAISSANCE (1485-1547)*** - - -E-text prepared by Chris Pinfield and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by -Internet Archive (https://archive.org) - - - -Note: Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - https://archive.org/details/reformationthere00bewsuoft - - -Transcriber's note: - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - Text enclosed by plus signs is in bold face (+bold+). - - Small capitals have been replaced by full capitals. - - The signature of a 1534 letter from Henry VIII. to Anne - Boleyn includes a monogram combining A and B. This has - been transcribed as '(AB)'. - - The superscript 'li', meaning 'pound sterling', has been - transcribed as '-li'. The superscript 'dd', meaning unclear, - has been transcribed as '-dd'. - - - - - -BELL'S ENGLISH HISTORY SOURCE BOOKS - -General Editors: S. E. WINBOLT, M.A., and KENNETH BELL, M.A. - - -THE REFORMATION AND THE RENAISSANCE (1485-1547) - -Compiled by - -FRED. W. BEWSHER, B.A. - -St. Paul's School - - - - - - - -[Illustration] - - -SECOND EDITION - - -London -G. Bell and Sons, Ltd. -1916 - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -This series of English History Source Books is intended for use with -any ordinary textbook of English History. Experience has conclusively -shown that such apparatus is a valuable--nay, an indispensable--adjunct -to the history lesson. It is capable of two main uses: either by -way of lively illustration at the close of a lesson, or by way of -inference-drawing, before the textbook is read, at the beginning of -the lesson. The kind of problems and exercises that may be based on -the documents are legion, and are admirably illustrated in a _History -of England for Schools_, Part I., by Keatinge and Frazer, pp. 377-381. -However, we have no wish to prescribe for the teacher the manner in -which he shall exercise his craft, but simply to provide him and his -pupils with materials hitherto not readily accessible for school -purposes. The very moderate price of the books in this series should -bring them within the reach of every secondary school. Source books -enable the pupil to take a more active part than hitherto in the -history lesson. Here is the apparatus, the raw material: its use we -leave to teacher and taught. - -Our belief is that the books may profitably be used by all grades of -historical students between the standards of fourth-form boys in -secondary schools and undergraduates at Universities. What -differentiates students at one extreme from those at the other is not -so much the kind of subject-matter dealt with, as the amount they can -read into or extract from it. - -In regard to choice of subject-matter, while trying to satisfy the -natural demand for certain "stock" documents of vital importance, we -hope to introduce much fresh and novel matter. It is our intention -that the majority of the extracts should be lively in style--that is, -personal, or descriptive, or rhetorical, or even strongly -partisan--and should not so much profess to give the truth as supply -data for inference. We aim at the greatest possible variety, and lay -under contribution letters, biographies, ballads and poems, diaries, -debates, and newspaper accounts. Economics, London, municipal, and -social life generally, and local history, are represented in these -pages. - -The order of the extracts is strictly chronological, each being -numbered, titled, and dated, and its authority given. The text is -modernised, where necessary, to the extent of leaving no difficulties -in reading. - -We shall be most grateful to teachers and students who may send us -suggestions for improvement. - - S. E. WINBOLT. - KENNETH BELL. - - -NOTE TO THIS VOLUME. - -The purpose of this volume is to supply several of those documents -which are of great historical importance, and which, at present, find -no place in the series of documents published by the Oxford University -Press. Further, while most of the more important historical events are -dealt with, an attempt has been made to introduce the student to the -Tudor Atmosphere, and to reproduce as much as possible, both the -mental and bodily energy, the prosperity, and the general virility of -the period. - - F. W. B. - - ST. PAUL'S SCHOOL, - _September 1912_. - - - - -TABLE OF CONTENTS - - - PAGE - - INTRODUCTION v - - 1485. DEVICE FOR THE CORONATION OF - HENRY VII. _Rutland Papers_ 1 - - 1486. INTRODUCTION OF THE YEOMEN OF THE - GUARD. THE SWEATING SICKNESS _Holinshed_ 3 - - 1486. INSURRECTION OF LAMBERT SIMNEL " 4 - - 1490. THE LEVYING OF BENEVOLENCES " 9 - - 1496. THE REBELLION OF THE CORNISHMEN " 10 - - 1499. PERKIN WARBECK'S CONFESSION " 14 - - 1500. RECEPTION OF PRINCESS CATHARINE _Paston Letters_ 16 - - 1504. CARDINAL MORTON'S FORK _Holinshed_ 17 - - 1506. THE MEETING OF HENRY VII. AND - THE KING OF CASTILE _Paston Letters_ 18 - - 1509. SUPERSTITION _Erasmus_ 20 - - 1516. THE MAKING OF BEGGARS AND THIEVES _More_ 22 - - 1520. ENCLOSURES _Holinshed_ 26 - - 1522. VISIT OF CHAS. V. TO ENGLAND _Rutland Papers_ 28 - - 1522. CARDINAL WOLSEY _John Skelton_ 31 - - 1524. WOLSEY AND THE POPEDOM _Burnet's "Collection - of Records"_ 34 - - 1528. WOLSEY AND THE KING'S MARRIAGE _Burnet's "Collection - of Records"_ 36 - - 1528. ON THE TRANSLATION OF - THE SCRIPTURES _William Tyndale_ 39 - - 1529. ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF - THE BIBLE BURNT _Hall_ 41 - - 1529. TWO LETTERS WRITTEN BY KING HENRY _Burnet's "Collection - TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD of Records"_ 43 - - 1529. CARDINAL CAMPEGGIO'S JUDGMENT ON - THE DIVORCE OF QUEEN KATHARINE _Hall_ 45 - - 1529. ANNE BOLEYN'S HATRED OF WOLSEY _Cavendish_ 47 - - 1529. WOLSEY'S FALL " 48 - - 1530. A LETTER WRITTEN BY WOLSEY TO - DR. STEPHEN GARDNER _Cavendish_ 49 - - 1532. THE KING'S LAST LETTER _Burnet's "Collection - TO THE POPE of Records"_ 51 - - 1534. SUBMISSION OF THE CLERGY AND - RESTRAINT OF APPEALS _Statutes of the Realm_ 56 - - 1534. THE ECCLESIASTICAL APPOINTMENTS - ACT. THE ABSOLUTE RESTRAINT OF - ANNATES " " 57 - - 1534. ACT FORBIDDING PAPAL - DISPENSATIONS AND THE PAYMENT - OF PETER'S PENCE " " 58 - - 1534. FIRST ACT OF SUCCESSION " " 58 - - 1534. THE SUPREMACY ACT " " 60 - - 1534. LETTERS OF HENRY VIII. - TO ANNE BOLEYN _Lettres a Anne Boleyn_ 61 - - 1534. THE SWEATING SICKNESS " " 62 - - 1536. QUEEN ANN BOLEYN TO KING HENRY, _Burnet's "History of - FROM THE TOWER the Reformation"_ 62 - - 1536. ACT FOR DISSOLUTION OF - THE LESSER MONASTERIES _Statutes of the Realm_ 64 - - 1536. SUPPRESSION OF THE _Burnet's "Collection - MONASTERY OF TEWKESBURY of Records"_ 66 - - 1537. THE INSURRECTION IN - LINCOLNSHIRE _Hall_ 70 - - 1538. INJUNCTIONS TO THE CLERGY _Burnet's "Collection - MADE BY CROMWELL of Records"_ 75 - - 1539. ACT FOR THE DISSOLUTION OF - THE GREATER MONASTERIES _Statutes of the Realm_ 79 - - 1539. THE SIX ARTICLES ACT " " 80 - - 1539. HENRY VIII. AND SPORT _Hall and Holinshed_ 82 - - 1540. THE ATTAINDER OF THOMAS _Burnet's "Collection - CROMWELL of Records"_ 87 - - 1544. HERTFORD'S ORDERS FOR THE - NAVY AND ARMY _Hamilton Papers_ 91 - - 1544. HERTFORD AND OTHERS - TO HENRY VIII. " " 94 - - 1545. ATTEMPTED INVASION OF - ENGLAND BY THE FRENCH _Holinshed_ 102 - - 1545. THE CAPTURE OF THE BARQUE AGER _Hall_ 105 - - 1546. SPEECH MADE BY KING HENRY VIII. - AT THE OPENING OF PARLIAMENT _Hall_ 106 - - 1549. SERMON ON "THE PLOUGHERS" _Latimer_ 110 - - THE RULES OF JUSTING _Lord Tiptolfe_ 114 - - PREFACE TO COLET'S "LATIN - GRAMMAR" _Knight's "Life of Colet"_ 117 - - - - - THE REFORMATION AND - THE RENAISSANCE - (1485-1547) - - - - -DEVICE FOR THE CORONATION OF KING HENRY VII. (1485). - -+Source.+--_Rutland Papers_, p. 12. Published by the Camden Society, -1842. - - -This done, the Cardinal, as Archbishop of Canterbury, shewing the King -to the people at the iiij parties of the said pulpit, shall say in -this wise; "Sirs, I here present Henry, true and rightful, and -undoubted inheritor of the laws of God and man, to the crown and royal -dignity of England, with all things thereunto annexed and -appertaining, elect, chosen, and required by all three estates of the -same land, to take upon him the said crown, and royal dignity, -whereupon ye shall understand that this day is prefixed and appointed -by all the peers of this land for the consecration, enunciation, and -coronation." Whereunto the people shall say, with a great voice, "Yea. -Yea. Yea. So be it King Henry! King Henry!" - -Soon upon the said Cardinal, as Archbishop of Canterbury, being -reuysshed[1] as appertaineth for celebration of mass and also the -foresaid Bishops of Exeter and Ely on both sides as above, with other -Bishops, and with the Abbot of Westminster, who oweth always to be -near the King for his information in such things as concerneth the -solemnity of the coronation, the King shall be brought honourably from -his said seat unto the high altar, where the Chancellor of England -shall set down the chalice, and likewise the Bishop of Chichester his -patten. - -The Queen following the King thither, going afore her the lords as -above bearing her crown, sceptre, and rod, and the abovesaid Bishops -sustaining her, for her shall be ordained, on the left side of the -high altar, a folding stool wherein she shall sit while the King shall -be required of the keeping of the customs and laws of England, and -that done, whilst "Veni Creator Spiritus" is a singing, and all the -while the King is anointed, she shall kneel praying for the King and -her self. - -At the which altar the King ought to offer a pall, and a pound of -gold, xxiiij-li[2] in coin, which shall be delivered unto him by the -Chamberlain; and, forthwith, the pavement afore the high altar -worshipfully arrayed with carpets and cushions, the King shall then -lie down grovelling, whilst the said Cardinal as Archbishop, say upon -him, "Deus humilium," which done, the said Cardinal may, at his -pleasure, command some short sermon to be said, during the which the -said Cardinal shall sit before the altar, his back towards the same, -as is the custom, and the King shall sit opposite him, face to face, -in a chair prepared as to his high estate accordeth. - -The sermon ended, if any such be, the Cardinal and the King that is to -be crowned so sitting as is above said, the same Cardinal with an open -and distinct voice shall ask the King under this form: "Will ye grant -and keep, to the people of England, the laws and customs to them as of -old rightful and devout kings granted, and the same ratify and confirm -by your oath and especially the laws, customs, and liberties to be -granted to the clergy and people by your noble predecessor and -glorious King Saint Edward?" The King shall answer, "I grant and -promise." And when the King, before all the people, hath promised -truly to grant and keep all the promises, then shall the said Cardinal -open unto him the special articles whereunto the King shall be sworn, -the same Cardinal saying as followeth: "Ye shall keep, after your -strength and power, to the Church of God, to the clergie, and the -people, whole peace, and goodly concord." The King shall answer, "I -shall keep." - -"Ye shall make to be done after your strength and power, equal and -rightful justice in all your dooms and judgements, and discretion with -mercy and truth." The King shall answer, "I shall do." "Do ye grant -the rightful laws and customs to be holden, and promise ye, after your -strength and power, such laws as to the worship of God shall be chosen -by your people by you to be strengthened and defended?" The King shall -answer, "I grant and promise." - -[Footnote 1: = revested.] - -[Footnote 2: = L24 in coin.] - - - - -YEOMEN OF THE GUARD FIRST BROUGHT IN. THE SWEATING SICKNESS (1486). - -+Source.+--Holinshed's _Chronicle_, Vol. III., p. 482. (London, 1808.) - - -Shortly after for the better preservation of his royal person, he -constituted and ordained a certain number as well of archers, as of -divers other persons, hardy, strong, and active to give daily -attendance on his person, whom he named yeomen of his guard, which -precedent men thought that he learned of the French king when he was -in France. For it is not remembered that any king of England before -that day used any such furniture of daily soldiers. In this same year -a kind of sickness invaded suddenly the people of this land, passing -through the same from the one end to the other. It began about the one -and twentieth of September, and continued until the latter end of -October, being so sharp and deadly that the like was never heard of to -any man's remembrance before that time. - -For suddenly a deadly burning sweat so assailed their bodies and -distempered their blood with a most ardent heat, that scarce one -amongst an hundred that sickened did escape with life; for all in -manner as soon as the sweat took them, or within a short time after, -yielded the ghost. Beside the great number which deceased within the -city of London, two mayors successively died within eight days and six -aldermen. At length, by the diligent observation of those that escaped -(which marking what things had done them good, and holpen to their -deliverance, used the like again), when they fell into the same -disease the second or third time as to divers it chanced, a remedy was -found for that mortal malady which was this. If a man on the day time -were taken with the sweat, then should he straight lie down with all -his clothes and garments and continue in the sweat four and twenty -hours after so moderate a sort as might be. If in night he chanced to -be taken, then should he not rise out of his bed for the space of four -and twenty hours, so casting the clothes that he might in no wise -provoke the sweat, but lie so temperately that the water might distil -out softly of its own accord. And to abstain from all meat if he might -so long suffer hunger and to take no more drink neither hot nor cold -than would moderately quench and assuage his thirsty appetite. Thus -with lukewarm drink, temperate heat and measurable clothes many -escaped: few which used this order (after it was found out) died of -that sweat. Marry! one point diligently above all other in this cure -is to be observed, that he never did put his hand or feet out of the -bed to refresh or cool himself, which to do is no less jeopardy than -short and present death. Thus this disease coming in the first year of -King Henry's reign, was judged (of some) to be a token and sign of a -troublesome reign of the same king, as the proof partly afterwards -shewed itself. - - - - -LAMBERT SIMNEL (1486). - -+Source.+--Holinshed's _Chronicle_, Vol. III., p. 484. (London, 1808.) - - -Amongst other such monsters and limbs of the devil, there was one Sir -Richard Simond, priest, a man of base birth and yet well learned, even -from his youth. He had a scholar called Lambert Simnel, one of a -gentle nature and pregnant wit, to be the organ and chief instrument -by the which he might convey and bring to pass his mischievous -attempt. The devil, chief master of such practices, put in the -venomous brain of this disloyal and traitorous priest to devise how he -might make his scholar the aforesaid Lambert to be reputed as right -inheritor to the crown of this realm. Namely for that the fame went -that King Edward's children were not dead, but fled secretly into some -strange place, and there to be living: and that Edward, Earl of -Warwick, son and heir to the Duke of Clarence, either was, or shortly -should be put to death. - -These rumours though they seemed not to be grounded of any likehood to -the wise sort of men, yet encouraged this peevish priest to think the -time come that his scholar Lambert might take upon him the person and -name of one of King Edward's children. And thereupon at Oxford, where -their abiding was, the said priest instructed his pupil both with -princely behaviour, civil manners and good literature, declaring to -him of what lineage he should affirm himself to be descended, and -omitted nothing that might serve for his purpose. Soon after, the -rumour was blown abroad, that the Earl of Warwick was broken out of -prison. And when the priest, Sir Richard Simond heard of this, he -straight intended now by that occasion to bring his invented purpose -to pass, and changing the child's name of baptism, called him Edward, -after the name of the young Earl of Warwick, the which were both of -like years and of like stature. - -Then he with his scholar sailed into Ireland, where he so set forth -the matter unto the nobility of that country, that not only the Lord -Thomas Gerardine, Chancellor of that land, deceived through his crafty -tale, received the counterfeit earl into his castle with all honour -and reverence, but also many other noble men determined to aid him -(with all their powers) as one descended of the blood royal and -lineage come of the house of York, which the Irish people evermore -highly favoured, honoured and loved above all other. By this mean -every man throughout all Ireland was willing and ready to take his -part and submit themselves to him; already reputing and calling him of -all hands king. So that now they of this sect (by the advice of the -priest) sent into England certain privy messengers to get friends here. - -Also they sent into Flanders to the Lady Margaret, sister to King -Edward and late wife to Charles, Duke of Burgoyne, to purchase, aid -and help at her hands. This Lady Margaret bore no small rule in the -low countries, and in very deed sore grudged in her heart that the -King Henry (being descended of the house of Lancaster) should reign -and govern of the realm of England, and therefore though she well -understood that this was but a coloured matter, yet to work her -malicious intention against King Henry, she was glad to have so fit an -occasion, and therefore promised the messengers all the aid that she -should be able to make in furtherance of the quarrel, and also to -procure all the friends she could in other places to be aiders and -partakers of the same conspiracy. - -King Henry, advertised of all these doings, was greatly vexed -therewith, and therefore to have good advice in the matter he called -together his council at the Charterhouse beside his manor of Richmond, -and there consulted with them, by which means lest this begun -conspiracy might be appeased and disappointed without more -disturbance. It was therefore determined that a general pardon should -be published to all offenders that were content to receive the same. -This pardon was so freely granted that no offence was excepted, no not -so much as high treason committed against the King's royal person. It -was further agreed in the same council for the time then present that -the Earl of Warwick should personally be shewed abroad in the city and -other public places; whereby the untrue report falsely spread abroad -that he should be in Ireland, might be among the community proved and -known for a vain imagined lie. - -When all things in this counsel were sagely concluded and agreed to -the King's mind, he returned to London, giving in commandment that the -next Sunday ensuing, Edward, the young Earl of Warwick, should be -brought from the Tower through the most public streets in all London, -to the cathedral church of St. Paul. Where he went openly in -procession, that every man might see him, having communication with -many noble men and with them especially that were suspected to be -partakers of the late begun conspiracy, that they might perceive how -the Irishmen upon a vain shadow moved war against the King and his -realm. But this medicine little availed evil disposed persons. For the -Earl of Lincoln, son to John de la Poole, Duke of Suffolk, and -Elizabeth, sister to King Edward the Fourth thought it not meet to -neglect and omit so ready an occasion of new trouble. - -Wherefore they determined to uphold the enterprise of the Irishmen, so -that consulting with Sir Thomas Broughton, and certain other of his -most trusty friends, he proposed to sail into Flanders to his aunt, -the Lady Margaret, Duchess of Burgoyne, trusting by her help to make a -puissant army and to join with the companions of the new raised -sedition. Therefore after the dissolution of the parliament which was -then holden, he fled secretly into Flanders unto the said Lady -Margaret, where Francis, Lord Lovell, landed certain days before. -Here, after long consultation as how to proceed in their business, it -was agreed, that the Earl of Lincoln and the Lord Lovell should go -into Ireland, and there attend upon the Duchess her counterfeit -nephew, and to honour him as a king with the power of the Irishmen to -bring him into England. - -Now they concluded, that if their doings had success, then the -aforesaid Lambert (misnamed the Earl of Warwick) should by consent of -the council be deposed, and Edward the true Earl of Warwick delivered -out of prison and anointed king. King Henry supposing that no man -would have been so mad as to have attempted any further enterprise in -the name of the new found and counterfeit earl, he only studied how to -subdue the seditious conspiracy of the Irishmen. But learning that the -Earl of Lincoln was fled into Flanders, he was somewhat moved -therewith, and caused soldiers to be put in readiness out of every -part of his realm, and to bring them into one place assigned, that -when his adversaries should appear, he might suddenly set upon them, -vanquish and overcome them. - -Thus disposing things for his surety, he went towards St. Edmund's -Bury, and being certified that the Marquis of Dorset was coming -towards his majesty to excuse himself of things he was suspected to -have done when he was in France, he sent the Earl of Oxford to arrest -the said Marquis by the way, and to convey him to the Tower of London -there to remain till his truth might be tried. From thence the King -went forth to Norwich and tarrying there Christmas Day, he departed -after to Walsingham, where he offered to the image of Our Lady, and -then by Cambridge he shortly returned to London. In which mean time, -the Earl of Lincoln had gotten together by the aid of the Lady -Margaret about two thousand Almains, with one Martin Sward, a valiant -and noble captain to lead them. - -With this power the Earl of Lincoln sailed into Ireland and at the -city of Dublin caused young Lambert to be proclaimed and named King of -England, after the most solemn fashion, as though he were the very -heir of the blood royal lineally born and descended. And so with a -great multitude of beggarly Irishmen almost all naked and unarmed, -saving skins and mantles, of whom the Lord Thomas Gerardine was -captain and conductor, they sailed into England with this new found -king and landed for a purpose at the pile of Fowdreie, within a little -of Lancaster, trusting there to find aid by the means of Sir Thomas -Broughton, one of the chief companions of the conspiracy. The King had -knowledge of the enemies' intent before their arrival, and therefore -having assembled a great army (over which the Duke of Bedford and the -Earl of Oxenford were chief captains), he went to Coventry where he -was advertised that the Earl of Lincoln was landed at Lancaster with -his new king. Here he took advice of his counsellors what was best to -be done, whether to set on the enemies without further delay or to -protract time a little. But at length it was thought best to delay no -time but to give them battle before they should increase their power, -and thereupon he removed to Nottingham, and there by a little wood -called Bowres he pitched his field. - -Shortly after this came to him the Lord George Talbot, Earl of -Shrewsbury, the Lord Strange, Sir John Cheyne, right valiant captains, -with many other noble and expert men of war, namely of the counties -near adjoining, so that the King's army was wonderfully increased. In -this space the Earl of Lincoln being entered into Yorkshire passed -softly on his journey without spoiling or hurting any man, trusting -thereby to have some company of people resort unto him. But after he -perceived few or none to follow him, and that it was too late now to -return back, he determined to try the matter by dint of sword, and -thereupon direct his way from York to Newark-upon-Trent. - - - - -BENEVOLENCES (1490). - -+Source.+--Holinshed, Vol. III., p. 496. - - -King Henry, sorely troubled in his mind therewith, determining no more -with peaceable message, but with open war to determine all -controversies betwixt him and the French King, called his high court -of Parliament and there declared the cause why he was justly provoked -to make war against the Frenchmen, and thereupon desired them of their -benevolent aid of men and money towards the maintenance thereof. The -cause was so just that every man allowed it and to the setting forth -of the war taken in hand for so necessary an occasion, every man -promised his helping hand. The king commended them for their true and -faithful hearts. And to the intent that he might spare the poorer sort -of the commons (whom he ever desired to keep in favour) he thought -good first to exact money of the richest sort by way of a benevolence. - -Which kind of levying money was first devised by King Edward the -Fourth, as it appeareth before in his history. King Henry, following -the like example, published abroad that by their open gifts he would -measure and search their benevolent hearts and good minds towards him, -and he that gave little to be esteemed according to his gift. By this -it appeareth that whatsoever is practised for the prince's profit and -brought to a precedent by matter of record, may be turned to the great -prejudice of the people, if rulers in authority will so adjudge and -determine it. But by this means King Henry got innumerable great sums -of money, with some grudge of the people, for the extremity shewed by -the commissioners in divers places. - - - - -THE REBELLION OF THE CORNISHMEN (1496). - -+Source.+--Holinshed, Vol. III, p. 514. - - -These unruly people, the Cornishmen, inhabiting in a barren country -and unfruitful, at the first sore repined that they should be so -grievously taxed and burdened by the king's council as the only cause -of such polling and pilling, and so being in their rage, menaced the -chief authors with death and present destruction. And thus being in a -rave, two persons of the affinity, the one called Thomas Flammock, a -gentleman, learned in the laws of the realm, and the other Michael -Joseph, a smith, men of stout stomachs and high courage, took upon -them to be captains of this seditious company. They laid the fault and -cause of this exaction unto John Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury, and -to Sir Reginald Bray, because they were chief of the King's council. -Such reward have they commonly that be in great authority with kings -and princes. The captains Flammock and Joseph exhorted the common -people to put on harness and not be afeared to follow them in that -quarrel, promising not to hurt any creature, but only to see them -punished that procured such exactions to be laid on the people, -without any reasonable cause, as under the colour of a little trouble -with the Scots, which (since they were withdrawn home) they took to be -well quieted and appeased. So these captains, bent on mischief (were -their outward pretence never so finely coloured), yet persuaded a -great number of people to assemble together and condescend to do as -their captains would agree and appoint. Then these captains praising -much the hardiness of the people, when all things were ready for their -important journey, set forth with their army and came to Taunton, -where they slew the Provost of Perin, which was one of the -commissioners of the subsidy, and from thence came to Wells, so -intending to go to London, where the King then sojourned. - -When the King was advertised of these doings, he was somewhat -astonished, and not without cause, being thus troubled with the war -against the Scots and this civil commotion of his subjects at one -instant. But first meaning to subdue his rebellious subjects and after -to proceed against the Scots, as occasion should serve, he revoked the -Lord Daubeney which (as you have heard) was going against the Scots, -and increased his army with many chosen and picked warriors. Also -mistrusting that the Scots might now (having such opportunity) invade -the realm again, he appointed the Lord Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey -(which after the death of the Lord Dinham was made high treasurer of -England) to gather a band of men in the county Palatine of Durham, -that they, with the aid of the inhabitants adjoining and the -borderers, might keep back the Scots if they chanced to make any -invasion. The nobles of the realm, hearing of the rebellion of the -Cornishmen, came to London every man with as many men of war as they -could put in a readiness to aid the King if need should be. In the -which number were the Earl of Essex and the Lord Montjoy, with divers -other. - -In the meantime, James Twitchet, Lord Audely being confederate with -the rebels of Cornwall, joined with them, being come to Wells, and -took upon him as their chief captain to lead them against the natural -lord and king. From Wells they went to Salisbury, and from thence to -Winchester, and so to Kent where they hoped to have had great aid, but -they were deceived in that their expectation. For the Earl of Kent, -George, Lord of Abergavenny, John Brook, Lord Cobham, Sir Edward -Poinings, Sir Richard Gilford, Sir Thomas Bourchier, John Peche, -William Scot, and a great number of people, were not only prest and -ready to defend the country to keep the people in due obedience, but -bent to fight with such as would lift up sword or other weapon against -their sovereign lord, insomuch that the Kentishmen would not once come -near the Cornishmen to aid or assist them in any manner or wise. Which -thing marvellously dismayed the hearts of the Cornishmen when they saw -themselves thus deceived of the succours which they most trusted upon, -so that many of them (fearing the evil chance that might happen) fled -in the night from their company and left them, in hope so to save -themselves. The captains of the rebels, perceiving they could have no -help of the Kentishmen, putting their only hope in their own -puissance, brought their people to Blackheath, a four miles distant -from London, and there in a plain on the top of an hill they ordered -their battles either ready to fight with the King if he would assail -them, or else assault the city of London; for they thought the King -durst not have encountered with them in battle. But they were -deceived, for the King, although he had power enough about to have -fought with them before their coming so near to the city, yet he -thought it best to suffer them to come forward, till he had them far -off from their native country, and then to set upon them being -destitute of aid of some place of advantage. - -The city was in a great fear at the first knowledge given how the -rebels were so near encamped to the city, every man getting himself to -harness and placing themselves some at the gates some on the walls, so -that no part was undefended. But the King delivered the city of that -fear; for after that he perceived how the Cornishmen were all day -ready to fight and that on the hill, he sent straight to John, Earl of -Oxenford, Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex, Edmund de la Poole, Earl of -Suffolk, Sir Rise ap Thomas, and Sir Humphrey Stanley, noble warriors -with a great company of archers and horsemen, to environ the hill on -the right side, and on the left, to the intent that all byways being -stopped and foreclosed, all hope of flight should be taken from them. -And incontinently he himself, being as well encouraged with manly -stomachs as furnished with a populous army and plenty of artillery, -set forward out of the city, and encamped himself in Saint George's -field, where he on the Friday at night then lodged. - -On the Saturday in the morning, he sent the Lord Daubeney with a great -company to set on them early in the morning, which first got the -bridge at Dertford Strand, which was manfully defended by certain -archers of the rebels, whose arrows (as is reported) were in length a -full cloth yard. While the earls set on them on every side, the Lord -Daubeney came into the field with his company, and without long -fighting the Cornishmen were overcome; and first they took the Lord -Daubeney prisoner, but whether it were for fear or for hope of favour, -they let him go at liberty without hurt or detriment. There were slain -of the rebels which fought and resisted, above two thousand men (as -Edward Hall noteth), and taken prisoners an infinite number, and -amongst them the blacksmith and other the chief captains, which were -shortly after put to death. When this battle was ended, the King -wanted of all his numbers but three hundred which were slain at that -conflict. - -Some affirm, that the King appointed to have fought with them not till -the Monday and preventing the time set on them on the Saturday before, -taking them unprovided and in no array of battle, and so by that -policy obtained the field and victory. The prisoners as well as -captains and others were pardoned, saving the chief captains and first -beginners, to whom he shewed no mercy at all. The Lord Audley was -drawn from Newgate to Tower Hill in a coat of his own arms painted -upon paper reversed and all torn, and there was beheaded the four and -twentieth of June. Thomas Flammock and Michael Joseph were hanged, -drawn and quartered after the manner of traitors, and their heads and -quarters were pitched upon stakes and set up in London and in other -places, although at the first the King meant to have sent them into -Cornwall to have been set up there for a terror to all others. But -hearing that the Cornishmen at home were ready to begin a new -conspiracy, lest he should the more irritate and provoke them by that -displeasant sight, he changed his purpose, for doubt to wrap himself -in more trouble than needed. - - - - -PERKIN WARBECK'S CONFESSION (1499). - -+Source.