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diff --git a/old/51218-0.txt b/old/51218-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 091b487..0000000 --- a/old/51218-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,18922 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Proceedings of the New York Historical -Association [1906], by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Proceedings of the New York Historical Association [1906] - -Author: Various - -Release Date: February 14, 2016 [EBook #51218] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROCEEDINGS--NEW YORK HIST. ASSOC. 1906 *** - - - - -Produced by Roger Burch with scans provided by the Internet Archive. - - - - - - - -[Illustration: Cover] - - - - PROCEEDINGS OF THE - - * * * * * - - NEW YORK STATE HISTORICAL - ASSOCIATION - - * * * * * - - THE SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING, - WITH CONSTITUTION, BY-LAWS - AND LIST OF MEMBERS. - - * * * * * - -[Illustration: Seal of the Association] - - * * * * * - - PUBLISHED BY THE - NEW YORK STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION - 1906 - - - - - NEWBURGH JOURNAL PRINT. - - - - - NEW YORK STATE HISTORICAL - ASSOCIATION. - - * * * * * - - President, - Hon. JAMES A. ROBERTS, New York. - - First Vice-President, - Hon. GRENVILLE M. INGALSBE, Sandy Hill. - - Second Vice-President, - Dr. SHERMAN WILLIAMS, Glens Falls. - - Third Vice-President, - JOHN BOULTON SIMPSON, Bolton. - - Treasurer, - JAMES A. HOLDEN, Glens Falls. - - Secretary, - ROBERT O. BASCOM, Fort Edward. - - Assistant Secretary, - FREDERICK B. RICHARDS, Ticonderoga. - - - - - TRUSTEES. - - * * * * * - - Mr. Asahel R. Wing, Fort Edward Term Expires 1906 - Mr. Elmer J. West, Glens Falls " 1906 - Rev. John H. Brandow, Schoharie " 1906 - Hon. Grenville M. Ingalsbe, Sandy Hill " 1906 - Col. William L. Stone, Mt. Vernon " 1906 - Mr. Morris Patterson Ferris, New York " 1906 - Hon. George G. Benedict, Burlington, Vt. " 1906 - Hon. James A. Roberts, New York " 1907 - Col. John L. Cunningham, Glens Falls " 1907 - Mr. James A. Holden, Glens Falls " 1907 - Mr. John Boulton Simpson, Bolton " 1907 - Rev. Dr. C. Ellis Stevens, New York " 1907 - Dr. Everett R. Sawyer, Sandy Hill " 1907 - Mr. Elwyn Seele, Lake George " 1907 - Mr. Frederick B. Richards, Ticonderoga " 1907 - Mr. Howland Pell, New York " 1907 - Gen. Henry E. Tremain, New York " 1908 - Mr. William Wait, Kinderhook " 1908 - Dr. Sherman Williams, Glens Falls " 1908 - Mr. Robert O. Bascom, Fort Edward " 1908 - Mr. Francis W. Halsey, New York " 1908 - Mr. Harry W. Watrous, Hague " 1908 - Com. John W. Moore, Bolton Landing " 1908 - Rev. Dr. Joseph E. King, Fort Edward " 1908 - Hon. Hugh Hastings, Albany " 1908 - - - - - PROCEEDINGS - Of The - - Seventh Annual Meeting of the New York State Historical - Association, held August 22d, 1905, at the - Court House, Lake George, N. Y. - - * * * * * - -At the Seventh Annual Meeting of the New York State Historical -Association, held at Lake George on the 22d day of August, 1905, a -quorum being present, the President, James A. Roberts, called the -meeting to order, whereupon it was duly moved, seconded and carried, -that the reading of the minutes be dispensed with. - -The report of the Treasurer, James A. Holden, was read and adopted after -having been approved by the auditors, Dr. Joseph E. King and the Hon. -Grenville M. Ingalsbe. - -It was further moved, seconded and carried, that the annual publication -of the society be not sent to those members who are two or more years -in arrears in their dues. - -Dr. Sherman Williams, chairman of the committee on historic spots, -reported orally that arrangements had been made for the erection of a -boulder with a bronze tablet at Half-Way Brook, and that arrangements -were in progress for marking other spots in the vicinity of Lake George. -The report was accepted and the committee continued, and the committee -were requested to make a written report with a historic sketch relating -to the spots marked and proposed to be marked, which report together -with a cut of the tablets erected and to be erected shall be published -in the proceedings of the Association. - -Mr. Harry W. Watrous, chairman of the committee on Fort Ticonderoga, by -Mr. Grenville M. Ingalsbe reported progress. - -Upon the suggestion of the chairman the following committee on Fort -Ticonderoga was appointed for the ensuing year: - -Mrs. Elizabeth Watrous, Mr. John Boulton Simpson, Mr. Geo. O. Knapp. - -The committee on program made an oral report, which was adopted. - -A vote of thanks was extended to Gen. Tremain for his very liberal gift -to the Association reported by the treasurer. - -A vote of thanks was extended to the committee on program. - -The following new members were elected: - - Alice Brooks Wyckoff, Elmira, N. Y. - Hon. F. W. Hatch, N. Y. City. - Hon. Albert Haight, Albany, N. Y. - Hon. John Woodward, Brooklyn, N. Y. - Mr. E. B. Hill, 49 Wall Street, N. Y. City. - Rev. Dr. Thos. B. Slicer, N. Y. City. - Mr. G. C. Lewis, Albany, N. Y. - Dr. George S. Eveleth, Little Falls, N. Y. - George C. Rowell, 81 Chapel Street, Albany, N. Y. - Mr. James F. Smith, So. Hartford, N. Y. - Mr. George Foster Peabody, Lake George, N. Y. - Mr. Grenville H. Ingalsbe, Sandy Hill, N. Y. - Mr. A. N. Richards, Sandy Hill, N. Y. - Mr. Irwin W. Near, Hornellsville, N. Y. - Mr. Archibald Stewart, Derby, Sandy Hill, N. Y. - Mr. Alvaro D. Arnold, Sandy Hill, N. Y. - Mr. Richard C. Tefft, Sandy Hill, N. Y. - Mr. F. D. Howland, Sandy Hill, N. Y. - Mr. A. W. Abrams. - Mr. D. M. Alexander, Buffalo, N. Y. - Mr. Philip M. Hull, Clinton, N. Y. - Addie E. Hatfield, 17 Linwood Place, Utica, N. Y. - George K. Hawkins, Plattsburgh, N. Y. - Dr. Claude A. Horton, Glens Falls, N. Y. - Dr. E. T. Horton, Whitehall, N. Y. - Gen. T. S. Peck, Burlington, Vt. - Myron F. Westover, Schenectady, N. Y. - Dr. Wm. C. Sebring, Kingston, N. Y. - Mr. Neil M. Ladd, 646 Fulton Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. - Mr. J. Hervey Cook, Fishkill-on-the-Hudson, N. Y. - Mr. H. L. Broughton, Sandy Hill, N. Y. - Daniel L. Van Hee, Rochester, N. Y. - Edmund Wetmore, 34 Pine Street, N. Y. City. - Mrs. Lydia F. Upson, Glens Falls, N. Y. - Mr. Daniel F. Imrie, Lake George, N. Y. - Mr. James Green, Lake George, N. Y. - Mr. Edwin J. Worden, Lake George, N. Y. - -Dr. Sherman Williams moved that the chair appoint a committee of two to -take into consideration an amendment to the constitution relating to -the payment of dues. - -Carried. - -Whereupon the chair appointed as such committee Robert O. Bascom and -James A. Holden. - -Hon. Grenville M. Ingalsbe offered the following resolution. - -_Resolved,_ That the President be authorized to appoint a committee of -three to investigate and report to the next annual meeting as to the -feasibility of co-operation and of the establishment of a community of -action between this association and the various other historical -societies in the State, which resolution was unanimously adopted. - -After some discussion, participated in by various members of the -Association, it was regularly moved, seconded and carried, that a -committee of three be appointed by the president upon membership, -whereupon the president appointed the following committee: - -Dr. Ellis C. Stevens, with power to name his associates. - -The following trustees were unanimously elected by ballot for the term -of three years: - -Gen. Henry E. Tremain, N. Y. City; William Wait, Kinderhook, N. Y.; -Dr. Sherman Williams, Glens Falls, N. Y.; Robert O. Bascom, Fort Edward, -N. Y.; Francis W. Halsey, New York; Harry W. Watrous, Hague, N. Y.; Rev. -Dr. Joseph E. King, Fort Edward, N. Y.; Hon. Hugh Hastings, Albany, -N. Y.; Com. John W. Moore, Bolton Landing, N. Y. - -Rev. Mr. Hatch and Rev. Mr. Black presented for the consideration of the -Association the subject of the erection of a museum building. After some -discussion it was moved, seconded and carried, that the thanks of the -Association be tendered to the gentlemen for bringing the matter to the -attention of the Association, after which the meeting was adjourned -until two o'clock in the afternoon. - - - - August 22d, 1905.--Afternoon Session. - - _Symposium--The Sullivan Expedition._ - -At the adjourned session held in the afternoon August 22d, 1905, Dr. -W. C. Sebring, of Kingston, read a paper entitled, "The Character of -Gen. Sullivan." - -A paper entitled "The Primary Cause of the Border Wars," by Francis W. -Halsey, of New York, was read by the Hon. Grenville M. Ingaslsbe in the -absence of Mr. Halsey. - -Dr. Sherman Williams, of Glens Falls, read a monograph entitled, "The -Organization of Sullivan's Expedition." - -Hon. Grenville M. Ingalsbe read by title only a paper entitled, "A -Bibliography of Sullivan's Expedition." - -A paper entitled, "An Indian Civilization and its Destruction," by Col. -S. W. Moulthrop, was read by the Rev. W. H. P. Hatch in the absence of -Col. Moulthrop. - -A paper entitled, "The Campaign," was read by William Wait, of -Kinderhook, when the meeting adjourned until August 23d, at 10 o'clock -A. M., at the same place. - - ROBERT O. BASCOM, - - _Secretary._ - - - - - TRUSTEES' MEETING. - - August 23d, 1905. - -At a meeting of the Trustees of the New York State Historical -Association held at Lake George on the 22d day of August, 1905, a -quorum being present, the following officers were elected: - - President, Hon. Jas. A. Roberts, Buffalo, N. Y. - First Vice-President, Hon. G. M. Ingalsbe, Sandy Hill, N. Y. - Second Vice-President, Dr. Sherman Williams, Glens Falls, N. Y. - Third Vice-President, John Boulton Simpson, Bolton, N. Y. - Treasurer, James A. Holden, Glens Falls, N. Y. - Secretary, Robert O. Bascom, Fort Edward, N. Y. - Asst. Secretary, Frederick B. Richards, Ticonderoga, N. Y. - -The printing bill of E. H. Lisk was presented to the Trustees and after -discussion the same was referred to the Treasurer and Secretary with -power to settle the same. - -The following committees were appointed: - -_Standing Committee on Legislation:_ - Hon. James A. Roberts, - Gen. Henry E. Tremain, - Dr. Sherman Williams, - Morris Patterson Ferris, - Hon. Hugh Hastings. - -_On Marking Historic Spots:_ - Dr. Sherman Williams, - Frederick B. Richards, - James A. Holden, - Asahel R. Wing, - Hon. Grenville M. Ingalsbe. - -_On Fort Ticonderoga:_ - Mrs. Elizabeth Watrous, - John Boulton Simpson, - George O. Knapp. - -_On Program:_ - Hon. Grenville M. Ingalsbe, - Dr. Sherman Williams, - Dr. C. Ellis Stevens. - -_On Membership:_ - Dr. C. Ellis Stevens. - -Bill of the Secretary for postage, express and sundries was thereupon -audited and ordered paid, whereupon the meeting adjourned. - -At a meeting of the Trustees it was moved, seconded and carried, that -E. M. Ruttenber, of Newburgh, N. Y., be made an honorary member of the -Association. - - ROBERT O. BASCOM, - - _Secretary._ - - - - * * * * * - - ASSOCIATION MEETING. - - August 23d, 1905. - -At the adjourned session held August 22d, a paper entitled, "Concerning -the Mohawks," was read by W. Max Reid, of Amsterdam, N. Y., after which -the Hon. Grenville M. Ingalsbe read certain hitherto unpublished letters -from Gen. George Washington relating to the "Sullivan Expedition," after -which a resolution was adopted requesting that Mr. Ingalsbe furnish the -same for publication in the ensuing volume of the proceedings of the -Association. - -An address entitled, "Robert R. Livingston, the Author of the Louisiana -Purchase," by Hon. D. S. Alexander, of Buffalo, N. Y., concluded the -session, and after a vote of thanks to the various speakers, the meeting -adjourned until two o'clock in the afternoon of the same day, at which -session a paper entitled, "The Birth at Moreau of the Temperance -Reformation," by Dr. Charles A. Ingraham, of Cambridge, was read. - -The annual address, "The Democratic Ideal in History," by Hon. Milton -Reed, of Fall River, Massachusetts, concluded the literary exercises of -this meeting, and after a vote of thanks to the speakers of the -afternoon the meeting adjourned sine die. - - ROBERT O. BASCOM, - - _Secretary._ - - - - * * * * * - - TRUSTEES' MEETING. - -At a meeting of the Trustees of the New York State Historical -Association, held at the Hotel Ten Eyck on the 19th day of January, -1906, in the City of Albany. - -Present, Hon. James A. Roberts, President; Hon. Grenville M. Ingalsbe, -First Vice-President; Dr. Sherman Williams, Second Vice-President; Hon. -Hugh Hastings, Trustee; Hon. Robert O. Bascom, Secretary. - -The meeting being duly called to order by the President, the semi-annual -report of James A. Holden, Treasurer, was read and adopted. - -The report is as follows: - - SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT - of - - J. A. Holden, Treasurer New York State Historical Association, - From July 1, 1905, to Jan. 18, 1906. - - RECEIPTS. - - July 1, 1905--Cash on hand $194.73 - Received from dues, etc. 390.10 - ____ - $584.83 - - DISBURSEMENTS. - - Aug. 5, E. H. Lisk, printing $200.00 - " 5, R. O. Bascom, postage and sundries 27.50 - Sep. 8, E. H. Lisk, printing 62.25 - Sep. 7, R. O. Bascom, postage 23.28 - " 7, Milton Reid, expenses 15.31 - Nov. 8, E. H. Lisk, printing 31.75 - Dec. 4, R. O. Bascom, stamps 10.00 - " 11, R. O. Bascom, " 10.00 - Jan. 9, Postage 5.00 - ____ - 385.09 - ______ - Cash on hand $199.74 - - ASSETS. - Cash on hand $199.74 - Life Membership Fund 271.40 - - Respectfully submitted, - JAMES A. HOLDEN, - _Treasurer._ - -The report of the committee on amendments to the Constitution was -read and laid upon the table. - -The report of Committee on Marking Historic Spots was read and adopted. -The report is as follows: - - Glens Falls, N. Y., Jan. 18, 1906. - -_To the Trustees of the New York State Historical Association,_ - -_Gentlemen:_--I beg to report progress in regard to the work of the -committee on marking Historic Spots. A good number of persons have made -contributions ranging from five to fifty dollars each. A marker has -been erected at Half-Way Brook and another planned for at Bloody Pond. -The tablet at Half-Way Brook was made under the direction of W. J. -Scales, who is also to prepare the design for the one at Bloody Pond. -The marker at Half-Way Brook is a large boulder resting upon another -large boulder nearly buried in the ground. The boulders are large and -very hard, and the cost of cutting them to fit was unexpectedly great. -Both boulders were drawn from a long distance. The cost of drawing and -erecting them, and getting them ready for the tablet was about one -hundred and ten dollars. This work was supervised by Mr. Henry Crandall, -who had subscribed fifty dollars toward the work. When it was finished -he said that if I would cancel his subscription he would meet all the -expense of getting the stones in place. As this was more than twice the -amount of his subscription his offer was gladly accepted. The other -expenses to date have been as follows: - - For cutting a smooth face on the boulder and - fitting tablet to it $25.25 - For photographing the monument 1.00 - Paid Mr. Scales on account 45.00 - ______ - Total $71.25 - -In the Spring it will be necessary to meet a small expense to grade the -ground and seed it. We hope to have the marker at Bloody Pond in place -before our next annual meeting. - - Respectfully submitted, - SHERMAN WILLIAMS, - _Chairman of Committee for Marking Historic Spots._ - - The following new members were duly elected: - - Applegate, Rev. Dr. Octavius, Newburgh, N. Y. - Atkins, Hon. T. Astley, 73 Nassau Street, N. Y. - Benjamin, Rev. Dr. William H., Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y. - Bunten, Roland, Garden City, N. Y. - Brooks, James B., 1013 East Adams Street, Syracuse, N. Y. - Bockus, Dr. Truman J., Packer Institute, Brooklyn, N, Y. - Banker, Dr. Silas J., Fort Edward, N. Y. - Cooke, Rev. Jere K., Hempstead, N. Y, - Coon, Hon. Stephen Mortimer, Oswego, N. Y. - Clark, Rev. Joseph B., Fourth Ave. and 22d St., N. Y. City. - Clark, Walter A., 755 Main Street, Geneva, N. Y. - Donnell, Rev. Dr. William Nichold, 292 Henry St.. N. Y. - Davis, William Gilbert, 32 Nassau Street, N. Y. - Davis, Dr. Booth C., Alfred, N. Y. - de Peyster, Mrs. Beekman, 2345 Broadway, N. Y. (winter), - Johnstown, N. Y. (summer). - Draper, Hon. A. S., Albany, N. Y. - Gunnison, Hon. Royal A., Juneau, Alaska. - Hopson, Rev. Dr. George B., Annandale, N. Y. - Horton, Mrs. John Miller, 736 Main St., Buffalo, N. Y. - Ingalsbe, Franc Groesbeck, Sandy Hill, N. Y. - Jessup, Rev. Chas. A., Greenport, N. Y. - Jessup, Morris K., 195 Madison Avenue, N. Y, - Joline, Dr. Adrien H., 54 Wall Street, N. Y. - Jackson, Rev. Dr. T. G., 6851 Paul's Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. - Kirby, Dr. R. M., Potsdam, N. Y. - Krotel, Rev. Dr., 65 Convent Avenue, N. Y. - Leavey, Russell H., 147 W. 21st Street, N. Y. - Lefferts, Marshall C., 30 Washington Place, N. Y. - Lewis, George C., Albany, N. Y. - Mace, Dr. William H., Syracuse, N. Y. - Martin, John, Pittsburgh, N. Y. - Morton, Hon. Levi Parsons, 681 Fifth Avenue, N. Y. - Mills, D. O., 634 Fifth Avenue, N. Y. - Munger, Rev. Dr. R. D., 105 Delaware Street, Syracuse, N. Y. - Morgan, Rev. Dr. D. Parker, 3 East 45th Street, N. Y. - Nottingham, William, 701 Walnut Avenue, Syracuse, N. Y. - Nelson, Ven. George F., 29 Lafayette Place, N. Y. - Olmsted, Rt. Rev. Chas. Tyler, 159 Park Avenue, Utica, N. Y. - O'Brien, M. J., 195 Broadway, N. Y. - Paige, Edward Winslow, 44 Cedar Street, New York. - Pierce, Rev. Dr. Walter Franklin, 16 S. Elliott Place, Brooklyn. - Rogers, Howard J., Albany, N. Y, - Rhoades, W. C. P., 400 Putnam Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. - Sill, Dr. Frederick S., 169 Mohawk Street, Cohoes, N. Y. - Schell, F. Robert, 280 Broadway, N. Y. - Smith, William Alex., 412 Madison Avenue, N. Y. - Samson, William H., 420 Oxford Street, Rochester, N. Y. - Sillo, Dr. Chas. Morton, Geneva, N. Y. - Seabury, Rev. Dr. William Jones, 8 Chelsea Square, N. Y. - Stackpole, George F., Riverhead, N. Y. - Sims, Charles N., Liberty, Indiana. - Steele, Mrs. Esther B., 532 W. Clinton Street, Elmira, N. Y. - Stilwell, Giles H., 1906 West Genesee St., Syracuse, N. Y. - Sheddon, Hon. Lucian L., Plattsburgh, N. Y. - Silver, Dr. John Archer, Geneva, N. Y. - Spencer, Dr. Charles W., Princeton, N. J. - Vanderveer, Dr. A., 28 Eagle Street, Albany, N. Y. - Waller, Rev. Henry D., Flushing, N. Y. - Watson, Col. Jas. T., Clinton, N. Y. - Welch, Miss J. M., 76 Johnston Park, Buffalo, N. Y. - Willey, Rev. John H., 466 East 18th Street, N. Y. - Willis, James D., 40 East 39th Street, N. Y. - -The thanks of the Trustees were extended to Dr. Stevens for his services -as chairman of the Committee on Membership. The Secretary and Mr. -William Wait, of Kinderhook, were by motion duly carried appointed a -committee on the publication of the Proceedings of the Association. The -edition was fixed at 750 copies and the Secretary instructed not to send -proceedings to persons who were more than four years in arrears, after -which the meeting adjourned. - - ROBERT O. BASCOM, - _Secretary._ - - - - - CHARACTER OF GEN. SULLIVAN. - - * * * * * - - By Dr. W. C. Sebring. - - * * * * * - -How the mists do gather. With the exception of Greene and Benedict -Arnold, George Washington trusted Sullivan beyond any other general of -the Continental army. Sullivan acquitted himself well on diverse -battlefields and, though defeated, the real worth of the man shows in -this, that defeat added as much prestige to his reputation as his -victories. His greatness like that of Washington throve on defeat, for -it can be fairly said that Washington never won a battle. And yet if -you ask even those who have given time to our history as to General -Sullivan, they will convey to you but the most vague impression of some -minor general who sometime in the revolution made a foray on some -Indians somewhere in this State. - -The last scene of a drama is best remembered. The picture as the curtain -falls is stamped most clearly on the memory. Sullivan was not to be an -actor in the war's closing scenes, and the valor that gleams the name -of Marion, the splendor of Greene's military intelligence, and the glory -that is linked with the name of Washington at Yorktown were not his. -Neither had he the methodical madness of Wayne, the pusillanimity of -the self-seeking Gates, the recklessness of Putnam, nor the aestheistic -fatalism of Ethan Allan; none of these things had Sullivan to carve his -picture on men's memory. - -It may not be out of place here to give a short chronology of this man's -life. - -He was born in Summerworth, N. H., in 1740. His parents were well-to-do -emigrants from Ireland. He studied law and was a member of the first -Congress, 1774. Was made Brigadier General 1775. In 1776 he superseded -Arnold in Canada. Then he succeeded General Greene and was taken -prisoner. He was exchanged in November. In 1777 he took part in the -battle of Brandywine, Germantown, and 1778 he commanded in Rhode Island. -In 1779 he led the expedition against the Indians. He then resigned from -the army and took up again the practice of law. He was a member of the -State constitutional convention, then he was elected a member of -Congress, and in '86, '87, '89 was president of his State. Later, in -1789, he was appointed District Judge, and died in 1795 at the age of -54 years. - -His personal characteristics are said to be that he was a dignified, -genial and amiable man. He displayed a fine courtesy to those about him, -both to his soldiers and compatriot generals. - -I quote the following paragraph from A. Tiffany Norton, who I believe to -be the one who has written the best account of the Indian campaign, and -it is a wonder to me that one who shows so broad a grasp of history and -its essential principles and the elements that make for historical -research, has never written more than he has. - -Norton, in his general description of Sullivan, says: "His eyes were -keen and dark, his hair curly black, his form erect, his movements full -of energy and grace. His height was five feet nine inches, and a slight -corpulency when in his prime gave but an added grace. General Sullivan -was a man of undoubted courage, warmth of temperament and independent -spirit equaled only by his patriotic devotion to his country's cause -and his zeal in all public affairs." Doubtless he was too impatient and -outspoken and may have been deserving of some measure of blame, still -his faults should not have detracted from that meed of praise to which -he was justly entitled. Neither should the jealousies of his brothers in -arms, which prompted them to ridicule his achievements, question his -reports and detract from his hard-earned laurels, have weight with the -historian. Yet such has been, in great degree, the case, and the name of -Sullivan occupies a lesser space in the history of the Revolutionary -struggle, than those of many others whose achievements fell far short -of his in magnitude and importance. Sullivan has been made the victim of -the intrigues and petty jealousies of his times, and while for this his -own indiscretions may justly be blamed, the duty is none the less -incumbent on the present generation to render due homage to one who is -a brave soldier and a devoted, disinterested, self-sacrificing patriot. -As Amory has justly said: "A friend of Washington, Greene, Lafayette, -and all the noblest statesmen and generals of the war, whose esteem for -him was universally known, to whom his own attachment never wavered, -he will be valued for his high integrity and steadfast faith, his loyal -and generous character, his enterprise and vigor in command, his -readiness to assume responsibility, his courage and coolness in -emergencies, his foresight for providing for all possible contingencies -of campaign or battle-field, and his calmness when the results became -adverse." - -Could the character of Sullivan be fairly said to be that of a great -man? Does he measure up to "bigness?" Remember a little man seldom does -big things. Briefly, what did he do in this Indian campaign? At the -beginning of the Revolution there was a democracy of six confederate -states within the present boundaries of our own municipality. So strong -had this democracy grown that it dominated the inhabitants of a -territory of more than a million square miles. Their battle-cry was -heard from the Kennebec to Lake Superior, and under the very -fortifications of Quebec they annihilated the Huron. - -Their orators were fit to rank with any that we have to-day. Their -legends are the legends of a people whose souls were filled with poetry. -Their military tactics were those of a people trained for war--successful -war. Man to man, they were what no other barbarians have been, a match -for the white man. They held the gateway to the West and their position -made them umpires between the mighty nations of the Old World who were -struggling for the possession of the New. Civilized in a sense they -were, but they were barbarians too, and savages to their very heart of -hearts. Rapacious, treacherous, cruel beyond belief,--they were dreaded -alike by friend and foe. Their home was a _terra incognita._ No colonist -had trodden it. From no peak had trapper looked across the profile of -their land. Their numbers were unknown and could only be guessed at by -their achievements--and these were terrible. - -How silly of Gordon to criticize Sullivan for over-manning his -expedition. Darkest Africa is better known to-day than was then the land -of the Iroquois. They were re-enforced by British regulars, by fanatical -Tories; they were led by white men, and one of their leaders was a -thorough Indian and thoroughly educated in the white man's lore. - -Among this people and into this _terra incognita_ came Sullivan and -smote them hip and thigh. He conquered them to the uttermost. He broke -down the gateway to the mighty West. With a miserable commissariat, he -invaded an unknown country and forever destroyed a democracy that had -ruled for five hundred years. - -The Indians conquered by Wayne were but a frazzle of the Six Nations -united with Indians farther West. - -Little men do little things, big men do big things, and great men do -great things. Before Sullivan vanished - - "that savage senate at the Lake, - By the salt marshes, yonder in the north, - Dull-visaged butchers, coarsely blanketed - Squatted in a ring by their dark Council House - And with strange mumery of pipes and belts - Decreeing, coldly, death--forever death." - -The strongest are the gentlest. It is related that having found an -Indian woman too old and feeble to retreat with her people, that -Sullivan left her with a plentiful supply of provisions, though, as one -of the party writes, "we only had half a ration every other day -ourselves." - -It is not my province to put forth a brief for General Sullivan, yet -that one incident cast a side-light on his character that impressed me -more as to the true lovely heartiness of the man than anything I have -found. Constancy to a friend is an attribute to those who approach -greatness. After the Indian war Sullivan was reviled unmercifully for -the devastation wrought by him in the Indian country. Out of his love -for General Washington he suffered in silence, while he had in his -possession General Washington's written instructions to do exactly as he -had done. - -Perchance for a good man some would even dare to die. But what of a man -whose friendship holds so strong that he may see that which is dearer -to him than life--his character--filched from him, and lest he should -harm a friend, allow his enemies to do with that character as they -wished. - -Probably no historian ever lived who could write more wrong history than -Benjamin Lossing, who accuses Sullivan of carelessness and want of -vigilance as a commanding officer and mentions Bedford and Brandywine. -Nothing could be farther from the truth. At Bedford he withdrew his -forces because the French Navy would not support him, and it was out of -the question to remain in the position he had taken up. We have John -Fiske's word for it that Brandywine was a drawn battle. - -Of energy he had a plenty. It is on record that after he and General -Clinton united (and Clinton was no sluggard) his Division time and again -out-marched that of Clinton. At one time he broke road across nine miles -of swamp while Clinton following him had to camp in the middle of the -morass. So difficult was the morass that the Indian spies who had been -watching his advance never dreamed that he would attempt the passage of -the swamp, and withdrew to their camps. So confident were the Tories and -Indians, that when he emerged from the swamp their campfires were still -burning. - -Right here is a place to say a word about General Sullivan's veracity. -After his return from conquering the Six Nations he reported that he had -destroyed forty villages, and his detractors could not find but -eighteen. It at last developed that when his subordinates had reported -destroying a group of buildings he most naturally supposed that it was -an Indian village, and so put it down in his report. - -It has been said of him that he resigned from the army out of spite. -Well, if he did, he was perhaps blamable. But we should remember that he -was dealing with a Continental Congress of the latter years of the war, -and if you search history for a thousand years you will not be able to -find an aggregation of political castros equal to this same Continental -Congress. The men who had made the primal congresses great had set -themselves to serve the nation in other ways, and Congress had fallen -to those who had some money without brains or brains without principle, -or lacking both, were like our modern ones in that they loved "graft" -and knew how to get it. - -Sullivan was not a liar, and he himself says that his health was -failing. If we care to plow through the many diaries kept by officers -under him we can well believe that he told the truth, for with the -spoiling of the provisions sent to the expedition most of the soldiers -did suffer from chronic intestinal troubles, and it would be strange if -the commander who takes the same fare as his subordinates should not -suffer in the same manner. - -And to back up this we must remember that even after he retired he never -lost the confidence or the love of the greatest of them all, General -Washington. Much has been written of General Sullivan's fallibilities, -and fallibilities the greatest have. - -We should remember that Sullivan was a Kelt. And through the centuries -the Kelts have given us the lordliest orators and golden artists, but -for tenacity of purpose no one has celebrated them. - -General Sullivan when he was taken prisoner and fell under the influence -of the British military power, and contrasting them with the meagerness -that he had been accustomed to, for once his heart failed him and his -soul sank within him, and it is no sorrow to his name to say that for -the moment he thought the liberty of mankind in the Western continent -was doomed. - -He came from the British to us seeking peace, but after he was exchanged -and in his old environment his true native Keltic courage returned and -his after life was the life of an ardent patriot. - -I do not think we give enough credit to the perceptions of the ignorant. - -Suppose to ten thousand ignorant people this entirely hypothetical -question should be stated: Around the globe is a people who for three -hundred years had been fighting a tyrannical power and well nigh -achieved success. Would it be right for a republic to step in and take -them away from the power they were in rebellion against, and then this -republic by force of arms prevent them from becoming an independent -republic? State to ten thousand ignorant people this question, and they -will shout with one voice "that it is not right." State this question -to ten thousand college professors, and they will back and fill, debate -and re-debate, and finally be fogged by their very knowledge and at last -come to no conclusion at all. - -It has never been sufficiently made clear that the classes fought the -Revolutionary war. The educated, the elegant, the conservative, the -well-to-do, in short the "better elements," were practically all with -the British. While the broken, the ignorant, the discouraged, "the -rabble," were the ones that won our liberty. Every single Tory that -was expatriated could read and write, while I believe if the muster -rolls of my own county, inhabited at that time by the educated Dutch, -not one-third of those who enlisted could sign their names. So coldly -did the wealthy Dutchman look upon the war that it was a common trick -for him to send a slave to serve in the ranks instead of himself. - -Sullivan by birth and position belonged among the former class, and yet -in spite of position, broke with his own class and gladly took up the -sword with the ignorant because he saw clearly that all social progress -must from very necessity spring from the discontent of the _Hoi Polloi._ -He was a true patriot for he lost his all by giving his attention to -public rather than private affairs, and though respected by all and -honored by his State, his last years were the years of gloom and the -gathering clouds, for his life was beset by heartless creditors. The -last scene is the saddest of all, for at his funeral his creditors tried -to seize his body and would have done so, except that an old army -general drew his pistols and drove off the bailiffs of the law. So was -buried one of America's greatest patriots, a constant friend, a brave -and good soldier, and a man who, take him ail in all, it is not an -exaggeration to call "Great." - - - - - THE PRIMARY CAUSES OF THE - BORDER WARS - - * * * * * - - By Francis W. Halsey. - - * * * * * - - -General Sullivan's expedition of 1779 was an immediate outcome of the -massacres of Wyoming and Cherry Valley in the summer and autumn of -1778--not to mention those minor incidents of the Border Wars, which, -beginning in the summer of 1777, had converted the valley of the upper -Susquehanna into a land of desolation. It was a most drastic punishment -that Sullivan inflicted, and such it was intended by Congress that his -work should be. "The immediate objects," said Washington, in his letter -of instruction to Sullivan, "are the total destruction and devastation -of the Indian settlements," He added that the Indian country was "not -to be merely overrun, but destroyed." If we have regard for proportions, -greater losses were inflicted upon the Indians by Sullivan than were -ever inflicted upon the settlements of New York by the Indians. - -The expedition, however, failed completely in achieving its main -purpose, which was to suppress the Indian raids. Sullivan and his army -had scarcely left the Western country, when the Indian attacks were -renewed and for three years were continued with a savage energy before -unknown. The Indians' thirst for revenge having been thoroughly aroused, -nothing could afterwards restrain their hands. Aside from the burning -of German Flats and the battle of Oriskany (the latter not properly an -incident of the Border Wars, since it was an integral part of the -Burgoyne campaign), the injury done by the Indians to the Mohawk Valley -was done subsequent to the Sullivan expedition. - -In their entirety, the Border Wars constitute a phase of the Revolution -of which far too little has been remembered. We may seek in vain for a -territory elsewhere in the United States where so much destruction was -done to non-combatants. In Tryon county alone, 12,000 farms went out of -cultivation; fully two-thirds of the population either died or fled, -While of the one-third who remained 300 were widows and 2,000 orphans. -And yet, as I have said, the losses of the Iroquois were greater still. - -But it is with the causes which led to this savage work that I am here -to deal. For quite 100 years, Joseph Brant and the Tories of the Mohawk -Valley, with Col. Guy and Sir John Johnson, and John and Walter Butler, -at their head, were generally accepted as the original and inspiring -forces in all the barbarities committed. The greater offenders, however, -were men of much higher station and more ample powers--men who had never -seen the valleys of the Susquehanna and the Mohawk, but who lived in -London, and as members of the King's Cabinet were in direct charge of -the war in America. One of them was the Earl of Dartmouth, the other -Lord George Germaine; but it is to Germaine that we must ascribe the -chief odium. - -The administration of the Province of New York, when the Revolution -began, was completely in the hands of Loyalists. New York was still a -Crown colony, officials holding their appointments directly from London. -Outside the official class, however, there were patriots in plenty; none -of the colonies possessed more; but as New York City was completely -dominated by Tory influences, so was the Mohawk Valley dominated by the -Johnsons and their army of followers, in whom loyalty to England was a -deep-seated sentiment and a fixed principle of conduct. Sir William -Johnson had died just as the Revolution was about to begin. His -successors became not only as great Loyalists as ever he had been, but, -being men of smaller minds and fewer talents. They added to the -sentiment of loyalty an expression of it which took the form of satanic -bitterness and brute savagery. It was these men who, with their -followers, became the hated Tories of the frontier of New York--men of -whom in some instances, Joseph Brant said, they had been more savage -than the savages themselves. - -The attitude of the Indians can be best understood if we remember that -they had been practically in alliance with the English of New York for -a hundred years. When war began between the mother country and the -colonies, or between what the Indians called "two brother nations," -they were lost in amazement and tried in vain to understand it. Their -own history for three hundred years had been one of peace between -brother nations. "No taxation without representation" was a principle -beyond their comprehension. The men who defied British soldiers in the -streets of New York and Boston seemed to them exactly like the French -of Canada who in the older wars had stormed English forts on the -Northern Frontier, since they were engaged in war with the King of -England, and the King was the Indians' powerful friend. - -When the Border Wars reached their height, the frontier of New York -should have been in a state of tranquility. With Burgoyne's surrender, -the center of conflict was to pass away from New York and New England, -and was soon to be transferred to Virginia, Georgia, and South Carolina. -Why then, these Border Wars in New York? In one short sentence, the -whole truth may be disclosed. The ministry of George III, after long and -laborious efforts, now at last had won the Indians of New York into -active sympathy with their cause. For three years they had tried in vain -to gain their support, and again and again had held counsels with them, -but the net results had been an essentially neutral stand by the -Indians. - -But let us recapitulate. Soon after the battle of Lexington, Col. Guy -Johnson, the official successor of Sir William, convened at his home -near Amsterdam, a conference with the Indians, mostly Mohawks, and -later, after the result at Bunker Hill had alarmed him anew, fled to -Oswego and thence to Canada. Nearly all the Mohawk Indians went with -him, as well as a domestic force of about 500 white men, mainly Scotch -Highlanders, over whom he had placed in command, Col. John Butler. In -July Col. Johnson reached Montreal, Where he had an interview with Sir -Frederick Haldemand, who said to the Indians: - - "Now is the time for you to help the King. The war has begun. Assist - him now, and you will find it to your advantage. Whatever you lose - during the war, the King will make up to you when peace returns." - -Later in the same month, the Earl of Dartmouth, then a member of the -British Cabinet, wrote from London to Col. Johnson, that it was the -King's pleasure "That you lose no time in taking such steps as may -induce the Indians to take up the hatchet against his Majesty's -rebellious subjects in America." This letter was accompanied by a large -assortment of presents for the Indians, and Col. Johnson was urged not -to fail to use "the utmost diligence and activity" in accomplishing -the purpose. Col. Johnson was joined in Canada in the spring of the -following year by his brother-in-law, Sir John Johnson, the son and heir -of Sir William. Sir John had organized a force known as the Royal -Greens, composed of loyalists from the New York frontier, and mainly -former tenants and dependents of his father's estate. - -The Mohawks, who alone of all the Six Nations had gone to Canada, were -slow to yield to the importunities of the English, in so far as taking -an active part in the war was concerned. A topic of far deeper interest -to them was their title to certain lands in the Mohawk and upper -Susquehanna Valleys, concerning which they had failed to secure -adjustments for many years. In November, 1775, Joseph Brant with other -Indian chiefs, sailed for England with a view to accomplishing a -settlement of this dispute. An interview took place with the Colonial -Secretary, who subsequently was in direct charge of the war in America, -Lord George Germaine. Brant made two speeches before Germaine, outlining -the grievances of his people, and it is clear from one of them that -Germaine then secured the adhesion of Brant to the English cause by -promising to redress the Indian grievances after the war, and to keep -for the Indians the favor and protection of the King. Thenceforth the -responsibility for Indian activity in the Revolution rests mainly on -Germaine. It was to him that Lord Chatham referred in a memorable speech -on the American War: - - "But, my lord, who is the man, that, in addition to the disgrace and - mischiefs of the war, has dared to authorize and associate to our arms - the tomahawk and scalping knife of the savage? To call into civilized - alliance the wild and inhuman inhabitants of the woods? To delegate to - the merciless Indian the defense of disputed right, and to wage the - horrors of his barbarous war against our brethren? My lords, these - enormities cry aloud for redress and punishment." - -When the Burgoyne campaign began, Brant had arrived home. New efforts -were now actively put forth to enlist the Indians in British service. A -considerable company of them started south with Burgoyne, but they -subsequently deserted him before a battle had been fought, or even the -American army was discovered. With St. Leger a much larger force started -for a descent upon the Mohawk Valley. These were in direct charge of -Joseph Brant, and comprised the greater part of the efficient Mohawk -force. At Oswego a counsel had been held a few weeks before, in order -to enlist in British service the other "nations" of the Iroquois, who -were assured that the King was a man of great power and that they should -never want for food and clothing if they adhered to him. Rum, it was -said, would be "as plentiful as water in Lake Ontario." Presents were -made, and a bounty offered on every white man's scalp that they might -take. The Senecas notably, and to some extent the Onondagas and Cayugas, -thus became fired with ambition to see something of the war. - -By the time St. Leger arrived at Oswego, about 700 warriors had been -secured. Some of them still remained lukewarm as to fighting, but they -were at last drawn into the campaign under an assurance that they need -not fight themselves, but might sit by during the battle smoking their -pipes, while they saw the redcoats "whip the rebels." The result was, -that when a battle was imminent at Oriskany, the Indian's love of war -was uppermost, and they became the most active participants in the -conflict. They also became proportionately the heaviest losers and -returned to their homes, not only with doleful shrieks and yells over -their losses, but with a determined purpose to revenge themselves on the -defenseless frontier. At what frightful cost to the Mohawk Valley they -secured that revenge, the story of the ensuing four years bears ample -witness. - -But, as I have said, the Indians lost more. When the war was over, they -had practically lost everything. Their homes were destroyed and their -altars obliterated. England virtually abandoned them to the men whom -they had fought as rebels, but who were now victorious patriots, the -masters of imperial possessions. Nothing whatever was exacted for them -in the treaty of peace. Not even their names were mentioned. Such, at -the close of the war, was their pitiful state. Everything in the world -that they had, had been given to a cause, not their own--the cause of -an ally across the great waters, with whom they were keeping an ancient -covenant chain. When at last their wide domain, among whose streams and -forests for ages their race had found a home, passed forever from their -control, they might have said, with a pride more just than that of -Francis I., after the battle of Pavia, "All is lost save honor." - - - - - THE ORGANIZATION OF SULLIVAN'S - EXPEDITION. - - * * * * * - - By Dr. Sherman Williams. - - * * * * * - - -History has not done justice to the subject in telling the story of -Sullivan's expedition. There are few if any equally important events in -our history of which the great majority of our people know so little. -It was the most important military event of 1779, fully one-third of the -Continental army being engaged in it. The campaign was carried on under -great difficulties, was brilliantly successful, and executed with but -small loss of life. It is possible that the movement would have received -more attention from the historians had the loss of life been much -greater, even if the results had been of less importance. - -The chief result was the practical destruction of the Iroquois -Confederacy. While the Six Nations were very active on the frontier the -following year, the Confederacy as an organization had received its -death blow. - -The massacres at Wyoming, along the New York frontier, especially in -the Mohawk, Schoharie and Susquehanna valleys, had so aroused the people -that the Continental Congress felt called upon to take action and on -the 27th of February, 1779, passed a resolution directing Washington to -take effective measures to protect the frontier. - -It was decided to send a strong expedition against the Iroquois -settlements, and utterly destroy their towns and crops, more especially -in the territory of the Senecas and Cayugas. It was no small task to -equip a large force and traverse an almost unknown, and altogether -unmapped, wilderness which was wholly without roads, in the face of an -active and vigilant as well as relentless foe. - -The command of the expedition was tendered to General Gates because of -his rank. In reply to the tender of the command General Gates wrote to -Washington as follows: "Last night I had the honor of your Excellency's -letter. The man who undertakes the Indian service should enjoy health -and strength, requisites I do not possess. It therefore grieves me that -your Excellency should offer me the only command to which I am entirely -unequal. In obedience to your command I have forwarded your letter to -General Sullivan." - -Washington had evidently anticipated that Gates would not accept the -command as he had enclosed in his letter to him a communication that was -to be forwarded to Sullivan in case Gates declined the service. It was -this letter to which Gates referred in his reply to Washington. No doubt -it was fortunate for the country that the command of the expedition -devolved upon some other person than Gates. - -Washington felt somewhat hurt at the tone of the letter he received from -Gates, and in a communication to the President of Congress he said, "My -letter to him on the occasion I believe you will think was conceived -in very candid and polite terms, and merited a different answer from the -one given to it." - -In his instructions to Sullivan Washington wrote as follows: - - "Sir:--The expedition you are appointed to command is to be directed - against the hostile tribes of the Six Nations of Indians, with their - associates and adherents. The immediate object is their total - destruction and devastation, and the capture of as many persons of - every age and sex as possible. It will be essential to ruin their crops - now in the ground and prevent their planting more." - -At this time it was supposed that the expedition would reach the Indian -country in the early summer, but it was not until August that the work -of destruction began. Writing again of the expedition Washington said -the purpose was "to cut off their settlements, destroy their crops, and -inflict upon them every other mischief which time and circumstances -would permit." - -The purpose of the expedition was primarily to destroy the crops and -villages of the Indians, after which Sullivan was to move forward and -capture Niagara, if such action should prove to be practicable. - -The expedition was to be made up of three divisions. The first was -directly under the command of Sullivan; and the forces of which it was -composed assembled at Easton, Pa., from which point they marched to -Wyoming on the Susquehanna, and from there to Tioga Point. Here they -waited for the second division under the command of General Clinton, who -had sent an expedition into the Onondaga country, after which he was to -assemble his forces at Canajoharie and march across the country to the -head of Otsego Lake and then come down the Susquehanna River to join -Sullivan at Tioga. The third division was under the command of Colonel -Daniel Brodhead, who started from Pittsburgh, Pa. He never directly -co-operated with Sullivan, but no doubt aided him by his movement. He -left Pittsburgh on the 11th of August with a force of six hundred and -fifty men. He followed the Allegheny river and passed up into the Seneca -country, where he destroyed more than one hundred and fifty houses and -about five hundred acres of corn. His presence in the southern portion -of the Seneca country kept some of the Senecas from joining in the -movement to oppose Sullivan and so lessened the Indian force at the -battle of Newtown and possibly somewhat affected the expedition. The -original intention was to have Brodhead join Sullivan at Genesee and aid -in the movement against Niagara, but as for some reason no movement was -made against Niagara there was no occasion for him to do more than he -did, and no further attention need be given his movement as a part of -the Sullivan expedition. Brodhead marched three hundred and eighty -miles, destroyed houses, cornfields, and gardens, and did his part in -destroying the Indian civilization. - -Aside from the force of Brodhead, Sullivan's expedition was made up of -four brigades. The first consisted of the First New Jersey regiment -under the command of Colonel Matthias Ogden; the Second New Jersey -commanded by Colonel Israel-Shreve; the Third New Jersey under Colonel -Elias Dayton, and Spencer's New Jersey regiment commanded by Colonel -Oliver Spencer. The brigade was under the command of Brigadier-General -William Maxwell. - -Brigadier-General Enoch Poor commanded the second brigade, which was -made up of the First New Hampshire regiment under Colonel Joseph Cilley; -the Second New Hampshire commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel George Reid; -the Third New Hampshire commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Dearborn; -the Sixth Massachusetts under the command of Major Daniel Whiting. The -Sixth Massachusetts was at the outset a part of the fourth brigade, and -the Second New York was a part of the second brigade, but the two -regiments exchanged brigades in August, and from that time till the -close of the expeditions were in the brigades as given in this sketch. - -The third brigade was commanded by Brigadier-General Edward Hand and was -composed of the Fourth Pennsylvania regiment under the command of -Lieutenant-Colonel William Butler; the Eleventh Pennsylvania under -Lieutenant-Colonel Hubley; the German Battalion under Major Daniel -Burchardt; an artillery regiment under Colonel Thomas Proctor; Morgan's -riflemen under Major James Parr; an independent rifle company under -Captain Anthony Selin; the Wyoming militia under Captain John Franklin; -and an independent Wyoming company under Captain Simon Spalding. - -The fourth brigade, commanded by Brigadier-General James Clinton, was -made up of the Second New York regiment under Colonel Philip Van -Cortlandt; the Third New York under Colonel Peter Gansevoort; the Fourth -New York under Colonel Frederic Weissenfels; the Fifth New York under -Colonel Lewis Dubois; and the New York artillery detachment under -Captain Isaac Wool. - -It would be exceedingly interesting to trace the movement of each of the -regiments engaged in the expedition from their place of starting to the -various rallying places, but in many instances the writer has been -unable to ascertain the facts after consulting all the works relating to -Sullivan's expedition to be found in the State library, and other -libraries, and after writing to the secretary of some of the state -historical societies. Therefore the assembling of the forces -constituting Sullivan's expedition will have to be treated in rather a -general way. - -The New Hampshire regiments apparently wintered at Soldier's Fortune, -about six miles above Peekskill, as diaries of various New Hampshire -officers engaged in the expedition mention marching from that point and -I find no reference to any place occupied earlier. From Soldier's -Fortune the New Hampshire troops, certainly the Second and Third -regiments, and presumably the whole force, marched to Fishkill, a -distance of seventeen miles. At this point they crossed the Hudson river -to Newburgh. From that place they marched to the New Jersey line passing -through Orange county. They took a route leading through New Windsor, -Bethlehem, Bloomgrove Church, Chester, Warwick, and Hardiston. The -distance was thirty-eight miles. From Hardiston the force marched to -Easton on the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware river. It passed through -Sussex State House, Moravian Mills, Cara's Tavern, all these places -being in the state of New Jersey. The distance from Hardiston to Easton -was fifty-eight miles. - -On the first of May, 1779, the Second and Fourth New York regiments left -their camp near the Hudson and marched to Warwarsing in the southwestern -part of Ulster county, thence to Ellenville, a few miles south of -Warwarsing, then to Mamacotting (now Wurtsboro) in Sullivan county. The -next day was spent in rest at Bashesland (now Westbrookville) near the -Sullivan and Orange county line; from this point they marched to Port -Jervis. On the 9th of May they crossed the Delaware at Decker's Ferry, -and from there marched to Easton. - -The New Jersey brigade had spent the previous winter at Elizabethtown, -New Jersey, from which point they marched to Easton, passing through -Bound Brook. - -The forces which gathered at Easton marched from there to Wyoming on the -Susquehanna, a distance of sixty-five miles. Nearly forty days were -required to cover that distance. The way lay through thick woods and -almost impassable swamps. The route took them through Hillier's Tavern, -Brinker's Mills, Wind Gap, Learn's Tavern, Dogon Point, and the Great -Swamp. They reached Wyoming on the 24th of June. - -General Sullivan was much blamed but most unjustly so for his tardy -movement. Pennsylvania had been relied upon to furnish not only a -considerable body of troops but most of the supplies, but that -commonwealth did not give the expedition a hearty support. The Quakers -were most decidedly opposed to inflicting any punishment whatever upon -the Indians. Other Pennsylvanians were offended because a New Englander -had been chosen for the command instead of a Pennsylvanian. Troops were -slow in coming forward. Supplies were furnished tardily and reluctantly. -They were insufficient in quantity and poor in quality. The commissaries -were careless and inefficient. The contractors were unscrupulous and -dishonest. The authorities complained saying that Sullivan's demands -were excessive and unreasonable and they threatened to prefer charges -against him. However, all the testimony goes to show that the commissary -department was in charge of men who were either utterly incompetent or -grossly negligent of their duty. On the 23rd of June Sullivan wrote -Washington saying, "more than one-third of my soldiers have not a shirt -to their backs." On the 30th of July Colonel Hubbard wrote to President -Reed saying, "My regiment I fear will be almost totally naked before we -can possibly return. I have scarcely a coat or a blanket for every -seventh man." - -On the 31st of July Sullivan's army left Wyoming for Tioga Point. A -fleet of more than two hundred boats and a train of nearly fifteen -hundred pack horses were required to transfer the army and its -equipment. Tioga Point at the junction of the Tioga and the Susquehanna -rivers was reached on the 11th of August. The army had been eleven days -in making sixty-five miles. The route from Wyoming led through -Lackawanna (now Coxton) in Luzerne county; Quialutimuck, near Ransom -Station, Luzerne county; Hunkhannock; Vanderlip's Farm (now Black -Walnut) Wyoming county; Wyalusing, Standing Stone, Bradford county; -Sheshhequin, Bradford county. - -While waiting for Clinton Sullivan built a fort which was named in his -honor, between the Tioga and Susquehanna rivers about a mile and a -quarter above their junction at a point where the two streams were -within a few hundred yards of each other. The center of the present -village of Athens, Pa., is almost exactly at this point. - -Early in the spring Clinton with the First and Third New York regiments -passed up the Mohawk to Canajoharie. From this point an expedition was -sent out against the Onondagas. About fifty houses were burned and -nearly thirty Indians were killed and a somewhat larger number taken -prisoners. - -After this expedition Clinton passed from Canajoharie to the head of -Otsego Lake. This was a laborious enterprise as, for a portion of the -distance, roads had to be cut through an unbroken forest and there was -not a good road any part of the distance. More than two hundred heavy -batteaux had to be drawn across from Canajoharie, a distance of twenty -miles, by oxen. - -Otsego Lake, the source of the Susquehanna, is about twelve hundred feet -above tide water, nine miles long with an average width of a mile. The -outlet is narrow with high banks. Here Clinton built a dam and raised -the water of the lake several feet, sufficient to furnish water to float -his boats when the time came for a forward movement. - -On the 9th of August Clinton's forces embarked and the dam was cut. The -opening of the dam made very high water, flooding the flats down the -river and frightening the Indians, who thought the Great Spirit was -angry with them to cause the river to be flooded in August without a -rain. - -During his passage down the Susquehanna, Clinton destroyed Albout, a -Scotch Tory settlement on the east side of the Susquehanna, about five -miles above the present village of Unadilla; Conihunto, an Indian town -about fourteen miles below Unadilla, on the west side of the river; -Unadilla, at the junction of the Unadilla with the Susquehanna; -Onoquaga, an Indian town situated on both sides of the river about -twenty miles below Unadilla; Shawhiangto, a Tuscarora village near the -present village of Windsor, in Broome county; Ingaren, a Tuscarora -hamlet where is now the village of Great Bend; Otsiningo, sometimes -called Zeringe, near the site of the present village of Chenango, on the -Chenango river, four miles north of Binghamton; Choconut, on the south -side of the Susquehanna at the site of the present village of Vestal, in -the town of Vestal, Broome County; Owegy or Owagea, on the Owego Creek -about a mile above its mouth; and Mauckatawaugum, near Barton. - -On the 28th of August Clinton met a force sent out by Sullivan at a -place that has since been called Union because of this meeting. It is -about ten miles from Binghamton. - -The two forces having joined, all was in readiness for a forward -movement. The expedition which at this time had its real beginning, all -the previous movements having been in the nature of organization and -preparation, was a remarkable one in that it was to pass over hundreds -of miles of territory of which no reliable map had ever been made, -through forests where no roads had ever been cut, across swamps that -were almost impassable to a single individual, with no opportunity to -communicate with the rest of the world from the time they set out on -their forward movement till their return, no chance to secure additional -supplies, no hope of reinforcements in case of disaster, no suitable -provision for the care of the sick and wounded, no chance of great -glory in case of success, no hope of being excused in case of failure. -It was a brave, daring, almost reckless movement. It was successful -beyond all expectation, yet its story is almost unknown. - - * * * * * - -_Note._--The New Hampshire troops marched from Soldier's Fortune, six -miles above Peekskill, to Fishkill, crossed the Hudson to Newburgh, then -across Orange County, N. Y., and northern New Jersey, to Easton on the -Delaware. Some New York troops who wintered at Warwarsing in Ulster -County, N. Y., passed to Easton also, going through Chester, in Orange -County, and down the Delaware River The New Jersey troops who had -wintered at Elizabethtown, marched to Easton from this point the united -forces marched to Wyoming, on the Susquehanna River. Here they were -joined by some of the Pennsylvania troops and the whole force passed up -the river to Tioga Point, where they awaited the arrival of Clinton, who -had gone up the Mohawk and after destroying some of the Onondaga towns -crossed from Canajoharie to the head of Otsego Lake and down the -Susquehanna to join Sullivan. The united forces then marched into the -Indian country, going to the foot of Seneca Lake, down its east shore, -thence to the foot of Canandaigua Lake, then to the foot of Honeoye Lake -and across the country to head of Conesus Lake, and from there to Little -Beard's Town on the Genesee. From this point the army retraced its -steps. From the foot of Seneca Lake a detachment was sent up the west -shore a few miles to the Indian town of Kershong. Another detachment -under Colonel Dearborn went up the west side of Cayuga Lake and joined -the main body at Catherine's Town, at the head of Seneca Lake. A third -detachment under Colonel William Butler went up the east side of Cayuga -Lake and joined the main army at Kanawaholla, not far from the present -city of Corning. All these movements are indicated on the accompanying -map. - - - -[Illustration: ROUTE OF SULLIVAN'S FORCES.] - - - - - A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SULLIVAN'S - INDIAN EXPEDITION. - - * * * * * - - By Grenville M. Ingalsbe, A. M., LL. B. - - * * * * * - -_Introductory Note_: It is with many misgivings that this paper is -submitted to the Association. When its preparation was assigned, I -assumed that previous compilations had been made, and that my labors -would be confined simply to their continuation. Upon investigation, -however, I found that while Justin Winsor in his Hand Book of the -Revolution, and in his invaluable Narrative and Critical History, and -others in various works, had enumerated many titles which, though -largely incomplete, would aid in the work, no definitive Bibliography -of Sullivan's Expedition had ever been published. - -Unfortunately, when these pages shall have been printed, this condition -will still exist. I have not been able to command from the duties of -an exacting profession, the time required for the preparation of a -Bibliography at all satisfactory, even to myself. Moreover, the -attention I have been able to bestow upon it has been that of an -amateur, which in these days of highly developed scholastic -specialization, is very inadequate in results. It is presented, however, -with some confidence that it contains material which will aid some -historical specialist of the future in the preparation of a complete -Bibliography of Sullivan's Expedition. - -I have made no attempt to include manuscripts, leaving that for a -supplementary monograph, or to some more competent student. The -location, however, of all known manuscripts relating to the Expedition -is given in the various volumes to which reference is made. Neither -have I included references to the general or school histories of the -United States. Sullivan's Expedition is mentioned in them as an incident -of more or less significance in the struggle for independence. In none -of them is it given the attention to which its importance entitles it. -Indeed, it is a neglected chapter of our revolutionary history. The -Public Library of Boston possesses only fourteen titles referring -directly to this great march into the Indian country, and that is a -larger number than is reported either in the New York Public Library -or in the State Library at Albany. - -I desire to tender my thanks to Horace G. Wadlin, Librarian of the -Boston Library, to Victor H. Paltsits, Assistant Librarian of the New -York Public Library, and to Mary Childs Nerney and others of the History -Division of the State Library, for many courtesies which they have -extended to me. - - - Adams, Warren D.: - Sullivan's Expedition and the Cayugas. - Cayuga County Historical Society Collections. No. 7. 23 pp. - 8 vo. Auburn. 1889. - - Adler, Simon L.: - Sullivan's Campaign in Western New York, 1779. - Read before the Rochester Historical Society, January 14th, - 1898. 8 pp. 8 vo. New York. 1898. - - Allen, Paul: - A History of the American Revolution. - 2 vols. Vol. 2. pp. 276 et seq. 8 vo. Baltimore, 1822. - - Amory, Thomas Coffin: - Life of James Sullivan with selections from his writings. - 2 vols. pp. 426 and 419. Portrait. Phillips, Sampson & Co., - Boston. 1859. - - The Military Services and Public Life of Major General John - Sullivan of the American Revolutionary Army. 324 pp. Portr. - 8 vo. Wiggin & Lunt, Boston. J. Munsell, Albany, 1868. - - The Military Services of John Sullivan in the American - Revolution, vindicated from recent historical criticism. - Read at a meeting of the Massachusetts Historical Society, - December, 1866. With additions and documents. 64 pp. 8 vo. - John Wilson & Son, Cambridge. 1868. - - Centennial Memoir of Major General John Sullivan, - 1740-1795. - Presented at Independence Hall, Philadelphia, July 2d, 1876. - 17 pp. 8 vo. Philadelphia. 1879. - - Same: - The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. - Vol. 2. pp. 196-210. - - General John Sullivan. A vindication of his Character as a - Soldier and a Patriot. 56 pp. 8 vo. Morrisania, N. Y. 1867. - - Memory of General John Sullivan vindicated. - Proceedings, Massachusetts Historical Society. Series I. Vol. 9. - pp. 379-436. - - Sullivan's Expedition against the Six Nations, 1779. - Magazine American History. Vol. 4. pp. 420-427. - - A Vindication of the Character of General Sullivan as a - Soldier and a Patriot. - Historical Magazine. Vol. 10. Supplement VI. pp. 161. - - Same: - Morrisania, N. Y. 1866. - - General Sullivan's Expedition in 1779. - Proceedings, Massachusetts Historical Society. Vol. 20. - pp. 88-94. - - Anonymous: - - An Historical Journal of the American War. - Collections, Massachusetts Historical Society. - First Series. Vol. 2, pp. 175-178. - - Master Sullivan of Berwick, his Ancestors and Descendants. - New England Historical and Genealogical Register. Vol. 19. - pp. 289-306. - - The Old Sullivan Road. - Pennsylvania Magazine. Vol. 11. p. 123. - - The Old Caneadea Council House and its Last Council Fire. - Publications, Buffalo Historical Society. Vol. 6. pp. 97-123. - 8 vo. Buffalo, New York. - - Extracts from letters to a gentleman in Boston, dated at - General Sullivan's Headquarters. - The Remembrancer or Impartial Repository of Public Events for - the year 1780. Vol. 9. pp. 23-24. J. Almon, London. 1780. - - The Story of Fantine Kill. - Olde Ulster, vol. 2. pp. 106-107. - - Baker, William S.: - Itinery of General Washington, with notes. - Pennsylvania Magazine. Vol. 15. pp. 49-50. - - Bard, Thomas R.: - Note to Lieutenant Parker's Journal. - Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 27. p. 404. - - Barton, William (Lieutenant in General Maxwell's New Jersey Brigade): - Journal. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 3-14. - - Same: - New Jersey Historical Society Proceedings. Vol. 2. pp. 22-43. - - Beatty, Erkuries (Lieutenant Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment): - Journal of an Expedition to the Indian Towns, June 11, 1779. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 18-37. - - Same: - Cayuga County Historical Society Collections. No. 1. p. 61-68. - - Same: - Pennsylvania Archives. Second Series. Vol. 15. Portr. pp. 219-253. - - Blake, Thomas (Lieutenant First New Hampshire Regiment): - Journal. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 38-41. - - Same: - History of the First New Hampshire Regiment in the War of - the Revolution by Frederick Kidder. - Joel Munsell. Albany, 1868. - - Bleeker, Captain Leonard: - The Order Book of Captain Leonard Bleeker in the Early Part - of the Expedition against the Indian Settlements of Western - New York in the Campaign of 1779. p. 138. 4 to. - Joseph Sabin. New York. 1865. - - Board of War: - Letter to President Reed. - September 9th. (Report as to progress.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 709. - - Brodhead, Daniel (Colonel Commanding Western Expedition): - Letter to Major General Sullivan, August 6th, 1779. - New York Centennial Volume, p. 307. - - Report of the Expedition. - Pennsylvania Packet or the General Advertiser. Philadelphia, - October 19, 1779. - - Same: - Magazine of American History, Vol. 3. pp. 671-673. - - Same: - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 307-309. - - Brooks, Erastus: - Address. - American History and American Indian Wars. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 410-423. - - Bruce, Dwight H.: - Onondaga Centennial. 2 Vols. Vol. I. p. 142. 4 to. Boston, 1896. - - Bryant, William Clement: - Captain Brant and the Old King. The Tragedy of Wyoming. - Publications, Buffalo Historical Society. Vol. 4. pp. 15-34. - 8 vo. Buffalo, New York. - - Burrowes, John (Major Fifth New Jersey Regiment): - Journal. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 43-51. - - Campbell, Douglass: - Address. - The Iroquois or Six Nations and New York's Indian Policy. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 457-470. - - Campbell, William W.: - Annals of Tryon County or the Border Warfare of New York during - the Revolution. pp. 269. p. 121 et seq. 12 mo. J. & J. Harper, - New York. 1831. - - The Border Warfare of New York during the Revolution, or The - Annals of Tryon County. - Republication of above, pp. 396. p. 149 et seq. Baker & Scribner, - New York. 1849. - - Lecture on the Life and Military Services of General James - Clinton. - Read before the New York Historical Society, February, 1839. - - Campfield, Jabez (Surgeon Fifth New Jersey Regiment): - Diary of Dr. Jabez Campfield, Surgeon in Spencer's Regiment - while attached to Sullivan's Expedition against the Indians. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 52-61. - - Same: - New Jersey Historical Society Proceedings. Second Series. - Vol. III. pp. 115-136, - - Same: - Wyoming County (Penn.) Democrat, December 31st, 1873 to January - 28th, 1874. (Five issues.) - - Chapman, Isaac A.: - Wyoming Valley. A Sketch of its Early Annals. - Pittston Gazette Centennial Handbook. 1878. p. 25. - - Chase, Franklin H.: - Onondaga's Soldiers of the Revolution. 8 vo. p. 48. Syracuse. - 1895. - - Childs, A. L.: - Poem, John Sullivan's March. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 549-552. - - Clark, John S.: - Sketch of Lieutenant Colonel Henry Dearborn, Commanding Third - New Hampshire Regiment, and Notes upon his Journal. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 62-78. - - Notes and Maps accompanying the Journal of Lieutenant - John L. Hardenburgh. - New York Centennial Volume. pp. 116-136. - - Notes upon the Journal of Thomas Grant. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 142-144. - - Same: - Publications, Cayuga County Historical Society. No. 1. Auburn, - 1879. pp. 71-72, - - Note upon the Journal of Lieutenant Charles Nukerck. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 213-214. - - Notes upon the Journal of Sergeant Major George Grant. - New York Centennial Volume, p. 113. - - Clinton, George: - Papers. Sparks. MSS. No. XII. Harvard College Collections. - - Congress, Journals of American, from 1774-1788. - 4 vols. 8 vo. Vol. III. pp. 212, 241, 242, 346, 347, 351, - 375, 389, 390, 406. - Washington, Way & Gideon. 1823. - - Cook, Frederick (Secretary of State): - New York Centennial Volume. - - Conover, George S. (Compiler): - Journals of the Military Expedition of Major General John - Sullivan against the Six Nations of Indians in 1779, with - records of Centennial Celebrations, prepared pursuant to - Chapter 361, Laws of the State of New York, 1885. pp. 581. - 8 vo. Maps. Portraits. Auburn, New York. 1887. - (Herein designated as New York Centennial Volume.) - - Early History of Geneva, 60 pp. p. 17 et seq. 12 mo. Geneva, - New York. 1879. - - Craft, David: - List of Journals, Narratives, &c., of the Western Expedition, - 1779. - Magazine of American History. Vol. II. pp. 673-675. - - Sullivan's Centennial Historical Addresses at Elmira, - Waterloo and Geneseo. - Centennial Proceedings, Waterloo Library and Historical - Society, Waterloo, 1879. - - Journals of the Sullivan Expedition, 1779. - Pennsylvania Magazine, p. 348. - - Biographical Sketch of Major General John Sullivan. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 333-334. - - Address. - A full and complete History of the Expedition against the - Iroquois or Six Nations of New York in 1779, commanded by - Major General John Sullivan, with Appendix, giving Loss of - Men, Towns Destroyed, Washington's Instructions, and - Biographical Sketches. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 336-386. - - Same: - The Sullivan Campaign of 1779. - Seneca County Sullivan's Centennial, p. 90. - - Biographical Sketch, Major Nicholas Fish. - New York Centennial Volume, p, 383. - - Biographical Sketch, Colonel Lewis Dubois. - New York Centennial Volume, p. 384. - - Biographical Sketch, Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Weissenfels. - New York Centennial Volume, p. 384. - - Biographical Sketch, Rev. Samuel Kirkland. - New York Centennial Volume, p. 385. - - Biographical Sketch, Rev. John Gano. - New York Centennial Volume, p. 385. - - Biographical Sketch, Colonel John Harper. - New York Centennial Volume, p. 386. - - Biographical Sketch, Brigadier General James Clinton. - New York Centennial Volume, p. 387. - - Biographical Sketch, Colonel Peter Gansevoort. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 479-480. - - Biographical Sketch, Colonel Philip Van Cortlandt. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 537-538. - - Craig, Neville B.: - - The Olden Time. - Vol. 2. pp. 308-317. Pittsburgh. 1848. - - Same: - Vol. 1. p. 308 et seq. 8 vo. Robert Clark & Co., Cincinnati. - 1876. - - Dana, E. L.: - Address. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 445-449. - - Davis, Andrew McFarland: - Sullivan's Expedition against the Indians of New York, 1779. - A letter to Justin Winsor. With the Journal of William - McKendry. - 45 pp. 8 vo. John Wilson & Son, Cambridge, 1886. - - Same: - Proceedings, Massachusetts Historical Society. - Second Series. Vol. 2. pp. 436-478. Boston. 1886. - - List of Diaries relating to General Sullivan's Campaign. - Proceedings, Massachusetts Historical Society. Second Series. - Vol. 2. p. 436-438. - - Davis, Nathan (Private First New Hampshire Regiment): - History of the Expedition against the Five Nations commanded - by General Sullivan in 1779. - Historical Magazine. Second Series. Vol. 3. pp. 198-205. - - Dawson, Henry B.: - Battles of the United States. - 2 Vols, Vol. I. p. 533. 