+--Holinshed, Vol. III., p. 522. - - -The confession of Perkin as it was written with his own hand, which he -read openly upon a scaffold by the Standard in Cheape. - -"It is first to be known that I was born in the town of Turney in -Flanders, and my father's name is John Osbeck, which said John Osbeck -was controller of the said town of Turney, and my mother's name is -Katherine de Faro. And one of my grandsires upon my father's side was -named Diricke Osbecke, which died. After whose death my grandmother -was married unto Peter Flamin, that was receiver of the forenamed town -of Turney and dean of the boatmen that row upon the water or river -called the Schelt. And my grandsire upon my mother's side was Peter de -Faro, which had in his keeping the keys of the gate of St. John's -within the same town of Turney. Also I had an uncle called Master John -Stalin, dwelling in the parish of St. Pias within the same town which -had married my father's sister whose name was Johne Jane with whom I -dwelt a certain season. And after, I was led by my mother to Antwerp -for to learne Flemish in a house of a cousin of mine, an officer of -the said town called John Stienbeck, with whom I was the space of half -a year. And after that I returned again to Turney by reason of wars -that were in Flanders. And within a year following I was sent with a -merchant of the said town of Turney named Berlo, to the mart of -Antwerp where I fell sick, which sickness continued upon me five -months. And then the said Berlo sent me to board in a skinner's house -that dwelled beside the house of the English nation. And by him I was -from thence carried to Barrow mart and I lodged at the 'Sign of the -Old Man' where I abode for the space of two months. - -"After this the said Berlo sent me with a merchant of Middlesborough -to service for to learn the language, whose name was John Strew, with -whom I dwelt from Christmas to Easter, and then I went into Portugal -in company of Sir Edward Brampton's wife in a ship which was called -the queen's ship. And when I was come thither, then was I put in -service to a knight that dwelled in Lushborne, which was called Peter -Vacz de Cogna, with whom I dwelt an whole year, which said knight had -but one eye. And because I desired to see other countries I took -licence of him and then I put myself in service with a Breton called -Pregent Meno, who brought me with him into Ireland. Now when we were -there arrived in the town of Cork, they of the town (because I was -arrayed with some cloths of silk of my said master's) came unto me and -threatened upon me that I should be the Duke of Clarence's son that -was before time at Dublin. - -"But forasmuch as I denied it, there was brought unto me the holy -evangelists and the cross, by the mayor of the town which was called -John Llellewyn, and there in the presence of him and others I took -mine oath (as the truth was) that I was not the foresaid duke's son, -nor none of his blood. And after this came unto me an English man -whose name was Stephen Poitron and one John Water, and said to me, in -swearing great oaths, that they knew well that I was King Richard's -bastard son, to whom I answered with like oaths that I was not. Then -they advised me not to be afeared but that I should take it upon me -boldly, and if I would do so they would aid and assist me with all -their power against the King of England, and not only they, but they -were well assured that the Earl of Desmond and Kildare should do the -same. - -"For they forced not[3] what they took, so that they might be revenged -on the King of England, and so against my will made me learn English -and taught me what I should do and say. And after this they called me -the Duke of York, second son to King Edward the fourth, because King -Richard's bastard son was in the hands of the King of England. And -upon this the said Water, Stephen Poitron, John Tiler, Hughbert Burgh -with many others, as the aforesaid earls, entered into this false -quarrel, and within short time others. The French King sent an -ambassador into Ireland whose name was Loit Lucas and master Stephen -Friham to advertise me to come into France. And thence I went into -France and from thence into Flanders, and from Flanders into Ireland, -and from Ireland into Scotland, and so into England." - -[Footnote 3: = cared not.] - - - - -RECEPTION OF PRINCESS CATHARINE (1500). - -+Source.+--_Paston Letters_, Vol. III., Letter 943. March 20th, 1500 A.D. - - - HENRY VII. TO SIR JOHN PASTON. - _To our trusty and well beloved knight Sir John Paston._ - BY THE KING. - -"Trusty and well-beloved, we greet you well, letting you know that our -dearest cousins, the King and Queen of Spain, have signified unto us -by their sundry letters that the right excellent Princesse the Lady -Catharine, their daughter, shall be transported from the parties of -Spain aforesaid to this our Realm, about the month of May next coming, -for the solemnization of matrimony between our dearest son the Prince -and the said Princess. Wherefore we, considering that it is right -fitting and necessary, as well for the honour of us as for the honour -and praise of our said Realm, to have the said Princess honourably -received at her arrival, have appointed you to be one among others to -give attendance for the receiving of the said Princess; willing and -desiring you to prepare yourself for that intent, and so to continue -in readiness upon an hour's warning, till that by our other letters we -shall advertise you of the day and time of her arrival, and where ye -shall give your said attendance; and not to fail therein as ye tender -our pleasure, the honour of yourself and this our foresaid Realm. - -"Given under our signet at our Manor of Richmond, the xxth day of -March." - - - - -CARDINAL MORTON'S FORK (1504). - -+Source.+--Holinshed, p. 532. - - -The clergy was of two sorts, the one shewing themselves as they were -wealthy, seemly and comely; the other pretending that which was not, -poverty, bareness and scarcity, but both were of one mind, and devised -all the ways they could to save their purses. The first being called -alledged that they were daily at great charges and expenses in keeping -of hospitalities, in maintaining themselves, their house and families, -besides extraordinaries which daily did grow and increase upon them, -and by that means they were but bare and poor, and prayed that they be -borne with all and pardoned for that time. The other sort alledged -that their livings were but small and slender and scarce able to -maintain themselves with all which compelled them to go bare and to -live a hard and poor life, and therefore (they having nothing) prayed -that they might be excused. The bishop when he heard them at full and -well considered thereof, very wittily and with a pretty dilemma -answered them both, saying to the first: "It is true you are at great -charges, are well beseen in your apparell, well mounted upon your fair -palfreys and have your men waiting upon you in good order; your -hospitality is good and your daily expenses are large, and you are for -the same well reported amongst your neighbours; all which are plain -demonstrations of your wealth and ability, otherwise you would not be -at such voluntary charges. Now having store to spend in such order, -there is no reason but that to your prince you should much more be -well willing and ready to yield yourselves contributory and dutiful, -and therefore you must pay." To the other sort he said: "Albeit your -livings be not of the best, yet good, sufficient, and able to maintain -you in better estate than you do employ it, but it appeareth that you -are frugual and thrifty men, and what others do voluntarily spend in -apparell, house and family, you warily do keep and have it lie by you; -and therefore it is good reason that of your store you should spare -with a good will and contribute to your prince, wherefore be -contented, for you shall pay." And so by this pretty dilemma he -reduced them to yield a good payment to the King. - - - - -THE MEETING OF HENRY VII. AND THE KING OF CASTILE (1506). - -WILLIAM MAKEFYN TO DARCY AND ALINGTON. - -+Source.+--_Paston Letters_, Vol. III., Letter 953. Jan. 17th, 1506. - - - _To the right worshipful Master Roger Darcy and Master Giles - Alington, being in the George in Lombard street, be this delivered in - haste._ - -Right worshipful masters, I recommend me unto you, certifying you that -the King's Grace and the King of Castile met this day at three of the -Clock, upon Cleworth Green, 2 miles out of Windsor, and that the King -received him in the goodliest manner that ever I saw, and each of them -embraced the other in arms. - -To shew you the King's apparell of England, thus it was: his horse of -bay, trapped with neddlework; a gown of purple velvet, a chain with a -George[4] of diamonds, and a hood of purple velvet, which he put not -off at the meeting of the said King of Castile; his hat and his bonnet -he doffed and the King of Castile likewise. And the King of Castile -rode upon a sorrel hoby,[5] which the King gave unto him; his apparell -was all black, a gown of black velvet, a black hood, a black hat, and -his horse harness of black velvet.... - -These be the Spears: Master Saint John upon a black horse, with -harness of Cloth of Gold, with tassels of plunkett[6] and white, a -coat of plunkett and white, the body of goldsmiths' work, the sleves -full of spangles. - -John Carr and William Parr with coats alike, the horses gray, of Parr -trapped with crimson velvet with tassells of gold and gilt bells. -Carr's horse bay with an Almayn harness of silver, an inch broad of -beaten silver, both the coats of goldsmiths' work on the bodies, the -sleeves one stripe of silver, the other of gold. - -Edward Neville upon a gray horse trapped with black velvet full of -small bells, his coat the one half of green velvet, the other of white -cloth of gold; these to the rutters of the spurs, with other divers -well appointed. - -Of the King of Castile's party, the Lord Chamberlain the chief, I -cannot tell his name as yet; his apparell was sad, and so was all the -residue of his company with cloaks of sad tawny black, guarded, some -with velvet, some with sarsenet, not passing a dozen in number. It is -said there is many behind which comes with the Queen of Castile, which -shall come upon Tuesday. - -When the King rode forth to Windsor Castle, the King rode upon the -right hand of the King of Castile, howbeit the King's Grace offered to -take him upon the right hand, the which he refused. And at the -lighting the King of Castile was off his horse a good space or our -King was alight; and then the King's grace offered to take him by the -arm, the which he would not, but took the King by the arm, and so went -to the King of Castile's chamber, which is the richestly hanged that -ever I saw: 7 chambers together hanged with cloth of Arras, wrought -with gold as thick as could be; and as for three beds of estate, no -king christened can shew such three. - -This is so far as I can shew you of this day, and when I can know -more, ye shall have knowledge. - -From Windsor this Saturday, at five of the Clock, - - By your, - WILLIAM MAKEFYN. - -[Footnote 4: = figure of St. George, _i.e._ part of the insignia of -the Garter.] - -[Footnote 5: = horse.] - -[Footnote 6: = lead green.] - - - - -SUPERSTITION (1509). - -+Source.+--Erasmus, _The Praise of Folly_, p. 90. 1887. Hamilton -Adams, Glasgow. - - -The next to be placed among the regiment of fools are such as make a -trade of telling or inquiring after incredible stories of miracles and -prodigies. Never doubting that a lie will choke them, they will muster -up a thousand several strange relations of spirits, ghosts, -apparitions, raising of the devil, and such like bugbears of -superstition, which the farther they are from being probably true, the -more greedily they are swallowed, and the more devoutly believed. And -those diversities do not only bring an empty pleasure, and cheap -divertisement, but they are a good trade, and procure a comfortable -income to such priests and friars as by this craft get their gain. - -To these again are related such others as attribute strange virtues to -the shrines and images of saints and martyrs, and so would make their -credulous proselytes believe, that if they pay their devotion to St. -Christopher in the morning, they shall be guarded and secured the day -following from all dangers and misfortunes. If soldiers when they -first take arms, shall come and mumble over such a set prayer before -the picture of St. Barbara, they shall return safe from all -engagements. Or if any pray to Erasmus on such particular holidays, -with the ceremony of wax candles, and other poperies, he shall in a -short time be rewarded with a plentiful increase of wealth and riches. -The Christians have now their gigantic St. George, as well as the -Pagans have their Hercules: they paint the saint on horseback, and -drawing the horse in splendid trappings, very gloriously accoutred, -they scarce refrain in a literal sense from worshipping the very beast. - -What shall I say of such as cry up and maintain the cheat of pardons -and indulgences? That by these compute the time of each soul's -residence in purgatory, and assign them a longer and shorter -continuance, according as they purchase more or fewer of these paltry -pardons and saleable exemptions? Or what can be said bad enough of -others, who pretend that by the force of such magical charms, or by -the fumbling over their beads in the rehearsal of such and such -petitions, which some religious impostors invented, either for -diversion or what is more likely for advantage; they shall procure -riches, honour, pleasure, health, long life, and lusty old age, nay, -after death a sitting at the right hand of our Saviour in His kingdom. - -Though as to this last part of their happiness, they care not how long -it be deferred, having scarce any appetite towards a tasting the joys -of heaven; till they are surfeited, glutted with, and can no longer -relish their enjoyments on earth. By this easy way of purchasing -pardons, any notorious highwayman, any plundering soldier, or any -bribe-taking judge, shall disburse some part of their unjust gains, -and so think all their grossest impieties sufficiently atoned for. So -many perjuries, lusts, drunkeness, quarrels, bloodsheds, cheats, -treacheries, and all sorts of debaucheries, shall all be as it were, -struck a bargain for, and such a contract made, as if they had paid -off all arrears and might now begin upon a new score. - -And what can be more ridiculous, than for some others to be confident -of going to heaven by repeating daily those seven verses out of the -Psalms which the devil taught St. Bernard, thinking thereby to have -put a trick on him, but that he was overreached in his cunning. - -And of all the prayers and intercessions that are made to these -respective saints the substance of them is no more than downright -folly. Among all the trophies that for tokens of gratitude are hung -upon the walls and ceilings of churches, you shall find no relics -presented as a memorandum of any that were ever cured of folly or had -been made one dram the wiser. - -Almost all Christians being wretchedly enslaved to blindness and -ignorance, which the priests are so far from preventing or removing, -that they blacken the darkness, and promote delusion. Wisely forseeing -that the people, like cows, which never give down their milk so well -as when they are gently stroked, would part with less if they knew -more, their bounty only proceeding from a mistake of Charity. - -Now if any wise man should stand up, and unseasonably speak the truth, -telling everyone that a pious life is the only way of securing a happy -death; that the best title to a pardon of our sins is purchased by a -hearty abhorrence of our guilt, and sincere resolutions of amendment; -that the best devotion that can be paid to any saints is to imitate -them in their exemplary life. If he should proceed thus to inform them -of their several mistakes, there would be quite another estimate put -upon tears, watchings, masses, fastings, and other severities, which -before were so much prized, as persons will now be vexed to lose that -satisfaction formerly they found in them. - - - - -THE MAKING OF BEGGARS AND THIEVES (1516). - -+Source.+--Sir Thomas More, _The First Booke of Utopia_, 1516. -Cambridge Press, p. 29, l. 18. - - -But let us consider those things that chance daily before our eyes. -First, there is a great number of gentlemen, which cannot be content -to live idle by themselves, like drones, of that which others have -laboured for; their tenants I mean, whom they poll and shave to the -quick, by raising their rents (for this only point of frugality do -they use, men else through their lavish and prodigal spending likely -to bring them to very beggary). These gentlemen, I say, do not only -live in idleness themselves, but also carry about with them at their -tails a great flock or train of idle and loitering serving men, which -never learned any craft whereby to get their livings. These men as -soon as their master is dead, or be sick themselves, be incontinent -thrust out of doors. For gentlemen had rather keep idle persons, than -sick men, and many times the dead man's heir is not able to maintain -so great a house, and keep so many serving men as his father did. Then -in the mean season they that be thus destitute of service, either -starve for hunger, or manfully play the thieves. For what would you -have them to do? When they have wandered abroad so long, until they -have worn threadbare their apparell, and also appaired their health, -these gentlemen, because of their pale and sickly faces, and patched -coats, will not take them into service. And husbandmen dare not set -them a work, knowing well enough that he is nothing meet to do true -and faithful service to a poor man with a spade and a mattock for -small wages and hard fare, which being daintily and tenderly pampered -up in idleness and pleasure, was wont with a sword and buckler by his -side to strut through the street with a bragging look, and to think -himself too good to be any man's mate. Nay, by Saint Mary, Sir (quod -the lawyer), not so. For this kind of men must we make most of. For in -them as men of stouter stomachs, bolder spirits, and manlier courages -than handycraftsmen and plowmen be, doth consist the whole power, -strength, and puisance of our army, when we must fight in battle. -Forsooth, Sir, as well you might say (quod I) that for war's sake you -must cherish thieves. For surely you shall never lack thieves, while -you have them. No, nor thieves be not the most false and faint-hearted -soldiers, nor soldiers be not the cowardliest thieves: so well these -two crafts agree together. But this fault, though it be much used -among you, yet is it not peculiar to you only, but common also to most -nations. Yet France, besides this, is troubled and infected with a -much sorer plague. The whole realm is filled and besieged with hired -soldiers in peace time (if that be peace) which be brought in under -the same colour and pretence, that hath persuaded you to keep these -idle serving men. For these wise fools and very archdolts thought the -wealth of the whole country herein to consist, if there were ever in a -readiness a strong and sure garrison, specially of old practised -soldiers, for they put no trust at all in men unexercised. And -therefore they must be forced to seek for war, to the end they may -ever have practised soldiers and cunning manslayers, lest that (as it -is prettily said of Sallust) their hands through idleness or lack of -exercise should wax dull; but how pernicious and pestilent a thing it -is to maintain such beasts, the Frenchmen by their own harms have -learnt. For not only the kingdom but also their fields and cities by -divers occasions have been overrunned and destroyed by their own -armies beforehand had in a readiness. Now how unnecessary a thing this -is, hereby it may appear that the French soldiers, which from their -youth have been practised and inured in feates of arms, do not crack -nor advance themselves to have very often got the upper hand and -mastery of your new made and unpractised soldiers. But in this point I -will not use many words, lest perchance I may seem to flatter you. - -Yet this is not only the necessary cause of stealing. There is -another, which, as I suppose, is proper and peculiar to you Englishmen -alone. Your sheep that were wont to be so meek and tame, and so small -eaters, now, as I hear say, be become so great devourers and so wild, -that they eat up, and swallow down the very men themselves. They -consume, destroy, and devour whole fields, houses and cities. For look -in what parts of the realm doth grow the finest and therefore dearest -wool, these noblemen and gentlemen, yea, and certain abbots, holy men -no doubt, not contenting themselves with the yearly revenues and -profits, that were wont to grow to their forefathers and predecessors -of their lands, nor being content that they live in rest and pleasure -nothing profiting, yea, much annoying the weal public, leave no ground -for tillage, they enclose all into pastures; they throw down houses; -they pluck down towns, and leave nothing standing, but only the church -to be made a sheep house. And as though you lost no small quantity of -ground by forests, chases, lands and parks, those good holy men turn -all dwelling places and all glebeland into desolation and wilderness. -Therefore that one covetous and insatiable cormorant may compass about -and enclose many thousand acres of ground together within one pale or -hedge, the husbandmen be thrust out of their own, or else either by -coveyn[7] and fraud or by violent oppression they be put besides it, -or by wrongs and injuries they be so wearied, that they be compelled -to sell all; by one means therefore or by other, either by hooke or -crooke they must needs depart away, poor, silly, wretched souls, men, -women, husbands, wives, fatherless children, widows, woful mothers, -with their young babes, and their whole household small in substance -and much in number, as husbandry requireth many hands. Away they -trudge, I say, out of their known and accustomed houses, finding no -place to rest in. All their household stuff, which is very little -worth, though it might well abide the sale; yet being suddenly thrust -out, they be constrained to sell it for a thing of nought. And when -they have wandered abroad till that be spent, what can they else do -but steal, and then justly pardy[8]! be hanged, or else go about a -begging. And yet then also they be cast in prison as vagabonds, -because they go about and work not: whom no man will set at work, -though they never so willingly profer themselves thereto. For one -shepherd or herdman is enough to eat up that ground with cattle, to -the occupying whereof about husbandry many hands were requisite. And -this is also the cause why victuals be now in many places dearer. Yea, -besides this the price of wool is so risen, that poor folks, which -were wont to work it and make cloth thereof, be now able to buy none -at all. And by this means very many be forced to forsake work, and to -give themselves to idleness. For after that so much ground was -inclosed for pasture, an infinite number of sheep died from the rot, -such vengeance God took of their inordinate, unsatiable covetousness, -sending among the sheep that pestiferous murrain, which much more -justly should have fallen on the sheep masters own heads. And though -the number of sheep increase never so fast, yet the price falleth not -one mite, for there be so few sellers. For they be almost all come -into a few rich mens hands, whom no need forceth to sell before they -lust, they lust not before they may sell as dear as they lust. Now the -same cause bringeth in like dearth of the other kinds of cattle, yea -and that so much the more, because that after farms plucked down and -husbandry decayed, there is no man that passeth for the breeding of -young store. For these men bring not up the young of great cattle as -they do lambs. But first they buy them abroad very cheap, and -afterward, when they be fatted in their pastures, they sell them again -exceeding dear. And therefore, I suppose, the whole incommodity hereof -is not yet felt. For yet they make dearth only in those places where -they sell. But when they shall fetch them away from thence where they -be bred faster than they can be brought up; then shall there also be -felt great dearth, store beginning then to fail, when the ware is -bought. Thus the unreasonable covetousness of a few hath turned that -thing to the utter undoing of your land, in the which thing the chief -felicity of your realm did consist. For this great dearth of victuals -causes men to keep as little houses and as small hospitality as they -possible may, and to put away their servants: whither, I pray you, but -a begging: or else (which these gentle bloods and stout stomachs will -sooner set their minds unto) a stealing? - -[Footnote 7: = conspiracy.] - -[Footnote 8: = pardieu.] - - - - -ENCLOSURES (1520) - -+Source.+--Holinshed, p. 659. - - -About this time the King having regard to the common wealth of his -realm, considered how for the space of fifty years past and more, the -nobles and gentlemen of England had been given to grazing of cattle, -and keeping of sheep, and inventing a means how to increase their -yearly revenues, to the great decaying and undoing of husbandmen of -the land. For the said nobles and gentlemen, after the manner of the -Numidians, more studying how to increase their pastures, than to -maintain tillage, began to decay husband tacks[9] and tenements, and -to convert arable land into pasture, furnishing the same with beasts -and sheep, and also deer, so inclosing the field with hedges, ditches, -and pales, which they held in their own hands, ingrossing[10] wools, -and selling the same, and also sheep and beasts at their own prices, -and as might stand most with their own private commodity. - -Hereof a threefold evil chanced to the commonwealth, as Polydore -noteth. One, for that thereby the number of husbandmen was sore -diminished, the which the prince useth chiefly in his service for the -wars: another for that many towns and villages were left desolate and -became ruinous: the third, for that both wool and cloth made thereof, -and the flesh of all manner of beasts used to be eaten, was sold at -far higher prices than was accustomed. These enormities at the first -beginning being not redressed, grew in short space to such force and -vigour by evil custom, that afterwards they gathered to such an united -force, that hardly they could be remedied. Much like a disease, which -in the beginning with little pain to the patient, and less labour to -the surgeon may be cured; whereas the same by delay and negligence -being suffered to putrify, becometh a desperate sore, and then are -medicines nothing available, and not to be applied. The King therefore -causing such good statutes as had been devised and established for -reformation in this behalf to be reviewed and called upon, took order -by directing forth his commissions unto the justices of peace, and -other such magistrates, that presentment should be had and made of all -such inclosures, and decay of husbandry, as had chanced within the -space of fifty years before that present time. The justices and other -magistrates, according to their commission, executed the same. And so -commandment was given, that the decayed houses should be built up -again, that the husbandmen should be placed eftsoones in the same, and -that inclosed grounds should be laid open, and sore punishment -appointed against them that disobeyed. - -These so good and wholesome ordinances shortly after were defeated by -means of bribes given unto the cardinal: for when the nobles and -gentlemen which had for their pleasures imparted the common fields, -were loath to have the same again disparked, they redeemed their -vexation with good sums of money; and so had licence to keep their -parks and grounds inclosed as before. - -Thus the great expectation which men had conceived of a general -redress, proved void: howbeit, some profit the husbandmen in some -parts of the realm got by the moving of this matter, where inclosures -were already laid open, ere Mistress Money could prevent them; and so -they enjoyed their commons, which before had been taken from them. - -[Footnote 9: = rented farms.] - -[Footnote 10: = "cornering."] - - - - -VISIT OF CHARLES V. TO ENGLAND (1522). - -+Source.+--_Rutland Papers_ (Camden Society), p. 79. - - -_Remembrances as touching the Emperor's coming._ - -First, the certainty to be known how many messes[11] of meat shall be -ordered for the Emperor and his nobles at the King's charge; viii -messes, x messes more or less? - -Item, how many of these messes shall be served as noblemen, and how -many otherwise. - -Item, how many messes of meat shall be served for my Lord Cardinal and -his chamber at the King's charge; v or vi more or less? Or whether his -grace will be contented with a certainty of money by the day to his -diet, and cause his own officers to make provision for the same, and -to serve it. - -Item, whether the emperor and his nobles shall be served with his own -diaper,[12] or else with the king's? THE EMPEROR AND HIS COURT WITH -THE KING'S.[13] - -Item, whether the Emperor shall be served with his own silver vessels, -or else with the king's? AT DOVER WITH THE KING'S.[13] - -Item, how many of the emperors carriages shall be at the king's -charge, and whether any parcell of the King's carriage shall be at the -King's charge or us? - -Item, whether any of the great officers, as my lord Steward, Master -Treasurer, or Master Comptroller, shall give attendance upon the -Emperor at Dover or not? - -Item, whether there shall be any banquetting, and in what places? -AT[14] GREENWICH, LONDON, RICHMOND, AND WINDSOR. - -Item, placards to be had for the purveyors of the poultry and others. - -Item, letters to be directed to the Lords both spiritual and temporal, -for fishing of their ponds for dainties. - -Item, a warrant to be had and directed to Master Micklow for ready -money. - -Item, to know whether the King's grace will have any of his sergeant -officers to attend upon the emperor, or yeomen for his mouth daily or -not? - -Wines laid in divers places for the King and the Emperor between Dover -and London. - - Dover ii days. {Gascon Wine. iii dolia[15] - {Rhenish Wine. i vat[16] of ii alnes.[17] - - Canterbury iiii days. {Gascon Wine. iii dolia. - {Rhenish Wine. ii vats of v alnes. - - Sittingbourne i day. {Gascon Wine. i dolium. - {Rhenish Wine. demy vat. - - Rochester ii meals. {Gascon Wine. i dolium. - {Rhenish Wine. demy vat. - - Gravesend and upon {Gascon Wine. i dolium. - Thames ii meals. {Rhenish Wine. demy vat. - - Greenwich iiii meals. {Gascon Wine. } Plenty. - {Rhenish Wine.} - - To Blackfriars in {Gascon Wine. viii dolium. - London viii meals. {Rhenish Wine. iii vats of vi alnes. - - Richmond x meals. {Gascon Wine. } Plenty. - {Rhenish Wine.} - - Hampton Court. {Gascon Wine. - {Rhenish Wine. - - Windsor. {Gascon Wine. } Plenty. - {Rhenish Wine.} - - -_Remembrances for my Lord Mayor of London._ - -First, to assign iiii bakers within the city of London to serve the -noblemen belonging to the Emperor that be lodged in the Canons' houses -of Paules and their abbots and other places within the City. - -Item, to assign the King's wax chandler to serve them of torches. - -Item, to assign a tallow chandler for white lights. - -Item, to assign iiii butchers for serving of oxen, sheep, calves, -hogges of gresse,[18] flitches of bacon, marrow bones, and such other -as shall be called for. - -Item, to assign ii fishmongers for provision of lynges to be ready -watered, pikes, tenches, breams, caller salmon, and such other -dainties of the fresh water. - -Item, to appoint ii fishmongers for provision of sea-fish. - -Item, to appoint iiii poulterers to serve for the said persons of all -manner poultry. - -Item, to provide into every lodging wood, coal, rushes, straw, and -such other necessaries. - -Item, it is requested that there may be always two carpenters in -readiness to furnish every place with such things as shall be thought -good, as cupboards, forms, boards, trestles, bedsteads, with other -necessaries, where lack shall be. - -Item, to see every lodging furnished with pewter dishes, and saucers -as shall be thought sufficient. - -Item, to furnish every house with all manner kitchen stuff, if there -be any lack of such like within any of the said houses, as broches[19] -of diverse sorts, pots and pans, ladles, skimmers, gridirons, with -such other stuff as shall be named by the officers of the said -noblemen. - -Item, appoint ii men to serve all manner of sauces for every lodging. - -Item, to appoint ii tallow chandlers to serve for all manner of -sauces. - -Item, to warn every owner of the house to put all their stuff of -household in every office against their coming to be in a readiness. - -Item, the King's grocers to be appointed to serve in all manner of -spices. - -Bill of fare for the ordinary dieting of the Emperor's attendants per -diem. - -ccviii noblemen and gentlemen, by estimation every of them to have a -mess full furnished of this fare as followeth. - -_ccviii messes._ - - _The first course for dinner._ _The first course supper._ - Potage. Potage. - Boiled Capon. xxxiiii-dd viii. Chickens boiled. lxix-dd. - Young Veal. xxxii. Legges of Mutton. xxi. - Grene[20] Gese. lxix-dd iiii. Capons. xxxiiii-dd vi. - Kid or lamb. ciiii. Kid or lamb. ciiii. - Custards. ccviii. Dowcettes.[22] - Fruttour.[21] ccviii messes. - - _The second course._ _The second course._ - Jussell.[23] Jelly Ipocras.[24] - Chickens. cxxxviii-dd viiii. Peacocks. cxxxviii-dd viii. - Peacocks. cxxxviii-dd viii Chickens. cxxxviii-dd viii. - Rabbits. cxxxviii-dd viii. Rabbits. cxxxviii-dd viii. - Tarts. cc. Tarts. ccviii. - -[Footnote 11: A sufficient quantity of provisions for four persons.] - -[Footnote 12: Linen.] - -[Footnote 13: = the answer to the question in the original written in -the margin.] - -[Footnote 14: = the answer to the question in the original written in -the margin.] - -[Footnote 15: = cask.] - -[Footnote 16: vat = about 20 gallons.] - -[Footnote 17: alne = ell: _i.e._ 45 inches. This refers to the -dimensions of the barrel.] - -[Footnote 18: = fat hogs.] - -[Footnote 19: = spits.] - -[Footnote 20: = Goslings.] - -[Footnote 21: A compote of fruit.] - -[Footnote 22: = Pasties.] - -[Footnote 23: The recipe for Jussell was "grated bread, eggs, sage, -saffron and good broth."] - -[Footnote 24: A kind of sweet wine.] - - - - -CARDINAL WOLSEY (1522). - -"WHY COME YE NOT TO COURTE." - -+Source.+--John Skelton, _Chalmers' Works of the English Poets_. -London, 1810. Vol. II., p. 274. - - -Once yet again -Of you I would frayne,[25] -Why come ye not to court? -To which court? -To the King's court? -Or to Hampton Court: -The king's court -Should have the excellence; -But Hampton Court -Hath the preeminence, -And Yorkes Place,[26] -With my lord's grace, -To whose magnificence -Is all the confluence, -Suits and supplications, -Embassies of all nations. -Be it sour or be it sweet -His wisdom is so discreet, -That in a fume or an heat-- -"Warden of the fleet, -Set him fast by the feet!" -And of his royal power -When him list to lower, -Then, "Have him in the tower, -[27]'Saunz aulter' remedy! -Have him for the by and by -[28]To the Marshalsea, -Or to the King's bench!" -He diggeth so in the trench -Of the court royal, -That he ruleth them all. -So he doth undermine -And such sleights doth find, -That the king's mind -By him is subverted, -And so straightly coarted[29] -In credensynge his tales, -That all is but nutshells -That any other saith; -He hath in him such faith. -And, yet all this might be, -Suffered and taken in gre[30] -If that that he wrought -To any good end were brought: -But all he bringeth to nought, -By God, that me dear bought! -He beareth the king on hand, -That he must pull his land, -To make his coffers rich. -But he layeth all in the ditch -And useth such abusion -That in the conclusion -He cometh to confusion, -Perceive the cause why, -To tell the truth plainly -He is so ambitious -And so superstitious -And so much oblivious -From whence that he came, -That he falleth into a "caeciam"[31] -Which, truly to express, -Is a forgetfulness -Or wilful blindness. -"A caecitate cordis," -In the Latin sing we, -"Libera nos, Domine!" -But this mad Amalecke -Like to a Mamelek, -He regardeth lordes, -No more than potsherdes,[32] -He is in such elation -Of his exaltation, -And the supportation -Of our sovereign lord, -That, God to record, -He ruleth all at will -Without reason or skill, -How be it the primordial -Of his wretched original, -And his base progeny, -And his greasy genealogy, -He came of the sank[33] royal, -That was cast out of a butcher's stall. -But however he was borne, -They would have the less scorn, -If he could consider -His birth and room together, -And call to his mind -How noble and how kind -To him he hath found, -Our sovereign lord, chief ground -Of all this prelacy -And set him nobly -In great authority, -Out from a low degree -Which he cannot see. -For he was, parde![34] -Nor doctor of divinity, -Nor doctor of the law, -Nor of none other saw;[35] -But a poore master of arte, -God wot, had little parte -Of the quatrivials,[36] -Nor yet of trivials,[37] -Nor of philosophy, -Nor of philology, -Nor of good policy, -Nor of astronomy, -Nor acquainted worth a fly -With honourable Italy, -Nor with royal Ptholomy, -Nor with Albumasar -To treate of any star -Fixed or else mobile; -His Latin tongue doth hobble, -He doth but clout and cobble -In Tully's faculty -Called humanity; -Yet proudly he dare pretend -How no man can him amend -But have ye not heard this, -How an one-eyed man is -Well sighted when -He is among blind men? -[38]Than our process for to stable, -This man was full unable -To reach to such degree, -Had not our prince be -Royal Henry the eight, -Take him in such conceit, -That to set him on sight -In exemplifying -Great Alexander the King -In writing as we find; -Which of his royal mind, -And of his noble pleasure, -Transcending out of measure -Thought to do a thing -That pertaineth to a king, -To make up one of nought, -And made to him be brought -A wretched poore man -Which his living won -With planting of lekes -By the days and by the wekes, -And of this pore vassall -He made a king royal, -And gave him a realm to rule, -That occupied a shovel, -A mattock and a spade, -Before that he was made -A king, as I have told, -And ruled as he would. -Such is a king's power, -To make within an hour, -And work such a miracle, -That shall be a spectacle, -Of renown and worldly fame: -In likewise now the same -Cardinal is promoted, -Yet with lewd conditions coted, -Presumption and vain glory, -Envy, wrath, and lechery, -Covetousness and gluttony, -Slothful to do good, -Now frantick, now starke wode.[39] - -[Footnote 25: Pray.] - -[Footnote 26: Wolsey's Palace as Archb. of York: after his fall it -became the Royal Palace of Whitehall.] - -[Footnote 27: Sans autre.] - -[Footnote 28: The name of a prison.] - -[Footnote 29: Restrained.] - -[Footnote 30: Good will.] - -[Footnote 31: Caecitatem = blindness.] - -[Footnote 32: Potsherdes = broken pieces of earthenware.] - -[Footnote 33: Sang (Fr.), blood.] - -[Footnote 34: Pardieu.] - -[Footnote 35: Sort.] - -[Footnote 36: Quatrivials = astrology, geometry, arithmetic, music.] - -[Footnote 37: The trivials = grammar, rhetoric, and logic.] - -[Footnote 38: To make good our story.] - -[Footnote 39: Mad.] - - - - -WOLSEY AND THE POPEDOM (1524). - -_Cardinal Wolsey to King Henry._ - -FROM THE ORIGINALS LENT ME BY SIR WILLIAM COOK. - - -LETTER I. - -+Source.+--Burnet's _History of the Reformation_, Part III.; _Collection -of Records_, Book I., No. 7. - - SIR, - -It may like your highness to understand I have this hour received -letters from your Orators Resident in the court of Rome, mentioning -how the xivth day of this instant month, it pleased Almighty God to -call the Pope's Holiness to His mercy, whose soul our Lord pardon. And -in what train the matters then were at that time for election of the -future Pope, your Highness shall perceive by the letters of your said -Orators, which I send unto the same at this time, whereby appeareth -that mine absence from thence shall be the only obstacle (if any be) -in the election of me to that dignity; albeit there is no great -semblance that the college of Cardinals shall consent upon any being -there present, because of the sundry factions that be among -themselves, for which cause, though afore God, I repute myself right -unmeet and unable to so high and great dignity, desiring much rather -to demure, continue and end my life with your Grace, for doing of such -service as may be to your Honour and Wealth of this your realm, than -to be x Popes, yet nevertheless, remembering what mind and opinion -your grace was of, at the last vacation, to have me preferred -thereunto, thinking that it should be to the honour, benefit, etc. -advancement of your affairs in time coming; and supposing that your -Highness persisteth in the same mind and intent, I shall devise such -instructions, commissions and other writings, as the last time was -delivered to Mr. Pace for that purpose: And the same I shall send to -your grace by the next post, whom it may like to do farther therein as -will stand with your gracious pleasure, whereunto I shall always -conform myself accordingly. And to the intent it may appear farther to -your grace what mind and determination they be of, towards mine -advancement, which as your Orators wrote, have now at this present -time the principal authority and chief stroke in the election of the -Pope, making in manner _Triumviratum_, I send unto your Highness their -several letters to me addressed in that behalf, beseeching Our Lord -that such one may be chosen as may be to the Honour of God, the weal -of Christ's Church, and the benefit of all Christendom. And thus Jesu -preserve your most Noble and Royal Estate: At the More the last Day of -September, by - - Your most humble chaplain, - T. CARLIS. EBOR. - - -LETTER II. - -+Source.+--Burnet's _History of the Reformation_, Vol. III.; _Collection -of Records_, Part I., No. 8. - - SIR, - -It may like your Grace to understand that ensuing the tenor of my -letter sent unto your Highness yesterday, I have devised such -Commissions and Letters to be sent unto your counsellors the Bishop of -Bath, Mr. Richard Pace, and Mr. Thomas Hanibal, jointly and severally, -as at the last time of vacation of the Papal Dignity were delivered -unto the said Mr. Richard Pace; for the Preferment either of me, or -that failing of the Cardinal de Medici unto the same, which letters -and commissions if it stand with your gracious pleasure to have that -matter set forth, it may like your Highness of your benign Grace and -Goodness to sign, so to be sent to the Court of Rome in such diligence -as the importance of the same, with the brevity of the time doth -necessarily require. And to the intent also that the Emperor may the -more effectually and speedily concur with your Highness for the -furtherance hereof, albeit, I suppose verily that ensuing the -Conference and Communications which he hath had with your Grace in -that behalf, he hath not praetermitted before this time to advance the -same, yet nevertheless for the more acceleration of this furtherance -to be given thereunto, I have also devised a familiar letter in the -name of your grace to be directed unto his Majesty, which if it may -please your Highness to take the pain for to write with your own hand, -putting thereunto your secret sign and mark, being between your Grace -and the said Emperor, shall undoubtedly do singular benefit and -furtherance to your gracious Intent and virtuous purpose in that -behalf. Beseeching Almighty God that such effect may ensue thereof, as -may be in his pleasure, the contentation of your highness, the weal -and exaltation of your most Royal estate, realm, and affairs, and -howsoever the matter shall chance, I shall no less knowledge myself -obliged and bounden far above any my deserts unto your Highness, than -if I had attained the same, whereunto I would never in thought aspire, -but to do honour good and service unto your Noble Person and this your -Realm. And thus Jesu preserve your most Noble and Royal Estate, at the -More the first day of October, by - - Your most humble chaplain, - T. CARLIS. EBOR. - - - - -WOLSEY AND THE KING'S MARRIAGE (1527). - -_A Part of Cardinal Wolsey's Letter to the King._ - -+Source.+--Burnet's _History of the Reformation_, Part III., Book I.; -_Collection of Records_, Number 12. - - -We daily and hourly musing and thinking on your Grace's great and -secret affair, and how the same may come to good effect and desired -end, as well for the deliverance of your Grace out of the thrauld,[40] -pensive, and dolorous life that the same is in, as for the continuance -of your health and the surety of your realm and succession, -considering also that the Pope's consent, or his Holiness detained in -captivity, the authority of the cardinals now to be convoked into -France equivalent thereunto, must concur for approbation of such -process as I shall make in that behalf; and that if the Queen shall -fortune, which it is to be supposed she will do, either appeal or -utterly decline from my Jurisdiction (one of the said authorities is -also necessarily requisite). I have none other thought nor study but -how in available manner the same may be attained. And after long -discussion and debating with myself, I finally am reduced and resolved -to two points; the one is that the Pope's consent cannot be obtained -and had in this case, unless his deliverance out of captivity be first -procured; the other is that the Cardinals can nothing do in this -behalf, unless there be by them consultation and order taken, what -shall be done _in Administratione rerum Ecclesiasticarum durante dicta -captivitate summi Pontificis_. - -As touching the restitution of the Pope to liberty, the state of the -present affairs considered the most prompt sure and ready way is, by -conclusion of the peace betwixt the Emperor and the French King: for -the advancement and setting forward whereof I shall put myself in -extreme devour, and by all possible means induce and persuade the said -French King to strain himself and condescend to as much of the -Emperor's demands as may stand with reason and surety of his and your -Grace's affairs; moving him further, that forasmuch as the Emperor -taketh your Highness as a Mediator making fair demonstration in words, -that he will at your contemplation and arbitre, not only declare the -bottom of his mind concerning his demand, but also remit and relent in -the same, he will be contented that your Grace forbearing the -intimation of hostility may in the managing of the said Peace and -inducing the Emperor to reasonable conditions, be so taken and reputed -of him, without any outward declaration to the contrary until such -time as the conducing of the said peace shall be clearly desperate. -Whereby if the said French King can be induced thereunto, may in the -mean season use the benefit of their intercourse in the Emperor's -Low-Countries: not omitting nevertheless for the time of soliciting -the said peace, the diligent zeal and effectual execution of the sword -by Monsieur de Lautrek in the parties of Italy: whereby your Grace's -said mediation shall be the more set by and regarded. - -And in case the said peace cannot be by these means brought to effect, -whereupon might ensue the Pope's deliverance, by whose authority and -consent your Grace's affair should take most sure honourable effectual -and substantial end, and who I doubt not considering your Grace's -gratitude, would facilely be induced to do all things therein that -might be to your Grace's good satisfaction and purpose, then and in -that case there is none other remedy but the Convocation of the said -Cardinals; who as I am informed will not nor can conveniently converse -in any other place but at Avignon, where the Administration of the -Ecclesiastical jurisdiction hath been in semblable cases heretofore -exercised. To the which place if the said Cardinals can be induced to -come, your Highness being so contented, I purpose also to repair, not -sparing any labour, travail or pain in my body, charges or expense, to -do service unto your Grace in that behalf; according to that most -bounden duty and hearty desire, there to consult and devise with them -for the governance and administration of the authority of the Church -during the said captivity: which shall be a good ground and fundament -for the effectual execution of your Grace's secret affair. - -And forasmuch as thus repairing to Avignon I shall be near to the -Emperor's confines, and within an hundred miles of Perpinian, which is -a commodious and convenient place to commune and treat with the -Emperor's person, I think in my poor opinion that the conducing of -peace by your Grace's mediation not being desperate, nor intimation of -hostility made on your behalf, it should much confer as well for the -deliverance of the Pope, as for concluding of the Peace between the -French King and the Emperor, if his Majesty can be so contented that a -meeting might be between him, my Lady the French king's mother, and me -at the said Perpinian; to the which.... - -(_The rest of this letter has been lost._) - -[Footnote 40: Enslaved.] - - - - -WILLIAM TYNDALE ON THE TRANSLATION OF THE SCRIPTURES (1528). - -+Source.+--Tyndale's _Obedience of a Christian Man and how Christian -Rulers ought to Govern_, 1528, p. 12. - - -That thou mayest perceive how that the Scripture ought to be in the -mother tongue, and that the reasons which our spirits make for the -contrary are but sophistry and false wiles to fear thee from the -light, that thou mightest follow them blindfold and be their captive -to honour their ceremonies and to offer to their belly. - -First God gave the children of Israel a law by the hand of Moses in -their mother tongue, and all the prophets wrote in their mother -tongue, and all the psalms were in the mother tongue. And there was -Christ but figured and described in ceremonies, in riddles, in -parables and in dark prophecies. What is the cause that we may not -have the Old Testament with the New also, which is the light of the -old, and wherein is openly declared before the eyes that there was -darkly prophesied? I can imagine no cause verily, except it be that we -should not see the work of Antichrist and juggling of hypocrites. What -should be the cause that we which walk in the broad day should not see -as well as they that walked in the night, or that we should not see as -well at noon as they did in the twilight? Came Christ to make the -world more blind? By this means, Christ is the darkness of the world, -and not the light as he saith himself, John viii. - -Moreover, Moses saith, Deutero. vi, "Hear, Israel, let these words -which I command thee this day stick fast in thine heart, and whet them -on thy children, and talk of them as thou sittest in thine house and -as thou walkest by the way and when thou liest down and when thou -risest up, and bind them for a token of thine hand, and let them be a -remembrance between thine eyes, and write them on the posts and gates -of thine house." This was commanded generally unto all men. How cometh -it that God's word pertaineth less unto us than unto them? Yea, how -cometh it that our Moseses forbid us and command us the contrary, and -threat us if we do, and will not that we once speak of God's word? How -can we whet God's word (that is put in practise, use and exercise) -upon our children and household, when we are violently kept from it -and know it not? How can we (as Peter commandeth) give a reason for -our hope, when we wot not what it is that God hath promised or what to -hope? Moses also commandeth in the said chapter: if the son ask what -the testimonies, laws and observances of the Lord mean, that the -father teach him. If our children ask what our ceremonies (which are -no more than the Jewses were) mean, no father can tell his son. And in -the xi chapter he repeateth all again, for fear of forgetting. - -They will say haply "the Scripture requireth a pure mind and a quiet -mind. And therefore the lay-man, because he is altogether cumbered -with worldly business, cannot understand them." If that be the cause, -then it is a plain case that our prelates understand not the -Scriptures themselves. For no lay-man is so tangled with worldly -business as they are. The great things of the world are ministered by -them. Neither do the lay people any great thing but at their -assignment. - -"If the Scripture were in the mother tongue," they will say, "then -would the lay people understand it every man after his own ways." -Wherefore serveth the curate but to teach them the right way? -Wherefore were the holidays made but that the people should come and -learn? Are ye not abominable schoolmasters in that ye take so great -wages, if ye will not teach? If ye would teach, how could ye do it so -well and with so great profit as when the lay people have the -Scripture before them in their mother tongue? For then should they -see, by the order of the text, whether thou juggledest or not. And -then would they believe it because it is the Scripture of God, though -thy living be never so abominable. Where now, because your living and -your preaching are so contrary and because they grope out in every -sermon your open and manifest lies and smell your unsatiable -covetousness, they believe you not when you preach truth. But alas, -the curates themselves (for the most part) wot no more what the New or -Old Testament meaneth than do the Turks. Neither know they of any more -than that they read at masse, matins, and evensong, which yet they -understand not. Neither care they but even to mumble up so much every -day (as the pie and popinjay speak they wot not what) to fill their -bellies with all. If they will not let the lay-man have the word of -God in his mother tongue, yet let the priests have it, which, for a -great part of them, do understand no Latin at all; but sing and say -and patter all day with the lips only that which the heart -understandeth not. - - - - -ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE BURNT (1529). - -+Source.+--Edward Hall's _Henry VIII_. Grafton's Edition, 1548.[41] - - -Here is to be remembered, that at this present time, William Tindale -had newly translated and imprinted the New Testament in English, and -the Bishop of London, not pleased with the translation thereof, -debated with himself, how he might compass and devise to destroy that -false and erroneous translation, (as he said). And so it happened that -one Augustine Packington, a Mercer and Merchant of London, and of -great honesty, the same time was in Antwerp, where the Bishop then -was, and this Packington was a man that highly favoured William -Tindale, but to the bishop utterly showed himself to the contrary. The -bishop desirous to have his purpose brought to pass, communed of the -New Testament, and how gladly he would buy them. Packington then -hearing that he wished for, said unto the bishop, my Lord, if it be -your pleasure, I can in this matter do more, I dare say, than most of -the Merchants of England that are here, for I know the Dutchmen and -strangers, that have bought them of Tyndale, and have them here to -sell, so that if it be your lordship's pleasure, to pay for them (for -otherwise I cannot come by them, but I must disburse money for them) I -will then assure you, to have every book of them, that is imprinted -and is here unsold. The Bishop thinking that he had God by the toe, -when indeed he had (as after he thought) the Devil by the fist, said, -gentle Master Packington, do your diligence and get them, and with all -my heart I will pay for them, whatsoever they cost you, for the books -are erroneous and naughty, and I intend surely to destroy them all, -and to burn them at Paul's Cross. Augustine Packington came to William -Tyndale and said, William I know thou art a poor man, and hast a heap -of new Testaments and books by thee for the which thou hast both -endangered thy friends, and beggared thyself, and I have now gotten -thee a Merchant, which with ready money shall dispatch thee of all -that thou hast, if you think it so profitable for yourself. Who is the -merchant, said Tyndale. The bishop of London, said Packington. O that -is because he will burn them, said Tyndale. Yea Mary, quod Packington. -I am the gladder, said Tyndale, for these two benefits shall come -thereof, I shall get money of him for these books, to bring myself out -of debt, and the whole world shall cry out upon the burning of God's -word. And the overplus of the money that shall remain to me, shall -make me more studious, to correct the said New Testament, and so newly -to imprint the same once again, and I trust the second will much -better like you, than ever did the first: And so forward went the -bargain, the bishop had the books, Packington the thanks, and Tyndale -had the money. Afterwards, when more new Testaments were imprinted, -they came thick and threefold into England. The bishop of London -hearing that still there were so many New Testaments abroad, sent for -Augustine Packington and said unto him: Sir, how cometh this that -there are so many New Testaments abroad, and you promised and assured -me that you had bought all? Then said Packington, I promise you I -bought all that there was to be had: but I perceive they have made -more since, and it will never be better, as long as they have the -letters and stamps; therefore it were best for your lordship, to buy -the stamps too, and then are you sure: the bishop smiled at him and -said, Well Packington, well. And so ended this matter. - -[Footnote 41: No reference has been given to the paging, as it is -improbable that readers will have access to the Grafton Edition. -Should there be need for further reference to Hall's Life, no -difficulty will be found, as in all editions each year has a separate -chapter.] - - - - -TWO LETTERS WRITTEN BY KING HENRY TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, FOR -THEIR OPINION IN THE CAUSE OF HIS MARRIAGE (1529). - - -LETTER I. BY THE KING. - -+Source.