4 to. New York. 1858. - - Dearborn, Henry (Lieutenant Colonel Commanding Third New Hampshire - Regiment): - Journal. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 63-79. - - Same: - Cayuga County Historical Collections. No. I. 1879. - - Same: - Publications, Buffalo Historical Society. Vol. 7. p. 96. 8 vo. - Buffalo, New York. - - Depeyster, J. Watts: - Sullivan Centennial. - New York Mail, August 26th, 1879. - - Celebrating the Anniversary of the Battle of Newtown. - New York Mail, August 29th, 1879. - - The Sullivan Campaign. - New York Mail, September 15th, 1879. - - Doty, Lockwood L.: - History of Livingston County. - Illustrated, p. 685. pp. 113 and 151 et seq. Edward E. Doty, - Geneseo. - - Dwight, Timothy, S. T. D., LL. D.: - - Travels in New England and New York. 4 vols. Vol. 4. p. 211. - New Haven. 1822. - - Edson, Obed: - Brodhead's Expedition against the Indians of the Upper - Allegheny. (Contains reference to Sullivan's Expedition.) - Magazine American History. Vol. III. pp. 647-670. - - Elmer, Dr. Ebenezer (Surgeon Second New Jersey Regiment): - Memoirs of an Expedition undertaken against the Savages to - the westward commenced by the Hon. Major General John - Sullivan, began at Easton on the Delaware (by Lieutenant - Ebenezer Elmer). - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 80-85. - - Same: - New Jersey Historical Society Proceedings. Vol. 2. pp. 43-50. - - Elwood, Mary Cheney: - An Episode of the Sullivan Campaign and its Sequel. - (The Post-Express Printing Co.) 39 pp. 8 vo. Plates. Maps. - Rochester, New York. 1904. - - Farmer & Moore's Collections, Historical and Miscellaneous and Monthly - Literary Journal. Vol. 2. p. 308. - - Fellows, Moses (Orderly Sergeant Captain Gray's Company Third New - Hampshire Regiment): - Journal. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 86-91. - - Fogg, Jeremiah (Paymaster and Captain (on roster) Second New Hampshire - Regiment): - Journal of Major Jeremiah Fogg of Col. Poor's Regiment, - New Hampshire, during the Expedition of General Sullivan - in 1779 against the Western Indians. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 92-101. - - Same: - News Letter Press, 1879. p. 26. Exeter, New Hampshire. - - Gano, John (Brigade Chaplain General Clinton's Brigade): - A Chaplain of the Revolution. - Historical Magazine. First Series. Vol. 5. pp. 330-335 - - Gansevoort, Peter (Colonel Third New York Regiment): - Letter to General Sullivan. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 372-373. - - Gookin, Daniel (Ensign Second New Hampshire Regiment): - Journal of March from North Hampton, N. Hampshire, in the - year 1779. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 102-106. - - Same: - New England Historical and Genealogical Register. Vol. XVI. - pp. 27-34. - - Gould, Jay: - Delaware County and the Border Wars of New York. pp. 426. p. 90 - et seq. 12 mo. Roxbury. 1856. - - Gordon, William, D. D.: - The History of the Rise, Progress and Establishment of the - Independence of the United States. - 4 Vols. Vol. 3. pp. 307-313. 8 vo. London, 1788. - - Goodwin, H. C.: - Pioneer History of Cortland County. p. 456. p. 56 et seq. 12 mo. - A. B. Burdick, New York. 1859. - - Grant, George (Sergeant Major Third New Jersey Regiment): - A journey of the Marches, &c., completed by the Third Jersey - Regiment and the rest of the Troops under the command of Major - Sullivan in the Western Expedition. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 107-114. - - Same: - Hazard's Register of Pennsylvania. Vol. 14. pp. 72-76. - - Same: - Cayuga County Historical Collections. No. 1. 1879. - - Same: - Wyoming Republican. July 16, 1834. Wilkes-Barre. 1868. - - Giant, Thomas (Surveyor): - Journal. - General Sullivan's Expedition to the Genesee Country--A Journal - of General Sullivan's Army after they left Wyoming. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 137-144. - - Same: - Historical Magazine. First Series. Vol 6. pp. 233-273. - - Same: - Cayuga County Historical Collections. No. 1. Auburn. 1879. - - Statement of Distances. - Historical Magazine. Vol. 6. pp. 233-273. - - Gray, Captain William: - Letter of Captain William Gray of the Fourth Pennsylvania - Regiment, with a map of the Sullivan Expedition (against The - Six Nations). - Pennsylvania Archives. Second Series. Vol. 15. pp. 286-290. - - Greene, General Nathaniel: - Letter to Colonel Jeremiah Wadsworth. - Pennsylvania Magazine. Vol. 22. p. 211. - - Greenough, Charles P.: - Roster of Officers in Sullivan's Expedition, 1779. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 315-329. - - Gridley, A. D.: - History of the Town of Kirkland, New York. - New York. 1874. - - Griffis, William Elliot, L. H. D.: - Address. - The History and Mythology of Sullivan's Expedition. - Proceedings Wyoming Commemorative Association, pp. 9-38. - Wilkes-Barre. 1903. - - New Hampshire's Part in Sullivan's Expedition of 1779. - New England Magazine, Vol. 23. pp. 355-373. - - The Pathfinders of the Revolution. A Story of the Great March - into the Wilderness and Lake Region of New York in 1779. - Illustrated, pp. 316. 12 mo. W. A. Wilde Co., Boston. - - Sullivan's Great March into the Indian Country. - The Magazine of History. Vol. II. pp. 295-311, 365-378. - Vol. III. pp. 1-10. - - Griffith, J. H.: - William Maxwell of New Jersey, Brigadier General in - the Revolution. - New Jersey Historical Society Proceedings. Vol. 23. pp. 111-126. - - Halsey, Francis W.: - Pennsylvania and New York in the Border Wars of the Revolution. - Proceedings, Wyoming Commemorative Association for the year 1898. - Wilkes-Barre. 1898. - - The Old New York Frontier. - Illustrated, pp. 432, p. 220 et seq. 8 vo. Chas. - Scribner's Sons, New York, 1901. - - Hamilton, John C.: - History of the Republic of the United States of America. - 2 Vols. Vol. I. pp. 543-544. 8 vo. D. Appleton & Co., - New York, 1857. - - Hammond, Isaac W.: - Rolls of the Soldiers of the Revolutionary War from New Hampshire. - New Hampshire State Papers. Vol. 15. (War Rolls, Vol. 2.) - Concord, N. H., 1886. - - Hand, General Edward: - Letter to Reed. September 25th, 1779. - (Reports return of Sullivan's command.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 715. - - Hardenburgh, John L. (Lieutenant Second New York Regiment): - Journal. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 116-136. - - Same, with introductory notes and maps by John S. Clark and - Biographical Sketch by Charles Hawley. - Cayuga County Historical Society Collections. No. 1. 8 vo. - Auburn, New York, 1879. - - Harding, Garrick M.: - The Sullivan Road. - Historical Record. Vol. 9. p. 101. - - Hawley, Charles: - Address, Sullivan's Campaign. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 571-578. - - Biographical Sketch of Lieutenant John L. Hardenburgh. - Cayuga County Historical Society Collections. No. 1. 8 vo. - Auburn, New York, 1879. - - Hazard, Eben: - Letter to Jeremy Belknap. - Proceedings, Massachusetts Historical Society. Fifth Series. - Vol. 2. pp. 23-36. - Holmes, Abiel D. D.: - Annals of America. - 2 Vols, Vol. 2, p. 301 et seq. Cambridge, Mass. 1829. - - Hoops, Adam (Major. Third Aide-de-Camp to General Sullivan): - Letter to John Greig. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 310-311. - - Hubbard, John N.: - Sketches of Border Adventures in the Life and Times of Major - Moses Van Campen. - Bath, New York, 1842. - - Hubley, Colonel Adam (Lieutenant Colonel commanding Eleventh - Pennsylvania Regiment): - Journal. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 145-167. - - Same: - Pennsylvania Archives. Second Series. Vol. XL (Vol. 2 of - the Revolution.) pp. 11-44. - - Same: - Miner's History of Wyoming. Appendix, pp. 82-104. - Philadelphia, 1845. - - Letter to President Reed. - Pennsylvania Archives. Second Series. Vol. VII. p. 553. - - Same: - Pennsylvania Archives. Second Series. Vol. 3. p. 319. - - Same: - Miner's History of Wyoming. Appendix, p. 97. - - Same: - Wyoming, July 14th, 1779. - As to Expedition. - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 553. - - Same: - October 1st, 1779. - (Report of Expedition for August 30th.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 721. - - Same: - Easton, October 18th, 1779. - (Announcing arrival and complaining as to want of teams.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 755. - - Hubley, John: - Letter to Reed. August 24th, 1779. - (Report as to Expedition.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 667. - - Hunter, Colonel Samuel: - Letter to Reed. August 4th, 1779. - (Reports Sullivan started for Wyoming.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 620. - - Hurd, D. Hamilton: - - History of Tioga, Chemung, Tompkins and Schuyler Counties. - pp. 687. p. 13 et seq. 4 to. Philadelphia. 1879. - - Jenkins, John (Lieutenant. Guide): - Journal of Lieutenant John Jenkins connected with the Campaign - of General Sullivan against the Six Nations, 1779. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 169-177. - - Jenkins, Steuben: - Address. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 451-457. - - Jones, Thomas: - History of New York during the Revolutionary War. 2 Vols. - Vol. 2. pp. 332 and 613. 8 vo. New York. 1879. - - Johnson, Crisfield: - Centennial History of Erie County, New York. - pp. 512. p. 62 et seq. 8 vo. Buffalo, 1876. - - Keiffer, Rev. Henry M.: - The Old Sullivan Road. - Proceedings, Wyoming Commemorative Association for the year - 1897. Wilkes-Barre. 1898. - - Kidder, Frederick: - History of the First New Hampshire Regiment in the War of - the Revolution. - Joel Munsell, Albany. 1868. - - Kirkland, Rev. Samuel (Chaplain Sullivan's Expedition): - Life of Rev. Samuel Kirkland, by S. K. Lothrop. - Sparks Library of American Biography. Vol. XV. p. 246 et seq. - - Livermore, Daniel (Captain Third New Hampshire Regiment): - A Journal of the March of General Poor's Brigade from - Soldier's Fortune on the Western Expedition, May 17th, 1779. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 178-191. - - Same: - Collections, New Hampshire Historical Society. Vol. 6. - pp. 308-335. - - Lossing, B. J.: - Field Book of the American Revolution. - Vol. I. p. 271. 8 vo. Harper & Bros., New York. - - Lothrop, S. K.: - Life of Rev. Samuel Kirkland. - Sparks Library of American Biography. Vol. 15. p. 246 et seq. - - Mackin, Thomas (Captain Second Regiment New York Artillery): - Journal of March from Fort Schuyler--Expedition against - the Onondagas, 1779. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 192-194. - - Distance of places from Eastown to Chenesee Castle, taken - in 1779. - New York Centennial Volume, p. 194. - - Maclay, William: - Letter to Reed. July 26th, 1779. - (Prospects of Northern Expedition.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 586. - - Letter to Council. July 30th, 1779. - (As to fall of Ft. Freeland.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 597. - - Marshall, John: - Life of Washington. - Vol. 4. p. 105 et seq. 8 vo. Philadelphia. 1805. - - Marshall, Orasamus H.: - The Niagara Frontier. - Publications, Buffalo Historical Society. - Vol. 2. pp. 395-425. 8 vo. Buffalo, New York. - - Historical Writings relating to the Early History of the West. - 500 p. pp. 455-457. 8 vo. Joel Munsell's Sons, Albany, 1887. - - Maxwell, Thompson: - The Narrative of Major Thompson Maxwell. - Historical Collections of Essex Institute. Vol. 7. No. 3. - - Miner, Charles: - History of Wyoming. - Illustrated, pp. 450. Appendix p. 104. Appendix p. 82 et seq. - p. 97 et seq. J. Crissy, Philadelphia. - - Moore, Frank: - Correspondence of Henry Laurens. 2 Vols. - 4 to. Vol. 1. pp. 132-141. Vol. 2. p. 216. New York. 1861. - - Diary of the American Revolution. 2 Vols. - 8 vo. Vol. 2. p. 216 et seq. Charles Scribners, New York. 1860. - - Moore, Jacob B.: - A List of Manuscript Surveys by Robert Erskine, Geographer - to the American Army, and Simeon DeWitt, in the Library of - the New York Historical Society. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 291-292. - - Morgan, Lewis H.: - League of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee or Iroquois. - 8 vo. Rochester. 1851. - - McIntosh, W. H.: - History of Ontario County. - 276 pp. p. 9 et seq. Folio. Philadelphia. - - McKendry, William (Lieutenant and Quartermaster Sixth Massachusetts - Regiment): - Journal. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 198-212. - - Same: - Edited by Andrew McFarland Davis. 45 pp. 8 vo. - J. Wilson & Son, Cambridge. 1886. - - Same: - Proceedings, Massachusetts Historical Society. - Series 2. Vol. 2. pp. 442-478. Boston. 1886. - - Same: - Historical Record. Vol. 1. pp. 37-56. - - McMaster, Guy H.: - Poem. The Commanders: Sullivan Thay-en-da-ne-gea. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 402-409. - - McNeill, Samuel: - Journal of Samuel McNeill, B. Q. M. "His Orderly Book," 1779. - Pennsylvania Archives. Second Series. Vol. 15. pp. 753-759. - Harrisburg. 1893. - - Nead, Benjamin M.: - A Sketch of General Thomas Proctor. - Pennsylvania Magazine. Vol. 4. p. 454. - - Nesmith, George W.: - Services of General Sullivan. - Granite Monthly. Vol. 1. pp. 325-330. - - New Hampshire, State of: - Rolls of the Soldiers of the Revolutionary War from New Hampshire. - Compiled by Isaac W. Hammond. - New Hampshire State Papers. Vol. 15. (War Rolls Vol. 2.) Concord, - N. H. 1886. - - New Jersey, State of: - Official Register of the Officers and Men of New Jersey in - the Revolutionary War. pp. 49-57. 8 vo. Trenton. 1872. - - New York, State of: - New York Centennial Volume. - New York in the Revolution as Colony and State. Records - discovered, arranged and classified in 1895, 1896, 1897 - and 1898, by James A. Roberts, Comptroller, Second Edition. - 4 to. pp. 534. pp. 29-59. pp. 63-65. Portraits, Albany. 1898. - - Norris, James (Captain Third New Hampshire Regiment): - A Journal of the West Expedition commanded by the Hon'ble - Major General Sullivan, begun at Easton, June 18, 1879. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 223-239. - - Same: - Publications, Buffalo Historical Society. Vol. 1. pp. 217-252. - 8 vo. Buffalo, New York. 1879. - - Same: - Jones' History of New York. Vol. 2. p. 613. - - Same: - Hill's New Hampshire Patriot. September 16th, 1843. - Portsmouth, New Hampshire. - - Norton, A. Tiffany: - History of Sullivan's Campaign against the Iroquois, Being - a full account of that epoch of the Revolution. - 200 pp. Portraits. Map, 8 vo. A. T. Norton. Lima, - New York. 1879. - - Nourse, Joseph: - Letter to General Lee. - Collections, New York Historical Society, Vol, 6, pp. 383-385. - - Nukerck, Charles (Captain Second New York Regiment): - Journal. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 214-222. - - O'Reilly, Henry: - Notices of Sullivan's Campaign, or the Revolutionary Warfare - in Western New York; embodied in the Addresses and Documents - connected with the funeral honors rendered to those who fell - with the gallant Boyd in the Genesee Valley, including the - remarks of Gov. Seward at Mt. Hope. Rochester. 1842. - - Sullivan's Expedition against the Six Nations as far as - the Genesee in 1779. - Sketches of Rochester. p. 393 et seq, 8 vo, Rochester, New York. - - Parker, General Ely S. (Do-ne-ho-geh-weh): - Autobiography. - Publications, Buffalo Historical Society, Vol, 8. p, 527. - 8 vo. Buffalo, New York. - - Parker, Jennie Marsh: - A Story Historical. - pp. 412. p. 20, p. 235, 8 vo. Rochester, 1884. - - Parker, Robert (Lieutenant): - Journal. - Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 27. - pp. 404-420. Vol. 28. pp. 12-25. - - Peabody, Oliver W. B.: - John Sullivan. - Sparks Library of American Biography. Series 2. Vol. 3. - - Peck, George, LL. D.: - Wyoming, its History, Stirring Incidents and Romantic Adventures. - Illustrated, p. 432. 12 mo. Harper Brothers, New York. 1858. - - Peck, William F.: - Semi-Centennial History of the City of Rochester. - pp. 736. p. 70 et seq. and p. 134. 4 to. Syracuse. 1884. - - Landmarks of Monroe County. - pp. 339. p. 29 et seq. 4 to. Boston, Mass. 1895. - - Pettitt, Charles Q. M. G.: - Letter to Reed. May 21st, 1779. - (As to impressing, &c.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol, 7. p. 433. - - Pickering, Timothy (for Board of War): - Letter to Joseph Reed. May 19th, 1779. - (As to stores.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p, 418. - - Porter, William A.: - A Sketch of the Life of General Andrew Porter. - Pennsylvania Magazine, Vol. 4. p. 264. - - Reed, Joseph (President State of Pennsylvania): - Letter to Sullivan. May 21st, 1779. - (Ans. Sullivan of 11th.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series, Vol. 7. pp. 427-430. - - Same: - June 3d, 1779. - (As to Pennsylvania Troops guarding stores to Wyoming. - Ans. May 26th and 31st, 1779.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7, pp. 457-8. - - Letter to Colonel Sam. Hunter. - (As to guarding stores by Ranging Cos.) - Pennsylvania Archives, First Series. Vol. 7. p. 455. - - Letter to Board of War. May 20th, 1779. - (As to Sullivan's misapprehension as to what Pennsylvania - would do.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 424. - - Same: - August 12th, 1779. - (Progress of Expedition.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7, p. 640. - - Letter to Washington. July 11th, 1779. - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 555. - - Same: - September 7th, 1779. - (As to furnishing Sullivan with supplies.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 684. - - Letter to Council. November 13th, 1779. - Pennsylvania Archives. Fourth Series. Vol. 3. pp. 739-740. - - Rider, Sidney S.: - Notes to the Journal of Rev. William Rogers, D. D. - Rhode Island Tracts. No. 7. - - Same: - Manufacturers and Farmers Journal of Providence, R. I. 1823. - - Same: - American Universal Magazine. Vol. 1. pp. 390-399. - Vol. 2. pp. 86-91. - - Roberts, Ellis H.: - Address. Sullivan's Expedition and its Fruits. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 425-438. - - Roberts, James A. (Comptroller State of New York): - New York in the Revolution as Colony and State. Records - discovered, arranged and classified in 1895, 1896, 1897 - and 1898. - Second Edition. 4 to. p. 534. pp. 29-59. pp. 63-65. - Portraits. Albany. 1898. - - Roberts, Thomas (Sergeant Capt. John Burrowes' Company Fifth - New Jersey Regiment:) - A Journal of the March from Eleazabeth Town to the Back Woods. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 240-245. - - Rochester: - A Story Historical, Jennie Marsh Parker. - pp. 412. p. 20. p. 235. 8 vo. Rochester. 1884. - - Rogers, Rev. William, D. D. (Brigade Chaplain Pennsylvania Line): - Journal. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 246-265. - - Same: - Rhode Island Tracts. No. 7. With an introduction and Notes - by Sidney S. Rider. - - Same: - Manufacturers and Farmers Journal of Providence, 1823. - - Same: - American Universal Magazine. Vol. 1. pp. 390-399. - Vol. 2. pp. 86-91, 200-206. - - Same: - Pennsylvania Archives. Second Series. Vol. 15. Portr. - pp. 255-288. Harrisburg. 1893. - - Rogers, William (Sergeant Second New York Regiment): - Journal. - New York Centennial Volume, p. 266. - - Ryerson, Egerton, D. D., LL. D.: - Loyalists of America. - 2 Vols. Vol, 2. p. 108. 8 vo. Toronto and Montreal. 1880. - - Salmon, John: - Journal. - A Narrative of the Life of Mary Jemison, otherwise called - the White Woman, by James E. Seaver. - Third Edition. Batavia, New York. 1844. - - Sanborn, Frank B.: - General John Sullivan and the Rebellion in New Hampshire. - New England Magazine, Vol. 23, p. 323. (Contains an - interesting study of General Sullivan's Character.) - - Schreve, John (Lieutenant Second New Jersey Regiment): - Journal. - Magazine of American History. Vol. 3. pp. 571-572. - - Seaver, James E.: - Deh-he-wa-mis or A Narrative of the Life of Mary Jemison, - otherwise called the White Woman. Third Edition. - 16 mo. Batavia, New York, 1844. - - Journal of John Salmon, In above. - - General Sullivan's Expedition to Western New York. In above. - Appendix p. 182 et seq. - - Removal of the remains of Boyd. In above. Appendix p. 192 et seq. - - Sherman, William T.: - Addresses. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 439-442. - - Shute, Samuel M. (Lieutenant Second New Jersey Regiment): - Journal and Notes made contemporaneously. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 267-274. - - Simms, Jeptha R.: - History of Schoharie County and Border Wars of New York. - pp. 672. 8 vo. Illustrated, p. 291 et seq. Munsell & Tanner, - Albany. 1845. - - Frontiersmen of New York (Revision of the History of Schoharie - County and Border Wars of New York). - 2 Vols. Vol. 2. pp. 239-276. 8 vo. Albany. 1882. - - Stone, William L.: - Life of Joseph Brant (Tha-gen-dan-e-gea), including the Border - Wars of the American Revolution. - Illustrated. 2 Vols. 8 vo. Albany. 1838. 1864. (Different - editions.) - - The Poetry and History of Wyoming. - Illustrated, pp. 324. 8 vo. Wiley & Putnam. - New York and London. 1841. - - Same: - pp. 406. p. 277 et seq. 12 mo. J. Munsell, Albany, 1864. - - Border Wars of the American Revolution. - 2 Vols. Vol. 1. p. 1 et seq. 16 mo. Harper Brothers, - New York. 1846. - - Stryker, William S.: - Official Register of the Officers and Men of New Jersey in - the Revolutionary War. - 8 vo. pp. 49-57. Trenton. 1872. - - Sullivan, John (Major General): - Report of the Battle of Newtown. - The Military Services and Public Life of Major General - John Sullivan, by Thomas C. Amory. p. 121. - - Same: - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 473-476. - - The Chronicle of his Expedition against the Iroquois in - 1779--The devastation of the Genesee Country. - Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, October 19th, 1779. - Baltimore, Maryland. - - Same: - The Military Services and Public Life of Major General - John Sullivan, by Thomas C. Amory. p. 130. - - Same: - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 296-305. - - Same: - The Remembrancer or Impartial Repository of Public Events - for the year 1780. Vol. 9. p. 158. - - Letter to John Langdon and some comments by George W. Nesmith. - Granite Monthly. Vol. 3. pp. 153-161. - - Letter to Reed. Easton, May 11th, 1779. - (Requesting order empowering Quartermasters to Impress - Waggons, Horses, &c.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 388. - - Same: - Easton, Pa., May 26th, 1779. - (Ans. rec'd of 21st inst.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 439. - - Same: - Easton, Pa., May 31st, 1779. - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 450. - - Same: - Easton, June 7th, 1779. - (Lamenting obstructions in Quartermaster's Department.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7., p. 473. - - Same: - Wyoming, July 21st, 1779. - (Complaining that Pennsylvania Rangers and Riflemen - had not joined.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 568. - - Letter to Colonel John Cook. - Headquarters, July 30th, 1779. - (Answering requisition.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 593. - - Letter to Colonel Sam. Hunter. - Wyoming, July 30th, 1779. - (Acknowledging news of loss of Ft. Freeland.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 594. - - Letter to Reed. - Easton, October 18th, 1779. - (Requisition for 100 Waggons.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 756. - - Same: - Easton, October 23d, 1779. - (Acknowledging action of Executive Council and declining - as too late.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 768. - - Letter to the Warriors of the Oneida Nation, &c. - The Remembrancer or Impartial Repository of Public - Events for the year 1780. Vol. 9. pp. 25-28. - J. Almon. London. 1780. - - Address to Troops. - Same. pp. 24-25. - - Letter to the Congress containing his acct. of his Expedition - against the Indians. - Same. pp. 158-166. - - Address to the Inhabitants of Northhampton County. - Same. p. 166. - - Address to the Officers of the Artillery. - Same, pp. 166-167. - - Address to the Corps of Light Infantry. - Same. p. 167. - - Thacher, Dr.: - Military Journal. Biographical Sketch of Major General Sullivan. - Farmer and Moore's Collection Historical and Miscellaneous - and Monthly Literary Journal. Vol. 2. p. 201. - - Treat, Samuel: - Oration at interment of Lieutenant Boyd of General Sullivan's - Army. - History of Buffalo and the Senecas, by Ketcham. Vol. 2. - pp. 318-340. - - Trist, Elizabeth: - Letters to General Lee. - Collections, New York Historical Society. Vol. 6. pp. 381-382. - - Turner, O.: - Pioneer History of the Holland Purchase of Western New York. - pp. 666. p. 277 et seq. 8 vo. Jewett, Thomas & Co. - Buffalo. 1849. - - History of the Pioneer Settlement of Phelps and Gorhams - Purchase and Morris Reserve. pp. 588. p. 80 et seq. William - Ailing, Rochester. 1852. - - Van Campen, Moses: - Memorial to Congress. - Pritt's Mirror of Olden Time Border Life. pp. 697. pp. 481-491. - Abington, Va. - - Narrative. - Same. - - Van Cortlandt, Philip (Colonel commanding Second New York Regiment): - Autobiography, with Notes by Pierre C. Van Wyck. - Magazine of American History. Vol. 2. p. 278 et seq. - - Same: - Elmira Daily Advertiser, February 17th, 1879. - - Van Hovenburgh, Rudolphus (Lieutenant Fourth New York Regiment): - Journal. - New York Centennial Volume. pp. 275-284. - - Table of Distances. - New York Centennial Volume. p. 284. - - Van Wyck, Pierre C.: - Notes to Autobiography, Philip Van Cortlandt. - Magazine of American History, Vol. 2. p. 278. - - Washington, General George: - Instructions to General Sullivan. - Historical Magazine. Second Series. Vol. 2. pp. 139-141. - - Letter to John Jay, President of Congress. - Magazine of American History. Vol. 3. p. 142. - - Letter to War Council. July 5th, 1779. - (As to Sullivan's disappointment as to Pennsylvania's - assistance.) - Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 535. - - Webb, Nathaniel (Sergeant Major Second New York Regiment): - Journal. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 285-287. - - Same: - Elmira Republican, September 11th and 12th, 1855. Elmira, - New York. - - Welles, S. R. (M. D.): - Paper read before the Waterloo Library and Historical - Society, November 27th, 1877. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 527-535. - - White, Pliny T.: - Note to History of the Expedition against the Five Nations - commanded by General Sullivan in 1779. - Historical Magazine. Second Series. Vol. 3. p. 198. - - Wilkinson, J. B.: - Annals of Binghamton and of the Country connected with it - from the early settlement. - p. 256. 12 mo. Binghamton, New York. 1840. - - Willers, Diedrich, Jr.: - The Centennial Celebration of General Sullivan's Campaign - against the Iroquois in 1779. Held at Waterloo, September 3d, - 1879. - pp. 356. 8 vo. Plates. Portraits. Waterloo, New York, 1880. - - Willett, William M.: - A Narrative of the Military Actions of Colonel Marinus Willett. - 8 vo. New York. 1831. - - Williams, Rev. Dwight: - Poem, Sullivan's Centennial. - New York Centennial Volume, pp. 506-510. - - Winsor, Justin: - Narrative and Critical History of America. - 8 Vols. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. 1889. Vol. VI. - pp. 637, 642, 653, 667, 669, 671 and 681. Vol. VIII. pp. 439. - - Handbook of the American Revolution. pp. 206-208. 12 mo. Boston. - 1880. - - - - - AN INDIAN CIVILIZATION AND ITS - DESTRUCTION. - - * * * * * - - By Colonel S. P. Moulthrop. - - * * * * * - - -No nearer approach to what may be called civilization, if the term may -be applied to a people who left no record, other than the legendary lore -transmitted from father to son, may be found than the Iroquoian -Confederacy, whose form of government was maintained for a greater -length of time than that of any republic which had previously or has -since existed. - -Their location, according to their claim, was upon the highest part of -the Continent, from whence flowed the Mohawk, Hudson, Genesee, Delaware, -Susquehanna, Ohio and the St. Lawrence rivers, going in all directions -to the sea. The intersection of lakes and streams, separated only by -short portages, the continuous valleys being divided by no mountain -barriers, offered unequaled facilities for intercommunication. - -Their custom of settling on both sides of a river or encircling a lake -made the tribal boundaries well defined. - -One of the most interesting features of aboriginal geography was the -location of their principal trails. If we travel either of the great -railways extending through our State, we are upon one of the leading -trails that Lewis H. Morgan stated were used in 1732. They followed the -lines of the least resistance. - -The central trail, extending from east to west, intersected by cross -trails which passed along the shores of lakes or banks of the rivers, -commenced at the point where Albany now is, touched the Mohawk at -Schenectady, following the river to the carrying place at Rome, from -thence west, crossing the Onondaga Valley, along the foot of Cayuga -and Seneca Lakes, terminating at Buffalo Creek, the present site of the -city of Buffalo. - -This trail was later the route taken by early settlers, because it -connected the principal villages and established a line of travel into -Canada on the west and over the Hudson on the east. - -Upon the banks of the Susquehanna and its tributaries, which have their -source near the Mohawk, and the banks of the Chemung, which has its -source near the Genesee river, were other trails, all of which converged -at the junction of these two rivers, forming the southern route, into -Pennsylvania and Virginia. On these footpaths the Iroquois conducted -war parties and became well versed in the topography of the country. - -Lakes, hills and streams had significant names, many of which the -Anglicized orthography and pronunciation have robbed of their euphony -and force of accent. - -Mary Jemison says that "No people can live more happily than the Indians -in times of peace." Their life was one round of simple sport and -pleasure, in keeping with their free life; their simple wants were -supplied with but little exertion. Following the chase gave them -amusement and served to keep them in good physical condition, as well -as to retain their skill with weapons that were their dependence in -time of war. - -The growing youth were taught Indian warfare, becoming experts with the -tomahawk and scalping knife. At such times the squaws were employed -with their simple domestic duties, or industriously tilling the soil. -Apple and peach trees were planted and cultivated about the villages. -To the Jesuit Fathers they were indebted for instruction in the art of -cultivating fruit trees, as well as many of the vegetables which they -raised in abundance; also producing a fine quality of tobacco whence -their original name, IREOKWA. - -The reports of Sullivan's officers speak of cornfields exceeding in -quality and quantity anything they had been accustomed to in their -eastern homes. They wrote of ears of corn measuring twenty-two inches -in length, and grass as high as the backs of the horses on which they -rode. - -Not only in war and diplomacy did the Iroquois show superiority, but -in their cultivation of crops and housebuilding some were so good as -to be called by General Sullivan elegant Indian homes. The weight of -evidence goes to show that many of them were framed, and of such a -creditable order of architecture as to surprise those who accompanied -Sullivan's expedition. Some of the officers writing home said that the -houses were large and beautifully painted. Many of those who have -considered the Indian as a forest roamer will be incredulous of the -above statement, and yet there is no people who in their primitive state -more religiously respected, or distinctly defined the family ties and -relationship. There is a bright and pleasing side to Indian character. - -The ordinary picture of the Indian represents him with war club and -tomahawk. They do not deserve the appellation of savages any more than -kindred terms might be applied to their white successors. - -"Bury me with my fathers" was the last plea of the red man. Not until -they had listened to the teaching of the whites did they view death with -terror, or life as anything but a blessing. - -In ancient times they had a beautiful custom of freeing a captured bird -over the grave on the evening of burial, to bear away the spirit to the -happy home beyond the setting sun. - -The following motto shows that hospitality was the prevailing -characteristic: - - "If a stranger wanders about your abode, welcome him to your home, be - hospitable toward him, speak to him with kind words, and forget not - to always mention the Great Spirit." - -From a speculative point of view the institutions of the Iroquois assume -an interesting aspect. Would they naturally have emancipated the people -from their strange infatuation for a hunter life? It can not be denied -that there are some grounds for belief that their institutions would -have eventually improved into an advanced form of civilization. The -Iroquois manifested sufficient intelligence to promise a high degree -of improvement had it been directed into right pursuits, although -centuries of time might have been required to effect the change. - -But these institutions have a present value irrespective of what they -might have become. Let us render tardy justice by preserving, as far -as possible, their names, deeds and customs, and their institutions. - -We should not tread ignorantly upon those extinguished council fires, -whose light in the days of original occupation was visible over half -this Continent. They had planned a mighty nation and without doubt had -the coming of the Europeans been delayed but a century, the League would -have included all the tribes between the Great Lakes and the Gulf of -Mexico. - -The first stage in the development of this confederacy was the union of -several tribes into one nation. They mingled by intermarriage. The Chief -ceased to be alone in his power and the government became a Pure -Democracy. Several nations, thus being formed into a confederacy or -league, more perfect, systematic and liberal than those of antiquity, -there was in it more of fixedness, more of dependence upon the people, -and more of vigor and strength. - -Their original congress was composed of fifty sachems and it generally -met at the Onondaga Council House. The business of the congress was -conducted in a grave and dignified manner, the reason and judgment of -the Chiefs being appealed to, rather than their passions. It was -considered a breach of decorum for a sachem to reply to a speech on the -day of its delivery, and no question could be decided without unanimous -concurrence. The sachems served without badge of office, their sole -reward being the veneration of their people in whose interest they were -meeting. - -Public opinion exercised a powerful influence among the Iroquois, the -ablest among them having a dread of an adverse criticism from the common -people. - -Subordinate to the Congress of Sachems were the noted chiefs, such as -Red Jacket, Big Kettle, Corn Planter and others who influenced the -councils with their oratory. - -Women were recognized by them as having rights in the government of the -nation, being represented in council by chiefs, known as their -champions. Thus they became factors in war or peace, and were granted -special rights in the concurrence or interference in the sale of lands, -claiming that the land belonged equally to the tillers of the soil, and -its defenders. The equality of rights granted women was one of the -principal factors of strength in their confederacy, or union. - -Their orators studied euphony in the arrangement of their words. Their -graceful attitudes and gestures made their discourse deeply impressive. -A straight, commanding figure, with blanket thrown over the shoulder, -the naked arm raised in gesture, would, to use the words of an early -historian, "give no faint picture of Rome in her early days." - -A difference existed between the Iroquois and other tribes with respect -to oratory. No others have left records of models of eloquence except -in single instances on rare occasions. - -Red Jacket, Logan and Corn Planter were orators, who have by their -eloquence perpetuated their names on the pages of history. - -In the happy constitution of the ruling body and the effective security -of the people from misgovernment, the confederacy stands unrivaled. The -prevailing spirit was freedom. - -They were secured all the liberty necessary for the united state and -fully appreciated its value. - -The red man was always free from political bondage. He was convinced -that man was born free; that no person had any right to deprive him of -that liberty. Undoubtedly the reason for this was the absence from the -Indian mind of a desire for gain--that great passion of the white -man--"His blessing and his curse in its use and abuse." - -The hunter wants of the Indian, absence of property in a comparative -sense, and the infrequency of crime, dispensed with a vast amount of -legislation and machinery incident to the protection of civilized -society. - -The system upon which the League was founded, as before stated, was a -singularly well chosen one, and is highly illustrative of the -intellectual character of this people. "It was wisely conceived by the -untaught statesman of the forest, who had no precedents to consult, no -written lore of ages to refer to, no failures or triumphs of systems of -human governments to use as models or comparisons, nothing to prompt -them but necessity and emergency." - -President Dwight said, "Had they enjoyed the advantages possessed by -the Greeks and Romans, there is no reason to believe they would have -been at all inferior to these celebrated nations." Their minds appear -to have been equal to any effort within the reach of man. Their -conquests, if we consider their numbers and circumstances, were little -inferior to Rome itself. In their harmony, the unity of their -operations, the energy of their character, the vastness, vigor and -success of their enterprises, and the strength and sublimity of their -eloquence, they may be fairly compared to the Greeks. - -Both the Greeks and Romans, before they began to rise into distinction, -had already reached the state of society in which they were able to -improve. The Iroquois had not. The Greeks and Romans had ample means -for improvement. The Iroquois had none. - -The destruction of the confederacy was necessary to the well being of -the colonists. During the Revolutionary war, harassed as they were by -roving bands instigated by the tribes to massacre and burn, the Colonial -government authorized the Commander-in-Chief to administer punishment -for the horrible atrocities committed at Wyoming and Cherry Valley. To -obtain a complete, detailed account of the manner in which it was done, -one has but to read the record of Sullivan's Expedition in 1779, -compiled by the Hon. George S. Conover for the Secretary of State, 1886. - -This remarkable undertaking by General Sullivan has been aptly compared -to some of the most famous expeditions in the world's history. The -boldness of its conception, the bravery of the officers and men, were -equaled on but few occasions during the great Revolutionary struggle. - -The writings and researches of historians of the present day attach -greater importance to this expedition than formerly. The collection of -materials during the last centennial celebrations has resulted in -shedding much light upon the pages of Our Country's history, that was -formerly but little known. - -In this respect General John S. Clark, Rev. David Craft, Lockwood L. -Doty, Hon. George S. Conover and others have performed a great service -that should receive recognition. - -The colonists were particularly concerned regarding the attitude of the -Iroquois, who were considered more dangerous than three times the number -of civilized foes. The strong influence exerted by the Johnsons with -their allies, the Mohawks, was dreaded. Subsequently these fears were -proved well grounded. - -When the General Council was held by the Iroquois to consider the -question of joining the British in the war against the colonies, a -division occurred--the Oneidas opposing the alliance, while the Mohawks -were anxious for an alliance with the British. - -As unanimity could not be secured, each tribe was by law of the League -free to engage in the war or remain at peace with the Americans. The -sequel shows that the British agents, with presents of gunpowder and -lead, also promises of a bounty to be paid for scalps taken from the -colonists, were successful with all but the Oneidas, who remained true -to their first declaration. - -To friendship alone could the colonists appeal. They were not able to -assure the Indians that the rum of the Americans was as plenty as the -water of the lake, as the British had done. - -The majority of the Indians concluded that the colonists were too poor -or too mean to make them any gifts. Had the influences been less -powerful the Indians might still have remained the friend of the -settlers as he had been during long years of peace. - -The indignation of Pitt in denunciation of the wrong done by the -employment of Indians has made his name immortal. How different the -policy of the American! The offers of the Oneidas were courteously yet -firmly refused. They only shared in the struggle as guides or scouts. - -Wyoming in July--Cherry Valley in November, were only on a larger scale -the repetition of recurring events along the entire frontier. The -blood-curdling yell, accompanied by the tomahawk and scalping knife, -were a constant menace to the settler. The demand for decided measures -was imperative. The Wyoming massacre sent a thrill of horror through -the country, and renewed the demand for retaliatory measures. - -General Washington was directed to take such measures as he deemed -advisable, for the protection of the frontiers. Realizing the country's -condition and the great need of economy in public expenditures, -Washington's policy for 1779 was to remain on the defensive, except as -might be found necessary to hold the Indians in check. - -England's affairs in Europe at this time were such that she would not -be apt to push her operations in America. Washington himself was an -experienced Indian fighter--knew how they could be punished--early -favored an expedition into the heart of the Indian country--having but -little faith in the plan of establishing forts. He wished to carry the -war to their own homes, destroy villages and crops and compel them to -accept peace or depend on the British for sustenance. - -The country to be traversed on such an expedition was but little known, -so Washington during the winter and spring devoted a great deal of time -to obtaining information needed and planning for the campaign, which was -subsequently shown to be the most important event of that year, and -furnished a lasting lesson to the hostile tribes of the North. - -After the declination of the command by General Gates, Washington -tendered the command, which was promptly accepted by General Sullivan, -whose patriotism and bravery were well known. - -Preparations were immediately commenced for the great undertaking. -Hamilton under Washington's direction, drew up a letter of instructions, -which was signed by Washington. The first paragraph is interesting: - - "May 31, 1779. Sir:--The expedition you are appointed to command is to - be directed against the hostile tribes of the Six Nations of Indians - with their associates and adherents. The immediate object is their - total destruction and devastation and the capture of as many persons - of every age and sex as possible. It will be essential to ruin their - crops, now on the ground, and prevent their planting more." - -Then followed instructions more in detail, showing that Washington had -acquired an almost accurate knowledge of the country not only, but the -people as well. His instructions were carried out almost to the letter -as far as the army proceeded. - -Sullivan concluded when he had driven them from the valley of the -Genesee that his mission was fulfilled. - -Sensitiveness that is unreasoning may have been shocked at Washington's -policy, carried out by Sullivan. The destruction of forty villages, some -of them extensive, as reported by Sullivan, sixty thousand bushels of -corn, three thousand bushels of beans--in one orchard fifteen hundred -peach trees--seemed harsh treatment, but when we consider that a major -portion of this would have furnished the Tories with sustenance, another -view must be taken. - -Humanity, however, dictated the firing of cannon every morning, giving -the Indians an opportunity to retreat, which was in strong contrast with -the savage, cruel manner of Brant and Butler in their attacks upon -peaceful settlers. - -When the Senecas returned after peace was declared, their respect for -Ha-na-de-ga-na-ars (destroyer of villages), as Washington was called by -them, was greatly strengthened. - -When Horatio Jones, Major Van Campen and others moved into their -territory, they were kindly treated, and gave kind treatment in return. - -The record of the Iroquois has been one of unbroken peace and friendship -since then, for their last treaty made with General Washington has been -kept inviolate. - - - - - SULLIVAN'S CAMPAIGN. - - * * * * * - - By William Wait. - - * * * * * - - -In the campaign of 1779 it was evident that the British intended to -confine their operations to pillaging expeditions on the frontiers in -the north, and an effort to cripple the Union in the south. - -In July of the previous year, Butler and Brant with a force of 1600 -Indians and Tories had entered the Wyoming Valley and spread death and -destruction in their path, and in November raided the inhabitants of -Cherry Valley. - -Two years before, St. Leger had made his unsuccessful attempt on Fort -Stanwix and the Mohawk Valley, while Burgoyne was attempting to force -his way through our northern frontier. - -Nor were these raids upon the valleys of the Mohawk and the Wyoming, and -the inhabitants of Cherry Valley, the only calamities visited upon the -frontiers. By reason of the location and small size of the border -settlements and the great distance between detached dwellings, the -inhabitants, from the very beginning of the Revolutionary struggle, were -subject to constant attack by small bands of Indians, and Tories -disguised as such, who murdered those who fell into their hands and -burned and pillaged their dwellings until none but the most intrepid -dared remain in their homes. The supplicating tears of women and -children, and the wail of helpless babes, were unheeded. The tomahawk -and war-club fell without pity upon the defenceless heads of all alike, -and the scalps of women and children and the silvered locks of the aged -mingled with those of manhood to adorn the belt of the savage, and be -bartered for British gold. Here and there a heap of ashes and a few -putrefying bodies remained to show the location of some unfortunate -settler's cabin or frontier hamlet. Desolation was spread from one end -of the border to the other, and the wail of despair was not to be -resisted by the Congress. That body had received a constant stream of -appeals for aid from the sufferers at the front since the very beginning -of the war. A large part of the documentary remains of that period -consist of such letters to Washington, Governor Clinton, and others in -authority. - -On the first of April, 1779, Congress, in response to a letter of March -13th, from the Legislature of New York, passed a resolution authorizing -an expedition against these marauders. The campaign was planned by the -Commander-in-chief. Its execution was first offered to General Gates -because of his seniority, but the offer was made in such a way that it -could not be accepted, and Gates was obliged to decline in favor of -Major-General John Sullivan, whom Washington intended from the first -should be its commander. - -General Washington's orders to Sullivan for the conduct of the campaign -were very explicit, and were in part as follows: - - "The immediate objects are the total destruction and devastation of - their settlements, and the capture of as many prisoners of every age - and sex as possible. It will be essential to ruin their crops now in - the ground and prevent their planting more . . . parties should be - detached to lay waste all the settlements around, with instructions to - do it in the most effectual manner, that the country may not be merely - overrun, but destroyed. Make rather than receive attacks, attend with - as much impetuosity, shouting, and noise, as possible; and make the - troops act in as loose and dispersed a way as is consistent with a - proper degree of government, concert, and mutual support. It should be - previously impressed upon the minds of the men, whenever they have an - opportunity, to rush on with the war-whoop and fixed bayonet. Nothing - will disconcert and terrify the Indians more than this." - -The forces were gathered in three divisions; the principal and central -one, rendezvousing at Wyoming, was composed of the three brigades of -Maxwell, Poor, and Hand, and proceeded up the valley of the Susquehanna -to Tioga, where it was joined by the right division under Gen. James -Clinton, whose force, consisting of 1,600 men, was gathered at -Canajoharie, and proceeded down the headwaters of the Susquehanna. The -left division, consisting of 600 men, under Col. Daniel Brodhead, -marched up the Allegheny from Pittsburgh, leaving that place the 11th of -August, burned 11 towns, containing about 165 houses, which were for the -most part constructed of logs and framed timber; destroyed more than 500 -acres of cultivated land then in full crop, and took loot estimated as -worth $30,000. This division returned to Pittsburgh the 14th of -September, having been too late to join the main body, and never having -come under the direct command of Gen. Sullivan. - -The main division began to assemble at Wyoming early in April, but it -was not until the last day of July, in the afternoon, that they finally -began their advance. The artillery, ammunition and provisions were -loaded on 214 boats (this is the number stated by Col. Proctor, who was -in charge of the fleet; most accounts say 120), while 1,200 pack horses -carried the baggage and camp utensils, and 700 beef cattle were driven -along for food. Gordon, and some other British writers, have claimed -that Sullivan demanded much more than he should in the way of supplies. -Some of Sullivan's enemies at home made the same charge; but it is a -notorious fact that the commander had great difficulty in procuring the -amount that he had and that it fell far short of what prudence required. -As it was, some of the pork was packed in barrels made of green staves, -and spoiled. Much of the time the army subsisted on short rations, eked -out by green corn and other supplies taken from the fields of the -Indians which they were destroying. - -Tioga was the Iroquois name for the point of land lying between the -Chemung River and the north branch of the Susquehanna. Every name that -an Indian gave to a place or a person was descriptive, and had a -meaning. Most of these as we find them written are corruptions of the -names as they sounded when spoken by an Indian, and therefore we find -the same word in different documents spelled in as many ways as it could -be spelled by illiterate English, Dutch and French settlers, with a few -extra letters thrown in. Tioga is said to mean anything between any -other two things, a gate, the forks of a river, etc. (from Teyaogen, or -Teiohogen). Van Curler in his Journal of 1634 speaks of the Mohawk's -name of their great river as Vyoge. Father Jogues gave Oiogue as the -Mohawk name for the Hudson, in 1646. Ohio is another corrupted form of -the same word, and all seem to be corrupted from the same Iroquois word, -meaning a large stream. Many other Indian place-names occur in the -various journals of the officers engaged in this expedition, and it -would be interesting to take them up and consider their meaning if it -were possible. But in the above case it seems fair to suppose that -Indians coming down the trail from the Chemung Valley should speak of -this spot as Vyoge, or Oiogue, the great or principal river, as -distinguished from the smaller branch above. - -However that may be, the time between the 31st of July and the 11th of -August was consumed by the main body of the army in reaching this spot, -selected as the meeting place of the divisions. - -On their march for this place after leaving Wyoming, the first night -they encamped at a place called by the Delaware Indians, -_Lechau-Hanneck,_ or Lackawanna, also said to mean the forks of a -stream, and by the Iroquois called Hazirok, with something of the same -meaning. The following night they encamped at a place the Indians called -Quailutimack, meaning, "We came upon them unawares." On the 4th, it is -related, they crossed a small creek, called where it joins the -Susquehanna, _Massasppi_ (missisipu), great river, this being a Delaware -word meaning about the same as the Iroquois Oiogue. - -On the 5th the detachment lost three of its men, one soldier dying of -the so called "falling sickness," one of Proctor's artillerymen being -drowned, and Sergt. Martin Johnson dying from heat. Dr. Elmer informs -us in his journal that Johnson was a hard drinker and "his vitals were -decayed by spirituous liquors." On the 8th, Col. Proctor destroyed the -first of the Indian settlements, a place called Newtychanning, -consisting of about twenty houses. - -The army arrived at Tioga on the 13th. Here they remained until the -25th, awaiting the arrival of General Clinton's detachment. In the -meantime Fort Sullivan was erected, and a detachment sent up the Chemung -River to destroy an Indian town of the same name, consisting of about -fifty houses, with more than 100 acres of cultivated fields of grain and -other Indian produce. Some of the troops under General Hand, as they -pursued the Indians who were fleeing from the village, fell into an -ambush, whereby six were killed and nine wounded, with slight loss to -the enemy. While destroying the crops, one other man was killed and -three more wounded by some of the enemy who were concealed across the -river. The houses here destroyed were built of split and hewed timber, -covered with bark, and in the center of the town were two large -buildings, presumably council houses. None of the buildings had chimneys -or floors. While herding the stock in the camp at Tioga, the Indians -succeeded in killing and scalping several of the pack-horse men and -wounding some others. - -Meantime a detachment under Generals Hand and Poor were sent up the -Susquehanna to meet General Clinton. - -Gen. Sullivan had written Clinton from Wyoming on July 30th, "I wish you -to set out on the 9th of next month (marching moderately), as some -allowance is to be made for bad weather, which will probably detain us -some time. On my arrival at Tioga, I will immediately detach a -considerable body of light troops to favor and secure your march." - -Previous to this date Clinton had gathered his forces at Canajoharie and -transported them to the shore of Otsego Lake, the level of which he had -raised about two feet by erecting a dam, for the purpose of causing a -flood which would float his expedition in boats over the shallows of the -Susquehanna head-waters. - -Breaking the dam, he left Otsego Lake, according to Sullivan's -instructions, on the 9th of August, and proceeding down the river with -little difficulty, destroyed such Indian dwellings and crops as came in -his path. - -Lieut.-Colonel Pawling, with a detachment, was marching from Kingston -_via_ Shandakin, under orders to join Clinton on August 16th. at -Annaquaga, which, before it was destroyed by Col. William Butler, in -the fall of 1778, was quite a large Indian settlement, occupying an -island and both sides of the river, where the little village of Onaquaga -now stands. Clinton arrived at this place on the 15th, and remained -there until the 17th, awaiting the arrival of Pawling. In the center of -the island he found the cellars and wells of about sixty houses, also -fine orchards. Most of these buildings had been log houses, with stone -chimneys and glass windows. - -Pawling did not arrive, but returned to Kingston on September 1st and -reported his inability to join Clinton, owing to the swollen streams -and bad roads. Proceeding on their way, the Right Division passed -several Tuscarora villages, which they destroyed, with the crops. -Arriving at the mouth of the Chenango Creek, a small detachment was sent -four miles up that stream to destroy the village of Chenango, consisting -of about twenty houses. - -On the 19th they joined the detachment of General Poor, burning the -villages of Chukkanut and Owagea, and three days later arrived at the -encampment of the main division at Tioga. On the 23d of August, by the -accidental discharge of a musket, Captain Kimball was killed and a -Lieutenant wounded. - -Leaving a garrison to defend Fort Sullivan, at Tioga, the whole army -proceeded, on the 26th, taking the route up the Tioga branch of the -Susquehanna. About sixteen miles up this stream was a village called -Newtown, which they reached on the 29th. Here the light troops, which -were marching ahead, discovered a breastworks, artfully masked by green -bushes, extending for about half a mile, in an advantageous place, -protected by a high mountain on one side, the river on the other, and a -large creek in front, behind which the enemy were entrenched. Here -occurred the most important fight of the campaign. The design of the -enemy appears to have been primarily, an ambuscade. His force of British -regulars, consisting of two battalions of Royal Greens and Tories, was -led by Col. John Butler, with Captains Walter Butler and Macdonald as -subordinates. The Indian forces were commanded by the great Mohawk -chief, Joseph Brant. All the cunning of the Indians, combined with the -trained tactics of the British regulars, were here exerted to check the -advance of Sullivan's invading army. Had the Americans not discovered -the trap in time to avoid it, the story of this campaign would have -ended here in a tale of butchery hardly equaled in the annals of war. -But three companies of Morgan's riflemen, the pride of Washington, were -in advance; veterans of a hundred battles, and in no way inferior to the -enemy in Indian craft; and the ingenious device for drawing our forces -into an ambush was thwarted. For hours the battle waged fiercely. By -skillfully maneuvering his troops Sullivan had nearly succeeded in -surrounding the enemy, when, admirably commanded, and wisely discreet, -the signal for retreat was sounded just in time to escape. The entire -loss to the Americans was three killed and thirty-nine wounded. Twelve -Indians were found dead on the field, but the number of their wounded -is unknown. - -The events of the succeeding days during which the expedition was -prosecuting its errand of destruction, were a constant repetition of -each other. The army was almost constantly on the move, searching out -and destroying such settlements as could be found. The Indians skulked -away like a pack of wolves at the approach of the hunter, turning now -and then to snap at their pursuers, and then vanishing. Where once had -stood their pleasant villages surrounded by fruitful fields, was only -left heaps of smouldering ashes and masses of trampled grain and -prostrate fruit trees. They needed no spies to keep them informed of the -progress of the invaders. A trail of smoke by day and a ruddy glow on -the sky at night told it too plainly. The scourge had fallen. Not only -were the frontiers cleared but the doom of the Iroquoian Confederacy was -sealed, and its dominion over the vast territory which it had so long -ruled was destroyed forever. From the mountains of northern -Pennsylvania, through the beautiful valley of the Susquehanna and the -lake region of central New York to the fruitful valley of the Genesee, -no Indian settlement of importance was left. Said Sullivan in his -official report: "The number of towns destroyed by this army amounted -to 40, beside scattering houses. The quantity of corn destroyed, at a -moderate computation, must amount to 160,000 bushels, with a vast -quantity of vegetables of every kind. Every creek and river has been -traced, and the whole country explored in search of Indian settlements, -and I am well persuaded that, except one town situated near the -Allegheny, about 50 miles from Genesee, there is not a single town left -in the country of the Five Nations. - - "It is with pleasure I inform Congress that this army has not suffered - the loss of forty men, in action or otherwise, since my taking the - command, though perhaps few troops have experienced a more fatiguing - campaign. I flatter myself that the orders with which I was entrusted - are fully executed, as we have not left a single settlement or field - of corn in the country of the Five Nations, nor is there even the - appearance of an Indian on this side of Niagara." - - - - - CONTINUATION OF NATHANIEL WEBB'S JOURNAL - - * * * * * - - As Published in the Elmira Republican - of Sept. 11th and 12th, 1855. - - * * * * * - -Note--In the volume containing the "Journals of the Military -Expedition of Major General John Sullivan against the Six Nations of -Indians in 1779," prepared by Frederick Cook, Secretary of State, and -published by the State in 1887, on page 285 et seq, is published part -of the Journal of Nathaniel Webb, and a note says that a portion of the -Journal cannot be found. - -In a scrap-book originally kept by Thos. Maxwell, Esq., which was -recently bought in an old book shop in New York, I find the missing -Journal, and give herewith the portion supposed to be lost. - - WILLIAM WAIT. - -_Note_--In Col. Gansevoort's Journal of the same expedition, the entry -is as follows: - -"31st.--Decamped at 8 o'clock,--marched over mountainous ground until -we arrived at the forks of Newtown--there entered on a low bottom, -(Tuttle's flats), crossed the Kayuga branch, (Newtown creek), and -encamped on a pine plain. Much good land about Newtown. Here we left -the Tioga branch to our left." - -September 1.--The army moved at 8 A. M. Several defiles and a large -swamp occasioned our Brigade to encamp about three miles in the rear of -the army. The army encamped that night at Catharine's town. The enemy -had all fled from this town the night before and left an old squaw. - -2.--Our brigade joined the army at Catharine's town. Lay the remaining -part of the day for refreshment, &c. - -3.--We destroyed some five fields of corn and decamped at 8 A. M. -Marched this day about 11 miles. Encamped that night near the banks of -the Seneca Lake. Marched this day through a remarkable country for -timber. - -4.--Decamped at 9 A. M. Burnt a small town on this day's march. Encamped -at 7 P. M. The country still remains well timbered. - -5.--Decamped at 10 A. M. Marched this day about six miles. Encamped that -night at Conoyah, a beautiful town situated between the Seneca and -Kengah lakes--distance between those lakes 8 miles. (Gansevoort writes -it Kandaiah.) - -6.--Lay in encampment. This town is beautifully situated in several -respects--a fine level country--some fine fields of corn, a fine apple -orchard, about twenty houses--situated about twenty miles from Seneca -lake. One white man deserted from the enemy that had been taken prisoner -last summer from Wyoming. Several horses were captured at this town. -Decamped at 4 P. M., moved about 4 miles. Encamped in a beautiful piece -of woods near the Lake. Col. Gansevoort, of our Brigade, was sent to -destroy Kengah town joining Kengah lake, where they burnt several -houses, got about twenty horses, &c. - -7.--Decamped. Marched to Kanadesago, a town situated about three miles -from the west end of the lake, the capital of the Senecas. (This was -what is called the old Castle near Geneva.) Crossing the Seneca creek -(or outlet) and several large defiles occasioned our not arriving in -town till some time in the evening. This town consists of about 60 -houses. Several large fields of corn. We found a white male child the -enemy had left behind. - -8.--The army was employed in destroying corn, beans, fruit trees, &c. -A detachment sent to destroy a town about 12 miles from this town. -(This was Cashong, Kashonguash, on the west side of the Seneca.) - -9.--All the sick and lame sent to Tioga. At 11 A. M. we marched, -following the road that leads to Niagara. Marched about 13 miles. -Encamped near a brook that night. - -10.--Decamped at 6 A. M. Marched this day about 13 miles--part of the -day through a swampy country, abounding chiefly in beech and maple, some -remarkably large white ash trees--latter part of the day through a -grassy country. Passed the end of Connandockque lake. Encamped near -some fine fields of corn. This town contains about 20 houses. - -11.--Decamped at 4 A. M., after destroying the town and vegetables, &c. -Marched this day to Hannayouya (Honeoye). This town is situated at the -end of a small Lake of the same name--contains about 15 houses--a large -flat of excellent land. - -12.--The provisions and superfluous baggage of the army were left at -this town, with a guard of about 200 men and two field pieces. The army -decamped at 11 A. M. and marched towards the Genesee flats. Marched -about 10 miles and encamped in the woods--passed this day a small lake -called Konyoughojoh. - -13.--Decamped at 6 A. M. Marched about two miles and halted at Adjustah. -This town contains about 26 houses. While we halted at this town, -Lieut. Boyd, with 20 men of the Rifle Corps, was sent to the next town -to reconnoiter the enemy. On his return about 700 of the enemy ambushed -him, killed and took 18 of the party. After the corn, &c., was destroyed -and the town set in flames, we moved off to the next town. Our brigade -marched some miles around to gain the rear of the enemy, but as usual -they had fled before us. This town contains about 18 houses, situated -at the southern end of the Genesee flats, on the banks of a small river -that leads into the Genesee river. - -14.--9 A. M. the army decamped, passed the river, entered the Genesee -flats. This flat is judged to contain near 6,000 acres. We passed the -Genesee river. This river runs with a strong current out of a hilly -country. Three miles below where we forded, is navigable to lake -Ontario. We burnt a small town on the bank of the river and marched -that night to Genesee castle. There the body of Lieut. Boyd and one man -was found murdered in a barbarous manner, too horrid to mention. This -town is the metropolis of that nation; contains about 140 houses. Some -fine buildings in it; situated about 40 miles from Niagara, on the -south side of the Genesee river. The soil is exceedingly rich for 10 -or 12 miles along the river. In and about this town, it was judged -there were 800 acres of corn, beans, and vegetables of every kind. - -15.--The whole army was employed in destroying the corn, &c. Now the -general having completed and fulfilled his orders, after destroying the -corn and setting the town in flames, the army passed the river and -encamped upon the flats. One woman and one child made their escape from -the savages and came to us that evening. - -16.--Lay by to destroy corn along the flats. Decamped at 10 A. M. -Encamped at Aojuhtah. - -17.--Decamped at gun firing. Encamped at Honeoye. - -18.-Decamped at 10 A. M. that day to Canandaigua. Encamped on the east -side of the Lake. - -19.--Marched to Connadasago. - -20.--A party of 900 men was detached under command of Col. Butler, to -destroy the Kengah tribe, and a party of 100 men under command of Col. -Gansevoort to destroy part of the Mohawk tribe. Decamped at 3 P. M. -and encamped on the east side of Seneca Lake. - -21.--A party of 100 men was detached under Col. Dearborn to destroy the -towns on the west side of Kenkah lake. Decamped at 8 A. M., passed -Candiah about three miles and encamped at 4 P. M. - -22.--Decamped at 7 A. M. Encamped that night within seven miles of -Catharine town. - -24.--(23d.?) Decamped at 7 A. M., passed Catharine town and encamped -near the Big Swamp that night. - -24.--Decamped at 5 A. M., passed the swamp and halted some time for -refreshment. Encamped that night at Fort Reed, where we met provisions -and stores for the reception of the Army. Upon our arrival at this -place, (now Elmira), 13 cannon were discharged from the fort and was -returned from one of our pieces 15 times. The latter was discharged in -the space of one minute and a half. Dried provisions, &c. - -(Colonel Gansevoort's Journal notes the proceedings of this day as -follows: "Passed the swamp so much dreaded from its badness, without -any difficulty and arrived at the forks of Newtown, where Capt. Reed -with a detachment of 200 men had thrown up a breastwork to guard some -stores and cattle brought forward from Tioga for the army in case of -necessity. Saluted by 13 rounds of cannon from the breast-work, which -number we returned from our artillery.") - -Fort Reed was on the west side of the Newtown creek and on the north -bank of the Tioga, where the creek falls into the river. It was a -breast-work and was surrounded by palisades including some three or -four acres. The western line of palisades can be traced on the west side -of the junction canal and on the east side of Water st., a little south -of the Fair grounds. The Journal continues. - -25.--All the loaded muskets in the army were discharged at 5 A. M. The -army was drawn up in one line and fired three rounds per man. After the -discharge of 13 cannon, for our new ally the King of Spain, several -oxen were killed for the officers and men. - -(Col. Gansevoort's Journal thus describes this affair: "25.--This -morning the small arms of the whole army were discharged at 5 o'clock. -The whole were drawn up in one line, with a field piece on the right -of each brigade, to fire a _feu de joie_--1st. thirteen rounds of -cannon; 2d. a running fire of musketry, from right to left--repeated -twice. Fifty oxen were killed on this joyous occasion, one delivered -to each Brigade and one to the Artillery and staff. This was done in -consequence of Spain having declared war against Britain.") - -26.--At 12 A. M., the party under command of Col. Dearborn came in -after destroying a fine country on the west side of the Kengah Lake. -They brought in two squaws with them. - -27.--400 men under the command of Col. Courtland, was employed in -destroying corn up the river. 30 boats arrived from Tioga. - -28.--All the sick were sent to Tioga. The party under the command of -Col. Butler, returned from destroying the Kengah tribe. They found a -most beautiful country abounding in vast quantities of corn and -vegetables of all kinds; the same party under command of Col. Courtland, -was employed up the river; also, 500 men were employed down the river, -towards Tioga, destroying corn and vegetables on the flats. - -29.--Decamped 6 A. M. Encamped that night 3 miles below Chemung and -within 3 miles of Tioga. - -30.--Decamped at 6 A. M., arrived at Fort Sullivan at 1 P. M. Upon our -arrival the garrison discharged 13 cannon and we returned the same. -Pitched tents on the ground we occupied before. - -October 3.--A party of 500 men turned out to load the boats and demolish -Fort Sullivan. The army drew 6 days' flour to carry them to Wyoming. - -4.--Decamped at 6 A. M. Passed the river and encamped that night within -5 miles of Standing Stone, near the river. - -5.--All the cattle, stores and horses were sent down to Wyoming. The -whole went on board the boats. The fleet got under way at 6 A. M. - -6.--The fleet got under way at 9 A. M. Arrived at evening at Shawney -Flats. - -7.--The whole fleet got under way at 9 A. M., and arrived at Wyoming at -2 P. M. When it hove in sight 13 cannon were fired by the garrison and -returned by the fleet. The army encamped near the garrison. - -8.--Two hundred men were detached to repair the road from this post to -Easton and to remain there until the army arrives. - -10.--Gen. Sullivan set out for Easton, leaving the command to Gen. -Clinton. Decamped at 11 A. M. Encamped that night at Bullock's tavern. - -11.--The rear of the army came up to camp at 9 A. M. Marched this day -and encamped between the Shades of Death and the Big Swamp. - -12.--Decamped at 7 A. M. Encamped that night at the White Oak Run. - -13.--Decamped at 8 o'clock in the morning. The army moved that day to -Brink's Mills. - -14.--Decamped at 10 A. M. Passed the Wind Gap and encamped that night -within 12 miles of Easton. - -15.--Decamped at 6 o'clock in the morning and arrived at Easton at -2 P. M. Encamped in the Forks of the Delaware on the bank of the Lehigh. - -17.