+--Burnet's _History of the Reformation_, Book III.; -_Collection of Records_, Book II. No 17. - -Trusty and well beloved subjects, we greet you well. And whereas we -have, for an high and weighty cause of ours, not only consulted many -and substantial well learned men within our Realm and without, for -certain considerations our conscience moving, we think it also very -convenient to feel the minds of you amongst you in our University of -Oxenford, which be erudite in the faculty of Divinity, to the intent -we may perceive of what conformity ye be with the others, which -marvellously both wisely and substantially have declared to us their -intent and mind: not doubting but that ye for the allegiance and -fidelity that ye are bound unto us in, will as sincerely and truly -without any abuse declare your minds and conscience in this behalf, as -any of the other have done. Wherefore we will and command you, that ye -not leaning to wilful and sinister opinions of your own several minds, -not giving credence to misreports and sinister opinions or -persuasions, considering we be your sovereign Liege Lord, totally -giving your true mind and affection to the true overture of Divine -learning in this behalf, do shew and declare your true and just -learning in the said cause, like as ye will abide by; wherein ye shall -not only please Almighty God, but also us your Liege Lord. And we for -your so doing shall be to you and our University there so good and -gracious a Sovereign Lord for the same, as ye shall perceive it well -employed to your well fortune to come; in case you do not uprightly -according to Divine Learning hand yourselves herein, ye may be -assured, that we, not without great cause, shall so quickly and -sharply look to your unnatural misdemeanour herein, that it shall not -be to your quietness and ease hereafter. Wherefore we heartily pray -you, that according both to Duty to God and your Prince, you set apart -all untrue and sinister informations, and accommodate yourselves to -mere truth as it becometh true subjects to do; assuring you that those -that do, shall be esteemed and set forth, and the contrary neglected -and little set by: trusting that now you know our mind and pleasure, -we shall see such conformity among you, that we shall hereof take -great consolation and comfort, to the great allegement of our -conscience; willing and commanding you among you to give perfect -credence to my Lord of Lincoln our Confessor in this behalf and -matter: and in all things which he shall declare unto you or cause to -be declared in our behalf, to make unto us either by him or the -authentic letters full answer and resolution, which, your duties -well-remembered, we doubt not but that it shall be our high contention -and pleasure. - - Given under, etc. - - -LETTER II. BY THE KING. - -Trusty and well-beloved, we greet you well. And of late being -informed, to our no little marvel and discontentation, that a great -part of the youth of that our University with contentious factions and -manner, daily combining together, neither regarding their duty to us -their Sovereign Lord, nor yet conforming themselves to the opinions -and orders of the virtuous, wise, sage, and profound learned men of -that University, wilfully to stick upon the opinion to have a great -number of regents and non-regents to be associate unto the doctors, -proctors, and Bachelors of Divinity, for the determination of our -question; which we believe hath not been often seen, that such a -number of right small learning in regard to the other, should be -joined with so famous a sort, or in a manner stay their seniors in so -weighty a cause: which as we think should be no small dishonour to our -University there, but most especially to you the seniors and rulers of -the same, assuring you that this their unnatural and unkind demeanour -is not only right much to our displeasure, but much to be marvelled -of, upon what ground and occasion they being our mere subjects, should -show themselves more unkind and wilful in this matter, than all other -universities both in this and in all other regions do. Finally, we -trusting in the dexterity and wisdom of you and other the said -discreet and substantial learned men of that University, be in perfect -hope, that ye will condemn and frame the said young persons unto good -order and conformity, as it becometh you to do. Wherefore we be -desirous to hear with incontinent diligence, and doubt you not we -shall regard the demeanour of everyone of the University, according to -their merits and deserts. And if the youth of the University will play -masteries, as they begin to do, we doubt not but that they shall well -perceive that _non est bonum irritare crabrones_. - - Given under, etc. - - - - -CARDINAL CAMPEGGIO'S JUDGMENT ON THE DIVORCE OF QUEEN KATHARINE (1529). - -+Source.+--Cavendish's _Life of Wolsey_, p. 229. - - -"I will give no judgement herein until I have made relation unto the -Pope of all our proceedings, whose counsel and commandment in this -high case I will observe. The case is too high and notable known -throughout the world, for us to give any hasty judgement, considering -the highness of the persons and the doubtful allegations; and also -whose commissioners we be, and under whose authority we sit here. It -was therefore reason, that we should make our chief head of counsel in -the same, before we proceed to judgement definitive. I come not so far -to please any man, for fear, meed, or favour, be he king or any other -potentate. I have no such respect to the persons that I will offend my -conscience. I will not for favour or displeasure of any high estate or -mighty prince do that thing that should be against the law of God. I -am an old man, both sick and impotent, looking daily for death. What -should it then avail me to put my soul in the danger of God's -displeasure, to my utter damnation, for the favour of any prince or -high estate in this world? My coming and being here is only to see -justice ministered according to my conscience, as I thought thereby -the matter either good or bad. And for as much as I do understand, and -having perceivance by the allegations and negations in this matter -laid for both the parties, that the truth in this case is very -doubtful to be known, and also that the party defendant will make no -answer thereunto, but doth rather appeal from us, supposing that we be -not indifferent, considering the king's high dignity and authority -within his own realm which he hath over his own subjects; and we being -his subjects, and having our livings and dignities in the same, she -thinketh that we cannot minister true and indifferent justice for fear -of his displeasure. Therefore to avoid all these ambiguities and -obscure doubts, I intend not to damn my soul for no prince nor -potentate alive. I will therefore, God willing, wade no farther in -this matter, unless I have the just opinion and judgement, with the -assent of the pope, and such other of his counsel as hath more -experience and learning in such doubtful laws than I have. Wherefore I -will adjourn this court for this time, according to the order of the -court in Rome, from whence this court and jurisdiction is derived. And -if we should go further than our commission doth warrant us, it were -folly and vain, and much to our slander and blame; and we might be -accounted the same breakers of this order of the higher court from -whence we have (as I said) our original authorities." - - - - -ANNE BOLEYN'S HATRED OF WOLSEY (1529). - -+Source.+--Cavendish's _Life of Wolsey_ (published by Harding and -Lepard, 1827), p. 241. - - -And as I[42] heard it reported by them that waited upon the king at -dinner, that Mistress Anne Boleyn was much offended with the King, as -far as she durst, that he so gently entertained my lord, saying, as -she sat with the King at dinner, in communication of him, "Sir," quoth -she, "is it not a marvellous thing to consider what debt and danger -the cardinal hath brought you in with all your subjects?" "How so, -sweetheart?" quoth the King. "Forsooth," quoth she, "there is not a -man in all your realm, worth five pounds, but he hath indebted you -unto him," (meaning by a loan that the king had but late of his -subjects). "Well, well," quoth the King, "as for that there is in him -no blame; for I know that matter better than you, or any other." "Nay, -Sir," quoth she, "besides all that, what things hath he wrought within -this realm to your great slander and dishonour? There is never a -nobleman within this realm that if he had done but half so much as he -hath done, but he were well worthy to lose his head. If my Lord of -Norfolk, my Lord of Suffolk, my lord my father, or any other noble -person within your realm, had done much less than he, but they should -have lost their heads ere this." "Why, then, I perceive," quoth the -king, "ye are not the Cardinal's friend?" "Forsooth, Sir," then quoth -she, "I have no cause, nor any other that loveth your grace, no more -have your grace if ye consider well his doings." - -[Footnote 42: "I" refers to Cavendish, who was Wolsey's Gentleman Usher.] - - - - -WOLSEY'S FALL (1529). - -+Source.+--Cavendish's _Life of Wolsey_, p. 246. - - -After Cardinal Campeggio was thus departed and gone, Michaelmas Term -drew near, against the which my lord returned unto his house at -Westminster; and when the Term began, he went to the Hall in such like -sort and gesture as he was wont most commonly to do, and sat in the -Chancery, being Chancellor. After which day he never sat there more. -The next day he tarried at home, expecting the coming of the Dukes of -Suffolk and Norfolk, who came not that day: but the next day they came -thither unto him: to whom they declared how the king's pleasure was -that he should surrender and deliver up the great seal into their -hands, and to depart simply unto Asher, (Esher) a house situate nigh -Hampton Court, belonging to the Bishoprick of Winchester. My lord, -understanding their message, demanded of them what commission they had -to give him any such commandment, who answered him again, that they -were sufficient commissioners in that behalf, having the King's -commandment by his mouth so to do. "Yet," quoth he, "that is not -sufficient for me, without further commandment of the King's pleasure; -for the great seal of England was delivered me by the King's own -person, to enjoy during my life, with the ministration of the office -and high room of Chancellorship of England: for my surety whereof, I -have the King's letters patent to show." Which matter was greatly -debated between the Dukes and him, with many stout words between them; -whose words and checks he took in patience for the time; in so much -that the dukes were fain to depart again, without their purpose at -that present: and returned again unto Windsor to the King: and what -report they made I cannot tell; howbeit the next day they came again -from the King, bringing with them the King's letters. After the -receipt and reading of the same by my lord, which was done with much -reverence, he delivered unto them, the great seal, contented to obey -the King's high commandment: and seeing that the King's pleasure was -to take his house, with the contents, was well pleased simply to -depart to Asher, taking nothing but only some provision for his house. - - - - -A LETTER WRITTEN BY CARDINAL WOLSEY TO -DR. STEPHEN GARDNER (1530). - -+Source.+--Cavendish's _Life of Wolsey_ (published by Harding and -Lepard, 1827), p. 474. - - - MY OWN GOOD MASTER SECRETARY, - -After my most hearty commendations I pray you at the reverence of God -to help, that expedition be used in my pursuits, the delay whereof so -replenisheth my heart with heaviness, that I can take no rest; not for -any vain fear, but only for the miserable condition that I am -presently in, and likelihood to continue in the same, unless that you, -in whom is my assured trust do help and relieve me therein; For first, -continuing here in this moist and corrupt air, being entered into the -passion of the dropsy, _Cum prostatione appetitus et continuo -insomnio_. I cannot live: Wherefore of necessity I must be removed to -some other dryer air and place, where I may have commodity of -physicians. Secondly, having but Yorke, which is now decayed, by L800 -by the year, I cannot tell how to live, and keep the poor number of -folks which I now have, my houses there be in decay, and of everything -meet for household unprovided and furnished. I have no apparel for my -houses there, nor money to bring me thither, nor to live with till the -propice time of the year shall come to remove thither. These things -considered, Mr. Secretary, must needs make me in agony and heaviness, -mine age therewith and sickness considered, alas Mr. Secretary, ye -with other my lords showed me, that I should otherwise be furnished -and seen unto, ye know in your learning and conscience, whether I -should forfeit my spiritualities of Winchester or no. Alas! the -qualities of mine offences considered, with the great punishment and -loss of goods that I have sustained, ought to move pitiful hearts; and -the most noble king, to whom if it would please you of your charitable -goodness to show the premises after your accustomed wisdom and -dexterity, it is not to be doubted, but his highness would have -consideration and compassion, augmenting my living, and appointing -such thing as should be convenient for my furniture, which to do shall -be to the king's high honour, merit, and discharge of conscience, and -to you great praise for the bringing of the same to pass for your old -bringer up and loving friend. This kindness exhibited from the king's -highness shall prolong my life for some little while, though it shall -not be long, by the means whereof his grace shall take profit, and by -my death not. What is it to his Highness to give some convenient -portion out of Winchester, and St. Albans, his Grace taking with my -hearty good will the residue. Remember, good Mr. Secretary, my poor -degree, and what service I have done, and how now approaching to -death, I must begin the world again. I beseech you therefore, moved -with pity and compassion, succour me in this my calamity, and to your -power which I know is great, relieve me; and I with all mine shall not -only ascribe this my relief unto you, but also pray to God for the -increase of your honour, and as my poor shall increase, so I shall not -fail to requite your kindness. Written hastily at Asher,[43] with the -rude and shaking hand of - - Your daily bedesman - and assured friend, - T. CARLIS EBOR. - - To the right honourable - and my assured friend, Master Secretary. - -[Footnote 43: Esher.] - - - - -THE KING'S LAST LETTER TO THE POPE (1532). - -+Source.+--Burnet's _History of the Reformation_, Part I.; _Collection -of Records_, Book II. xlii. - - -"After most humble commendations, and most devout kissing of your -blessed feet. Albeit that we have hitherto deferred to make answer to -those letters dated at Bonony, the 7th day of October; which letters -of late were delivered unto us by Paul of Casali. Yet when they appear -to be written for this cause, that we deeply considering the contents -of the same, should provide for the tranquillity of our own -conscience, and should purge such scruples and doubts conceived of our -cause of Matrimony. We could neither neglect those letters sent for -such a purpose, nor after that we had diligently examined and -perpended the effects of the same, which we did very diligently, -noting, conferring and revolving every thing in them contained, with -deep study of mind, pretermit nor leave to answer unto them. For since -that your Holiness seemeth to go about that thing chiefly, which is to -vanquish those doubts, and to take away inquietations which daily do -prick our conscience: and insomuch as it doth appear at the first -sight to be done of zeal, love and piety, we therefore do thank you of -your good will. Howbeit since it is not performed in deed, that you -pretend, we have thought it expedient to require your Holiness to -provide us other remedies: wherefore forasmuch as your Holiness would -vouchsafe to write unto us concerning this matter, we heartily thank -you greatly lamenting also both the chance of your Holiness and also -ours, unto whom both twain it hath chanced in so high a matter of so -great moment to be frustrated and deceived: that is to say, that your -Holiness not being instructed, nor having knowledge of the matter, of -your self should be compelled to hang upon the judgement of others, -and so put forth and make answers, gathered of other men, being -variable and repugnant among themselves. And that we being so long -sick and exagitate with this same sore, should so long time in vain -look for remedy: which when we have augmented our aegritude and -distress, by delay and protracting of time, you do so cruciate the -patient and afflicted as who seeth it should much avail to protract -the cause, and thorough vain hope of the end of our desire to lead us -whither you will. But to speak plainly to your Holiness; forasmuch as -we have suffered many injuries, which with great difficulty we do -sustain and digest; albeit that among all things passed by your -Holiness, some cannot be laid, alleged, nor objected against your -Holiness, yet in many of them some default appeareth to be in you, -which I would to God we could so diminish as it might appear no -default; but it cannot be hid, which is so manifest and though we -could say nothing, the thing itself speaketh. But as to that that is -affirmed in your letters, both of God's law, and man's, otherwise than -is necessary and truth, let that be ascribed to the temerity and -ignorance of your Counsellors, and your Holiness to be without all -default save only for that you do not admit more discreet and learned -men to be your Counsellors, and stop the mouths of them which -liberally would speak the truth. This truly is your default, and -verily a great fault, worthy to be alienated and abhorred of Christ's -Vicar, in that you have dealt so variably, yea, rather so inconstantly -and deceivably. Be ye not angry with my words and let it be lawful for -me to speak the truth without displeasure; if your Holiness shall be -displeased with that we do rehearse, impute no default in us, but in -your own deeds, which deeds have so molested and troubled us -wrongfully that we speak now unwillingly, and as enforced thereunto. -Never was there any prince so handled by a Pope, as your Holiness hath -intreated us. First when our cause was proponed to your Holiness, when -it was explicated and declared afore the same; when certain doubts in -it were resolved by your Counsellors, and all things discussed, it was -required that answer might be made thereunto by the order of the Law. -There was offered a commission, with a promise also that the same -commission should not be revoked; and whatsoever sentence should be -given, should straight without delay be confirmed. The judges were -sent unto us, the promise was delivered to us, subscribed with your -Holiness' hand; which avouched to confirm the sentence and not to -revoke the Commission, nor grant anything else that might let the -same; and finally to bring us in a greater hope, a certain Commission -Decretal, defining the cause, was delivered to the Judges' hands. If -your Holiness did grant us all these things justly, you did injustly -revoke them; and if by good and truth the same was granted, they were -not made frustrate or annihilate without fraud; so as if there were no -deceit nor fraud in the revocation, then how wrongfully and subtly -have been done those things that have been done! Whether will your -Holiness say, that you might do those things that you have done, or -that you might not do them? If you will say that you might do them, -where then is the faith which becometh a friend, yea, and much more a -Pope to have those things not being performed, which lawfully were -promised? And if you will say that you might not do them, have we not -then very just cause to mistrust those medicines and remedies with -which in your letters you go about to heal our conscience, especially -in that we may perceive and see those remedies to be prepared for us, -not to relieve the sickness and disease of our mind, but for other -means, pleasures and worldly respects? And as it should seem -profitable that we should ever continue in hope or despair, so always -the remedy is attempted; so that we being always a-healing, and never -healed, should be sick still. And this truly was the chief cause why -we did consult and take the advice of every learned man, being free -without all affection, that the truth (which now with our labour and -study we seem partly to have attained) by their judgements more -manifestly divulged, we might more at large perceive; whose judgements -and opinions it is easy to see how much they differ from that, that -those few men of yours do shew unto you, and by those your letters is -signified. Those few men of yours do affirm the prohibition of our -marriage to be inducted only by the law positive, as your Holiness has -also written in your letters; but all others say the prohibition to be -inducted, both by the law of God and Nature. Those men of yours do -suggest, that it may be dispensed for avoiding all slanders. The -others utterly do contend, that by no means it is lawful to dispense -with that, that God and Nature have forbidden. We do separate from our -cause the authority of the See Apostolic, which we do perceive to be -destitute of that learning whereby it should be directed; and because -your Holiness doth ever profess your ignorance and is wont to speak of -other men's mouths, we do confer the sayings of those, with the -sayings of them that be of the contrary opinion; for to confer the -reasons it were too long. But now the Universities of Cambridge, -Oxford in our realms; Paris, Orleans, Biturisen,[44] Andegavon[45] in -France; and Bonony[46] in Italy, by one consent; and also divers other -of the most famous and learned men, being freed from all affection, -and only moved in respect of verity, partly in Italy, and partly in -France, do affirm the Marriage of the brother with the brother's wife -to be contrary both to the Law of God and Nature, and also do -pronounce that no dispensation can be lawful or available to any -Christian man in that behalf. But others think the contrary by whose -counsels your Holiness hath done that, that since you have confessed -you could not do, in promising to us as we have above rehearsed, and -giving that Commission to the Cardinal Campeggio to be shewed unto us; -and after, if it so should seem profitable to burn it, as afterwards -it was done indeed as we have perceived. Furthermore, those which so -do moderate the power of your Holiness, that they do affirm that the -same cannot take away the Appellation which is used by man's law and -yet is available to Divine matters everywhere without distinction. No -princes heretofore have more highly esteemed, nor honoured the See -Apostolic than we have, wherefore we be the more sorry to be provoked -to this contention which to our usage and nature is most alienate and -abhorred. Those things so cruel we write very heavily, and more glad -would have been to have been silent if we might, and would have left -your authority untouched with a good will and constrained to seek the -verity, we fell, against our will into this contention, but the -sincerity of the truth prohibited us to keep silence and what should -we do in so great and many perplexities! For truly if we should obey -the letters of your Holiness in that they do affirm that we know to be -otherwise, we should offend God and our conscience and we should be a -great slander to them that do the contrary, which be a great number, -as we have before rehearsed. Also, if we should dissent from those -things which your Holiness doth pronounce we would account it not -lawful, if there were not a cause to defend the fact as we now do, -being compelled by necessity, lest we should seem to contemn the -Authority of the See Apostolic. Therefore, your Holiness ought to take -it in good part though we do somewhat at large and more liberally -speak in this cause which does so oppress us, especially forasmuch as -we pretend none atrocity, nor use no rhetoric in the exaggerating and -increasing the indignity of the matter; but if I speak of anything -that toucheth the quick, it proceedeth of the mere verity, which we -cannot nor ought not to hide in this cause, for it toucheth not -worldly things but divine, not frail but eternal; in which things no -feigned, false nor painted reasons, but only the truth shall obtain -and take place; and God is the truth to whom we are bound to obey -rather than to men; and nevertheless we cannot but obey unto men also, -as we were wont to do, unless there be an express cause why we should -not, which by those our letters we now do to your Holiness, and we do -it with charity, not intending to spread it abroad nor yet further to -impugn your authority, unless you do compel us; albeit also, that that -we do, doth not impugn your authority, but confirmeth the same, which -we revocate to its first foundations; and better it is in the middle -way to return than always to run forth headlong and do ill. Wherefore -if your Holiness do regard or esteem the tranquillity of our mind, let -the same be established with verity which hath been brought to light -by the consent of so many learned men; so shall your Holiness reduce -and bring us to a certainty and quietness, and shall deliver us from -all anxiety, and shall provide both for us and our realm and finally -shall do your office and duty. The residue of our affairs we have -committed to our Ambassadors to be propounded unto you, to whom we -beseech your Holiness to give credence, etc." - -[Footnote 44: Bourges.] - -[Footnote 45: Anjou.] - -[Footnote 46: Bologna.] - - - - -THE SUBMISSION OF THE CLERGY AND RESTRAINT OF APPEALS (1534). - -+Source.+--25 H. VIII. cap. 19. (_Statutes of the Realm_, III 469.) - - -... And be it further enacted by authority aforesaid, that from the -Feast of Easter, which shall be in the year of our Lord God, 1534, no -manner of appeals shall be had, provoked, or made out of this realm, -or out of any of the King's Dominions, to the Bishop of Rome, nor to -the See of Rome, in any causes or matters happening to be in -contention, and having their commencement or beginning in any of the -courts within this realm, or within any of the King's dominions, of -what nature, condition, or quality soever they be of; but that all -manner of appeals, of what nature or condition soever they be of, or -what cause or matter soever they concern, shall be made and had by the -parties agreed, or having cause of appeal, after such manner, form and -condition, as is limited for appeals to be had and prosecuted within -this realm in causes of matrimony, tithes, oblations and observations, -by a statute made and established since the beginning of this present -Parliament, and according to the form and effect of the said statute: -any usage, custom, prescription or any thing or things to the contrary -hereof notwithstanding. - -And for lack of justice at or in any the courts of the Archbishops of -this realm, or in any the king's dominions, it shall be lawful to the -parties grieved to appeal to the King's Majesty in the King's Court of -Chancery; and that upon every such appeal, a commission shall be -directed under the great seal to such persons as shall be named under -the King's Highness, his heirs or successors, like as in case of -appeal from the Admiral's Court, to hear and definitely determine such -appeals and the causes concerning the same. Which commissioners, or -appointed, shall have full power and authority to hear and so by the -King's Highness, his heirs or successors, to be named definitively -determine every such appeal, with the causes and all circumstances -concerning the same; and that such judgement and sentence as the said -commissioners shall make and decree, in and upon any such appeal, -shall be good and effectual, and also definitive; and no further -appeals to be had or made from the said commissioners for the same. - - - - -THE ECCLESIASTICAL APPOINTMENTS ACT. THE ABSOLUTE RESTRAINT OF -ANNATES, ELECTION OF BISHOPS AND LETTERS MISSIVE ACT (1534). - -+Source.+--25 H. VIII. cap. 21. (_Statutes of the Realm_, III. 462.) - - -And for as much as in the said Act it is not only plainly and -certainly expressed in what manner and fashion archbishops and bishops -shall be elected, presented, invested, and consecrated within this -realm and in all other the King's Dominions; be it now therefore -enacted by the King our sovereign Lord, by the assent of the Lords -spiritual and temporal, and the Commons, in this Present Parliament -assembled, and by the authority of the same, that the said Act, and -everything herein contained shall be and stand in strength, virtue, -and effect; except only, that no person or persons hereafter shall be -presented, nominated, or commended to the said Bishop of Rome, -otherwise called the Pope, or to the See of Rome, to or for the -dignity or office of any archbishop or bishop within this realm, or in -any other the King's Dominions, nor shall send nor procure there for -any manner of bulls, briefs, palls or other things requisite for an -archbishop or bishop, nor shall pay any sums of money for Annates, -first-fruits or otherwise, for expedition of any such bulls, briefs or -palls; but that by the authority of this act, such presenting, -nominating, or commending to the said Bishop of Rome, or to the See of -Rome, and such bulls, briefs, palls, annates, first-fruits, and every -other sums of money heretofore limited, accustomed, or used to be paid -at the said See of Rome, for procuration or expedition of any such -bulls, briefs or palls, or other thing concerning the same, shall -utterly cease and no longer be used within this realm or within any of -the King's Dominions: anything contained in the said Act -aforementioned, or any use, custom, or prescription to the contrary -thereof notwithstanding. - - - - -ACT FORBIDDING PAPAL DISPENSATIONS AND THE PAYMENT OF PETER'S PENCE -(1534). - -+Source.+--25 H. VIII. cap. 21. (_Statutes of the Realm_, III. 464.) - - -For where this your Grace's realm recognizing no superior under God, -but only your Grace, has been and is free from subjection to any man's -laws, but only to such as have been devised, made, and ordained within -this realm, for the wealth of the same, or to such other as, by -sufferance of your Grace and your progenitors, the people of this your -realm have taken at their free liberty, by their own consent, to be -used amongst them, and have bound themselves by long use and custom to -the observance of the same, not as to the observance of the laws of -any foreign prince, potentate, or prelate, but to the accustomed and -ancient laws of this realm, originally established as laws of the -same, by the said sufferance, consents, and custom, none otherwise. - - - - -FIRST ACT OF SUCCESSION (1534). - -+Source.+--25 H. VIII. cap. 22. (_Statutes of the Realm_, III. 471.) - - -... In consideration whereof, your said most humble and obedient -subjects, the nobles and Commons of this realm, calling further to -their remembrance that the good unity, peace and wealth of this realm, -and the succession of the subjects of the same, most especially and -principally above all worldly things consists and rests in the -certainty and surety of the procreation and posterity of your -Highness, in whose most royal person, at this present time, is no -manner of doubt nor question; do therefore most humbly beseech your -Highness, that it may please your Majesty, that it may be enacted by -your Highness, with the assent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, -and the Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the -authority of the same, that the marriage heretofore solemnized between -your Highness and the Lady Katherine, being before lawful wife to -Prince Arthur, your elder brother, shall be, by authority of this -Present Parliament, definitively, clearly and absolutely declared, -deemed, and adjudged to be against the laws of Almighty God, and also -accepted, reputed, and taken of no value nor effect, but utterly void -and annulled, and the separation, thereof, made by the said -Archbishop, shall be good and effectual to all intents and purposes; -any licence, dispensation, or any other act or acts going afore, or -ensuing the same, or to the contrary thereof, in anywise -notwithstanding; and that every such licence, dispensation, act or -acts, thing or things heretofore had, made and done or to be done, to -the contrary thereof, shall be void and of none effect; and that the -said Lady Katherine shall be henceforth called and reputed only -dowager to Prince Arthur, and not Queen of this realm, and that the -lawful matrimony had and solemnized between your highness and your -most dear and entirely beloved wife Queen Anne, shall be established, -and taken for undoubtful, true, sincere, and perfect ever hereafter, -according to the just judgement of the said Thomas, Archbishop of -Canterbury, metropolitan and primate of all this realm, whose grounds -of judgement have been confirmed, as well by the whole clergy of this -realm in both the Convocations, and by both the universities thereof, -as by the Universities of Bologna, Padua, Paris, Orleans, Toulouse, -Anjou, and divers others, and also by the private writings of many -right excellent well-learned men; which grounds so confirmed, and -judgement of the said Archbishop ensuring the same, together with your -marriage solemnized between your Highness and your said lawful wife -Queen Anne, we your said subjects, both spiritual and temporal, do -purely, plainly, constantly, and firmly accept, approve and ratify for -good and consonant to the laws of Almighty God, without end or -default, most humbly beseeching your Majesty, that it may be so -established for ever by your most gracious and royal assent. - - - - -THE SUPREMACY ACT (1534). - -+Source.+--25 H. VIII. cap. I. (_Statutes of the Realm_, III. 492.) - - -Albeit the King's Majesty justly and rightfully is and ought to be the -supreme head of the Church of England, and so is recognized by the -clergy of this realm in their Convocations, yet nevertheless for -corroboration and confirmation thereof, and for increase of virtue in -Christ's religion within this realm of England, and to repress and -extirpate errors, heresies, and other enormities and abuses heretofore -used in the same; be it enacted by the authority of this present -parliament, that the king our sovereign lord, his heir and successors, -kings of this realm, shall be taken, accepted and reputed the only -supreme head in earth of the Church of England, called Anglicana -Ecclesia: and shall have and enjoy, annexed and united to the imperial -crown of this realm, as well the title and style thereof, as all -honours, dignities, pre-eminences, jurisdictions, privileges, -authorities, immunities, profits and commodities to the said dignity -of supreme head of the same Church belonging and appertaining. And -that our said sovereign lord, his heirs and successors, kings of this -realm, shall have full power and authority from time to time to visit, -repress, redress, reform, order, correct, restrain, and amend all such -errors, heresies, abuses, offences, contempts, and enormities, -whatsoever they be, which by any manner, spiritual authority or -jurisdiction ought or may lawfully be reformed, repressed, ordered, -redressed, corrected, restrained, or amended, most to the pleasure of -Almighty God, the increase of virtue in Christ's religion, and for the -conservation of the peace, unity, and tranquillity of this realm; any -usage, custom, foreign law, foreign authority, prescription or any -other thing or things to the contrary hereof notwithstanding. - - - - -LETTERS OF HENRY VIII. TO ANNE BOLEYN. - -CIRC. 1534. - -+Source.+--_Henry VIII. Lettres a Anne Boleyn._ Crapelet, Paris. - - -Letter XII. - -There came to me in the night the most afflicting news possible. For I -have reason to grieve upon three accounts. First, because I heard of -the sickness of my mistress, whom I esteem more than all the world, -whose health I desire as much as my own, and the half of whose -sickness I would willingly bear to have her cured. Secondly, because I -fear I shall suffer yet longer that tedious absence, which has -hitherto given me all possible uneasiness, and, as far as I can judge, -is like to give me more. I pray God he would deliver me from so -troublesome a tormentor. The third reason is, because the Physician, -in whom I trust most, is absent at present, when he could do me the -greatest pleasure. For I should hope by him and his means, to obtain -one of my principal joys in this world, that is my mistress cured; -however, in default of him, I send you the second, and the only one -left, praying God that he may soon make you well, and then I shall -love Him more than ever. I beseech you to be governed by his advices -with relation to your illness; by your doing which, I hope shortly to -see you again, which will be to me a greater cordial than all precious -stones in the world. Written by the Secretary who is, and always will -be, - - H. (AB) Rex. - - - - -THE SWEATING SICKNESS. - -+Source.+--_Henry VIII. Lettres a Anne Boleyn._ Crapelet, Paris. - - -Letter XIII. - -Since your last letters, mine own darling, Walter Welsh, Master Brown, -John Case, John Cork the pothecary be fallen of the sweat in this -house, and, thanked be God, all well recovered, so that as yet the -plague is not fully ceased here; but I trust shortly it shall. By the -mercy of God the rest of us yet be well, and I trust shall pass it, -either not to have it, or at the least as easily as the rest have -done.... As touching your abode at Herne, do therein as best shall -like you; for you know best what air does best with you; but I would -it were come thereto (if it pleased God), that neither of us need care -for that; for I ensure you I think it long. Suche is fallen sick of -the sweat; and therefore I send you this bearer, because I think you -long to hear tidings from us, as we do likewise from you. Written with -the hand _de votre seul_. - - H. Rex. - - - - -QUEEN ANN BOLEYN TO KING HENRY, FROM THE TOWER, MAY 6 (1536). - -+Source.+--From Appendix to Burnet's _History of the Reformation_, -Vol. I., p. 154. - - - SIR, - -Your Grace's displeasure, and my imprisonment, are things so strange -unto me, as what to write, or what to excuse I am altogether ignorant. -Whereas you send unto me (willing me to confess in truth, and so to -obtain your favour), by such a one whom you know to be my ancient -professed enemy; I no sooner receive this message, than I rightly -conceive your meaning: and, if as you say, confessing a truth indeed -may procure my safety, I shall with all willingness and duty perform -your command. But let not your Grace ever imgaine that your poor wife -will ever be brought to acknowledge a fault, when not so much as a -thought ever proceeded: and to speak a truth, never Prince had wife -more loyal in all duty, and in all true affection, than you have ever -found in Anne Bullen; with which name and place I could willingly have -contented myself, if God and your Grace's pleasure had so been -pleased. Neither did I at any time forget myself in my Exaltation, or -received queenship, but that I always looked for such an alteration as -now I find, the ground of my preferment being on no surer foundation -than your Grace's fancy, the least alteration whereof, I knew, was fit -and sufficient to draw that fancy to some other subject. - -You have chosen me from a low estate to be your Queen and Companion, -far beyond my desert or my desire: if then you find me worthy of such -Honour, Good your Grace, let not any light fancy, or bad counsel of my -enemies, withdraw your princely favour from me; neither let that -stain, that unworthy stain of a disloyal heart towards your Good -Grace, ere cast so foul a blot on your most dutiful wife, and the -infant princess your daughter. Try me, good king, but let me have a -lawful trial; and let not my sworn enemies sit as my accusers and -judge, yea, let me receive an open trial, for my truths shall fear no -open shames; then shall you see, either my innocency cleared, your -suspicion and conscience satisfied, the ignominy and slander of the -world stopped, or my guilt openly declared: so that whatsoever God or -you may determine of me, your Grace is at liberty, both before God and -Man, not only to execute worthy punishment on me as an unfaithful -wife, but to follow your affection, already settled on that party for -whose sake I now am as I am, whose name I could some while since have -pointed to, your grace not being ignorant of my suspicion therein. But -if you have already determined of me, and that not only my death, but -an infamous slander must bring you the enjoying of a desired -Happiness: then I desire of God, that he will pardon your great sin -herein, and likewise my enemies, the instruments thereof; and that he -will not call you to a strict account for your unprincely and cruel -usage of me, at his general judgement-seat, where both you and myself -must shortly appear, and in whose just judgement, I doubt not, -whatsoever the world may think of me, my innocency shall be openly -known, and sufficiently cleared. - -My last and only request shall be, that myself may bear the burden of -your Grace's displeasure and it may not touch the innocent souls of -those poor Gentlemen, who, as I understand, are in strait imprisonment -for my sake. If ever I have found favour in your sight, if ever the -name of Ann Bullen hath been pleasing in your ears, let me obtain this -last request, I will so leave to trouble your Grace any further, with -my earnest prayers to the Trinity, to have your Grace in his good -keeping, and to direct you in all your actions. - - Your most loyal and faithful wife, - ANN BULLEN. - - From my doleful prison in the Tower, - The sixth of May, 1536. - - - - -ACT FOR THE DISSOLUTION OF THE LESSER MONASTERIES (1536). - -+Source.+--27 Henry VII. cap. 28. (_Statutes of the Realm_, III. 575.) - - -Forasmuch as manifest sin, vicious, carnal and abominable living is -daily used and committed among the little and small abbeys, priories, -and other religious houses of monks, canons, and nuns, where the -congregation of such religious persons is under the number of twelve -persons, whereby the governors of such religious houses, and their -convent, spoil, destroy, consume, and utterly waste, as well their -churches, monasteries, priories, principal houses, farms, granges, -lands, tenements, and hereditaments, as the ornaments of their -churches, and their goods and chattels, to the high displeasure of -Almighty God, slander of good religion, and to the great infamy of the -King's highness and the realm, if redress should not be had thereof. -And albeit that many continual visitations hath been heretofore had, -by the space of two hundred years and more, for an honest and -charitable reformation of such unthrifty carnal and abominable living, -yet nevertheless little or none amendment hath been hitherto had, but -their vicious living shamelessly increases and augments, and by a -cursed custom so rooted and infested, that a great multitude of the -religious persons in such small houses do rather choose to rove abroad -in apostasy, than to conform themselves to the observation of good -religion, so that without such small houses be utterly suppressed, and -the religious persons therein committed to great and honourable -monasteries of religion in this realm, where they may be compelled to -live religiously for reformation of their lives, there cannot else be -no reformation in this behalf: - -In consideration whereof the king's most royal majesty, being supreme -head on earth, under God, of the Church of England, daily finding and -devising the increase, advancement and exaltation of true doctrine and -virtue in the said Church, to the glory and honour of God, and the -total extirping and destruction of vice and sin, having knowledge that -the premises be true, as well by the accounts of his late visitations, -as by sundry credible informations, considering also that divers and -great solemn monasteries of this realm, wherein (thanks be to God) -religion is right well kept and observed, be destitute of such full -numbers of religious persons, as they ought and may keep--has thought -good that a plain declaration should be made of the premises, as well -to the Lords spiritual and temporal, as to other his loving subjects, -the Commons, in this present Parliament assembled: whereupon the said -Lords and Commons, by a great deliberation, finally be resolved, that -it is, and shall be much more to the pleasure of Almighty God, and for -the honour of this his realm, that the possessions of such small -religious houses; now being spent, spoiled and wasted for increase and -maintenance of sin, should be used and converted to better uses, and -the unthrifty religious persons, so spending the same, to be compelled -to reform their lives: and thereupon most humbly desire the king's -highness, that it may be enacted by authority of this present -Parliament, that his majesty shall have and enjoy to him and his heirs -for ever, all and singular such monasteries, priories, and other -religious houses of monks, canons and nuns, of what kinds of -diversities of habits, rules, or orders soever they be called or -named, which have not in lands, tenements, rents, tithes, portions, -and other hereditaments above the clear yearly value of two hundred -pounds. - - - - -SUPPRESSION OF THE MONASTERY OF TEWKESBURY (1536). - -+Source.+--Burnet's _History of the Reformation_. 1st Part; -_Collection of Records_, Book III. 3, Sec. V. "Copied from a book that -is in the Augmentation Office," 1536. - - -COUNTY: GLOUCESTER. - - {Surrender to the use of the King's Majesty and of - {his Heirs and Successors for ever made bearing date - Tewkesbury {under the Covent-Seal[47] of the same late monastery, - late {the 9th day of January, in the 31st year of the reign - Monastery. {of our most dread victorious Sovereign Lord, King Henry - {the Eighth: and the said day and year clearly dissolved - {and suppressed. - - The clear yearly {As well Spiritual as Temporal, over and - value of all the {besides L136 8s. 1d. in Fees, Annuities and - said possessions {Custodies, granted to divers persons by Letters - belonging to the {Patents under the Covent-Seal of the said late - Monastery {Monastery for term of their lives L1595 15 6 - - { L s. d. - {John Wich, late Abbot there 266 13 04 - {John Beley, late Prior there 16 00 00 - Pensions {J. Bromsegrove, late Prior of Delehurst 13 06 08 - assigned to the {Robert Circester, Prior of St. James 13 06 08 - late Religious {Will Didcote, Prior of Cranborne 10 00 00 - dispatched: {Robert Cheltenham, B.D. 10 00 00 - that is to say, {Two Monks, L8 a piece 16 00 00 - to {One Monk 07 00 00 - {27 Monks L6 13s. 6d. each 180 00 00 - { L s. d. - { And so remains clear 1044 08 10 - - { {Remain in the Treasury there under - Records {Belonging to {the custody of John Whittington, - and {the late {Kt. the keys thereof being delivered - Evidences {Monastery {to Richard Pauler, Receiver. - - {The Lodging called the Newark, } - {leading from the Gate to the late } - {Abbots lodging, with Buttery, } - {Pantry, Cellar, Kitchen, Larder } - {and Pastry thereto adjoining. The } - {late Abbots Lodging, the Hostery,[48]} - Houses and {the Great Gate entering into the } Committed - Buildings {Court, with the lodging over the } to the custody - assigned to {same; the Abbots Stable, Bakehouse, } of John - remain {Brewhouse and Slaughterhouse, } Whittington, - undefaced. {the Almry, Barn, Dairyhouse, } Knight. - {the great barn next the } - {Avon, the Maltinghouse, with the } - {garners in the same, the Oxhouse } - {in the Barton,[49] the Barton Gate, } - {and the lodging over the same. } - - {The Church, with Chappels, Cloisters,} - {Chapterhouse, Misericord, the } - {two Dormitories, Infirmary with } - {Chappels and Lodgings within the } - {same; the workhouse, with another } - Deemed {House adjoining to the same, } Committed - to be {the Convent Kitchen, the Library, } as - superfluous. {the old Hostery, the chamberer's } abovesaid. - {Lodging, the new Hall, the old } - {Parlour adjoining to the Abbots } - {lodging; the Cellarers Lodging, the } - {Poultry-House, the Garden, the } - {Almary, and all other Houses and } - {lodgings not above reserved. } - - {The Quire, Aisles, and Chapels } - Leads[52] {annext the Cloister Chapterhouse, } - remaining {Frater,[50] St. Michaels Chappel, } 180 Foder.[51] - upon {Halls, Fermory, and Gate-house, } - {esteemed to } - - Bells {In the steeple there are eight poize,} 14600 - remaining {by estimation } weight. - - Jewels { } - reserved to {Mitres garnished with gilt, rugged } - the use of {Pearls, and counterfeit stones. } - the King's { } - Majesty. { } - - Plate of silver {Silver gilt 329 ounces.} - reserved to {Silver parcel gilt 605 ounces.} 1431. - the same use. {Silver white 497 ounces.} - - {One cope of Silver Tissue, with one } - Ornaments {Chasuble, and one Tunicle of the } - reserved to {same; one cope of gold Tissue, } - the said use. {with one Cope and two Tunicles of } - {the same. } - - Sum of all the { } - Ornaments, {Sold by the said Commissioners, as } - Goods, and {in a Particular Book of Sales } L s. d. - Chattels {thereof made ready to be shewed, } 194 08 0 - belonging to {as more at large may appear. } - the said { } - Monastery. { } - - {To 38 late Religious Persons } - {of the said late Monastery } L s. d. - { to the late {of the King's mat. (Majesty) } 80 13 4 - Payments {Religious and {reward } - { Servants { } - { despatched. {To an 144 late Servants of } L s. d. - {the said late Monastery, for } 75 10 0 - {their wages and liveries. } - - {To divers Persons for } - {Victuals and Necessaries of } - {them had to the use of the } - {said Monastery, with L10 paid} - { For debts {to the late Abbot there, for } - Payments { owing by the {and in full payment of } L s. d. - { said late {L124 5s. 4d. by him to be } 18 12 0 - { Monastery. {paid to certain Creditors of } - {the said late Monastery, by } - {Covenants made with the } - {aforesaid Commissioners. } - -And so remains clear L19 12 08 - -Then follows a list of some small Debts owing to and by the -said Monastery. - -Then follows a list of the Livings in their Gift. - - County of Glouc. Four Parsonages and 10 vicarages. - - County of Worcest. Two Parsonages and 2 vicarages. - - County of War. Two Parsonages. - - County of Will. (_sic_),} Five Parsonages and 1 vicarage. - Bristol. } - - County of Wilts. 00 2 vicarages. - - County of Oxon. One Parsonage and 2 vicarages. - - County of Dorset. Four Parsonages and 2 vicarages. - - County of Sommers. Three Parsonages. - - County of Devon. 00 1 vicarage. - - County of Cornwall. 00 2 vicarages. - - County of Glamorgan } 00 5 vicarages. - and Morgan. } - -In all, 21 Parsonages and 27 vicarages. - -[Footnote 47: Covent = convent; cf. Covent Garden.] - -[Footnote 48: = Hostelry, _i.e._ the Guest House.] - -[Footnote 49: = Farmyard.] - -[Footnote 50: = The Refectory.] - -[Footnote 51: = A measure of lead, etc., about one ton.] - -[Footnote 52: _i.e._ the lead with which the roofing was covered.] - - - - -THE INSURRECTION IN LINCOLNSHIRE (1537). - -+Source.+--Edward Hall's _Life of Henry VIII_. (1547). - - -In the time of this Parliament, the bishops and all the clergy of the -realm held a solemn convocation at Paules Church in London, where -after much disputation and debating of matters they published a book -of religion entitled, "Articles devised by the King's Highness, etc." -In this book is specially mentioned but three sacraments, with the -which the Lincolnshiremen (I mean their ignorant priests) were -offended, and of that occasion deproved the king's doings. And this -was the first beginning, as after ye shall plainly hear. - -After this book, which passed by the king's authority with the consent -of the Clergy, was published, the which contained certain articles of -religion necessary to be taught unto the people, and among other it -specially treated of no more than three sacraments, and beside this -book, certain injunction were that time given whereby a number of -their holidays were abrogated and especially such as fell in the -harvest time, the keeping of which was much to the hindrance of the -gathering in of corn, hay, fruit, and other such like necessary and -profitable commodities. - -These articles thus ordained and to the people delivered. The -inhabitants of the north parts being at that time very ignorant and -rude, knowing not what true religion meant, but altogether noseled in -superstition and popery, and also by the means of certain abbotts and -ignorant priests, not a little stirred and provoked for the -suppression of certain monasteries, and for the extirpation and -abolishment of the bishop of Rome, now taking an occasion at this -book, saying "See, friends, now is taken from us four of the vii -Sacraments and shortly ye shall lose the other three also, and thus -the faith of the Holy Church shall utterly be suppressed and -abolished": and therefore they suddenly spread abroad and raised great -and shameful slanders only to move the people to sedition and -rebellion, and to kindle in the people hateful and malicious minds -against the King's Majesty and the Magistrates of the realm, saying, -Let no folly bind ourselves to the maintenance of religion, and rather -than to suffer it thus to decay, even to die in the field. And amongst -them also were too many even of the nobility, that did not a little to -provoke and stir up the ignorant and rude people the more stiffly to -rebel and stand therein, faithfully promising them, both aid and -succour against the King and their own native country (like foolish -and wicked men) thinking by their so doing to have done God high -pleasure and service. There were also certain other malicious and busy -persons who added oil (as the adage says) to the furnace. These made -open clamours in every place where opportunity served, that Christian -religion should be utterly violate, despised and set aside, and that -rather than so it behoved and was the parts of every true and -Christian man to defend it even to the death, and not to admit and -suffer by any means the faith (in which their forefathers so long and -so many thousand years have lived and continued) now to be subverted -and destroyed. Among these were many priests which deceived also the -people with many false fables and venomous lies and imaginations -(which could never enter nor take place in the heart of any good man, -nor faithful subject), saying that all manner of prayer and fasting -and all God's service should utterly be destroyed and taken away, that -no man should marry a wife or be partaker of the Sacraments, or at -length should eat a piece of roast meat, but he should for the same -first pay unto the king a certain sum of money, and that they should -be brought in more bondage and in a more wicked manner of life, than -the Saracens be under the great Turk.... And at the last they in -writing made certain petitions to the King's Majesty, professing that -they never intended hurt toward his royal person. The King's Majesty -received those petitions and made answer to them as followeth: - -First, we begin and make answer to the four and six articles, because -upon them dependeth much of the rest. Concerning choosing of -councillors, I never have read, heard, or known, that princes' -councillors and prelates should be appointed by rude and ignorant -common people, nor that they were persons meet, nor of liability to -discern and choose meet and sufficient councillors for a prince: how -presumptuous then are ye the rude commons of one shire, and that one -of the most brute and beastly of the whole realm, and of the least -experience, to find fault with your Prince for the electing of his -councillors and prelates, and to take upon you contrary to God's law -and man's law to rule your prince, whom ye are bound by all laws to -obey and serve with both your lives, lands, and all goods, and for no -worldly cause to withstand the contrary whereof you like traitors and -rebels have attempted, and not like true subjects as ye name -yourselves. - -As to the suppression of religious houses, monasteries, we will that -ye and all our subjects should well know that this is granted us by -all the nobles spiritual and temporal of this our Realm, and by all -the Commons in the same by Act of Parliament, and not set forth by any -councillor or councillors upon their mere will and phantasy, as ye -full falsely would persuade our realm to believe. - -And when ye allege that the service of God is much diminished, the -truth thereof is contrary, for there be no houses suppressed where God -was well served, but where most vice, mischief, and abomination of -living was used, and that doth well appear by their own confessions -subscribed with their own hands in the time of their visitations, and -yet we suffered a great many of them (more than we needed by the Act) -to stand, wherein if they amend not their living, or fear, we have -more to answer for than for the suppression of all the rest. And as -for the hospitality for the relief of the poor, we wonder that ye be -not ashamed to affirm that they have been a great relief of poor -people, when a great many or the most part hath not past four or five -religious persons in them, and divers but one which spent the -substance of the goods of their houses in nourishing of vice and -abominable living. Now what unkindness and unnaturality may be impute -to you and all our subjects that be of that mind, that had liefer such -an unthrifty sort of vicious persons, should enjoy such possessions, -profits and enrolments, as grow of the said houses, to the maintenance -of their unthrifty life, than he your natural prince, Sovereign lord -and king, which doth and hath spent more in your defences of your own, -than six times they be worth. As touching the act of uses, we marvel -what madness is in your brain, or upon what ground ye would take -authority upon you to cause us to break those laws and statutes by -which all the noble knights and gentlemen of this realm (whom the same -chiefly toucheth) hath been granted and assented to: seeing in no -manner it toucheth you the base commons of our realm. - -As touching the sixteenth,[53] which ye demand of us to be released, -think ye that we be so faint hearted, that perforce ye of one shire -(were ye a great many more) could compel us with your insurrections -and such rebellious demeanour to remit the same? or think ye that any -man will or may take you to be true subjects, that first make and shew -a loving grant and then perforce would compel your sovereign lord and -king to release the same? the time of payment whereof is not yet come, -yea and seeing the same will not countrevayl[54] the tenth penny of -the charges, which we do and daily sustain for your tuition and -safeguard: make you sure, by your occasions of these your -ingratitudes, unnaturalness and unkindness to us now administered, ye -give no cause, which hath always been as much dedicate to your wealth -as ever was king, not so much to set or study for the setting forward -of the same, seeing how unkindly and untruly, ye deal now with us, -without any cause or occasion: and doubt ye not, though you have no -grace nor naturalness in you to consider your duty of allegiance to -your king, and sovereign lord, the rest of our realm we doubt not -hath: and we and they shall so look on this cause, that we trust it -shall be to your confusion, if according to your former letters you -submit not yourselves. - -Wherefore we charge you eftsoons upon the foresaid bonds and pains, -that ye withdraw yourselves to your own houses, every man, and no more -to assemble contrary to our laws, and your allegiances, and to cause -the provokers of you to this mischief, to be delivered to our -lieutenants' hands, or ours, and you yourselves to submit you to such -condign punishment as we and our nobles shall think you worthy: for -doubt you not else that we and our nobles can nor will suffer this -injury at your hands unavenged, if ye give not place to us of -sovreignty, and shew yourselves as bounden and obedient subjects and -no more to intermeddle yourselves from henceforth with the weighty -affairs of the realm, the direction whereof only appertaineth to us -your king and such noblemen and councillors, as we lyst to elect and -choose to have the ordering of the same: and thus we pray unto -Almighty God, to give you grace to do your duties, to use yourselves -towards us like true and faithful subjects, so that we may have cause -to order you thereafter, and rather obediently to consent amongst you -to deliver into the hands of our lieutenant a hundred persons, to be -ordered according to their demerits, at our will and pleasure, than by -your obstinacy and wilfulness, to put yourselves, your wives, -children, lands, goods and cattles, beside the indignation of God, in -the utter adventure of total destruction, and utter ruin, by force and -violence of the sword. - -After the Lincolnshire men had received this the King's answer -aforesaid, made to their petitions, each mistrusting the other who -should be noted to be the greatest meddler, even very suddenly they -began to shrink and out of hand they were all divided, and every man -at home in his own house in peace: but the captains of these rebels -escaped not all clear, but were after apprehended, and had as they -deserved: he that took upon him as captain of this rout, named himself -Captain Cobles, but it was a monk called Doctor Macherel, with divers -other which afterward were taken and apprehended. - - NOTE.