--Our Brigade mustered. The Rev. Parson Evans delivered a discourse -to the army in the German church. - -In the same volume is given a table of distances as traveled by the -army from Easton to Genesee Castle, as surveyed by Mr. Lodge, Surveyor -to the Western army: - -From Easton to Wyoming 65 miles - " Lackawanna 75 " - " Quelutinack 82 " - " Tunkhannock Creek 93 " - " Mesupin 102 " - " Vanderlip's Farm 107 " - " Wyalusing 115 " - " Wysaching Creek 129-1/2 " - " Tioga 145 " - " Chemung 157 " - " Forks at Newtown 165 " - " French Catharines, or Evoquagah 183-1/2 " - " Condiah, or Appleton 211 " - " Outlet of Seneca Lake 222-1/2 " - " Canadesaco, or Seneca Lake 226 " - " Canandaigua 241-1/2 " - " Honeoye 255 " - " Adjustah 267-1/2 " - " Gasagularah 274-1/2 " - " Genesee Castle 280 " - - - - - CONCERNING THE MOHAWKS. - - * * * * * - - By W. Max Reid. - - * * * * * - - -I am somewhat at a loss to select a name for the subject of this paper. -I dare not dignify it by the title of a history of the Mohawks, because -a true history of that notable people never has been or never can be -written. It is true that "Colden's Five Nations," "Morgan's League of -the Iroquois," and Schoolcraft's notes are looked upon as authority on -this subject, but Morgan's work is in a great measure legendary and -altogether unsatisfying, and the same may be said of Colden and -Schoolcraft, although the little that Colden has to say about the -Mohawks is accepted as authority as far as it goes. - -As to the origin of the Mohawks, it will always remain a mystery. -Conjecture may or may not approach the truth, but from the fact that -they had no written language, no records on stone or parchment from -which we can obtain knowledge of their origin or early history, it is -evident that our only sources of information are the vague traditions -that have been transmitted orally from parent to child or from Sachem -to Sachem. - -How unreliable and unsatisfactory these oral traditions are, may be -noted in what is called the "Iroquoian Cosmology," or the "Creation," -as translated by J. N. B. Hewitt, of the Bureau of Ethnology. Mr. Hewitt -gives three versions of the "Creation," the Onondaga, Mohawk and the -Seneca. They are practically alike, differing only in minor statements. -The Onondaga is the longest and the Seneca the shortest version. I will -give you, however, a condensed rendering of the Mohawk tradition. It -says: - - "In the sky above were man-beings, both male and female, who dwelt in - villages, and in one of the lodges was a man and woman, who were - down-fended, that is, they were secluded, and their lodge was - surrounded by the down of the cat-tail, which was a sign that no one - should approach them, nor were they allowed to leave this precinct. - The man became ill and stated that he would not get well until a - dogwood tree standing in his dooryard had been uprooted. So when his - people had uprooted the tree he said to his wife, 'Do thou spread for - me something there beside the place where stood the tree.' Thereupon - she spread something for him there and he then lay down on what she - had spread for him, and he said to his wife: 'Here sit thou, beside my - body.' Now at that time she did sit beside him as he lay there. Then - he said to her: 'Do thou hang thy legs down into the abyss.' For where - they had uprooted the tree there came to be a deep hole, which went - through the sky, and the earth was upturned about it. - - "And while he lay there he recovered from his illness and turning on - his side he looked into the hole. After a while he said to his wife: - 'Do thou look thither into the hole to see what things are occurring - there in yonder place.' And as she bent her body to look into the hole - he took her by the nape of the neck and pushed her and she fell into - the hole and kept falling into the darkness thereof. After a while she - passed through and as she looked about her, as she slowly fell, she - saw that all about her was blue in color and soon discovered that what - she observed was a vast expanse of water, on which floated all kinds - of water fowls in great numbers. - - "Thereupon. Loon, looking into the water and seeing her reflection, - shouted, 'A man-being, a female is coming up from the depths of the - waters.' The Bittern, answering, said, 'She is not indeed coming up - out of the depths of the water, she is falling from above.' Thereupon - they held a council to decide what they should do to provide for her - welfare. - - "They finally invited Great Turtle to come. Loon, thereupon, said to - him, 'Thou should float thy body above the place where thou art in the - depths of the water.' And then as Great Turtle arose to the surface, - a large body of ducks of various kinds arose from the face of the - water, elevated themselves in a very compact body, and went up to meet - her. And on their backs did she alight, and they slowly descended, - bearing her body on their backs, and on the back of Great Turtle they - placed her. - - "Then Loon said, 'Come, you deep divers, dive and bring up earth.' - Many dived into the water, and Beaver was a long time gone. When his - back appeared he was dead, and when they examined his paws, they found - no earth. Then Otter said, 'It is my turn.' Whereupon he dived, and - after a longer time he also came up dead. Neither did he bring up any - earth. It was then that Muskrat said, 'I also will make the desperate - attempt.' It was a still longer time that he was under water, but - after a while he also floated to the surface, dead. In his paws was - mud and his mouth was full of mud. And they took this mud and coated - the edge of Great Turtle's shell all around, and other muskrats dived - and floated dead, but brought up mud, which was placed on Great - Turtle's back. And the female man-being sat on the back of Great - Turtle and slept. And when she awoke the earth had increased in size, - and she slept again, and when she awoke, willows were growing along - the edge of the water. And then, also, when she again awoke, the - carcass of a deer recently killed, lay there, and a fire was burning, - and a sharp stone. And she dressed, cooked, and ate her fill. And - after a while a rivulet appeared and rapidly the earth increased to - great size, and grass and herbs sprung from the earth and grew to - maturity. - - "And after a while the female man-being gave birth to a girl child, - who grew rapidly to maturity, and not long after gave birth to two - male man-beings, but the daughter died in giving birth to the twins. - And the grandmother cut off the head of her dead daughter and hung her - body in a high place and it became the sun, and the head she placed in - another place and it became the moon. - - "And when she examined one of the infants she found his flesh was - nothing but flint and there was a sharp comb of flint over the top of - his head, but the flesh of the other was in every respect like a - man-being. - - "It seems that these two were antagonistic from their birth, the - grandmother clinging to the flint child and driving the other into the - wilderness; and in his wanderings he came to the shore of a lake and - saw a lodge standing there. Looking in the doorway he saw a man - sitting there, who said to him, 'Enter thou here. This man was Great - Turtle, who gave him a bow and arrow, and also gave him two ears of - corn, one in the milky state, which he told him to roast and eat as - food, and the other, which was mature, he should use for seed corn. - - "He also endowed him with preternatural powers. And when he was about - to depart, he said to the young man, 'I am Great Turtle, I am thy - parent.' - - "Sapling, which was the name of the young man-being, created animals - out of earth, and birds by casting handfuls of earth into the air. He - also formed the body of a man and the body of a woman, and gave them - life and placed them together. Returning shortly after he found them - sleeping. Again and again he returned and still they slept. 'Thereupon - he took a rib from each and substituted the one for the other and - replaced each one in the other's body. It was not long before the - woman awoke and sat up. At once she touched the breast of the man - lying at her side, just where Sapling had placed her rib, and, of - course, that tickled him. Thereupon he awoke. Awoke to life and - understanding.'" - -As in the Biblical story of Cain and Abel, the two brothers fought and -in the end one was slain. But is was the unrighteous one, the one with -the flint body, who lost his life. - -Nearly three hundred years ago, the Jesuits recorded traditions of the -Algonquins and Huron-Iroquois of Canada, which were practically the same -in their main features as the above. (See Jesuit Rel. vol. 10, pages -127-129.) - -The Montagnais and Adirondacks of Canada, and in fact all the Algonquin -nations, seem to have some tradition of the deluge, which in some way -is mixed with the Huron-Iroquois tradition of the creation. In fact, -it deals with a re-creation of the earth. - -They say that one Messou restored the world when it was lost in the -waters. Their story of the deluge is practically as follows: - - This Messou went a hunting with lynxes, instead of dogs, and was - warned that it would be dangerous for his lynxes in a certain lake - near the place where he was. One day as he was hunting an elk his - lynxes gave it chase even into the lake; and when they reached the - middle of it, they were submerged in an instant. When Messou arrived - there and sought his lynxes, who were indeed his brothers, a bird told - him that it had seen them in the bottom of the lake, and that certain - animals or monsters held them there. He at once leaped into the water - to rescue them, but immediately the lake overflowed, and increased so - prodigiously that it inundated and drowned the whole earth. Astonished, - he gave up all thought of his lynxes and turned his attention to - creating the world anew. First he sent a raven to find a small piece - of earth with which to build a new world. The raven returned - unsuccessful. He made an Otter dive down, but he could not reach the - bottom. At last a muskrat descended and brought back some earth. With - this bit of earth Messou restored every thing to its former condition. - -But it is among the Iroquois that Great Turtle plays the principal part -in the creation. In fact it is said that he upholds the earth to this -day. In one of the cases of the "Richmond collection" in the museum of -the Montgomery County Historical Society, is an old rattle which can be -traced back more than a hundred years. We have looked upon it as an -interesting relic of the Senecas, a rude musical instrument. It is made -from a turtle shell and skin, and in the enclosed space has been placed -pebbles for rattles. - -But this instrument is interesting beyond all that. Father LeJune, in -his Relation of 1639, makes the following statement in describing a -dance at a feast given for a sick woman: "At the head of the procession -marched two masters of ceremonies, singing and holding the tortoise, on -which they did not cease to play. This tortoise is not a real tortoise, -but only the shell and skin, so arranged as to make a sort of drum or -rattle. Having thrown certain pebbles into it they make from it an -instrument like that the children in France used to play with. There -is a mysterious something, I know not what, in this semblance of a -tortoise, to Which these people attribute their origin. We shall know -in time what there is to it." - -It is said that in no Amerind (the word Amerind is a new word coined -by the Bureau of Ethnology to take the place of the three words "North -American Indian." You will notice that it is composed or formed from -the first four letters of American and the first three letters of -Indian) language, could the Jesuit Priests find a word to express the -idea of God or His attributes. Although the most charitable of people -and showing the utmost affection for their children, the Jesuits were -unable, in the Amerind language, to impress upon them or to communicate -to them, the idea of an all-loving and charitable Supreme Being. They -had their Manitou, but they feared them and gave them the character of -the devil, one who should be propitiated by presents, by penances, or -by scourges and feasts. - -In the Amerind's mind, each animal had a king, as the Great Turtle, the -Great Bear, etc. The fathers said to them if the animals have each a -Supreme Being, why should not man have a great chief of men, who lives -in the sky; a Great Spirit. This idea they accepted, and although they -did not or could not give him the attributes of the Christian's God, -the Great Spirit became "a distinct existence, a pervading power in the -universe, and a dispenser of justice." - -This idea the Jesuits had to accept, although in exceptional cases, they -seemed to impress their idea of God upon some of their converts while -they had them at the missions, but they were sure to become apostates -when they returned to their people in the wilderness. So you will see -that "The Great Spirit" of the Indians is a modern idea received from -the whites and not, as some think, a Supreme Being evolved ages ago -from the Amerind mind. - -Parkman says: "The primitive Indian believed in the immortality of the -soul, and that skillful hunters, brave warriors, and men of influence -went, after death, to the happy hunting-grounds, while the slothful, -the cowardly, the weak were doomed to eat serpents and ashes in dreary -and misty regions, but there was no belief that the good were to be -rewarded for moral good, or the evil punished for a moral evil." - -So you will see that the writing of a history of the Mohawks would be -an arduous task, a history filled with mystery and superstition -together with kindly deeds and warlike acts, a history of a people -endowed with minds that were able to conceive a union of tribes, states -or nations, call them what you may, and to perpetuate that union for -centuries, the success of which suggested to our forefathers the union -of states, the government under which we now live. - - L. Of C. - "HOLLANDER." - - - - - ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON, - - The Author of the Louisiana Purchase. - - * * * * * - - Hon. D. S. Alexander. - - * * * * * - - -After signing the treaty ceding Louisiana to the United States, Robert -R. Livingston declared it the noblest work of his life. If one may not -assent to this enthusiastic statement of the speaker, who had been a -member of the committee to draft the immortal Declaration of -Independence, it is easy to admit that his work stands next in -historical importance to the treaty of 1783, which recognized American -independence. It added half an empire to our domain, and, a century -later, gave Edward Everett Hale opportunity to speak of Livingston as -"the wisest American of his time," since "Franklin had died in 1780." - -When Livingston signed the Louisiana treaty he was fifty-six years of -age, tall and handsome, with an abundance of hair already turning gray, -which fell in ringlets over a square, high forehead, lending a certain -dignity that made him appear as great off the bench as he did when -gowned and throned as Chancellor. In the estimation of his contemporaries -he was one of the most gifted men of his time, and the judgment of a -later age has not reversed their decision. He added learning to great -natural ability, and brilliancy to profound thought, and although so -deaf as to make communication with him difficult, he came very near -concealing the defect by his remarkable eloquence and conversational -gifts. Benjamin Franklin called him "the Cicero of America." His love -for the beautiful attracted Edmund Burke. It is doubtful if he had a -superior in the State in the knowledge of history and the classics, and -in the study of science Samuel L. Mitchell alone stood above him. He -lacked the creative genius of Hamilton, the prescient gifts of Jay, -and the skill of Aaron Burr to marshal men for selfish purposes; but he -was at home in debate with the ablest men of his time, a master of -sarcasm, of trenchant wit, and of felicitous rhetoric. It is likely -that he lacked Kent's application. But of ninety-three bills passed by -the legislature from 1778 to 1801, a period that spans his life as -Chancellor, and which were afterward vetoed by the Council of Revision, -Livingston wrote opinions in twenty-three, several of them elaborate, -and all revealing capacity for legislation. In these vetoes he stood -with Hamilton in resisting forfeitures and confiscations; he held with -Richard Morris that loyal citizens could not be deprived of lands, -though bought of an alien enemy; he agreed with Jay in upholding common -law rights and limiting the death penalty; and he had the support of -George Clinton and John Sloss Hobart in disapproving a measure for the -gradual abolition of slavery, because the legislature thought it -politically expedient to deprive colored men of the right to vote who -had before enjoyed such a privilege. - -In the field of politics, Livingston's search for office did not result -in a happy career. So long as he stood for a broader and stronger -national life his intellectual rays flashed far beyond the horizon of -most of his contemporaries, but the joy of public life was clouded when -he entered the domain of partisan politics. His mortification that -someone other than himself was appointed Chief Justice of the United -States Supreme Court, made Hamilton's funding system, especially the -proposed assumption of State debts, sufficient excuse for becoming an -anti-federalist, and had he possessed those qualities of leadership -that bind party and friends by ties of unflinching service, he might -have reaped the reward that his ambition so ardently craved; but his -peculiar temper unfitted him for such a career. Jealous, fretful, -sensitive, and suspicious, he was as restless as his eloquence was -dazzling, and when, at last, he became the anti-federalist candidate -for governor in 1798, in opposition to John Jay, the campaign ended in -deep humiliation. His candidacy was clearly a dash for the Presidency. -He reasoned, as every ambitious New York statesman has reasoned from -that day to this, that if he could carry the State in an off year, he -would be needed, as the candidate of his whole party, in a Presidential -year. This reasoning reduces the governorship to a sort of springboard -from which to vault into the White House, and although only one man in -a century has performed the feat, it has always figured as a popular -and potent factor in the settlement of political nominations. George -Clinton thought the Presidency would come to him, and Hamilton inspired -Jay with a similar notion; but Livingston, sanguine of better treatment, -was willing, for the sake of undertaking it, voluntarily to withdraw -from the professional path along which he had moved to great distinction. - -The personal qualities which seemed to unfit Livingston for political -leadership in New York did not strengthen his usefulness in France. It -was the breadth of view which distinguished him in the formation of the -Union that brought him success as a diplomat. With the map of America -spread out before him he handled the Louisiana problem as patriotically -as he had argued for a stronger national life, and when, at last, he -signed the treaty, he had forever enlarged the geography of his country. - -As the American minister to the court of Napoleon, Livingston reached -France in November, 1801. President Jefferson had already heard a rumor -of the retrocession of Louisiana by Spain to France, and had given it -little heed. He had cheerfully acquiesced in Spain's occupation of New -Orleans, and after its retrocession to France he talked pleasantly of -securing West Florida through French influence. "Such proof on the part -of France of good will toward the United States," he wrote Livingston, -in September, 1801, "would contribute to reconcile the latter to -France's possession of New Orleans." But when, a year later, a French -army, commanded by Leclerc, Napoleon's brother-in-law, had devastated -St. Domingo and aroused the hostility of American merchants and -ship-masters by his arbitrary treatment, Jefferson sensed the danger of -having Napoleon for a next-door neighbor on the Mississippi. In a moment -his tone changed from one of peace to a threat of war. "The cession of -Louisianan to France," he declared, in a letter to Livingston, April 16, -1802, "works most sorely on the United States. There is on the globe -one single spot, the possessor of which is our natural and habitual -enemy. It is New Orleans. France, placing herself in that door, assumes -to us the attitude of defiance. The day that France takes possession of -New Orleans fixes the sentence which is to restrain her forever within -her low-water mark. It seals the union of two nations, who in -conjunction can maintain exclusive possession of the ocean. From that -moment we must marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation." - -In his anxiety the President also instructed Madison, his Secretary of -State, to write Pinckney, the American minister at Madrid, to guarantee -to Spain, if it had not already parted with its title, peaceable -possession of Louisiana beyond the Mississippi, on condition of its -ceding to the United States the territory, including New Orleans, on -the east side. As the year wore on, however, and Leclerc's death -followed his report of his losses, Jefferson became much easier, -advising Livingston that French possession of Louisiana would not be -"important enough to risk a breach of the peace." But before the ink -had time to dry, almost simultaneously with the death of Leclerc, came -the news, through Governor Claiborne of the Territory of Mississippi, -that the Spanish Intendent had forbidden Americans the right to deposit -their merchandise at New Orleans. This was a stunning blow to the -President. The treaty of 1795 stipulated that the King of Spain would -"permit the citizens of the United States, for the space of three years -from this time, to deposit their merchandise and effects in the Port of -New Orleans, and to export them from thence, without paying any other -duty than a fair price for the hire of the stores, and his majesty -promises either to continue this permission if he find during that time -it is not prejudicial to the interests of Spain, or, if he should not -agree to continue it thus, he will assign to them on another part of the -banks of the Mississippi an equivalent establishment." That the three -years' limitation had expired during President Adams' administration -without the right being extended or its equivalent established, did not -help Jefferson out of his difficulty, since the Kentucky and Tennessee -settlers were already cleaning their flintlocks on the theory that it -was easier to drive out a few Spaniards than to dislodge a French army -after it had fortified. This was good reasoning if Louisiana was to be -taken by force. But Jefferson, even when writing threatening letters, -had no thought of war. "Peace is our passion," he wrote Sir John -Sinclair, and in the presence of threatening hostilities he did nothing -to prepare for war. His message to Congress, which opened a few days -after the reception of Claiborne's dispatch, made no mention of the -New Orleans trouble. He talked about everything else, but of what -everybody else was talking about the President said nothing. The -western settlers, vitally interested in a depot of deposit at New -Orleans, resented such apparent apathy, and by resolutions and -legislative action encouraged the federalists to talk so loudly for -war that the President, alarmed at the condition of the public mind, -sent James Monroe's name to the Senate as minister extraordinary to -France and Spain. On January 13, 1803, the day of Monroe's confirmation, -Jefferson hastened to write him, explaining what he had done and why -he had acted. "The agitation of the public mind on occasion of the late -suspension of our right of deposit at New Orleans," said he, "is -extreme. In the western country it is natural and grounded on honest -motives; in the seaports it proceeds from a desire for war, which -increases the mercantile lottery; among federalists generally, and -especially those of Congress, the object is to force us into war if -possible, in order to derange our finances; or, if this cannot be done, -to attach the western country to them as to their best friends, and thus -get again into power. Remonstrances, memorials, etc., are now -circulating through the whole of the western country, and signed by the -body of the people. The measures we have been pursuing, being invisible, -do not satisfy their minds. Something sensible, therefore, is necessary." - -This "sensible something" was Monroe's appointment, which "has already -silenced the federalists," continued the President. "Congress will no -longer be agitated by them; and the country will become calm as fast -as the information extends over it." - -The better to support Monroe, Madison explained to Pichon, the French -minister in Washington, the necessity for the undivided possession of -New Orleans, claiming that it had no sort of interest for France, while -the United States had no interest in extending its population to the -right bank, since such emigration would tend to weaken the state and to -slacken the concentration of its forces. "In spite of affinities in -manners and languages," said the Secretary of State, "no colony beyond -the river could exist under the same government, but would infallibly -give birth to a separate state, having in its bosom germs of collision -with the east, the easier to develop in proportion to the very -affinities between the two empires." - -This explained the true attitude of Jefferson and Madison. They did not -seek territory west of the Mississippi. Their thought centered in the -purchase of New Orleans; it was the "one spot on the globe, the -possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy;" France's -possession of it "must marry us to the British fleet and nation;" upon -it "every eye in the United States is now fixed;" to gain it Pinckney -was charged "to guarantee to Spain the peaceable possession of the -territory beyond the Mississippi;" in Madison's opinion "the boundary -line between the United States and Louisiana should be the Mississippi;" -according to his theory "no colony beyond the Mississippi could exist -under the same government with that on the east side;" nor did the -United States have any interest in building up a colony beyond the -Mississippi. In other words, Jefferson saw only New Orleans; he wanted -only New Orleans and peace; and to get the one and keep the other, -Monroe was sent to Paris to secure "our rights and interests in the -river Mississippi and in the territories eastward thereof." - -In the meantime Livingston had taken a different view. It is not clear -that he appreciated the future value of the great northwest more than -did Jefferson or Madison, but in his argument for the purchase of New -Orleans he had included in his request nine-tenths of the territory now -known as the Louisiana Purchase. Singularly enough Livingston's letter -happened to be addressed to Talleyrand, Napoleon's Minister of Foreign -Affairs, on the very day Monroe's name went to the United States Senate -for confirmation, and although the latter's instructions limited -negotiations to the east bank of the Mississippi, Livingston's argument -included the west bank. "Presuming," he writes Talleyrand, "that the -Floridas are in the hands of France, I shall predicate what I have to -offer upon that presumption. France can have but three objects in the -possession of Louisiana and Florida: The first is the command of the -Gulf; second, the supply of her islands; third, an outlet for the -people, if her European population should be too great for her -territory." - -"Having treated this subject more at large in a paper which you have -had the goodness to read," Livingston continued, "I will not dwell upon -it here; but propose what it appears to be the true, policy of France -to adopt, as affecting all her objects, and at the same time -conciliating the affections of the United States, giving a permanency -to her establishments, which she can in no other way hope for. First, -let France cede to the United States so much of Louisiana as lays above -the mouth of the river Arkansas. By this a barrier will be placed -between the colony of France and Canada, from which she may, otherwise, -be attacked with the greatest facility, and driven out before she can -derive any aid from Europe. Let her possess Florida as far as the river -Perdito, with all the ports on the gulf, and cede West Florida, New -Orleans, and the territory on the west bank of the Mississippi to the -United States. This cession will only be valuable to the latter from -its giving them the mouths of the river Mobile and other small rivers -which penetrate their territory, and in calming their apprehensions -relative to the Mississippi. It may be supposed that New Orleans is a -place of some moment; it will be so to the United States, but not to -France. The right of depot which the United States claims and will -never relinquish, must be the source of continued disputes and -animosities between the two nations, and ultimately lead the United -States to aid any foreign power in the expulsion of France from that -colony. Independent of this, as the present commercial capital of New -Orleans is mostly American, it will be instantly removed to Natchez, -to which the United States can give such advantages as to render New -Orleans of little importance. Upon any other plan. Sir, it needs but -little foresight to predict that the whole of this establishment must -pass into the hands of Great Britain, which has, at the same time, the -command of the sea, and a martial colony containing every means of -attack. While the fleets block up the seaports, she can, without the -smallest difficulty, attack New Orleans from Canada with 15,000 or -20,000 men and a host of savages. France, by grasping at a desert and -an insignificant town, and thereby throwing the weight of the United -States into the scale of Britain, will render her mistress of the new -world. By the possession of Louisiana and Trinidad the colonies of -Spain will lie at her mercy. By expelling France from Florida and -possessing the ports on the Gulf, she will command the Islands. The -East and West Indies will pour their commodities into her ports; and -the precious metals of Mexico, combined with the treasures of Hindostan, -enable her to purchase nations whose aid she may require in confirming -her power. Though it would comport with the true policy and magnanimity -of France gratuitously to offer these terms to the United States, yet -they are not unwilling to purchase them at a price suited to their value -and to their own circumstances, in the hope that France will at the same -time satisfy their distressed citizens the debts which they have a right -by so many titles to demand." - -These arguments do not read like the letters of Jefferson or the -instructions of Madison. There is no suggestion that the United States -is without interest in the right bank of the Mississippi for fear of a -divided government, or because germs of collision will develop in spite -of affinities in manners and language. New Orleans is minimized, the -great west is magnified. A glance at the map shows that he offered to -purchase half an empire, leaving to France only a small corner in the -southwest bordering on Texas. His argument fixed its limitation. "First, -let France cede to the United States so much of Louisiana as lay above -the mouth of the river Arkansas, West Florida, New Orleans, and the -territory on the west bank of the Mississippi." Talleyrand thought the -rest would be of little value. "I will give you a certificate," he said, -in the course of the discussion, "that you are the most importunate -negotiator I have yet met with." For this and his aid to Robert Fulton, -Edward Everett Hale called Livingston "the wisest American of his time." - -Napoleon received Livingston's argument three days after he heard of -Leclerc's death. To a soldier who had entered Italy over the Alps, the -suggestion of an attack from Canada would strongly appeal; with Nelson -on the ocean, he could understand the helplessness of a French army in -New Orleans; and after the failure of Leclerc in St. Domingo, the -presence of yellow fever and other obstacles to success in Louisiana -would not seem improbable. Such a discussion at such a time, therefore, -was certain to have the most profound influence, and from January 10 to -April 10, 1803, Livingston kept his reasons constantly before the First -Consul and his ministers as the only policy to conserve the true -interest of France, to impair the strength of England, and to win the -affection of the United States. - -"I have never yet had any specific instructions from you how to act or -what to offer," he wrote Madison on February 18, 1803, eighteen days -before Monroe left the United States; "but I have put into Napoleon's -hands some notes containing plain truths mixed with that species of -personal attention which I know to be most pleasing. The only basis -on which I think it possible to do anything here is to connect our -claims with offers to purchase the Floridas. Upon this subject my notes -turn. I have first endeavored to show how little advantage France is -likely to make from these colonies; the temptation they offer to -Britain to attack them by sea and from Canada; the effect a conquest -of them by Britain would have on the islands; and the monopoly which -that conquest would give to a rival power to the trade of the West as -well as of the East Indies. I have dwelt upon the importance of a -friendly intercourse between them and us, both as it respects their -commerce and the security of their islands; and I have proposed to them -the relinquishment of New Orleans and West Florida as far as the River -Perdito, together with all the territory lying to the north of the -Arkansas, under an idea that it was necessary to interpose us between -them and Canada, as the only means of preventing an attack from that -quarter. For this I proposed an indefinite sum, not wishing to mention -any till I should receive your instructions. These propositions with -certain accompaniments were well received, and were some days under the -First Consul's consideration. I am now lying on my oars in hopes of -something explicit from you. I consider the object of immense importance; -and this perhaps the favorable moment to press it." - -While Livingston's letter was being read in Washington, conveying to -Jefferson the first suggestion of a purchase other than that of New -Orleans, the First Consul was making up his mind to accede to -Livingston's request. When the decision did come, it came with -Napoleonic suddenness. For three months he had considered it; but not -until Sunday, April 10, did he make known his intention; then, in a -moment, without warning, he let his desire be known to Talleyrand and -Marbois. "I can scarcely say that I cede it," said Napoleon, "for it is -not yet in our possession. If, however, I leave the least time to our -enemies, I shall only transmit an empty title." Marbois agreed, -Talleyrand dissented, and the trio parted; but at daybreak, on Monday, -Napoleon sent for Marbois, declaring that "irresolution and deliberation -are no longer in season; I renounce Louisiana. It is not only New -Orleans that I cede; it is the whole colony, without reserve. I know the -price of what I abandon. I renounce it with the greatest regret; to -attempt obstinately to retain it would be folly. I direct you to -regulate the affairs. Have an interview this very day with Mr. -Livingston." - -Whatever occurred after this belongs simply to the making of a bargain. -The mind of Napoleon had acted. It is not easy, perhaps, to differentiate -the influences that led to such action, but it is not difficult to -measure them. In writing the Minister of Marine, Talleyrand explained -that "the empire of circumstances, foresight of the future, and the -intention to compensate by an advantageous arrangement for the -inevitable loss of a country which was going to be put at the mercy of -another nation--all these motives have determined the Government to -pass to the United States the right it had acquired from Spain over the -sovereignty and property of Louisiana." In brief, Napoleon's sale of -Louisiana, as explained by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, disposed of -a country which he would inevitably lose whenever war occurred with -England. This was the argument Livingston had been urging for three -months, with evident effect. Had he been less earnest or dramatic, -Napoleon's purpose might not then have exploded into an order to sell. -The American Minister knew he was dealing with a man guided by such an -implacable hatred of England, that when he was not fighting her openly, -he was plotting against her secretly; that his one purpose, his one -hope, his great ambition, was her conquest. In his argument, therefore, -Livingston dangled before him a picture to feed his hatred--a picture -of Trinidad and Louisiana forming a base from which England might drive -Spain from Florida, command the islands of the Gulf, and receive into -its ports the riches of the West Indies and the treasures of Mexico. -Thus, Livingston's presence becomes a great factor in the sale. It took -six months to communicate with the United States, but only six days to -do business with the man who was pressing the sale upon him. If more -time had elapsed, the sudden decision might have been changed with equal -suddenness, for Napoleon, aside from his inconstancy, had cause to -shrink from his intended action. It meant the violation of a sacred -pledge to Spain, the death of Talleyrand's pet colonial policy, the -certain disgust, sooner or later, of the French people, and a hot -quarrel with Lucien and Joseph Bonaparte, his brothers. - -In the negotiations that followed Livingston ventured to offer twenty -million francs, and Marbois finally suggested sixty millions, with -payment of the American claim to the amount of twenty millions more. -Thus ended the historic midnight conference during which the bargain was -practically made. "It is so very important," wrote Livingston, "that -you should be apprised that a negotiation is actually opened, even -before Mr. Monroe is presented, in order to calm the tumult which the -news of war will renew, that I have lost no time in communicating it. -We shall do all we can to cheapen the purchase, but my present sentiment -is that we shall buy." - -Considering the extent of the purchase and the danger of delay, -Livingston would have been justified in closing the bargain then and -there. Had he known the action of Lucien Bonaparte, who had secured the -cession from Spain, and of Joseph's insincerity, upon whom he even -depended to help along the negotiation, he might well have taken counsel -of his fears; but the great real estate dealer enjoyed driving a good -bargain, and so he argued and held aloof, professing that the United -States "had no disposition to extend across the river;" that they "would -be perfectly satisfied with New Orleans and the Floridas;" that they -"could not give any great sum for the purchase;" that "it was vain to -ask anything so greatly beyond our means;" that "true policy would -dictate to the First Consul not to press such a demand," since "he must -know the payment of such a sum would render the present government -unpopular." He minimized the importance of the deal, describing West -Florida as "barren sands and sunken marshes," and New Orleans as "a -small town built of wood, of about seven thousand souls," a territory -"only valuable to the United States because it contained the mouths of -some of their rivers," going so far as to venture a prophecy that "an -emigrant would not cross the Mississippi in a hundred years;" yet, -throughout weeks of dickering, he never surrendered his purpose to buy -whether the price be cheapened or not. - -His anxiety was greatly increased by the disclosure of Monroe's -commission, since it contained power only to treat for lands on the -east side of the Mississippi. "It may, if things should take a turn -favorable to France," he wrote Madison, April 17, "defeat all we may do, -even at the moment of signing. . . . You will recollect that I have been -long preparing this government to yield us the country above the -Arkansas, . . . and I am therefore surprised that our commission should -have entirely lost sight of the object." - -Livingston's fears proved groundless, and the dickering went on until -April 29, when Marbois' original figures were accepted sixty million -francs to France, and twenty million francs to American claimants; in -all, fifteen million dollars. Three days later, on May 2, 1803, the -treaty was signed. - -It is not surprising that Livingston felt proud and happy. Other -treaties of consequence had been negotiated by Americans--the treaty of -alliance with France, the treaty of peace with England, and Jay's treaty -of 1795; but none was more important than Livingston's. Besides, it was -unparalleled in the field of diplomacy, since Louisiana cost, -comparatively, almost nothing. - -Perhaps Livingston's pride was only equaled by Jefferson's surprise. A -mother is usually prepared for the coming of the baby that is to enlarge -and illuminate her home. Its clothes are ready, the nursery is -furnished, and everything is waiting its advent; but President Jefferson -was unprepared for the Louisiana Purchase. It was so entirely unsought -on his part that he had given the subject no consideration until half -an empire came tumbling upon him like a great meteor out of the midnight -sky. At first, he thought he would cede a part of it to the Indians in -exchange for their holdings on the east side of the Mississippi, and -"shut up all the rest from settlement for a long time to come." "I have -indulged myself in these details," he writes James Dickinson, August 9, -1803, "because the subject being new it is advantageous to interchange -ideas on it and to get our notions all corrected before we are obliged -to act upon them." Then he raised the question of a constitutional -amendment. "I suppose Congress must appeal to the nation for an -additional article to the constitution approving and confirming an act -which the nation had not previously authorized," he wrote Senator -Breckenridge of Kentucky. "The constitution has made no provision for -our holding foreign territory, still less for incorporating foreign -nations into our Union. The Executive in seizing the fugitive occurrence -which so much advances the good of their country have done an act beyond -the constitution." - -When such views reached France, Livingston hurried off several letters -to Jefferson, assuring him "that were the business to do over again it -would never be done. They think we have obtained an immense advantage -over them. Though the appearance of war had some influence, it had much -less than is ascribed to it. I know from a faithful source that the -Spanish government has made the most serious remonstrances against the -cession of Louisiana, and that it is now well understood that, if any -additional clause of ratification should be introduced by the United -States, this government would profit of the circumstance to annul the -whole work." - -Jefferson did not need a further hint. "I wrote you on the 12th inst. -on the subject of Louisiana and the constitutional provision which might -be necessary for it," he says to Senator Breckenridge. "A letter just -received yesterday shows that nothing must be said on that subject which -may give a pretext for retreating, but that we should do _sub silentio_ -what shall be found necessary. Be so good, therefore, as to consider -that part of my letter confidential. It strengthens the reason for -desiring the presence of every friend of the treaty on the first day of -the session. Perhaps you can impress this necessity on the Senators from -the western States by private letter." - -President Jefferson was a strict constructionist. He did not believe the -constitution gave Congress power to acquire additional territory; he -dreaded the concentration of power in the executive, and perhaps his -teachings did more than all other men to inspire the popular mind with -that dread; but when he discovered that the time required to secure a -constitutional amendment, exciting, as it would, a long debate in -Congress, might defeat the Louisiana Purchase by arousing French feeling -against its sale, he did not hesitate to bury his constitutional -convictions, and to force through Congress the necessary ratification. -Nor did he ever attempt any defense of his inconsistency save that the -welfare of the nation demanded such action. Thomas Jefferson was not -afraid of being inconsistent. To a great soul this is not weakness. -There are ages that are creative. At such times two classes of men are -prominent and needed--one shackled to traditions, the other guided by -visions. Thomas Jefferson belonged to the latter. In 1776 the American -people not only broke the bonds binding them to old England, but forged -other bonds which would bind them to a new political, social and -industrial order, and of those who hammered these new ties into harmony -with the longing and aspirations of men, Thomas Jefferson stands among -the foremost Fathers. He got his light from within. He believed in the -people, in the government which they had accepted, and with Gladstonian -enthusiasm he sought to lead the one and mould the other along lines of -stability; but when theory and idealism ran counter to practice and -experience, he did not hesitate to adopt the practical and let theory -wait. This is the secret of his action in 1803. To cling to an abstract -principle would lose an appreciable blessing to his country, and so he -let go the abstract principle. This is the inconsistency of a great -statesman, the contradictoriness of genius. - -But commendable as was the part of Thomas Jefferson in that great -transaction, it must not conceal the truth of history. He was not even -the promoter, much less the author of the Purchase. His mind was intent -upon a present need, a single spot, instant relief, made necessary by -the fierce demand of a frontier people claiming a depot of deposit. It -was Robert R. Livingston who had the vision. - -The distinguished Chancellor, however, did not prove as careful and -painstaking a lawyer as he was bold and successful as a diplomatist, for -in drawing the claims convention, he neglected to include all claims, -estimated their total much too low, omitted a rule of apportionment, -and, most grievous of all, left the final decision as to what claims -should be selected for payment to the French government. This was the -rock that wrecked him. The legitimate claims of American citizens -amounted to many millions, but Livingston fixed the limit at three and -three-quarters millions, and compelled claimants to secure settlement -through the corrupt Talleyrand and his rascally agents, who took -one-half for their services. Livingston thought he had drafted the -convention "with particular attention," and Monroe, who thought -differently, tried his hand with no better success; then Marbois turned -it to the advantage of the Frenchmen. The Americans needed a careful -lawyer. - -The scandal growing out of this convention deepened and cankered until -Livingston quarreled with the American Claims Commissioners, excited -remonstrances from the British government, and nagged the United States -consul at Paris into charging him not only with blind and insatiable -vanity, with hints of corrupt and criminal motives, but with "imbecility -of mind." - -"I considered the claims convention as a trifle compared with the other -great object," he explained to Madison, "and as it had already delayed -us many days, I was ready to take it under any form." He was clearly -right in the comparative importance of the treaty and the convention, -but after Marbois had reserved to the French government the right of -final decision in each case, Livingston was inexcusable in omitting a -rule of apportionment, since it excluded all claimants except the -favored few whom the corrupt Frenchman selected because of their -willingness to divide. - -But the poisoned arrow that entered deepest into Livingston's soul was -the robbery of his laurels. His successful negotiation of the treaty, -putting him into the class from which Presidents were then drawn, won -him the dislike of Jefferson, the distrust of Madison, and the jealousy -of Monroe, who, considering him a rival, carefully concealed whatever -would reflect credit upon him. His dispatches to Madison became a sealed -book in the Department of State; his letters to Jefferson were not -suffered to shadow the President's halo; his work, practically completed -before Monroe's arrival in Paris, did not reach the eye or the ear of -the American people. The great achievement filled the air, rejoicing the -country as no other event since the treaty of peace with England, but -little praise came to Livingston. The public gave Monroe credit for the -treaty, and Livingston discredit for the claims convention. When, -finally, Monroe admitted that his part in the negotiation amounted to -nothing, he also encouraged the belief that Livingston did as little. -It is impossible to say, of course, just what influenced Napoleon to -give Marbois the order of April 11. It was not war, for war did not come -until a year later; it was not money, for the Prince of Peace would have -given more; it was not anger at Spain, for no real cause then existed; -it was not fear of England, for Bonaparte did not fear an enemy he -expected to crush; it was not St. Domingo, for Leclerc's failure already -belonged to the past, with Corsica and Egypt. Perhaps Napoleon himself -could not have given the real reason. But, however this may be, the fact -is deeply embedded in history that Livingston was the first American to -suggest the acquisition of that then vast and dimly outlined country -which has been known for over a hundred years as the Louisiana -Purchase--stretching west and northwest of the Mississippi, above the -winding Arkansas, beyond the waters of the Missouri, across plains and -flower-covered prairies to the far-away Rockies, where the Yellowstone -leaps from its hiding, and snow-clad summits pierce a summer's sky. - - - - -[Illustration: THE FOUNDERS OF TEMPERANCE. (From an Old Print.)] - - - - THE BIRTH AT MOREAU OF THE - TEMPERANCE REFORMATION. - - * * * * * - - By Dr. Charles A. Ingraham. - - * * * * * - - -History concerns itself chiefly with the fiats of kings, the councils -of cabinets, the enactments of legislatures, the processes and results -of diplomacy and the issues of war. Upon the pages of the world's annals -appears the magnificent pageantry of the past, as with silken banners -and silver trumpets dominion proudly passes in perpetual review. Thus, -as the historian animates his chapters with those dramatic, intellectual -and heroic elements which abound in the court, the statehouse and upon -the field of battle, the high spirit of chivalry is encouraged and an -intelligent patriotism is promoted. But how fares it with that company -of men and women who, frequently in obscure places and by unpretentious -methods, have in the realms of discovery, invention and ethics, also -advanced the prosperity and happiness of society? It must be admitted -that they are too often neglected and that the fruitful lessons which -their lives have to communicate remain too generally unappropriated. -This paper, diverging somewhat from the beaten highway of history, has -for its purpose, to rescue from threatened oblivion the memory of a -noble man and the record of his monumental work. - -A few months since, while attending a convention held in one of the -churches of Easton, the discussion having turned to the subject of -temperance, I remarked that it might be proper to state that we were -congregated not far from the place where the world's first temperance -society had its birth. I was afterward surprised and gratified to learn -that in that very neighborhood Dr. Clark, its founder, had dwelt when -a young man engaged in the study of medicine. Not being of a -superstitious turn, I have dismissed from my mind the notion that his -shade was at my elbow prompting me to introduce him to the audience. My -interest having been revived, I consulted the leading reference books -with the result of discovering that, while they all were in substantial -agreement as to Dr. Clark having established the initial temperance -association at Moreau in 1808, there were no biographical accounts of -him, nor details concerning the history of the organization. This, for -so great an event and institution, struck me as being a very remarkable -omission. My curiosity to learn more was now stronger than ever, and the -centennial anniversary of the formation of the association being near, -I resolved to unearth, if possible, the full history of the society and -the life of its founder. Being utterly in the dark as to any authority -upon the subject, I made known my desire for information through the -medium of newspapers circulating in the historic townships, and with -gratifying results. - -My principal materials have been these: "The History of the Temperance -Reformation," 1853, by Rev. Lebbeus Armstrong, a member of the society -and intimately associated with Dr. Clark in the establishment of the -same; "A History of Temperance in Saratoga County," 1855, by Judge -William Hay; and an obituary by the late Dr. A. W. Holden, of Glens -Falls, which appeared in the Messenger of that place in 1866. The last -is an admirable elucidation of the life and character, to the closing -day, of the great champion of temperance. The two physicians had been -fellow townsmen, and evidently friends, if we may judge by the -sympathetically appreciative manner with which Dr. Holden writes. Of the -408 pages of Armstrong's and of the 153 pages of Hay's book, but -comparatively few are devoted to Dr. Clark and his work. The authors -boast of him and his achievement, but, living yet in the dim light of -his day, they were evidently unable to perceive fully the grandeur of -the moral movement which he had inaugurated. Hence, their works are -taken up mainly with discussions of the Maine liquor law, which then -agitated much of the country. Armstrong's and Hay's books have become -very rare, but copies of both may be found in the New York State library. - -Among every people, in every age, intemperance has been recognized as -an evil, and from ancient times a variety of means have been adopted to -prevent or diminish its desolating influences. Royal decrees have gone -forth commanding the rooting up of vineyards, and parliaments have -legislated against it. The code of Draco even went so far as to visit -the penalty of death upon the drunkard. The milder methods of moral -suasion have, since the earliest recorded days, been with loving -constancy declaimed in the ears of the people, but so imperative is the -demand for strong drink that the cup continues in spite of all -hindrances to hold dominion over multitudes of men. - -But beyond all other peoples of the world in love of intoxicating -beverages stand the Teutonic races, among whom it is said distilled -liquors were first substituted for fermented drinks. The classic pages -of Tacitus tell us of the unbridled license which the northern tribes -of Europe gave to their appetites and of the scenes of drunken riot -which characterized their social events. The chase, the battle and the -feast were their delights, and when done with life, their ambition was -to reside in the immortal hall of Valhalla. There, each day having -fought before the palace, and with every trace of their wounds duly -obliterated, they hoped to sit down daily to regale themselves with mead -and meat. The convivial propensities of the Teuton have been inherited -by the Anglo-Saxon race, and it cannot be denied that the English -speaking people are among the heaviest drinking populations of the -earth. Yet, the Germanic family of nations has done more for the -advancement of civilization than perhaps any other race in history. It -has emancipated and exalted woman, and hallowed the home, and fostered -patriotism and religion. It has produced the greatest scholars, the most -brilliant scientists and the profoundest philosophers. But among nations -as among individuals, it is against the intellectually highly organized -that the genius of alcohol particularly directs its malevolent arts. - -The latter half of the 18th century saw England almost overwhelmed with -drunkenness and its associated vices. In a sermon entitled, "On -Dissipation," by John Wesley, published in 1788, he opens his discourse -with this statement: - - "Almost in every part of our nation, more especially in the large and - populous towns, we hear a general complaint among sensible persons of - the still increasing dissipation. It is observed to diffuse itself more - and more in the court, the city and the country." - -During the close of the same period this country was given over body and -soul to the alluring power of inebriation. Intemperance was the rule -rather than the exception, as it has become in our day. Occasions of -birth, marriage and death were alike considered appropriate to the free -indulgence in liquor, and all classes participated in the drinking, even -clergymen joining in the convivialities with little or no forfeiture of -dignity. - -Social distempers, like those of the body, are accompanied by the agency -of restoration. The sick man, debilitated and suffering from the -violence of his symptoms, seeks his bed and calls his physician, thus -placing himself in the most favorable attitude for recovery. Were it not -for the realization of his distress, he might, in default of rest and -medicine, hurry himself into the grave. So, within some of the more -morally sensitive souls of the country, commenced to be experienced an -unhappy sense of our degradation and depth of misery. Cries of warning -and expostulation began to be heard in the land. One of these rose -higher than the others, even echoing down through the years to our own -time. It was that of Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Philadelphia. Standing in -relation to Dr. Clark as of a voice crying in the wilderness, his work -in the field of temperance merits more than a casual remark. It consists -of but a small, thirty-two page pamphlet, but condensed in its limited -proportions is a world of moral dynamite. - -It bears the title: "An Inquiry Into the Effects of Ardent Spirits Upon -the Human Body and Mind, With an Account of the Means of Preventing and -of the Remedies for Curing Them," and was published in 1785. So great -had been the salutary influence of this little treatise, that the -centennial anniversary of its issue was duly celebrated at Philadelphia. -It is not a profound essay; indeed, the wayfaring man, though a fool, -may easily grasp its lucid ideas. Neither is it calculated to be very -offensive to any class of readers, for it takes issue only with -distilled liquors, recommending fermented beverages as substitutes. -Moreover, the confirmed toper can read the pamphlet, not only without -umbrage, but with interest; for there is an intensity, a directness of -statement in its style which hold the reader, even to this day, with -the simple art of its literary merit. Besides, there appears running -through its pages a quaint humor, which no doubt had much to do with -gaining its popularity throughout the length and breadth of the land. - - - -[Illustration: From Your Father, B. J. Clark.] - - - -A unique and ingenious feature of the essay is the author's "Moral and -Physical Thermometer," which forms its frontispiece. On the ascending -scale, "Strong Beer" is placed in the lowest and "Water" at the highest -degree, with remarks indicating improving mental and physical conditions -in the rising course. On the descending scale, "Punch" occupies the -highest while "Rum day and night" is found at the lowest place, -accompanied between points by a fearfully intensifying array of vices, -diseases and penalties. - -In this connection might be quoted the author's interpretation of a -familiar myth: - - "The fable of Prometheus, on whose liver a vulture was said to prey - constantly, as a punishment for his stealing fire from heaven, was - intended to illustrate the painful effects of ardent spirits upon that - organ of the body." - -Here is a curious anticipation of the modern gold cure, as it took form -in the fertile intellect of Dr. Rush: - - "The association of the idea of ardent spirits, with a painful or - disagreeable impression upon some part of the body, has sometimes cured - the love of strong drink. . . . This appeal to that operation of the - human mind, which obliges it to associate ideas, accidentally or - otherwise combined, for the cure of vice, is very ancient. It was - resorted to by Moses when he compelled the Children of Israel to drink - the solution of the golden calf (which they had idolized) in water. - This solution if made, as it most probably was, by means of what is - called hepar sulphuris, was extremely bitter, and nauseous, and could - never be recollected afterwards, without bringing into equal - detestation, the sin which subjected them to the necessity of drinking - it." - -In this pamphlet was sounded the first effective call for a combined -movement against the evil of intemperance--a trumpet call which -reverberated in the soul of Dr. Clark until, nobly responding, he stood -forth alone before the world, having inscribed upon his banner the word, -Organization. For Dr. Rush had said: - - "Let good men of every class unite and besiege the general and state - governments, with petitions to limit the number of taverns, to impose - heavy duties upon ardent spirits, to inflict a mark of disgrace, or a - temporary abridgment of some civil right upon every man convicted of - drunkenness. . . . To aid the operation of these laws, would it not be - extremely useful for the rulers of the different denominations of - Christian churches to unite and render the sale and consumption of - ardent spirits a subject of ecclesiastical jurisdiction?" - -Such are a few of the characteristic portions of Dr. Rush's famous -essay, a work which revived, not only the moral sense of this country, -but also of England, where it was republished in the following year. But -the giant of intemperance exhibited no signs of weakness, though he had -been undoubtedly pierced in a vital part. The weapon of Dr. Rush had -been slim, but keen--a highly tempered rapier, more effective than in -after years was the broad sword of Lyman Beecher's "Sermons on -Temperance." With an amiable exterior, the skillful reforming fencer had -managed to keep his antagonist off his guard while he transfixed and -permanently crippled him. But another mode of attack was necessary in -order to bring him under control. To indulge yet further in figurative -speech: Dr. Rush had manufactured the ammunition but who was to fire -the gun? - -It is always a pleasure to visit the homes of eminent persons who long -since have died. To look upon the scenes that they once beheld; to walk -in the paths that they once trod, is like coming into familiar -intercourse with the intimate friend of the honored dead, and we go -from the places hallowed by such associations with a sense of having -gained almost a personal acquaintance with the great who there have had -a habitation. The native town of Dr. Billy James Clark was beautiful -old Northampton, in Massachusetts. Primitively Nonotuck of the Indians, -it was venerable even on his birthday, January 4, 1778, and then, as -now, it was foremost in culture and intelligence. Here, Jonathan Edwards -had lived and labored, leaving upon the town an ineradicable impress of -his saintly character and heavenly doctrines. Here, David Brainerd the -zealous missionary to the Indians, broken in health, had died under the -roof of Edwards, who had extended to him the loving hand of hospitality. -It was eminently fitting that a life destined to exercise so profoundly -beneficial an influence in promoting the higher estate of the race -should have its beginning in a town so distinguished for its -enlightenment and piety. - -Ithamar Clark, when his little son Billy was about six years old, left -Northampton and took up his residence in Williamstown, Massachusetts, -where also was the home of Mrs. Clark's father. For a period of four -years the boy attended the school which afterwards developed into -Williams College, at the end of which time the family changed its home -to Pownal, Vermont. Of the details of the domestic life of the Clarks, -we have no record. Nothing is known of the wife of Ithamar Clark, except -that her maiden name was Sarah Simonds, and that she was a daughter of -Benjamin Simonds, who had been a colonel in the Continental army, -serving in the campaign against Burgoyne. It is probable that the moral -and religious leanings of Dr. Clark were inherited from or instilled by -his mother. His father seems not to have been much interested in the -ideas that his son did so much to advance. Previous to his settling at -Pownal, he had followed agriculture and shoe-making, but now, in the -capacity of tavern-keeper, he began selling liquor. - -In Dr. Holden's article it is stated that the tavern was located upon a -farm that Mr. Clark had purchased, one and a half miles from Pownal on -the Bennington road. - -Young Billy Clark, standing behind his father's bar and dealing out -intoxicating drinks, was in a position to observe thoroughly the -pernicious effects of dallying with alcohol. His daily occupation was -an open book, as thrilling as lurid chapters of fiction, and the letters -of it remained upon his soul in characters of unquenchable fire. Abraham -Lincoln, when a young man, having gone down the Mississippi as a -flat-boatman, visited the slave market of New Orleans. He was deeply -affected by the harrowing scenes he there beheld, and he registered a -vow that should ever the opportunity present itself, he would strike -with all his power the institution that encouraged such iniquities. Thus -was planted the germ that budded, blossomed and bore fruit in the -Proclamation of Emancipation. No doubt it was the memory of his father's -bar-room, with the evils radiating from it, that urged forward Dr. Clark -to the culmination of his great destiny. - -Some writers give the name of Dr. Clark as William J. or W. J. Clark, -but he himself signed it, B. J. Clark, while the best authorities refer -to him as Dr. Billy J. Clark. It is probable that Dr. Clark, becoming -widely known by the more familiar title, found it convenient to -substitute the same for William. - -When about fifteen years of age, his father having died, young Clark -returned to Northampton to attend school there for a term of one year. -This experience was probably of great benefit to the youth, not only in -improving his education, but by introducing him to one of the most -refined and intelligent communities in New England. The inspiration of -the life of Edwards was dominant in the society of the old town, and his -books were still treasured and read. It is interesting to reflect that -the living spirit of the great divine may have been a quickening -influence in the heart of this thoughtful youth; that the story of the -heroic life of Brainerd may have appealed to his religious and -enterprising nature; that the memory of one or both of these devoted men -may have contributed to the molding of his mind into the worthy fashion -in which it subsequently displayed itself to the world. Be this as it -may, not long after his return to the farm, he abandoned the bar and -began the study of medicine under Dr. Caleb Gibbs, of Pownal. Still -making his home at the farm, he pursued his studies for the space of two -years, remunerating his preceptor by assuming the care of his horses. -We find him at the end of that period, in 1797, entering as a student -the office of Dr. Lemuel Wicker, of Easton, Washington County, N. Y., -with whom he remained until March 21, 1799, when he began the practice -of medicine in the town of Moreau. He opened his office not far from -what afterwards became known as Clark's Corners. This historic -neighborhood is situated about three miles in a westerly direction from -Fort Edward, and five miles south of Glens Falls. Here, having married -Joanna Payn, of Fort Miller, and purchased a farm, he made his permanent -residence. The rise of Dr. Clark had been phenomenal; from a bartender -to the dignity of a profession, and all in the space of four or five -years! Dr. Clark was but twenty-one when he came to Moreau. Having -previously satisfied the preliminary requirements, he was advanced to -the full privileges of a physician in a license granted by the judge of -the court of common pleas for Washington County, in the month of June -following his settlement in Saratoga County. - -From his home in Moreau, Dr. Clark for thirty-four years went up and -down the long stretches of his rides, ministering faithfully to the -sick. The region was in a primitive condition, with poor roads, and was -but thinly inhabited. Exhausting to body and mind, as must necessarily -have been his labors, he yet had a disposition to employ himself in the -sphere of agriculture and to inform himself upon the political issues -of the day. In 1820 he represented his county as Member of Assembly. -Through his daily visits to the sick, Dr. Clark was afforded exceptional -advantages for observing and studying the effects upon the people of the -prevailing intemperance, which had taken a particularly strong grasp -upon the population among which he had come to dwell. - -Armstrong seems to attribute the heavy drinking in Moreau to the leading -industry, stating that "all the towns and counties in the vicinity of -the ever-rolling Hudson were teeming with lumber." - -Whatever may have been the predisposing cause of the general and -excessive use of intoxicants in England, it is not difficult to point -out the conditions which contributed to the growth of the same practice -in this country. The lives of the people were laborious, monotonous, and -unmitigated by those social relaxations which in modern times so greatly -lighten the burdens and alleviate the sorrows of life. Books and -periodicals were not plentiful, and the character of the prevailing -literature was not such as to invite the attention of the average -reader. Transportation being by horsepower along the country roads, -public houses, each with its bar, were encountered at every turn, while -the little stores to be found at the cross-roads, also dispensed liquor -to all comers. Add to this the fact that the materials from which -intoxicating beverages are manufactured were abundantly grown within our -borders, and near to our shores, and it will be appreciated how -naturally the people fell into intemperate habits. - -For a period of nine years, while Dr. Clark, in all extremities of -weather, rode on horseback to the bedsides of his widely separated -patients, the burden of the drink-evil weighed heavily upon his mind. -He was a man of energy; one who was not easily thwarted in the carrying -out of his plans. But here was a task that seemed too hard for him. What -could one man accomplish in the presence of such indifference and -overwhelming opposition? - -The mode of action that Dr. Clark finally adopted was that of -organization--a working together of the friends of temperance for a -common purpose. This now seems like a very natural solution of the -problem of finding his best means of procedure; but Dr. Clark was the -first man to announce and to give the idea practical demonstration, -though it is not probable that he possessed any clearly defined -conception of the lines along which it was to operate, nor of the vast -proportions which the movement was destined to attain. Like a prophet -under the guiding influence of inspiration, scarcely knowing what he -did, he was yet availing himself of a fundamental principle of all -nature. For, investigate wherever one may, from the vilest atom of earth -to the court of high heaven, organization is the law of every upward -step. The ancients, dimly apprehending this sublime truth, conceived of -the universe as a gigantic animal, a cosmic leviathan, whole, complete -and harmonious in all its parts, while philosophy has ever striven, -though in vain, to demonstrate by processes of reason what the higher -authority of intuition has proclaimed in all generations. - -Dr. Rush, by reason of a liberal education, supplemented by medical -study in the capitals of Europe, and on account of his high social, -professional and literary standing, greatly outshone his coworker, the -struggling country doctor on the frontier of Northern New York. But -these two greatest factors in the advent of the temperance reformation, -and who, it should be said, were acquaintances through the medium of -correspondence, each performed his peculiar part, and who can determine -which is entitled to the greater honor. Dr. Rush manufactured the -ammunition, but Dr. Clark fired the gun, his match being organization. - -The idea of forming a temperance society had perhaps been suggested to -Dr. Clark by his connection with the Saratoga County Medical Society, -the first institution of its kind in this state, and of which he was the -founder. He had attempted early in April, 1808, to interest prominent -men, whom he had met at Ballston Springs at a session of court, in his -projected temperance enterprise. His plan may have been to establish a -central society at the county seat and to encourage the organization of -branches in the surrounding towns; but, to use Dr. Clark's own words, -"they with one accord began to make excuses and brand our scheme as -Utopian and visionary." Previous to this, however, he had taken the -initiative in the work among his neighbors, for he says: "I returned to -Moreau like a bow well bent that had not lost its elasticity, and -resumed the labor there." The determination he exhibited was remarkable, -and one cannot dwell upon the difficulties with which he contended and -meditate upon the unselfish, devoted and humanitarian spirit by which he -was actuated without expressing admiration. - -The first successful step in the sublime drama of the temperance -reformation took place in the same month of April, referred to a moment -ago, when Dr. Clark made his memorable visit to his minister. I quote -from Armstrong: - - "After having projected a plan of a temperance organization, the doctor - determined on a visit to his minister, the author of these memoirs, who - was then the pastor of the flourishing Congregational church in the - town of Moreau. The visit was made on a dark evening, no moon and - cloudy. After riding on horseback about three miles, through deep mud - of clay road, in the breaking-up of winter, the doctor knocked at his - minister's door, and on entrance, before taking seat in the house, he - earnestly uttered the following words: 'Mr. Armstrong, I have come to - see you on important business.' Then, lifting up both hands, he - continued: 'We shall all become a community of drunkards in this town - unless something is done to arrest the progress of intemperance.'" - -The poet has sung in soul-stirring numbers of the midnight ride of Paul -Revere. There are, indeed, certain resemblances between it and Dr. -Clark's historic adventure. It was night; there was national peril; -heroes were in the saddle, and the voices of their fervent appeals were -destined to reverberate down the aisles of time--"words that shall echo -forevermore." - -Due notice having been given to the people of the towns of Moreau and -Northumberland, a meeting for the purpose of forming a temperance -society was held at the public house of Captain Peter L. Mawney, at -Clark's Corners, on April 13, 1808. Resolutions were adopted, the chief -of which was that "in the opinion of this meeting it is proper, -practicable and necessary to form a temperance society in this place; -and that the great and leading object of this society is wholly to -abstain from ardent spirits." A committee, of which Dr. Clark was -chairman, was appointed to prepare the Bylaws for the organization, and -twenty-three persons enrolled themselves as members. - -The following is the list of the signers: Isaac B. Payn, Ichabod Hawley, -David Parsons, James Mott, Alvaro Hawley, Thomas Cotton, David -Tillotson, Billy J. Clark, Charles Kellogg, Jr., Elnathan Spencer, -Asaph Putnam, Hawley St. John, Nicholas W. Angle, Dan Kellogg, Ephraim -Ross, John M. Berry, John T. Sealy, Cyrus Wood, James Rogers, Henry -Martin, Sidney Berry, Joseph Sill, Solomon St. John. - -The meeting having adjourned one week, to April 20, at the Mawney house, -a long and comprehensive system of By-laws was then adopted. Article I -stated that "This society shall be known by the appellation of Union -Temperance Society of Moreau and Northumberland." Like Dr. Rush's essay, -the Constitution of the society took grounds only against spirituous -liquors, making exceptions regarding the use of them in circumstances -of religious ordinances, sickness and public dinners. - -It was not until 1843 that the society "after a long season of -declension," on a motion put by Dr. Clark, adopted a resolution of total -abstinence. - -Col. Sidney Berry, ex-judge of Saratoga county, was chosen president and -Dr. Clark secretary of the new society. As there exists an apparent -contradiction as to the particular roof under which this historic -meeting was held, one account stating that it occurred at the Mawney -house and another at the neighboring school house, it is proper to say -here that this discrepancy is removed by the statement made in Judge -Hay's book, page 22, that the session opened in the Mawney house, but -that "the society completed its organization" in the school house. In -the association, as a coherent institution, coming into existence within -the walls of such a building, may be found a prophecy of what the -temperance movement in the future was to lay particular stress upon--that -is, upon temperance teaching in the public schools. Indeed, it should be -said that the Moreau society itself was an educative organization as -well as a moral one, having a circulating library and maintaining a -lyceum. - -But, although it had at its head intelligent, high-minded and -enterprising men, its career was hard and discouraging to its members. -"That little, feeble band of temperance brethren," says Armstrong, -"holding their quarterly and annual meetings in a country district -school house from April, 1808, onward for several years, without the -presence of a single female at their temperance meetings; who were made -the song of the drunkard; who were ridiculed by the scoffs of the -intemperate world; undisciplined in arms of even moral suasive tactics -for warfare, and unable of themselves to encounter the Prince of Hell, -with his legions of instrumentalities . . . were, nevertheless, the seed -of the great temperance reformation." - -That Armstrong deplored the narrow ideas which prevailed to the -discouraging of women from fraternizing with the society, is more -explicitly shown in the words which express his gratification in the -great numbers of women who, by their presence and cooperation, -subsequently aided so much in the promotion of the work. Dr. Clark also -protested against the exclusion of women from membership in the -temperance societies. These statements are introduced that it may be -known that the