--Within six days a new insurrection broke out in the north, - known as the Pilgrimage of Grace. The objects of these insurgents - were as follows: "the maintenance and defence of the faith of Christ, - and deliverance of Holy Church sore decayed and oppressed, and also - for the furtherance as well of private as public matters in the realm - touching the wealth of all the king's poor subjects" (Hall ii., 275). - - An army was sent to restore order, but they were prevented from - reaching the rebels by a river, which suddenly overflowed its banks - and was considered by the people to be a miracle. On the following - day the King granted a pardon to all concerned, and the rebellion - came to an end. - -[Footnote 53: = a tax of 1/16th of the assessed value of property.] - -[Footnote 54: = balance.] - - - - -INJUNCTIONS TO THE CLERGY MADE BY CROMWELL (1538). - -+Source.+--Burnet's _History of the Reformation_; _Collection of Records_, -Part I., Book III. xi. - - -First: That ye shall truly observe and keep all and singular the -King's Highness' Injunctions, given unto you heretofore in my name, by -his Grace's Authority; not only upon the pains therein expressed, but -also in your default after this second monition continued, upon -further punishment to be straitly extended towards you by the King's -Highness' Arbitriment, or his Vice-Gerent aforesaid. - -Item: That ye shall provide on this side the Feast of [words omitted] -next coming, one Book of the whole Bible of the largest volume in -English, and the same set up in some convenient place within the said -Church that ye have use of, whereas your Parishoners may most -commodiously resort to the same and read it; the charge of which Book -shall be ratably born between you, the Parson, and the Parishoners -aforesaid, that is to say the one half by you, and the other half by -them. - -Item: That ye shall discourage no man privily or apertly from the -reading or hearing of the said Bible, but shall expressly provoke, -stir, and exhort every person to read the same, as that which is the -very lively word of God, that every Christian man is bound to embrace, -believe, and follow, if he look to be saved: admonishing them -nevertheless to avoid all contention, altercation therein, and to use -an honest sobriety in the inquisition of the true sense of the same, -and refer the explication of the obscure places to men of higher -judgement in Scripture. - -Item: That ye shall every Sunday and Holy Day through the year openly -and plainly recite to your Parishoners, twice or thrice together or -oftener, if need require, one particle or sentence of the Pater -Noster, or creed in English, to the intent that they may learn the -same by heart. And so from day to day, to give them one little lesson -or sentence of the same, till they have learned the whole Pater Noster -and creed in English by rote. And as they be taught every sentence of -the same by rote, ye shall expound and declare the understanding of -the same unto them, exhorting all parents and householders to teach -their children and servants the same, as they are bound in conscience -to do. And that done, ye shall declare unto them the Ten Commandments, -one by one, every Sunday and Holy-day, till they be likewise perfect -in the same. - -Item: That ye shall in Confessions every Lent examine every Person -that cometh to Confession unto you, whether they can recite the -Articles of our Faith, and the Pater Noster in English, and hear them -say the same particularly; wherein if they be not perfect, ye shall -declare to the same, that every Christian person ought to know the -same before They should receive the blessed Sacrament of the Altar; -and monish them to learn the same more perfectly by the next year -following, or else, like as they ought not to presume to come to God's -Board without perfect knowledge of the same, and if they do, it is to -the great peril of their souls; so ye shall declare unto them, that ye -look for other injunctions from the King's Highness by that time, to -stay and repel all such from God's Board as shall be found ignorant in -the Premisses; whereof ye do thus admonish them, to the intent they -should both eschew the peril of their Souls, and also the worldly -rebuke that they might incur after by the same. - -Item: That ye shall make, or cause to be made, in the said Church, and -any other Cure ye have, one sermon every quarter of the year at least, -wherein ye shall purely and sincerely declare the very Gospel of -Christ, and in the same exhort your hearers to the Works of Charity, -Mercy, and Faith, especially prescribed and commanded in Scripture, -and not to repose their trust or affiance in any other works devised -by men's fantasies besides Scripture; as in wandering to Pilgrimages, -offering of Money, Candles, or Tapers, to Images, or Reliques; or -kissing or licking the same over, saying over a number of Beads, not -understanded or minded on, or in such like superstition: for the doing -whereof, ye not only have no promise or reward in Scripture, but -contrariwise great threats and maledictions of God, as things tending -to idolatry and superstition, which of all other offences God Almighty -doth most detest and abhor, for that same diminisheth most of his -honour and glory. - -Item: That such feigned Images as ye know in any of Cures to be so -abused with Pilgrimages or offerings of anything made thereunto, ye -shall, for avoiding the most detestable offence of idolatry, forthwith -take down, and without delay; and shall suffer from henceforth no -Candles, Tapers, or Images of wax to be set afore any Image or -Picture, but only the Light that commonly goeth across the church by -the Rood-Loft, the Light before the Sacrament of the Altar, and the -Light about the Sepulchre; which for the adorning of the Church and -Divine Service ye shall suffer to remain: still admonishing your -Parishoners, that images serve for none other purpose, but as to be -books of unlearned men, that ken no letters, whereby they might be -otherwised admonished of the lives and conversation of them that the -said images do represent: which images if they abuse, for any other -intent than for such remembrances, they commit idolatry in the same, -to the great danger of their souls: And therefore the King's Highness -graciously tendering the weal of his Subjects' Souls, hath in part -already, and more will hereafter, travail for the abolishing of such -images as might be an occasion of so great an offence to God, and so -great a danger to the Souls of his loving subjects. - -Item: That you, and every Parson, Vicar or Curate within this Diocese, -shall for every Church keep one Book or Register, wherein he shall -write the day and year of every Wedding, Christening, and Burying, -made within your parish for your time, and so every man succeeding you -likewise; and also there insert every persons name that shall be so -wedded, christened, and buried; and for the safe keeping of the same -book the Parish shall be bound to provide, of their Common Charges, -one sure Coffer with two Locks and Keys, whereof the one to remain -with you, and the other with the Wardens of every such Parish wherein -the said Book shall be laid up: which book ye shall every Sunday take -forth, and in the presence of the said Wardens or one of them write a -record in the same, all the Weddings, Christenings, and Buryings made -the whole week afore; and that done to lay up the book in the said -Coffer as afore. And for every time that the same be omitted, the -party that shall be in the fault thereof, shall forfeit to the said -Church 3s. 4d. to be employed on the reparation of the said Church. - -Item: That no person shall from henceforth alter or change the order -and manner of any Fasting-day that is commanded and indicted by the -Church, nor of any Prayer or of Divine Service, otherwise than is -specified in the said Injunctions, until such time as the same shall -be so ordered and transported by the King's Highness' Authority. The -Eves of such saints whose Holy-days be abrogated be only excepted, -which shall be declared henceforth to be no Fasting-days; excepted -also the Commemoration of Thomas Becket, sometime Archbishop of -Canterbury, which shall be clean omitted, and in the stead thereof the -Ferial[55] Service used. - -Item: Where in times past men have used in divers places in their -Processions, to sing _Ora pro nobis_ to so many saints, that they had -no time to sing the good Suffrages following, as _Pace nobis Domine_ -and _Libera nos Domine_, it must be taught and preached, that better -it were to omit _Ora pro nobis_, and to sing the other Suffrages. - -All which and singular Injunctions I minister unto you and your -Successors, by the King's Highness' Authority to be committed in this -part, which I charge and command you by the same Authority to observe -and keep upon pain of Deprivation, Sequestration of your Fruits or -such other coercion as to the King's Highness, or his Vice-Gerent for -the time being shall seem convenient. - -[Footnote 55: = festival.] - - - - -ACT FOR THE DISSOLUTION OF THE GREATER MONASTERIES (1539). - -+Source.+--31 H. VIII. cap. 13. (_Statutes of the Realm_, III. 733.) - - -Where divers and sundry abbots, priors, abbesses, prioresses, and -other ecclesiastical governors and governesses of divers monasteries, -abbacies, priories, nunneries, colleges, hospitals, houses of friars, -and other ecclesiastical and religious houses and places within this -our sovereign lord the king's realm of England and Wales, of their own -free and voluntary minds, good wills and assents, without constraint, -coercion or compulsion of any manner of person or persons, since the -fourth day of February, the twenty-seventh year of the reign of our -now most dread sovereign lord, by the due order and course of the -common laws of this realm of England, and by their sufficient writings -of record, under their convent and common seals, have severally given, -granted and by the same their writings severally confirmed all their -said monasteries, abbacies, priories, nunneries, colleges, hospitals, -houses of friars, and other religious and ecclesiastical houses and -places and all their sites, circuits and precincts of the same, and -all and singular their manors, lordships, granges, manses ... -appertaining or in any wise belonging to any such monastery, abbacy, -priory, etc. ... by whatsoever name or corporation they or any of them -be called, and of what order, habit, religion, or other kind or -quality soever they or any of them then were reputed, known or taken; -to have and to hold all the said monasteries, abbacies, priories ... -etc. to our said sovereign lord, his heirs and successors for ever and -the same said monasteries ... etc. voluntarily, as is aforesaid, have -renounced, left, and forsaken, and every of them has renounced, left, -and forsaken. - - - - -THE SIX ARTICLES ACT (1539). - -+Source.+--31 Henry VIII. cap. 14. (_Statutes of the Realm_, III. 739.) - - -... And forasmuch as in the said Parliament, synod, and Convocation, -there were certain Articles, matters, and questions proposed and set -for the teaching Christian religion, that is to say: - -First, whether in the most blessed Sacrament of the Altar remaineth, -after the consecration, the substance of bread and wine, or no. - -Secondly, whether it be necessary by God's law that all men should -communicate with both kinds or no. - -Thirdly, whether priests, that is to say, men dedicate to God by -priesthood, may, by the law of God, marry after or no. - -Fourthly, whether vow of chastity or widowhood, made to God advisedly -by man or woman, be, by the law of God, to be observed, or no. - -Fifthly, whether private masses stand with the law of God, and be to -be used and continued in the Church and congregation of England, as -things whereby good Christian people may and do receive both godly -consolation and wholesome benefits or no. - -Sixthly, whether auricular confession is necessary to be retained, -continued, used and frequented in the Church or no. - -The King's most royal Majesty, most prudently providing and -considering, that by occasion of variable sundry opinions and -judgements of the said Articles, great discord and variance has -arisen, as well amongst the clergy of this his realm, as amongst a -great number of vulgar people, his loving subjects of the same, and -bring in a full hope and trust, that a full and perfect resolution of -the said Articles, should make a perfect concord and unity generally -amongst all his loving and obedient subjects, of his most excellent -goodness, not only commanded that the said articles should be -deliberately and advisedly, by his said archbishops, bishops, and -other learned men of his clergy, be debated, argued, and reasoned, and -their opinions therein to be understood, declared, and known, but also -most graciously vouchsafed, in his own princely person, to descend and -come into his said High Court of Parliament and council, and there, -like a prince of most high prudence and no less learning, opened and -declared, many things of high learning and great knowledge, touching -the said Articles, matters, and questions, for a unity to be had in -the same; whereupon after a great and long, deliberate, and advised -disputation and consultation, had and made concerning the said -Articles, as well by the consent of the king's highness, as by the -assent of the lords spiritual and temporal, and other learned men of -the clergy in their Convocation, and by the consent of the Commons in -this present Parliament assembled, it was and is finally resolved, -accorded, and agreed in manner and form following, that is to say: - -First, that in the most blessed Sacrament of the Altar, by the -strength and efficacy of Christ's mighty word (it being spoken by the -priest), is present really, under the form of bread and wine, the -natural body and blood of our Saviour Jesus Christ, conceived of the -Virgin Mary; and that after the consecration there remaineth no -substance of bread or wine, nor any other substances, but the -substance of Christ, God and man. - -Secondly, that Communion in both kinds is not necessary _ad salutem_, -by the law of God, to all persons; and that it is to be believed, and -not doubted of, but that in the flesh, under the form of bread, is the -very blood; and with the blood, under the form of wine, is the very -flesh; as well apart, as though they were both together. - -Thirdly, that priests after the order of priesthood received, as -afore, may not marry, by the law of God. - -Fourthly, that vows of chastity or widowhood, by man or woman made to -God advisedly, ought to be observed by the law of God; and that it -exempts them from the liberties of Christian people, ordering -themselves accordingly, to receive both godly and goodly consolations -and benefits; and it is agreable also to God's law. - - * * * * * * * - -Sixthly, that auricular confession is expedient and necessary to be -retained and continued, used and frequented in the Church of God. - - - - -HENRY VIII. AND SPORT (1539). - -+Source.+--Holinshed, 556, 557; Edward Hall, _Henry VIII_. - - -This year the plague was great and reigned in divers parts of this -realm. The king kept his Christmas at Richmond. The twelfth of January -divers gentlemen prepared to just, and the king and one of his privy -chamber called William Compton secretly armed themselves in the little -park of Richmond and so came into the justs, unknown to all persons. -The king never ran openly before and did exceeding well. Master -Compton chanced to be so sore hurt by Edward Nevill Esquire, brother -to the Lord of Abergavenny, so that he was like to have died. One -person there was that knew the king and cried: "God Save the King" and -with that all the people were astonished, and then the king discovered -himself to the great comfort of the people. The king soon after came -to Westminster and there kept his Shrovetide with great banquetings, -dancings and other jolly pastimes. - -In this year also came ambassadors, not only from the King of Aragon -and Castile, but also from the Kings of France, Denmark, Scotland and -other places, which were highly welcomed and nobly entertained. It -happened on a day that there were certain noble men made a wager to -run at the ring and parties were taken, and which party attained or -took away the ring oftenest with certain courses, should win the -wager. Whereof the King's Grace hearing, offered to be on the one -party with six companions. The ambassadors hearing thereof, were much -desirous to see this wager tried, and specially the ambassadors of -Spain, who had never seen the king in harness. At the day appointed -the king was mounted on a goodly courser, trapped in a purple velvet -coat, the inner side thereof was wrought with flat gold of damask in -the stool, and the velvet on the other side cut in letters, so that -the gold appeared as though it had been embroidered with certain -reasons[56] or posies. And on the velvet between the letters were -fastened castles and sheafs of arrows of ducat gold with a garment, -the sleeves compassed over his harness and his bases of the same work -with a great plume of feathers on his head-piece that came down to the -arson of his saddle and a great company of fresh gentlemen came in -with his grace, richly armed and decked with many other right -gorgeously apparelled, the trumpet before them goodly to behold, -whereof many strangers (but specially the Spaniards) much rejoiced, -for they had never seen the king before that time armed. - -Now at his returning, many hearing of his going on Maying were -desirous to see him shoot, for at that time his Grace shot as strong -and as great a length as any of his guard. There came to his Grace a -certain man with bow and arrows, and desired his Grace to take the -muster of him and to see him shoot, for at that time his Grace was -contented. The man put the one foot in his bosom, and so did shoot and -shot a very good shot and well towards his mark, whereof, not only his -Grace, but all other greatly marvelled. So the king gave him a reward -for his so doing, which person afterwards, of the people and of them -in court, was called Foot in Bosom. The same year in the feast of -Pentecost, holden at Greenwich, that is to say the Thursday in the -same week, his Grace with two other with him, challenged all comers to -fight with them at the barriers with target and casting the spear of -eight foot long; and that done, his Grace with the two said aids to -fight every of them twelve strokes with two handed swords with and -against all comers, none excepted being a gentleman; where the K. -behaved himself so well and delivered himself so valiantly by his -hardy prowess and great strength, that the praise and laud was given -to his Grace and his aids, notwithstanding that divers and strong -persons had assailed him and his aids. - -Now when the said progress was finished, his Grace, and the queen, -with all their whole train, in the month of October following, removed -to Greenwich. The king not minded to see young gentlemen unexpert in -martial feats, caused a place to be prepared within the park of -Greenwich, for the queen and the ladies to stand and see the fight -with battle axes that should be done there, where the king himself -armed, fought one Grot a gentleman of Almaine, a tall man and a good -man of arms. And then after they had done, they marched always two and -two together, and so did their feats and enterprises every man very -well. Albeit, it happened the said Grot to fight with Sir Edward -Howard, which Grot was by him stricken to the ground. The morrow after -this enterprise done, the king with the queen came to the Tower of -London. And to the intent that there should be no displeasure nor -malice be born by any of those gentlemen, who fought with the axe -against other, the king gave unto them a certain sum of gold valued at -two hundred marks, to make a bank[57] among themselves withall. The -which bank was made at Fishmongers Hall in Thames Street, where they -all met to the number of four and twenty, all apparelled in one suit -or livery, after Almaine fashion, that is to say, their outer garments -all of yellow satin, yellow hose, yellow shoes, girdles and scabbards, -and bonnets with yellow feathers; their garments and hose all cut and -lined with white satin and their scabbards wound about with satin. -After their bank ended they went by torchlight to the Tower and -presented themselves before the king who took pleasure to behold them. - -_P._ 561. The king about this season was much given to play at tennis -and at the dice, which appetite certain crafty persons about him -perceiving, brought in Frenchmen and Lombards to make wagers with him -and so lost much money, but when he perceived their craft, he eschewed -their company and let them go. - -_P._ 562. ... Then began the trumpets to sound, and the horses to run, -that many a spear was burst, and many a great stripe given, and for a -truth the king exceedeth in number of staves all other every day of -the three days. - - -Edward Hall, _H. VIII_. - -The x day of March the king having a new harness made of his own -device and fashion, such as no armour before that time had seen, -thought to essay the same at the tilt, and appointed a Justes to serve -him. On foot were appointed the Lord Marquis Dorset and the Earl of -Surrey, the king came to the one end of the tilt, and the Duke of -Suffolk to the other: then a gentleman said to the Duke, "Sir, the -king is come to the tilt's end." "I see him not," said the Duke, "on -my faith, for my head piece taketh away from me my sight": with these -words God knoweth by what chance, the king had his spear delivered him -by the Lord Marquis, the visor of his head piece being up and not down -or fastened, so that his head was clean naked. Then the gentleman said -to the duke, "Sir, the king cometh," then the duke set forward and -charged his spear, and the king likewise unadvisedly set toward the -duke: the people perceiving the king's face bare, cried, "Hold, hold," -the duke neither saw nor heard, and whether the king remembered that -his visor was up or no, few can tell. Alas what sorrow was it to the -people when they saw the splinters of the duke's spear strike on the -king's head piece. For of a surety the duke struck the king on the -brow right under the defence of the head-piece on the very coif scull -or bassenet-piece[58] where unto the barbet[59] for power and defence -is charneld, to which coif or bassenet never armourer taketh heed, for -it is evermore covered with the visor, barbet and volant piece,[60] -and so that piece is so defended that it forceth of no charge: But -when the spear on that place lighted, it was great jeopardy of death, -insomuch that the face was bare, for the duke's spear broke all to -shivers, and bare the king's visor or barbet so far back by the -counter buff that all the king's head-piece was full of splinters. The -Armourers for this matter were much blamed, and so was the lord -Marquis for the delivering of the spear when his face was open, but -the king said that none was to blame but himself, for he intended to -have saved himself and his sight. The duke incontinently unarmed him, -and came to the king, shewing him the closeness of his sight, and -swore that he would never run against the king more: But if the king -had been a little hurt, the king's servants would have put the Duke in -jeopardy. Then the king called his Armourers and put all his pieces -together and then took a spear and ran six courses very well, by the -which all men might perceive that he had no hurt, which was great joy -and comfort to all his subjects there present. - -[Footnote 56: = mottoes.] - -[Footnote 57: = banquet.] - -[Footnote 58: = a close-fitting helmet.] - -[Footnote 59: = the lower part of the visor.] - -[Footnote 60: = a removable part of the helmet, which covered the throat.] - - - - -THE ATTAINDER OF THOMAS CROMWELL (1540). - -+Source.