two leading men in the Moreau society would have hailed -with delight the advent of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. That -great institution, not reckoning many others devoted to the same cause, -is of itself alone a glorious monument to the pioneers of Moreau who, -in a tempest of scorn and ridicule, laid its foundations. Wisely the -Woman's Christian Temperance Union, as the name implies, built up its -sublime edifice of the same material--the granite of organization. From -towns, through counties, states, nations and the civilized world, it -carries on systematically its vast and beneficent enterprises. Words -cannot express, nor the mind conceive, the power of the prodigious -engine which, distributed in a diversity of directions, is being exerted -daily, hourly and momentarily by this great association of consecrated -women. And here let me say that not only did the temperance reformation -come into existence within the borders of our commonwealth, but that the -late Frances Elizabeth Willard, the great light in the organization of -which I have been speaking, was a daughter of the state of New York. - -Dr. Clark continued in the practice of medicine for a quarter of a -century after the formation of the Moreau temperance society, making his -residence on the farm of his original purchase. Of this long period of -professional labor there remains no memorial, though in common with the -routine duties of medical men, it undoubtedly abounded in elements -which, interesting of themselves, would be all the more so as belonging -to the life of one so distinguished in the annals of reform. Beginning -to experience the physical effects of his protracted devotion to his -profession, and having accumulated considerable property, Dr. Clark in -1833 purchased real estate in Glens Falls and embarked there in the -retail drug business. This successful enterprise engaged his attention -until 1849, when he retired from trade. Two years later, longing for the -quiet life on the farm, he returned to reside at the old home at Clark's -Corners. He was now at the age of seventy-three, but enjoyed, with the -exception of a gradual failing of the sense of sight, an almost -unimpaired mental and physical vitality. But the gloom before his eyes -grew remorselessly thicker and thicker until every familiar scene and -the faces of family and friends faded from his view. In the custody of -this great affliction, the spirit of Dr. dark was not crushed, but -rather purified and exalted, so that he who in earlier years had been -conspicuous as the heroic leader, was now none the less remarkable for -his Christian humility, hope and love. A few years longer he tarried -upon the earth, in order that there might be registered upon the hearts -of men the beauty and nobility of the character that was his. And then, -at Glens Falls, in the home of his son, James C. Clark, the spirit of -the great reformer went to its long home. His death occurred on -Wednesday morning, September 20, 1866. Dr. Holden says: "The -intelligence of his departure was swiftly borne through the place; his -name was on every lip as all, with hushed reverence, bore testimony to -his virtues, and to the usefulness of a life luminous with the light of -a Christ-born principle." - -Notwithstanding his portrait, in its severe lines, gives evidence of his -decisive mind and undeviating purpose, he yet possessed elements of -character that endeared him to all. While in terms of affectionate -banter, alluding to his spirit of determination and his practice of -proposing to formulate the mind of public meetings in resolutions, he -was sometimes spoken of as "Resolution Billy," the people knew that -beneath the crust of self-reliant earnestness dwelt the loving -humanitarian and the undying fires of a moral volcano. - -Unlike the experience of the most of those who entertain pronounced -ideas and proclaim them in the face of established custom. Dr. Clark -seems to have retained his popularity. Evidently he was a very tactful -man. In 1809, the year following the formation of the temperance -society, he was made supervisor of the town of Moreau, and although his -activity, constant, wide and diversified, was being powerfully directed -against the intemperate habits of the people, he seems to have -maintained their confidence and friendship. He was again chosen -supervisor in 1821. We may derive a hint of his high standing in the -public estimation from the fact that he was chosen in 1848 for the New -York Electoral college, whose choice was Taylor and Filmore. - -The funeral address of Rev. A. J. Fennel, of the Glens Falls -Presbyterian Church, has been preserved and appears as a supplement to -Dr. Holden's obituary article. Rev. Mr. Fennel having been Dr. Clark's -pastor, his discourse is of great biographical value. His opening -remarks were particularly well chosen and impressive. He said: - - "I feel, my friends, that Providence calls us to perform no mean office - to-day. We are to convey to their final resting place the mortal - remains of one who has been a power in the world for great good to the - children of men--whose name will enter into history as that of a - benefactor of the community; and whose influence, as an element in the - temperance reformation, will run on into future generations. It cannot - do us any hurt, it ought to do us good, to pause a few moments in this - habitation now made sacred as the spot whence the earnest spirit of so - devoted and useful a man took its departure to the heavenly rest, and - reflect on his life of activity and toil, and observe how Providence - used him for our good and the good of our children." - -With appropriate public demonstrations, the remains of Dr. Clark were -borne to the burying ground of the Union Meeting House, in Moreau, and -placed to rest beside the grave of his wife. There, two miles from the -historic spot where he unfurled the banner of a world-wide moral -movement, his ashes mingled with the soil that his devotion has made of -honorable distinction. - -Thus, have I attempted to disentangle, gather up and lead in continuous -discourse the scattered threads which I have found in my study of this -neglected subject. If I have rendered more coherent and tangible the -life and achievement of a universally influential philanthropist, I -shall be pleased; but I hope, besides that good result, the -consideration of the memoirs of a man who had a great mission in the -world and who ably and conscientiously discharged it, will serve to -impress upon us a sense of the power of elevated ideas when duly -championed by even one consecrated soul. - -_Acknowledgement._ - -In expressing my appreciation of the assistance which has been rendered -me in the collection of materials for the preparation of this paper, I -would particularly mention Mr. James A. Holden, of Glens Falls, who has -furnished me, from the library of his father, the late Dr. A. W. Holden, -with most valuable matter, some of which could have been obtained from -no other source. I also duly acknowledge my indebtedness to Hon. -Grenville M. Ingalsbe, of Sandy Hill, who interested himself in my -search for data, and feel myself under obligations to the _Schuylerville -Standard_ and to the _Glen Falls Times_ for gratuitously publishing my -request for information. - -_Communications._ - -From the letters relating to the subject in hand which I have received, -I glean the following. I might say that the discrepancy which appears -in the descriptions of Dr. Clark's person may be accounted for by the -different ages and conditions of health in which he is best remembered -by the several Observers: - -From Dr. Albert Mott, Cohoes: "The location of the Union Meeting House -was at Reynold's Corners, about four or five hundred feet from the -corner, directly east. The burying ground was north and across the road -from the meeting house." - -From Rev. Dr. Jos. E. King, Fort Edward: "In 1858 the old church (Union -Meeting House) was filled, to enjoy the commemorative exercises of the -50th year since the origin of the temperance cause, and I heard Hon. -Judge McKean, of Saratoga, address the congregation. There was singing, -prayer, a poem by Lura Boies, &c." - -Statement of Judge Lyman H. Northrup, of Sandy Hill, w<ho remembers Dr. -Clark: "He always carried upon his countenance a mild, genial, pleasant -expression; dressed with neatness, and appeared to be a good sort of -a fellow, and exhibited not at all that asperity which we associate in -our minds with the active reformer." - -From William Gary, of Gansevoort, who was intimate with Dr. Clark: "He -had rather small, black eyes, which would be generally considered rather -piercing. His hair was black and very profuse; eye-brows very shaggy. -His height I should put at 5 ft. 10 in., and weight about 170 lbs." - -From B. F. Lapham, of Glens Falls: "I was well acquainted with Dr. -B. J. Clark. He lived on the same street we did for many years, and -when he died I helped prepare his body for burial. He was rather -eccentric in many things and very resolute. There never was a meeting -held but he would suggest some resolution, so they nicknamed him -'Resolution Billy.' Dr. Clark's name will be famous through all time as -the originator of the first temperance organization that ever existed. -He was an ardent and efficient laborer all his life." - -From Miss Anna Mott, of Glens Falls. Miss Mott is a daughter of James -Mott, who was a co-laborer in the temperance cause with Dr. Clark, and -his neighbor at Clark's Corners: "As I remember Dr. B. J. Clark, he was -a cultured, refined man, with fine sensibility. He had a kind word and -look for every one that was worthy of it. He was of medium height and -size. His hair and eyes were black; his forehead high and broad. His -mouth and chin bespoke firmness. His complexion 'was dark. As I saw Dr. -Clark, he was a very kind, gentlemanly old man, and appreciated every -kindness he received." - -From Austin L. Reynolds, of South Glens Falls. Mr. Reynolds knew Dr. -Clark for many years, and assisted him in the temperance work: "Dr. -Clark's name was Billy, instead of William. He was stocky in form, and -weighed about 175 lbs. His height was about 5 ft. 6 in.; complexion -fair; dark hair and eyes, and very heavy eyebrows. He was peculiarly -successful as a physician and as a business man. Was the owner of -several farms and was interested in a paper mill, situated on what is -known as Snoot Kill Creek. Later, he moved to Glens Falls and was -proprietor of a drug store for a number of years in that village. Then -he returned to Clark's Corners with his daughter, Mrs. Alfred C. Farlin -(widow), as housekeeper, and remained at his homestead for several -years. He lost his eyesight and was entirely blind. Then he returned to -Glens Falls, and died in 1866. He left one son and three daughters, all -of whom are now dead." - -_A Visit to Clark's Corners._ - -In order that I might obtain a better understanding of the topography -of the neighborhood, I visited Clark's Corners on a day in August, 1905. -Driving west from Fort Edward, at a distance of three miles I came to -Reynolds' (four) Corners. I was very courteously received by Mr. Austin -L. Reynolds, who gave me full information as to all the historic spots -connected with the Moreau society. Mr. Reynolds is at an advanced age, -more than eighty, but he promptly and clearly communicated to me the -facts herewith set forth. - -The roads at Reynolds' Corners run toward the cardinal points, and the -burying ground of the Union Meeting House is at a short distance east -of the corners, as already has been stated by Dr. Mott. The remains of -Dr. Clark were removed from this, the place of their first burial, and -were re-interred at Glens Falls. The site of the Union Meeting House is -unoccupied, the present chapel standing on other ground, some distance -to the west. The Union Meeting House was Dr. Clark's place of worship, -and his pastor, Rev. Lebbeus Armstrong, resided at the parsonage, -one-half mile south of the church and on the west side of the highway. -The cottage which stands on the site of Armstrong's home is now the -residence of Mr. Halsey Chambers. It was here that Dr. Clark came in -the night upon his historic errand. - -Clark's (four) Corners are directly south of Reynolds' Corners and two -miles distant. The north and south road is crossed at right angles by -the other. Both of these localities are open country, that of Clark's -Corners having the appearance of fertility and thrift; pleasant homes -and commodious buildings being numerous. Clark's Corners may be -conveniently reached from the village of Gansevoort, on the Delaware -and Hudson Railroad, two miles south. - -The site of the Mawney house is at Clark's Corners. It stood on the -northwest corner. Another building has since been erected upon this -ground. Dr. Clark's home stood across the road, on the southwest corner. -The house has disappeared, but the cellar walls stand almost intact. -About forty rods south of the corners and on the east side of the road -is the site of the school-house in which the Moreau society held its -meetings. A dwelling house, the home of Mr. George Haviland, now -occupies that plot of ground. - -The sites of the Union Meeting House, parsonage, Mawney house, Dr. -Clark's house, and the school house, should be appropriately marked. - - - - - THE DEMOCRATIC IDEAL. - - * * * * * - - By Hon. Milton Reed. - - * * * * * - - -The shrewd saying of the Swedish Chancellor Oxenstiern, _"An nescis, mi -fili, quantilla prudentia regitur orbis?"_--"Dost thou not know, my son, -with how little wisdom the world is governed?" has been substantially -true in every epoch in the world's history. Everything human must needs -be imperfect, and in nothing is imperfection more plainly exhibited -than in the successive schemes of government which men have attempted. -Some have been broad-based and have lasted for what we, in our ordinary -reckoning, call a long period of time. But most of them have been built -on the sand; a few storms, shocks, convulsions, and they have fallen. -Men have generally made but sorry work in trying to govern each other. -The individual may govern himself after a fashion; but to govern wisely -another man, or, still harder, great masses of men, even where there -has been community of public interests, of language, religion and -custom--aye, there has been the rub! Human history has often been called -a great tragedy; but no tragic element is more ghastly or more -overwhelming than the catastrophes in which most governments have -collapsed. Ambitious attempts at world-power, the most splendid -combinations to group nations into a civic unity, have tottered to their -fall, as surely as the little systems which have had their day and -ceased to be,--shifting, fleeting, impotent. - -It is not difficult to see why this has been so. Social life is only -one phase of the great organic life of the species; one scene of the -human drama of which the earth has been "the wide and universal -theatre." Change, transition, development, birth, growth, death, are -universal elements in the cosmic order. Of the slow but inevitable -changes in the physical history of the earth, Tennyson says: - - "There rolls the deep, where stood the tree; - O earth, what changes hast thou seen; - There where the long street roars, has been - The stillness of the central sea. - The hills are shadows, and they flow - From form to form; and nothing stands; - They melt like mists, the solid lands; - Like clouds they shape themselves and go." - -If this mutation be true of organic changes in the physical earth, -working through immeasurable æons, it is even as dramatically true of -organized social life. - -We are learning to take a new view of history. It is no longer regarded -as a collection of isolated facts. Veracious history is a record of the -orderly progression of events, developed by evolutionary processes. -There is in it no break, no hiatus, excepting such temporary interruptions -as come from what Emerson calls "the famous might that lurks in reaction -recoil." Thus we learn the _rationale_ of the events transcribed to the -historical page. Until science lifted the curtain on "the eternal -landscape of the past," man knew little of himself or of his kind. It -is only with the enlarged vision that has come to us from the researches -of the ethnologist, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, that we have -begun to learn what a creature man really is; to study his inner nature; -to get at the deeper meanings of the history of the race. - -Once the study of history was thought to be hardly more than learning -a catalogue of royal dynasties; the names of famous generals and -statesmen; of battles lost and won; of court intrigues; of the -vicissitudes of kingdoms; of the prowess of pioneers and adventurers; -of "hair-breadth 'scapes i' the imminent deadly breach;" of the pride, -pomp and circumstance of glorious war! Such incidents have not lost, -and never can lose, their interest. They are an integral part of the -human document and must always be studied. When draped with myth and -legend they minister to "the vision and faculty divine" of the poet; -they visualize the possibilities of human courage; stimulate the -affections; answer to the eternal cravings of the imagination. But they -are only the phenomena of the real history of the race. Life is broader, -larger, deeper, richer, fuller, than a mere transcript of -happenings--externals, results--important as they are. We must get at -the causes, motives, inter-relations, the hidden causes from which -events flow, before we can unravel the web in which they are woven, and -thus interpret them. - -The core of history is the element which the Greeks called -_toanthropeion;_ called by a modern poet "the bases of life;" called -by us average folk, Human Nature. It is as constant a quality as -anything can be in our moving life. We may not be able to agree with -Middleton, who says in his life of Cicero, "Human nature has ever been -the same in all ages and nations;" but it is probably true that nothing -has changed less in primal qualities than the bases of life. Empires -have perished, civilizations vanished, governments have rotted, -languages, territorial lines, seeming sit-fast institutions, have passed -into nothingness; but the human element has stood the shock of ages. -"The one remains; the many change and pass," said Shelley. Man-character, -man-life, is the one element, the colors of which seem fast. It is, -like all other things, subject to evolutionary changes; it may be -differentiated into a thousand forms; but the bases of life have never -shifted. - -Human history is a great tragedy indeed. But, like all tragedies, it -has its spiritualizing, sanctifying, ennobling side. When the drama of -the ages is unrolled we see much to make us weep; but we also see -immeasurably more to make us glory that we are a part of the race. While -its history reeks with blood, carnage, oppression, injustice, cruelty, -in which sad facts the pessimist hears "the eternal note of sadness," -and unwisely rushes into a denial of the moral order--it has its -sun-bright triumphs of rectitude, and the illuminating picture of the -steady and glorious advance of mankind from brutishness into an orderly, -moralized life. - -Readers of Matthew Arnold--an author whose intellectual vision was -great, and whose style is one of the literary ornaments of the last -century--will recall how he was taken with what he called "Mr. Darwin's -famous proposition" that "our ancestor was a hairy quadruped, furnished -with a tail and pointed ears, probably arboreal in his habits." Mr. -Arnold, the apostle of culture, played again and again around this -sonorous phrase. Far be it from me to enter upon any discussion of the -Darwinian hypothesis of the genesis of the human race. On this large -theme the last word has not been said. Knowledge must grow from more to -more before we can posit anything definite on a subject veiled at -present in inscrutable mystery. But, in its essence, the evolutionary -theory has soaked into our modern thought. The literature and the -progressive teaching of our latter day are drenched with it. It -certainly can be said of it, that it explains many things which have -heretofore seemed inexplicable, and marks a great advance in popular -intelligence. But the most ambitious generalization is only a temporary -expedient. Fact will merge in fact; law will melt into a larger law; one -deep of knowledge will call unto another deep; much that the proudest -scientist of our day calls knowledge will vanish away; many theories now -popular will be dissected and pruned and will be found to be "such -stuff as dreams are made on," before the most enlightened humanity of -a future age catches any one phase of nature in its snare and compresses -it into rigid laws. - -Nevertheless, the ancestor of man was brutish, and his descendants are -where they are. Whether or not primeval man was the rather unpicturesque -creature described by Mr. Arnold, he was the norm from which has come -"the heir of all the ages." - -From the cave-dweller, the aboriginal savage, have been evolved Homer, -Plato, Aristotle, Shakespeare, Spinoza, Milton, Dante, Newton, -Gladstone, Pascal, La Place, Lincoln, Emerson, Channing, Martineau, -Thomas a' Kempis, Phillips Brooks, Darwin and Herbert Spencer. How -magnificent the ascent! How glorious the progression! - - Man, once the companion of the - Dragons of the prime - That tare each other in their slime, - -has flowered into an intellectual, reasoning, moral being--"how infinite -in faculty; in form and moving how express and admirable; in action how -like an angel; in apprehension how like a god." - -All this progress, however, has cost its price. Step by step has the -race advanced from primeval animalism to its present status. It has -walked with bleeding feet. The Divine economy works in many ways. One -of its ways is to educate, stimulate and spiritualize through antagonism -and pain. All faculties, functions and potencies must be worked in order -that they may grow. Atrophy, decay, death, are the resultant of non-use. -The sullen earth was to be fertilized by man's sweat and blood before -it would yield any increase beyond its spontaneous productions. Conflict -with the elements, conquest over the lower organisms; ages of toilsome -effort, were to come before man was able "to dress the earth and keep -it." Out of the iron necessities of his being came initial progress; and -progress once begun has never ceased. - -The great factor in progress was Co-operation. One man alone can do -little. The moment human necessities were recognized, the law of -association applied. Man needed man. The family group, the clan, the -tribe, the town, the city, the state, the nation, have been stages in -the process of closer and closer co-operation. - -Confederation, association, combination, require adjustment, compromise, -regulation. Hence the germ of government. To live together each man must -give way in something to the other. Man is gregarious; he is naturally -social; instinctively he availed himself of the companionship of other -men. The social status, the _foedera generis humani,_ were slowly -evolved from the increasing demands of man upon man; they were not the -result of bargaining. What a magnificent drama; the world, the theatre; -all mankind, emerging from primitive ignorance, the actors. How many or -how long the acts were, we know not; but through "that duration which -maketh pyramids pillars of snow, and all that's past a moment," the -wonderful scenes moved on. Out of the strong came forth sweetness. From -brute selfishness, from animal passion, came love. Slowly the central -idea was reached, and, in the sublime language of the Scripture, man -became a living soul! and his body became the temple of the Holy Spirit; -his consciousness a part of the infinite consciousness; his personality -a world-copy of a divine universe. Reason, conscious, love, were his -dower. - -The curtain has not yet fallen, and will never fall, upon the last act. -We live in a world which is always in process. Nature's genesis is -unceasing. "Without haste, without rest," her creative and re-creative -processes are always operating. - -When one undertakes to talk about government he is drawn instinctively -to some historic models. As thinking persons realized in every age the -insufficiency of contemporaneous governments, there has scarcely been -a time when the academic reformer was wanting. Certain ages may have -lacked poets--ours is said to be unpoetic and prosaic, and to await its -poet-prophet--but the academic idealist who could say, Go to, let us -build a government, has been generally at hand. The dreams of the -illuminated ones who have sought, by rule and theory, to make the -crooked straight, to convert mankind into angels by legal enactment, are -among the most pleasing, if abortive, works of genius. Some of the -noblest spirits of the race have made this illusory effort. - -Plato, that splendid genius, in whose brain was wrapped the subtle -essence which gave to Hellenic art and literature their incomparable -charm, found a congenial theme in painting his ideal Republic. It was a -beautiful attempt to develop a state based upon Socratic thought. He -had sat at the feet of the great master of dialectic, and, with the hot -enthusiasm of a reformer, painted a picture of the idealized man, living -in a community where the supremacy of the intellect was to be recognized -as authoritative, where the individual and family were to be absorbed in -the state, and where a lofty communism was to be established, and in -which Virtue, Truth, Beauty and Goodness were to be sovereign entities. -But the Platonic Communism was one where equality and humanity were left -out. Plato could not escape the Time-Spirit. The Platonic Republic was -his Athens idealized. "The very age and body of the time" gave to the -philosopher's dream its form and pressure. The actual Hellenic Republics -were not based upon the rights of man; a few ruled over a nation of -proletariats and slaves. When they came into rough contact with the -vigorous Roman civilization, they were shattered like iridescent -bubbles. Even so wise-browed a philosopher as Plato failed to recognize -sufficiently the human element. His imaginary republic was air-drawn, -fantastic; a philosophic dream, with little grasp on life's realities. -It was not broad-based. It did not recognize sufficiently the law of -growth. It had no place in our work-a-day world. It interests us now -chiefly from the superb literary skill with which it was constructed; -a prodigy of intellect and art. But it was not the Democratic Ideal. - -Aristotle--that other imperial Greek genius, whom Dante called "the -master of those that know;" who had less imaginative mysticism than -Plato, but a stronger hold on realities; whose fertile genius touched -almost every subject that came within ancient thought--tried his hand -also in political science. As a forerunner of modern science, as a -profound thinker, he has been a tremendous factor in the intellectual -life of the world. But the Time-Spirit held him in its grasp even more -firmly than it did Plato. His theory of the state avoided, indeed, the -absurdity of communism, but recognized slavery and the subjection of -women. Like many of the modern Socialists, he denounced the taking of -interest for the use of money. Such political theories must needs be -ineffective. They ignore the equitable basis of society and indicate a -short-sightedness that is amazing, in any era when thrift, industry and -property rights are elements in the life of a state--as they were then -and are now. Among the school-men of the middle ages, Aristotle was -regnant. His hand has not yet been lifted from our university life. Vast -literatures had their birth in his philosophic system. His political -theories have become only academic. The world had no use for them. He -was far from the Democratic Ideal. No one will deny that Plato and -Aristotle are among those - - Dead but sceptered sovereigns who still rule - Our spirits from their urns. - -Their sovereignty does not come, however, from their contributions to -political science. - -I wish we might dwell longer on these dreams of philosophers. They offer -a field for delightful study. We linger lovingly with them. How tenderly -we read of the pious dream of St. Augustine for the _Civitas Dei,_ the -City of God; of a new civic order rising on the crumbling ruins of the -Roman Empire. The advent of Christianity had brought into the world the -auroral flush of a new moral order, a quickened sense of social duty; -a warmth of human brotherhood; a heightened conscience. The church was -rising like a splendid mausoleum over the sepulcher of its founder. The -world thrilled with an emotion never felt before. What more natural than -that a new social order should arise, into which should be gathered all -classes of men, glorified, purified, ready for the Advent of the -conquering Galilean, which was then almost universally anticipated. But -alas, the Augustine City of God has never come. It will never come as -a political organization. Its home is in the human heart. It is not Lo -here or Lo there; and cometh not with observation. The City of God, the -City of Light, will come when ethical conscience is so quickened that -law becomes love, and love, law. - -We might go on and say more of the exalted dreamers who from age to age -have attempted the impossible task of idealizing the State by geometric -rules or fantastic theories. Perhaps the two most notable--at least -until the recent expansion of Socialistic propaganda--were the "Utopia" -of Sir Thomas More and the "New Atlantis" of Lord Bacon. We must dismiss -them by naming them. They lacked the Democratic Ideal. Yet, among the -many gems which Lord Bacon has given to our language, the short terse -phrases, which make him one of the most quotable of authors, is one -memorable line in his "New Atlantis." He said of the Father of Solomon's -house, "He had an aspect as though he pitied men." Benignant and blessed -thought. - -One, however, of the world's intellectual sovereigns, who lived in the -uplands of the imagination, who traversed the gamut of human experience, -and of whom we may say, if of any man, "He saw life steadily and saw it -whole;" in dealing with the relation of man to the civic order, never -indulged in illusion--William Shakespeare. It has often been said to his -reproach that his dramas are not instinct with the spirit of liberty; -that he believed in the right of the strongest to rule; that he deified -strength and power; that he showed contempt for the mob and -"rabblement." We cannot go into a discussion of this interesting matter. -We must remember, however--a fact that is often overlooked--that -Shakespeare was not only most extraordinary as a poet, but that he was -one of the profoundest moralists that the world has known. His genius -was supremely sane, calm, judicial, healthy. He painted men and women as -they are. His nobly poised intellect and acute vision saw the realities -of life. He knew the exalted possibilities of spiritual excellence to -which humanity can rise, and the abysmal depths into which it can sink. -He recognized the fact that society is swayed by selfish interests -oftener than by a devotion to high ideals. He read history with a -microscopic eye. Dowden, one of his most acute interpreters, says, -"Shakespeare studied and represented in his art the world which lay -before him. If he prophesied the future it was not in the ordinary -manner of prophets, but only by completely embodying the present, in -which the future was concerned." In his day the mob had not learned -self-control, moral dignity, a discrimination between the transient and -permanent in politics. Has it learned this lesson yet? His immortal -works exhibit no world-weariness, no _blasé_ pessimism. He saw the -eternal relations of cause and effect. He admired the intellectual -powers and tremendous personalities of great historical characters like -Julius Caesar, Coriolanus and Richard III, but he also saw their -limitations, moral delinquencies and weaknesses which led inevitably to -the snares into which they fell. He had a profound sympathy with human -life; he was a lover of rectitude, nobility of character, self-sacrifice, -manliness, womanliness. Above all, he taught the everlasting and all -embracing equity with which the universe throbs. In the end, no cheat, -no lie, no injustice prospers. The sinner is a self-punisher. At last, -by action of the inexorable, inescapable moral order, "the wheel is come -full circle;" evil is strangled. - -To such an equitable intellect, the idea of a Platonic Republic or -Bacon's "New Atlantis" would be as impossible as impracticable. He knew -too well the plasticity of human adjustments, the shifting, fleeting, -rising and sinking of the social order, the possibilities of disturbance -and recoil that ever lie at the core of a placid and smug order of -things, to attempt any speculative panacea for the evils of society. He -laid open the tap-root of all institutions and happenings--the human -heart. - -All this is a digression, but a strange fascination invests the name of -Shakespeare. Thackeray said of the insanity of Dean Swift, "So great a -man he seems to me, that thinking of him is like thinking of an empire -falling." So when we talk of Shakespeare, it almost seems that we are -talking of collective humanity. He was no economic idealist; he built -no systems of philosophy of law. He understood humanity. In spite of all -criticisms, his view of life followed more closely than the pretentious -systems of closet philosophers, the gleam of the Democratic -Ideal--progression and growth. - -We may consider government, or rather the social organism, as a working -basis on which men manage to live together, receiving from and giving -to each other protection for life and property. There is a noble phrase -of Edmund Burke--he was a master of noble phrases--"moulding together -the great mysterious incorporation of the human race." In order to have -any basis on which human beings could live together, there must have -been a moulding together of immense diversities. Human nature and human -society are tremendously complex. No two persons are just alike; and -each personality is a bundle of contradictory qualities. Government -rests upon two forces, sovereignty and obedience. Somebody must command; -somebody must obey. Each of these forces is powerfully operative in most -men. The love of authority, dominion, power, the will to make another -to do our bidding, is deeply planted in the human nature. Nothing is -more intoxicating, more enjoyable, than power. On the other hand, the -principle of submission, compliance, obedience, is a stronger force than -most of us imagine. - -We need not analyze the genesis of the force that has kept men under -government. There are almost as many theories as there are inquirers. -It has been said to be compulsion, physical force by one school of -writers; by another school, agreement, a contractual relation. For many -generations a popular theory was that authority is given to rulers by -God, or the eternal reason; this theory cost King Charles I his head. -Another school contends that it rests upon some psychological principle -inherent in human character. There may be a vast practical difference -in results, if some of these theories are pushed to the limit; but that -there must be sovereignty in the state, however derived, and obedience -to such sovereignty by the citizen, is plain, if anarchy is to be -escaped. - -If we may use the phrase which Herbert Spencer coined and popularized, -men naturally follow "the line of the least resistance;" and to obey, -except where obedience is counter to self-interest, or where, in the -more highly specialized civilizations, it would violate rights, honor, -duty, is generally the easy course. The Castle of Indolence seldom has -any vacant rooms. The exceptionally strong will, the "monarch mind," is -rare. The principle of obedience to authority is strongly developed in -the race, especially among nations where the supreme power is supposed -to rest upon some religious sanction, as was the case with European -governments until recent years, and as is the case with most Oriental -nations to-day. - -We live in an age of intense specialization. A few generations ago we -heard of men of universal knowledge. Not so now. The volume of knowledge -has become so vast that no man, even the wisest, can do more than to -touch its skirts. In no department of study is the trend of specialization -more active than in the interpretation of history. In the hunt after the -subtle causes that have lurked in the bosom of society and have flamed -into consuming fire, from time to time, the patient historian, the student -of sociology, has grouped tendencies, impulses, transitional waves of -popular feeling, into generalizations. Especially is this statement true -of German scholars, with whom specialization has often been reduced to -infinitesimal analysis. Thus one school of writers dwells upon the -economic interpretation of history. In their view, most popular upheavals -have been synchronous with the poverty of the masses. It is when the -people have been ground into hunger by excessive taxation and public -extravagance that they have risen, like the blind giant pulling down the -temple of Gaza, and swept away dynasties and royal pageantry. Such, it is -said, was the mainspring of the French Revolution--one of the most -dramatic events in history. Undoubtedly the economic problem has always -been, and always will be, a powerful agent in the genesis of history. - -Others give us the religious interpretation of history. They tell us of -those epochs when great masses of men, impelled by a wave of religious -enthusiasm, moved to fiery zeal, their imaginations touched, their moral -sense deeply stirred, have become knights of the faith, missionaries -armed with fire and sword; the scourges of God. Such causes impelled the -Saracenic invasion of Africa and Europe, and the Crusades. - -Other historians have studied the great migratory movements that have -swept vast bodies of men away from their native environments, and -precipitated new elements into history. Such were the migrations of the -tribes of Northern Europe, and of the Asiatic hordes, which were a -powerful element in the overturn of the Roman Empire. - -In late years there has been an increasing interest in the biographies -of the great men who have moved the world. No view of history is more -interesting than this study of personalities. It has sometimes been -pushed to an absurd extent, in the attempt to reverse historical -verdicts, to rehabilitate tarnished reputations, and in the exaggeration -of hero-worship. The relation of great men to their times has been a -fascinating theme for the historian to dwell upon in every age. - -All these, and many more inquiries, are worthy of the most painstaking -study. We cannot know too much about them. They are all a part of "the -moulding together the great mysterious incorporation of the human race." -But the moral lesson of history is larger than any exceptional episodes. - -Whatever way governments began, they have been, they are, and they will -be, until human nature and human needs undergo a tremendous -transformation. As has been said, stable governments have been rare. -Some of the forces of modern civilization may make the crystallization -of society into localized governments possibly more unstable than ever. -In favor of the permanence of any existing order however, there has -always been one conserving factor--habit. Prof. J. M. Baldwin in his -instructive work, "Mutual Development," calls authority "that most -tremendous thing in our moral environment," and obedience "that most -magnificent thing in our moral equipment." Psychologists also tell us -that habit, one of the phenomena of consolidation, indicates downward -growth. With the race, as with the individual, habit, or what Bagehot -calls "the solid cake of custom," has been one of the impediments to -progress. Yet, governments have progressed from generation to generation. -There has always been enough of the _vis viva_ to leaven social heredity. -Little by little, that part of the race, whose progress has not been -arrested, has outgrown the superstition of a divinity that "doth hedge -a king." More and more the functions once held by king-craft have been -grasped by the people; the race steadily moving toward the ideal -self-government. Every agency that made for enlightenment and uplift led -to this goal. The great social heritage of the past has been the -evolution of law and order. There has been through the ages a sweep of -collective forces that has taught men self-control, and has constantly -raised the ethical standard. A _damnosa hereditas_ of ferocity, -selfishness, and brutality, has been a part of the heritage; but there -has been enough of salt in the general character to rescue liberty and -justice even in the most reactionary times. - -The Democratic Ideal is based upon the three great principles of liberty, -equality of rights and opportunities, and justice. In spite of indolence, -apathy, inveterate conservatism, superstition, ignorance, out of these -principles has flashed the day-star which the path of civilization has -followed. - -Liberty is no longer a vagrant. "The love of liberty is simply the -instinct in man for expansion," says Matthew Arnold. That instinct is -always operative. - -Yet liberty is not an entity; it is only a state. Unregulated, -discharged from the ethical obligations which we owe to each other, -liberty is lost in anarchy, which is only consummate egoism. - -"The most aggravated forms of tyranny and slavery arise out of the most -extreme form of liberty," says Plato. - -"If you enthrone it (liberty) alone as means and end, it will lead -society first to anarchy, afterward to the despotism which you fear," -says Mazzini, one of the shining liberators of the last century. - -"If every man has all the liberty he wants, no man has any liberty," -says Goethe. - -In other words, the rights of man must be articulated with the duties -of man. Freedom cannot exist without order. They are concentric. Without -the recognition of the sanctity of obligation to others, the age-long -aspiration of the race for liberty is an impotent endeavor. It would -have plunged eyeless through the cycles in which it has worked its way -into civilization, had it not been that reciprocity, mutual help, is a -basis of its being. Mankind can never be absolved from this eternal law. - -We are now told that a reaction has set in against democracy; that the -results of the democratic ideal, so far as attained, are a failure; that -the tyranny of the mob has succeeded to that of the single despot; that -in the most liberal governments of the world, even in the United States -and England, where the problem of self-government has been most -thoroughly worked out, the people are forgetting their high ideals and -are using their collective power for base and ignoble purposes; that the -moral tone of the government is lowered; that an insane greed for wealth -has infected the nations: that there is a blunting of moral responsibility -and a cheapening of national aims. - -This great indictment comes from intense lovers of liberty and the -truest friends of democracy. - -Herbert Spencer put himself on record, in his last years, as fearing -that the insolent imperialism of the times and the power of reactionary -forces would lead to the re-barbarization of society. - -John Stuart Mill said, "The natural tendency of representative -government, as of modern civilization generally, is towards collective -mediocrity." - -John Morley tells us that "outside natural science and the material -arts, the lamp burns low;" he complains that nations are listening to -"the siren song of ambition;" that while there is an immense increase -in material prosperity, there is an immense decline of sincerity of -spiritual interest. He also speaks of "the high and dry optimism which -presents the existing order of things as the noblest possible, and the -undisturbed sway of the majority as the way of salvation." - -If you care to read the summing up of the tremendous indictment against -modern democracy, you will find it in Hobhouse's striking work, -"Democracy and Reaction." This thoughtful author claims that the new -imperialism, which has become an obsession among the great powers of the -world within a few years, "stands not for widened and ennobled sense of -national responsibility, but for a hard assertion of racial supremacy -and national force;" and pleads for "the unfolding of an order of ideas -by which life is stimulated and guided," and for "a reasoned conception -of social justice." - -Unfortunately there is too much truth in all these utterances. These are -not "wild and whirling words." We need not to be told of the evils of -our times. We hardly dare turn the searchlight upon our own civilization, -for we know how much of shame it reveals. We need no candid, sympathetic, -and enlightened critic like James Bryce, to tell us where our republic -is weak, in spite of our Titanic power, immense prosperity, roaring -trade, restless energy, chartered freedom. We know that, in many -respects, "the times are out of joint." The sordid and incapable -governments of many of our large cities; the venality among those to -whom great public trusts have been committed; the recrudescence of race -prejudice; the colossal fortunes heaped up by shrewd manipulations of -laws, which have been twisted from their original intent, and by -un-ethical methods; mob-violence, lynch law, the ever-widening hostility -between the employers of labor and the wage-earner; so much of what -Jeremy Taylor called "prosperous iniquity;" the blare of jingoism, the -coarser and grosser forms which athletics have assumed, even among young -men who are students at our universities--in the sublime words of Milton, -"beholding the bright countenance of truth in the quiet and still air of -delightful studies;" the hatred felt by the poor towards the rich, and -the disdain felt by the rich for the poor; all these and many other -evils, indeed, exist. Yes, the times are out of joint. But they have -always been out of joint. - -These evils are not the result of popular government; they are incident -to our transitional civilization. They have always existed, probably in -a grosser form than to-day. Would a return to monarchical government -better things? - -Possibly we have anticipated too much of organized democracy. It is -still aiming for its ideal. As we have said of liberty, democracy is not -a finality; it is only a status by which public opinion for the time -being can be most effectively expressed in government. - -The reaction, if there be one, is moral and spiritual, rather than -political. The American people have been densely absorbed in the -material development of our wonderful country. The task has been a huge -one. So far as it has been completed, it has been magnificently done. -If we have seemed to worship the Golden Calf, we may find in due time -how unsatisfying wealth-gathering is. If at present the consumer seems -to be throttled by the trust-magnate, on one hand, and the labor-trust -on the other, each monopoly working to the common purpose of keeping up -prices to be paid by the consumer, the remedy is in his own hands. It -is not in riot, revolution, anarchy, by frenzied declamations against -those who are doing only what nine-tenths of the human kind would do for -themselves, if opportunity were afforded; but by using the power which -free government gives to the people, and correcting the evils by what -Gladstone called "the resources of civilization." Out of the roar and -brawl of the times will come a sharp examination into the system of laws -which permit the accumulation of stupendous fortunes by the "cornering" -of a commodity which human necessities require; by shrewd manipulations -of tariff, patent, corporation and transportation laws, and by other -anti-social agencies. The people, the consumers, create all the -legislatures, appoint all the judges, execute all the laws. The fortunes -of the rich exist because the people so allow. "A breath can make them, -and a breath has made," All the creature-comforts, all culture-conquests -have been evolved by the people. It is not by a reversion to Asiatic -paternalism, or by the assumption of all industrial agencies by the -State, which is the present aim of Socialism, or by a retreat into -aboriginal lawlessness and intense selfishness--which Anarchism would -result in--that social relief will come. - -The American people will work these problems out and will work them out -right. "The glory of the sum of things" does not come with a flash. -There are always remedial agencies actively at work. They have saved -civilization again and again, when the economic order seemed about to -break down, when effete governments have fallen in cataclysms which have -almost wrecked the social fabric; when mankind seemed to be wandering in -a wilderness of ignorance, doubt and despair. Human nature is a tough, -elastic, expansive article. If common sense is a product of the ages, -so is what is termed "the corporate morality" of the race. Everything -makes for what Burke said he loved, "a manly, moral, regulated liberty." - -It is hard for us to learn the imperative lesson that everything, except -moral and spiritual elements, is only transitional. We are too much -inclined to think that any existing status has come to stay. Not so. -While evils do not cure themselves, evil is only the negative of the -good. The human agent, with his enormous plasticity, constantly widening -intelligence and marvelous capacity for growth, is always the instrument, -guided by the unseen powers, that make for rectitude, to strike at wrong. -There is always more good than evil; otherwise society could not hold -together. If progress has been slow, it is because it ought to be slow. - -In our economic order, the trust, the trade-unions--often in our day -instruments of danger--are factors that in the end will tend to good. -They are a part of the great synthetic movement which is unifying the -race. They will lead to a greater coherency in our industrial life. They -are educational in their tendency. Great fortunes, dizzying wealth, have -their evil side; they are monstrous creations which have been created by -a union of constructive talent with the mechanical inventions of the -age. By-and-by, their possessors may see that they are but ashes; -intolerable burdens; gilded rubbish. But in our present stage, there is -need of wealthy men. They have important uses. Business has heretofore -been too largely directed to the acquisition of wealth. This grossness -will be succeeded by an era of equitable distribution. - -We must remember that the very idea of property implies more or less of -selfishness. An ideally altruistic man could not acquire property beyond -his immediate needs. What view of it may be taken in remote future ages -we know not. At present, however, it is absolutely necessary. To protect -life and liberty, government must protect property. Undoubtedly the -possession of enormous wealth, thereby generating sharp distinctions -between classes, is inimical to the Democratic Ideal. Democracy -pre-supposes a tolerable measure of equality in possessions, and an -absence of class privilege. The people must perhaps re-cast much of -their legislation, to make sure that their public franchises and natural -monopolies are not exploited by the few at the expense of the many. In -a country where the press is allowed unlimited freedom, and where every -man has a share in the government, where laws are flexible and easily -modified, there should be little difficulty in curbing the pretensions -of insolent wealth and protecting the people from lawlessness. - -Possibly in the Socialistic movement, which is now academic, crude and -unscientific, and which, in its present stage, offers as a healing balm -for industrial evils only the paralysis of state despotism, there may be -a curative germ. Certainly, at its base, is the principle of human -brotherhood, co-operation and a lofty altruism. It is now in antagonism -with the Democratic Ideal; ultimately it may be resolved into an -auxiliary in purging society from some of the evils with which it is -infected. - -If we live in an era of greed and graft, we also live in an era of -enormous goodness, unparalleled philanthropy, increasing intelligence -and advancing ethical standards. Can there be any doubt which forces -will win? - -The Democratic Ideal, towards which all nations are drifting by the -inexorable sweep of ethical forces, still shines before the American -people. Whatever is rotten, vulgar, base, corrupt, in our body politic -will be eliminated by the same law of progress, moral, physical, social, -spiritual, which has brought the race to its present transitional status. -Lincoln's ideal of a government of the people, for the people, by the -people, will not perish from the earth. Up from the scum and reek of -corruption--unless the ancient power of conscience and intellect are -dead; and they are not dead, but live in deathless vigor--will spring a -new growth of justice, liberty, love. - -But the nation must not lose it vision; that incommunicable quality that -leads to the light. "Where there is no vision, the people perish." - -The past is behind us, with all its solemn monitions. The future beckons -us to the shining uplands of limitless progress. The ascent is not easy, -but it must and will be made. - - - - - LETTERS FROM GEORGE WASHINGTON. - - * * * * * - - - Head Quarters, West Point, July 29th, 1779. - -Dr. Sir, - -I have been duly favored with your letter of the 10th, the contents of -which are of so serious a nature, with respect to the Quarter Masters -and Commissary's department, that I thought it my duty to communicate -them to General Greene and Col. Wadsworth. - -... If there has been neglect in either department, the delinquents -must be responsible to the public and these Gentlemen ought to be -acquainted with what has been alleged. . . . - -I cannot but repeat my entreaties, that you will hasten your operation -with all possible dispatch; and that you will disencumber yourself of -every article of baggage and stores which is not necessary to the -expedition. Not only its success but its execution at all depends on -this. 'Tis a kind of service in which both officers and men must expect -to dispense with conveniences and endure hardships. . . . They must not -and I trust will not expect to carry the same apparatus which is -customary in other operations. I am persuaded that if you do not lighten -yourself to the greatest possible degree, you will not only eminently -hazard a defeat, but you will never be able to penetrate any distance -into the Indian Country. . . . The greater part of your provisions will -be consumed in preparation, and the remainder in the first stages of a -tedious and laborious march. - -General Clinton in a letter to the Governor of the 6th instant mentioned -his arrival at the south end of Otsego Lake where he was waiting your -orders. . . . - -Enclosed I transmit you extracts of two letters of the 7th and 27th -instant from Major-General Schuyler with interesting intelligence. - - I am with great regard - Dr. Sir - Yr. Most Obet. Servant - Ge. Washington - - This will be accompanied - by Commissions for the four - New York Regiments and - the 4th Pennsylvania. . . . - in three packages. . . . - -Col. Broadhead has informed me that he has a prospect of undertaking an -expedition against the Mingoes with the aid of some of the friendly -Indians; I have encouraged him by all means to do it, if practicable; -should it take place, it will be an useful diversion in your favor as -he will approach pretty near to your left flank. . . . - - * * * * * - - - Head Quarters West - Point August 1st, 1779. -Dr. Sir, - -Brandt at the head of a party of whites & Indians said to have amounted -to eighty or ninety men has lately made an incursion into the Minisinks -and cut off a party of fifty or sixty of our militia. It is reported -that Brandt himself was either killed or wounded in the action. . . . -By a fellow belonging to this party, who has fallen into our hands, as -he pretends voluntarily (but is suspected to have mistaken his way.) -I am informed that the party came from Chemung in quest of provisions -of which the savages are in great want. He says their deficiency in this -respect is so great that they are obliged to keep themselves in a -desperate state; and when they collect will not be able to remain long -together. He gives the following account of their strength, movements -& designs. . . . That the whole force they will be able to assemble will -not exceed fifteen hundred fighting men whites and Indians, which they -themselves conceive will be equal to double the number of our men in -the woods. . . . That Butler with a party of both sorts was at -Conosadago in number 3 or 400. . . . That at Chemung and the adjacent -town were two or three hundred warriors. . . . That Chemung was appointed -as the place of rendezvous where or in the neighborhood the Indians -intended to give you battle, after which if they were unsuccessful they -intended to retire towards Niagara harassing your march as much as -possible with small parties and by ambuscades. . . . That some of the -towns had sent off their old men & women, others more confident and -discrediting that there was an army coming against them, had still kept -them at home. . . . That no reinforcement had yet come from Canada; but -that Brandt who was lately arrived from thence assured the Indians there -was one coming after him. . . . The principal strength of the Indians is -in the Genesee towns. . . . - -You will give as much credit to this account as you think proper and in -proportion to its conformity to your other intelligence. The informant -is a deserter from Cortlandt's Regiment who says he was carried off by -force to the Indians and took the present opportunity of leaving -them. . . . He appears not to be destitute of shrewdness and as his -apprehensions were pretty strong I am inclined to think as far as his -knowledge extended he was sincere. . . . - -In my last I forgot to inform you that on the 15th instant at night -Brigadier Gen. Wayne with the Light Infantry took Stony point by -assault. The whole garrison consisting of about 600 men with Col. -Johnson commanding officer, fifteen pieces of cannon of different sizes -& quantity of stores fell into our hands. Our loss in killed & wounded -was less than an hundred, of which not above thirty will be finally -lost to the service. . . . General Wayne received a wound in the -head. . . . This affair does great honor to our troops who entered the -works at the point of the bayonet, scarcely firing a gun. The post you -may recollect was extremely formidable by nature and strongly -fortified. . . . The enemy, it is said, supposed it capable of defying -our whole force. The opposite point had it not been for some unavoidable -accidents would probably also fallen into our hands. . . . The enemy from -these had time to come to its relief and have since repossessed Stony -Point, which we evacuated and destroyed. - - I am with great regard - Dr. Sr. - (Duplicate) Yr. Obet. servt - G Washington - -ps. Enclosed is a duplicate of mine of the 29th with its enclosures lest -there should be a miscarriage. - - * * * * * - - - Head Quarters West Point 3d Sept. 1779. -Dear Sir, - -I was made very happy to find, by yours of the 25th ulto that your -junction with General Clinton would take place on the next day, and that -no opposition had been given him on the passage down the River. Colonel -Pauling, not having been able to reach Anagarga at the appointed time, -and upon his arrival there, finding that General Clinton had passed by, -has returned to the settlements with the men under his command--who -were about 200. But as your junction has been effected with scarce any -loss, I hope this small demonstration of force will not be felt in your -operations. - -I yesterday rec a letter of the 31st July from Colo. Broadhead at Fort -Pitt, from which the enclosed is an extract. By this you will perceive, -that he intended to begin his march towards the Seneca Country on the -7th or 8th of last month, and will also see his reasons for setting out -so early. - -On the receipt of your letter of the 13th ulto. I immediately desired -the Commissary General to form a magazine for your future supply at -some safe and convenient place in your rear, and on receiving that of -the 20th I repeated the order, and directed him to make Wyoming the -place of deposit. By the enclosed extracts from Colo. Wadsworth and Mr. -Blaine you will find that matters are in forwardness for that purpose. - -I have the pleasure to inform you that Spain has at length taken a -decisive part. In the enclosed paper, you will find his Manifesto -delivered to the Court of Great Britain on the 16th June last, with the -message of the King to Parliament thereupon. - -It is to be hoped this formidable junction of the House of Bourbon will -not fail of establishing the Independence of America in a short -time. . . . - - I am Dear Sir - Your most obt. Sert. - Ge. Washington - - - - LETTER OF PH. SCHUYLER. - - * * * * * - - - Albany, April 29th, 1779. -Dear Sir: - -Your Excellency's Favor of the 24th Instant, I had the Honor to receive -on the 27th. - -Yesterday I had a conference with General Clinton and General Ten Broeck -on the subject matter of your letter. The latter has promised to make -use of every exertion to raise the quota his Brigade is to furnish. He -will advise you of the difficulties he has to encounter and I really -fear if he should be able to procure the whole number at least (which I -have not much reason to believe he will) so much time will elapse that -the troops now to the Northward, will be drawn away before any part are -sent to take the posts they now occupy, except Captain Stockwell's -Company. - -General Clinton proposes to send such men of the corps now in this -Quarter, as may be unfit for the active service intended to be -prosecuted, to the Block House he has built at Sacandaga, and if there -should be more such men than what are necessary for that post, he will -order them to the Northward. - -If General Washington prosecutes the operations he at present meditates -against the savages, the Western Frontiers will be in perfect security. -I conceive it will therefore only be necessary to employ what Force you -may have for the Defense of the Northern Frontiers of this County and -that of Tryon. - -Part of Warner's Regiment is now at Rutland. About one hundred men will -be sufficient at Skenesborough; twenty-five men at Fort Edward and the -Remainder I should advise to be stationed at the Junction of the North -Branch of Hudson's River with the Western one or a little to the -Westward of it, where the Road cut by the Tories in 1776 from Crown -point comes to the River. Those would at once cover the North Western -parts of this County and the Northern parts of Tryon. - -I shall direct Capt. Stockwell to march to Skenesborough, having a small -Detachment at Fort Edward. Copy of his orders I shall transmit your -Excellency by a future Conveyance. - -Last night I received a Resolution of Congress accepting of my -Resignation. I feel myself happy in the prospect of that Ease and -Satisfaction which my Retirement will afford me. Impressed however with -a lively sense of the Duty I owe my Country, I must entreat you never -to hesitate honoring me with your Commands on any occasion in which as -a private Citizen I may be serviceable. - -As General Clinton will transmit you the Account of our sweep against -the Onondagas, it supersedes the Necessity of my doing it. - - I have the Honor to be Dear Sir with great respect and esteem, - Your Excellency's most obedient humble servant, - Ph. Schuyler. - (To Geo. Clinton.) - - - - - LETTER OF GOUV. MORRIS. - - * * * * * - - - Phila. 26th Jany., 1778. -Sir, - -Permit me to recommend to your Excellency's favorable attention and -thro you in such manner as you may think most proper to the Legislature -an application of the Bearer of this letter. From the conversation I -have had with him on the subject his design appears to me well -calculated for the purpose of serving in some Degree our Western -Frontier and consequently enriching the intermediate country. It hath -also the immediate effect of procuring a number of good industrious -subjects. Perhaps I should not go too far in saying that every man so -acquired would be worth two. To state or enlarge on his plan would be -absurd as he will personally have the honor of conferring with you. I -have only to say that the honorable stars he gained at Bemis' Heights -will be a better recommendation than I can give. As a Representative of -the State of New York I think I do my Duty in forwarding the Views of -one who is so much its Friend. - - I have the Honor to be most respectfully - Your Excellency's - most obedient - and - humble servant, - GOUV. MORRIS. - - - - - LETTER OF ROBT. MORRIS. - - * * * * * - - - Office of Finance, 5 June 1783. -Sir - -Congress having directed a very considerable part of the Army to be sent -home on Furlough, I am pressed exceedingly to make a payment of three -months wages, and I am very desirous to accomplish it, but the want of -money compels me to an Anticipation on the Taxes by making this payment -in notes; to render this mode tolerably just or useful, the notes must -be punctually discharged when they fall due, and my dependence must be -on the money to be received of the several States, on the Requisitions -for the last and present year. I hope the urgency of the case will -produce the desired exertions and finally enable me to preserve the -credit and honor of the Federal Government. - - I have the honor to - Remain Your Excellency's - Most obedient & - Very humble Servt. - Robt. Morris. - His Excellency - The Governor of New York. - - - - - LETTER OF JOHN JAY. - - * * * * * - - - Paris 10th May 1783. -Dear Sir - -I think it probable that every dutch Gentleman who goes to Philadelphia, -will also visit New York, which was first settled by his own nation. - -Mr. Boers, who has been deputed by Holland to transact certain affairs -here, recommends Mr. de Hogendorp to me in the warmest Terms. This -gentleman is a Lieutenant in the dutch guards, & of a respectable -family. He expects to go to America with Mr. Van Berkel. The confidence -I have in the Recommendation of Mr. Boers and my Desire of rendering our -Country agreeable to Mr. Hogendorp, leads me to take the Liberty of -introducing him to your Excellency and to request that in case he should -visit New York, he may be favored with your friendly attentions. - - I have the Honor to be with great esteem and Regard, - Your Excellency's - most ob't & most h'ble Servant, - John Jay. - His Excellency Geo. Clinton, Esq. - Governor of New York. - - - - - LETTER OF JAMES DUANE. - - * * * * * - - - Manor Livingston, 28th June 1778. -Sir - -I returned from Albany the middle of this month and intended in the -course of the present week to pay a visit to your Excellency principally -to give you a more minute detail than can well be done by letter, of the -state of our western frontier and the temper of the six nations. My -intentions are frustrated by a summons to attend the Commission of -Indian Affairs at Albany on an agreeable occasion. I firmly believe that -if we do not take vigorous and decisive measures with the six nations -they will in the course of this summer drive in a great part of the -inhabitants and do us injuries which it will take years to retrieve. -I have strongly inculcated this idea upon Congress in every letter since -I became thoroughly acquainted with Indian Affairs, and they have now -come to suitable resolutions on the subject. God grant that they may be -shown proper exertions and crowned with success. - -The dispatches which accompany this render it needless to be particular. - -Mrs. Duane joins me in respectful Compliments to Mrs. Clinton. She -continues very feeble, tho I flatter myself the malady has not yet -reached her vitals and that by exercise and the course of medicine she -is now in, her health may yet be re-established. - - I am with highest respect - Sir, - Your Excellency's most obed. - and very humble servant, - JAMES DUANE. - His Excellency Governor Clinton. - - - - - LETTER OF ISRAEL PUTNAM. - - * * * * * - - - Hartford, April 8th, 1778. -Dear Sir, - -I herewith send you Mr. Treland and Lieut. Griffith, both inhabitants -of your State, the latter is an officer in the new Levies, was taken -some time in August last, and since then has been exceeding busy, in -poisoning the minds of the inhabitants where he has been stationed. The -character of the former, I dare say your Excellancy is sufficiently -acquainted with. I have Lieut. Griffith in consequence of a Resolution -of Congress, making the Inhabitants of the States subject to trial by -the Civil Law and for his bad behavior since he has been Indulged with -a Parole. - -I arrived here yesterday and to-morrow proceed as to Gov. Trumball. - - I am, Dear Sir, - Your most Obed. Serv't, - Israel Putnam. - His Excellency, Gov. Clinton. - -P. S. The three pieces of heavy cannon which I mentioned to your -Excellency has arrived here, one of them went on three or four Days -since, the others will go in about two days. - - - - - Clinton Papers Furnished by Geo. Clinton Andrews, Esq. - of Tarrytown, N. Y. - - - - - LETTER OF GEORGE CLINTON. - - * * * * * - - - Fort Montgomery, 2d May 1777. -Sir, - -I wrote to Convention this morning inclosing the Proceedings of a -General Court Martial held at this place for the Trial of sundry -prisoners for Treason against the States. Since which so many others -have been sent to this Post charged with the same offense that the Guard -House can't contain them. I have therefore thought it advisable to send -those already tried to be confined in Livingston Gaol, together with -Cadwallader Coldon Esquire, who stands charged with the like offense as -will appear by the Examination of Jacob Davis taken before the Chairman -of the Committee of Shawangunk and now transmitted to you by Lieutenant -Rose, who has the care of the Prisoners. One of the Prisoners tells that -Doctor Ansson and one Low was left behind their party in the Clove near -Pysoryck at a little house there on Account of Low's being lame and the -Doctor to take care of him. They ought in my opinion to be hunted up -immediately. The Prisoners except Mr. Coldon, who are not yet tried, I -mean to keep confined at this Place for Trial. Mr. Coldon I have thought -best to send forward as it might not be prudent to keep him confined at -this Post for many Reasons. - - I am your - Most Obed. Serv't, - GEO. CLINTON. - To the President of the Convention of - the State of New York, - - - - - LETTER OF JAMES CLINTON. - - * * * * * - - - Albany, May 28th, 1779. -Sir, - -I have received yours of the 23rd Inst. General Ten Broeck hath -ascertained the Quota which each Regiment is to furnish for the -Continental and State Regiments, and Issued Orders for them to join in -one week after the Orders were issued. I believe the General has -endeavored to take every necessary step to supply the Deficiencies which -yet remain, Tho from the unavoidable delays of the officers of his -Brigade he hath met with much trouble, as I have seen I believe, every -letter he has received on the subject. - -I have ordered Capt. McKean to command all the drafts of Tryon County, -as I knew it was agreeable to all the Inhabitants of that part of the -Country, tho I did not know at the time I appointed him for this service -that you intended him to Command those drafts out of General Ten Broeck's -Brigade. I conceived Lieut. Smith was to be his Lieutenant. - -I have disposed of them in the following manner, to wit--Capt. McKean -and Lieut. Smith with all the drafts from Colonels Clock, Bellinger and -Gambles Regiments at Fort Dayton and a small Fort, eight miles higher -up the River. - -Lieut. Vrooman with those from Colonel Vesichus' Regiment at the Block -House at Sacandaga, where there are a Captain and and sixty men of -Colonel Dubois' Regiment. Those Drafts serve as Pilots. - -The drafts from Colonel Vrooman's Regiment at Schoharie with an officer -from the same Regiment, I have ordered to a Block House and Picqueted -Fort, which I ordered to be built last Winter at Cobus Kill. - -Those under Capt. Stockwell and a certain Lieut. Putnam, appointed by -Colonel McCrea, are ordered to take Post at Skeenesborough and Fort -Edwards. - -I should be glad to see Major Van Burnschooten with the drafts you -mention at this place. They might be disposed of to great advantage at -Schoharie, where they will be much wanted when the Continental troops -are ordered to March. - -Enclosed I send you a Copy of a Letter from Colonel Van Schaick which -contains all the news in this quarter. - - I am your - very humble servant, - James Clinton. - Gov. Clinton. - - - - - THE WILL OF CHARLES CLINTON. - - * * * * * - - -In the name of God, amen. I, Charles Clinton, of Little Brittain, in -the County of Ulster and Province of New York in America, being of sound -mind and memory, blessed be God, do this twenty-sixth day of March, in -the year of Our Lord One thousand seven hundred and Seventy one, make -and publish this my last Will and Testament in manner following (viz): -First I give and bequeath to my Eldest son Charles, my Negro Boys Robin -and Dublin, and I give and bequeath to him the sum of two hundred and -Thirty seven pounds, Current money of New York, to be paid to him out -of the money I have out at Interest, and I hereby authorize, impower and -appoint my Executors hereinafter named to divide a lot of land of mine, -Containing five hundred acres, lying on the West side of the Wallkill -(being part of a tract of land granted by letters Patent to Frederick -Morris and Samuel Heath) into two or three Lotts, as it may suit best -for Sale, and to sell the same and give a good Sufficient deed for it, -and I give and bequeath to my son Charles, four hundred and thirty-three -pounds New York Currency of the money arising by the sale of the said -land and I give and bequeath to my Son George the sum of two hundred -pounds, and to my son James the sum of Seventy pounds of the Price of -the said lands and if it shall or can be sold for any more, it is my -Will my son George shall have the over surplus it brings. Also I give -and Devise to my son James, his heirs and assigns forever, my farm -whereon I now dwell in Little Brittain in Ulster County, Containing two -hundred and fifteen acres, being part of a tract of two thousand acres -Granted by letters patent to Andrew Johnson, lying in the Southwesterly -Corner thereof. To have and to hold the said farm with all and singular -the Rights, members and appurtenances thereof to my said Son James, his -heirs and assigns forever, which farm I valued only at Seven hundred -pounds, to him, and I give to my said Son, my Negro boys David and -Isaac. And I give and bequeath to my Son George the sum of five hundred -and Seventy pounds of the money I have at Interest and whatever money -there shall be due to me at the time of my decease, either Interest or -principle, more than the Legacies above mentioned and what will pay the -quit Rent due for my Lands and my Just debts, I order it to be Equally -Divided between my said three sons and I give my Son George, my Negro -boys William and Samuel, my Negro Wench Lettice, I Intended to give to -my Daughter Catherine but she being then very Sickly and having no -Children, she Desired if she died before me, I should Leave her free -which I promised to do and a promise made at the Request of so dutiful -& affectionate a Child, who is now dead and Cannot Release me from it, -I think my Self sacredly obliged to perform. Therefore it is my Will -She shall be free and I hereby manumit her & make her free from Slavery -but so as to Exclude and utterly to Debar all and every person and -persons whatsoever from making any Covenant Bargain or agreement with -her to enslave or bind her for life or for any Number of years or to -use any other way or means to prevent or Defraud her of her time, -liberty or wages that she may honestly earn for her maintainance and -support. And I give and bequeath to my said three sons, Charles, James -and George, all my Stock of Cows, Sheep, Oxen and horses, my negro -Peter and my Wench Pegg or Margaret, and all my Crop of Grain on my -farm and all my Books and household furniture, except the furniture -hereafter mentioned, which I give to my Wife for her Room, and I leave -my farming utensils on my farm for my son James, to whom I have Given -my farm and it is my Will that my Said three Sons, Charles, James and -George, their Executors & administrators, Shall out of my Estate hereby -Given to them at their Equal Expense Decently Cloath, keep, maintain and -find fit attendance for my Wife Elizabeth, according to her Rank and -Station in life, and I leave her a good bed Curtains, bed-cloaths, -Sheets, Pillows and one of my small looking glasses, tea table and Some -Chairs for her Room, as she is now about Seventy four years of age and -is or Soon will be incapable to take Care of her Self, therefore It is -my Earnest Request that her sons may behave as they have always done in -a kind and dutiful and affectionate manner to her While She lives. I -give to my Grandson Charles Clinton Junior, my plate handled sword and -I give my Grandson Alexander Clinton my fusee or small gun I carried -when I was in the army, and I give to my Grandaughter Catherine Clinton, -(my Son George's daughter) my Largest looking glass. I give to my son -James all my mathematical Instruments. I give to my son James, my Clock -and I give to my son George, my watch, and I give to my Son Charles, my -Long Gun and my Desk as I have Given to each of my sons James and George -one hundred pounds by this will more than I have to my Son Charles. . . . -It is not done out of Partiality but for the following Reasons--When -his Brother Alexander died he was Seized in fee of a Good Improved farm. -Containing two hundred Acres; as he died Intestate, having no issue, -It fell to my Son Charles, he being his Eldest Brother and my Son -Charles' Education being more Expensive to me I thought it but Justice -to Make that Small amendment To their portions, which is far from making -them Equal to their Brother Charles. It is my Will I be buryed in the -Graveyard in my own farm, beside my Daughter Catherine and it is my Will -the said Graveyard be made four Rods Square and an open free Road to it -at all times, when it Shall be necessary and I nominate and appoint my -said three sons Charles, James and George, Executors of this my last -will, to see the same Executed accordingly and I order that my said -Executors procure a suitable stone to lay over my Grave, whereon I would -have the time of my death, my age and Coat of Arms cut. I hope they will -Indulge in this Last piece of vanity. - - Signed, Sealed, Published and - Declared in the presence of us, by - the said Charles Clinton, the testator - and for his last will, who - were present at the Signing and - Sealing thereof. - (The words "George the sum of - two hundred pounds and to my son" - being first Interlined, the - words "Devise to my Son James - his heirs" being wrote on an - erasure and a small erasure - made between the words "Charles" - and "It".) - CHAS. CLINTON (L. S.) - SAM'L SANDS. JEREMIAH WHITE. ARTHUR SMITH. - - - - -[Illustration: MEMORIAL MARKER AT HALFWAY BROOK, QUEENSBURY, N. Y.] - - - - - THE HALF-WAY BROOK IN HISTORY. - - * * * * * - - By James Austin Holden, A. B. - - * * * * * - - -In choosing as its first subject for a memorial marker "The Half-Way -Brook," the New York State Historical Association has made a dignified -and wise selection, for it may be truly said that no stream in the -Adirondack Wilderness is more noted in history and the Annals of the -Border, than this, whose appellation "Half-Way" comes from the fact that -it was nearly equidistant from Fort Edward on the south and Fort William -Henry on the north. Rising in the branch of the Palmertown range known -as the Luzerne Mountains, west of Glens Falls, running a crooked but -generally easterly and northerly course, now expanding into small lakes -or basins, now receiving the waters of numerous small tributaries, ponds -and rivulets, it divides the town of Queensbury into two parts, passes -the Kingsbury line, turns in a northerly direction, and empties into -Wood Creek at a point about three-quarters of a mile south from Battle -Hill, at Fort Ann, in Washington County. - -In the days before American history began, the region traversed by this -stream was a favorite hunting ground for the Red Man, and this water -course, even to-day famous for its speckled trout, was one of his chosen -pleasuring places. - -For more than two hundred years the great deep-worn warpaths or -traveling trails of the Indian Nations ran to and from its banks. And -whether the fleet, moccasined warriors went westward over the Sacandaga -trail to the big bend of the Hudson and so on to the Iroquois -strongholds, or whether they came to the "Great Carrying Place," at what -is now Fort Edward, through Lake Champlain and Wood Creek, or chose the -trip through Lake St. Sacrament past the site of the future Glens Falls, -down to Albany, or the west, all must cross this stream, which thus -became as familiar to the Adirondack and Iroquois Confederacies, as the -alphabet to us of to-day. This knowledge so gained was made ample use of -in later times in many a bloody ambush, surprise or savage foray. After -the defeat of Dieskau in 1755, and the building of Fort William Henry -at Lake George and Fort Edward at the "Great Carrying Place" the -"Half-Way Brook" became a point of strategic importance, and as a -halting place and rendezvous for the passing troops, and the convoys of -supplies between the two forts, it was noted throughout the northern -colonies, as long as the French and Indian war lasted. - -It was variously denominated by the military authorities during that -time. On an old manuscript map without date in the New York State -Library, it is noted as "Schoone Creek," while the Earl of Louden's map -in 1757 has it marked as "Fork's Creek." [FN-1] Rogers, the famous -scout and ranger, called it "Bloody Brook." In Col. James Montresor's -Journals, in 1757, it is styled "Half-Way Run." On the Robert Harpur -map, in the Secretary of State's office at Albany, it is called -"Scoune Creek," [FN-2] while Knox's Military Journal designated it as -"Seven Mile Creek," because it was seven miles from the head of the -lake. In Wilson's Orderly Book of Amherst's Expedition, in 1759, it is -laid down as "Shone Creek." [FN-2] - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] The name of "Fork Creek" was probably derived from the name - given it by Major General Fitz John Winthrop, who headed an - unsuccessful expedition against the Canadians and their Indian allies - in the summer of 1690. On August 6th, he states that "he encamped at - a branch of Wood Creak, called the fork." This is the place where the - "Half-Way" enters Wood Creek near Fort Ann. Here, while his command - was in camp, smallpox broke out, and a Lieut. Hubbell died from this - disease and was buried at that spot. Our Secretary, R. O. Bascom, in - his "Fort Edward Book," p. 15, states "this was the first recorded - burial in the country." - - [FN-2] Possibly a corruption of "Skene," from the founder of - Skenesborough. - - -On a "powder horn map" made by one John Taylor of "Swago" in 1765, there -is a block house clearly defined at "Helf Br" between Forts Edward and -George. [FN-1] On later maps such as the Sauthier map, published about -1778, and reproduced in the Seventh Volume of the Governor Clinton Papers, -[FN-2] it bears the a popular name of "Half-Way Brook," bestowed upon it -we know not by whom nor when, but which appearing in contemporary -diaries, documents, letters and official despatches of "The Seven Years -War," has ever since clung to it, and will while its waters run to the -sea. [FN-3] - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] The New York World of February 2d, 1896, had a sketch of this - powder horn, which, at that time, was in the museum of Major Frank - A. Betts, Washington, D. C. This rudely engraved map shows the various - forts and settlements along the Mohawk and Hudson valleys, and depicts - the trails to Lakes George and Champlain on the one side and to Lake - Ontario on the other. - - [FN-2] Letter Hon. Hugh Hastings, State Historian. - - [FN-3] C. Johnson's History of Washington County (pub. Phila., 1878) - states that the "Half-Way Brook" was also known as "Clear River"--p. - 301. The U. S. Geological Survey, in its map of this section of New - York State, published about 1895, has labeled the brook as "Half-Way - Creek," which, while it may be technically correct, will never be - recognized in local usage or by faithful historians. - - -It will be remembered that in the Campaign of 1755, Sir William Johnson -had constructed a corduroy road from Fort Edward to Lake George, -following substantially the present highway between the two points. Cut -through the dark and gloomy virgin forest, with its overhang of -interlaced pine and evergreen boughs, its thickets of dense underbrush, -the road led through swamps, over rivulets, over sandy knolls, and -primal rocky hills to the head of the lake. On every side was leafy -covert or rugged eminence, suitable for ambuscade or hiding-place of -savage foe, or hardly less savage Canadian or French regular. Every rod -of ground on this road is stained with the blood of the English, the -Colonists, and their Indian allies, or that of their fierce, implacable -enemies. Hardly a mile but what has its story of massacre, surprise, -murder, deeds of daring and heroism, or of duty performed under horrible -and heartrending circumstances. - -In order to protect the road, as well as afford a resting place for -soldiers and teamsters, and to supply a needed depot for military stores -and provisions, the late Dr. A. W. Holden [FN] in his History of -Queensbury, says: "At an early period in the French War, a block house -and stockaded enclosure, in which were also several store houses, had -been erected at the Half-Way Brook. The date of its construction would -seem to have been in 1755, for in that year the French scouts and -runners, reported to their chief that the English had erected posts -every two leagues from the head of Lake George to Albany. It was -situated on the north side of the brook, and to the west of the plank -road leading to the head of Lake George. The old military road led -across the brook about four rods above the present crossing. A part of -the old abutments, timbers and causeway were visible up to the late -seventies. It was capable of accommodating upwards of eight hundred men, -and was protected by redoubts, rifle pits, earthworks, and a palisade -of hewn timbers." - - * * * * * - - [FN] The Historian of the Town of Queensbury, N. Y. - - -The walls of the fort were pierced for cannon as well as for rifles, or -muskets. In passing it may be said that from time to time, this, like -all similar frontier forts of the time, was enlarged, strengthened, -abandoned, destroyed, rebuilt, as the exigencies of military service -made it necessary, but the site remained the same. This was near the -rear, and to the westward of the brick residence now occupied by William -H. Parker. Continuing Dr. Holden says: - - "During the summer of 1756, a force of six hundred Canadians and - Indians attacked a baggage and provision train at the Half-Way Brook, - while on its way from Fort Edward to the garrison at Fort William - Henry. - - "The oxen were slaughtered, the convoy mostly killed and scalped, and - the wagons plundered of their goods and stores. Heavily laden with - booty, the marauding party commenced its retreat towards South Bay on - Lake Champlain. Embarking in batteaux they were proceeding leisurely - down the lake when they were overtaken by a party of one hundred - rangers under the command of Captains Putnam and Rogers. These latter - had with them two small pieces of artillery, and two blunderbusses, - and at the narrows, about eight miles north of Whitehall, they crossed - over from Lake George, and succeeded in sinking several of the enemy's - boats, and killing several of the oarsmen. A heavy south wind favored - the escape of the remainder." [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] Wm. Cutter's Life of Israel Putnam, p. 60; Dr. Asa Fitch in Trans - N. Y. S. Agri. Soc'y, 1848, pp. 916-917; Spark's Am. Biog., Vol. 8, - p. 119. - - -During this summer several bloody affrays took place between Fort -Edward and Lake George, and the French accounts are full of successful -raids and surprises. - -In 1757 Col. James Montresor [FN] was sent to America as head of the -Engineer corps of His Majesty's forces. He drew the plans for and -constructed several fortifications in New York Province. In his journal -under date of Monday, July 25th, he says: "Set out from Ft. Edward at -6 o'clock in the morning and arrived in the afternoon. Stopt at the -Half-Way Run, agreed on a post there on the south side of the Run on -the east of the Road about 50 Yards." Under date of Friday, July 29th, -he writes: "Set out for Fort Wm. Henry at 12 o'clock with Gen'l Webb -&c, arrived at the Half-Way at 3, met the carpenter going up that I had -sent for, to carry on the work there." It does not appear, however, that -anything was done with this fortification on account of Montcalm's -victory a few weeks later. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Col. Montresor, who served in America from 1757 until 1760, makes - several allusions to the "Half-Way" in his Journals covering that - period. - - -The Campaign of 1757 teemed with scenes of bloodshed along the frontier, -and the history of the Fort Edward and Lake George trail abounds with -sad tales of atrocity and savagery, culminating in the successful attack -of Montcalm on Fort William Henry, and followed by the terrible massacre -which, whether rightfully or wrongfully, tarnished forever the -reputation of that noted and able commander. Of the few who escaped it -is on record that Col. (afterwards General) Jacob Bayley of New -Hampshire, ran the gauntlet and escaped by fleeing bare-footed for seven -miles through the woods to the "Half-Way Brook." - - "Six days afterwards," Dr. Holden says, "Captain de Poulharies of the - Royal Rousillon regiment, with an escort of two hundred and fifty - soldiers, accompanied the survivors of the massacre, upwards of four - hundred, with the one piece of cannon, a six pounder, granted by the - ninth article of capitulation, as a token of the Marquis de Montcalm's - esteem for Lieutenant Colonel Monro and his garrison, on account of - their honorable defense, to the post at the Half-Way Brook, where they - met a like detachment from the garrison at Fort Edward, sent by General - Webb to receive them." - -From records kept by officers and other documents, we learn that the -"Half-Way" [FN] was usually designated through this war as the meeting -place for white flag parties and exchange of prisoners. - - * * * * * - - [FN] This is the generally accepted local usage of the name. - - -After the fall of Fort William Henry, the northern outposts of the -British were abandoned, and the frontier left open to the ravages and -raids of the savages and the Canadians. - -March 10th, 1758, Major Robert Rogers, the Ranger, with about one -hundred and eighty rangers, officers and privates, camped at the -"Half-Way," the first considerable body of men to occupy it in the -campaign of that year. From here he proceeded down Lake George, meeting -with disaster and defeat at the hands of seven hundred of the enemy, -three days afterward. - -June 8th, 1758, Lord Howe, the pride and idol of the army and his -nation, a nobleman by birth and nature, took command of the forces, -which for weeks had been gathering at Ford Edward. On June 20th we find -him at the "Half-Way Brook" with three thousand men. It is supposed that -this body of soldiers camped on what is still known as the "Garrison -Grounds," situated on the south bank of the "Half-Way Brook," and about -midway between the old Champlin place and DeLong's brickyard. A branch -road led from the "Garrison Grounds" to the block house (back of the -Parker residence) and crossed the brook a little way below the present -highway bridge. This was the spot selected for a "post" by Col. -Montresor the year before, and partially laid out at that time. Here -for two days Lord Howe remained, until he received reports from Major -Rogers and his scouts of the disposition of the enemy's forces. We can -imagine him as usual engaged in the rough frontier sports of wrestling, -jumping, shooting at a mark, and the like; instructing the regulars in -ranger and New World tactics, and proving himself in every way the -leading spirit and good genius of the camp. Here no doubt he met Stark, -Putnam and other Colonials who later were to be leaders in the war for -liberty. On the 22nd this part of the army moved to the lake, and was -shortly joined by General Abercrombie and the rest of the troops, making -a grand army of fifteen thousand, which was soon to go to disaster and -defeat before the rude earth breastworks and felled trees at -Ticonderoga, Abercrombie's defeat occurred July 8th, 1758, and he -quickly returned to the head of the lake and strongly entrenched his -forces for the balance of the season. - -A number of diaries and journals of the New Englanders [FN] in the -Campaign have been preserved and published, and from these, although -brief and illiterate in form, we gain an excellent idea of the events -of that period. The Colonial soldiery, looked down upon by the British -officers, were forced to perform the drudgery and manual labor necessary -in building and fortifying the camp, constructing its ditches and -breastworks, and throwing up its defenses. Incidentally it may be said, -it was the contemptuous treatment accorded the New England troops in -this and succeeding campaigns, which made the people of that section so -ready to throw off the British yoke later on. When not doing this work -they were compelled to act as wagoners, drivers, carpenters, road -makers, and the like. These various diaries speak in many places of work -of this menial character (for which these men had not enlisted, and -apparently did not care for), at and about "Half-Way Brook." General -Putnam in his Journal says, "During our stay at the lake, after our -return from Ticonderoga, we were employed in almost everything." The -Journal of an unknown Provincial Officer (see note), says, under date -of July 15th, "Nothing worth notice this day but working and duty came -on harder by orders from head-quarters." Both these journals mention a -"Sunday off" from work as a great treat and a rarity. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Among these may be mentioned the Journals of Rufus Putnam, cousin - of Israel Putnam, and afterwards a Revolutionary General; the "Diary of - Lieut. Samuel Thompson, of Woburn, Mass." (for which I am indebted to - Dr. Sherman Williams, of Glens Falls); the Journal of an Unknown - Provincial Officer in Col. Preble's Regiment of Massachusetts; "The - Memoirs of John Stark," and "Rogers' Journals." - - -From the 25th of May until the 22nd of October, when the fortifications -were dismantled and abandoned by General Abercrombie at the head of the -lake, Lieut. Thompson, according to his diary, was on constant duty, -either at the "Half-Way Brook" with a picquet guard, or at the lake. The -daily life and work of the soldiers is given in his diary in detail. It -also gives the names of a number of people who died from disease and -were buried at the "Half-Way Brook." He describes the return of the -English and Colonials from Ticonderoga, and under date of July 8th, -being at the head of the lake that day, there is the following entry in -his book: - -"Saturday, Post came from the Narrows; and they brought Lord How to ye -Fort, who was slain at their landing; and in ye afternoon there came -in 100 and odd men, French prisoners into the Fort." These were Langy's -men captured at the fatal Trout Brook skirmish. - -This testimony by an eye witness would go far to disprove the theory of -recent times, that Lord Howe's remains had been discovered at Trout -Brook; and it tends to confirm the statements of older historians, that -his remains were probably taken to Albany for burial. - -On July 20th occurred one of the many skirmishes for which the "Half-Way -Brook" is noted. One of the several scouting parties sent out by -Montcalm to attack and harass the soldiers and convoys on the "Lidius" -(Fort Edward) road and to take scalps and provisions, made one of their -usual hawk-like descents, falling upon Col. Nichol's regiment, then -quartered at the "Half-Way Brook" block house. Pouchet says, the -detachment, five hundred in number, was made up of Canadians and -Indians, commanded by M. de Courte-Manche, and that it succeeded in -taking twenty-four scalps and making ten prisoners. Only the Indians' -impatience prevented a complete massacre of the troops in the block -house. Regarding this affray I quote the following in full from the -Thompson Diary, as it gives the names of the officers and men killed in -this skirmish. - - - -[Illustration: Panoramic View of Half-Way Brook] - - - - "20--Thursday, in the morning, 10 men in a scout waylaid by the Indians - and shot at and alarmed the Fort, and a number of our men went out to - assist them, and the enemy followed our men down to our Fort, and in - their retreat, Capt. Jones and Lieut. Godfrey were killed, and Capt. - Lawrence and Capt. Dakin, and Lieut, Curtis and Ensn. Davis, and two - or three non-commissioned officers and privates, to the number of - fourteen men, who were brought into the Fort, all scalped but Ensn. - Davis, who was killed within 20 or 30 rods from the Fort; and there was - one grave dug, and all of them were buried together, the officers by - themselves at one end, and the rest at the other end of the grave; and - Mr. Morrill made a prayer at the grave, and it was a solemn funeral; - and Nath. Eaton died in the Fort and was buried; and we kept a very - strong guard that night of 100 men. Haggit (and) William Coggin - wounded. - - "A list of Men's Names that were killed in this fight: - - "Capt. Ebenezer Jones of Washington (of diarist's company). - Capt. (Samuell) Dakin of Sudbury. - Lieut. Samuel Curtice of Ditto (Curtis). - Private (William) Grout of do. - Lieut. Simon Godfrey of Billerica (of diarists Company). - Capt. (Thomas) Lawrence of Groton. - Corp. ____ Gould of Groton Gore. - Private Abel Satle (Sawtell) of Groton. - Private Eleazer Eames of Groton. - Do. Stephen Foster Do. - Serg. Oliver Wright, Westford. - Private Simon Wheeler Do. - Ensn. ____ Davis of Metheun. - Sergt. ____ Russell of Concord. - Private Abraham Harden (Harnden?) of Pembroke. - Private Payson, of Rowley. - Private (Jonathan) Patterson, of Sudbury. - - "We have also an account that there are seven of our men carried into - Ticonderoga, which make up the number of those that were missing. - - "21--Friday, in ye afternoon, a party of about 150 went out to find - more men that were missing, and we found 4 men who were scalped, and - we buried them, and so returned; and at prayer this evening we were - alarmed by a false outcry. Nicholas Brown died and was buried; and - Moses Haggit died." - -This account thus corroborates in detail the French official dispatches -and Pouchet's description of the attack. - -Under date of Friday, July 28th, Lieut. Thompson, who that day had been -down towards the Narrows, "to peal bark for to make camp," returned to -Lake George and says: "In the evening there came news that the Indians -had killed a number of teams and their guard below ye Halfway Brook, and -there was a scout fitting to go after them." - -As this massacre to which the Thompson Diary so briefly refers, is -probably the most important event which took place at the "Half-Way -Brook," we quote fully from Holden's History of Queensbury, concerning -it: - - "On Thursday the twenty-seventh of July, a detachment of four hundred - men, consisting of Canadians and Indians, under the command of M. St. - de Luc la Corne, a French-Colonial officer, attacked an English force - of one hundred and fifty men consisting of teamsters and an escort of - soldiers, while on their way from the station at the Half-Way Brook, - to the Camp at the head of the lake. The account here given is as - nearly as can be remembered in the language of a Mr. Jones of - Connecticut, who was a member of Putnam's company which arrived on the - ground soon after the affray took place. In the year 1822 he related - the circumstances as here recorded, to the late Herman Peck of Glens - Falls, while on a visit to Connecticut. It is from Mr. Peck that I - obtained the narrative, which corresponds so completely with the French - version of the affair that there can be no question whatever as to its - general accuracy and reliability. - - "A baggage train of sixty carts, loaded with flour, pork, wine, rum, - etc., each cart drawn by two to three yoke of oxen, accompanied by an - unusually large escort of troops, was despatched from Fort Edward to - the head of Lake George to supply the troops of General Abercrombie, - who lay encamped at that point. This party halted for the night at the - stockade post at the Half-Way Brook. As they resumed their march in the - morning, and before the escort had fairly cleared the picketed - enclosure, they were suddenly attacked by a large party of French and - Indians which laid concealed in the thick bushes and reeds that - bordered the stream, and lined the road on both sides, along the low - lands between the block house and the Blind rock. - - "The night previously to this ambuscade and slaughter, Putnam's Company - of rangers having been to the lake to secure supplies, encamped at the - flats near the southern spur of the French mountain. In the early - morning they were aroused from their slumbers by the sound of heavy - firing in a southerly direction, and rolling up their blankets they - sprang to their arms and hastened rapidly forward to the scene of - action, a distance of about four miles. They arrived only in time to - find the slaughtered carcasses of some two hundred and fifty oxen, the - mangled remains of the soldiers, women and teamsters, and the broken - fragments of the two wheeled carts, which constituted in that primitive - age the sole mode of inland transportation. - - "The provisions and stores had been plundered and destroyed. Among the - supplies was a large number of boxes of chocolate which had been broken - open and their contents strewed upon the ground, which dissolving in - the fervid heat of the summer sun, mingled with the pools and rivulets - of blood forming a sickening and revolting spectacle. The convoy had - been ambushed and attacked immediately after leaving the protection of - the stockade post, and the massacre took place upon the flats, between - the Half-Way Brook, and the Blind rock, or what is more commonly known - at the present day as the Miller place. - - "Putnam with his command, took the trail of the marauders, which soon - became strewed with fragments of plunder dropped by the rapidly - retreating savages, who succeeded in making their escape, with but - little loss of life. The Provincials unable to catch up with the - savages, returned immediately to the scene of the butchery, where they - found a company from Fort Edward engaged in preparing a trench for the - interment of the dead. - - "Over one hundred of the soldiers composing the escort were slain, many - of whom were recognized as officers, from their uniforms, consisting in - part of red velvet breeches. The corpses of twelve females were mingled - with the dead bodies of the soldiery. All the teamsters were supposed - to have been killed. While the work of burial was going forward the - rangers occupied themselves in searching the trails leading through the - dense underbrush and tangled briars which covered the swampy plains. - Several of the dead were by this means added to the already large - number of the slain. On the side of one of these trails, the narrator - of these events found the corpse of a woman which had been exposed to - the most barbarous indignities and mutilations, and fastened in an - upright position to a sapling which had been bent over for the purpose. - All of the bodies had been scalped, and most of them mangled in a - horrible manner. - - "One of the oxen had no other injury, than to have one of its horns cut - off. This they were obliged to kill. Another ox had been regularly - scalped. This animal was afterwards driven to the lake, where it - immediately became an object of sympathy and attention of the whole - army. By careful attendance and nursing, the wound healed in the course - of the season. In the fall the animal was driven down to the farm of - Col. Schuyler, near Albany, and the following year was shipped to - England as a curiosity. Far and wide it was known as 'the scalped ox.' - The bodies of the dead were buried in a trench near the scene of the - massacre, a few rods east of the picketed enclosure. - - "The French version of the affair, states the oxen were killed, the - carts burned, the property pillaged by the Indians, the barrels of - liquor destroyed, one hundred and ten scalps secured, and eighty-four - prisoners taken; of these twelve were women and girls. The escort which - was defeated consisted of forty men commanded by a lieutenant who was - taken. The remainder of the men who were killed or taken prisoners - consisted of wagoners, sutlers, traders, women and children." - -The loss of this convoy was keenly felt by the English. General -Abercrombie lost some baggage and effects, and, according to the French -reports, his music as well. He, as soon as possible, sent Rogers and his -body of Rangers across country to try and intercept the marauders before -they reached Lake Champlain. Rogers was too late to accomplish his -purpose, and on his way back he fell into an ambush near Fort Ann, about -a mile from "Clear River" (or the Half-Way), on August 8th, and was -badly defeated by M. Marin and his force of three hundred Regulars, -Canadians and Indians. In this fight, Israel Putnam was taken prisoner, -but was later released from captivity through the intercession of Col. -Schuyler. [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] For other and corroboratory original accounts of the attacks of - July 20th and 27th see French despatches in Col. Doc. N. Y., Vol. X, - pp. 750, 816, 817, 849, 850, and English reports in Watson's Essex, - pp. 96, 97; Pouchot's Memoirs, Vol. I, p. 123; Rogers' Journals, p. - 117; Putnam's Journals, pp. 72-73; Sewall's Wobum, Mass., pp. 550, 551, - 552, 553; Dawson's Hist. Mag, Aug., 1871, pp. 117, 118; Cutter's - Putnam, pp. 96, 97; Stark's Memoirs, pp. 26, 436. These accounts differ - some in details but are alike in essentials. - - -This massacre was the cause of a permanent guard of about eight hundred -men being stationed at the "Half-Way Brook," which is referred to in the -Thompson Diary under date of August 1st, he being one of the eighty out -of Col. Nichol's regiment who were ordered on duty at that spot. And -from that time until the close of the campaign late in the fall, the -road between Lake George and the "Half-Way Brook," and Fort Edward and -the same point, was constantly patrolled by detachments from the two -forts, practically putting an end to further assaults and surprises. - -The diaries of those days show that, as yet, the temperance idea half a -century or so afterward to arise in this locality, had no place among -the hard drinking, hard swearing, and hard fighting men of that period, -as these extracts from the Thompson Journal prove: - - "August 28, Monday: Certified that Cape Breton was taken, and 63 cannon - shot at Fort Edward and small arms. In joy we made a great fire, and - every soldier had a jill of Rum at the Half Way Brook; and it was a - very rainy night. - - "August 29, Tuesday: 140 of us went and made a breastwork; and we had - a jill of rum; and we had a remarkable drink of flip this evening; a - very cold night. - - "Sept. 5, Tuesday: I on guard; and we earned half a jill of rum by - making great many bonfires." - -This diary tells of one more attack, which seems to have escaped the -notice of other historians, and is therefore inserted at this point. -Under date of Sept. 9th, it says: - - "Saturday: the picquet guard went to meet the teams; a Sargeant and - four men went forward to tell Half Way Brook guard that the picquet was - coming; and the Indians shot the Sergeant and scalped him before one - man got to him; and then the Indians ran away." [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] In passing we may say that Lieut. Thompson returned home safely, - served at Concord and Lexington, and, his biographer says, finally - "became one of the most useful men in the Town of Woburn." To him is - attributed the discovery of the "Baldwin Apple," and a monument - commemorating this gift to mankind, has been erected to his memory, - making applicable in peculiar fashion Milton's lines, "Peace hath her - victories no less renowned than war." - - -With the close of the Abercrombie Campaign, and the abandonment of -headquarters at Lake George, Fort Edward became once more the northern -outpost of Colonial civilization. [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] General Abercrombie, according to documents in William L. Stone's - possession, also spelled his name "Abercromby." Montresor spells it - with a "y," but leading American historians use the termination "ie." - - -In 1759, Sir Geoffrey Amherst was made Commander-in-Chief of the English -forces in America. He was a brave, able, but perhaps over-conservative -general, since after his easy victory over Montcalm's forces, he -occupied himself more in fort building than in active operations of -warfare, and in following up advantages gained. During this campaign -the "Half-Way Brook" post was first occupied in March, 1759, by Rogers, -the Ranger (with his scouting party of three hundred and fifty-eight -men, including officers), who was starting out to go down Lake George -on the ice on one of his usual disastrous spying expeditions. In the -month of May, troops and new levies were beginning to assemble at -Albany, under General Amherst's supervision. While they were being -drilled, detachments of the regular forces were being sent forward to -Fort Edward. Meanwhile, Colonel James Montresor, Engineer-in-Chief, had -been charged with the duty of drawing up plans for fortifications at -Lake George, and along the line of march. Accordingly Major West, of -his Majesty's troops, with laborers and mechanics, was sent forward to -construct an intermediate post between Fort Edward and the lake. A site -was chosen near the former "Garrison Grounds," on the south bank of the -"Half Way," and a few rods east of the old military road. A stockaded -fortress was erected, surrounded on three of its sides by a ditch and -counterscarp; while the rear was protected by an impassable swamp (now -covered by the Brick Kiln Pond), which at that period existed at that -point. This fortification was given the name of Fort Amherst, in honor -of the then Commander. - -Major West was placed in charge of the small garrison, and the post was -equipped with artillery and the necessary supplies and ammunition. A -number of huts, barracks and log structures were also built here at this -time (whose sites were easily traceable in the early thirties), some of -which were in existence at the beginning of the Revolutionary War, and -were used by the pioneers of Queensbury, as well as the American forces -later on. - -Local tradition also has it that the block house on the opposite side of -the brook, was then rebuilt, enlarged and strengthened. On some old maps -Fort Amherst is laid down as on the site of the old block house, but -this is incorrect. - -In passing the writer wishes to state that the committee in charge of -the erection of the memorial tablets, have chosen to give the block -house, back of the Parker residence, the name of "The Seven Mile Post," -applied to it in Knox's Military Journal under date of June 28, 1759, -and to the fort on the "brickyard road," now called Glenwood Avenue, the -name of "Fort Amherst." The remains of the ditches on this road were in -evidence up to the early seventies, but in building up and remaking the -highway at that point, they were covered over and no vestiges of them -now remain. - -General Rufus Putnam, at that time orderly sergeant, during the month of -June, 1759, describes in his Journal the forwarding of the troops and -supplies from Albany, as far as Fort Edward, where he encamped until the -18th, when the regiment with which he was connected, was marched to the -"Half-Way Brook," where they were occupied in making roads and keeping -the highway secure for the passage of troops and supplies. Under the -dates of July 1st and 4th he writes the following, which is an epitome -of the events going on at that time: - - "From the time that we came to this place till now, nothing remarkable; - but bateaux, cannon and all kinds of stores carrying up, forces - marching daily to the Lake and duty exceeding hard. - - "The Artillery was carried from Fort Edward to Lake George and was - guarded by Col. Willard's Regiment of the Massachusetts. There was - carried up 1062 barrels of powder. Col. Montgomery's Regiment marched - up as a guard for the Artillery." - -Towards the close of June the army, amounting to six thousand men, came -up to the "Half-Way," and headed by Rogers' Rangers, marched northward, -"formed in two columns," to the head of Lake George, where they pitched -their camp, near the ground occupied by Abercrombie the year before. The -captures of Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point, late in July, and the -subsequent surrender of Quebec, brought in a great degree, a peace, -quiet and safety to the northern frontier to which it had long been a -stranger. [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] According to the Montresor Journals, the "Half-Way Post was - occupied by small detachments of guards as late as November, 1759, when - the various northern outposts were abandoned as usual, and troops - withdrawn for the winter." - - -Some time between 1759 and 1762, at the period following the conquest of -Canada, General Amherst granted a permit to one Geoffrey "Cooper," or -Cowper, as his name is spelled in Colonel Montresor's Journal, to whom -he was a sort of messenger or servant, to occupy the small post at -"Half-Way Brook," between Fort Edward and Lake George, for the -preservation of the barracks, etc., that had been erected there, and for -the convenience of travelers. General Amherst, according to his -despatches, deemed it unnecessary after the reduction of Canada, to -leave a garrison at that post. This Cowper was probably the first white -inhabitant of the town of Queensbury. According to tradition, he was -originally a seafaring man. He resided here several years, and, in the -town records, his name appears as having been elected to the office of -Assessor at the first town meeting held 1766. - -Hardly had the sounds of warfare died away, than the pioneer's ax and -saw were heard resounding among the yellow pines in this vicinity, as -clearings were made and homesteads started. - -In September, 1759, James DeLancey, Governor of the Colony of New York, -issued a proclamation calling attention to the availability for settlers -of "three Several Spotts of cleared Ground, two of them capable of -containing half a dozen Families each and the other not less than -twelve." These clearings were located on the site of the picket forts -at Green's Bridge, where the Imperial Wall Paper Mill now stands, at -the "Half-Way Brook," which was the largest one, and near the Half-Way -House, French Mountain (site of old Fort Williams). - -In response to this invitation to settle in the northern wilderness, on -May 20, 1762, the Patent of Queensbury was granted to Daniel Prindle -and others, consisting of a township of twenty-three thousand acres of -land lying on the Hudson River and taking in the three clearings -heretofore mentioned. Part of this property was acquired by certain -Quakers or Friends, living at the Oblong, in Dutchess County, New York. - -On August 28, 1762, Abraham Wing, the founder of the town of Queensbury, -accompanied by a surveyor, Zaccheus Towner, made his first visit to the -place which was thereafter to become the scene of his life work. He -stopped at the "Half-Way Brook" post with Jeffrey Cowper. At this time -"The Town Plot," in the center of which the memorial marker now stands, -was surveyed and laid out. This consisted of a plot of forty-four ten -acre lots, six lots deep from north to south, and eight lots deep from -east to west, forming an oblong square, intersected by central highways -and necessary roads. The center lots being reserved for public -buildings. Here, the village was to have been located, but it had been -ordained otherwise. The settlement was made at "The Falls," and nothing -but the name in legal papers now survives to show that this was once -intended to be the center of local population. - -In 1763 the first attempt was made towards the permanent settlement of -the Town of Queensbury; later on the first religious structure in the -town, the original Friends' church, was erected of logs on the lot -standing on the southwesterly side of the "Half-Way Brook," on the Bay -road, and here, also, was located the first burial place in Queensbury. -Here the founders and earliest settlers of the town were laid to rest, -their place of sepulture being to-day unmarked and unknown. - -During the Revolution the name of the "Half-Way Brook" appears in the -lime-light of history but a few times, although the buildings still -standing there were doubtless used by the troops passing to and fro -between Lake George and Fort Edward, till the time of the Burgoyne -Campaign. There, too, was located a ford for watering horses and cattle, -which was in use up to the present century. - -According to William L. Stone, the well-known historical writer and -authority, General Burgoyne detached Baron Riedesel with three -battalions to "John's Farm between Forts George and Edward," in order -to keep open the roadway between the two places, and also to look after -and progress the provisions, stores and supplies from Lake George to -Fort Edward, preparatory to Burgoyne's advance south. In Baron -Riedesel's Memoirs, he states that "in that place he was completely cut -off from the army, so he entrenched himself in a strongly fortified camp -so that he might be able to defend himself to the last man." - -The place of his encampment has been quite definitely fixed by Dr. -Holden, Mr. Stone and the late Judge William Hay, one of the best of -authorities on local matters, as having been on the site of the old -"Half-Way" block house, heretofore spoken of, on the north of the brook -and the fortified camp at the "Garrison Grounds" on the opposite or -south side of the stream. Here they remained until the 11th of -September, when the camp was broken up and the march southward begun. - -After the seizure of Fort Edward by General Stark and his command, a -fortified camp commanding the Lake George road was constructed by the -Americans in the vicinity of Glens Falls, cutting off the possibility -of a retreat by Burgoyne to the northward. William L. Stone, in his -"Burgoyne's Campaign," says: "This was located on the site of Fort -Amherst." The Marquis de Chastelleux in his travels also speaks of this -camp as follows: "On leaving the valley and pursuing the road to Lake -George is a tolerable military position which was occupied in the war -before last. It is a sort of an entrenched camp, adapted to abatis, -guarding the passage from the woods and commanding the valleys." [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] Stone's Burgoyne, pp. 92, 343, 344. - - -Assuming that this was the spot in question, the "Half-Way Brook" post -was a factor in bringing on the surrender at Saratoga, for Burgoyne's -Council of War, held Oct. 13, 1777, on being informed "that the enemy -was entrenched at the fords of Fort Edward and likewise occupied the -strong position on the Pine Plains between Fort George and Fort Edward," -decided a retreat was impossible and an honorable capitulation should be -considered. - -According to Art. IX of the Saratoga "Convention," "All Canadians and -persons connected with the Canadian Establishment," "Independent -Companies" (which included the Tories) and miscellaneous followers of -the army were to be conducted by the shortest route to the first British -post on Lake George, under the same conditions of surrender as the -regular troops. Pursuant to this agreement, soon after the capitulation -on the morning of October 17th, the defeated Royalists, under escort of -a guard of American soldiers, were marched to the "Half-Way Brook" on -their way to Canada, and from there allowed to pursue their journey to -their homes unmolested. [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] Public Papers Gov. George Clinton, Vol. IX, pp. 421, 422. - - -During 1780, the old military road was infested with roving bands of -Tories and Indians. The last massacre of which history has record -occurred in June or July of this year, when a man by the name of Koon, -from Kingsbury, and three laborers, on their way to Fort George, were -found dead and scalped on the highway near the "Half-Way Brook." [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] Holden's Queensbury, p. 477. - - -In the fall of 1780, Major Christopher Carleton of the 29th Regiment, -with about twelve hundred men, regulars, Tories and Indians, made his -historic raid through Kingsbury and Queensbury, capturing Fort Ann on -the 10th of October, and Fort George on the following day. At this time, -all the buildings and structures in Kingsbury and Queensbury, in the -path of the raid, were destroyed by fire by the enemy, causing 1780 to -go down in local annals as "the year of the great burning." - -In order to speedily reach Fort George, Major Carleton led his forces -from Kingsbury Street directly across country, through the then existing -road [FN] entering the Lake George highway near the "Half-Way Brook" -post. Thus intimately connecting this spot once more with the stirring -events of that time. - - * * * * * - - [FN] See Gov. Tryon's Map Vol., Doc. Hist. N. Y., also Holden's Hist. - Queensbury, page 479. - - -Holden's History of Queensbury states that Ichabod Merritt, son-in-law -of Abraham Wing, the founder, and father of Joseph, the first white -child born in this town, erected the first frame house in Queensbury, -on one of the sections of the Town Plot, near the "Half-Way Brook," -which was burned at this time. - -Connected in a way with the history of the "Half-Way Brook," is the -battle which took place at Fort Ann July 8, 1777, between the Americans -under Colonel Long and the 9th British Regiment of Burgoyne's army. The -scene of this affair is located only three-quarters of a mile from the -point where the "Half-Way Brook" enters Wood Creek at Fort Ann village, -and the semi-successful fight put up by Long's forces, was one of the -first serious interferences which Burgoyne received in his plan of -campaign. [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] One of the Trustees of this Association, E. J. West, informs me - that in 1858 William Welles erected a marble monument on the south end - of Battle Hill to commemorate this battle. This was destroyed by an act - of vandalism about 1870. Lately the Fort Ann "Grange" has set on foot - a project to erect another monument in place of the former marker. It - would seem to be proper and fitting for this Association to encourage - and forward this movement in every possible way. - - -After this period the name of the "Half-Way Brook" practically -disappears from the domain of national history and enters the field -occupied by the local historian. [FN-1] In August, 1783, while on a -journey of inspection of the northern battlefields and fortifications -at Saratoga, Fort Edward, Lake George, Ticonderoga and Crown Point, -[FN-2] General Washington, accompanied by Governor Clinton, General -Alexander Hamilton, Colonels Humphreys and Fish, halted for rest and -refreshment at the "Butler Brook," one of the branches of the -"Half-Way," near the entrance to Crandall Park, and were waited on by -one Briggs at work in a neighboring field, who brought a cup and pail -and supplied water from the brook to satisfy their thirst. Two other -future Presidents of our country, Jefferson and Madison, likewise passed -through the town in 1791 to visit the many scenes of historic interest -at the north. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Topographically, the "Half-Way Brook" in any State but New York, - with its abundant streams and superior water power, would be entitled - to and receive the name of river. Owing to its size and the large - territory which it traverses, it was in the early days of the country, - of great service commercially in building up this section of the State. - Among the more important of the older enterprises on its banks was - Forbes and Johnson's Forge in 1811, for making plough-shares, situated - on the Forge Pond, an expansion of the "Half-Way," one and a half miles - west of Glens Falls; Jeremiah Briggs' Grist and Saw Mills, at what is - now the Brickyard, frequented from far and near, in the early part of - the century; Champln's Tannery near the south bank on the Lake George - road, and various saw mills, a woolen mill, and other manufacturies - which were scattered all along the course of the brook and its - tributaries, viz., Rocky Brook, the Meadow Run, what was then called - "the Outlet" to the "Big Pond" (now Glen Lake), etc. It was of even - greater commercial importance in the towns of Kingsbury and Fort Ann, - Washington County, than in Warren County. Here, sixty years ago, were - located at Patten's Mills, grist and saw mills; at Tripoli, grist and - saw mills, a carding machine and trip hammer for making anchors and - sleigh shoes; and at Kanes Falls, near Fort Ann, with a descent of - seventy-five feet, saw and grist mills, a machine shop and carding - machine. On the Podunk branch of the "Half-Way" was located - Anchorville, where there was a saw mill, plaster mill, clover seed - mill, some carding machines, a large tannery, three forges and anchor - shops. In later times there was situated at Kanes Falls a silex mill, - also a woolen mill. The abundant water power at this place has in - these latter days, been made use of by the Kanes Falls Pulp Company, - for the manufacture of that commodity. At the present time the - principal business enterprises on the "Half-Way" in Warren County, are - extensive brick yards, about a mile from the site of the old fort, - three saw mills and two cider mills. In Washington County at Patten's - Mills, there is a grist mill, and at Griswold's Mills, a saw mill and - a grist mill. On the "branch" at West Fort Ann, is located a planer - and cider mills. Owing to its width and the overflow of its banks in - spring and fall, it is necessary that the brook be spanned by - substantial bridges. In both Warren and Washington Counties strong iron - structures have replaced the old-fashioned wooden bridges, which were - so common in road-making but a few years ago. In Washington County, - there is a bridge about seventy feet long near Kanes Falls, and at Fort - Ann one in the neighborhood of fifty feet long. (Acknowledgments are - due to Geo. M. Mead, Glens Falls, for information contained in this - note. See Trans. N. Y. S. Agri. Socy. 1849, p. 942, for further facts.) - - [FN-2] W. L. Stone's Reminiscences of Saratoga, p. 14; Irving's - Washington, Holly Ed., pp. 17, 18. - - -And so we leave this famous brook, connected with which are the names -of many of those brave men who afterward became celebrated in national -fields of glory; and bid adieu to the places made noted by the exploits -of the two Putnams, Stark, Schuyler, Warner, Stevens, Waterbury, and a -host of lesser military Colonial officers, whose experience, beginning -on the shores of this inland stream, was to serve their country in good -stead in the days which were to save our land from British thralldom. -To-day, no longer reddened by the life-blood of English and Colonial of -French and Indian, the "Half-Way" runs a clear and peaceful stream -through copse and thicket, field and meadow, swamp and swale; turning, -as it goes, the wheels of industrial progress in many a village and -hamlet, and doing its appointed work in the upbuilding of our national -prosperity. At last, merged in the yellow waters of Wood Creek, it flows -into the green depths of Lake Champlain, and then into the broad reaches -of the St. Lawrence; but before losing its identity in the surging -waters of the North Atlantic, it laves the frowning cliffs of Quebec, -thus forming a shimmering and living band, which unites for all time -the valley of the Holy Lake and the Plains of Abraham; those two -eventful spots where the French dominion received its first check and -final overthrow, thus placing, in the end, the North American Continent -forever under the progressive control of the Anglo-Saxon race. - - - - - REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON MARKING - HISTORICAL SPOTS. - - * * * * * - - -_To the Members of the New York State Historical Association:_ - -At a meeting of the Committee on Marking Historical Spots, held -September 9th, 1904, Dr. Williams was made Chairman and Mr. Holden -Secretary of the Committee. After discussion of the matter, it was voted -to mark during 1905, or as soon as possible thereafter, the following -spots of the greatest historical interest, viz., "Half-Way Brook, -including Fort Amherst," "Bloody Pond," "the Burgoyne Headquarters at -Sandy Hill," and the "Old Fort at Fort Edward." Judge Ingalsbe was made -a committee on the old "Burgoyne House," Mr. Wing a committee on old -"Fort Edward," and the matter of providing suitable inscriptions for -"Half-Way Brook" and "Bloody Pond" was left to Dr. Williams and Mr. -Holden with power. - -A site for the marker at Half-Way Brook having been decided on at the -intersection of Glen Street and Glenwood Avenue, on the road to Lake -George, a glacial boulder as a base for the tablet was placed in -position there through the kindness and generosity of Henry Crandall, -Glens Falls. A legal title to the spot was obtained, and the tablet -ordered from W. J. Scales, Glens Falls. In October, 1905, the tablet -was erected. It consists of a dull, natural finish plate of bronze, and -bears the following inscription: - - HALF-WAY BROOK. - - So called because midway between Forts Edward and William Henry. From - 1755 to 1780 it was the scene of many bloody skirmishes, surprises and - ambushes. Here the French and Indians inflicted two horrible massacres - upon the English and Colonials. One in the summer of 1756 and the other - in July, 1758. - - FORT AMHERST. - - A noted military post, was midway between this marker and the - brickyard. Its site was known locally as "The Garrison Grounds." The - location was used as a fortified camp in 1757-58. The fort was erected - in 1759. It was occupied by the forces of Baron Riedesel in the - Burgoyne Campaign of 1777. It was burned in 1780 in the Carleton Raid - at the time of the "Northern Invasion." - - THE SEVEN MILE POST. - - Was a block house with a stockaded enclosure which occupied the rise - of ground north of the brook and west of the road, near the residence - of W. H. Parker, from 1755 to Revolutionary times. During that period - it was one of the most important halting places in north America. - - --Erected 1905 By-- - NEW YORK STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. - -In this connection it is only proper to add to this report that a tablet -for Bloody Pond is under way and will be erected during the coming year. -The expense of providing for these tablets was taken care of by the -following subscriptions: - - _The Contributors to the Fund for Marking Historic Spots._ - - Henry Crandall, F. B. Richards, - William McEchron, B. B. Fowler, - Jonathan Coolidge, M. Ames, - R. A. Little, W. M. Haskell, - J. L. Cunningham, S. B. Goodman, - E. W. West, A. W. Sherman, - Wm. H. Robbins, George F. Bayle, - Sherman Williams, S. T. Birdsall, - Samuel Pruyn, W. K. Bixby, - J. A. Holden. - -At the annual meeting of this Association, held in August, 1905, J. A. -Holden was selected to prepare a historical sketch concerning Half-Way -Brook, which is herewith appended. - - For the Committee, - SHERMAN WILLIAMS, _Chairman._ - J. A. HOLDEN, _Secretary._ - - - - - PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. - - - * * * * * - - - Tourists' Handbook. - Rept. of Trustees, Pa. Soldiers' & Sailors' Home. - Rept. of the Gettysburg National Park Commission. - Regulations for the Government of the Gettysburg National Park. - Officers of the State Society of Cincinnati of Georgia, 1790. - Celebration Address of the 25th Anniversary of the Loyal Legion. - Military Order of the Loyal Legion. - Experience Table of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. - Odd Fellowship, an Oration, 40th Anniversary of I. O. of O. F. - 40th Anniversary of Opening of Present Union League House. - Report of Valley Forge Park Commission. - Commandery of the State of Penn. - Rutherford Birchard Hayes. - Gregg's Cavalry Fight at Gettysburg. - The Story of '65. - Brown University Catalogue, 1904 and 1905. - The Century Association Report, 1901. - Bulletin of Brown University, 1904 and 1905. - The Connecticut Magazine--No. 2. - Annual Report of the Connecticut Historical Society, 1905. - Proceedings of the New Hampshire Historical Society, Part 3, Vol. 4. - A History of Battery A, of St. Louis--Missouri Historical Society. - Personal Recollections of Gen. Grant--Missouri Historical Society. - The Public Archives of New Jersey, January 31st, 1905. - Annual Report of Vineland Historical Society. - The New Haven Historical Society, Nov. 1904. - Chicago Historical Society, 1904 and 1905. - 99th Anniversary Celebration, New England Society, 1904. - The West Virginia Historical Magazine, Vol. 5, No. 2. - Transactions of Huguenot Society of South Carolina, No. 12. - Third Series, Vol. VII, No. 1. Annals of Iowa. - Third Series, Vol. VII, No. 2, Annals of Iowa. - The Essex Institute Historical Collection, 1905. (Two Numbers.) - Ohio Archaeological & Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIV, Jan. 1905, No. 1. - Ohio Archaeological & Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIV, Apr. 1905, No. 2. - The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. 3, July, 1905, No. 2. - Public Papers of George Clinton, 1st Governor of New York, Vols. - 7 and 8. - Massachusetts Soldiers & Sailors of Revolutionary War, Vols, 1 & 2. - 1st, 3d, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th Biennial Reports - of Kansas State Historical Society. - Membership List Chicago Historical So., 1905 & 1906. - Proceedings of Vermont Historical So., 1903 & 1904. - Essex Institute Historical Collections, October, 1905. - Want List 1905, Library of Congress. - History 20th Kansas Regiment. - Directory Kansas Historical Exhibit. - Kansas Souvenir. - Annals of Iowa. - Pennsylvania Society Year Book, 1905. - 99th Anniversary New England Society. - Report of the Librarian of Congress, 1905. - - - - - INSIGNIA OF THE NEW YORK STATE - HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. - - - * * * * * - - -The Insignia of the Association consists of a badge, the pendant of -which is circular in form, one and three-sixteenths inches in diameter. - -Obverse: In the centre is represented the discovery of the Hudson River; -the "Half-Moon" is surrounded by Indian Canoes, and in the distance is -shown the Palisades. At the top is the coat-of-arms of New Amsterdam and -a tomahawk, arrow and Dutch sword. At the bottom is shown the seal of -New York State. Upon a ribbon, surrounding the centre medallion, is the -legend: New York State Historical Association, and the dates 1609 and -1899; the former being the date of the discovery of New York, and the -latter the date of the founding of the Historical Association. - -Reverse: The Seal of the Association. - -The badges are made of 14k gold, sterling silver and bronze, and will be -sold to members of the Association at the following prices: - - 14k Gold, complete with bar and ribbon $11.00 - Sterling Silver, complete with bar and ribbon 5.00 - Bronze, complete with bar and ribbon 4.00 - -Applications for badges should be made to the Secretary of the -Association, Robert O. Bascom, Fort Edward, N. Y., who will issue -permit, authorizing the member to make the purchase from the official -Jewelers, J. E. Caldwell & Co., 902 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. - - - - - ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION. - - - * * * * * - - -We, Daniel C. Farr, James A. Holden, and Elmer J. West, of Glens Falls; -Grenville M. Ingalsbe, of Sandy Hill, and Morris P. Ferris, of Dobbs -Ferry, all in the State of New York, and all of us citizens of the -United States, have associated ourselves together in a membership -corporation, and do hereby make this our certificate under the laws of -the State of New York. - -The name of such corporation is the "New York State Historical -Association." - -The principal objects for which said corporation is formed are: - -First. To promote and encourage original historical research. - -Second. To disseminate a greater knowledge of the early history of the -State, by means of lectures, and the publication and distribution of -literature on historical subjects. - -Third. To gather books, manuscripts, pictures, and relics relating to -the early history of the State, and to establish a museum at Caldwell, -Lake George, for their preservation. - -Fourth. To suitably mark places of historic interest. - -Fifth. To acquire by purchase, gift, devise, or otherwise, the title to, -or custody and control of, historic spots and places. - -The territory in which the operations of this corporation are to be -principally conducted is Warren, Washington, Essex, Clinton, Saratoga, -and Hamilton counties, in the State of New York. - -The principal office of said corporation is to be located at Caldwell, -on Lake George, county of Warren, in the State of New York. - -The number of directors of said corporation, to be known as the Board of -Trustees, is twenty-five. - -The names and residences of the directors of said corporation, to hold -office until the first annual meeting, and who shall be known as the -Board of Trustees, are: - - James A. Roberts, Buffalo. - Timothy L. Woodrufif, Brooklyn. - Daniel C. Farr, Glens Falls. - Everett R. Sawyer, Sandy Hill. - James A. Holden, Glens Falls. - Robert O. Bascom, Fort Edward. - Morris Patterson Ferris, Dobbs Ferry. - Elwyn Seelye, Lake George. - Grenville M. Ingalsbe, Sandy Hill. - Frederick B. Richards, Ticonderoga. - Anson Judd Upson, Glens Falls. - Asahel R. Wing, Fort Edward. - William O. Stearns, Glens Falls. - Robert C. Alexander, New York. - Elmer J. West, Glens Falls. - Hugh Hastings, Albany. - Pliny T. Sexton, Palmyra. - William S. Ostrander, Schuylerville. - Sherman Williams, Glens Falls. - William L. Stone, Mt. Vernon. - Henry E. Tremain, New York. - William H. Tippetts, Lake George. - John Boulton Simpson, Bolton. - Harry W. Watrous, Hague. - Abraham B. Valentine, New York. - -The first meeting of the corporation, for the purpose of organization, -will be held on the 21st day of March, 1899. - -The time for holding the annual meeting of the said corporation will be -the last Tuesday in July of each year. - -In Witness Whereof, We have hereunto severally subscribed our names and -affixed our seals this 21st day of March, in the year one thousand eight -hundred and ninety-nine. - - DANIEL C. FARR, (L. S.) - JAMES A. HOLDEN, (L. S.) - ELMER J. WEST, (L. S.) - GRENVILLE M. INGALSBE, (L. S.) - MORRIS P. FERRIS. (L. S.) - - State of New York. - County of Warren. - -On this 21st day of March, in the year one thousand eight hundred and -ninety-nine, before me personally appeared Daniel C. Farr, James A. -Holden, Elmer J. West, Grenville M. Ingalsbe, and Morris Patterson -Ferris, to me known to be the individuals described in and who executed -the foregoing articles of incorporation, and they duly severally -acknowledged to me that they executed the same. - - E. T. JOHNSON, - [seal.] _Notary Public._ - - - - - CHARTER OF NEW YORK STATE - HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. - - - * * * * * - - -Whereas, A petition for incorporation by the University has been duly -received, containing satisfactory statements made under oath as to the -objects and plans of the proposed corporation, and as to the provision -made for needed buildings, furniture, equipment, and for maintenance. - -Therefore, Being satisfied that all requirements prescribed by law or -University ordinance for such an association have been fully met, and -that public interests justify such action, the Regents by virtue of the -authority conferred on them by law, hereby incorporate James A. Roberts, -Daniel C. Farr, James A. Holden, Morris Patterson Ferris, Grenville M. -Ingalsbe, Anson Judd Upson, Robert C. Alexander, Hugh Hastings, William -S. Ostrander, William L. Stone, William H. Tippetts, Harry W. Watrous, -William O. Stearns, Timothy L. Woodruff, Everett R. Sawyer, Robert O. -Bascom, Elwyn Seelye, Frederick B. Richards, Asahel R. Wing, Elmer J. -West, Pliny T. Sexton, Sherman Williams, Henry E. Tremain, John Boulton -Simpson, Abraham B. Valentine, and their successors in office under the -corporate name of - - NEW YORK STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. - -This corporation shall be located at Caldwell, Warren county, New York. - -Its first trustees shall be the twenty-five above-named incorporators. - -Its object shall be to promote historical research, to disseminate -knowledge of the history of the State by lectures and publications, to -establish a library and museum at Caldwell, to mark places of historic -interest, and to acquire custody or control of historic places. - - In Witness Whereof, The Regents grant this charter, No. 1,245, - under seal of the University, at the Capitol at Albany, April - [seal.] 24, 1899. - - ANSON JUDD UPSON, _Chancellor._ - Melvil Dewey, _Secretary._ - - - - - CONSTITUTION. - - - * * * * * - - - ARTICLE I. - - Name. - -This Society shall be known as "New York State Historical Association." - - ARTICLE II. - - Objects. - -Its objects shall be: - -First. To promote and encourage original historical research. - -Second. To disseminate a greater knowledge of the early history of the -State, by means of lectures and the publication and distribution of -literature on historical subjects. - -Third. To gather books, manuscripts, pictures, and relics relating to -the early history of the State, and to establish a museum at Caldwell, -Lake George, for their preservation. - -Fourth. To suitably mark places of historic interest. - -Fifth. To acquire by purchase, gift, devise, or otherwise, the title to, -or custody and control of, historic spots and places. - - ARTICLE III. - - Members. - -Section 1. Members shall be of three classes--Active, Corresponding, -and Honorary. Active members only shall have a voice in the management -of the Society. - -Section 2. All persons interested in American history shall be eligible -for Active membership. - -Section 3. Persons residing outside the State of New York, interested -in historical investigation, may be made Corresponding members. - -Section 4. Persons who have attained distinguished eminence as -historians may be made Honorary members. - - ARTICLE IV. - - Management. - -Section 1. The property of the Association shall be vested in, and the -affairs of the Association conducted by, a Board of Trustees to be -elected by the Association. Vacancies in the Board of Trustees shall be -filled by the remaining members of the Board, the appointee to hold -office until the next annual meeting of the Association. - -Section 2. The Board of Trustees shall have power to suspend or expel -members of the Association for cause, and to restore them to membership -after a suspension or expulsion. No member shall be suspended or -expelled without first having been given ample opportunity to be heard -in his or her own defense. - -Section 3. The first Board of Trustees shall consist of those designated -in the Articles of Incorporation, who shall meet as soon as may be after -the adoption of this Constitution and divide themselves into three -classes of, as nearly as may be, eight members each, such classes to -serve respectively, one until the first annual meeting, another until -the second annual meeting, and the third until the third annual meeting -of the Association. At each annual meeting the Association shall elect -eight or nine members (as the case may be) to serve as Trustees for the -ensuing three years, to fill the places of the class whose term then -expires. - -Section 4. The Board of Trustees shall have no power to bind the -Association to any expenditure of money beyond the actual resources of -the Association except by the consent of the Board of Trustees, -expressed in writing and signed by every member thereof. - - ARTICLE V. - - Officers. - -Section 1. The officers of the Association shall be a President, three -Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, and an Assistant Secretary, -all of whom shall be elected by the Board of Trustees from its own -number, at its first meeting after the annual meeting of the -Association, and shall hold office for one year, or until their -successors are chosen. Temporary officers shall be chosen by the -Incorporators to act until an election as aforesaid, by the Board of -Trustees. - -Section 2. The Board of Trustees may appoint such other officers, -committees, or agents, and delegate to them such powers as it sees fit, -for the prosecution of its work. - -Section 3. Vacancies in any office or committee may be filled by the -Board of Trustees. - - ARTICLE VI. - - Fees and Dues. - -Section 1. Each person on being elected to Active Membership shall pay -into the Treasury of the Association the sum of two dollars, and -thereafter on the first day of January in each year a like sum, for his -or her annual dues. - -Section 2. Any member of the Association may commute his or her annual -dues by the payment of twenty-five dollars at one time, and thereby -become a life member exempt from further payments. - -Section 3. Any member may secure membership which shall descend to a -member of his or her family qualified under the Constitution and By-Laws -of the Association for membership therein, in perpetuity, by the payment -at one time of two hundred and fifty dollars. The person to hold the -membership may be designated in writing by the creator of such -membership, or by the subsequent holder thereof subject to the approval -of the Board of Trustees. - -Section 4. All receipts from life and perpetual memberships shall be set -aside and invested as a special fund, the income only to be used for -current expenses. - -Section 5. Honorary and Corresponding Members and persons who hold -perpetual memberships shall be exempt from the payment of dues. - -Section 6. The Board of Trustees shall have power to excuse the -nonpayment of dues, and to suspend or expel members for non-payment when -their dues remain unpaid for more than six months. - - ARTICLE VII. - - Meetings. - -Section 1. The annual meeting of the Association shall be held on the -last Tuesday of July in each year. Notice thereof shall be sent to each -member at least ten days prior thereto. - -Section 2. Special meetings of the Association may be called at any time -by the Board of Trustees, and must be called upon the written request of -ten members. The notice of such meeting shall specify the object thereof, -and no business shall be transacted thereat excepting that designated -in the notice. - -Section 3. Ten members shall constitute a quorum at any meeting of the -Association. - -Section 4. The Board of Trustees shall arrange for the holding of a -series of meetings at Lake George during the summer months, for the -readings of original papers on history and kindred subjects, and for -social intercourse between the members and their guests. - - ARTICLE VIII. - - Seal. - -The seal of the Association shall be a group of statuary representing -the Mohawk Chief, King Hendrick, in the act of proving to Gen. William -Johnson the unwisdom of dividing his forces on the eve of the battle of -Lake George. Around this a circular band bearing the legend, New York -State Historical Association, 1899. - - ARTICLE IX. - - Amendments. - -Amendments to the Constitution may be made at any annual meeting, or at -a special meeting called for that purpose. Notice of a proposed -amendment with a copy thereof must have been mailed to each member at -least thirty days before the day upon which action is taken thereon. - -The adoption of an amendment shall require the favorable vote of -two-thirds of those present at a duly-constituted meeting of the -Association. - - - - - BY-LAWS. - - - * * * * * - - - ARTICLE I. - - Members. - -Candidates for membership in the Association shall be proposed by one -member and seconded by another, and shall be elected by the Board of -Trustees. Three adverse votes shall defeat an election. - - ARTICLE II - - Board of Trustees. - -Section 1. The Board of Trustees may make such rules for its own -government as it may deem wise, and which shall not be inconsistent with -the Constitution and By-Laws of the Association. Five members of the -Board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. - -Section 2. The Board of Trustees shall elect one of their own number to -preside at the meetings of the Board in the absence of the President. - -Section 3. The Board of Trustees shall at each annual meeting of the -Association render a full report of its proceedings during the year last -past. - -Section 4. The Board of Trustees shall hold at least four meetings in -each year. At each of such meetings it shall consider and act upon the -names of candidates proposed for membership. - -Section 5. The Board of Managers shall each year appoint committees to -take charge of the annual gathering of the Association at Lake George. - - ARTICLE III - - President. - -The President shall preside at all meetings of the Association and of -the Board of Trustees, and perform such other duties as may be delegated -to him by the Association or the Board of Trustees. He shall be -ex-officio a member of all committees. - - ARTICLE IV. - - Vice-Presidents. - -The Vice-Presidents shall be denominated First, Second, and Third -Vice-Presidents. In the absence of the President his duties shall -devolve upon the senior Vice-President present. - - ARTICLE V. - - Treasurer. - -Section 1. The Treasurer shall have charge of all the funds of the -Association. He shall keep accurate books of account, which shall at all -times be open to the inspection of the Board of Trustees. He shall -present a full and comprehensive statement of the Association's -financial condition, its receipts and expenditures, at each annual -meeting, and shall present a brief statement to the Board of Trustees -at each meeting. He shall pay out money only on the approval of the -majority of the Executive Committee, or on the resolution of the Board -of Trustees. - -Section 2. Before assuming the duties of his office, the Treasurer-elect -shall with a surety to be approved by the Board execute to the -Association his bond in the sum of one thousand dollars, conditioned -for the faithful performance of his duties as Treasurer. - -Section 3. The President shall, thirty days prior to the annual meeting -of the Association, appoint two members of the Association who shall -examine the books and vouchers of the Treasurer and audit his accounts, -and present their report to the Association at its annual meeting. - - ARTICLE VI. - - Secretary. - -The Secretary shall preserve accurate minutes of the transactions of -the Association and of the Board of Trustees, and shall conduct the -correspondence of the Association. He shall notify the members of -meetings, and perform such other duties as he may be directed to perform -by the Association or by the Board of Trustees. He may delegate any -portion of his duties to the Assistant Secretary. - - ARTICLE VII. - - Executive Committee. - -The officers of the Association shall constitute an Executive Committee. -Such Committee shall direct the business of the Association between -meetings of the Board of Trustees, but shall have no power to establish -or declare a policy for the Association, or to bind it in any way except -in relation to routine work. The Committee shall have no power to direct -a greater expenditure than fifty dollars without the authority of the -Board of Trustees. - - ARTICLE VIII. - - Procedure. - -Section 1. The following, except when otherwise ordered by the -Association, shall be the order of business at the annual meetings of -the Association: - - Call to order. - Reading of minutes of previous annual, and of any special meeting, and - acting thereon. - Reports of Officers and Board of Trustees. - Reports of Standing Committees. - Reports of Special Committees. - Unfinished business. - Election. - New business. - Adjournment. - -Section 2. The procedure at all meetings of the Association and of the -Board of Trustees, where not provided for in this Constitution and -By-Laws, shall be governed by Roberts' Rules of Order. - -Section 3. The previous question shall not be put to vote at any meeting -unless seconded by at least three members. - -Section 4. All elections shall be by ballot, except where only one -candidate is nominated for an office. - -Section 5. All notices shall be sent personally or by mail to the -address designated in writing by the member to the Secretary. - - ARTICLE IX. - - Nominating Committee. - -A committee of three shall be chosen by the Association at its annual -meeting, to nominate Trustees to be voted for at the next annual -meeting. Such Committee shall file its report with the Secretary of this -Association at least thirty days prior to the next annual meeting. The -Secretary shall mail a copy of such report to every member of the -Association with the notice of the annual meeting at which the report -is to be acted upon. The action of such Committee shall, however, in no -wise interfere with the power of the Association to make its own -nominations, but all such independent nominations shall be sent to the -Secretary at least twenty days prior to the annual meeting. A copy -thereof shall be sent to each member by the Secretary with the notice -of meeting, and shall be headed "Independent Nominations." If the -Nominating Committee fails for any reason to make its report so that it -may be sent out with the notice of the annual meeting, the Society may -make its own nominations at such annual meeting. - - ARTICLE X. - - Amendments. - -These By-Laws may be amended at any duly-constituted meeting of the -Association by a two-thirds vote of the members present. Notice of the -proposed amendment with a copy thereof must have been mailed to each -member at least twenty days before the day upon which action thereon is -taken. - - - - - MEMBERS NEW YORK STATE - HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. - - * * * * * - - HONORARY MEMBERS. - - *Dr. Edward Eggleston, Joshua's Rock, N. Y. - E. M. Ruttenber, Newburgh, N. Y. - - [*Deceased.] - - * * * * * - - CORRESPONDING MEMBER. - - Berthold Fernow, Trenton, N. J, - - * * * * * - - LIFE MEMBERS. - - W. K. Bixby, Bolton, N. Y. - Mrs. Marcellus Hartley, 232 Madison Ave., N. Y. City. - Mrs. Oliver Livingston Jones, 116 W. 72d St., N. Y. City. - Mrs. Horace See, 50 W. 9th St., N. Y. City. - Gen. Henry E. Tremain, 105 E. 18th St., N. Y. City. - Dr. W. Seward Webb, 51 E. 44th St., N. Y. City. - *Samuel P. Avery, 4 E. 38th St., N. Y. City. - F. D. Howland, Sandy Hill, N. Y. - Frank S. Witherbee, Port Henry, N. Y. - Cortland de Peyster Field, Peekskill, N. Y. - - *Deceased. - - * * * * * - - MEMBERS. - - Abbott, Rev. Dr. Lyman "The Outlook," 287 Fourth Ave., - New York. - Abrams, A. W. Illion. - Alexander, Hon. D. S. Buffalo. - Allen, Hiram Sandy Hill. - Ames, Edgar M. Fort Edward. - Applegate, Rev. Dr. Octavius Newburgh. - Arnold, Hon. Alvaro D. Sandy Hill. - Arthur, Miss L. Louise Woodside. - Atkins, Hon. T. Astley 73 Nassau St., N. Y. - - Backus, Dr. Truman J. Packer Institute, Brooklyn. - Baker, Frederick I. Fort Ann. - Ballard, W. J. Jamaica. - Banker, Dr. Silas J. Fort Edward. - Bascom, Robert O. Fort Edward. - Bassinger, George H. Glens Falls. - Batcheller, George Clinton 237 W. 72d St., N. Y. - Benedict, George Grenville Burlington, Vt. - Benjamin, Rev. Dr. Wm. H. Irvington-on-Hudson. - Bishop, Charles F. 67 Wall St., N. Y. - Blake, Rev. Chas. W. Lake George. - Bloodgood, Clarence E. Catskill. - Brackett, Hon. Edgar Truman Saratoga Springs. - Brandow, Rev. John H. Schoharie. - Brown, Ernest C. 280 Broadway, N. Y. - Brook, James B. 1013 East Adams St., Syracuse. - Broughton, H. L. Sandy Hill. - Bullard, Dr. T. E. Schuylerville. - Bunten, Roland Garden City. - Burdge, Franklin 325 W. 57th St. N. Y. - Burnham, George, 3401 Powelton Ave., Philadelphia, - Pa. - Bushnell, Nathan Piatt Peekskill. - - Cady, S. Rider Hudson. - Carter, Robert C. Glens Falls. - Cheney, Dr. Francis L. Cortland. - Clark, Walter A. 755 Main St., Geneva. - Clark, Rev. Joseph B. 4th Ave. and 22nd St., N. Y. - Clowe, Chas. Waldron 280 Broadway, N. Y. - Cole, Norman Glens Falls. - Conway, John B. Argyle. - Cook, Dr. Joseph Tottenham 636 Delaware Ave., Buffalo. - Cook, Joseph Mrs. Ticonderoga. - Cook, J. Hervey Fishkill-on-Hudson. - Cooke, Rev. Jere K. Hempstead. - Cooley, Dr. James S. Glen Cove. - Coolidge, Thomas S. Glens Falls. - Coon, Hon. Stephen Mortimer Oswego. - Cornell, S. Douglas Cobourg, Ont. - Cunningham, Col. J. L. Glens Falls. - Columbia University Library, 116th St., New York. - - Davis, William Gilbert 32 Nassau St., N. Y. - Davis, Dr. Booth C. Alfred. - Day, Benjamin Hague. - DeLong, C. J. Glens Falls. - Demuth, William 507 Broadway, N. Y. - Denham, Edward New Bedford, Mass. - Denton, Mrs. Elizabeth B. Sandy Hill. - de Peyster, Mrs. Beekman 2345 Broadway, N. Y. (winter), - Johnstown (summer). - Derby, Hon. John H. Sandv Hill. - Derby, Archibald Stewart Sandy Hill. - Digney, John M. White Plains. - Doane, Rt. Rev. C. W. Albany. - Doolittle, C. M. Schuylerville. - Draper, Hon. A. S. Albany. - Dunnell, Rev. Dr. Wm. Nichols 292 Henry St., N. Y. - Durkee, James H. Sandy Hill. - Dwyer, Major John Sandy Hill. - - Elting, Philip 278 Wall St., Kingston. - Eveleth, Dr. George S. Little Falls. - - Fairley, William 195 Kingston Ave., Brooklyn. - Ferree, Barr 7 Warren Street, N. Y. - Ferris, Morris Patterson 676 West End Ave., N. Y. - Fowler, Albert N. C. Glens Falls. - - Gillespie, Nelson Hoosick Falls. - Gilman, Hon. Theodore P. 425 West End Ave., N. Y. - Green, James Lake George. - Griffith, Prof. E. W. Glens Falls. - Gunnison, Hon. Royal A. Juneau, Alaska. - - Hatch, Hon. Edward W. Appellate Division, New York. - Haight, Hon. Albert Albany (Court of Appeals). - Hall, Fred J. Tarrytown. - Halsey, Frances W. 146 W. 119th St., N. Y. - Hastings, Hon. Hugh Albany. - Hatch, Rev. W. H. P. South Hartford. - Hatfield, Addie E. 17 Linwood Place, Utica. - Hawkins, George H. Plattsburgh. - Hayden, Henry W. 120 Broadway, N. Y - Hewitt, Fred W. Granville. - Higgins, Hon. Frank W. Olean. - Hill, E. B. 49 Wall St., N. Y. - Holden, Mrs. J. A. Glens Falls. - Holden, James A. Glens Falls. - Hopson, Rev. Dr. George B. Annandale. - Horton, Mrs. John Miller 736 Main St., Buffalo. - Horton, Dr. Everest T. Whitehall. - Horton, Dr. Claude A. Glens Falls. - Howard, Hon. Harry A. Glens Falls. - Hull, Frank S. Newburgh. - Hull, Philip M. Clinton. - Heilner, Samuel Broad and Chestnut St., Phila. Pa. - - Imrie, Daniel F. Lake George. - Ingalsbe, Miss Myra L. Hartford. - Ingalsbe, Grenville H. Sandy Hill. - Ingalsbe, Franc Groesbeck Sandy Hill. - Ingalsbe, Hon. Grenville M. Sandy Hill. - Ingalls, George A. Sandy Hill. - Ingraham, Dr. Charles A. Cambridge. - - James, D. Willis 40 East 39th St., N. Y. - Jackson, Rev. Dr. T. G. 68 St. Paul's Place, Brooklyn. - Jessup, Morris K. 195 Madison Ave., N. Y. - Jessup, Rev. Charles A. Greenport. - Joline, Dr. Adrien H. 54 Wall St., N. Y. - Jordan, Warren S. 984 Main St., Peekskill. - - Kellogg, Rev. Dr. Charles D. Sandy Hill. - Kellogg, J. Augustus Glens Falls. - King, Rev. Dr. Joseph E. Fort Edward. - King, Charles T. Glens Falls. - Kirby, Dr. R. M. Potsdam. - Knapp, George P. Lake George. - Kniel, T. R. Saratoga Springs. - Krotel, Rev. Dr. G. F. 65 Convent Ave., N. Y. - - Ladd, Neil M. 646 Fulton St., Brooklyn. - Lansing, Mrs. Abraham 115 Washington Ave., Albany. - Lange, Gustave 257 Broadway, N. Y. - Lapham, Byron Glens Falls. - Law, Robert R. Cambridge. - Leary, Russell W. 147 W. 91st St., N. Y. - Lefferts, Marshall C. 30 Washington Place, N. Y. - Lewis, George C. Albany. - Little, Dr. George W. Glens Falls. - Little, Russell A. Glens Falls. - Lyttle, Dr. E. W. Albany. - - Mace, Dr. William H. 127 College Place, Syracuse. - Mann, William D. Hague. - Marsh, Wallace T. Glens Falls. - Martin, John Plattsburgh. - Martine, Dr. G. R. Glens Falls. - Matthews, George E. Buffalo. - McAneny, George 19 E. 47th St., N. Y. - McCarthy, James Sandy Hill. - McLean, Mrs. Donald 186 Lenox Ave., N. Y. - Meredith, Mrs. Louise Hardenburgh San Luis Obispo, Cal. - Messer, L. Franklin 403 Main St., Buffalo. - Michael, Edward 741 Delaware Ave., Buffalo. - Mills, D. O. 634 Fifth Ave., N. Y. - Mills, Col. Stephen C. (U. S. A.) Governor's Island, N. Y. Harbor. - Moore, Commodore John W. Bolton Landing. - Morgan. Rev. Dr. D. Parker 3 E. 45th St., N. Y. - Morton, Hon. Levi Parsons 681 Fifth Ave., N. Y. - Mott, Dr. O. H. Fort Edward. - Munger, Rev. Dr. R. D. 105 Delaware St., Syracuse. - - Near, Irwin W. Hornellsville. - Nelson, Venerable Dr. Geo. F. 29 Lafayette Place, N. Y. - Newcomb, Alvah S. 33 Washington Ave., Albany. - Nottingham, William 701 Walnut St., Syracuse. - - O'Brien, M. J. 195 Broadway, N. Y. - Olmstead, Rt. Rev. Chas. Tyler 159 Park Ave., Utica. - - Paige, Edward Winslow 44 Cedar St., N. Y. - Parry, Mrs. J. E. Glens Falls. - Payne, Silas H. Silver Bay. - Peabody, George Foster 54 William St., New York. - Peck, Gen. T. S. Burlington, Vt. - Peck, Reuben N. Glens Falls. - Pell, Howland 7 Pine St., N. Y. - Prince, Rev. Dr. Walter Franklin 16 S. Elliott Place, Brooklyn. - Potter, Delcour S. Glens Falls. - Pryer, Charles New Rochelle. - - Ransom, Frank H. 137 Main St., Buffalo. - Ransom, Hon. Rastus S. 128 Broadway, N. Y. - Raymond, Rev. Dr. A. V. V. Schenectady. - Reid, W. Max Amsterdam. - Reid, Hon. Whitelaw New York. - Rhoades, W. C. P. 400 Putnam Ave., Brooklyn. - Richards, Frederick B. Ticonderoga. - Richardson, Rev. George L. Glens Falls. - Richards, A. N. Sandy Hill. - Roberts, Joseph Banks 141 Broadway, N. Y. - Roberts, Mrs. James A. 256 Broadway, N. Y. - Roberts, Hon. James A. 256 Broadway, N. Y. - Rogers, Howard J. Education Dept., Albany. - Rowell, George C. 81 Chapel St., Albany. - - Samson, William H. 420 Oxford St., Rochester. - Sanford, Clarence T. Lake George. - Sawyer, W, L. Sandy Hill. - Sawyer, Dr. Edward R. Sandy Hill. - Schuyler, Miss Fanny New Rochelle. - Schuyler, Rev. Dr. Livingston Rowe 17 Lexington Ave., N. Y. - Schell, F. Robert 280 Broadway, N. Y. - Seabury, Rev. Dr. Wm. Jones 8 Chelsea Sq., N. Y. - Sebring, William C. Kingston, N. Y. - Seelye, Elwyn Lake George. - Sexton, Mrs. Pliny T. Palmyra. - Sexton, Hon. Pliny T. Palmyra. - Sidway, Mrs. Frank St. John 37 Oakland Place, Buffalo. - Sills, Dr. Charles Morton Geneva. - Sill, Dr. Frederick S. 169 Mohawk St., Cohoes. - Silver, Dr. John Archer Geneva. - Simpson, John Boulton 1170 Broadway, N. Y. - Sims, Charles N. Liberty, Indiana. - Shedden, Hon. Lucian L. Plattsburgh. - Shephard, Dr. Edward M. Lake George. - Slicer, Rev. Thomas R. New York City. - Smith, Wm. Alex. 412 Madison Ave., N. Y. - Smith, T. Guilford Buffalo. - Smith, James F. South Hartford. - Spencer, Dr. Chas. W. Princeton, N. J. - Stackpole, George F. Riverhead. - State Normal and Training School Plattsburgh. - Stearns, Rev. W. O. Glens Falls. - Steele, Mrs. Esther B. 352 W. Clinton St., Elmira. - Stevens, Rev. Dr. C. Ellis 111 Montague St., Brooklyn. - Stevens, Benjamin F. Boston, Mass. - Stieglitz, Edward Bolton. - Stilwell, Giles H. 1906 W. Genesee St., Syracuse. - Stillman, Dr. William Olin 287 State St., Albany. - Stone, Col. William L. Mt. Vernon. - - Tefft, Richard C. Sandy Hill. - Temple, Truman R. Granville. - - Upson, Mrs. Lvdia F. Glens Falls. - - Vanderveer, Dr. A. 28 Eagle St., Albany. - Van Hee, Daniel L. Rochester - Vann, Hon. Irving G. Syracuse. - Van Wormer, Rodney Argyle. - Vynne, Mrs. Emma M. Hague. - - Wait, William Kinderhook. - Wakeman, Abram 136 Front St., N. Y. - Wallander, A. W. Mt. Vernon. - Waller, Rev. Henry D. Flushing. - Warren, E. Burgess Lake George. - Watrous, Harry W. Hague. - Watrous, Mrs. Harry W. Hague and 352 Lexington Avenue, - N. Y. - Watson, Col. James T. Clinton. - Webster, Dr. W. B. Schuylerville. - Welch, Miss J. M. 76 Johnson Park, Buffalo. - West, Chandler A. Lake George. - West, Elmer J. Glens Falls. - Westover, Myron N. Schenectady. - Wetmore, Edmond 34 Pine St., N. Y. - Wicker, Miss Julia Frances Ticonderoga. - Willey, Rev. John H. 466 East 18th St., Brooklyn. - Williams, Dr. Sherman Glens Falls. - Williams, Charles H. 690 Delaware Ave., Buffalo. - Willis, James D. 40 East 39th St., N. Y. - Wilson, Henry Applegate 574 Madison St., Brooklyn. - Wing, Asahel R. Fort Edward. - Wright, Miss Abbie A. Sandy Hill. - Woodruff, Hon. Timothy L. 8th Ave. and 18th St., Brooklyn. - Woodard, Hon. John Appellate Division, Brooklyn. - Worden, Edwin J. Lake George. - Wyckoff, Alice Brooks Elmira. - -The Secretary will thank members for corrections to this list. - - - - -[Illustration: Map of Hudson's River, part 1.] - -[Illustration: Map of Hudson's River, part 2.] - -[Illustration: Map of New Netherlands, part 1.] - -[Illustration: Map of New Netherlands, part 2.] - - - - - FOOTPRINTS OF THE RED MEN. - - - * * * * * - - - Indian Geographical Names - - - IN THE VALLEY OF HUDSON'S RIVER, - THE VALLEY OF THE MOHAWK, - AND ON THE DELAWARE: - THEIR LOCATION AND THE PROBABLE - MEANING OF SOME OF THEM. - - - * * * * * - - BY - E. M. RUTTENBER, - _Author of "History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River."_ - - - * * * * * - - -"Indian place-names are not proper names, that is unmeaning words, but -significant appellatives each conveying a description of the locality -to which it belongs."--_Trumbull._ - - - * * * * * - - - PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES - OF THE - New York State Historical Association. - - - - - * * * * * - - - Copyrighted by the - - NEW YORK STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. - 1906. - - - * * * * * - - - - {INDEX p. 237} - - - - Primary Explanations. - - - * * * * * - - -The locatives of the Indian geographical names which have been handed -down as the names of boundmarks or of places or tribes, are properly a -subject of study on the part of all who would be familiar with the -aboriginal geography of a district or a state. In many cases these names -were quite as designative of geographical centers as are the names of -the towns, villages and cities which have been substituted for them. In -some cases they have been wisely retained, while the specific places to -which they belonged have been lost. In this work special effort has been -made, first, to ascertain the places to which the names belonged as -given in official records, to ascertain the physical features of those -places, and carry back the thought to the poetic period of our -territorial history, "when the original drapery in which nature was -enveloped under the dominion of the laws of vegetation, spread out in -one vast, continuous interminable forest," broken here and there by the -opened patches of corn-lands and the wigwams and villages of the -redmen; secondly, to ascertain the meanings of the aboriginal names, -recognizing fully that, as Dr. Trumbull wrote, "They were not proper -names or mere unmeaning marks, but significant appellatives conveying a -description of the locatives to which they were given." Coming down to -us in the crude orthographies of traders and unlettered men, they are -not readily recognized in the orthographies of the educated missionaries, -and especially are they disguised by the varying powers of the German, -the French, and the English alphabets in which they were written by -educated as well as by uneducated scribes, and by traders who were -certainly not very familiar with the science of representing spoken -sounds by letters. In one instance the same name appears in forty-nine -forms by different writers. Many names, however, have been recognized -under missionary standards and their meanings satisfactorily ascertained, -aided by the features of the localities to which they were applied; the -latter, indeed, contributing very largely to their interpretation. -Probably the reader will find geographical descriptions that do not -apply to the places where the name is now met. The early settlers made -many transfers as well as extensions of names from a specific place to -a large district of country. It must be remembered that original -applications were specific to the places which they described even -though they were generic and applicable to any place where the same -features were referred to. The locatives in Indian deeds and original -patents are the only guide to places of original application, coupled -with descriptive features where they are known. - -No vocabularies of the dialects spoken in the lower valley of the Hudson -having been preserved, the vocabularies of the Upper-Unami and the -Minsi-Lenape, or Delaware tongues on the south and west, and the Natick, -or Massachusetts, on the north and east, have been consulted for -explanations by comparative inductive methods, and also orthographies -in other places, the interpretations of which have been established by -competent linguists. In all cases where the meaning of terms has been -particularly questioned, the best expert authority has been consulted. -While positive accuracy is not asserted in any case, it is believed that -in most cases the interpretations which have been given may be accepted -as substantially correct. There is no poetry in them--no "glittering -waterfalls," no "beautiful rivers," no "smile of the Great Spirit," no -"Holy place of sacred feasts and dances," but plain terms that have -their equivalents in our own language for a small hill, a high hill, a -mountain, a brook, a creek, a kill, a river, a pond, a lake, a swamp, -a large stone, a place of small stones, a split rock, a meadow, or -whatever the objective feature may have been as recognized by the -Indian. Many of them were particular names in the form of verbals -indicating a place where the action of the verb was performed; -occasionally the name of a sachem is given as that of his place of -residence or the stream on which he resided, but all are from generic -roots. - -To the Algonquian dialects spoken in the valley of Hudson's River at the -time of the discovery, was added later the Mohawk--Iroquorian, to some -extent, more particularly on the north, where it appears about 1621-6, -as indicated in the blanket deed given by the Five Nations to King -George in 1726. Territorially, in the primary era of European invasion, -the Eastern Algonquian prevailed, in varying idioms, on both sides of -the river, from a northern point to the Katskills, and from thence south -to the Highlands a type of the Unami-Minsi-Lenape or Delaware. That -spoken around New York on both sides of the river, was classed by the -early Dutch writers as Manhattan, as distinguished from dialects in the -Highlands and from the Savano or dialects of the East New England coast. -North of the Highlands on both sides of the river, they classed the -dialect as Wapping, and from the Katskills north as Mahican or Mohegan, -preserved in part in what is known as the Stockbridge. Presumably the -dialects were more or less mixed and formed as a whole what may be -termed "The Hudson's River Dialect," radically Lenape or Delaware, as -noted by Governor Tryon in 1774. In local names we seem to meet the -Upper-Unami and the Minsi of New Jersey, and the Mohegan and the Natick -of the north and east, the Quiripi of the Sound, and the dialect of the -Connecticut Valley. In the belt of country south of the Katskills they -were soft and vocalic, the lingual mute _t_ frequently appearing and -_r_ taking the place of the Eastern _l_ and _n._ In the Minsi (Del.) -Zeisberger wrote _l_ invariably, as distinguished from _r,_ which -appears in the earliest local names in the valley of the Hudson. Other -dialectic peculiarities seem to appear in the exchange of the sonant -_g_ for the hard sound of the surd mute _k,_ and of _p_ for _g,_ _s_ -for _g,_ and _t_ for _d,_ _st_ for _gk,_ etc. Initials are badly mixed, -presumably due in part at least, to the habit of Indian speakers in -throwing the sound of the word forward to the penult; in some cases to -the lack of an "Indian ear" on the part of the hearer. - -In structure all Algonquian dialects are Polysynthetic, _i. e.,_ words -composed wholly or in part of other words or generic roots. Pronunciations -and inflections differ as do the words in meaning in many cases. In all -dialects the most simple combinations appear in geographical names, -which the late Dr. J. H. Trumbull resolved into three classes, viz.: -"I. Those formed by the union of two elements, which we will call -_adjectival_ and _substantival,_ or ground-word, with or without a -locative suffix, or post-position word meaning 'at,' 'in,' 'on,' 'near,' -etc. [I use the terms 'adjectival' and 'substantival,' because no true -adjectives or substantives enter into the composition of Algonquian -names. The adjectival may be an adverb or a preposition; the -substantival element is often a verbal, which serves in composition as -a generic name, but which cannot be used as an independent word--the -synthesis always retains the verbal form.] II. Those which have a single -element, the _substantival,_ or ground-word, with locative suffix. -III. Those formed from verbs as participials or verbal nouns, denoting -a place where the action of the verb is performed. Most of these latter, -however," he adds, "may be shown by strict analysis to belong to one of -the two preceding classes, which comprise at least nine-tenths of all -Algonquian local names which have been preserved." For example, in Class -I, _Wapan-aki_ is a combination of _Wapan,_ "the Orient," "the East," -and _aki,_ "Land, place or country," _unlimited;_ with locative suffix -(_-ng,_ Del., _-it,_ Mass.), "In the East Land or Country." _Kit-ann-ing,_ -Del., is a composition from _Kitschi,_ "Chief, principal, greatest," -_hanné,_ "river," and _ing_ locative, and reads, "A place at or on the -largest river." The suffix _-aki, -acki, -hacki,_ Del., meaning "Land, -place, or country, _unlimited,_" in Eastern orthographies _-ohke, -auke, --ague, -ke, -ki,_ etc., is changed to _-kamik,_ or _-kamike,_ Del., -_-kamuk_ or _-komuk,_ Mass., in describing "Land or place _limited,_" or -enclosed, a particular place, as a field, garden, and also used for -house, thicket, etc. The Eastern post-position locatives are _-it, -et, --at, -ut;_ the Delaware, _-ng, -nk,_ with connecting vowel _-ing, -ink, --ong, -onk, -ung, -unk,_ etc. The meaning of this class of suffixes is -the same; they locate a place or object that is at, in, or on some other -place or object, the name of Which is prefixed, as in Delaware _Hitgunk,_ -"On or to a tree;" _Utenink,_ "In the town;" _Wachtschunk,_ "On the -mountain." In some cases the locative takes the verbal form indicating -place or country, Williams wrote "_Sachimauónck,_ a Kingdom or Monarchy." -Dr. Schoolcraft wrote: "From _Ojibwai_ (Chippeway) is formed -_Ojib-wain-ong,_ 'Place of the Chippeways;' _Monominikaun-ing,_ 'In the -place of wild rice,'" Dr. Brinton wrote "_Walum-ink,_ 'The place of -paint.'" The letter _s,_ preceding the locative, changes the meaning of -the latter to near, or something less than at or on. The suffixes _-is, --it, -os, -es_ mean "Small," as in _Ménates_ or _Ménatit,_ "Small -island." The locative affix cannot be applied to an animal in the sense -of at, in, on, to. There are many formative inflections and suffixes -indicating the plural, etc. - -Mohawk or Iroquoian names, while polysynthetic, differ from Algonquian -in construction. "The adjective," wrote Horatio Hale, "when employed -in an isolated form, follows the substantive, as _Kanonsa,_ 'house;' -_Kanonsa-kowa,_ 'large house;' but in general the substantive and -adjective coalesce." In some cases the adjective is split in two, and -the substantive inserted, as in _Tiogen,_ a composition of _Te,_ "two," -and _ogen,_ "to separate," which is split and the word _ononté,_ -"mountain," or hill, inserted, forming _Te-ononté-ogen,_ "Between two -mountains," "The local relations of nouns are expressed by affixed -particles, such as _ke, ne, kon, akon, akta._ Thus from _Onónta,_ -mountain, we have _Onóntáke,_ at (or to) the mountain; from _Akéhrat_ -dish, _Akehrátne,_ in or on the dish," etc. From the variety of its -forms and combinations it is a more difficult language than the -Algonquian. No European has fully mastered it. - -No attempt has been made to correct record orthographies further than -to give their probable missionary equivalents where they can be -recognized. In many cases crude orthographies have converted them into -unknown tongues. Imperfect as many of them are and without standing in -aboriginal glossaries, they have become place names that may not be -disturbed. No two of the early scribes expressed the sound of the same -name in precisely the same letters, and even the missionaries who gave -attention to the study of the aboriginal tongues, did not always write -twice alike. Original sounds cannot now be restored. The diacritical -marks employed by Williams and Eliot in the English alphabet, and by -Zeisberger and Heckewelder in the German alphabet, are helpful in -pronunciations, but as a rule the corrupt local record orthographies -are a law unto themselves. In quoting diacritical marks the forms of the -learned linguists who gave their idea of how the word was pronounced, -have been followed. It is not, however, in the power of diacritical -marks or of any European alphabet to express correctly the sound of an -Algonquian or of an Iroquoian word as it was originally spoken, or write -it in European characters. Practically, every essential element in -pronunciation is secured by separating the forms into words or parts of -words, or particles, of which it is composed, (where the original -elements of the composition cannot be detected) by syllabalizing on the -vowel sounds. An anglicized vocalism of any name may be readily -established and an original name formed in American nomenclature, as -many names in current use amply illustrates. Few would suspect that -_Ochsechraga_ (Mohawk) was the original of Saratoga, or that _P'tuk-sepo_ -(Lenape) was the original of Tuxedo. - -A considerable number of record names have been included that are not -living. They serve to illustrate the dialect spoken in the valley as -handed down by European scribes of different languages, as well as the -local geography of the Indians. The earlier forms are mainly Dutch -notations. A few Dutch names that are regarded by some as Indian, have -been noticed, and also some Indian names on the Delaware River which, -from the associations of that river with the history of the State, as -in part one of its boundary streams, as well as the intimate associations -of the names with the history of the valley of Hudson's River, become -of especial interest. - -In the arrangement of names geographical association has been adopted -in preference to the alphabetical, the latter being supplied by index. -This arrangement seems to bring together dialectic groups more -satisfactorily. That there were many variations in the dialects spoken -in the valley of Hudson's River no one will deny, but it may be asserted -with confidence that the difference between the German and the English -alphabets in renderings is more marked than differences in dialects. In -so far as the names have been brought together they form the only key -to the dialects which were spoken in the valley. Their grammatical -treatment is the work of skilled philologists. - -Credit has been given for interpretations where the authors were known, -and especially to the late eminent Algonquian authority, J. Hammond -Trumbull. Special acknowledgment of valuable assistance is made to the -late Dr. D. G. Brinton, of Philadelphia; to the late Horatio Hale, -M. A., of Clinton, Ontario, Canada; to the late Prof. J. W. Powell, of -the Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, D. C, and his successor, William H. -Holmes, and their co-laborers, Dr. Albert S. Gatschet and J. B. N. -Hewitt, and to Mr. William R. Gerard, of New York. - -The compilation of names and the ascertaining of their locatives and -probable meanings has interested me. Where those names have been -preserved in place they are certain descriptive landmarks above all -others. The results of my amateur labors may be useful to others in the -same field of inquiry as well as to professional linguists. Primarily -the work was not undertaken with a view to publication. Gentlemen of -the New York Historical Association, with a view to preserve what has -been done, and which may never be again undertaken, have asked the -manuscript for publication, and it has been given to them for that -purpose. - - E. M. RUTTENBER. - Newburgh, January, 1906. - - - - - INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. - - - * * * * * - - - Hudson's River and Its Islands. - - -Muhheakun'nuk, "The great waters or sea, which are constantly in motion, -either ebbing or flowing," was written by Chief Hendrick Aupaumut, in -his history of the Muhheakun'nuk nation, as the name of Hudson's River, -in the Stockbridge dialect, and its meaning. The first word, _Muhheakun,_ -was the national name of the people occupying both banks of the river -from Roelof Jansen's Kill, a few miles south of Catskill, on the east -side of the river, north and east with limit not known, and the second -_-nuk,_ the equivalent of Massachusetts _-tuk,_ Lenape _-ittuk,_ "Tidal -river, or estuary," or "Waters driven by waves or tides," with the -accessory meaning of "great." Literally, in application, "The great -tidal river of the Muhheakan'neuw nation." The Dutch wrote the national -name _Mahikan, Maikan,_ etc., and the English of Connecticut wrote -Mohegan, which was claimed by Drs. Schoolcraft and Trumbull to be -derived from _Maingan_ (Cree _Mahéggun_), "Wolf"--"an enchanted wolf, -or a wolf of supernatural powers." From their prevailing totem or -prevailing coat-of-arms, the Wolf, the French called them _Loups,_ -"wolves," and also _Manhingans,_ including under the names "The nine -nations gathered between Manhattan and Quebec." While the name is -generic its application to Hudson's River was probably confined to the -vicinity of Albany, where Chief Aupaumut located their ancient capital -under the name of Pem-po-tow-wut-hut Muh-hea-kan-neuw, "The fire-place -of the Muh-hea-kan-nuk nation." [FN] The Dutch found them on both sides -of the river north of Catskill, with extended northern and eastern -alliances, and south of that point, on the east side of the river, in -alliance with a tribe known as Wappans or Wappings, Wappani, or -"East-side people," the two nations forming the Mahikan nation of -Hudson's River as known in history. (See Wahamensing.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] Presumed to have been at what is now known as Scho-lac, which see. - - -Father Jogues, the French-Jesuit martyr-missionary, wrote in 1646, -_Oi-o-gué_ as the Huron-Iroquoian name of the river, given to him at -Sarachtoga, with the connection "At the river." "_Ohioge,_ river; -_Ohioge-son,_ at the long river," wrote Bruyas. Arent van Curler wrote -the same name, in 1634, Vyoge, and gave it as that of the Mohawk River, -correcting the orthography, in his vocabulary, to "_Oyoghi,_ a kill" or -channel. It is an Iroquoian generic applicable to any principal stream -or current river, with the ancient related meaning of "beautiful river." - -It is said that the Mohawks called the river _Cohohataton._ I have not -met that name in records. It was quoted by Dr. Schoolcraft as -traditional, and of course doubtful. He wrote it _Kohatatea,_ and in -another connection wrote "_-atea,_ a valley or landscape." It is -suspected that he coined the name, as he did many others. _Shate-muck_ -is quoted as a Mohegan [FN-1] name, but on very obscure evidence, -although it may have been the name of an eel fishing-place, or a great -fishing-place (_-amaug_). Hudson called the stream "The River of the -Mountains." On some ancient maps it is called "Manhattans River." The -Dutch authorities christened it "Mauritus' River" in honor of their -Staat-holder, Prince Maurice. The English recognized the work of the -explorer by conferring the title "Hudson's River." It is a fact -established that Verrazano visited New York harbor in 1524, and gave to -the river the name "Riviere Grande," or Great River; that Estevan Gomez, -a Spanish navigator who followed Verrazano in 1525, called it "St. -Anthony's River," a name now preserved as that of one of the hills of the -Highlands, and it is claimed that French traders visited the river, in -1540, and established a _château_ on Castle [FN-2] Island, at Albany, -[FN-3] and called the river "Norumbega." It may be conceded that possibly -French traders did have a post on Castle Island, but "Norumbega" was -obviously conferred on a wide district of country. It is an Abnaki term -and belonged to the dialect spoken in Maine, where it became more or less -familiar to French traders as early as 1535. That those traders did -locate trading posts on the Penobscot, and that Champlain searched for -their remains in 1604, are facts of record. The name means "Quiet" or -"Still Water." It would probably be applicable to that section of -Hudson's River known as "Stillwater," north of Albany, but the evidence -is wanted that it was so applied. Had it been applied by the tribes to -any place on Hudson's River, it would have remained as certainly as -_Menaté_ remained at New York. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "_Mohegans_ is an anglicism primarily applied to the small band - of Pequots under Uncas." (Trumbull.) While of the same linguistic - stock, neither the name or the history of Uncas's clan should be - confused with that of the Mahicani of Hudson's River. - - [FN-2] Introduced by the Dutch--_Kasteel._ The Indians had no such word. - The Delawares called a house or hut or a town that was palisaded, - _Moenach,_ and Zeisberger used the same word for "fence"--an enclosure - palisaded around. Eliot wrote _Wonkonous,_ "fort." - - [FN-3] It is claimed that the walls of this fort were found by Hendrick - Christiansen, in 1614; that they were measured by him and found to - cover an area of 58 feet; that the fort was restored by the Dutch and - occupied by them until they were driven out by a freshet, occasioned by - the breaking up of the ice in the river in the spring of 1617; that the - Dutch then built what was subsequently known as Fort Orange, at the - mouth of the Tawalsentha, or Norman's Kill, about two miles south of - the present State street, Albany, and that Castle Island took that name - from the French _château_--all of which is possible, but for conclusive - reasons why it should not be credited, the student may consult - "Norumbega" in Winsor's "Narrative and Critical History of America." - Wrote Dr. Trumbull: "Theuet, in _La Cosmographie Universella,_ gives - an account of his visit, in 1656, to 'one of the finest rivers in the - whole world, which we call _Norumbeque,_ and the aboriginees _Agoncy,'_ - now Penobscot Bay." - - - -[Illustration: HUDSON'S RIVER, 1609. From Hudson's Chart.] - - - -Manhattan, now so written, does not appear in the Journal of Hudson's -exploration of the river in 1609. On a Spanish-English map of 1610, -"Made for James I," and sent to Philip III by Velasco in letter of March -22, 1611, [FN-1] _Mannahatin_ is written as the name of the east side -of the river, and _Mannahata_ as that of the west side. From the former -_Manhattan,_ and from it also the name of the Indians "among whom" the -Dutch made settlement in 1623-4, otherwise known by the general name of -_Wickquaskecks,_ as well as the name of the entire Dutch possessions. -[FN-2] Presumably the entries on the Spanish-English map were copied -from Hudson's chart, for which there was ample time after his return to -England. Possibly they may have been copied by Hudson, who wrote that -his voyage "had been suggested" by some "letters and maps" which "had -been sent to him" by Capt. Smith from Virginia. Evidently the notations -are English, and evidently, also, Hudson, or his mate, Juet, had a chart -from his own tracing or from that of a previous explorer, which he -forwarded to his employers, or of which they had a copy, when he wrote -in his Journal: "On _that side_ of the river called _Mannahata,_" as a -reference by which his employers could identify the side of the river -on which the Half-Moon anchored, [FN-3] Presumably the chart was drawn -by Hudson and forwarded with his report, and that to him belongs the -honor of reducing to an orthographic form the first aboriginal name of -record on the river which now bears his name. Five years after Hudson's -advent Adriaen Block wrote _Manhates_ as the name of what is now New -York Island, and later, De Vries wrote _Manates_ as the name of Staten -Island, both forms having the same meaning, _i. e.,_ "Small island." -There have been several interpretations of Mannahatin, the most -analytical and most generally accepted being by the late Dr. J. H. -Trumbull: "From _Menatey_ (Del.), 'Island'--_Mannahata_ 'The Island,' -the reference being to the main land or to Long Island as the large -island. _Menatan_ (Hudson's _Mannah-atin,_ _-an_ or _-in,_ the -indefinite or diminutive form), 'The small island,' or the smaller of -the two principal islands, the Manhates of Adriaen Block. [FN-4] -_Manáhtons,_ 'People of the Island,' _Manáhatanesen,_ 'People of the -small islands.'" [FN-5] The Eastern-Algonquian word for "Island" -(English notation), is written _Munnoh,_ with formative _-an_ -(Mun-nohan). It appears of record, occasionally, in the vicinity of -New York, presumably introduced by interpreters or English scribes. The -usual form is the Lenape _Menaté,_ Chippeway _Minnis,_ "Small island," -classed also as Old Algonquian, or generic, may be met in the valley of -the Hudson, but the instances are not clear. It is simply a dialectic -equivalent of Del. _Ménates._ (See Monach'nong.) Van Curler wrote in his -Mohawk vocabulary (1635), "_Kanon-newaga_, Manhattan Island." The late -J. W. Powell, Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me: "In the -alphabet of this office the name may be transliterated _Kanoñnò'ge._ It -signifies 'Place of Reeds.'" Perhaps what was known as the "Reed Valley" -was referred to, near which Van Twiller had a tobacco plantation where -the Indians of all nations came to trade. (See Saponickan.) The lower -part of the island was probably more or less a district of reed swamps. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Brown's "Genesis of the United States," 327, 457, 459, ii, 80. - - [FN-2] Colonial History of New York. - - [FN-3] Hudson anchored in the bay near Hoboken. Near by his anchorage - he noticed that "there was a cliff that looked of the color of white - green." This cliff is near Elysian Fields at Hoboken. (Broadhead.) - The cliff is now known as Castle Point. - - [FN-4] The reference to Adriaen Block is presumably to the "Carte - Figurative" of 1614-16, now regarded as from Block's chart. - - [FN-5] "Composition of Indian Geographical Names," p. 22. - - -Pagganck, so written in Indian deed of 1637, as the name of Governor's -Island--Peconuc, Denton, is an equivalent of _Pagán'nak,_ meaning -literally "Nut Island." Also written _Pachgan,_ as in _Pachganunschi,_ -"White walnut trees." (Zeisb.) Denton explained, "Because excellent nut -trees grew there." [FN] The Dutch called it "der Nooten Eilandt," -literally "The Walnut Island," from whence the modern name, "Nutten -Island." The island was purchased from the Indian owners by Director -Wouter van Twiller, from whose occupation, and its subsequent use as a -demense of the governors of the Province, its present name. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Denton's "Description of New York," p. 29. Ward's and Blackwell's - islands were sold to the Dutch by the Marechawicks, of Long Island, in - 1636-7. Governor's Island was sold in the same year by the Tappans, - Hackinsacks and Nyacks, the grantors signing themselves as "hereditary - owners." Later deeds were signed by chiefs of the Raritans and - Hackinsacks. - - -Minnisais is not a record name. It was conferred on Bedloe's Island by -Dr. Schoolcraft from the Ojibwe or Chippeway dialect, [FN] in which it -means "Small island." - - * * * * * - - [FN] The Objibwe (Objibwai) were a nation of three tribes living - northwest of the great lakes, of which the Ojibwai or Chippeway - represented the Eagle totem. It is claimed by some writers that their - language stands at the head of the Algonquian tongues. This claim is - disputed on behalf of the Cree, the Shawanoe, and the Lenape or - Delaware. It is not assumed that Ojibwe (Chippeway) terms are not - Algonquian, but that they do not strictly belong to the dialects of the - Hudson's river families. Rev. Heckewelder saw no particular difference - between the Ojibwe and the Lenape except in the French and the English - forms. Ojibwe terms may always be quoted in explanations of the Lenape. - - -Kiosh, or "Gull Island," was conferred on Ellis Island by Dr. -Schoolcraft from the Ojibwe dialect. The interpretation is correct -presumably. - -Tenkenas is of record as the Indian name of what is now known as Ward's -Island. [FN] It appears in deed of 1636-7. It means "Small island," -from _Tenke_ (Len.), "little." - - * * * * * - - [FN] The Dutch called the island _Onvruchtbaar,_ "Unfruitful, barren." - The English adopted the signification, "Barren," which soon became - corrupted to "Barrent's," to which was added "Great" to distinguish it - from Randal's Island, which was called "Little Barrent's Island." Barn - Island is another corruption. Both islands were "barren" no doubt. - - -Monatun was conferred by Dr. Schoolcraft on the whirlpool off Hallet's -Cove, with the explanation, "A word conveying in its multiplied forms -the various meanings of violent, forcible, dangerous, etc." Dr. -Schoolcraft introduced the word as the derivative of Manhatan, which, -however, is very far from being explained by it. _Hell-gate,_ a vulgar -orthography of Dutch _Hellegat,_ has long been the popular name of the -place. It was conferred by Adriaen Block, in 1614-16, to the dangerous -strait known as the East River, from a strait in Zealand, which, -presumably, was so called from Greek _Helle,_ as heard in Hellespont--"Sea -of Helle"--now known as the Dardanelles--which received its Greek name -from _Helle,_ daughter of Athamas, King of Thebes, who, the fable tells -us, was drowned in passing over it. Probably the Dutch sailors regarded -the strait as the "Gate of Hell," but that is not the meaning of the -name--"a dangerous strait or passage." In some records the strait is -called _Hurlgate,_ from Dutch _Warrel,_ "Whirl," and _gat,_ "Hole, gap, -mouth"--substantially, "a whirlpool." - -Monachnong, deed to De Vries, 1636; _Menates,_ De Vries's Journal; -_Ehquaons_ (Eghquaous, Brodhead, by mistake in the letter _n_), deed of -1655, and _Aquehonge-Monuchnong,_ deed to Governor Lovelace, 1670, are -forms of the names given as that of Staten Island, and are all from -Lenape equivalents. _Menates_ means "Small island" as a whole; -_Monach'nong_ means a "Place on the island," or less than the whole, as -shown by the claims of the Indians in 1670, that they had not previously -sold all the island. (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 453.) It is the equivalent -of _Menach'hen,_ Minsi; _Menach'n,_ Abn., "Island," and _ong,_ locative; -in Mass. _Mimnoh-han-auke._ (See Mannhonake.) _Eghquaons_ and _Aquehonga_ -are equivalents, and also equivalents of _Achquoanikan-ong,_ "Bushnet -fishing-place," of which _Acquenonga_ is an alternate in New Jersey. -(Nelson's "Indians of New Jersey," 122.) In other words, the Indians -conveyed places on the island, including specifically their "bushnet -fishing-place," and by the later deed to Lovelace, conveyed all unsold -places. The island was owned by the Raritans who resided "behind the -Kol," and the adjoining Hackensacks. (Deed of 1655.) Its last Indian -occupants were the Nyacks, who removed to it after selling their lands -at New Utrecht. (See Paganck note.) - -Minnahanock, given as the name of Blackwell's Island, was interpreted by -Dr. Trumbull from _Munnŏhan,_ Mass., the indefinite form of _Munnŏh,_ -"Island," and _auke,_ Mass., "Land" or place. Dr. O'Callaghan's "Island -home," is not in the composition. (See Mannhonake.) - - * * * * * - - On Manhattan Island. - - -Kapsee, Kapsick, etc., the name of what was the extreme point of land -between Hudson's River and the East River, and still known as Copsie -Point, was claimed by Dr. Schoolcraft to be Algonquian, and to mean, -"Safe place of landing," which it may have been. The name, however, -is pretty certainly a corruption of Dutch _Kaap-hoekje,_ "A little cape -or promontory." - -Saponickan and Sapohanican are the earliest forms of a name which -appears later Sappokanican, Sappokanikke, Saponican, Shawbackanica, -Taponkanico, etc. "A piece of land bounded on the north by the strand -road, called Saponickan" (1629); "Tobacco plantation _near_ Sapohanican" -(1639); "Plantation situate against the Reed Valley _beyond_ -Sappokanican" (1640). Wouter van Twiller purchased the tract, in 1629, -for the use of the Dutch government and established thereon a tobacco -plantation, with buildings enclosed in palisade, which subsequently -became known as the little village of Sapokanican--Sappokanican, Van -der Donck--and later (1721) as Greenwich Village. It occupied very -nearly the site of the present Gansevort market. The "Strand road" is -now Greenwich Street. It was primarily, an Indian path along the shore -of the river north, with branches to Harlem and other points, the main -path continuing the trunk-path through Raritan Valley, but locally -beginning at the "crossing-place," or, as the record reads, "Where the -Indians cross [the Hudson] to bring their pelteries." [FN-1] "South of -Van Twiller's plantation was a marsh much affected by wild-fowl, and -a bright, quick brook, called by the Dutch 'Bestavar's Kil,' and by the -English 'Manetta Water.'" [FN-2] (Half-Moon Series.) _Saponickan_ was in -place here when Van Twiller made his purchase (1629), as the record -shows, and was adopted by him as the name of his settlement. To what -feature it referred cannot be positively stated, but apparently to the -Reed Valley or marsh. It has had several interpretations, but none that -fare satisfactory. The syllable _pon_ may denote a bulbous root which -was found there. (See Passapenoc.) The same name is probably met in -Saphorakain, or Saphonakan, given as the name of a tract described as -"Marsh and canebrake," lying near or on the shore of Gowanus Bay, -Brooklyn. (See Kanonnewage, in connection with Manhattan.) - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "Through this valley pass large numbers of all sorts of tribes - on their way north and east." (Van Tienhoven, 1650.) "Where the Indians - cross to bring their pelteries." (De Laet, 1635.) The crossing-place - is now known as Pavonia. The path crossed the Spuyten Duyvil at Harlem - and extended along the coast east. To and from it ran many "paths and - roads" on Manhattan, which, under the grant to Van Twiller, were to - "forever remain for the use of the inhabitants." The evidence of an - Indian village at or near the landing is not tangible. The only village - or settlement of which there is any evidence was that which gathered - around Van Twiller's plantation, which was a noted trading post for - "all sorts of tribes." - - [FN-2] Bestevaar (Dutch) means "Dear Father," and Manetta (Manittoo, - Algonquian), means, "That which surpasses, or is more than ordinary." - Water of more than ordinary excellence. (See Manette.) - - -Nahtonk, Recktauck, forms of the name, or of two different names, of -Corlear's Hook, may signify, abstractively, "Sandy Point," as has been -interpreted; but apparently, _Nahtonk_ [FN-1] is from _Nâ-i,_ "a point -or corner," and _Recktauck_ [FN-2] from _Lekau_ (Requa), "Sand gravel"--a -"sandy place." It was a sandy point with a beach, entered, on English -maps, "Crown Point." - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Naghtonk (Benson); Nahtonk (Schoolcraft); Rechtauck (record). - It was to the huts which were located here to which a clan of Long - Island Indians fled for protection, in February, 1643, and were - inhumanly murdered by the Dutch. The record reads: "Where a few - Rockaway Indians from Long Island, with their chief, Niande Nummerus, - had built their wigwams." (Brodhead.) "And a party of freemen behind - Corlear's plantation, on the Manhattans, who slew a large number and - afterwards burned their huts." The name of the Chief, _Niande - Nummerus,_ is corrupted from the Latin _Nicanda Numericus,_ the name - of a Roman gens. De Vries wrote, "Hummerus, a Rockaway chief, who I - knew." - - [FN-2] See Rechqua-hackie. "The old Harlem creek, on Manhattan Island, - was called Rechawanes, or 'Small, sandy river.'" (Gerard.) - - -Warpoes is given as the name of "a small hill" on the east side and -"near ye fresh water" lake or pond called the _Kolk_ (Dutch "pit-hole"), -which occupied several acres in the neighborhood of Centre Street. [FN-1] -The Indian name is that of the narrow pass between the hill and the -pond, which it described as "small" or narrow. (See Raphoos.) - -In the absence of record names, the late Dr. Schoolcraft conferred, on -several points, terms from the Ojibwe or Chippeway, which may be -repeated as descriptive merely. A hill at the corner of Charlton and -Varick streets was called by him _Ishpatinau,_ "A bad hill." [FN-2] A -ridge or cliff north of Beekman Street, was called _Ishibic,_ "A bad -rock;" the high land on Broadway, _Acitoc;_ a rock rising up in the -Battery, _Abie,_ and Mount Washington, _Penabic,_ "The comb mountain." -The descriptions are presumably correct, but the features no longer -exist. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "By ye edge of ye hill by ye fresh water." (Cal. N. Y. Land - Papers, 17.) The Dutch name ran into _Kalch, Kolack_ and _Collect,_ - and in early records "_Kalch-hock._" from its peculiar shape, - resembling a fish-hook. - - [FN-2] "At ye sand Hills near the Bowery." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers. - 17.) _Ishpetouga_ was given by the same writer to Brooklyn Heights, - with the explanation "High, sandy banks," but the term does not - describe the character of the elevation. (See Espating.) - - -Muscota is given as the name of the "plain or meadow" known later as -Montagne's Flat, between 108th and 124th streets. (Col. Hist. N. Y., -xiv.) It also appears as the name of a hill, and in Muskuta as that of -the great flat on the north side of the Spuyten Duivel. "The first -point of the main land to the east of the island Papirinimen, there -where the hill Muskuta is." The hill takes the name from the meadows -which it describes. "_Moskehtu,_ a meadow." (Eliot.) - -Papinemen (1646), Pahparinnamen (1693), Papirinimen (modern), are forms -of the Indian name used interchangeably by the Dutch with Spuyten Duivel -to designate a place where the tide-overflow of the Harlem River is -turned aside by a ridge and unites with Tibbet's Brook, constituting -what is known as the Spuyten Duivel Kill, correctly described by Riker -in his "History of Harlem": "The narrow kill called by the Indians -Pahparinamen, which, winding around the northerly end of Manhattan, -connected the Spuyten Duyvil with the Great Kill or Harlem River, gave -its name to the land contiguous to it on either side." The locative of -the name is clearly shown in the boundaries of the Indian deed to Van -der Donck, in 1646, and in the subsequent Philipse Patent of 1693, the -former describing the south line of the lands conveyed as extending from -the Hudson "to Papinemen, called by our people Spuyten Duivel," and the -latter as extending to and including "the neck, island or hummock, -Pahparinnamen," on the north side of the passage, at which point, in the -early years of Dutch occupancy, a crossing place or "wading place" was -found which had been utilized by the Indians for ages, and of which -Jasper Bankers and Peter Sluyter wrote, in 1679-80, "They can go over -this creek, at dead or low water, upon the rocks and reefs, at a place -called Spuyt ten Duyvel." From this place the name was extended to the -"island or hummock" and to what was called "the Papirinameno Patent," -at the same point on the south side of the stream, to which it was -claimed to belong in 1701. Mr. Riker's assignment of the name to the -Spuyten Duivel passage is probably correct. The "neck, island or -hummock" was a low elevation in a salt marsh or meadow. It was utilized -as a landing place by the Indians whose path ran from thence across the -marsh "to the main." Later, the path was converted to a causeway or -road-approach to what is still known as King's Bridge. A ferry was -established here in 1669 and known as "The Spuyten Duyvil passage or -road to and from the island to the main." In 1692 Governor Andros gave -power to the city of New York to build a bridge "over the Spiken devil -ferry," and the city, with the consent of the Governor, transferred the -grant to Frederick Philipse. In giving his consent the Governor made the -condition that the bridge "should thenceforth be known and called King's -Bridge." It was made a free bridge in 1758-9. The "island or hummock" -came to be the site of the noted Macomb mansion. - -The name has not been satisfactorily translated. Mr. Riker wrote, "Where -the stream closes," or is broken off, recognizing the locative of the -name. Ziesberger wrote, Papinamen, "Diverting," turning aside, to go -different ways; accessorily, that which diverts or turns aside, and -place where the action of the verb is performed. Where the Harlem is -turned aside or diverted, would be a literal description. - - - -[Illustration: The Sputen Duyvel] - - - -Spuyten Duyvil, now so written, was the early Dutch nickname of the -Papirinimen ford or passage, later known as King's Bridge. "By our -people called," wrote Van der Donck in 1652, indicating conference by -the Dutch prior to that date. It simply described the passage as evil, -vicious, dangerous. Its derivatives are _Spui,_ "sluice;" _Spuit,_ -"spout;" _Spuiten,_ "to spout, to squirt, to discharge with force," as -a waterspout, or water forced through a narrow passage. _Duyvil_ is a -colloquial expression of viciousness. The same name is met on the Mohawk -in application to the passage of the stream between two islands near -Schenectady. The generally quoted translation, "_Spuyt den Duyvil,_ In -spite of the Devil," quoted by Brodhead as having been written by Van -der Donck, has no standing except in Irving's "Knickerbocker History of -New York." Van der Donck never wrote the sentence. He knew, and Brodhead -knew, that _Spuyt_ was not _Spijt,_ nor _Spuiten_ stand for _Spuitten._ -The Dutch for "In spite of the Devil," is _In Spijt van Duivel._ The -sentence may have been quoted by Brodhead without examination. It was a -popular story that Irving told about one Antony Corlear's declaration -that he would swim across the ford at flood tide in a violent storm, -"In spite of the devil," but obviously coined in Irving's brain. It may, -however, had for its foundation the antics of a very black and muscular -African who was employed to guard the passage and prevent hostile -Indians as well as indiscreet Dutchmen from crossing, and who, for the -better discharge of his duty, built fires at night, armed himself with -sword and firebrands, vociferated loudly, and acted the character of a -devil very well. At all events the African is the only historical devil -that had an existence at the ford, and he finally ran away and became -merged with the Indians. _Spiting Devil,_ an English corruption, ran -naturally into _Spitting Devil,_ and some there are who think that that -is a reasonably fair rendering of Dutch _Spuiten._ They are generally -of the class that take in a cant reading with a relish. - -Shorakkapoch and Shorackappock are orthographies of the name of record -as that of the cove into which the Papirinemen discharges its waters at -a point on the Hudson known as Tubby Hook. It is specifically located -in the Philipse charter of 1693: "A creek called Papparinnemeno which -divides New York Island from the main land, so along said creek as it -runs to Hudson's River, which part is called by the Indians -Shorackhappok," _i. e._ that part of the stream on Hudson's River. In -the patent to Hugh O'Neil (1666): "To the Kill Shorakapoch, and then to -Papirinimen," _i. e.,_ to the cove and thence east to the Spuyten Duyvil -passage. "The beautiful inlet called Schorakapok." (Riker.) Dr. Trumbull -wrote "_Showaukuppock_ (Mohegan), a cove." William R. Gerard suggests -"_P'skurikûppog_ (Lenape), 'forked, fine harbor,' so called because it -was safely shut in by Tubby Hook, [FN-1] and another Hook at the north, -the current taking a bend around the curved point of rock (covered at -high tide) that forked or divided the harbor at the back." Dr. Brinton -wrote: "_W'shakuppek,_ 'Smooth still water;' _pek,_ a lake, cove or any -body of still water; _kup,_ from _kuppi,_ 'cove.'" Bolton, in his -"History of Westchester County," located at the mouth of the stream, on -the north side, an Indian fort or castle under the name of _Nipinichen,_ -but that name belongs on the west side of the Hudson at Konstable's -Hook, [FN-2] and the narrative of the attack on Hudson's ship in 1609, -noted in Juet's Journal, does not warrant the conclusion that there was -an Indian fort or castle in the vicinity. A fishing village there may -have been. At a later date (1675) the authorities permitted a remnant -of the Weckquasgecks to occupy lands "On the north point of Manhattan -Island" (Col, Hist. N. Y., xiii, 494), and the place designated may -have been in previous occupation. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Tubby Hook, Dutch _Tobbe Hoeck,_ from its resemblance to a - washtub. - - [FN-2] Called Konstabelshe's Hoek from a grant of land to one Jacobus - Roy, the Konstabel or gunner at Fort Amsterdam, in 1646. - - - -[Illustration: THE PALISADES FROM YONKERS.] - - - - * * * * * - - - Names on the East from Manhattan North. - -Keskeskick, "a piece of land, situated opposite to the flat on the -island of Manhattan, called Keskeskick, stretching lengthwise along the -Kil which runs behind the island of Manhattan, beginning at the head of -said Kil and running to opposite of the high hill by the flat, namely -by the great hill," (Deed of 1638.) _Kaxkeek_ is the orthography of -Riker (Hist. of Harlem); and _Kekesick_ that of Brodhead (Hist. New -York), in addition to which may be quoted _Keesick_ and _Keakates,_ -given as the names of what is now known as Long Pond, which formed the -southeast boundary of the tract, where was also a salt marsh or meadow. -In general terms, the name means a "meadow," and may have been that of -this salt marsh (a portion of the name dropped) or of the flat. The root -is _Kâk,_ "sharp;" _Kâkákes,_ "sharp grass," or sedge-marsh; -_Sik-kákaskeg,_ "salt sedge-marsh." (Gerard.) _Micûckaskéete,_ "a -meadow." (Williams.) _Muscota,_ now in use, is another word for meadow. - -Mannepies is quoted by Riker (Hist. Harlem) as the name of the hilly -tract or district of Keskeskick, described as lying "over against the -flats of the island of Manhattan." It is now preserved as the name of -Cromwell Lake and creek, and seems to have been the name of the former. -The original was probably an equivalent of _Menuppek,_ "Any enclosed -body of water great or small." (Anthony.) - -Neperah, Nippiroha, Niperan, Nepeehen, Napperhaera, Armepperahin, the -latter of date 1642 (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 9), forms of record as the -name of Sawmill Creek, and also quoted as the name of the site of the -present city of Yonkers, has been translated by Wm. R. Gerard, from the -form of 1642: "A corruption of _Ana-nepeheren,_ that is, 'fishing -stream' or 'fishing rapids.'" _Ap-pehan_ (Eliot), "a trap, a snare." -There was an Indian village on the north side of the stream in 1642. -(Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 9.) - -Nepahkomuk, Nappikomack, etc., quoted as the name of a place on Sawmill -Creek, and also as the name of an Indian village at Yonkers, may have -been the name of the latter by extension. It has been translated with -apparent correctness from _Nepé-komuk_ (Mass.), "An enclosed or occupied -water-place." [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] This translation is from _Nepe (Nepa, Nape, Nippe,_ etc.), meaning - "water," generally, and _Komuk,_ "place enclosed, occupied, limited," a - particular body of water. "The radical of _Nipe_ is _pe_ or _pa,_ which, - with the demonstrative and definitive _ne_ prefixed, formed the noun - _nippe,_ water." (Trumbull.) _Nape-ake (-auke, -aki)_ means "Water-land," - or water-place. _Nape-ek,_ Del., _Nepeauk,_ Mass., means "Standing - water," a lake or pond or a stretch of still water in a river. - _Menuppek,_ "Lake, sea, any enclosed body of water, great or small." - (Anthony.) _Nebi, nabe, m'bi, be,_ are dialectic forms. The Delaware - _M'hi_ (Zeisb.) is occasionally met in the valley, but the Massachusetts - _Nepe_ is more frequent. _Gami_ is another noun-generic meaning "Water" - (Cree, _Kume_). _Komuk_ (Mass.), _Kamick_ (Del.), is frequently met in - varying orthographies. In general terms it means "Place, limited or - enclosed," a particular place as a field, garden, house, etc., as - distinguished from _auke,_ "Land, earth, unlimited, unenclosed." - - -Meghkeekassin, the name of a large rock in an obscure nook on the west -side of the Neperah, near the Hudson, is written _Macackassin_ in deed -of 1661. It is from _Mechek,_ Del., "great," and _assin_ "stone." -"_Meechek-assin-ik,_ At the big rock." (Heckewelder.) The name is also -of record _Amack-assin,_ a Delaware term of the same general -meaning--"_Amangi,_ great, big (in composition _Aman-gach_), with the -accessory notion of terrible, frightful." (Dr. Brinton.) Presumably, in -application here, "a monster," _i. e._ a stone not of the native -formation usually found in the locality. [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] The Indians are traditionally represented as regarding boulders of - this class, as monuments of a great battle which was fought between - their hero myth Micabo and Kasbun his twin brother, the former - representing the East or Orient, and the latter the West, the imagery - being a description of the primary contest between Light and - Darkness--Light gleaming from the East and Darkness retreating to the - West before it. Says the story: "The feud between the brothers was - bitter and the contest long and doubtful. It began on the mountains of - the East. The face of the land was seamed and torn by the wrestling of - the mighty combatants, and the huge boulders that are scattered about - were the weapons hurled at each other by the enraged brothers." The - story is told in its several forms by Dr. Brinton in his "American Hero - Myths." - - -Wickquaskeck is entered on Van der Donck's map as the name of an Indian -village or castle the location of which is claimed by Bolton to have -been at Dobb's Ferry, where the name is of record. It was, however, the -name of a place from which it was extended by the early Dutch to a very -considerable representative clan or family of Indians whose jurisdiction -extended from the Hudson to or beyond the Armonck or Byram's River, with -principal seat on the head waters of that stream, or on one of its -tributaries, who constituted the tribe more especially known to the -Dutch settlers as the Manhattans. Cornelius Tienhoven, Secretary of New -Amsterdam, wrote, in 1654, "_Wicquaeskeck_ on the North River, five -miles above New Amsterdam, is very good and suitable land for -agriculture. . . . This land lies between the Sintsinck and Armonck -streams, situate between the East and North rivers." (Doc. Hist, N. Y., -iv, 29.) "Five miles," Dutch, was then usually counted as twenty miles -(English). Standard Dutch miles would be about eighteen. The Armonck is -now called Byram River; it flows to the Sound on the boundary line -between New York and Connecticut. A part of the territory of this tribe -is loosely described in a deed of 1682, as extending--"from the rock -Sighes, on Hudson's River, to the Neperah, and thence north until you -come to the eastward of the head of the creek, called by the Indians -Wiequaskeck, [FN] stretching through the woods to a kill called -Seweruc," including "a piece of land about Wighqueskeck," _i. e._ about -the head of the creek, which was certainly at the end of a swamp. The -historic seat of the clan was in this vicinity. In the narrative of the -war of 1643-5, it is written, "He of Witqueschreek, living N. E. of -Manhattans. . . . The old Indian (a captive) promised to lead us to -Wetquescheck." He did so, but the castles, three in number, strongly -palisaded, were found empty. Two of them were burned. The inmates, it -was learned, had gathered at a large castle or village on Patucquapaug, -now known as Dumpling Pond, in Greenwich, Ct., to celebrate a festival. -They were attacked there and slaughtered in great numbers. (Doc. Hist. -N. Y., iv, 29.) Bolton's claim that the clan had a castle at or near -Dobb's Ferry, may have been true at some date. The name appears in many -orthographies; in 1621, _Wyeck;_ in treaty of 1645, _Wiquaeshex;_ in -other connections, _Witqueschreek, Weaquassick,_ and Van der Donck's -_Wickquaskeek._ Bolton translated it from the form, _Weicquasguck,_ -"Place of the bark kettle," which is obviously erroneous. Dr. Trumbull -wrote: "From Moh. _Weegasoeguck,_ 'the end of the marsh or wet meadow.'" -Van der Donck's _Wickquaskeck_ has _the same meaning._ It is from Lenape -_Wicqua-askek--wicqua,_ "end of," _askek,_ "swamp," marsh, etc.: _-ck, --eck,_ formative. - - * * * * * - - [FN] The creek now bearing the name flows to the Hudson through the - village of Dobb's Ferry. Its local name, "Wicker's creek," is a - corruption of Wickquaskeek. It was never the name of an individual. - - -Pocanteco, Pecantico, Puegkandico and Perghanduck, a stream so called -[FN-1] in Westchester County, was translated by Dr. O'Callaghan from -_Pohkunni,_ "Dark." "The dark river," and by Bolton from _Pockawachne,_ -"A stream between hills," which is certainly erroneous. The first word -is probably _Pohk_ or _Pak,_ root _Paken_ (_Pákenum,_ "Dark," Zeisb.; -_Pohken-ahtu,_ "In darkness," Eliot). The second may stand for -_antakeu,_ "Woods," "Forest," and the combination read "The Dark Woods." -The stream rises in New Castle township and flows across the town of Mt. -Pleasant to the Hudson at Tarrytown, where it is associated with -Irving's story of Sleepy Hollow. The Dutch called it "Sleeper's-haven -Kil," from the name which they gave to the reach on the Hudson, -"Verdrietig Hoek," or "Tedious Point," because the hook or point was so -long in sight of their slow-sailing vessels, and in calms their crews -slept away the hours under its shadows, "Over against the Verdrietig -Hoek, commonly called by the name of Sleeper's Haven," is the record. -Pocanteco was a heavily wooded valley, and suggested to the early -mothers stories of ghosts to keep their children from wandering in its -depths. From the woods or the valley the name was extended to the -stream.[FN-2] (See Alipkonck.) - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] December 1st, 1680, Frederick Phillips petitioned for liberty to - purchase "a parcel of land on each side of the creek called by the - Indians Pocanteco, . . . adjoining the land he hath already purchased; - there to build and erect a saw-mill." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 546.) - - [FN-2] "Far in the foldings of the hills winds this wizard - stream--sometimes silently and darkly through solemn woodlands.. . . - In the neighborhood of the aqueduct is a deep ravine which forms the - dreamy region of Sleepy Hollow." (Sketch Book.) - - -Alipkonck is entered on Van der Donck's map of 1656, and located with -the sign of an Indian village south of Sing Sing. Bolton (Hist. West. -Co.) claimed it as the name of Tarrytown, and translated it, "The place -of elms," which it certainly does not mean. Its derivative, however, is -disguised in its orthography, and its locative is not certain. -Conjecturally _Alipk_ is from _Wálagk_ (surd mutes _g_ and _p_ exchanged), -"An open place, a hollow or excavation." The locative may have been -Sleepy Hollow. _Tarrytown,_ which some writers have derived from _Tarwe_ -(Dutch), "Wheat"--Wheat town--proves to be from an early settler whose -name was _Terry,_ pronounced _Tarry,_ as written in early records. The -Dutch name for Wheat town would be Tarwe-stadt, which was never written -here. - -Oscawanna, an island so called, lying a short distance south of Cruger's -Station on N. Y. Central R. R., Hudson River Division, is of record, in -1690, _Wuscawanus._ (Doc. Hist. N. Y., ii, 237.) It seems to have been -from the name of a sachem, otherwise known as Weskora, Weskheun, -Weskomen, in 1685. _Wuski,_ Len., "New, young;" _Wuske'éne_ Williams, "A -youth." - - - -[Illustration: SOUTHERN GATEWAY OF THE HIGHLANDS] - - - -Shildrake, or Sheldrake, given as the name of Furnace Brook, takes that -name from an extended forest known in local records as "The Furnace -Woods." By exchange of _l_ and _n,_ it is probably from _Schind,_ -"Spruce-pine" (Zeisb.); _aki,_ "Land" or place. _Schindikeu,_ "Spruce -forest" ("Hemlock woods," Anthony). (See Shinnec'ock.) Furnace Brook -takes that name from an ancient furnace on its bank. In 1734 it was -known as "The old-mill stream." _Jamawissa,_ quoted as its Indian name, -seems to be an aspirated form of _Tamaquese,_ "Small beaver." (See -Jamaica.) - -Sing-Sing--Sinsing, Van der Donck; _Sintsing,_ treaty of 1645--usually -translated, "At the standing-stone," and "Stone upon stone," means "At -the small stones," or "Place of small stones"--from _assin_ "stone;" -_is,_ diminutive, and _ing,_ locative. _Ossinsing,_ the name of the -town, has the same meaning; also, Sink-sink, L. I., ind Assinising, -Chemung County. The interpretation is literally sustained in the -locative on the Hudson. - -Tuckahoe, town of East Chester, is from _Ptuckweōō,_ "It is round." -It was the name of a bulbous root which was used by the Indians for food -and for making bread, or round loaves. (See Tuckahoe, L. I.) - -Kitchiwan, modern form; _Kitchawanc,_ treaty of 1643; _Kichtawanghs,_ -treaty of 1645; _Kitchiwan,_ deed of 1645; _Kitchawan,_ treaty of 1664; -the name of a stream in Westchester County from which extended to an -Indian clan, "Is," writes Dr. Albert S. Gatschet of the Bureau of -Ethnology, "an equivalent of _Wabenaki-ke'dshwan, -kidshuan,_ suffixed -verbal stem, meaning 'Running Swiftly,' 'Rushing water,' or current, -whether over rapids or not. _Sas-katchéwan,_ Canada, 'The roiley, -rushing stream'; _assisku,_ 'Mud, dirt.' (Cree.) The prefix _ki_ or -_ke,_ is nothing else than an abbreviation of _kitchi,_ 'great,' -'large,' and here 'strong.' Examples are frequent as -kitchuan, --kitchawan, Mass.; kesi-itsooaⁿn or taⁿn, Abn., Kussi-tchuan, Mass., 'It -swift flows.' The prefix is usually applied to streams which rise in the -highlands and flow down rapidly descending slopes." The final _k_ in some -of the early forms, indicates pronunciation with the guttural aspirate, -as met in _wank_ and wangh in other local names. [FN] The final _s_ is a -foreign plural usually employed to express "people," or tribe. The -stream is now known as the _Croten_ from _Cnoten,_ the name of a -resident sachem, which by exchange of _n_ and _r,_ becomes _Croten,_ an -equivalent, wrote Dr. Schoolcraft of _Noten,_ Chip., "The wind." -"Bounded on the south by Scroton's River" (deed of 1703); "Called by -the Indians Kightawank, and by the English Knotrus River." (Col. N. Y, -Land Papers, 79.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] Dr. Trumbull wrote in the Natick (Mass.) dialect, "_Kussitchuan, - -uwan,_ impersonal verb, 'It flows in a rapid stream,' a current; it - continues flowing; as a noun, 'a rapid stream.'" In Cree, _Kussehtanne,_ - "Flowing as a stream" In Delaware, _-tanne_ has its equivalent in - _-hanne._ "The impersonal verb termination _-awan, -uan,_ etc., is - sometimes written with the participial and subjunctive _k_" (_ka_ or - _gh._) (Gerard.) The _k_ or _gh_ appears in some forms of Kitchawan. - (See Waronawanka.) - - -Titicus, given as the name of a branch of the Croton flowing from -Connecticut, is of record Mutighticos and Matightekonks, translated by -Dr. Trumbull from _Mat'uhtugh-ohke,_ "Place without wood," from which -extended to the stream. (See Mattituck and Sackonck.) - -Navish is claimed as the name of Teller's (now Croton) Point, on a -reading of the Indian deed of 1683: "All that parcel, neck or point of -land, with the meadow ground or valley adjoining, situate, lying and -being on the east side of the river over against Verdrietig's Hooke, -commonly called and known by the name of Slauper's Haven and by the -Indians Navish, the meadow being called by the Indians Senasqua." -Clearly, Navish refers to Verdrietig Hook, on the west side of the -river, where it is of record. It is an equivalent of _Newás_ (Len.), -"promontory." (See Nyack-on-the-Hudson.) - -Nannakans, given as the name of a clan residing on Croton River, is an -equivalent of _Narragans_ (_s_ foreign plural), meaning "People of the -point," the locative being Croton Point. (See Nyack.) This clan, crushed -by the war of 1643-5, removed to the Raritan country, where, by -dialectic exchange of _n_ and _r,_ they were known as Raritanoos, or -Narritans. They were represented, in 1649, by Pennekeck, "The chief -behind the Kul, having no chief of their own." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii.) -The interpretation given to their removal, by some writers, viz., "That -the Wappingers removed to New Jersey," is only correct in a limited -sense. The removal was of a single clan or family. The Indians on both -sides of the Hudson here were of kindred stock and were largely -intermarried. (See Raritans and Pomptons.) - -Senasqua, quoted as the name of Teller's Point (now Croton Point), and -also as the name of Teller's Neck, is described as "A meadow," -presumably on the neck or point. It is an equivalent of Del. -_Lenaskqual,_ "Original grass," (Zeisb.), _i. e._ grass which was -supposed to have grown on the land from the beginning. (Heck.) Called -"Indian grass" to distinguish it from "Whitemen's grass." [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Askquall,_ or _Askqua,_ is an inanimate plural in the termination - _-all, -al,_ or _-a._ All grass was not described by _Maskik,_ in which - the termination _-ik_ is the animate plural. - - -Peppeneghek is a record form of the name quoted as that of what is now -known as Cross-river. - -Kewighecack, the name of a boundmark of Van Cortlandt's Manor, is -written on the map of the Manor _Keweghteuack_ as the name of a bend in -the Croton west of Pine Bridge. It is from _Koua, Kowa, Cuwé,_ -"Pine"--_Cuwé-uchac,_ "Pine wood, pine logs." (Zeisb.) - -Kestaubniuk is entered on Van der Donck's map as the name of an Indian -place or village north of Sing Sing. On Vischer's map the orthography -is _Kestaubocuck._ Dr. Schoolcraft wrote _Kestoniuck,_ "Great Point," -and claimed that the last word had been borrowed and applied to Nyack -on the opposite side of the river, but this is a mistake as Nyack is -generic and of local record where it now is as early as 1660, and is -there correctly applied. No one seems to know where Kestaubniuk was, but -the name is obviously from _Kitschi-bonok,_ "Great ground-nut place." -_Ketche-punak_ and _Ketcha-bonac,_ L. I., _K'schobbenak,_ Del. - -Menagh, entered in Indian deed to Van Cortlandt, 1683, as the name of -what is now known as Verplanck's Point, is probably from _Menach'en_ -(Del.), the indefinite form of _Menátes,_ diminutive, meaning "Small -island." The point was an island in its separation from the main land -by a water course. Monack, Monach, Menach, are other orthographies of -the name. - -Tammoesis is of record as the name of a small stream north of Peekskill. - -Appamaghpogh, now _Amawalk,_ seems to have been extended to a tract of -land without specific location. It is presumed to have been the name of -a fishing place on what is now known as Mohegan Lake _Appéh-ama-paug,_ -"Trap fishing place," or pond. _Amawalk,_ is from _Nam'e-auke,_ -"Fishing-place," (Trumbull.) In the Massachusetts dialect _-pogh_ stands -for "pond," or water-place. - -Keskistkonck, Pasquasheck, and Nochpeem are noted on Van der Donck's map -in the Highlands. In Colonial History is the entry (1644), -"Mongochkonnome and Papenaharrow, chiefs of Wiquseskkack and Nochpeems." -On the east side of the river, apparently about opposite the Donderberg, -is located, on early maps, the _Pachimi,_ who, in turn, are associated -in records with the _Tankitekes._ Pacham is given as the name of a noted -chief of the early period. His clan was probably the Pachimi. -Keskistkonck was a living name as late as 1663, but disappears after -that date. "The Kiskightkoncks, who have no chief now, but are counted -among the foregoing savages." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 303.) - -Sachus, Sachoes and Sackoack are quoted as names of Peekskill, and -_Magrigaries_ as the name of the stream. The latter is an orthography -of _MacGregorie's,_ from Hugh MacGregorie, an owner of lands on the -stream. [FN-1] Though quoted as the name of Peak's Kill, it was the name -given to a small creek south of that stream, as per map of 1776. -_Sachus_ and _Sachoes_ are equivalents, and probably refer to the mouth -or outlet of the small or MacGregorie's Creek--_Sakoes_ or _Saukoes._ -_Sackonck_ has substantially the same meaning--_Sakunk,_ "At the mouth -or outlet of a creek or river." There was, however, a resident sachem -who was called _Sachoes,_ probably from his place of residence, but -which can be read "Black Kettle," from _Suckeu,_ "black," and _ōōs,_ -"kettle." Peekskill is modern from Peak's Kill, so called from Jan Peak, -[FN-2] the founder of the settlement. The Indian name of the stream is -noted, in deed of 1695, "Called by the Indians _Paquintuk,_" probably -an equivalent of _Pokqueantuk,_ "A broad, open place in a tidal river or -estuary." Peekskill Bay was probably referred to. (See Sackonck.) - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Hugh MacGregorie was son of Major Patrick MacGregorie, the first - settler in the present county of Orange. He was killed in the Leisler - rebellion in New York in 1691. The son, Hugh, and his mother, were - granted 1500 acres of land "At a place called John Peaches creek." No - fees were charged for the patent out of respect for the memory of Major - MacGregorie, as he then had "lately died in His Majesty's service in - defence of the Province." (Doc. Hist. N. Y., ii, 364.) MacGregories - sold to Van Cortlandt in 1696. - - [FN-2] Peake, an orthography of _Peak,_ English; Dutch, _Piek_; - pronounced _Pek_ (_e_ as _e_ in wet); English, _Pek_ or _Peck._ - - -Kittatinny, erroneously claimed to mean "Endless hills," and to describe -the Highlands as a continuation of the Allegheny range, belongs to -Anthony's Nose [FN-1] to which, however, it has no very early record -application. It is from _Kitschi,_ "Principal, greatest," and _-atinny,_ -"Hill, mountain," applicable to any principal mountain peak compared -with others in its vicinity. [FN-2] - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] The origin of the name is uncertain. Estevan Gomez, a Spanish - navigator, wrote "St. Anthony's River" as the name of the Hudson, in - 1525. The current explanation, "Antonius Neus, so called from fancied - resemblance to the nose of one Anthony de Hoages," is a myth. The name - as the early Dutch understood it, is no doubt more correctly explained - by Jasper Bankers and Peter Sluyter in their Journal of 1679-80: "A - headland and high hill in the Highlands, so called because it has a - sharp ridge running up and down in the form of a nose," but fails to - explain St. Anthony, or Latin Antonius. The name appears also on the - Mohawk river and on Lake George, presumably from resemblance to the - Highland peak. - - [FN-2] The Indians had no names for mountain ranges, but frequently - designated certain peaks by specific names. "Among these aboriginal - people," wrote Heckewelder, "every tree was not the tree, and every - mountain the mountain; but, on the contrary, everything is - distinguished by its specific name." Kittatinny was and is the most - conspicuous or greatest hill of the particular group of hills in its - proximity and was spoken of as such in designating the boundmark. - - -Sacrahung, or Mill River, "takes its name from _Sacra,_ 'rain.' Its -liability to freshets after heavy rains, may have given origin to the -name." (O'Callaghan.) Evidently, however, the name is a corruption of -_Sakwihung_ (Zeish.), "At the mouth of the river." The record reads, -"A small brook or run called Wigwam brook, but by some falsely called -Sackwrahung." (Deed of 1740.) - -Quinnehung, a neck of land at the mouth and west side of Bronx River, is -presumed to have been the name of Hunter's Point. The adjectival -_Quinneh,_ is very plainly an equivalent of _Quinnih_ (Eliot), "long," -and _-ung_ or _-ongh_ may stand for place--"A long place, or neck of -land." (See Aquchung.) - -Sackonck and Matightekonck, record names of places petitioned for by -Van Cortlandt in 1697, are located in general terms, in the petition, -in the neighborhood of John Peak's Creek and Anthony's Nose. (Cal. N. Y. -Land Papers, 49.) The first probably referred to the mouth of Peak's -Creek (Peekskill). _Sakunk_ (Heck.), "At the mouth or outlet of a creek -or river." _Saukunk_ (Donck) is another form. (See Titicus.) - -Aquehung, Acqueahounck, etc., was translated by Dr. O'Callaghan, "The -place of peace." from _Aquene,_ Nar., "peace," and _unk,_ locative. -Dr. Trumbull wrote, "A place _on this side_ of some other place," from -the generic _Acq._ The description in N. Y. Land Papers reads, "Bounded -on the east by the river called by the Indians Aquehung," the river -taking its name from its position as a boundary "on this side" of which -was the land. The contemporary name, _Ran-ahqua-ung,_ means "A place on -the other side," corresponding with the description, "On the other side -of the Great Kil." Bolton assigns Acqueahounck to Hutchinson's Creek, -the west boundary of the town of Pelham. The "Great Kil" is now the -Bronx. - -Kakeout, the name of the highest hill in Westchester County, is from -Dutch _Kijk-uit,_ "Look-out--a place of observation, as a tower, hill," -etc. It appears also in Rockland and in Ulster County and on the Mohawk. -(See Kakiate.) - -Shappequa, a name now applied to the Shappequa Hills and to a mineral -spring east of Sing-Sing, and destined to be remembered as that of the -home of Horace Greeley, was primarily given to locate a tract now -embraced in the towns of New Castle and Bedford, and, as in all such -cases, was a specific place by which the location could be identified, -but which in turn has never been identified. The name is apparently a -form of _Chepi_ written also _Chappa,_ signifying, "Separated, apart -from, a distinct place." [FN] (See Kap-hack.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] The word _Chippe_ or _Shappa,_ means not only separate, "The - separate place," but was employed to describe a future - condition--Chepeck, the dead. As an adjective, _Chippe_ (El.) signifies - separated, set apart. _Chepiohkomuk,_ the place of separation. The same - word was used for 'ghost,' 'spectre,' 'evil spirit.' (Trumbull.) The - corresponding Delaware word was _Tschipey._ It is not presumed that the - word was made use of here in any other sense than its literal - application, "A separate place." Bolton assigns the name to a Laurel - Swamp, but with doubtful correctness. - - -Aspetong, a bold eminence in Bedford, is an equivalent of _Ashpohtag,_ -Mass., "A high place," "A height." (Trumbull.) See Ishpatinau. - -Quarepos, of record as the name of the district of country called by the -English "White Plains," from the primary prevalence there of white -balsam (Dr. O'Callaghan), seems to have been the name of the lake now -known as St. Mary's. _Quar_ is a form of _Quin, Quan,_ etc., meaning -"Long," and _pos_ stands for _pog_ or _paug,_ meaning "Pond." The name -is met in _Quin'e-paug,_ "Long Pond." The pond lies along the east -border of the town of White Plains. - -Peningo, the point or neck of land forming the southeastern extremity -of the town of Rye, [FN] was interpreted by Dr. Bolton, with doubtful -correctness: "From _Ponus,_ an Indian chief." The neck is some nine -miles long by about two miles broad and seems to have been primarily -a region of ridges and swamps. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Rye is from Rye, England. The derivative is _Ripe_ (Latin), - meaning, "The bank of a river." In French, "The sea-shore." - - -Apanammis, Cal. N. Y, Land Papers; Apauamis and Apauamin, Col. Hist. -N. Y.: Apawammeis, Apawamis, Apawqunamis, Epawames, local and Conn. -Records, is given as the name of Budd's Neck, between Mamaroneck River -and Blind Brook, Westchester County. Dr. Trumbull passed the name -without explanation. It is written as the name of a boundmark. - -Mochquams and Moagunanes are record forms of the name of Blind Brook, -one of the boundary streams of the tract called Penningo, which is -described as lying "between Blind Brook and Byram River." (See Armonck.) - -Magopson and Mangopson are orthographies of the name given as that of -De Lancey's Neck, described as "The great neck." (See Waumaniuck.) The -dialect spoken in eastern Westchester seems to have been _Quiripi_ (or -Quinipiac), which prevailed near the Sound from New Haven west. - -Armonck, claimed as the name of Byram's River, was probably that of a -fishing place. In 1649 the name of the stream is of record, "Called by -the Indians _Seweyruck._" In the same record the land is called _Haseco_ -and a meadow _Misosehasakey,_ interpreted by Dr. Trumbull, "Great fresh -meadow," or low wet lands. _Haseco_ has no meaning; it is now assigned -to Port Chester (Saw-Pits), and _Misosehasakey_ to Horse Neck. Armonck -has lost some of its letters. What is left of it indicates _Amaug,_ -"fishing place." (Trumbull's Indian Names.) - -Eauketaupucason, the name written as that of the feature in the village -of Rye known by the unpleasant English title of "Hog-pen Ridge," is, -writes Mr. William R. Gerard, "Probably an equivalent of Lenape -_Ogid-ápuchk-essen,_ meaning, 'There is rock upon rock,' or one rock -on another rock." Topography not ascertained. - -Manussing--in will of Joseph Sherwood, _Menassink_--an island so called -in the jurisdiction of Rye, may be an equivalent of _Min-assin-ink,_ -"At a place of small stones," _Minneweis,_ now City Island, is in the -same jurisdiction. - -Mamaroneck, now so written as the name of a town in Westchester County, -is of record, in 1644, Mamarrack and Mamarranack; later, Mammaranock, -Mamorinack, Mammarinickes (1662), primarily as that of a "Neck or parcel -of land," but claimed to be from the name of an early sachem of the -Kitchtawanks whose territory was called Kitchtawanuck. [FN] Wm. R. -Gerard explains: "The dissyllabic root, _mamal,_ or _mamar,_ means 'To -stripe;' _Mamar-a-nak,_ 'striped arms,' or eyebrows, as the name of an -Indian chief who painted his arms in stripes or radiated his eyebrows," -a custom noted by several early writers. There is no evidence that the -Kitchtawanuck sachem had either residence or jurisdiction here, nor is -his name signed to any deed in this district. The reading in one record, -"Three stripes or strips of land," seems to indicate that the name was -descriptive of the necks or strips of land. (See Waumaniuck.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] "Mamarranack and Waupaurin, chiefs of Kitchawanuck." (Col. Hist. - N. Y., xiii, 17.) The Kitchawan is now known as Croton river. It has - no connection whatever with Mamaroneck. - - -Waumaniuck and Maumaniuck, forms of the name of record as that of the -eastern part of De Lancey's Neck, or Seaman's Point, Westchester County, -as stated in the Indian deed of 1661, which conveyed to one John -Richbell "three necks of land," described as "Bounded on the east by -Mamaroneck River, and on the west by Gravelly or Stony Brook" (Cal. -N. Y. Land Papers, 5), the latter by the Indians called Pockotesse-wacke, -came to be known as Mamaraneck Neck, otherwise described as "The great -neck of land at Mamaroneck." - -Pockotessewacke, given as the name of what came to be known as "Gravelly -or Stony Brook," and "Beaver-meadow Brook," [FN] has been translated by -Wm. R. Gerard, from "_Petuk-assin-icke,_ 'where there are numerous round -stones'"; a place from which the name was extended to the stream, or -the name of a place in the stream where there were numerous round -stones, _i. e._ paving stones or "hard-heads." _Esse (esseni)_ from -_assin,_ "stone," means "stony, flinty." - - * * * * * - - [FN] Pockotessewacke and Beaver-meadow Brook. (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers.) - - - -[Illustration: Cro' Nest Mountain] - - - -Manuketesuck, quoted by Bolton (Hist. West. Co.) as the name of Long -Island Sound and interpreted, "Broad flowing river," was more correctly -explained by Dr. Trumbull: "Apparently a diminutive of _Manunkatesuck,_ -'Menhaden country,' from _Munongutteau,_ 'that which fertalizes or -manures land,' the Indian name for white fish or bony fish, which were -taken in great numbers by the Indians, on the shores of the Sound, for -manuring their corn lands." - -Moharsic is said to have been the name of what is now known as -Crom-pond, in the town of Yorktown. The pond is in two parts, and the -name may mean, "Where two ponds meet," or come together. _Crom-pond_ is -corrupt Dutch from _Krom-poel,_ "Crooked pond." - -Maharness, the name of a stream rising in Westchester County and flowing -east to the Sound, is also written _Mianus_ and _Mahanus,_ in Dutch -records _Mayane,_ correctly _Mayanno._ It was the name of "a sachem -residing on it between Greenwich and Stamford, Ct., who was killed by -Capt. Patrick, in 1643, and his head cut off and sent to Fort -Amsterdam." (Brodhead, i, 386.) Dr. Trumbull interpreted, "He who -gathers together." _Kechkawes_ is written as the name of the stream in -1640. - -Nanichiestawack, given as the name of an Indian village on the southern -spur of Indian Hill (so called) in the town of Bedford, rests on -tradition. - -Petuckquapaug, a pond in Greenwich, Ct., but originally under the -jurisdiction of the Dutch at Fort Amsterdam, signifies "Round Pond." -It is now called "Dumpling Pond." The Dutch changed the suffix to _paen,_ -"soft land," and in that form described an adjacent district of low -land. (See Tappan.) - -Katonah, the name of a sachem, is preserved in that of a village in the -town of Bedford. The district was known as "Katonah's land." In deed -of 1680, the orthography is Katōōnah--oo as in food. - -Succabonk, a place-name in the town of Bedford, stands for Sagabonak-ong, -"Place of ground nuts," or wild potatoes. (See Sagabonock.) - -Wequehackhe is written by Reichel ("Mem. Moravian Church") as the name -of the Highlands, with the interpretation, "The hill country"--"People -of the hill country." The name has no such meaning. _Weque_ or _Wequa,_ -means "The end," and _-hackhe_ (hacki) means "Land," not up-land. In -other words, the boundary was the end of the Highlands.' [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] "_Hacki,_ land; _Len-hacki,_ up-land." (Zeisberger.) "When they - speak of highlands they say _Lennihacke,_ original lands; but they do - not apply the same name to low lands, which, being generally formed by - the overflowing or washing of streams, cannot be called original." - (Heckewelder.) - - -Mahopack, the modern form of the name of a lake in Putnam County, is of -record _Makoohpeck_ in 1765, and _Macookpack_ on Sauthier's map of 1774, -which seem to stand for _M'achkookpéeck_ (_Ukh-okpeck,_ Mah.), meaning -"Snake Lake," or "Water where snakes are abundant." (See Copake.) In -early years snakes were abundant in the region about the lake, and are -not scarce in present times. [FN] The lake is ten miles in circumference -and lies sixteen hundred feet above the level of Hudson's River. It -contains two or three small islands, on the largest of which is the -traditionally famous "Chieftain's Rock." - - * * * * * - - [FN] A wild, wet region among the hills, where the rattlesnake - abounded. They were formerly found in all parts of the Highlands, and - are still met frequently. - - -Canopus, claimed to have been the name of an Indian sachem and now -preserved in Canopus Hollow, Putnam County, is not Indian; it is Latin -from the Greek name of a town in Egypt. "_Can'pus,_ the Egyptian god -of water." (Webster.) - -Wiccopee is of record as the name of the highest peak in the Fishkill -Mountains on the south border of East Fishkill. It is also assigned to -the pass or clove in the range through which ran the Indian path, now -the present as well as the ancient highway between Fishkill Village and -Peekskill, which was fortified in the war of the Revolution. An Indian -village is traditionally located in the pass, of which "one Wikopy" is -named as chief on the same authority. The name, however, has no -reference to a pass, path, village or chief; it is a pronunciation of -_Wecuppe,_ "The place of basswoods or linden trees," from the inner bark -of which (_wikopi_) "the Indians made ropes and mats--their tying bark -par excellence." (Trumbull.) "_Wikbi_, bast, the inner bark of trees." -(Zeisberger.) In Webster and The Century the name is applied to the -Leather-wood, a willowy shrub with a tough, leathery bark. - -Matteawan, now so written, has retained that orthography since its first -appearance in 1685 in the Rombout Patent, which reads: "Beginning on -the south side of a creek called Matteawan," the exact boundmark being -the north side or foot of the hill known as Breakneck (_Matomps'k_). It -has been interpreted in various ways, that most frequently quoted -appearing in Spofford's Gazetteer: "From _Matai,_ a magician, and -_Wian,_ a skin; freely rendered, 'Place of good furs,'" which never -could have been the meaning; nor does the name refer to mountains to -which it has been extended. Wm. R. Gerard writes: "_Matáwan,_ an -impersonal Algonquian verb, meaning, 'It debouches into,' _i. e._ 'a -creek or river into another body of water,' substantially, 'a -confluence.'" This rendering is confirmed by Albert S. Gatschet, of the -Bureau of Ethnology, who writes: "Mr. Gerard is certainly right when he -explains the radix _mat--mata_--by confluence, junction, debouching, -and forming verbs as well as roots and nouns." _-A'wan, -wan -uan,_ -etc., is an impersonal verb termination; it appears only in connection -with impersonal verbs. (See Waronawanka.) Matteawan is met in several -forms--Matawa and Mattawan, Ontario, Canada; Mattawan, Maine; Matawan, -Monmouth County, N. J.; Mattawanna, Pa.; Mattawoman, Maryland. - -Fishkill, the English name of the stream of which Matteawan is the -estuary, is from Dutch _Vischer's Kil._ It was probably applied by the -Dutch to the estuary from _Vischer's Rak_ which the Dutch applied to a -reach or sailing course on the Hudson at this point. De Laet wrote: -"A place which our country-men call Vischer's Rack, [FN] that is -Fisherman's Bend." (See Woranecks.) On the earlier maps the stream, or -its estuary, is named _Vresch Kil,_ or "Fresh-water Kil," to distinguish -it from the brackish water of the Hudson. From the estuary extended to -the entire stream. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Rack is obsolete; the present word is _Recht._ It describes an - almost straight part of the river. - - -Woranecks, Carte Figurative 1614-16; _Waoranecks,_ 1621-25; _Warenecker,_ -Wassenaer; _Waoranekye,_ De Laet, 1633-40; _Waoranecks,_ Van der Donck's -map, 1656--is located on the Carte Figurative north of latitude 42-15, on -the east side of the river. De Laet and Van der Donck place it between -what are now known as Wappingers' Creek and Fishkill Creek. De Laet -wrote: "Where projects a sandy point and the river becomes narrower, -there is a place called Esopus, where the Waoranekys, another barbarous -nation, have their abode." Later, Esopus became permanent on the west -side of the river at Kingston. It is a Dutch corruption of Algonquian -_Sepus,_ meaning brook, creek, etc., applicable to any small stream. -From De Laet's description, [FN] there is little room for doubt that the -"sandy point" to which he referred is now known as Low Point, opposite -the Dans Kamer, at the head of Newburgh Bay, where the river narrows, -or that Esopus was applied to Casper's Creek. On Van der Donck's map the -"barbarous nation" is given three castles on the south side of the -stream, which became known later (1643) as the Wappingers, who certainly -held jurisdiction on the east side of Newburgh Bay. The adjectival of -the name is no doubt from _Wáro,_ or _Waloh,_ meaning "Concave, -hollowing," a depression in land, low land, the latter expressed in -_ock (ohke),_ "land" or place. The same adjectival appears in -_Waronawanka_ at Kingston, and the same word in _Woronake_ on the Sound -at Milford, Ct., where the topography is similar. The foreign plural -_s_ extends the meaning to "Dwellers on," or inhabitants of. (See -Wahamenesing and {Waro?}nawanka.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] . . . "And thus with various windings it reaches a place which our - countrymen call Vischer's Rack, that is the Fisherman's Bend. And here - the eastern bank is inhabited by the Pachimi. A little beyond where - projects a sandy point and the river becomes narrower, there is a place - called Esopus, where the Waoranekys, another barbarous nation, have - their abode. To these succeed, after a short interval, the - Waranawankconghs, on the opposite side of the river." (De Laet.) - - "At the Fisher's Hook are the Pachany, Wareneckers," etc. (Wassenaer.) - - -Mawenawasigh, so written in the Rombout Patent of 1684, covering lands -extending from Wappingers' Creek to the foot of the hills on the north -side of Matteawan Creek, was the name of the north boundmark of the -patent and not that of Wappingers' Creek. The Indian deed reads: -"Beginning on the south side of a creek called Matteawan, from thence -northwardly along Hudson's river five hundred yards _beyond_ the Great -Wappingers creek or kill, called Mawenawasigh." The stream was given -the name of the boundmark and was introduced to identify the place that -was five hundred yards north of it, _i. e._ the rocky point or -promontory through which passes the tunnel of the Hudson River R. R. at -New Hamburgh. The name is from _Mawe,_ "To meet," and _Newásek,_ [FN] -"A point or promontory"--literally, "The promontory where another -boundary is met." The assignment of the name to Wappingers' Falls is as -erroneous as its assignment to the creek. - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Nawaas,_ on the Connecticut, noted on the Carte Figurative of - 1614-16, is very distinctly located at a point on the head-waters of - that river. - - _Neversink_ is a corruption of _Newas-ink,_ "At the point or promontory." - - -Wahamanesing is noted by Brodhead (Hist. N. Y.) as the name of -Wappingers' Creek--authority not cited and place where the stream was -so called not ascertained. The initial W was probably exchanged for M -by mishearing, as it was in many cases of record. _Mah_ means "To meet," -_Amhannes_ means "A small river," and the suffix _-ing_ is locative. The -composition reads: "A place where streams come together," which may have -been on the Hudson at the mouth of the creek. In Philadelphia -_Moyamansing_ was the name of a marsh bounded by four small streams. -(N. Y. Land Papers, 646.) Dr. Trumbull in his "Indian Names on the -Connecticut," quoted _Mahmansuck_ (Moh.), in Connecticut, with the -explanation, "Where two streams come together." The name was extended -to the creek as customary in such cases. The Wahamanesing flows from -Stissing Pond, in northern Duchess County, and follows the center of a -narrow belt of limestone its entire length of about thirty-five miles -southwest to the Hudson, which it reaches in a curve and passes over a -picturesque fall of seventy-five feet to an estuary. From early Dutch -occupation it has been known or called Wappinck (1645), Wappinges and -Wappingers' Kill or creek, taking that name presumably from the clan -which was seated upon it of record as "Wappings, Wappinges, Wapans, or -Highland Indians." [FN-1] On Van der Donck's map three castles or -villages of the clan are located on the south side or south of the -creek, indicating the inclusion in the tribal jurisdiction of the lands -as far south as the Highlands. From Kregier's Journal of the "Second -Esopus War" (1663), it is learned that they had a principal castle in -the vicinity of Low Point and that they maintained a crossing-place to -Dans Kamer Point. Their name is presumed to have been derived from -generic _Wapan,_ "East"--_Wapani,_ "Eastern people" [FN-2]--which could -have been properly applied to them as residents on the east side of the -river, not "Eastern people" as that term is applied to residents of the -more Eastern States, but locally so called by residents on the west side -of the Hudson, or by the Delawares as the most eastern nation of their -own stock. They were no doubt more or less mixed by association and -marriage with their eastern as well as their western neighbors, but -were primarily of Lenape or Delaware origin, and related to the Minsi, -Monsey or Minisink clans on the west side of the river, though not -associated with them in tribal government. [FN-3] Their tribal -jurisdiction, aside from that which was immediately local, extended on -the east side of the river from Roelof Jansen's Kill (south of opposite -to the Catskill) to the sea. At their northern bound they met the tribe -known to the Dutch as the Mahicans, a people of eastern origin and -dialect, whose eastern limit included the valley of the Housatonic at -least, and with them in alliance formed the "Mahican nation" of Dutch -history, as stated by King Ninham of the Wappingers, in an affidavit in -1757, and who also stated that the language of the Mahicans was _not the -same_ as that of the Wappingers, although he understood the Mahicani. -Reduced by early wars with the Dutch around New Amsterdam and by contact -with European civilization, they melted away rapidly, many of them -finding homes in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, others at Stockbridge, -and a remnant living at Fishkill removing thence to Otsiningo, in 1737, -as wards of the Senecas. (Col. Hist. N. Y., vii, 153, 158.) - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "Highland Indians" was a designation employed by the Dutch as - well as by the English. (Col. Hist. N. Y., viii, 440.) - - [FN-2] The familiar historic name _Wappingers_ seems to have been - introduced by the Dutch from their word _Wapendragers,_ "Armed men." - The tribe is first met of record in 1643, when they attacked boats - coming down from Fort Orange. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv, 12.) A map of - 1690 gives them a large settlement on the south side of the creek. - There is no _Opossum_ in the name, as some writers read it, although - some blundering clerk wrote _Oping_ for _Waping._ - - [FN-3] The relations between the Esopus Indians and the Wappingers were - always intimate and friendly, so much so that when the Mohawks made - peace with the Esopus Indians, in 1669, and refused to include the - Wappingers, it was feared by the government that further trouble would - ensue from the "great correspondence and affinity between them." (Col. - Hist. N. Y., xiii, 427.) "Affinity," relationship by marriage, kinship - generally. - - Gov. Tryon, in his report in 1774, no doubt stated the facts correctly - when he wrote that the "Montauks and others of Long Island, Wappingers - of Duchess County, Esopus, Papagoncks, &c., of Ulster County, generally - denominated River Indians, spoke a language radically the same," and - were "understood by the Delawares, being originally of the same race." - (Doc Hist. N. Y., i, 765.) - - -Poughquag, the name of a village in the town of Beekman, Duchess County, -and primarily the name of what is now known as Silver Lake, in the -southeast part of the town, is from _Apoquague,_ (Mass.), meaning, "A -flaggy meadow," which is presumed to have adjoined the lake. It is from -_Uppuqui,_ "Lodge covering," and _-anke,_ "Land" or place. (Trumbull.) - -Pietawickquassick, a brook so called which formed a bound-mark of a -tract of land conveyed by Peter Schuyler in 1699, described as "On the -east side of Hudson's River, over against Juffrou's Hook, at a place -called by the Christians Jan Casper's Creek." The creek is now known as -Casper's Creek. It is the first creek north of Wappingers' Kill. -Schuyler called the place _Rust Plaest_ (Dutch, Rust-plaats), meaning -"Resting place, or place of peace." The Indian name has not been -located. It is probably a form or equivalent of _P'tukqu-suk,_ "A bend -in a brook or outlet." - -Wassaic, a village and a creek so called in the town of Amenia, Duchess -County, appears in N. Y. records in 1702, _Wiesasack,_ as the name of -a tract of land "lying to the southward of Wayanaglanock, to the -westward of Westenhoek creek." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 58); later, -"Near a place called Weshiack" (Ib. 65), "and thence northerly to a place -called Wishshiag, and so on about a mile northwest of ye Allum rocks." -[FN] (Ib. 75.) The name seems to have been applied to the north end of -West Mountain, where is located the ravine known as the Dover Stone -Church, about half a mile west of the village of Dover Plains. The -ravine is 20 to 25 feet wide at the bottom, 1 to 3 feet at the top, -30 to 40 feet long, and 40 to 50 feet high, hence called a church. The -Webotuck, a tributary of Ten Mile River, flows through the ravine. Dr. -Trumbull ("Indian Names in Connecticut") wrote: "_Wassiog,_ (Moh.), -alternate _Washiack,_ a west bound of the Mohegan country claimed by -Uncas; 'the south end of a very high hill' very near the line between -Glastonbury and Hebron," a place near Hartford, Conn., but failed to -give explanation of the name. - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Wallam_--the initial _W_ dropped--literally, "Paint rocks," a - formation of igneous rock which, by exposure, becomes disintegrated - into soft earthy masses. There are several varieties. The Indians used - the disintegrated masses for paint. The name is met in some forms in - all Algonquian dialects. (See Wallomschack.) - - -Weputing, Weepitung, Webotuck, Weepatuck (N. Y. and Conn. Rec.), given -as the name of a "high mountain," in the Sackett Patent, was translated -by Dr. Trumbull, from Conn. Records: "_Weepatuck,_ 'Place of the narrow -pass,' or 'strait.'" (See Wassaic.) - -Querapogatt, a boundmark of the Sackett Patent, is, apparently, a -compound of _Quenne,_ "long," _pog_ (paug), "pond," and _att_ -locative--"Beginning at the (a) long pond." The name is met in -_Quine-baug,_ without locative suffix, signifying "Long Pond" simply. - -She'kom'eko, preserved as the name of a small stream which rises near -Federal Square, Duchess County, and flows thence north to Roelof -Jansen's Kill, was primarily the name of an Indian village conspicuous -in the history of the labors of the Moravian missionaries. [FN-1] It was -located about two miles south of Pine Plains in the valley of the -stream. Dr. Trumbull translated: "_She'com'eko,_ modern _Chic'omi'co,_ -from _-she, -che_ (from _mishe_ or _k'che_), 'great,' and _comaco,_ -'house,' or 'enclosed place'--'the great lodge,', or 'the great -village.'" [FN-2] We have the testimony of Loskiel that the occupants -of the village were "Mahicander Indians." - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] The field of the labors of the Moravian missionaries extended - to Wechquadnach, Pachquadnach, Potatik, Westenhoek and Wehtak, on the - Housatenuc. _Wechquadnach_ (Wechquetank, Loskiel) was at the end of - what is now known as Indian Pond, lying partly in the town of North - East, Duchess County, and partly in Sharon, Conn. It was the Gnadensee, - or "Lake of Grace," of the missionaries. _Wequadn'ach_ means "At the - end of the mountain" between which and the lake the Indian village - stood. _Pachquadn'ach_ was on the opposite side of the pond; it means - "Clear bare mountain land." _Wehtak_ means "Wigwam place." - _Pishgachtigok_ (Pach-gat-gock, German notation), was about twenty - miles south of Shekomeko, at the junction of Ten Mile River and the - Housatonuc. It means, "Where the river divides," or branches. (See - Schaghticoke.) _Westenhoek,_ noted above, is explained in another - connection. _Housatonuc,_ in N. Y. Land Papers _Owassitanuc,_ stands - for _A-wass-adene-uc,_ Abn.; in Delaware, _Awossi,_ "Over, over there, - beyond," _-actenne,_ "hill or mountain," with locative _-uk,_ "place," - "land"; literally, "A place beyond the hill." (Trumbull.) It is not - the name of either the hill or the river, to which it was extended, - but a verbal direction. An Indian village called Potatik by the - Moravian missionaries, was also on the Housatonuc, and is written in - one form, _Pateook._ - - [FN-2] A translation from the Delaware _Scha-gach-we-u,_ "straight," - and _meek_ "fish"--an eel--eel place--has been widely quoted. The - translation by Dr. Trumbull is no doubt correct. - - - -[Illustration: The Highlands West From Little Stony Brook] - - - -Shenandoah (Shenandoah Corners, East Fishkill) is an Iroquoian name of -modern introduction here. It is met in place in Saratoga County and at -Wyoming, Pa. (See Shannondhoi.) - -Stissing, now the name of a hill and of a lake one mile west of the -village of Pine Plains, Duchess County, is probably an apheresis of -_Mistissing,_ a "Great rock," and belongs to the hill, which rises 400 -or 500 feet above the valley and is crowned with a mass of naked rock, -described by one writer as "resembling a huge boulder transported there." - -Poughkeepsie, now so written, is of record in many forms of which -Pooghkeepesingh, 1683; Pogkeepke, 1702; Pokeapsinck, 1703; Pacaksing, -1704; Poghkeepsie, 1766; Poughkeepsie, 1767, are the earlier. The -locative of the name and the key to its explanation are clearly -determined by the description in a gift deed to Peter Lansing and Jan -Smedes, in 1683: "A waterfall near the bank of the river called -Pooghkeepesingh;" [FN-1] in petition of Peter Lansing and Arnout Velie, -in 1704: "Beginning at a creek called Pakaksing, by ye river side." -[FN-2] There are other record applications, but are probably extensions, -as Poghkeepke (1702), given as the name of a "muddy pond" in the -vicinity. Schoolcraft's interpretation, "Safe harbor," from -_Apokeepsing,_ is questioned by W. R. Gerard, who, from a personal -acquaintance with the locative, "A water-fall," writes: "The name refers -not to the fall, but to the basin of water worn out in the rocks at the -foot of the fall. Zeisberger would have written the word _Āpuchkìpìsink,_ -that is, 'At the rock-pool (or basin) of water.' _Ā-puchk-ìpìs-ink_ is -a composition of _-puchk,_ 'rock'; _ipis,_ in composition, 'little -water,' 'pool of water,' 'pond,' 'little lake,' etc." _Pooghk_ is no -doubt from _ápughk_ (apuchk), "rock." The stream has long been known -as the Fall Kill. Primarily there seems to have been three falls upon -it, of which _Matapan_ will be referred to later. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "This fifth day of May, 1683, appeared before me . . . a - Highland Indian called Massang, who declared herewith that he has given - as a free gift, a bouwery (farm) to Pieter Lansingh, and a bouwery to - Jan Smeedes, a young glazier, also a waterfall near the bank of the - river, to build a mill thereon. The waterfall is called Pooghkeepesingh - and the land Minnisingh, situated on the east side of the river." (Col. - Hist. N. Y., xiii, 571.) - - [FN-2] Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 71. There are forty-nine record - orthographies of the term, from which a selection could be made as a - basis of interpretation. _Poghkeepke,_ for example, might be accepted - as meaning, "Muddy Pond," although there is neither a word or particle - in it that would warrant the conclusion. - - -Wynogkee, Wynachkee, and Winnakee are record forms of the name of a -district of country or place from which it was extended to the stream -known as the Fall Kill "Through which a kill called Wynachkee runs, -. . . including the kill to the second fall called Mattapan," is the -description in a gift deed to Arnout Velie, in 1680, for three flats -of land, one on the north and two on the south side of the kill. "A -flat on the west side of the kil, called Wynachkee" (Col. Hist. N. Y., -xiii, 545, 572), does not mean that the kill was called Wynachkee, but -the flat of land, to which the name itself shows that it belonged. The -derivatives are _Winne,_ "good, fine, pleasant," and _-aki_ (auke, -ohke), "land" or place; literally, "land." [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] From the root _Wulit,_ Del. From the same root _Winne, Willi, - Wirri, Waure, Wule,_ etc. The name is met in equivalent forms in - several places. _Wenaque_ and _Wynackie_ are forms of the name of a - beautiful valley in Passaic county, N. J. (Nelson.) _Winakaki,_ - "Sassifras land--rich, fat land." _Winak-aki-ng,_ "At the Sassifras - place," was the Lenape name of Eastern Pennsylvania. (See Wanaksink.) - Eliot wrote in the Natick (Mass.) dialect, "_Wunohke,_ good land." - The general meaning of the root is pleasurable sensation. - - -Mattapan, "the second fall," so called in the deed to Arnout Velie -(1680), was the name of a "carrying place," "the end of a portage, -where the canoe was launched again and its bearers reembarked." -(Trumbull.) A landing place. [FN] "At a place called Matapan, to the -south side thereof, bounded on the west by John Casperses Creek." (Cal. -Land Papers, 108.) (See Pietawick-quasick.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Mattappan,_ a participle of _Mattappu,_ "he sits down," denotes - "a sitting down place," or as generally employed in local names, the - end of a portage between two rivers, or from one arm of the sea to - another--where the canoe was launched again and its bearers reembarked. - (Trumbull.) In Lenape _Aan_ is a radical meaning, "To move; to go." - _Paan,_ "To come; to get to"; _Wiket-pann,_ "To get home"; _Paancep,_ - "Arrived"; _Mattalan,_ "To come upto some body"; logically, - _Mattappan,_ "To stop," to sit down, to land, a landing place. - - -Minnissingh is written as the name of a tract conveyed to Peter Lansing -and Jan Smedes by gift deed in 1683. (See Poughkeepsie.) _Minnissingh_ -is, apparently, the same word that is met in Minnisink, Orange County. -The locative of the tract has not been ascertained, but it was pretty -certainly on the "back" or upper lands. There was no island there. (See -Minnisink.) - -Eaquorisink is of record as the name of Crom Elbow Creek, and -_Eaquaquanessìnck_ as that of lands on the Hudson, in patent to Henry -Beekman, the boundary of which ran from the Hudson "east by the side of -a fresh meadow called _Mansakìn_ [FN-1] and a small run of water called -_Mancapawìmick._" In patent to Peter Falconier the land is called -Eaquaquaannessìnck, the meadow Mansakin, the small creek Nanacopaconick, -and Crom Elbow (Krom Elleboog, Dutch, '"crooked elbow'") Creek. -Eaquarysink is a compression of Eaquaquaannessinck. It was not the name -of the creek, but located the boundmark "as far as the small creek." -The composition is the equivalent of _Wequa,_ [FN-2] "end of"; _annes,_ -"small stream," and _ink,_ "at," "to," etc. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "A meadow or marsh land called Manjakan," is an equivalent - record in Ulster County. (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 133.) "A fresh - meadow," _i. e._ a fresh water meadow, or low lands by the side of the - creek. - - [FN-2] Enaughqua, L. I.; _Yò anûck quaque,_ Williams; _Wequa, Weque, - Aqua, Ukwe, Echqu,_ etc., "end of." The word is met in many forms. - _Wehque,_ "as far as." (Eliot.) - - -Wawyachtanock, Indian deed to Robert Livingston, 1685; _Wawyachtanock, -Wawijachtanock, Wawigachtanock_ in Livingston Patent and -_Watwijachtonocks_ in association with "The Indians of the Long Reach" -(Doc. Hist. N. Y., 93, 97), is given as the name of a place--"The path -that leads to Wawyachtenock." In a petition for permission to purchase, -in 1702 (Col. Land Papers, 58), the description reads: "A tract of land -lying to the westward of Westenhoeks Creek [FN-1] and to ye eastward of -Poghkeepsie, called by ye Indians _Wayaughtanock._" It is presumed that -the locative of the name is now known as Union Corners, Duchess County, -where Krom Elleboog Creek, after flowing southwesterly, turns at nearly -a right angle and flows west to the Hudson, which it reaches in a -narrow channel between bluffs, a little south of Krom Elbow Point, -where a bend in the Hudson forms the north end of the Long Reach. The -first word of the name is from _Wawai,_ "Round about," "Winding around," -"eddying," as a current in a bend of a river. The second, _-tan, -ten, --ton_ means "current," by metonymie, "river," and _ock,_ means "land" -or place--"A bend-of-the-river place." The same name is met in -Wawiachtanos, in the Ohio country, [FN-2] and the prefix in many places. -(See Wawayanda.) - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Westenhoek is Dutch. It means "West corner." It was given by - the Dutch to a tract of land lying in a bend of Housatonuk river, long - in dispute between New York and Massachusetts, called by the Indians - W-nagh-tak-ook, for many years the name of the capital town of the - Mahican nation.(Loskiel.) Rev. Dr. Edwards wrote it Wnoghquetookooke - and translated it from an intimate acquaintance of the Stockbridge - dialect, "A bend-of-the-river-place." Mr. Gerard writes it, - Wamenketukok, "At the winding of the river." Now Stockbridge, Mass. - - [FN-2] "Tjughsaghrondie, alias Wawayachtenok." (Col. Hist. N. Y., iv, - 900; La Trobe's Translation of Loskiel, i, 23.) The first name, - Tjughsaghrondie, is also written Taghsaglirondie, and in other forms. - It is claimed to be from the Wyandot or Huron-Iroquoian dialect. In - History of Detroit the Algonquin is quoted Waweatunong, interpreted - "Circuitous approach," and the claim made that the reference was to - the bend in the Strait at Detroit at an elevation "from which a view - of the whole broad river" could be had. In Shawano, _Wawia'tan_ - describes bending or eddying water--with locative, "Where the current - winds about." The name is applicable at any place where the features - exist. - - -Metambeson, a creek so called in Duchess County, is now known as -Sawkill. It is the outlet of a lake called Long Pond. The Indian name -is from _Matt,_ negative and depreciatory, "Small, unfavorable," etc., -and _M'beson,_ "Strong water," a word used in describing brandy, -spirits, physic, etc. The rapidity of the water was probably referred -to. - -Waraughkameck--Waraukameck--a small lake in the same county, is now -known as "Fever Cot or Pine Swamp." The Indian name is probably an -equivalent of Len. _Wálagh-kamik,_ an enclosed hole or den, a hollow or -excavation. - -Aquassing--"At a creek called by the Indians Aquassing, and by the -Christians Fish Creek"--has not been located. _Aquassing_ was the end of -the boundary line, and may be from _Enaughquasink,_ "As far as." - -Tauquashqueick, given as the name of a meadow lying between Magdalen -Island [FN] and the main land, now known as "Radcliff's Vly," is -probably an equivalent of _Pauqua-ask-ek._ "Open or clear wet meadow -or vly." - - * * * * * - - [FN] Magdalen Island is between Upper and Lower Red-hook. The original - Dutch, Maagdelijn, supposed to mean "A dissolute woman," here means, - simply, "Maiden," _i. e._ shad or any fish of the herring family. (See - Magaat Ramis.) The name appears on Van der Donck's map of 1656. - - -Sankhenak and Saukhenak are record forms of the name given as that of -Roelof Jansen's Kil (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 612; French's Gazetteer.) -_Sauk-hannek_ would describe the mouth or outlet of the stream, and -_Sank-hannek_ would read "Flint-stone creek." Sauk is probably correct. -The purchase included land on both sides of the creek from "A small kil -opposite the Katskil," on the north, called _Wachhanekassik._ "to a -place opposite Sagertyes Kil, called Saaskahampka." The stream is now -known as Livingston's Creek. [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] The creek was the boundmark between the Wappingers and the - Mahicans. (See Wahamanessing.) - - -Wachanekassik, Indian deed to Livingston, 1683; _Waghankasick,_ patent -to Van Rensselaer, 1649, and other orthographies, is written as the -name of a small creek which marked the place of beginning of the -northwest boundmark of the Livingston Patent and the place of ending of -the southwest boundmark of the prior Van Rensselaer Patent of Claverack. -The latter reads; ". . . And so along the said Hudson River southward -to the south side of Vastrix Island, by a creek called Waghankasick, -thence easterly to Wawanaquasik," etc. The deed to Livingston conveyed -lands "On both sides of Roelof Jansen's Kill, [FN-1] called by the -Indians Sauk-henak," including lands "along the river's bank from said -Roeloff Jansen's Kill, northwards up, to a small stream opposite -Catskill named Wachanekasseck, and southwards down the river to -opposite the Sagertjes Kill, called by the Indians Saaskahampka." In -the Livingston Patent of 1684: "Eighteen hundred acres of woodland -lying between a small creek or kill lying over against Catskill called -Wachanakasseck and a place called Suaskahampka," and in patent of 1686: -"On the north by a line to be drawn from a certain creek or kill over -against the south side of Vastrix Island in Hudson's River, called -Wachankasigh," to which Surveyor John Beatty added more precisely on -his map of survey in 1715: "Beginning on the east side of Hudson's -River _southward_ from Vastrix Island, _at a place_ where a certain run -of water watereth out into Hudson's River, called in ye Indian tongue, -Wachankassik." The "run of water" is not marked on Beatty's map, nor on -the map of survey of the patent in 1798, but it is marked, from -existence or presumed existence, on a map of the boundary line between -New York and Massachusetts and seems to have been one of the several -small streams that flow down the bluff from the surface, apparently -about two miles and a half north of Roelof Jansen's Kill, in the -vicinity of the old Oak Hill station [FN-2] on the H. R. R., later -known as Catskill station. While referred to in connection with the -boundmark to identify its location, its precise location seems to have -been lost. In early days boundmarks were frequently designated in -general terms by some well known place. Hence we find Catskill spoken -of and particularly "the south end of Vastrix Island," a point that -every voyager on the Hudson knew to be the commencement of a certain -"rak" or sailing course. [FN-3] Hence it was that Van Rensselaer's -first purchase (1630) was bounded on the south by the south end of -Beeren or Mahican Island, and the second purchase by the south end of -Vastrix Island, which became the objective of the northwest bound of -Livingston's Patent. While the name is repeatedly given as that of the -stream, it was probably that of a place or point on the limestone bluff -which here bounds the Hudson on the east for several miles. Surveyor -Beatty's description, "Beginning at a place where," and the omission of -the stream on his map, and its omission on subsequent maps of the manor, -and the specific entry in the amended patent of 1715, "Beginning at a -certain place called by the Indians Wahankassek," admit of no other -conclusion, and the conclusion is, apparently, sustained by the name -itself, which seems to be from Moh. _Wakhununuhkōōsek,_ "A high point," -as a hill, mountain, peak, bluff, etc., from _Wakhu_, "hill, mountain," -_uhk,_ "end, point," and _ōōsic,_ "peak, pinnacle." etc. The reference -may have been to a point formed by the channel of the little stream -flowing down from the bluff above, or to some projection, but certainly -to the bluff as the only permanent objective on the Hudson. The -connection of the "small run of water" with the boundmark should -entitle it to more particular description than has been given to it by -local writers. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Named from Roeloff Jansen, Overseer of the Orphan Court under - the Dutch Government. (French.) - - [FN-2] Oak Hill station on the Hudson River R. R., about five miles - south of the city of Hudson, was so called from a hill in the interior - just north of the line of the town of Livingston, from which the land - slopes west towards the Hudson and south to Roelof Jansen's Kill. - - [FN-3] _Vastrix_ is a compression of Dutch _t'Vaste Rak_ as written on - Van der Donck's map of 1656, meaning, "The fast or steady reach or - sailing course," which began here. The island is the first island - lying north of the mouth of the Katskill. It is now known as Roger's - Island. - - -Nickankook, Kickua and Weckqashake are given as the names of "three -flats" which, with "some small flats," were included in the first -purchase by Livingston, and described as "Situate on both sides" of the -kill called Saukhenak (Roelof Jansen's Kill). The Indian deed also -included all land "Extending along the bank of the river northwards -from Roelof Jansen's Kill to a small stream opposite Catskill named -Wachanekassik." The names of the three flats are variously -spelled--Nickankooke, Nickankook, etc. The first has been translated -by Mr. Wm. R. Gerard from _Nichánhkûk,_ "At the bend in front." -_Kickua,_ the second, is untranslatable. _Wickquashaka, Wequakake,_ -etc., is the equivalent of _Wequaohke,_ "End land" or place. The kill -flows through a valley of broad and fertile flats, but near the Hudson -it breaks through the limestone bluff which forms the east line of the -Hudson, and its banks are steep and rocky. - -Saaskahampka, Indian deed; _Suaskahampka_ patent of 1684--the southwest -boundmark of the Livingston Patent, is described as "A dry gully at -Hudson's River." It is located about opposite Sawyer's Creek, north of -the present Saugerties or Esopus Creek. _Sasco,_ or as written _Saaska,_ -means "A swamp;" _Assisku_ (Del.), "Mud, clay"; _Asuskokámika,_ "Muddy -place," a gully in which no water was flowing. (Gerard.) - -Mananosick--"Along the foot of a high mountain to the path that goes to -Wawyactanock to a hill called by the Indians Mananosick." Also written -_Nanosick._ Eliot wrote, in the Natick dialect, _Nahōōsick,_ "Pinnacle," -or high peak. The indefinite and impersonal _M'_ or _Ma,_ prefixed, -would add "a" or "the" high peak. The hill has not been located except -in a general way as near the Massachusetts line. - -Nanapenahakan and Nanipanihekan are orthographies of the name of a -"creek or brook" described as "coming out of a marsh lying near unto -the hills where the heaps of stones lye." The stream flows to Claverack -Creek. The outlet waters of Achkookpeek Lake unite with it, from which -it is now called Copake Creek. It unites with Kinderhook Creek north of -the city of Hudson. - -Wawanaquasik, Claverack Patent, 1649; _Wawanaquassick,_ Livingston -Patent of 1686; _Wawauaquassick_ and _Mawauapquassek,_ patent of 1715; -_Mawanaqwassik,_ surveyor's notation, 1715; now written -_Mawanaquassick_--a boundmark of the Claverack Patent of 1649, and also -of the Livingston Patent, is described in the Claverack Patent, "To the -high woodland called Wawanaquasik," and in the Livingston Patent, "_To -a place_ called by the Indians Wawanaqussek, where the heapes of stone -lye, near to the head of a creek called Nanapenahaken, which comes out -of a marsh lying near unto the hills of the said heapes of stones, upon -which the Indians throw another as they pass by, from an ancient custom -among them." The heap of stones here was "on the south side of the path -leading to Wayachtanok," and other paths diverged, showing that the -place was a place of meeting. "To the high woodland," in the description -of 1649, is marked on the map of survey of 1715, "Foot of the hill," -apparently a particular point, the place of which was identified by the -head of the creek, the marsh and the heap of stones. The name may have -described this point or promontory, or it may have referred to the -place of meeting near the head of the creek, or to the end of the marsh, -but it is claimed that it was the name of the heap of stones, and that -it is from _Miáe,_ or _Miyáe,_ "Together"--_Mawena,_ "Meeting," -"Assembly"--frequently met in local names and accepted as meaning, -"Where paths or streams or boundaries come together;" and _Qussuk,_ -"stone"--"Where the stones are assembled or brought together," "A stone -heap." This reading is of doubtful correctness. Dr. Trumbull wrote that -_Qussuk,_ [FN-1] meaning "stone," is "rarely, perhaps never" met as a -substantival in local names, and an instance is yet to be cited where -it is so used. It is a legitimate word in some connections, however, -Eliot writing it as a noun in _Môhshe-qussuk,_ "A flinty rock," in the -singular number. If used here it did not describe "a heap of stones," -but a certain rock. On the map of survey of the patent, in 1798, the -second station is marked "Manor Rock," and the third, "Wawanaquassick," -is located 123 chains and 34 links (a fraction over one and one-half -miles) north of Manor Rock, as the corner of an angle. In the survey of -1715, the first station is "the foot of the hill"--"the high -woodland"--which seems to have been the _Mawan-uhqu-ōōsik_ [FN-2] of the -text. To avoid all question the heap of stones seems to have been -included in the boundary. It now lies in an angle in the line between -the townships of Claverack and Taghkanic, Columbia County, and is by -far the most interesting feature of the locative--a veritable footprint -of a perished race. Similar heaps were met by early European travelers -in other parts of the country. Rev. Gideon Hawley, writing in 1758, -described one which he met in Schohare Valley, and adds that the -largest one that he ever saw was "on the mountain between Stockbridge -and Great Barrington." Mass. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 1039.) The -significance of the "ancient custom" of casting a stone to these heaps -has not been handed down. Rev. Mr. Sergeant wrote, in 1734, that though -the Indians "each threw a stone as they passed, they had entirely lost -the knowledge of the reason for doing so," and an inquiry by Rev. -Hawley, in 1758, was not attended by a better result. [FN-3] The heaps -were usually met at resting places on the path and the custom of -throwing the stone a sign-language indicating that one of the tribe had -passed and which way he was going, but further than the explanation -that the casting of the stone was "an ancient custom," nothing may be -claimed with any authority. A very ancient custom, indeed, when its -signification had been forgotten. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Williams wrote in the Narraganset dialect _Qussuck,_ stone; - _Qussuckanash,_ stones; _Qussuckquon,_ heavy. Zeisberger wrote in the - Minsi-Lenape, _Ksucquon,_ heavy; _Achsun,_ stone; _Apuchk,_ rock. - Chippeway, _Assin,_ stone; _Aubik,_ rock. Old Algonquian, _Assin,_ - stone. Eliot wrote in the Natick (Mass.) dialect, _Qussuk,_ a rock; - _Qussukquanash,_ rocks; _Hussunash,_ stones; _Hussunek,_ lodge or ledge - of rocks, and for _Hussimek_ Dr. Trumbull wrote _Assinek_ as an - equivalent, and _Hussun_ or _Hussunash,_ stones, as identical with - _Qussukqun,_ heavy. Eliot also wrote _-pick_ or _-p'sk,_ in compound - words, meaning "Rock," or "stone," as qualified by the adjectival - prefix, _Onap'sk,_ "Standing rock." - - [FN-2] Literally, "A meeting point," or sharp extremity of a hill. - - [FN-3] Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 1039. The heap referred to by Rev. Hawley - was on the path leading to Schohare. It gave name to what was long - known as the "Stoneheap Patent." The heap is now in the town of - Esperance and near Sloansville, Schohare County. It is four rods long, - one or two wide, and ten to fifteen feet high. (French.) - - -Ahashewaghick and Ahashewaghkameck, the latter in corrected patent of -1715, is given as the name of the northeast boundmark of the Manor of -Livingston, and described as "the northernmost end of the hills that -are to the north of Tachkanick"--specifically by the surveyor, "To a -heap of stones laid together on a certain hill called by the Indians -Ahashawaghkik, by the north end of Taghanick hill or mountain"--has -been translated from _Nash-ané-komuk_ (Eliot), "A place between." Dr. -Trumbull noted _Ashowugh-commocke,_ from the derivatives -quoted--_Nashaué,_ "between"; _-komuk,_ "place," limited, enclosed, -occupied, _i. e._ by "a heap of stones laid together," probably by the -surveyor of the prior Van Rensselaer Patent, of which it was also a -boundmark. The hill is now the northeast comer of the Massachusetts -boundary line, or the north end of Taghkanick hills. - -Taghkanick, the name of a town in Columbia County and primarily of a -tract of land included in the Livingston Patent and located "behind -_Potkoke,_" is written _Tachkanick_ in the Indian deed of 1685; -_Tachhanick_ in the Indian deed of 1687-8; "Land called _Tachhanick_ -which the owners reserved to plant upon when they sold him _Tachhanick,_ -with the land called Quissichkook;" _Tachkanick,_ "having the kill on -one side and the hill on the other"; _Tahkanick_ (Surveyor's notation) -1715--is positively located by the surveyor on the east side of the kill -called by the Indians _Saukhenak,_ and by the purchasers Roelof Jansen's -Kill. Of the meaning of the name Dr. E. B. O'Callaghan wrote: -"_Tachanûk,_ 'Wood place,' literally, 'the woods,' from _Takone,_ -'forest,' and _ûk,_ 'place'"; which Dr. Trumbull regarded as "the least -objectionable" of any of the interpretations that had fallen under his -notice, and to which he added: "Literally, 'wild lands,' 'forest.'" It -would seem to be more probable that _Tachk, Taghk, Tachh, Tahk,_ etc., -represents _Tak_ (Taghk), with formative _an, Taghkan,_ meaning "wood;" -and _ek,_ animate plural added, "Woods," "trees," "forest." Dr. -O'Callaghan's _ûk_ (ook), "Land or place," is not in any of the -orthographies. The deed-sentence, "When they sold him Tachanick," reads -literally, from the name, "When they sold him the woods." The name was -extended to the reserved field, to the stream and to the mountain. [FN] -The latter is familiar to geologists in what is known as the Taconic -rocks. Translations of the name from Del. _Tuphanné,_ "Cold stream," -and _Tankkanné,_ "Little river," are without merit, although _Tankhanné_ -would describe the branch of Roelof Jansen's Kill on which the -plantation was located. - - * * * * * - - [FN] The purchasers claimed but the Indians denied having sold the - mountain. It was heavily wooded no doubt. Livingston claimed it from - having bought "the woods." The Moravian missionaries wrote, in 1744, - _W'takantschan,_ which Dr. Trumbull converted to _Ket-takone-wadchu,_ - "Great woody mountain." - - -Wichquapakat, Wichquapuchat, Wickquapubon, the latter by the surveyor, -given as the name of the southeast boundmark of the Livingston Patent -and therein described as "the south end of the hills," of which -Ahashawagh-kameck was the north. _Wichqua_ is surely an equivalent of -_Wequa_ (_Wehqua,_ Eliot), "As far as; ending at; the end or extreme, -point." [FN] Now the southwest corner on the Massachusetts line. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Robert Livingston, who wrote most of the Indian names in his - patent, was a Scotchman. He learned to "talk Dutch" in Rotterdam, and - picked up an acquaintance with the Indian tongues at Fort Orange - (Albany). Some of his orthographies are singular combinations. - - -Mahaskakook, a boundmark in the Livingston Patent, is described, in one -entry, as "A copse," _i. e._ "A thicket of underbrush," and in another -entry, "A cripple bush," _i. e._ "A patch of low timber growth"--Dutch, -_Kreupelbosch,_ "Underwood." Probably the Indian name has, substantially, -the same moaning. _Manask_ (Del.), "Second crop"; _-ask,_ "Green, raw, -immature"; _-ak,_ "wood"; _-ook_ (_ûk_), locative. The location has not -been ascertained. - -Nachawawakkano, given as the name of a creek described as a "creek which -comes into another creek," is an equivalent of _Léchau-wakhaune_ -(Lenape), "The fork of a river," a stream that forks another stream. -Aupaumut, the Stockbridge Historian, wrote, with locative suffix, -_Naukhuwwhnauk,_ "At the fork of the streams." - -Mawichnauk--"the place where the two streams meet being called -Mawichnauk"--means "The fork place," or place where the Nachawawakkano -and the Tawastaweka came together, or where the streams meet or flow -together. In the Bayard Patent the name is written Mawighanuck and -Wawieghanuck. (See Wawighanuck.) - -Shaupook and Skaukook are forms of the name assigned to the eastern -division of a stream, "which, a little lower down," was "called -Twastawekah," known later as Claverack Creek. It may be translated from -_Sóhk,_ Mass., "outlet," and _ûk,_ locative, "At the outlet" or mouth -of the stream. - -Twastawekah and Tawastawekah, given, in the Livingston Patent, as the -name of Claverack Creek, is described as a place that was below Shaukook, -The root is _Tawa,_ an "open space," and the name apparently an -equivalent of Lenape _Tawatawikunk,_ "At an open place," or an -uninhabited place, a wilderness. _Tauwata-wique-ak,_ "A place in the -wilderness." (Gerard.) - -Sahkaqua, "the south end of a small piece of land called Sahkaqua and -Nakawaewick"; "to a run of water on ye east end of a certain flat or -piece of land called in ye Indian tongue, Sahkahka; then south . . . one -hundred and forty rods to . . . where two runs of water come together -on the south side of the said flat; then west . . . to a rock or great -stone on the south corner of another flat or piece of low land called by -the Indians Nakaowasick." (Doc. Hist., iii, 697.) On the surveyor's map -Nakaowasick, the place last named, is changed to Acawanuk. From the -text, _Sahkaqua_ described "Land or place at the outlet or mouth of a -stream," from _Sóhk,_ "outlet," and _-ohke,_ "land" or place. The -second name _Nakawaewick_ (Nakaouaewik, Nakawasick, Acawasik) is -probably from _Nashauewasuck,_ "At (or on) a place between," _i. e._ -between the streams spoken of. - -Minnischtanock, in the Indian deed to Livingston, 1685, located the end -of a course described as "Beginning on the northwest side of Roelof -Jansen's Kill," and in the patent, "Beginning on the other side of the -creek that runs along the flat or plain land _over against_ -Minnisichtanock, and from thence along a small hill to a valley," etc. -The name has been interpreted "Huckleberry-hill place," from _Min,_ -"Small fruit or grain of any kind"; _-achtenne,_ "hill"; _-ûk,_ locative. - -Kackkawanick, written also Kachtawagick, Kachkawyick, and Kachtawayick, -is described in the deed, as "A high place to the westward of a high -mountain." Location has not been ascertained. From the map it seems to -have been a long, narrow piece of land between the hills. - -Quissichkook, Quassighkook, etc., one of the two places reserved by the -Indians "to plant upon" when they sold Tachkanik, is described in the -deed as a place "lying upon this (_i. e._ the west) side of Roelof -Jansen's Kill" and "near Tachanik," the course running "thence along a -small hill to a valley that leads to a small creek called by the Indians -Quissichkook, and over the creek to a high place to the westward of a -high mountain called by the natives Kachtawagick." In a petition by -Philip Schuyler, 1686, the description reads: "Quassichkook, . . . -lying on the east side of Roelof Jansen's Kill," and the place as a tract -of woodland. The name was probably that of a wooded bluff on the east -side of the creek. It seems to be from _Kussuhkoc_ (Moh.), "high," and -_-ook,_ locative--"At, to or on a high place"--from which the stream and -the plantation was located. (See Quassaick.) - -Pattkoke, a place so called, also written _Pot-koke,_ gave name to a -large tract of land patented to Johannes Van Rensselaer in 1649. In -general terms the tract was described as lying "South of Kinder-hook, -[FN-1] east of Claverack, [FN-2] and west of Taghkanick" (Doc. Hist. -N. Y., iii, 617), and also as "Lying to the east of Major Abraham's -patent of Claverack." [FN-3] Specifically, in a caveat filed by John -Van Rensselaer, in 1761, "From the mouth of Major Staats, or Kinderhook -Kill, south along the river to a point opposite the south end of Vastrix -Island, thence easterly twenty-four English miles," etc. (Cal. N. Y. -Land Papers, 307. See also, Wachanekasaik.) It was an immense tract, -covering about eight miles on the Hudson by twenty-four miles deep, and -became known as "The Lower Manor of Rensselaerswyck," but locally as -Claverack, from its frontage on the river-reach so called. The name was -that of a particular place which was well known from which it was -extended to the tract. In "History of Columbia County" this particular -place is claimed to have been the site of an Indian village situate -"about three (Dutch, or nine English) miles inland from Claverack." -(Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv, 84.) The record does not give the name, nor does -it say "village," but place. The local story is, therefore, largely -conjectural. The orthographies of the name are imperfect. Presumably, -they may be read from Mass. _Pautuckoke,_ meaning "Land or country -around the falls of a stream," and the reference to some one of the -several falls on Claverack Creek, or on Eastern Creek, its principal -tributary. Both streams were included in the patent, and both are marked -by falls and rifts, but on the latter there are several "cataracts and -falls of great height and surpassing beauty." "Nothing but a greater -volume of water is required to distinguish them as being among the -grandest in the world," adds the local historian. The special reference -by the writer was to the falls at the manufacturing village known as -Philmont, nine miles east of the Hudson, corresponding with the record -of the "place" where the Indians assembled in 1663-4. _Pautuck_ is met -in many forms. It means, "The falls of a stream." With the suffix, _-oke_ -(Mass. _-auke_), "Land, ground, place, unlimited"--"the country around -the falls," or the falls country. (See Potick.) - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Kinderhook is an anglicism of Dutch _Kinder-hoek,_ meaning, - literally, "Children's point, angle or corner." It dates from the - Carte Figurative of 1614-16, and hence is one of the oldest names on - Hudson's River. It is supposed to have been applied from a gathering of - Indian children on a point of land to gaze upon the ship of the early - navigator. It could not have been a Dutch substitute for an Indian name. - It is pure Dutch. It was not an inland name. The navigator of 1614-16 - did not explore the country. - - [FN-2] _Claverack_--Dutch, _Claverrak_--literally, "Clover reach--a - sailing course or reach, so called from three bare or open fields which - appear on the land, a fancied resemblance to _trefoil_ or three-leaved - clover," wrote Jasper Dankers and Peter Sluyter in their Journal in - 1679-80. Presumably the places are specifically located in the patent - to Jan Frans van Heusen, May, 1667, on which the city of Hudson now - stands, which is described as "A tract of land which takes in three of - the Clavers on the south." From the locative the reach extended some - miles north and south and to lands which it bounded. It is still - preserved as the name of a creek, a town and a village. Of record it - dates back to De Laet's map of 1625-6, and is obviously much older. It - is possible that the "three bare places" were fields of white clover, - as has been claimed by one writer, but there is no record stating that - fact. Dankers and Sluyter, who wrote only fifty-four years after the - application of the name, no doubt gave correctly the account of its - origin as it was related to them by living witnesses. If interpreted as - were the names of other reaches, the reference would be to actual - clover fields. - - [FN-3] "Major Abraham" was Major Abraham Staats, who located on a neck - of land on the north side of "Major Staats' Creek," now Stockport Creek. - (See Ciskhakainck.) "West of Taghkanick," probably refers to the - mountains now so known. It means, literally, however, "The woods." - (See Taghkanick.) There was a heated controversy between the patroon of - Rensselaerswyck and Governor Stuyvesant in regard to the purchase of - the tract. It was decided in 1652 in favor of the former, who had, in - the meantime, granted several small leaseholds. (See Brodhead's Hist. - N. Y., i.) The first settlement by the patroon was in 1705 at Claverack - village. - - -Ciskhekainck and Cicklekawick are forms of the name of a place granted -by patent to Major Abraham Staats, March 25, 1667, and to his son in -1715, described as "Lying north of Claverack [Hudson], on the east side -of the river, along the Great Kill [Kinderhook Creek], to the first fall -of water; then to the fishing place, containing two hundred acres, more -or less, bounded by the river on one side and by the Great Kill on the -other." Major Staats had made previous settlement on the tract under -lease from Van Rensselaer. His house and barn were burned by the Indians -in the Esopus war of 1663. In 1715, he being then dead, his son, Abraham, -petitioned for an additional tract described as "Four hundred acres -adjoining the north line of the neck of land containing two hundred -acres now in his possession, called Ciskhekainck, on the north side of -Claverack, on ye east side of Hudson's River." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, -118.) The petition was granted and the two parcels consolidated. The -particular fall referred to is probably that now known as Chittenden's, -on Kinderhook (now Stockport) Creek, a short distance west of Stockport -Station. It may be called a series of falls as the water primarily -descended on shelves or steps. It was noted as remarkable by Dankens -and Sluyter in 1679-80. [FN] Claverack Creek unites with Stockport Creek -just west of the falls. In other connections both streams are called -mill streams. In the Stephen Bayard patent of 1741, the name of the fall -on Stockport Creek is noted as "A certain fall . . . called by the -Indians _Kasesjewack_" The several names are perhaps from _Cochik'uack_ -(Moh.), "A wild, dashing" stream. _Cochik'uack,_ by the way, is one of -the most corrupted names of record. - - * * * * * - - [FN] "We came to a creek, where, near the river, lives a man whom they - call the Child of Luxury (_t'kinder van walde_). He had a sawmill on - the creek or waterfall, which is a singular one. The water falls quite - steep in one body, but it comes down in steps, with a broad rest - sometimes between them. These steps were sixty feet or more high, and - were formed out of a single rock." - - -Kesieway's Kil, described in an Indian deed to Garritt van Suchtenhorst, -1667-8. "A certain piece of land at Claverack between the bouwery of -Jan Roother and Major Abraham Staats, beginning at a fall at the kil -called Kesieway's Kil." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 51, 57.) The tract seems -to have been on Claverack Creek south of Stockport "Jan Roothers" is -otherwise written, "Jan Hendricksen, alias Jan Roothaer." _Roth_ (German) -means "red," _-aer_ is from German _Haar_ (hair). He was known locally -as "Jan, the red-head." The location of the fall has not been -ascertained. _Kashaway_ Creek is a living form of the name in the town -of Greenport, Columbia County. On the opposite side of the Hudson the -same name apparently, appears in Keesieway, Kesewey, etc., as that of a -"chief or sachem" of the Katskill Indians. (See Keessienwey's Hoeck.) - -Pomponick, Columbia County. (N. Y. Land Papers.) _Pompoenik,_ a fort to -be erected at "about the barn of Lawrence van Alen." (Doc. Hist. N. Y., -ii, 90.) _Pompoen_ is Dutch for pumpkin. The name is also written as -that of an Indian owner--"the land bought by Jan Bruyn of Pompoen." -(Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 545.) Pompoeneck is the form of the signature -to deed. - -Mawighanuck, Mawighunk, Waweighannuck, Wawighnuck, forms of the name -preserved as that of the Bayard Patent, Columbia County, described as a -place "Lying to the northwest of Kinderhook, about fifteen miles from -Hudson's River, upon Kinderhook River and some branches thereof, part of -which tract is known by the Indian name of Mawighanuck." The particular -"part" noted has not been located, but it seems to have been where one -of the branches of Kinderhook Creek united with that stream. (See -Mawichnauk.) - -Mogongh-kamigh, a boundmark of the Bayard Patent (Land Papers, 245), is -located therein, "From a fall on said river called by the Indians -Kasesjewack to a certain place called by the natives Mogongh-kamigh, -then up the southeast branch," etc. The name means, probably, "Place of -a great tree." - -Kenaghtiquak, "a small stream" so called, was the name of a boundmark of -the Peter Schuyler Patent, described, "Beginning where three oak trees -are marked, lying upon a small creek, to the south of Pomponick, called -by the Indians Kenaghtiquak, and running thence," etc. It probably -stands for _Enaughtiqua-ûk,_ "The beginning place." - -Machachoesk, a place so called in Columbia County, has not been located. -It is described of record as a place "lying on both sides of Kinderhook -Creek," and may have taken its name from an adjacent feature. - -Wapemwatsjo, the name of a hill in Columbia County, is a Dutch -orthography of _Wapim-wadchu,_ "Chestnut Hill." The interpretation is -correctly given in the accompanying alternate, "or Karstengeberg" -(Kastanjeberg, Dutch), "Chestnut Hill." - -Kaunaumeek, an Indian village sixteen miles east of Albany, in the town -of Nassau, Rensselaer County, was the scene of the labors of Moravian -missionaries, and especially of Missionary Brainerd. It was long known -as Brainerd's Bridge, and is now called Brainerds. The name is Lenape -(German notation) and the equivalent of _Quannamáug,_ Nar., _Gunemeek,_ -Len., "Long-fish place," a "Fishing-place for lampreys." The form, -Kaunaumeek, was introduced here by the Moravian missionaries. - -Scompamuck is said to have been the name of the locality now covered by -the village of Ghent, Columbia County, perhaps more strictly the head -of the outlet of Copake Lake where an Indian settlement is located on -early maps. The suffix, _-amuck,_ is the equivalent of _-amaug,_ "fishing -place." _Ouschank-amaug,_ from _Ousch-acheu,_ "smooth, slippery," hence -eel or lamprey--"a fishing-place for eels." - -Copake, the modern form of the name of a lake in Columbia County, is of -record _Achkookpeek_ (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii. 628), meaning, literally, -"Snake water," from _Achkook,_ "Snake," and _-péek,_ "Water place," pool -or pond. Hendrick Aupaumut, the Historian of the Stockbridge-Mahicans, -wrote: "_Ukhkokpeck;_ it signifies snake-water, or water where snakes -are abundant." On a map of the boundary line between Massachusetts and -New York an Indian village is located at the outlet of the lake, -presumably that known as Scompamuck. - -Kaphack, on Westenhook River, a place described as "Beginning at an -Indian burying-place hard by Kaphack," probably means "A separate -place"--"land not occupied." The tract began at "an Indian -burying-place," and presumably took its name therefrom. _Chépeck,_ "The -dead;" _Chépeack,_ "Place of the dead." (See Shapequa.) - -Valatie, the name of a village in Columbia County, is Dutch. It means -"Vale, valley, dale, dell," and not "Little Falls," as rendered in -French's Gazetteer. _Waterval_ is Dutch for "Waterfall." _Vallate,_ Low -Latin for "valley," is the derivative of _Valatie,_ as now written. - -Schodac, now covered by the village of Castleton (Schotax, 1677; -Schotack, 1768), was the place of residence of Aepjin, sachem, or "peace -chief," of the Mahicans. [FN-1] It has been translated from _Skootay,_ -Old Algonquian (_Sqúta,_ Williams), "fire," and _-ack,_ "place," -literally, "Fire Place," or place of council. It was extended to Smack's -Island, opposite Albany, which was known to the early Dutch as -"Schotack, or Aepjen's Island." It is probable, however, that the -correct derivative is to be found in _Esquatak,_ or Eskwatak, the record -name of the ridge of land east of Castleton, near which the Mahican fort -or palisaded village was located, from which Castleton takes its name. -_Esquatak_ is pretty certainly an equivalent of _Ashpohtag_ (Mass.), -meaning "A high place." Dropping the initial _A,_ and also the letter -_p_ and the second _h,_ leaves Schotack or Shotag; by pronunciation -Schodac. Eshodac, of which Meshodack [FN-2] is another form, the name of -a high peak in the town of Nassau, Rensselaer County, has become Schodac -by pronunciation. It has been claimed that the landing which Hudson made -and so particularly described in Juet's Journal, was at Schodac. [FN-3] -The Journal relates that the "Master's mate" first "went on land with -an old savage, the governor of the country, who carried him to his house -and made him good cheere." The next day Hudson himself "Sailed to the -shore, in one of their canoe's, with an old man who was chief of a tribe -consisting of forty men and seventeen women," and it is added, "These I -saw there in a house well constructed of oak bark and circular in shape, -so that it had the appearance of being built with an arched roof." -Presumably the house was near the shore of the river and in occupation -during the fishing and planting season. The winter castle was further -inland. The "arched roof" indicates that it was one of the "long" houses -so frequently described, not a cone-like cabin. The "tribe" was the -sachem's family. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Aepjin's name appears of record first in 1645 as the - representative of the Westchester County clans in negotiating a treaty - of peace with the Dutch. In the same capacity he was at Esopus in 1660. - He could hardly have been the "old man" whom Hudson met in 1609. In one - entry his name is written "Eskuvius, alias Aepjin (Little Ape)," and in - another "Called by the Dutch Apeje's (Little Ape's) Island." He may have - been given that name from his personal appearance, or it may have been - a substitute for a name which the Dutch had heard spoken. Eliot wrote, - "_Appu,_ He sits; he rests, remains, abides; _Keu Apean,_ Those that - sittest," descriptive of the rank of a resident ruler or peace chief, - one of a class of sachems whose business it was to maintain the - covenants between his own and other tribes, and negotiate treaties of - peace on their behalf or for other tribes when called upon. From his - totemic signature he was of the Wolf tribe of the Mahicans. (See - Keessienway's Hoeck.) - - [FN-2] The prefixed _M,_ sometimes followed by a short vowel or an - apostrophe (M'), has no definite or determinate force. (Trumbull.) - - [FN-3] The Journal locates the place at Lat. 42 deg. 18 min. This would - be about five miles (statute) north of the present city of Hudson. - "But," wrote Brodhead, "Latitudes were not as easily determined in - those days as they are now; and a careful computation of the distances - run by the Half-Moon, as recorded in Juet's day-book, shows that on the - 18th of September, 1609, when the landing occurred, she must have been - 'up six leagues higher' than Hudson, in the neighborhood of Schodac and - Castleton." - - -Sickenekas, given as the name of a tract of land on the east side of the -river, "opposite Fort Orange (Albany), above and below," dates from a -deed to Van Rensselaer, 1637, the name of one of the grantors of which -is written Paepsickenekomtas. The name is now written Papskanee and -applied to an island. - -Sicajoock, (Wickagjock, Wassenaer), is given as the name of a tract on -the east side of the river extending from Smack's Island to Castle Island -where it joined lands "called Semesseeck," Gesmessecks, etc., which -extended north to Negagonse, "being about twelve miles (Dutch), large -measure." The northern limit seems to have been Unuwat's Castle on the -north side of a stream flowing to the Hudson north of "opposite to -Rensselaer's Kil and waterfall." _Sicajoock_ (Dutch notation), "Black, -or dark colored earth," from _Sûcki_ "Dark colored, inclining to black," -and _-ock,_ "land." The same name is written Suckiage (_ohke_) in -application to the Hartford meadows, Conn. - -Gesmesseeck, a tract of land so called, otherwise entered of record -"Nawanemit's particular land called _Semesseerse,_ lying on the east -bank, opposite Castle Island, off unto Fort Orange." "Item--from -Petanoc, the mill stream, away north to Negagonse." In addition Van -Rensselaer then purchased lands held in common by several owners, -"extending up the river, south and north" from Fort Orange, "unto a -little south of Moeneminnes castle," "being about twelve miles, large -measure." Moeneminne's castle was on Haver Island at Kahoes. -_Semesseerse_ is the form of the name in deed as printed in Col. Hist. -N. Y., vol. i, p. 44, and Gesmesseecks p. 1, v. iv. Kesmesick is another -form and perhaps also Taescameasick. (See Patuckquapaen.) The several -forms of the name illustrate the effort on the part of the early Dutch, -who were then limitedly acquainted with the Indian tongue, to give -orthographies to the names which they heard spoken. - -Passapenoc, Pahpapaenpenock and Sapanakock, forms of the name of Beeren -Island, lying opposite Coeymans, is from an edible tuber which was -indigenous on it. [FN] The Dutch name Beeren or Beerin, means, literally, -"She bear," usually called Bear's Island. De Laet wrote "Beeren" in 1640. - - * * * * * - - [FN] "The Indians frequently designated places by the names of esculent - or medicinal roots which were there produced. In the Algonquin language - the generic names for tubers was _pen,_ varying in some dialects to - _pin, pena, pon,_ or _bun._ This name seems originally to have belonged - to the common ground nut: _Apias tuberosa._ Abnaki, _pen,_ plural, - _penak._ Other species were designated by prefixes to this generic, and, - in the compositions of place names, was employed to denote locality - (_auk, auki, ock,_ etc.), or by an abundance verb (_kanti-kadi_). Thus - _p'sai-pen,_ 'wild onions,' with the suffix for place, _ock,_ gave - _p'sai-pen-auk,_ or as written by the Dutch, _Passapenock,_ the Indian - name for Beeren Island." (J. H. Trumbull, Mag. of Am. Hist I, 387.) - - -Patuckquapaen and Tuscumcatick are noted in French's Gazetteer as names -of record in what is now the town of Greenbush, Rensselaer County, -without particular location. The first is in part Algonquian and in part -Dutch. The original was, no doubt, _Patuckquapaug,_ as in Greenwich, -Ct., meaning "Round pond." The Dutch changed _paug_ to _paen_ descriptive -of the land--low land--so we have, as it stands, "Round land," "elevated -hassocks of earth, roots," etc. (See Patuckquapaug.) The second name is -written in several forms--Taescameatuck, Taescameesick, and -Gessmesseecks. _Greenbush_ is an anglicism of _Gran Bosch,_ Dutch, -meaning, literally, "Green forest." The river bank was fringed by a long -stretch of spruce-pine woods. Dutch settlement began here about 1631. -In 1641 a ferry was established at the mouth of the _Tamisquesuck_ or -Beaver Creek, and has since been maintained. About the same year a small -fort, known as Fort Cralo, was constructed by Van Rensselaer's -superintendent. - -Poesten Kill, the name of a stream and of a town in Rensselaer County, -is entered in deed to Van Rensselaer in 1630, "Petanac, the mill stream"; -in other records, "_Petanac,_ the Molen Kil," and "De Laet's Marlen Kil -and Waterval." _Petanac,_ the Indian name, is an equivalent of -Stockbridge _Patternac,_ which King Ninham, in an affidavit, in 1762, -declared meant "A fall of water, and nothing more." "Molen Kil" (Dutch), -means "mill water." "De Laet's Marlen Kil ende Waterval," locates the -name as that of a well-known waterfall on the stream of eighty feet. -Weise, in his "History of Troy," wrote: "Having erected a saw-mill upon -the kill for sawing posts and timber, which was known thereafter as -Poesten mill, the name became extended to the stream," an explanation -that seems to bear the marks of having been coined. From the character -of the stream the name is probably a corruption of the Dutch _Boosen,_ -"An angry stream," because of its rapid descent. The stream reaches the -Hudson on the north line of Troy. (See Gesmessecks.) - -Paanpaach is quoted by Brodhead (Hist. N. Y.) as the name of the site of -the city of Troy. It appears in 1659 in application to bottom lands known -as "The Great Meadows," [FN-1] lying under the hills on the east side of -the Hudson. At the date of settlement by Van der Huyden (1720), it is -said there were stripes or patches within the limits of the present city -which were known as "The corn-lands of the Indians," [FN-2] from which -the interpretation in French's Gazetteer, "Fields of corn," which the -name never meant in any language. The name may have had an Indian -antecedent, but as it stands it is Dutch from _Paan-pacht,_ meaning "Low, -soft land," or farm of leased land. The same name appears in _Paan-pack,_ -Orange county, which see. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Weise's Hist. of Troy. - - [FN-2] Woodward's Reminiscences of Troy. - - -Piskawn, of record as the name of a stream on the north line of Troy, -describes a branch or division of a river. Rale wrote in Abnaki, -"_Peskakōōn,_ branche," of which _Piskawn_ is an equivalent. - -Sheepshack and Pogquassick are record names in the vicinity of -Lansingburgh. The first has not been located. It seems to stand for -_Tsheepenak,_ a place where the bulbous roots of the yellow lily were -obtained--modern Abnaki, _Sheep'nak._ _Pogquassick_ appears as the name -of a "piece of woodland on the east side of the river, near an island -commonly called Whale-fishing Island," correctly, Whalefish Island. [FN] -This island is now overflowed by the raising of the water by the State -dam at Lansingburgh. The Indian name does not belong to the woodland; -it locates the tract near the island, in which connection it is probably -an equivalent of _Paugasuck,_ "A place at which a strait widens or opens -out" (Trumbull), or where the narrow passage between the island and the -main land begins to widen. In the same district _Pogsquampacak_ is -written as the name of a small creek flowing into Hoosick River. - - * * * * * - - [FN] "Whale-fishing Island" is a mistranslation of "Walvish Eiland" - (Dutch), meaning simply "Whale Island." It is related by Van der Donck - (1656) that during the great freshet of 1647, a number of whales - ascended the river, one of which was stranded and killed on this - island. Hence the name. - - -Wallumschack, so written in return of survey of patent granted to -Cornelius van Ness and others, in 1738, for lands now in Washington -County; _Walloomscook,_ and other forms; now preserved in Walloomsac, as -the name of a place, a district of country, and a stream flowing from a -pond on the Green Mountains, in the town of Woodford, near Bennington, -Vermont. [FN-1] It has not been specifically located, but apparently -described a place on the adjacent hills where material was obtained for -making paints with which the Indians daubed their bodies. (See Washiack.) -It is from a generic root written in different dialects, _Walla, Wara_ -etc., meaning "Fine, handsome, good," etc., from which in the Delaware, -Dr. Brinton derived _Wálám,_ "Painted, from the sense to be fine in -appearance, to dress, which the Indians accomplished by painting their -bodies," and _-'ompsk_ (Natick), with the related meaning of standing or -upright, the combination expressing "Place of the paint rocks." [FN-2] -The ridges of many of the hills as well as of the mountains in the -district are composed of slate, quartz, sandstone and limestone, which -compose the Takonic system. By exposure the slate becomes disintegrated -and forms an ochery clay of several colors, which the Indians used as -paint. The washing away of the rock left the quartz exposed in the form -of sharp points, which were largely used by the Indians for making axes, -lance-heads, arrow points, etc. Some of the ochre beds have been -extensively worked, and plumbago has also been obtained. White Creek, -in the same county, takes that name from its white clay banks. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Vermont is from _Verd Montagne_ (French), meaning "Green - Mountains," presumably from their verdure, but actually from the - appearance of the hills at a distance from the color of the rocks - reflected in the atmosphere. To the Indian they were Wal'ompskeck, - "fine, handsome rocks." - - [FN-2] An interpretation of the name from the form Wallumscnaik, in - Thompson's Hist. Vermont, states that "The termination _'chaik'_ - signifies in the Dutch language, 'scrip.' or 'patent.'" This is - erroneous. There is no such word as _chaik_ in the Dutch language. The - _ch_ in the name here stands for _k_ and belongs to _'ompsk._ - - -Tomhenack, Tomhenuk, forms of the name given as that of a small stream -flowing into the Hoosick from the north, [FN] takes that name, -apparently, from an equivalent of _Tomheganic,_ Mass., _Tangamic,_ Del., -a stone axe or tomahawk, referring to a place where suitable stones were -obtained for making those implements. (Trumbull.) (See Wallumschack.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] "At a creek called Tomheenecks, beginning at the southerly bounds - of Hoosick, and so running up southerly, on both sides of said creek, - over the path which goes to Sanckhaick." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 194; - petition of John de Peyster, 1730.) - - -Tyoshoke, now the name of a church at San Coick, Rensselaer County, is -probably from an equivalent of _Toyusk,_ Nar., "a bridge," and _ohke,_ -"Place"--a place where the stream was crossed by a log forming a bridge. -It was a well-known fording place for many years, and later became the -site of Buskirk's Bridge. - -Sanckhaick, now San Coick, a place in North Hoosick, Rensselaer County, -appears of record in petition of John de Peyster in 1730, and in Indian -deed to Cornelius van Ness and others, in 1732, for a certain tract of -land "near a place called Sanckhaick." The place, as now known, is near -the junction of White Creek and the Wallompskack, where one Van Schaick -made settlement and built a mill at an early date. In 1754 his buildings -were burned by Indian allies of the French. After the war of that period -the mill was rebuilt and became conspicuous in the battle of Bennington, -Aug. 16, 1777. It is claimed that the name is a corruption of Van -Schaick. Col. Baume, commandant of the Hessians in the battle of -Bennington (1777) wrote it Sancoik, which is very nearly Van Schaick. - -Schaghticoke, now so written as the name of a town in the northeast -corner of Rensselaer County, and in other connections, is from -_Pishgachtigok_ Mohegan, meaning "Land on the branch or division of a -stream." The locative of the name was at the mouth of Hoosick River on -the Hudson, in Washington County. The earliest record (1685) reads, -"Land at _Schautecógue_" (-ohke). It is a generic name and appears in -several forms and at several places. _Pishgachtigok_ is a form on the -west side of the Housatonic at and near the mouth of Ten-Mile River. It -was the site of an Indian village and the scene of labor by the Moravian -missionaries. In some cases the name is written with locative, "at," -etc., in others, with substantive meaning land or place, and in others -without suffix. Writes Mr. Gerard, "The name would probably be correctly -written _P'skaghtuk-uk,_" when with locative "at." [FN] Although first -of record in 1685, its application was probably as early as 1675, when -the Pennacooks of Connecticut, fleeing from the disastrous results of -King Phillip's War in which they were allies, found refuge among their -kindred Mahicans, and later were assigned lands at Schaghticoke by -Governor Andros, where they were to serve as allies of the Mohawks. They -seem to have spread widely over the district and to have left their -footprints as far south as the Katskill. It is a tradition that -conferences were held with them on a plain subsequently owned by -Johannes Knickerbocker, some six miles east of the Hudson, and that a -veritable treaty tree was planted there by Governor Andros in 1676-7, -although "planting a tree" was a figurative expression. In later years -the seat of the settlement seems to have been around Schaghticoke hill -and point, where Mashakoes, their sachem, resided. (Annals of Albany, -v, 149.) In the French and Indian war of 1756, the remnant of the tribe -was carried away to Canada by the St. Francis Indians, an organization -of kindred elements in the French service. At one time they are said to -have numbered six hundred warriors. (See Shekomeko.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] The root of the name is _Peske_ or _Piske_ (_Paske,_ Zeisb.), - meaning, primarily, "To split," "To divide forcibly or abruptly." - (Trumbull.) In Abnaki, _Peskétekwa,_ a "divided tidal or broad river or - estuary"--_Peskahakan_ (Rale), "branche." In the Delaware, Zeisberger - wrote _Pasketiwi,_ "The division or branch of a stream." _Pascataway,_ - Md., is an equivalent form. _Pasgatikook,_ Greene County, is from the - Mohegan form. _Paghataghan_ and _Pachkataken,_ on the east branch of - the Delaware, and _Paghatagkam_ on the Otterkill, Vt., are equivalent - forms of _Peskahakan,_ Abnaki. The Hoosick is not only a principal - branch, but it is divided at its mouth and at times presents the - appearance of running north in the morning and south at night. - (Fitch's Surv.) - - -Quequick and Quequicke are orthographies of the name of a certain fall -on Hoosick River, in Rensselaer County. In petition of Maria van -Rensselaer, in 1684, the lands applied for were described as "Lying on -both sides of a certain creek called Hoosock, beginning at ye bounds of -Schaakook, and so to a fall called Quequick, and thence upward to a -place called Nachacqikquat." (Cal. Land Papers, 27.) The name may stand -for _Cochik'uack_ (Moh.), "Wild, dashing" waters, but I cannot make -anything out of it. The first fall east of Schaakook (Schagticoke) -Patent is now known as Valley Falls, in the town of Pittstown -(Pittstown Station). - -Pahhaoke, a local name in Hoosick Valley, is probably an equivalent of -_Pauqna-ohke,_ "Clear land," "open country." It is frequently met in -Connecticut in different forms, as in Pahqui-oke, Paquiag, etc., the -name of Danbury Plains. The form here is said to be from the Stockbridge -dialect, but it is simply an orthography of an English scribe. It has -no relation whatever to the familiar Schaghticoke or Scat'acook. - -Panhoosick, so written in Indian deed to Van Rensselaer in 1652, for a -tract of land lying north and east of the present city of Troy, -extending north to nearly opposite Kahoes Falls and east including a -considerable section of Hoosick River, appears in later records as an -apheresis in Hoosick, Hoosack, and Hoosuck, in application to Hoosick -River, Hoosick Mountains, Hoosick Valley, Hoosick Falls, and in "Dutch -Hossuck," an early settlement described in petition of Hendrick van Ness -and others, in 1704, as "land granted to them by Governor Dongan in -1688, known by the Indian name of Hoosack." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, -27, 74.) The head of the stream appears to have been the outlet of a -lake now called _Pontoosuc_ from the name of a certain fall on its -outlet called _Pontoosuck,_ "A corruption," wrote Dr. Trumbull, "of -_Powntucksuck,_ 'falls of a brook,' or outlet." "_Powntuck,_ a general -name for all falls," according to Indian testimony quoted by the same -writer. "_Pantuck,_ falls of a stream." (Zeisb.) Several interpretations -of the name have been suggested, of which the most probably correct is -from Massachusetts _Pontoosuck,_ which would readily be converted to -Hoosick or Panhoosick (Pontoosuck). It was applicable to any falls, and -may have had locative at Hoosick Falls as well as on the outlet of -Pontoosuck Lake. Without examination or warrant from the local dialect, -Heckewelder wrote in his Lenape tradition, "The Hairless or Naked Bear": -"_Hoosink,_ which means the basin, or more properly, the kettle." The -Lenape or Delaware _Hōōs,_ "certainly means, in that dialect, 'a pot or -kettle.' Figuratively, it might be applied to a kettle-shaped depression -in land or to a particular valley. _Hoosink_ means 'in' or 'at' the pot -or kettle. _Hoosack_ might be read 'round valley land,' or land with -steep sides." (Brinton.) Of course this does not explain the prefix -_Pan_, nor does it prove that _Hōōs_ was in the local dialect, which, -in 1652, was certainly Mahican or Mohegan. Still, it cannot be said that -the tradition was not familiar to all Algonquians in their mythical -lore. - -Heckewelder's tradition, "The Naked or Hairless Bear," has its -culmination at a place "lying east of the Hudson," where the last one -of those fabulous animals was killed. "The story," writes Dr. Brinton, -"was that the bear was immense in size and the most vicious of animals. -Its skin was bare except a tuft of white hair on the back. It attacked -and ate the natives and the only means of escape from it was to take to -the waters. Its sense of smell was remarkably keen, but its sight was -defective. As its heart was very small, it could not be easily killed. -The surest plan was to break its back-bone; but so dangerous was it that -those hunters who went in pursuit of it bade families and friends -farewell, as if they never expected to return. The last one was tracked -to Hoosink, and a number of hunters went there and mounted a rock with -precipitous sides. They then made a noise and attracted the beast's -attention, who rushed to the attack with great fury. As he could not -climb the rock, he tore at it with his teeth, while the hunters above -shot him with arrows and threw upon him great stones, and thus killed -him." [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] "The Lenape and their Legends." - - -The Hoosick River flows from its head, near Pittsfield, Berkshire -County, in Massachusetts, through the Petersburgh Mountains between -precipitous hills, and carries its name its entire length. Fort -Massachusetts, in the present town of Adams, Mass., was on its borders -and in some records was called Fort Hoosick. It was captured by the -French and their Indians in 1746. The general course of the stream is -north, west, and south to the Hudson in the northwest corner of -Rensselaer County, directly opposite the village of Stillwater, -Saratoga County. There are no less than three falls on its eastern -division, of which the most considerable are Hoosick Falls, where the -stream descends, in rapids and cascades, forty feet in a distance of -twelve rods. Dr. Timothy Dwight, who visited it in the early part of the -19th century, described it as "One of the most beautiful rivers in the -world." "At different points," he wrote, "The mountains extend their -precipitous declivities so as to form the banks of the river. Up these -precipitous summits rise a most elegant succession of forest trees, -chiefly maple, beech and evergreens. There are also large spots and -streaks of evergreens, chiefly hemlock and spruce." Though, with a -single exception, entered in English records by the name of "Hoosick or -Schaahkook's Creek," it was, from the feature which especially attracted -Dr. Dwight's attention, known to the Iroquois as the _Ti-oneenda-howe,_ -or "The river at the hemlocks." [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] See Saratoga. _Ti-oneenda-howe_ was applied by the Mohawks to the - Hoosick, and _Ti-ononda-howe_ to the Batten Kill as positive boundmarks, - the former from its hemlock-clad hills (_onenda_), and the latter from - its conical hills (_ononda_). The late Horatio Hale wrote me: - "_Ti-ononda-howe_ is evidently a compound term involving the word - _ononda_ (or _ononta_), 'hill or mountain.' _Ti-oneenda-howe,_ in like - manner, includes the word _onenda_ (or _onenta_), 'hemlock.' There may - have been certain notable hills or hemlocks which as landmarks gave - names to the streams or located them. The final syllables _howe,_ are - uncertain." (See Di-ononda-howe.) - - -Cossayuna, said to be from the Mohawk dialect and to signify "Lake of -the pines," is quoted as the name of a lake in the town of Argyle, -Washington County. The translation is correct, substantially, but the -name is Algonquian--a corruption of _Coossa,_ "Pine," [FN] and _Gummee,_ -"Lake," or standing water. The terms are from the Ojibway dialect, and -were probably introduced by Dr. Schoolcraft. - - * * * * * - - [FN] It is of record that "the borders of Hudson's River above Albany, - and the Mohawk River at Schenectady," were known, in 1710, as "the best - places for pines of all sorts, both for numbers and largeness of trees." - (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 656.) Mass. _Kowas-'ktugh,_ "pine tree." The - name is met in many orthographies. - - -Anaquassacook, the name of a patent in Washington County, and also of a -village and of a stream of water, was, primarily, the name of a -boundmark. The locative has not been ascertained. _Anakausuk-ook,_ "At -the end of a course," or as far the brook. - -Podunk, a brook so called in the town of Fort Ann, Washington County, -is met in several other places. (See Potunk, L. I.) Its meaning has not -been ascertained. - -Quatackquaohe, entered on Pownal's map as the name of a tract of land on -the south side of a stream, has explanation in the accompanying entry, -"Waterquechey, or Quatackquaohe." Waterquechey (English) means "Moist -boggy ground," indicating that _Quatackquaohe_ is an equivalent of -_Petuckquiohke,_ Mass., "Round-land place," _i. e._ elevated hassocks -of earth, roots, etc. The explanation by Gov. Pownal may supply a key -to the translation of other names now interpreted indefinitely. - -Di-ononda-howe, a name now assigned to the falls on the Batten Kill -below Galeville, Washington County, is Iroquoian and of original -application to the stream itself as written in the Schuyler Patent. It -is a compound descriptive of the locality of the creek, the reference -being to the conical hills on the south side of the stream near the -Hudson, on one of which was erected old Fort Saratoga. The sense is, -"Where a hill interposes," between the object spoken of and the speaker. -The late Superintendent of the Bureau of Ethnology, Prof. J. W. Powell, -wrote me: "From the best expert information in this office, it may be -said that the phonetic value of the final two syllables _howe_ is far -from definite; but assuming that they are equivalent to _huwi_ (with the -European vowel values), the word-sentence Di-ononda-howe means, 'There -it has interposed (a) mountain,' Written in the Bureau alphabet, the -word-sentence would be spelled Ty-ononde-huwi. It is descriptive of the -situation of the creek, but not of the creek itself, and is applicable -to any mountain or high hill which appears between a speaker and some -other object." (See Hoosick.) - -Caniade-rioit is given as the name of Lake George, and "The tail of the -lake" as the definition, "on account of its connection with Lake -Champlain." (Spofford's Gazetteer.) Father Jogues, who gave to the lake -the name "Lac de Saint Sacrament" (Lake of the Holy Sacrament), in 1645, -wrote the Mohawk name, _Andiato-rocte_ (French notation), with the -definition, "There where the lake shuts itself in," the reference being -to the north end of the lake at the outlet. This definition is not far -from a correct reading of the suffix _octe_ (_okte,_ Bruyas), meaning -"end," or, in this connection, "Where the lake ends." _Caniade,_ a form -of _Kaniatare,_ is an Iroquoian generic, meaning "lake." The lake never -had a specific name. _Horicon,_ which some writers have endeavored to -attach to it, does not belong to it. It is not Iroquoian, does not mean -"north," nor does it mean "lake" or "silver water," [FN] The present -name was conferred by Sir William Johnson, in honor of King George III, -of England. - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Horikans_ was written by De Laet, in 1624, as the name of an - Indian tribe living at the head waters of the Connecticut. On an ancient - map _Horicans_ is written in Lat. 41, east of the Narragansetts on the - coast of New England. In the same latitude _Moricans_ is written west - of the Connecticut, and _Horikans_ on the upper Connecticut in latitude - 42. _Morhicans_ is the form on Carte Figurative of 1614-16, and - _Mahicans_ by the Dutch on the Hudson. The several forms indicate that - the tribe was the _Moricans_ or _Mourigans_ of the French, the _Maikans_ - or _Mahikans_ of the Dutch and the _Mohegans_ of the English. It is - certain that that tribe held the headwaters of the Connecticut as well - as of the Hudson. The novelist, Cooper, gave life to De Laet's - orthography in his "Last of the Mohegans." - - -Ticonderoga, familiar as the name of the historic fortress at Lake -George, was written by Sir William Johnson, in 1756, _Tionderogue_ and -_Ticonderoro,_ and in grant of lands in 1760, "near the fort at -_Ticonderoga._" Gov. Golden wrote _Ticontarogen,_ and an Iroquoian sachem -is credited with _Decariaderoga._ Interpretations are almost as numerous -as orthographies. The most generally quoted is from Spofford's Gazetteer: -"_Ticonderoga,_ from _Tsindrosie_, or _Cheonderoga,_ signifying -'brawling water,' and the French name, _Carillon,_ signifying 'a chime -of bells,' were both suggested by the rapids upon the outlet of Lake -George." The French name may have been so suggested, but neither -_Tsindrosie_ or _Cheonderoga_ means "brawling water." The latter is -probably an orthography of _Teonderoga._ Ticonderoga as now written, is -from _Te_ or _Ti,_ "dual," two; _Kaniatare,_ "lake," and _-ogen,_ -"intervallum, divisionem" (Bruyas), the combination meaning, literally, -"Between two lakes." Horatio Hale wrote me of one of the forms: -"_Dekariaderage,_ in modern orthography, _Tekaniataroken,_ from which -Ticonderoga, means, simply, 'Between two lakes.' It is derived from -_Tioken,_ 'between,' and _Kaniatara,_ 'lake.' Its composition illustrates -a peculiar idiom of the Iroquoian language, _Tioken_ when combined with -a noun, is split in two, so to speak, and the noun inserted. Thus in -combining _Tioken_ with _Ononte,_ 'mountain,' we have _Ti-ononte-oken,_ -'Between two mountains,' which was the name of one of the Mohawk -castles--sometimes written Theonondiogo. In like manner, _Kaniatare,_ -'lake,' thus compounded, yields _Te-kaniatare-oken,_ 'Between two lakes.' -In the Huron dialect _Kaniatare_ is contracted to _Yontare_ or _Ontare,_ -from which, with _io_ or _iyo,_ 'great,' we get _Ontario_ (pronounced -Ontareeyo), 'Great lake' which, combined with _Tioken,_ becomes -_Ti-onteroken,_ which would seem to be the original of Colden's -_Tieronderoga._" - -There is rarely an expression of humor in the use of Indian place-names, -but we seem to have it in connection with Dekariaderoga, one of the forms -of Ticonderoga quoted above, which is of record as having been applied -to Joseph Chew, Secretary of Indian Affairs, at a conference with chiefs -of the Six Nations. (Col. Hist. N. Y., viii, 501.) Said the sachem who -addressed Secretary Chew, "We call you Dekariaderoga, the junction of -two lakes of different qualities of water," presumably expressing -thereby, in keeping with the entertainment usually served on such -occasions, that the Secretary was in a condition between "water and -firewater." Neither "junction" or "quality of water" are expressed in -the composition, however; but perhaps are related meanings. - -Caniade-riguarunte is given by Governor Pownal as the Iroquoian name of -Lake Champlain, with the legend, "The Lake that is the gate of the -country." (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 1190.) The lake was the route taken -by the Algonquians of Canada in their forays against the Mohawks. Later, -it became a link in the great highway of travel and commerce between -New York and Quebec, via. Hudson's River, in which connection it was -literally "The gate of the country." The legend is not an interpretation -of the Iroquoian name, however. In the French missionary spelling the -generic word for "lake" is _Kaniatare_ of which _Caniaderi_ is an -English notation. The suffix _-guarûnte,_ in connection with -_Caniaderi,_ gives to the combination the meaning, "A lake that is part -of another lake." (J. B. N. Hewitt.) The suffix is readily confused with -_Karonta,_ or _-garonta_ (Mohawk), meaning "tree," from which, probably, -Fennimore Cooper's "Lake of the Woods." "Lake of the Iroquois," entered -on early maps, does not mean that when Champlain visited it in 1609 it -was owned by the Iroquois, but that it was the route from Quebec to the -Iroquois country. - - - - - On Long Island. - - - * * * * * - - - -Matouwackey, Sewanhackey and Paumanackey, in varying orthographies, -are names of record for Long Island, derived from _Meitauawack_ -(_Metaûhock,_ Nar.), the name of the shell-fish from which the Indians -made the shell-money in use among them, [FN-1] called by English _Peag,_ -from _Wau-paaeek_ [FN-2] (Moh.), "white," and by the Dutch _Sewan_ or -_Zeewan,_ [FN-3] from _Sewaûn_ (Moh.), _Sueki_ (Nar.), "black." This -money was both white and black (so called), the latter the most rare -and valuable. It was in use by the Europeans as a medium of trade with -the Indians, as well as among themselves, by the Indians especially for -the manufacture of their historic peace, tribute, treaty and war belts, -called _Paumaunak_ (_Pau-pau-me-numwe,_ Mass.), "an offering." [FN-4] -_Meitouowack,_ the material, _Waupoaeek_ and _Sewaûn,_ the colors; -_Paumanack,_ the use, "an offering." The suffix of either term (_hock, -hagki, hackee_) is generic for shell--correctly, "An ear-shaped shell." -(Trumbull.) Substantially, by the corruption of the suffix to _hacki_ -(Del.), "land" or place, the several terms, as applied to the island, -have the meaning, "The shell island," or "Place of shells." De Laet -wrote, in 1624: "At the entrance of this bay are situated several -islands, or broken land, on which a nation of savages have their abode, -who are called Matouwacks; they obtain a livelihood by fishing within -the bay, whence the most easterly point of the land received the name -of Fisher's Hook and also Cape de Bay." Van der Donck entered on his -map, "t' Lange Eyland, alias, Matouwacks." "Situate on the island called -by the Indians Sewanhacky." (Deed of 1636.) "Called in ye Indian tongue -Suanhackey." (Deed of 1639.) Than these entries there is no claim that -the island ever had a specific name, and that those quoted were from -shells and their uses is clear. Generically the island was probably -known to the Minsi and neighboring tribes as _Menatey,_ "The island," -as stated by Dr. Trumbull; smaller islands being known as _Menatan,_ from -which _Manathan_ and _Manhatan._ The occupants of the island were a -distinct group of Algonquian stock, speaking on the east a dialect more -or less of the Massachusetts type, and on the west that known as -Monsey-Lenape, both types, however, being largely controlled by the -Dutch and the English orthographies in which local notings appear. They -were almost constantly at war with the Pequods and Narragansetts, but -there is no evidence that they were ever conquered, and much less that -they were conquered by the Iroquois, to whom they paid tribute for -protection in later years, as they had to the Pequods and to the -English; nor is there evidence that their intercourse with the river -tribes immediately around them was other than friendly. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "_Meteauhock,_ the Periwinkle of which they made their wampum." - (Williams.) "Perhaps derived from _Mehtauog,_ 'Ear-shaped,' with the - generic suffix _hock_ (_hogki, hackee_), 'shell.'" (Trumbull.) - - [FN-2] _Wompompeag_ is another form quoted as Mohegan, from which - _Wompum._ "_Wompom,_ which signifies white." (Roger Williams.) - - [FN-3] _Seahwhoog,_ "they are scattered." (Eliot.) "From this word the - Dutch traders gave the name of _Sewan,_ or _Zeawand,_ to all shell - money; just as the English called all _Peag,_ or strung beads, by the - name of the white, _Wampum._" (Trumbull.) - - [FN-4] An interpretation of _Paumanack_ as indicating a people - especially under tribute, is erroneous. The belts which they made were - in universal use among the nations as an offering, the white belts - denoting good, as peace, friendship, etc., the black, the reverse. The - ruling sachem, or peace-chief, was the keeper and interpreter of the - belts of his nation, and his place sometimes took its name from that - fact. That several of the sachems did sign their names, or that their - names were signed by some one for them, "Sachem of Pammananuck," proves - nothing in regard to the application of that name to the island. - - -Wompenanit is of record as the name of "the utmost end eastward" of the -Montauk Peninsula. The description reads: "From the utmost end of the -neck eastward, called Wompenanit, to our utmost bound westward, called -Napeake." (Deed of July 11, 1661.) In other papers Wompenonot and -Wompenomon, corrupted orthographies. The meaning is "The utmost end -eastward," _i. e._ from the east side of Napeake to the extreme end. -The derivatives are Nar. _Wompan_ (from _Wompi,_ white, bright), "It is -full daylight, bright day," hence the Orient, the East, the place of -light, and _-anit,_ "To be more than," extending beyond the ordinary -limit. The same word appears in _Wompanánd,_ "The Eastern God" -(Williams), the deity of light. From _Wompi,_ also _Wapan_ in -_Wapanachkik,_ "Those of the eastern region," now written _Abanaqui_ and -_Abnaki,_ and confined to the remnant of a tribe in Maine. (See -Wahamanesing,) Dr. Trumbull wrote: "_Anit,_ the subjunctive participle -of a verb which signifies 'To be more than,' 'to surpass'"; with -impersonal _M_ prefixed, _Manit,_ as in _Manitou,_ a name given by the -Indians, writes Lahontan, "To all that passes their understanding"; -hence interpreted by Europeans, "God." It has no such meaning in -_Wompenanit,_ but defined a limit that was "more than," or the extreme -limits of the island. No doubt, however, the Indians saw, as do visitors -of to-day, at the utmost end of the Montauk Peninsula, in its breast of -rock against which the ocean-waves dash with fearful force; its -glittering sun-light and in its general features, a _Wompanánd,_ or -Eastern God, that which was "more than ordinary, wonderful, surpassing," -but those features are not referred to in _Wompenanit,_ except, perhaps, -as represented by the glittering sun-light, the material emblem of the -mystery of light--"where day-light appears." - -Montauk, now so written--in early orthographies _Meantacut,_ -_Meantacquit,_ etc.--was not the name of the peninsula to which it is -now applied, but was extended to it by modern Europeans from a specific -place. The extreme end was called by the Indians _Wompenanit,_ and the -point, _Nâïag,_ "Corner, point or angle," from which Adriaen Block -wrote, in 1614, _Nahicans,_ "People around the point," a later Dutch -navigator adding (War Dep. Map) the topographical description, _Nartong,_ -"A barren, ghastly tongue." The name has had several interpretations by -Algonquian students, but without entire satisfaction even to themselves. -Indeed, it may be said with truth, "It has been too much translated" to -invite further study with the hope of a better result. The orthography -usually quoted for interpretation appears first in South Hampton Records -in an Indian deed of 1640, "_Manatacut,_ his X mark," the grantor being -given the name of the place which he represented, as appears from the -same records (1662), "Wyandanch, Meantacut sachem," or sachem of -Meantac. The Indian deed reads: "The neck of land commonly known by the -name of Meantacquit, . . . Unto the east side of Napeak, next unto -Meantacut high lands." In other words the high lands bounded the place -called Meantacqu, the suffix _-it_ or _-ut_ meaning "at" that place. -The precise place referred to was then and is now a marsh on which is a -growth of shrub pines, and cedars. Obviously, therefore, _Meantac_ or -_Meantacqu,_ is an equivalent of Mass. _Manantac,_ "Spruce swamp," and -of Del. _Menántac,_ "Spruce, cedar or pine swamp." (Zeisb.) The Abn. -word _Mannaⁿdakôô,_ "cedar" (Mass. _-uɧtugh;_ Nar. _áwtuck_), seems -to establish conclusively that _-ántak_ was the general generic suffix -for all kinds of coniferous trees, and with the prefix _Men, Man, Me,_ -etc., described small or dwarf coniferous trees usually found growing -in swamps, and from which swamps took the name. [FN] There is nothing -in the name or in its corruptions that means "point," "high lands," -"place of observation," "fort," "fence," or "confluence"; it simply -describes dwarf coniferous trees and the place which they marked. The -swamp still exists, and the dwarf trees also at the specific east bound -of the lands conveyed. (See Napeak.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] The Indians had specific names for different kinds of trees. The - generic general word was _Me'hittuk_ or _M'hittugk,_ Del., _M'tugh,_ - Mass., which, as a suffix, was reduced to _-ittuk, -utugh, -tagh, - -tack, -tacque,_ etc., frequently _ak,_ which is the radical. Howden - writes in Cree: "_Atik_ is the termination for the names of trees, - articles made of wood," etc. _Mash-antack-uk,_ Moh., was translated by - Dr. Trumbull from _Mish-untugh-et,_ Mass., "Place of much wood." - _Mannaⁿdakōō_ is quoted as the Abn. word for "cedar;" _Mishquáwtuck,_ - Nar., "Red cedar." _Menántachk,_ "Swamp" (Len. Eng. Dic.), is explained - by Rev. Anthony, "with trees meeting above." _Menautac,_ "Spruce, - cedar or pine swamp" (Zeisb.), from the kind of trees growing in the - swamp, but obviously _antac_ never described a swamp, or trees growing - in swamps, without the prefix _Men, Man, Me,_ etc. _Keht-antak_ means - a particularly large tree which probably served as a boundmark. It may - be a question if the initial _a_ in _antak_ was not nasal, as in Abn., - but there can be none in regard to the meaning of the suffix. - - -Napeak, East Hampton deed of 1648, generally written _Napeaka, Neppeage_ -and _Napeague,_ and applied by Mather (Geological Survey) to a beach -and a marsh, and in local records to the neck connecting Montauk Point -with the main island, means "Water land," or "Land overflowed by water." -The beach extends some five miles on the southeast coast of Long Island. -The marsh spreads inland from the beach nearly across the neck where it -meets Napeak Harbor on the north coast. It is supposed to have been, in -prehistoric times, a water-course which separated the island from the -point. Near the eastern limit are patches of stunted pines and cedars, -and on its east side at the end of what are called the "Nominick hills," -where was obviously located the boundmark of the East Hampton deed, -"Stunted pines and cedars are a feature," wrote Dr. Tooker in answer to -inquiry. (See Montauk.) - -Quawnotiwock, is quoted in French's Gazetteer as the name of Great Pond; -authority not cited. Prime (Hist. L. I.) wrote: "The Indian name of the -pond is unknown." The pond is two miles long. It is situate where the -Montauk Peninsula attains its greatest width, and is the largest body -of fresh water on the island. It would be correctly described by _Quinne_ -or _Quawnopaug,_ "Long pond," but certainly not by _Quawnotiwock,_ the -animate plural suffix _-wock,_ showing that it belonged to the -people--"People living on the Long River." [FN] (See Quantuck and -Connecticut.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] The suffix _-og, -ock, -uck,_ is, in the dialect here, a plural - sign. Williams wrote _-oock, -uock, -wock,_ and Zeisberger wrote _-ak, - -wak._ _Quinneh-tuk-wock,_ "People living on the Long River"--"a - particular name amongst themselves." _Kutch-innû-wock,_ "Middle-aged - men;" _Miss-innû-wock,_ "The many." _Lénno,_ "Man"; _Lénno-wak,_ "Men." - (Zeisberger.) _Kuwe,_ "Pine"; _Cuweuch-ak,_ "pine wood, pine logs." - Strictly, an animate plural. In the Chippeway dialect, Schoolcraft - gives eight forms of the animate and eight forms of 'the inanimate - plural. The Indians regarded many things as animates that Europeans do - not. - - -Assup, given as the name of a neck of land--"A tree marked X hard by the -northward side of a cove of meadow"--means "A cove." It is an equivalent -of _Aucûp_ (Williams), "A little cove or creek." "_Aspatuck_ river" is -also of record here, and probably takes that name from a hill or height -in proximity. "Aspatuck hill," New Millford, Conn. - -Shinnecock, now preserved as the name of an Indian village in the town -of Southampton, on the east side of Shinnec'ock Bay, for many years in -occupation by a remnant of the so called Shinnec'ock Indians who had -taken on the habits and customs of European life, appears in its present -form in Plymouth Records in 1637, in treaty association with the -Massachusetts government. They claimed to be the "true owners of the -eastern end of Long Island," but acknowledged the primacy of Wyandanch, -sachem of the Montauks, who had been elected by other sachems as chief -sachem or the "sachem of sachem" of the many clans. The name is probably -from the root _Shin,_ or _Schind,_ "Spruce-pine" (Zeisb.); _Schindikeu,_ -"Spruce-pine forest"; _Shinak-ing,_ "At the land of spruce-pines." -(Brinton); _Schindak-ock,_ "Land or place of spruce-pines." There was -an extended spruce-pine forest on that part of the island, a considerable -portion of which remains in the district south of Peconic River in the -town of Southampton. The present form of the name is pronounced -Shinnec'ock. - -Mochgonnekonck is written, in 1643, as the name of a place unlocated -except in a general way. The record reads: "Whiteneymen, sachem of -Mochgonnekonck, situate on Long Island." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 60.) -Whiteneymen, whose name is written Mayawetinnemin in treaty of 1645, and -"Meantinnemen, alias Tapousagh, chief of Marsepinck and Rechawyck," in -1660 (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 58), was son of Mechowodt, sachem of -Marsepingh, and probably succeeded his father as sachem of that clan. -(Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 540.) His last possession was Cow Neck, in the -present town of North Hampton, which was given to him by his father; it -may have been the Mochgonnekonk of 1643. De Vries met him in conference -in 1645, and notes him as a speaker of force, and as having only one -eye. Brodhead wrote of him: "Kieft, therefore, by the advice of his -council determined to engage some of the friendly Indians in the interest -of the Dutch, and Whiteneymen, the sachem of Mochgonnecocks, on Long -Island, was dispatched, with several of his warriors, 'to beat and -destroy the hostile tribes.' The sachem's diplomacy, however, was better -than his violence. In a few days he returned to Fort Amsterdam bearing -friendly messages from the sachems along the Sound and Near Rockaway," -and a formal treaty of peace soon followed. He was elected "sachem of -sachems" by the sachems of the western clans on the island, about the -time the jurisdiction of the island was divided between the English at -New Haven and the Dutch at Manhattan, the former taking the eastern -clans under Wyandanch, and as such appears in the treaties with the -Dutch in 1645, '56--His record name is variously written--Tapousagh, -Tackapousha, etc. It is frequently met in Long Island Records. -_Mochgonneckonck_ the name of his sachemdom in 1643, has not been -identified further than that he was the owner of Cow Neck, now called -Manhasset (Manhas'et), Queens County, the largest neck or point of land -on the coast. - -Quaunontowunk, Quannotowonk, Konkhonganik and Konghonganoc, are forms -of two distinct names applied respectively to the north and south ends -of Fort Pond, as per deed for the tract known as "the Hither Woods -purchase," which reads: "The name of the pond is Quaunontowunk on the -north and Konkhonganik on the south." Dr. Tooker translated the former -from _Quaneuntéow-unk,_ (Eliot), "Where the fence is," the reference -being to a certain fence of lopped trees which existed on the north end -of the pond, [FN-1] and the latter from _Kuhkunhunganash_ (Eliot), -"bounds," "At the boundary place." The present name of the pond is from -two Indian forts, one known as the Old Fort, on the west, and one known -as the New Fort, on the east, the latter remaining in 1661, the former -destroyed, the deed reading, "Where the Old Fort stood." Wyandanch, [F-2] -"the sachem of Manatacut,"--later called "The great sachem of -Montauk"--had his residence in the Old Fort. He was the first ruler of -the Montauks known to the Dutch, his name appearing in 1637. (See -Montauk.) - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] The deed reads: "The north fence from the pond to the sea, shall - be kept by the town; the south fence, to the sea, by the Indians." - Presumably the fences were there when the land was sold. - - [FN-2] Wyandach, or Wyandance, is said to have been the brother of - Paggatacut, sachem of Manhas'set or Shelter Island, the chief sachem - of fifteen sachemdoms. On the death of the latter, in 1651, Wyandanch - became, by election, the successor of his brother and held the office - until his death by poison in 1659. - - -Mastic, preserved as the name of a river and also as that of a village -in Brookhaven, is of uncertain meaning. _Wampmissic,_ the name of -another village, is supposed to have been the name of a swamp--Mass. -_Wompaskit,_ "At or in the swamp, or marsh." - -Poosepatuck, a place so called and now known as the Indian Reservation, -back of Forge River at Mastick, probably means "On the other side," or -"Beyond the river," from _Awossi,_ "Over, over there, on the other side, -beyond," and _-tuck,_ "Tidal river." - -Speonk, the name of a village in Southampton near East Bay, on an -inlet of the ocean, to which flows through the village a small brook, -has lost some of its letters. _Mas-sepe-onk_ would describe a place on -a broad tidal river or estuary. In the same vicinity _Setuck_ is of -record as the name of a place. It may also be from Mas-sepe-tuck. (See -Southampton Records.) While the English settlers on eastern Long Island -were careful to preserve Indian names, they were very careless in -orthographies. - -Poquatuck is quoted by Thompson (Hist. L. I.) as the name of Oyster -Pond in the town of Southold. It is now claimed as the name of Orient, -a village, peninsula or neck of land and harbor on the east side of the -pond. Probably from _Pohqu'unantak,_ "Cleared of trees," a marshy neck -which had been cleared or was naturally open. The same name is met in -Brookhaven. - -Cataconoche, given as the name of the Great Neck bounding Smithtown on -the east, has been translated by Dr. Tooker from _Kehte-komuk,_ "Greatest -field," later known as the Old Man's Field, or Old Field. - -Yaphank, Yamphank, etc., a village in Brookhaven, is from Niantic -dialect in which _Y_ is used for an initial letter where other dialects -employ _L, N_ or _R._ Putting the lost vowel _e_ back in the word, we -have _Yapehánek,_ in Lenape _Rapehánek,_ "Where the stream ebbs and -flows." The name is written Yampkanke in Indian deed. (Gerard.) The name -is now applied to a small tributary of the Connecticut, but no doubt -belongs to a place on the Connecticut where the current is affected by -the tide. (See Connecticut.) - -Monowautuck is quoted as the Indian name of Mount Sinai, a village in -the town of Brookhaven, a rough and stony district on what is known as -Old Man's Bay, a small estuary surrounded by a salt-marsh meadow. The -name seems to be an equivalent of _Nunnawanguck,_ "At the dry land." Old -Man's Bay takes that name from the Great Neck called Cataconche, -otherwise known as the Old Man's Meadow, and as the Old Field. "The two -neckes or hoeces (hooks) of meadow that lieth next beyond the Old Man's -Meadow"--"with all ye privileges and appurtenances whatsoever, unto the -Old Field." Presumably _Man's_ was originally _Manse_ (English), -pronounced _Mans,_ "the dwelling of a landholder with the land attached," -and called _Old_ because it was the first land or field purchased. (See -Cataconche.) - -Connecticut, now so written and of record _Connetquoit,_ etc, is not the -name of the stream to which it is applied, but of the land on both sides -of it. It is an equivalent of _Quinnituckquet,_ "Long-river land," as in -Connecticut. (Trumbull.) _Quinnituk,_ "Long river"; with locative _-et_ -or _-it,_ "Land or place on the long-river." The stream is the outlet -of Ronkonkoma Lake, and flows south to Fire-place Bay, where the name is -of primary record. There were two streams to which it was applied; one -is a small stream in Islip, and the other, the largest stream on the -island, as described above. In old deeds it is called East Connecticutt. -Fire-place is now retained as the name of a village on Bellport Bay, and -its ancient locative on the Connecticut is now called South Haven. [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] There were two places bearing the name of Fire-place, one on the - north side of the island on Gardiner's Bay, and one on the south side. - The latter is referred to here. - - -Minasseroke, quoted as the name of Little Neck, town of Brookhaven, -probably means "Small-stone land" or place--_Min-assin-ohke, r_ and _n_ -exchanged. - -Patchogue, Pochough, Pachough, the name of a village in the town of -Brookhaven, Suffolk County, on Patchough Bay, is probably met in -Pochaug, Conn., which Dr. Trumbull read from _Pohshâog,_ where two -streams form one river, signifying, "Where they divide in two." The name -was early extended to a clan known as the Pochoughs, later Patchoogues, -who seem to have been a family of the Onchechaugs, a name probably the -equivalent of _Ongkoué_ (Moh.), "beyond," with _-ogue_ (ohke), "land -beyond," _i. e._ beyond the bay. [FN] (See Moriches.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] Otherwise written _Unquetauge_--"land lying at Unquetauge, on the - south side of Long Island, in the county of Suffolk." Literally, "Land - beyond;" "on the further side of; in the same direction as, and further - on or away than." _Onckeway,_ a place beyond Stamford, on Connecticut - river. (Col. Hist. N. Y.) "_Ongkoué,_ beyond Pequannuc river." - (Trumbull.) - - -Cumsequogue is given in will of William Tangier Smith as the name of -what is now known as Carman's River, flowing to Bellport Bay. It is -probably a pronunciation of _Accomb-suck-ohke,_ "Land or place at the -outlet beyond." The record name of Bellport is Occombomeck, Accobamuck, -etc., meaning, "Fishing-place beyond," which, as the deeds show, was a -fishing-place at a freshwater pond, now dried up. The name is readily -confused with Aquebogue. - -Moriches, a neck of land "lying at Unquetague, on the south side of -Long Island, being two necks called by ye names of _Mariges_ and -_Namanock_" (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 45), is now in the town of -Brookhaven. Namanock seems, from the locative, to be a corruption of -_Nam'e-ohke,_ "Fish-place"--Namanock or Namecock. (Trumbull.) [FN] -_Moriches,_ or _Mariges,_ is a corruption of Dutch _Maritches_ (Morichi, -Mariche), from _Moriche Palmita_ (Latin), meaning, in popular use, any -plant thought to resemble a palm. _Mauritia_ a species of Mauriticæ, -or South-American palm, so called in honor of Prince Maurice of Nassau. -(See Palmagat.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Namaus,_ generic, "a fish"--_Namohs,_ Eliot; _Namés,_ Abn., - _Namaes,_ Heck.; _Namees,_ Zeisb.; with suffix _-aki, -ohke,_ etc., - "fish-land," place or country. _Améessok,_ Zeisb.; _Anmesooak,_ Abn., - _Aumsûog,_ Mass., "small fishes." As a generic suffix, _-ama'ug,_ Mass., - _-ama'uk,_ Del., "fishing-place." "_Ama'ug_ is only used at the end of - a compound name, where it is equivalent to _Nameaug,_ at the beginning." - (Trumbull.) The final syllable, _-ug, -uk,_ etc., is an animate plural. - On Long Island, _-Ama'ug_ is frequently met in _-amuck;_ in other - places, _-amwack, -amwook, -ameock,_ etc. - - -Kitchaminchoke, given as the name of a boundmark, said to be Moriches -Island, is interpreted by Dr. Tooker, "The beginning place." The -description (1630) reads, "Beginning at" a place called, _i. e._ an -object or feature which would definitely locate a boundmark--apparently -an equivalent of _Schiechi-kiminschi-aki,_ Lenape, "Place of a soft-maple -tree." The territory conveyed extended to _Enaughquamuck,_ which Dr. -Tooker rendered correctly, "As far as the fishing-place." - -Niamug and Niamuck are forms of the name of what is now known as Canoe -Place, on the south side of Long Island, near Southampton. "_Niamug,_ the -place where the Indians haul over their canoes out of the North Bay to -the South Bay." (Deed of 1640.) Dr. Trumbull translated from _Nôe-amuck,_ -"Between the fishing places." Local tradition affirms that centuries -ago the Indians made a canal here for the purpose of passing their -canoes from Mecox Bay to Paconic Bay. Mongotucksee, the hero of the -story, was a chieftain who reigned over the Montauks in the days of their -pride and power. The tradition has no other merit than the fact that -Niamug was a place at which canoes were hauled across the island. - -Sicktew-hacky (deed of 1638); _Sicketewackey_ (Van der Donck, 1656): -"All the lands from Rockaway eastward to Sicktew-hackey, or Fire Island -Bay"; "On the south coast of Long Island, at a place called Sicktewacky, -or Secontague, near Fire Island Inlet" (Brodhead); Seaquetauke, 1659; -Setauck Neck, the south bound of St. George's Manor, now Manorville; of -record as the name of an Indian clan and village near Fire Island Inlet, -with the Marsapinks and Nyacks for neighbors; now preserved in several -forms of which Setauket probably locates a place near Secontague. -_Sicketeuhacky,_ writes Mr. Gerard, "is the Lenape equivalent of -_Secatogue,_ meaning 'Burned-over land.' Whether the mainland or Fire -Island was the 'Burned-over land,' history does not tell us." Lands were -burned over by the Indians to destroy the bushes and coarse grasses, and -probably some field of this character was referred to by the Indian -grantors, from which the name was extended to the Neck and to Fire -Island, although it is said that fires were kindled on the island for -the guidance of fishermen. - -Saghtekoos--"called by the native Indians Saghtekoos; by the Christians -Appletree Neck"--the name of the Thompson estate in Islip--probably -means, "Where the stream branches or divides," or "At the branch," -referring to Thompson's brook. The suffix _-oos_ evidently stands for -"small." (See Sohaghticoke.) "Apple-tree Neck" is not in the composition, -but may indicate that the Indian owners had planted apple trees there. - -Amagansett, the Indian name of what is now East Hampton, was translated -by Dr. Trumbull, "At or near the fishing place"; root _Am,_ "to take by -the mouth"; _Amau,_ "he fishes"; Abn., _Amaⁿgaⁿ,_ "_ou péche lá,_" "he -fishes there," (Rasles); _s,_ diminutive or derogatory; _ett,_ "Near or -about," that is, the tract was near a small or inferior fishing-place, -which is precisely what the composition describes. - -Peconic, now so written and applied to Peconic Bay and Peconic River, but -primarily to a place "at the head of the river," or as otherwise -described, "Land from ye head of ye bay or Peaconnack, was Shinnec'ock -Indians' Land" (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 600), is not the equivalent of -_Peqan'nuc,_ "a name common to all cleared land," as translated by Dr. -Trumbull, but the name given as that of a small creek tributary to -Peconic River, in which connection it is of record _Pehick-konuk,_ which, -writes Mr. Gerard, "plainly stands for _K'pe-hickonuk,_ or more properly -_Kĕpehikanik,_ 'At the barrier,' or weir. _Kĕpehikan_ from _Kepehike,_ -'he closes up,' or obstructs, _i. e._ 'dams.'" The bounds of the -Shinnec'ock Indians extended east to this stream; or, as the record -reads, "To a river where they did use to catch the fish commonly called -alewives, the name of which creek was Pehickkonuk, or Peconic." (Town -Records.) - -Agwam, Agawam, is quoted by French as the name of Southampton, L. I. Dr. -Trumbull wrote: "Acawan, Agawan or Auquan, a name given to several -localities in New England Where there are low meadows--a low meadow or -marsh." Presumably from _Agwu,_ "Underneath, below." Another authority -writes: "_Agawam_ from _Magawamuk,_ A great fishing place." (See -Machawameck.) - -Sunquams is given by French as the Indian name of Mellville in -Southampton, L. I., with the interpretation, "Sweet Hollow." The -interpretation is mere guess-work. - -Massaback, a hill so called in Huntington, Suffolk County--in English -"Half hill," and in survey (1703) "Half-hollow hill"--probably does not -belong to the hill which the English described as "half-hollow," but to -a stream in proximity to it--_Massabeset,_ "At a (relatively) great -brook." (Trumbull.) - -Mattituck, the name of a village in Southold, near the west end of the -town, was primarily written as that of a tract of land including the -present town of Riverhead, from which it was extended to a large pond -between Peconic Bay and the Sound. Presumably the same name is met in -Mattatuck, Ct., written Matetacoke, 1637, Matitacoocke, 1673, which was -translated by Dr. Trumbull from Eliot's _Mat-uh'tugh-auke,_ "A place -without wood," or badly wooded. (See Titicus.) - -Cutchogue, Plymouth Records, 1637; "_Curchaug,_ or Fort Neck;" -_Corch'aki,_ deed of 1648; now Cutchogue, a village in Southold, in the -vicinity of which was an Indian fort, the remains of which and of an -Indian burial ground are objects of interest, is probably a corruption -of _Maskutchoung,_ which see. Dr. Tooker translated from _Kehti-auke,_ -"The principal place," the appositeness of which is not strikingly -apparent. The clan bearing the name was party to the treaty with the -Massachusetts people in 1637, and to the sale of the East Hampton lands. -Their earliest sachem was Momoweta, who acknowledged the primacy of -Wyandanch. - -Tuckahoe, a level tract of land near Southampton village, takes that -name from one or the other of the larger "round" roots (Mass. -_P'tuckweōō_), possibly the Golden Club, or Floating Artmi, a root -described "as much of the bigness and taste of potatoes." (Trumbull.) -[FN] The same name is met in Westchester County. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Dr. Brinton writes: "They also roasted and ate the acrid cormus of - the Indian turnip, in Delaware _taw-ho, taw-hin_ or _tuck-ah,_ and - collected the seeds of the Golden Club, common in the pools along the - creeks and rivers. Its native name was _taw-kee._" ("The Lenape and - their Legends.") The name of another place on Long Island, written - _Hogonock,_ is probably an equivalent of Delaware _Hóbbenac_ (Zeisb.), - "Potatoes," or "Ground-nuts"; _Hóbbenis,_ "Turnips." (See Passapenoc.) - - -Sagabonock has left only the remnant of its name to Sag-pond and -Sag-harbor. It is from _Sagabonak,_ "Ground nuts, or Indian potatoes." -(Trumbull.) The name is of record as that of a boundmark "two miles from -the east side of a Great Pond," and is described as a "pond or swamp" to -which the name of the tuber was extended from its product. - -Ketchepunak, quoted as the name of Westhampton, describes "The greatest -ground-nut place," or "The greatest ground-nuts." (See Kestaubniuk.) - -Wequaganuck is given as the name of that part of Sag-harbor within the -town of East Hampton. It is an equivalent of _Wequai-adn-auke,_ "Place -at the end of the hill," or "extending to the hill." (Trumbull.) The hill -is now known as Turkey Hill, on the north side of which the settlement -of Sag-harbor was commenced. - -Namke, from _Namaa,_ "fish," and _ke,_ "place"--fish-place--was the name -of a place on the creek near Riverhead. (O'Gallaghan.) More exactly, -_Nameauke,_ probably. - -Hoppogues, in Smithtown, Suffolk County, is pretty certainly from -_Wingau-hoppague,_ meaning, literally, "Standing water of good and -pleasant taste." The name was that of a spring and pond. In a deed of -1703, the explanation is, "Or ye pleasant springs." Supposed to have been -the springs which make the headwaters of Nissequogue river at the -locality now bearing the name of Hauppauge, a hamlet. - -Massapeage--_Massapeag,_ 1636; _Massapeague, Rassapeage_--a place-name -from which extended to an Indian clan whose principal seat is said to -have been on Fort Neck, in the town of Oyster Bay, was translated by Dr. -Trumbull from _Massa,_ "great"; _pe,_ the radical of water, and _auke,_ -"land," or "Land on the great cove." Thompson (Hist. L. I.) assigns the -name to "a swamp on the south side of Oyster Bay," now South Oyster Bay, -and it is so applied in Indian deeds. There were two Indian forts or -palisaded towns on the Neck. Of one the name is not given; it was the -smallest of the two; its site is said to be now submerged by water. The -second, or largest, is called in Dutch records _Matsepe,_ "Great river." -It is described as having been situated on the most southerly point of -land adjoining the salt meadows. Both forts were attacked by Dutch forces -under Capt. Pieter Cock and Capt. John Underhill, in the summer of 1644 -(a local record says August) and totally destroyed with heavy loss to -the Indians. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv, 15, 16.) In Prime's and other local -histories the date is given as 1653, on the authority of "Hubbard's -Indian Wars," and Capt. Underhill is assigned to the command in the -attack on the largest fort. The official Dutch record, however, assigns -that honor to Capt. Pieter Cock. The year was surely 1644, (Brodhead's -Hist. N. Y., i, 91.) The prefix _Mass,_ appears in many forms--Massa, -Marsa, Marsha, Rassa, Mesa, Missi, Mas, Mes, etc., and also _Mat,_ an -equivalent of _Mas._ - -Massepe, quoted in Dutch records as the name of the Indian fort on Fort -Neck, where it seems to have been the name of Stony Brook, is also met -in Jamaica Records (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 505) as the name of a creek -forming a mowing boundary or division line extending from a certain place -"Eastward to ye great creek called Massepe." The name is fully explained -by the description, "Great creek." _Massepe-auke_ means "Great creek -(or river) land," or place; _Mas-sepe-ink,_ "At or on the great creek." -The Indian residents came to be known as the Marsepincks. - -Maskutchoung, a neck of land so called forming one of the boundaries of -Hempstead Patent as entered in confirmatory deed of "Takapousha, sachem -of Marsapeage," and "Wantagh, the Montauke sachem," July 4th, 1657: -"Beginning at a marked tree standing at the east side of the Great Plain, -and from thence running on a due south line, and at the South Sea by a -marked tree in a neck called Maskutchoimg, and thence upon the same line -to the South Sea." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 38, 416.) "By a marked tree -in a neck called Maskachoung." (Thompson's Hist. L. I., 9, 15, 47.) It -is probably an equivalent of _Mask-ek-oug,_ "A grassy swamp or marsh." -A local interpretation reads: "Grass-drowned brook," a small stream -flowing through the long marsh-grass, to which the name was extended. - -Maskahnong, so written by Dr. O'Callaghan in his translation of the -treaty between the Western Long Island clans, in 1656, is noted in -"North and South Hempstead Records," p. 60, "A neck of land called -Maskahnong." It disappears after 1656, but probably reappears as -Maskachoung in 1658, and later as Maskutchoung, which see. - -Merick, the name of a village in Hempstead, Queens County, is said to -have been the site of an Indian village called _Merick-oke._ It has been -interpreted as an apheresis of a form of _Namanock,_ written _Namerick,_ -"Fish place." (See Moriches.) Curiously enough, Merrick was a proper name -for man among the ancient Britons, and the corruption would seem to have -been introduced here by the early English settlers from resemblance to -the Indian name in sound. The place is on the south side of the island. -The Indian clan was known as the Merickokes. - -Quantuck, a bay so called in Southampton, is of record, in 1659, -_Quaquanantuck,_ and applied to a meadow or neck of land. "The meadow -called Quaquunantuck"--"the neck of land called Quaquanantuck"--"all the -meadows lying west of the river, commonly called or known by the name of -Quantuck." One of the boundmarks is described as "a stumpy marsh," -indicating that it had been a marsh from which the trees had been -removed. The name seems to correspond with this. It is probably from -_Pohqu'un-antack,_ "cleared or open marsh" or meadow. (See Montauk.) - -Quogue, the name of a village near Quantuck Bay, and located, in Hist. -Suffolk County, as "the first point east of Rockaway where access can -be had to the ocean without crossing the bay," has been read as a -contraction of Quaquaunantuck, but seems to be from _Pŏque-ogue,_ "Clear, -open space," an equivalent of _Pŏque-auke,_ Mass. - -Rechqua-akie, De Vries; _Reckkouwhacky,_ deed of 1639; now applied to a -neck on the south side of Long Island and preserved in Rockaway, was -interpreted by the late Dr. E. B. O'Callaghan: "_Reck_ 'sand'; _qua,_ -'flat'; _akie,_ 'land'--the long, narrow sand-bar now known as Rockaway -Beach," but is more correctly rendered with dialectic exchange of R and -L, _Lekau._ (Rekau), "sand or gravel," _hacki,_ "land" or place. (Zeisb.) -"Flats" is inferred. A considerable division of the Long Island Indians -was located in the vicinity, or, as described by De Vries, who visited -them in 1643, "near the sea-shore." He found thirty wigwams and three -hundred Indians, who were known in the treaty of 1645, as Marechkawicks, -and in the treaty of 1656 as Rockaways. [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] The names in the treaty of 1645, as written by Dr. O'Callaghan, - are "Marechkawicks, Nayecks, and their neighbors"; in the treaty of - 1656, "Rockaway and Canorise." The latter name appears to have been - introduced after 1645 in exchange for Marechkawick. (See Canarise.) - _Rechqua_ is met on the Hudson in Reckgawaw-onck, the Haverstraw flats. - It is not an apheresis of Marechkawick, nor from the same root. - - -Jamaica, now applied to a town, a village and a bay, was primarily given -to the latter by the English colonists. "Near unto ye beaver pond called -Jamaica," and "the beaver path," are of record, the latter presumably -correct. The name is a pronunciation of _Tomaque,_ or _K'tamaque,_ Del., -_Amique,_ Moh., "beaver." "_Amique,_ when aspirated, is written -_Jamaique,_ hence Yameco, Jamico, and modern Jamaica." (O'Callaghan.) -The bay has no claim to the name as a beaver resort, but beavers were -abundant in the stream flowing into it. - -Kestateuw, "the westernmost," _Castuteeuw,_ "the middlemost," and -_Casteteuw,_ "the eastermost," names of "three flats on the island -Sewanhackey, between the bay of North river and the East river." The -tracts came to be known as Flatlands; "the easternmost," as "the Bay," -or Amesfort. - -Sacut, now known as Success Pond, lying on a high ridge in Flushing, is -a corruption of _Sakûwit_ (_Sáquik_), "Mouth of a river" (Zeisb.), or -"where the water flows out." The pond has an outlet, but it rarely -overflows. It is a very deep and a very clear body of water. - -Canarsie, now so written and applied to a hamlet in the town of -Flatlands, Kings County, is of record _Canari See, Canarisse, Canarise, -Canorise_ (treaty of 1655), _Kanarisingh_ (Dutch), and in other forms, -as the name of a place or feature from which it was extended to an -Indian sub-tribe or family occupying the southwest coast of Long Island, -and to their village, primarily called _Keshaechquereren_ (1636). On the -Lower Potomac and Chesapeake Bay the name is written _Canais, Conoys, -Ganawese,_ etc. (Heck, xlii), and applied to a sub-tribe of Naniticokes -residing there who were known as "The tide-water people," or "Sea-shore -settlers." On Delaware Bay it is written _Canaresse_ (1651, not 1656 as -stated by Dr. Tooker), and applied to a specific place, described in -exact terms: "To the mouth of the bay or river called Bomptjes Hoeck, in -the Indian language _Canaresse._" (Col. Hist. N. Y. xii, 166.) "Bomptjes -Hoeck" is Dutch and in that language describes a low island, neck or -point of land covered with small trees, lying at the mouth of a bay or -stream, and is met in several connections. The point or place described -on the Delaware (now Bombay Hook) was the end of the island, known on -old maps as "Deep Point," and the "Hook" was the bend in the currents -around it forming the marshy inlet-bay on the southwest connecting with -a marshy channel or stream, and the latter on the north with a small -stream by which the island was constituted. Considered from the -standpoint of an Algonquian generic term, the rule is undisputed that -the name must have described a feature which existed in common at the -time of its application, on the Delaware and on Long Island, and it only -remains to determine what that feature was. Obviously the name itself -solves the problem. In whatever form it is met it is the East Indian -_Canarese_ (English _Can'a-resé_) pure and simple, and obviously employed -as a substitute for the Algonquian term written _Ganawese,_ etc., of the -same meaning. In the "History of New Sweden" (Proc. N. Y. Hist. Soc, -2d Ser. v. i.), the locative on the Delaware is described: "From -Christina Creek to _Canarose_ or _Bambo_ Hook." In "Century Dictionary" -_Bambo_ is explained: "From the native East Indian name, Malay and Java -_bambu_, Canarese _banbu_ or _bonwu._" Dr. Brinton translated _Ganawese_ -from _Guneu_ (Del.), "Long," but did not add that the suffix--_wese,_ -or as Roger Williams wrote it, _quese,_ means "Little, small," the -combination describing Bambo grasses, _i. e._ "long, small" grasses, -which, in some cases reach the growth of trees, but on Long Island and -on the Delaware only from long marsh grasses to reeds, as primarily in -and around Jamaica Bay and Gowanus Bay, on Reed Island, etc. True, -Ganawese would describe anything that was "long, small," but obviously -here the objective product. Canarese, Canarose, Kanarische, Ganawese, -represent the same sound-"in (East) Indian, Canaresse," as represented -in the first Long Island form, Canari See, now Jamaica Bay. - -Keschaechquereren, (1636), _Keschaechquerem_ (1637), the name of the -settlement that preceded Canarese, disappears of record with the advent -of the English on Barren Island and at Gravesend soon after 1637-8. It -seems to describe a "Great bush