+--Burnet's _History of the Reformation_, Part I., Book III.; -_Collection of Records_, No. 16; from the _Parliament Rolls_, Act 60, -32 H. VIII. - - -Thomas Cromwell, now Earl of Essex, whom your Majesty took and -received into your trusty service, the same Thomas then being a man of -very base and low degree, and for singular Favour, Trust and -Confidences which your Majesty bare and had in him, did not only erect -and advance the same Thomas unto the state of an Earl, and enriched -him with manifold gifts, as well of Goods, as of Lands and Offices, -but also him, the said Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, did erect and -make one of your most trusty Counsellors, as well concerning your -Graces most supreme jurisdictions Ecclesiastical, as your most high -secret affairs temporal. Nevertheless, your Majesty now of late hath -found, and tried, by a large number of witnesses, being your faithful -subjects and personages of great honour, worship and discretion, the -said Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex contrary to the singular trust and -confidence your Majesty had in him, to be the most false, and corrupt -Traitor, Deceiver, and Circumventor against your most Royal Person, -and the Imperial Crown of this your realm, that hath been known, seen -or heard of in all the time of your most noble reign: Insomuch that it -is manifestly proved and declared, by the depositions of the witnesses -aforesaid that the same Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, usurping upon -your Kingly Estate, Power, Authority, and Office: without your grace's -command or assent hath taken upon him to set at liberty divers -persons, being convicted and attained of Misprision of High Treason; -and divers other being apprehended, and in Prison, for Suspection of -High Treason, and over that, divers and many times, at sundry places -in this your Realm, for manifold sums of money to him given, most -traitorously hath taken upon him by several writings to give and -grant, as well unto aliens, as to your subjects, a great number of -licences for conveying and carrying of Money, Corn, Grain, Beans, -Beer, Leather, Tallow, Bells, Metals, Horses, and other commodities of -this your Realm, contrary to your Highness' most Godly and Gracious -Proclamations made for the Commonwealth of your people of this your -realm in that behalf, and in derogation of your Crown and Dignity. And -the same Thomas Cromwell, elated, and full of pride, contrary to his -most bounden Duty, of his own authority and Power, not regarding your -Majesty Royal; and further taking upon him your power, Sovereign Lord, -in that behalf, divers and many times most traitorously hath -constituted, deputed, and assigned, many singular persons of your -subjects to be Commissioners in many your great, urgent, and weighty -causes and affairs, executed and done in this your realm, without the -assent, knowledge, or consent of your highness. And further also, -being a person of as poor and low degree, as few be within this your -realm; pretending to have so great a stroke about you, our, and his -natural Sovereign Liege Lord, that he let not to say publickly, and -declare that he was sure of you, which is detestable, and to be -abhorred amongst all good subjects in any Christian realm, that any -subject should enterprise or take upon him so to speak of his -Sovereign Liege Lord and King. And also of his own Authority and -Power, without your Highness' consent, hath made and granted, as well -to strangers as to your own subjects, divers and many pass-ports, to -pass over the seas, with horses, and great sums of money, without any -search. Most Gracious Sovereign Lord, the same Thomas Cromwell, Earl -of Essex, hath allured and drawn unto him by retainours, many of your -subjects sunderly inhabiting in every of your said shires and -territories, as well as erroneously persuading and declaring to them -the contents of false erroneous books, to be good, true, and best -standing with the most Holy Word and Pleasure of God; as other his -false and heretical opinions and errors; whereby, and by his -confederacies therein, he hath caused many of your faithful subjects -to be greatly infected with heresies, and other errors, contrary to -the right laws and pleasure of Almighty God. And the same Thomas -Cromwell, Earl of Essex, by the false and traitorous means -above-written, supposing himself to be fully able, by force and -strength, to maintain and defend his said abominable treasons, -heresies, and errors, not regarding his most bounden duty to Almighty -God, and his laws, nor the natural duty of Allegiance to your Majesty, -in the last day of March in the 30th year of your most gracious reign, -in the parish of St. Peter the Poor, within your City of London, upon -demonstration and declaration then and there made unto him, that there -were certain new preachers, as Robert Barnes, clerk, and others, -whereof part were committed to the Tower of London, for preaching and -teaching of lewd learning against your Highness' Proclamations; the -same Thomas affirming the same preacher to be good, most detestably, -arrogantly, erroneously, wilfully, maliciously, and traitorously, -expressly against your Laws and Statutes, then and there did not let -to declare, and say, these most traitorous and detestable words -ensuing, amongst other words of like matter and effect; that is to -say, That _if the King would turn from it yet I would not turn; and if -the King did turn, and all his people, I would fight in the field in -mine own person, with my sword in my hand, against him and all -others_; and then and there, most traitorously pulled out his dagger, -and held it on high, saying these words: _Or else this dagger thrust -me to the heart, if I would not die in the quarrel against them all; -and I trust, if I live one year or two, it shall not lie in the King's -power to resist or let it if he would_. And further, then and there -swearing by a great oath, traitorously affirmed the same his -traitorous saying and pronunciation of words saying, _I will do so -indeed_, extending up his arm, as though he had had a sword in his -hand; to the most perilous, grievous, and wicked Example of all other -your loving, faithful and obedient Subjects in this your Realm, and to -the peril of your most Royal Person. And moreover, our most gracious -Sovereign Lord, the said Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, hath acquired -and obtained into his possession, by Oppression, Bribery, Extort, -Power, and false promises made by him, to your Subjects of your Realm, -innumerable Sums of Money and Treasure; and being so enriched, hath -had your nobles of your realm in great disdain, derision, and -detestation, as by express words by him most opprobriously spoken hath -appeared. And being put in remembrance of others, of his estate, which -your Highness hath called him unto, offending in like treasons, the -last day of January, in the 31 year of your most noble reign, at the -Parish of St. Martin's in the Field, in the County of Middlesex, most -arrogantly, willingly, maliciously, and traitorously, said, published, -and declared, that _if the Lord would handle him so, that he would -give them such a breakfast as never was made in England, and that the -proudest of them should know_; to the great peril and danger, as well -of your Majesty, as of your Heirs and Successors. For the which his -most detestable and abominable heresies and treasons, and many other -his like offences and treasons over-long here to be rehearsed and -declared: Be it enacted, ordained, and established by your Majesty, -with the assent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the Commons -in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the -same, that the said Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, for his abominable -and detestable heresies and treasons, by him most abominably, -heretically, and traitorously practised, committed, and done, as well -against Almighty God, and against your Majesty, and this your said -Realm, shall be, and stand, by authority of this present Parliament, -convicted and attainted of Heresie and High Treason, and be adjudged -an abominable and detestable Heretick and Traitor; and shall have and -suffer such pains of Death, losses and forfeitures of Goods, Debts and -Chattels, as in cases of heresy and high treason, or as in cases of -either of them, at the pleasure of your most Royal Majesty. - - - - -HERTFORD'S ORDERS FOR THE NAVY AND ARMY. - -(APRIL 28TH, 1544.) - -+Source.+--_Hamilton Papers_, No. 227, Vol. II., H.M. General Register -House, Edinburgh. - - -51. Wafters[61] appointed for the vawarde: - -The "Pauncye," the "Minion," the "Swallow," the "Gabian" of Ipswich, -the "John Evangeliste," the "Gallye Subtile," Harwoddes "Barke of -Calais" to attend upon the "Pauncye." - -Wafters appointed for the battell: - -The "Swepestake," the "Swanne" of Hamburghe, the "Mary Grace," the -"Elizabeth" of Lynne, Cumberfordes Shippe. - -Wafters appointed for the rerewarde: - -The "Great Galley," the "Gillian" of Dartmouth, the "Peter" of Fowery, -the "Anthony Fulford," the "Bark Riveley." - - -Orders taken at the Shelys within Tynemouth haven, the xxviiith day of -April in the xxxvith year of the reign of our sovereign lord King -Henry the Eighth, by the Earl of Hertford, great Chamberlain of -England, his highness' lieutenant in the north parties, and -captain-general of His Majesty's army by sea and land at this present -against the Scots. - -1. First, his lordship in the King's Majesty's name, straightly -chargeth and commandeth, that all captains, with their soldiers and -mariners, shall be in readiness on shipboard in such ships as they be -appointed unto by the said lord lieutenant, according to such -proclamations as have been made in his lordship's name for that -purpose, to the intent that every such ship may weigh anchor with the -first prosperous wind that God shall send to depart. - -2. Item, the lord admiral, with certain wafters with him, shall be -foremost of the fleet, bearing in his fore top-mast a flag of St. -George's Cross, and in the night ii lights of a good height in his -ship. And all those ships (whose captains with their soldiers be -appointed to the vaward, whereof the said lord admiral is chieftain) -shall as near as they can follow the said lord admiral. And at such -time as the said lord admiral shall come to an anchor, all the ships -of the vaward shall likewise come to an anchor, as near unto his ship -as they may conveniently. - -3. Item, the said lord lieutenant hath appointed his own ship, and the -ship which the King's treasure is in, to make sail next unto the fleet -of the vaward, and all such ships (whose captains with their soldiers, -are appointed to be about his person in the battell) shall follow his -lordship as near as they can, and shall come to an anchor as near as -they can about him. And his lordship hath ordained to have upon his -main top-mast a flag of Saint George's Cross, and every night two -lights on high in his shrouds, and one above his main top, to the -intent that every man may know his lordship's ship from all other, as -well by night as by day. - -4. Item, next unto the said fleet of battell, the Earl of Shrewsbury -(whom the said lord lieutenant hath appointed to be chieftain of the -rearwarde) shall make sail, bearing upon his mizzen top mast one flag -of St. George's Cross, and every night in the prow of his ship, one -cressitt[62] burning, to the intent all the fleet appointed to the -rereward may know the said Earl of Shrewsbury his ship from all -others. - -5. Item, when the said lord lieutenant would have the lord admiral to -come on board his ship, his lordship hath appointed to put out a flag -above his forecastle. And when his lordship would have the captain of -the rearward to come on board his ship, his pleasure is to set out a -flag on the poop of his ship. And when his lordship would have all the -captains of the middle ward to come on board his ship, he hath -appointed to set out a banner of counsel against the midst of his -mainmast. And forbecause, that every captain of the vaward shall have -better knowledge of the tokens afforerehersed, his lordship straightly -chargeth and commandeth, that no ship shall spread any flag in any -place above the hatches, nor bear any lights in the night above the -decks, other than the said lord lieutenant's own ship, the lord -admiral's ship, and the captain of the rereward his ship as aforesaid. - -6. Item, that if any ship or crayer chance by tempest of weather or -other cause to be put from the fleet, the same ships or crayers shall -resort to the Firth, as they will answer for the contrary at their -perils. - -7. Item, that every captain, as well of the vaward, rereward and -battell, shall cause their boats to be in readiness for the landing of -their men, when they shall be commanded by the said lord lieutenant or -the said chieftaines. And that every captain (whose ship hath any -baseis or double verseis)[63] shall cause a trestle to be made in the -fore part of his boat with ii halys[64] to carye ii baseis or verseis, -for the more annoyance of their enemies at landing. - - -Officers to be appointed. - -My lord admiral--The Chieftain of the vawarde. - -The Earl of Shrewsbury--The Chieftain of the rearewarde. - -Sir Rafe Sadler--Treasurer of the Wars. - -Sir Rise Mansfield--The Knight Marshall.[65] - -Constable--The Provost Marshall.[65] - -Sir Christopher Morris--The Master of these Ordinances. - -Le [words omitted]--Captain of the Pioneers. - -Sir Anthony Hungerford--The Captain of the Scout. - - -Item, vii captains to have the rule of the watch,--every night one of -them to watch, and the Scouts from time to time to send him -advertisements. - -Nevell. Item, one principal man to have the rule and charge of the -victuals, that the soldiers may have it for their money. - -Gower and Everard. Item, one to be appointed, as well to see the -bringing of the victuals to the market, as also to order such others -as shall come to the market by any other means. - - -To land 12,000 men as followeth: - -Harquebusiers, 500; Archers, 1000; Pikes, 1000; bills, 1500. 4000. - -And these to be supported with the rest as they may land. - - -Ordenance to be landed before we march. - -Fawcons,[66] 4; Fawconetes,[67] 6; Close waggons, 12. 22. - - -The vawarde. - -Harquebusiers, 150; Archers, 1000; pikes, 500; bills, 2000. 3650. - - -The battell. - -Harquebusiers, 200; archers, 1000; pikes, 1000; bills, 2500. 4700. - - -The rearewarde. - -Harquebusiers, 100; archers, 1000; pikes, 550; bills, 2000. 3650. - -To land 12,000 men at two places at one instant, as near as they can -together and at either place, these numbers following: - -Harquebusiers, 250; archers, 1500; pikes, 1000; bills, 1500. 4250. - -[Footnote 61: = transport boats.] - -[Footnote 62: = An iron basket containing inflammable material, often -a coil of tarred rope.] - -[Footnote 63: _i.e._ "base and verse" = small light cannons.] - -[Footnote 64: = ropes?] - -[Footnote 65: These officials were responsible for the discipline; the -former for the officers, and the latter for the men.] - -[Footnote 66: = a ten pounder.] - -[Footnote 67: = a five pounder.] - - - - -HERTFORD AND OTHERS TO HENRY VIII. - -A. (MAY 9TH, 1544.) - -+Source.+--_Hamilton Papers_, No. 233. - - -Please it your highness to understand that I the Earl of Hertford with -Your Majesty's army here, marched out of this toun on Wednesday last, -towards Edinburgh, and being set forwards, came to me an herald and -trumpet from the provost and council of the toun, declaring on their -behalf that they would set open the gates and deliver the keys unto me -to do with the toun and them what I would, upon trust that I would be -good lord unto them and save their lives and goods without burning or -spoil of the toun, which should make no resistance unto me. - -I told him forasmuch as they had before refused so to do, and had made -me resolute answer that unless I would capitulate with them in what -sort I would use them and their toun, they would not yield the same, -but make resistances, which I took for a final resolution, I would -therefore remain now at my liberty to do as I thought good when I came -there; and therewith I asked, whether they would also undertake and -promise for to deliver the castle? Whereunto he answered that it was -out of his power to deliver the castle, but for the toun which was in -their hands, it should be at my commandment. Whereupon I willed them -to return, and to say unto the said provost and council that if they -would render all to my will, they should forthwith avoid the toun of -man, woman and childe, and at mine entry into the toun, if they did -meet me and submit themselves, I would then do as I saw cause. - -Whereupon he departed, and soon after when I came near to the toun, -the provost and others of the toun with him, came to me and required -me to be good lord unto them and their toun, which should be committed -unto me without resistance, trusting that I would save their lives and -goods, and not burn nor spoil their toun. - -I made them in effect like answer as before I made to the herald, but -being much pressed by them for the safetie of them and their toun with -their goods as aforesaid, I willed them to return, saying that at mine -entry within the toun, upon their submission and delivery of the keys -as they offered, I would then use them with the more favour, as at my -coming to the gates of the toun I would further declare. They returned -with this answer, and I supposed verily that they would in this sort -have delivered and yielded the toun; but immediately after, as soon as -we were marched hard to the toun, the inhabitants of the suburbs -raised a fire and a great smoke in one or two of their own houses -betwixt us and the toun, and forthwith after, I had intelligence that -they would defend and withstand us to their power. Whereupon I the -said Earl caused me the Lord Admiral with the forward to march into -the toun, who passed through the suburbs to the principal port of the -toun, being an iron gate and well fortified with men and ordinance, -which they shot so fast that some of our men being killed in the -streets with the same, the rest began to shrink and retire, but that -the gentlemen and others of the foreward, your majesty's servants, -gave the onset and made so sharp assault and approach hard to the -gate, that they recovered one piece of their artillery, and by -violence drew it from them through the loops, where the same did lie -in the gate. Nevertheless the Scots shot out of their windows and -holes of their houses so fast with hand-guns, that our men being so -astonied therewith, shot again at adventure, and did more hurt to -their own fellows than to the enemys, whereby it chanced that one hit -my Lord William with an arrow above the cheek, but the stroke was so -faint and weakly shot that, thanked be God, it did him little or no -hurt at all. In fine the said lord Admiral having caused Sir -Christopher Morris to lay ordinance to the said gate, after three or -iiii shots of a culverin, the gate flew open and our men entered the -toun with such good courage, as all the enemies fled away, and many of -them were slain, we think about vi or vii score at the least. And -being thus entered within the toun, and our enemies discomfited, -although I the said Earl had before taken order, that after the -winning of the toun and the entry into the same, they should proceed -no farther, nor make assault to the castle, till upon a future advice, -yet when the said gate was thus won and opened with the ordinance, the -gunners of their own courage, without advice or commandment of me the -said Earl, and without the knowledge of one the Lord Admiral, made -forthwith an approach with their battery pieces to the Castle of -Edinburgh, and shot of a little while to the same; but the castle -being so strong and the approach so dangerous on all sides, that it is -not possible for men to stand to their pieces without utter -destruction, the Scots with their shot both of cannon and other pieces -out of the castle, slew our men and dismounted one of our pieces. So -that I the said Earl perceiving the same, caused Mr. Lee and the -Surveyor of Calais to view the approach, who said that the same was so -dangerous, as the castle seemed to be impregnable without a long -demour and tarrying upon it; for there could be, as they said, no case -devised for the approach, but that the same must needs be so open upon -the shot of the castle, as without the great loss of men it could not -be entered, the ground being of hard rock, so that there was no earth -to fill mounds with, nor yet to trench on, and notwithstanding all the -shot that Sir Christopher Morris made, which endured almost two hours, -the walls of the castle seemed so strong as they were little or -nothing battered or impaired with the same. Whereupon I the said Earl -caused him to retire and withdraw all his pieces of artillery saving -that which was dismounted, which could not be lead away, the place -being so dangerous, as men could not stand to mount the same again, -and therefore I caused him to break it with over charge. And as soon -as the ordinance was thus withdrawn and set forwards, I commanded the -captains and soldiers to set fire in the toun, which being so raised -in sundry parts, the soldiers fell into such a sudden rage and fear, -that what by reason of the shot out of the castle, which beateth full -upon the toun, and killed sundry of our soldiers, and again with such -exclamations and cryings out upon no ground or cause, they began to -flee so fast out of the toun, as by reason of the straight passage at -the gate, the throng and press was so great, that one of them was like -to destroy another; whereof was like to have grown some mischief and -confusion. And if the smoke had not been such in the toun as blinded -the Scots so that the same could not see the confusion and throng of -our soldiers, undoubted with their shot they might have slain a great -number of your people. But God be thanked, at last it was well -appeased with much ado, and having made a jolly fire and smoke upon -the toun, I the said Earl with Your Highness' army returned to our -camp in this toun. And in this enterprise we lost not in all past xx -men, but by reason of the said confusion amongst the soldiers the time -passed and night came so fast on, that we could not tarry so long upon -the burning of the toun throughout, as we would have done, though it -be metely well smoked, and therefore we left it for that time. But -yesterday arrived here the warden of the East and Middle marches, with -the horsemen to the number of four thousand at the least, and this day -I the said Earl have eftsoons visited the said toun of Edinburgh, -which had chosen them a new provost, and intending to make a new -resistance, had repaired the said chief port of the toun with stone -and earth and stood somewhat stoutly to their defence. Nevertheless -they were so well assaulted and quickly handled that the gate was soon -set upon with our artillery and the toun won once again. In which -assault were slain iiii or v hundred Scots, and but vii of our men -lacking, thanks be to God. So that we trust Your Majesty's Commission -given to me the said Earl for the burning of the said toun, is now -well executed, for the toun and also the Abbey of Holyrood house is in -manner wholly brent and desolate; which considering the dangerous -entry into the same town by reason of the shot of the castle, we found -to be a far more difficult and dangerous enterprise than before hath -been supposed. - -And whiles the toun was thus brenning, and we standing upon the hill -without the toun to view the same, we might well hear the women and -poor miserable creatures of the toun make exclamation and cryings out -upon the cardinal in these words: "Wa worthe the Cardinal."[68] And -also your horsemen since their arrival here have ridden abroad in the -country and brent round about within v miles compass hereabouts and -have gotten good booties, both of cattle and also ready money and -plate to a good value and substance.... - -And finally, having made such devastation of the country hereabouts as -your majesty hath commanded, I shall then proceed to the execution of -the rest of my charge in our return home by land, which I trust shall -be accomplished to your highness' honour and contentment. Thus -Almighty God preserve your majesty in your royal estate most -felicitously to endure. At Leith the ixth of May. Your Majesty's -humble subjects and most bounden servants, E. Hertford, John Lisle, -Rafe Sadleyr. - - -B. (MAY 18.) - -+Source.+--_Hamilton Papers_, No. 240, Vol. II. - -Please it Your Highness to understand that like as we wrote in our -last letters to Your Majesty our determination to depart from Leith -homewards by land with your army upon Thursday last, and so to -devastate the country by the way in our return as we might -conveniently, so have we now accomplished the same. And first before -our departure from Leith having brent Edinburgh and sundry other towns -and villages in those parties as we wrote in our said last -letters,--we did likewise burn the town of Leith, the same morning -that we departed thence, and such ships and boats as we found in the -haven, meet to be brought away, we have conveyed thence by sea, and -the rest are brent; and have also destroyed and brent the pier and -haven. Which damages we think they shall not be able to recover in our -time. And in our way homewards we have brent the town of -Musselborough, Preston, Seton, with Lord Seton's principal house, -himself being pricking aloof from us with a certain number of -horsemen, so that he will see his own house and his own toun on fire, -and also we have brent the touns of Haddington and Dunbar, which we -dare assure Your Majesty be well burnt, with as many other piles, -gentlemen's and others houses and villages as we might conveniently -reach, within the limits or compass of our way homewards. And always -had such respect towards the keeping of good order and array in our -marching, as notwithstanding the Scots would daily prick about us, and -make as many proud shows and braggs, they could take us at none -advantage. And yesterday the Lords Hume and Seton, and also as we were -informed, the Earl of Bothwell, had assembled together the number of -two thousand horsemen and vi thousand footmen, and were once -determined to have stopped us at the Pease, which is a very straight -and ill passage for an army, assuring your majesty that three thousand -men, being men of heart, and having captains of any policy or -experience of the wars, might keep and defend the said passage against -a greater power than we had. Nevertheless being the said Scots -assembled and determined as is aforesaid, to keep that passage, when -they saw your majesty's army and power marching towards them in an -honest order and in such sort as they might well perceive were fully -bent and determined to assault them, they did immediately disperse and -scale themselves in our sight, and gave us the passage without -resistance. And so this journey is accomplished to Your Majesty's -honour. - -Touching the castle of Temptallen, like as we wrote to Your Highness -what we have done to Sir George Douglas in the same, so have I the -Earl of Hertford since that time received letters from the Earl of -Angus and the said Sir George, which I send herewith to Your Majesty; -and what shall be Your Majesty's further pleasure to have done in that -behalf, I shall accomplish accordingly; and would right gladly have -returned by Temptallen, and made some countenance of assault to the -same, but that partly I forbare and tarried for the said answer, and -chiefly I was constrained to leave it for lack of carriages for great -pieces of artillery and also for lack of powder; and besides that we -were so disfurnished by carriages for our victuals, that we were not -able to carry so much with us, as might serve us for any longer time -than that we might march home. And yet having made as Good Shift and -Provision for the same as we could for our lives, the soldiers, ere we -came half-way home, were fain to drink water the residue of the way -which they did with as good will as ever did men, and as well content -to endure labour and pain, without grudging at the same. These -respects and lacks enforced us to leave both Temptallen and Hume -Castles much against our wills, and to make the haste we could -homewards for avoiding of more inconvenience. So that this night we -arrived here at Berwick with our whole army, and shall forthwith -dissolve the same, to the intent Your Highness may the sooner be -exonerated of your great charges sustained in that behalf. - -Finally, we have received letters since our arrival here from the -lords of your majesty's council, by the which it appeareth that Your -Highness' pleasure to have 3900 soldiers chosen out of this army -to be transported hence to Calais to serve Your Highness in -France,--whereupon I the said Earl have called sundry of the captains -afore me, and appointed such as I thought most meet with their numbers -for that purpose. Assuring Your Majesty that though the gentlemen are -most willing to serve, yet they declare their necessity to be such, -which indeed is most evident,--as we see not how it is possible to -furnish the said number presently from these parts, to be transported -to Calais, unless the gentlemen and their men might have time to go -home and prepare and furnish themselves in such sort as they might be -able to serve Your Majesty to your honour and their honesties. For -having in this journey spent all their money, they say that of force -they must go home to make shift for more, and they have neither tents -nor pavilions here; for because this enterprise into Scotland was by -sea, all gentlemen had special commandment to bring no carriages with -them, so that few or none brought any pavilion hither. And as for the -soldiers having lain nightly in their clothes, since they came from -home being now the space of two months, and for this fortnight, every -night in the fields without covering, they have the most part of them, -what with cold and great travail and scant victualling have caught -such diseases both in their bodies and swelling in their legs, and be -so wearied with labour and pain that few or none of them be meet to go -to the seas, nor yet able to serve Your Majesty when they come to land -to your honor. And besides that they be so far out of apparrell both -in shirts, doublets, coats, and all other things, having also no money -to furnish the same, that their captains cannot with honesty bring -them to the field in such plight. So that except they might have time -to refresh themselves, both to get health and such necessary furniture -as they now want, undoubtedly we see not how it is possible to pick -out the said number of 3900 of such men as may be sent with honesty to -serve Your Highness purpose,--as I the said lord Admiral shall declare -unto Your Majesty at my coming. In the mean season, we have appointed -here 500 Harquebusiers, which be as forward and apt men to serve in -strait feat as ever we saw, and also 200 of the Lord Cobham's men, 200 -pioneers under the conduct of Mr. Lee and 50 of Sir Christopher Mone's -men, besides 500 of those that come by sea, over and above 2000 -reserved to keep the sea, so that the whole number that can be had -here is 1450 men, which shall forthwith be embarked and transported to -Calais, according to Your Majesty's pleasure. And this is as much as -can be done here in that behalf, without a longer respect as is -aforesaid. Thus Almighty God preserve Your Majesty in your royal -estate most felicitously to endure. - -At Berwick the xviiith of May and ix o'clock within night. Your -Majesty's humble subjects and most bounden servants. (Signed) E. -Hertford, John Lisle, Rafe Sadleyr. - -[Footnote 68: _i.e._ Cardinal Beaton, leader of the French Party in -Scotland.] - - - - -ATTEMPTED INVASION OF ENGLAND BY THE FRENCH (1545). - -+Source.+--Holinshed, p. 847. - - -The same month also the Lord Lisle Admiral of England with the English -fleet entered the mouth of the Seine, and came before Newhaven, where -a great navy of the Frenchmen lay, to the number of a two hundred -ships, and six and twenty gallies, whereof the Pope (as was reported) -had sent twenty well furnished with men and money to the aid of the -French king. - -The Englishmen being not past an hundred and threescore sail, and all -great ships, determined not to set upon the Frenchmen where they lay: -but yet approaching near unto them, shot off certain pieces of -ordinance at them, and thereby caused the gallies to come abroad, -which changed shot again with the Englishmen. - -The gallies at the first had great advantage, by reason of the great -calm. - -Thrice either part assaulted other with shot of their great artillery, -but suddenly the wind rose so high, that the gallies could not endure -the rage of the seas, and so the Englishmen for fear of flats were -compelled to enter the main seas and so sailed unto Portsmouth where -the King lay, for he had knowledge of his espials that the Frenchmen -intended to land in the Isle of Wight, wherefore he repaired to that -coast, to see his realm defended. - -After this, the eighteenth of July the admiral of France Monseiur -Danebalte hoisted up sails, and with his whole navy came forth into -the seas, and arrived on the coast of Sussex before Bright -Hamsteed,[69] and set certain of his soldiers on land to burn and -spoil the country: but the beacons were fired and the inhabitants -thereabouts came down so thick that the Frenchmen were driven to fly -with loss of divers of their numbers; so that they did little hurt -there. Immediately thereupon they made to the point of the Isle of -Wight, called Saint Helen's point, and there in good order upon their -arrival they cast anchors, and sent daily sixteen of their gallies to -the very haven of Portsmouth. The English navy lying there in the same -haven, made them ready, and set out toward the enemies, and still the -one shot hotly at the other; but the wind was so calm, that the king's -ships could bear no sail, which greatly grieved the minds of the -Englishmen, and made the enemies more bold to approach with their -gallies, and to assail the ships with their shot even within the haven. - -The twentieth of July, the whole navy of the Englishmen made out, and -purposed to set on the Frenchmen, but in setting forward, through too -much folly, one of the King's ships called the _Marie Rose_ was -drowned in the midst of the haven, by reason that she was overladen -with ordinance, and had the ports left open, which were very low, and -the great artillerie unbreeched so that when the ship should turn, the -water entered, and suddenly she sank. In her was Sir George Carew -knight and four hundred soldiers under his guiding. There escaped not -past forty persons of all the whole number. On the morrow after about -two thousand of the Frenchmen landed at the Isle of Wight, where one -of their chief captains named le Chevalier Daux, a Provencois, was -slain with many other, and the residue with loss and shame driven back -again to their gallies. - -The King perceiving the great Armada of the Frenchmen to approach, -caused the beacons to be fired, and by letters sent into Hamptonshire, -Summersetshire, Wiltshire, and into divers other countries adjoining, -gave knowledge to such as were appointed to be ready for that purpose, -to come with all speed to encounter the enemies. Whereupon they -repaired to his presence in great numbers well furnished with armour, -weapon, vittels, and all other things necessary, so that the Isle was -garnished, and all the frontiers along the coasts fortified with -exceeding great multitudes of men. The French captains having -knowledge by certain fishermen, whom they took, that the King was -present, and so huge a power ready to resist them, they disanchored -and drew along the coast of Sussex, and a small number of them landed -again in Sussex, of whom few returned to their ships; for divers -gentlemen of the country, as Sir Nicholas Pelham, and others, with -such power as was raised, upon the sudden, took them up by the way and -quickly distressed them. - -When they had searched everywhere by the coast, and saw men still -ready to receive them with battle, they turned stern, and so got them -home again without any act achieved worthy to be mentioned. The number -of the Frenchmen was great, so that divers of them that were taken -prisoners in the Isle of Wight and in Sussex did report that they were -three score thousand. The French king advertised the emperor most -untruly by letters, that his army had gotten the Isle of Wight with -the ports of Hamton, and Portsmouth, and divers other places. - -[Footnote 69: _i.e._ Brighthelmstone = Brighton.] - - - - -THE CAPTURE OF THE BARQUE AGER (1545). - -+Source.+--Hall's _Henry VIII_. - - -In this time, there was by the Frenchmen a voyage made towards the -Isle of Brazil, with a ship called the Barque Ager, which they had -taken from the Englishmen before. And in their way they fortuned to -meet suddenly with a little Craer, of whom was Master one Golding, -which Golding was a fierce and an hardy man. The barque perceiving -this small Craer to be an Englishman, shot at him and boughed him, -wherefore the Craer drew straight to the great ship, and six or seven -of the men leapt into the Barque: the Frenchmen looking over the board -at the sinking of the Craer, nothing mistrusting anything, that might -be done by the Englishmen. And so it fortuned that those Englishmen -which climbed into the ship, found in the end thereof a great number -of lime pots, which they with water quenched, or rather as the nature -thereof is, set them a fire, and threw them at the Frenchmen that were -aboard, and so blinded them, that those few Englishmen that entered -the ship, vanquished all that were therein, and drove them under -hatches, and brought the barque clearly away again into England. - - - - -SPEECH MADE BY KING HENRY VIII. AT THE OPENING OF PARLIAMENT (1546). - -+Source.+--Edward Hall's _Henry VIII_. - - -Although my Chancellor for the time being, hath before this time used, -very eloquently and substantially, to make answer to such orations, as -hath been set forth in this high court of Parliament, yet is he not so -able to open and set forth my mind and meaning, and the secrets of my -heart, in so plain and ample manner, as I myself am and can do; -wherefor I taking upon me to answer your eloquent oration, Master -Speaker, say, that where you, in the name of our well-beloved Commons -hath both praised and extolled me, for the notable qualities that you -have conceived to be in me, I most heartily thank you all, that you -have put me in remembrance of my duty, which is to endeavour myself to -obtain and get such excellent qualities, and necessary virtues, as a -Prince or Governor, should or ought to have, of which gifts I -recognize myself both bare and barren; but of such small qualities as -God hath endued me withal, I render to his goodness my most humble -thanks, intending with all my wit and diligence, to get and acquire to -me such notable virtues and princely qualities as you have alleged to -be incorporate in my person. These thanks for your loving admonition -and good counsel first remembered, eftsoons thank you again, because -that you, considering our great charges (not for our pleasure, but for -your defences, not for our gain, but to our great cost), which we have -lately sustained, as well in defence of our and your enemies, as for -the conquest of that fortress, which was to this realm, most -displeasant and noisome, and shall be by God's grace hereafter, to our -nation most profitable and pleasant, have freely of your own mind, -granted to us a certain subsidy specified in a certain act, which -verily we take in good part, regarding more your kindness, than the -profit thereof, as he that setteth more by your loving hearts, than by -your substance. Besides this hearty kindness, I cannot a little -rejoice when I consider the perfect trust and sure confidence which -you have put in me, as men having undoubted hope and unfeigned belief -in my good doings and just proceedings for you, without my desire or -request, have committed to mine order and disposition, all Chantries, -Colleges, Hospitals, and other places specified in a certain act, -firmly trusting that I will order them to the glory of God, and the -profit of the commonwealth. Surely if I contrary to your expectation, -should suffer the ministers of the Church to decay, or learning (which -is so great a jewel) to be ministered, or poor and miserable people to -be unrelieved, you might say that I being put in so special a trust, -as I am in this case, were no trusty friend to you, nor charitable man -to mine even Christian,[70] neither a lover of the public wealth, nor -yet one that feared God, to whom account must be rendered of all our -doings. Doubt not I pray you, but your expectation shall be served, -more godly and goodly than you will wish or desire, as hereafter you -shall plainly perceive. - -Now sithence I find such kindness on your part towards me, I can not -chose but love and favour you, affirming that no prince in the world -more favoureth his subjects, than I do you, nor no subjects or commons -more, love and obey, their sovereign lord, than I perceive you do me, -for whose defence my treasure shall not be hidden, nor yf necessity -require my person shall not be unadventured; yet although I with you, -and you with me, be in this perfect love and concord, this friendly -amity can not continue, except both you my lords temporal, and you my -lords spiritual, and you my loving subjects, study and take pain to -amend one thing, which surely is amiss, and far out of order, to the -which I most heartily require you, which is, that charity and concord -is not amongst you, but discord and dissention beareth rule in every -place. S. Paul saith to the Corinthians, in the xiii Chapter, Charity -is gentle, Charity is not envious, Charity is not proud, and so forth, -in the said Chapter: Behold then what love and Charity is amongst you, -when the one calleth the other Heretic and Anabaptist, and he calleth -him again Papist, Hypocrit and Pharisee. Be these tokens of charity -amongst you? Are these the signs of fraternal love between you? No, -no, I assure you, that this lack of charity among yourselves, will be -the hindrance and assuaging of the fervent love between us, as I said -before; except this wound be salved, and clearly made whole, I must -needs judge the fault and occasion of this discord to be partly by -negligence of you the fathers and preachers of the spirituality. If I -see a man boast and bragg himself, I cannot but deem him a proud man. -I see and hear daily that you of the clergy preach one against -another, teach one contrary to another, inveigh one against another -without charity or discretion. Some be too stiff in their old -Mumpsimus, others be too busy and curious in their new Sumpsimus. Thus -all men almost be in variety and discord, and few or none preach truly -and sincerely the word of God, according as they ought to do. Shall I -now judge you charitable persons doing this? No, no, I cannot so do: -alas, how can the poor souls live in concord when you preachers sow -amongst them in your sermons debate and discord? Or if they look for -light, and you bring them to darkness? Amend these crimes I exhort -you, and set forth God's word, both by true preaching, and good -example giving, or else I whom God hath appointed his Vicar, and high -minister here, will see these divisions extinct, and these enormities -corrected, according to my very duty, or else I am an unprofitable -servant, and untrue officer. - -Although as I say, the spiritual men be in some fault, that charity is -not kept amongst you, yet you of the temporality be not clean and -unspotted of malice and envy, for you rail on Bishops, speak -slanderously of Priests, and rebuke and taunt Preachers, both contrary -to good order and Christian fraternity. If you know surely that a -bishop or preacher erreth or teacheth perverse doctrine, come and -declare it to some of our Council or to us, to whom is committed by -God the high authority to reform and order such causes and behaviours, -and be not judges yourselves, of your own phantastical opinions, and -vain exposicions, for in such high causes ye may lightly err. And all -though you be permitted to read holy scripture, and to have the word -of God in your mother tongue, you must understand that it is licensed -you so to do, only to inform your own conscience, and to instruct your -children and family, and not to dispute and make scripture a railing -and a taunting stock, against Priests and Preachers (as many light -persons do). I am very sorry to know and hear, how unreverently that -most precious jewel the word of God is disputed, rhymed, sung and -jangled in every Alehouse and Tavern, contrary to the true meaning and -doctrine of the same. And yet I am even as much sorry that the readers -of the same follow it in doing so faintly and coldly; for of this I am -sure, that Charity was never so faint amongst you, and vertuous and -Godly living was never less used, nor God himself amongst Christians -was never less reverenced, honoured or served. Therefore, as I said -before, be in Charity one with another, like brother and brother, -love, dread and serve God (to the which I as your supreme head, and -sovereign lord, exhort and require you) and then I doubt not but that -love and league that I spake of in the beginning shall never be -dissolved or broken between us. And the making of laws, which be now -made and concluded, I exhort, you the makers, to be as diligent in -putting them in execution, as you were in making and furthering the -same, or else your labour shall be in vain, and your commonwealth -nothing relieved. Now to your petition, concerning our royal assent to -be given to such acts as passed both the houses. They shall be read -openly, and ye may hear them. - -[Footnote 70: = my fellow Christian.] - - - - - -HUGH LATIMER'S SERMON ON "THE PLOUGHERS" (1549). - -+Source.+--Latimer's _Remains and Sermons_, Corria Parker Society -(1844); "Sermon on the Ploughers." - - -... Now what shall we say of these rich artisans of London? What shall -I say of them? Shall I call them proud men of London, malicious men of -London, merciless men of London? No, no, I may not say so, they will -be offended with me then. Yet must I speak. For there is reigning in -London as much pride, as much covetousness, as much cruelty, as much -oppression, as much superstition, as was in Nebo?[71] Yes, I think and -much more too. Therefore I say, repent O London! repent, repent! Thou -hearest thy faults told thee; amend them, amend them. And you rulers -and officers, be wise and circumspect, look to your charge and see you -do your duties and rather be glad to amend your ill living than to be -angry when you are warned or told of your fault.... But London cannot -abide to be rebuked; such is the nature of man. If they be pricked, -they will kick. If they be rubbed on the gall, they will wince. But -yet they will not amend their faults, they will not be ill spoken of. -But how shall I speak well of them? If you could be content to receive -and follow the word of God and favour good preachers, if you could -bear to be told of your faults, if you could amend when you hear of -them: if you would be glad to reform that is amiss: if I might see any -such inclination in you, that leave to be merciless and begin to be -charitable, I would then hope well of you, I would then speak well of -you. But London was never so ill as it is now. In times past men were -full of pity and compassion, but now there is no pity; for in London -their brother shall die in the streets for cold, he shall lie sick at -their door between stock and stock, I cannot tell what to call it, and -perish there for hunger. In times past when any rich man died in -London, they were wont to help the poor scholars of the university -with exhibition. When any man died, they would bequeathe great sums of -money towards the relief of the poor. When I was a scholar at -Cambridge myself, I heard very good report of London and knew many -that had relief of the rich men of London; but now I can hear no such -good report and yet I enquire of it and hearken for it, but now -charity is waxed cold, none helpeth the scholar nor yet the poor. And -in those days what did they when they helped the scholars? Many they -maintained and gave them livings that were very papists and professed -the pope's doctrine; and now that the knowledge of God's word is -brought to light, and many earnestly study and labour to set it forth, -now almost no man helpeth to maintain them. Oh! London! London! -repent, repent, for I think God is more displeased with London than -ever he was with the city of Nebo. Amend therefore; and ye that be -prelates, look well to your office, for right prelating is busy -labouring and not lording. Therefore preach and teach and let your -plough be doing; ye lords, I say, that live like loiterers, look well -to your office; the plough is your office and charge. If you live idle -and loiter, you do not your duty, you follow not your vocation; let -your plough therefore be going and not cease, that true ground may -bring forth good fruit. But now, me thinketh I hear one say unto me, -wot you what you say? Is it a work? Is it a labour? How then hath it -happened that we have had so many hundred years so many unpreaching -prelates, lording loiterers, and idle ministers? Ye would have me here -to make answer and to shew the cause thereof. Nay, this land is not -for me to plough, it is too strong, too thorny, too hard for me to -plough. They have so many things that make for them, so many things to -lay for themselves, that it is not for my weak team to plough them. -They have to lay for themselves long customs and ceremonies and -authority, placing in parliament, and many things more. And I feare me -this land is not yet ripe to be ploughed. For, as the saying is, it -lacketh weathering; at least way it is not for me to plough. For what -shall I look for among thornes but pricking and scratching? What among -stones, but stumbling? What (I had almost said) among serpents, but -stinging? But this much I dare say, that since lording and loitering -hath come up, preaching hath come down, contrary to the Apostles' -times. For they preached and lorded not. And now they lord and preach -not. - -But now for the fault of unpreaching prelates, me thinke, I could -guess, what might be said for excusing of them: They are so troubled -with lordly living, they be so placed in palaces, couched in courts, -ruffling in their rents, dancing in their dominions, and burdened with -ambassages, pampering of their paunches like a monk that maketh his -jubilee, munching in their mangers and moiling in their gay manors and -mansions, and so troubled with loitering in their Lordships: that they -cannot attend it. They are otherwise occupied, some in the king's -matters, some are ambassadors, some of the Privy Council, some to -furnish the court, some are Lords of Parliament, some are presidents -and some are comptrollers of mints. Is this their duty? Is this their -office? Should we have ministers of the Church to be comptrollers of -the mints? Is this a meet office for a prieste that hath the cure of -Souls? Is this his charge? I would here ask one question? I would fain -know who controlleth the devil at home at his parish while he -comptrolleth the mint? If the Apostles might not leave the office of -preaching to be deacons, shall one leave it for minting? - -And now I would ask a strange question? Who is the most diligent -bishop and prelate in all England, that passeth all the rest in doing -his office? I can tell, for I know him, who it is; I know him well. -But now I think I see you listing and hearkening, that I should name -him. There is one that passeth all the other, and is the most diligent -prelate and preacher in all England. And will ye know who it is? I -will tell you. It is the Devil. He is the most diligent preacher of -all other, he is never out of his diocese, he is never from his cure, -ye shall never find him unoccupied, he is ever in his parish, he -keepeth residence at all times, ye shall never find him out of the -way; call for him when you will, he is ever at home, the diligentest -preacher in all the Realm; he is ever at his plough, no lording or -loitering can hinder him; he is ever applying his business, ye shall -never find him idle, I warrant you. And his office is, to hinder -religion, to maintain superstition, to set up idolatry, to teach all -kind of popery; he is ready as can be wished to set forth his plough, -to devise as many ways as can be, to deface and obscure God's glory. -Where the Devil is resident and hath his plough going: there away with -books, and up with candles, yea, at noon-days. Where the Devil is -resident, that he may prevail, up with all superstition and idolatry, -sensing, painting of images, candles, palms, ashes, holy water and new -service of men's inventing, as though man could invent a better way to -honour God with than God himself hath appointed. Down with Christ's -Crosse, up with Purgatory pick-purse, up with him, the popish -purgatory, I mean. Away with clothing the naked, the poor and -impotent, up with decking of images and gay garnishing of stocks and -stones, up with man's traditions and his laws, down with God's -tradition and his most holy word. Down with the old honour due to God, -and up with the new God's honour, let all things be done in Latin. -There must be nothing but Latin, not as much as "Memento, homo, quod -cinis es, et in cineres reverteris"--Remember, man, that thou arte -ashes and into ashes thou shalt return. Which be the words that the -minister speaketh, to the ignorant people, when he giveth them ashes -upon Ash Wednesday, but it must be spoken in Latin. God's word may in -no wise be translated into English. Oh, that our prelates would be as -diligent to sow the corn of good doctrine, as Satan is to sow cockel -and darnel! And this is the devilish ploughing, the which worketh to -have things in Latin and letteth the fruitful edification. - -[Footnote 71: A Moabite town; see Jeremiah xlviii.] - - - - -THE ORDINANCES, STATUTES AND RULES MADE BY JOHN LORD TIPTOLFE, EARL OF -WORCESTER, CONSTABLE OF ENGLAND, BY THE KING'S COMMANDMENT, AT WINDSOR -ON THE 29TH OF MARCH (CIRCA 1590). - -+Source.+--From Sir J. Harrington's _Nugae Antiquae_, Vol. III., -p. 234, 1792. - - -Reserving always to the Queen and to the Lord President, the -attribution and gift of the prizes, after the manner and form -accustomed. For their demerits according to the articles ensuing: - - -_How many ways the prize is won._ - -First, whoso breaketh most spears, as they ought to be broken, shall -have the prize. - -Item, whoso breaketh three times, in the sight of the helm, shall have -the prize. - -Item, whoso meeteth two times, coronal[72] to coronal, shall have the -prize. - -Item, whoso beareth a man doun with stroke of spear shall have the -prize. - - -_How many ways the prize shall be lost._ - -First, whoso striketh a horse shall have no prize. - -Item, who striketh a man, his back turned, or disarmed of his spear, -shall have no prize. - -Item, whoso hitteth the toile[73] three times shall have no prize. - -Item, whoso unhelms himself two times shall have no prize, unless his -horse do fail him. - - -_How broken spears shall be allowed._ - -First, whoso breaketh a spear between the saddle and the coronal[74] -of the helm shall be allowed for one. - -Item, whoso breaketh a spear from the coronal upwards shall be allowed -for two. - -Item, whoso breaketh a spear, so that he striketh his adversary doun, -or put him out of his saddle, or disarms him in such wise as he may -not run the next course after, or breaketh his spear coronal to -coronal shall be allowed as three spears broken. - - -_How spears broken shall be disallowed._ - -First, whoso breaketh on the saddle shall be disallowed for -spear-breaking. - -Item, whoso hitteth the toile once shall be disallowed for two. - -Item, whoso hitteth the toil shall, for that blow the second time be -disallowed three. - -Item, whoso breaketh a spear, within a foot to the coronal, shall be -adjudged as no spear broken, but a faint attaint.[75] - - -_For the Prize to be given and who shall be preferred._ - -First, whoso beareth a man doun out of the saddle, or putteth him to -the earth, horse and man, shall have the prize before him that -striketh coronal to coronal two times. - -Item, he that strikes coronal to coronal two times, shall have the -prize before him that strikes the sight three times. - -Item, he that strikes the sight three times shall have the prize -before him that breaketh more spears. - -Item, if there be any man that furnisheth in this wise, which shall be -deemed to have bidden longest in the field helmed, and to have run the -fairest course, and to have given the greatest strokes, and to have -holpen himself best with his spear he shall have the prize. - - JOHN WORCESTER. - - -_At Tourney._ - -Two blows at the passage, and ten at the joining, more or less as they -make it. All gripings, shocks and foul play forbidden. - - -_How Prizes and Tourney and barrier are to be lost._ - -He that giveth a stroke with a pike from the girdle downwards, or -under the barrier, shall win no prize. - -He that shall have a close gauntlet, or anything to fasten his sword -to his hand, shall have no prize. - -He whose sword falleth out of his hand shall win no prize. - -He that stayeth his hands in fight or the barrier shall win no prize. - -He whosoever shall fight and doth not shew his sword to the judges -before, shall win no prize. - -Yet it is to be understood that the Challengers may win all these -prizes against the Defendants. - -The Maintainers may take aid or assistance of the noblemen, of such as -they shall like best. - -[Footnote 72: Coronal = (_a_) The head of a tilting lance of iron, -furnished with two, three, or four blunt points, which give a good -hold on shield or helmet when striking but do not penetrate; (_b_) the -ornamentation on the helmet, to which the plume or crest was usually -attached.] - -[Footnote 73: The barrier separating the two competitors.] - -[Footnote 74: See note on previous page.] - -[Footnote 75: Attaint was the technical term for a hit.] - - - - -A LITTLE PROHEME TO THE BOOK CALLED _GRAMMATICA RUDIMENTA_, BY DEAN -COLET (1527). - -APPENDIX IX. NUM. XIII. - -+Source.+--Knight's _Life of Colet_. - - -Albeit many have written, and have made certain introductions into -Latin Speech, called Donates and Accidence in Latin tongue and in -English, in such plenty that it should seem to suffice; yet -nevertheless for the love and zeal that I have to the new School of -Powles, and to the children of the same, somewhat I have also compiled -of the matter, and of the viii parts of grammar have made this little -book, not thinking that I could say anything that had been said better -before, but I took this business having great pleasure to shew the -testimony of my good mind unto that school. - -In which little work if any new things be of me, it is alonely that I -have put these parts in a more clear order, and have made them a -little more easy to young wits, than (me thinketh) they were before. -Judging that nothing may be too soft, nor too familiar for little -children, especially learning a tongue unto them all strange. In which -little book I have left many things out of purposes, considering the -tenderness and small capacity of little minds. And that I have spoken -also I have affirmed it none otherwise, but as it happeneth most -commonly in the Latin Tongue. For many be the exceptions, and hard it -is anything generally to assure in a speech so various. I pray God all -may be to his honour, and to the erudition and profit of children, and -my countrymen Londoners especially, whom digesting this little work I -had alway before mine eyen, considering more, what was for them, than -to shew any great cunning, willing to speak the things often before -spoken, in such manner as gladly young beginners and tender wits might -take and conceive. Wherefore I pray you all little babes, all little -children learn gladly this little treatise, and commend it diligently -unto your memories, trusting of this beginning that ye shall proceed -and grow to perfect literature, and come at the last to be great -clerks. And lift up your little white hands for me, which prayeth for -you to God, to whom be all honour and imperial majesty and glory, AMEN. - - - - -GLASGOW: PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS BY ROBERT MACLEHOSE AND CO. LTD. - - - - -BELL'S ENGLISH HISTORY SOURCE BOOKS. - - -_Volumes now Ready. 1s. net each._ - -+449-1066. The Welding of the Race.+ Edited by the Rev. JOHN WALLIS, M.A. - -+1066-1154. The Normans in England.+ Edited by A. E. BLAND, B.A. - -+1154-1216. The Angevins and the Charter.+ Edited by S. M. TOYNE, M.A. - -+1216-1307. The Growth of Parliament, and the War with Scotland.+ -Edited by W. D. ROBIESON, M.A. - -+1307-1399. War and Misrule.+ Edited by A. A. LOCKE. - -+1399-1485. York and Lancaster.+ Edited by W. GARMON JONES, M.A. - -+1485-1547. The Reformation and the Renaissance.+ Edited by F. W. -BEWSHER, B.A. - -+1547-1603. The Age of Elizabeth.+ Edited by ARUNDELL ESDAILE, M.A. - -+1603-1660. Puritanism and Liberty.+ Edited by KENNETH BELL, M.A. - -+1660-1714. A Constitution in Making.+ Edited by G. B. PERRETT, M.A. - -+1714-1760. Walpole and Chatham.+ Edited by K. A. ESDAILE. - -+1760-1801. American Independence and the French Revolution.+ Edited -by S. E. WINBOLT, M.A. - -+1801-1815. England and Napoleon.+ Edited by S. E. WINBOLT, M.A. - -+1815-1837. Peace and Reform.+ Edited by A. C. W. EDWARDS, M.A., -Christ's Hospital. - -+1837-1856. Commercial Politics.+ By R. H. GRETTON. - -+1856-1876. Palmerston to Disraeli.+ Edited by EWING HARDING, B.A. - -+1876-1887. Imperialism and Mr. Gladstone.+ Edited by R. H. GRETTON, M.A. - - -+1563-1913. Canada.+ Edited by JAMES MUNRO, Lecturer at Edinburgh -University. - - -+A Source-Book of London History.+ By P. MEADOWS, M.A. 1s. 6d. net. - - - - -BELL'S SCOTTISH HISTORY SOURCE BOOKS. - - -+1637-1688. The Scottish Covenanters.+ Edited by J. PRINGLE THOMSON, M.A. - -+1689-1746. The Jacobite Rebellions.+ Edited by J. PRINGLE THOMSON, M.A. - - - - -LONDON: G. BELL AND SONS, LTD. - - - - - * * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber's note: - -Apparent typographical errors have been corrected. The use of hyphens -has been rationalised. - -Notices of other books in the series have been moved to the end of the -text. - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REFORMATION AND THE RENAISSANCE -(1485-1547)*** - - -******* This file should be named 51229.txt or 51229.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/1/2/2/51229 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - |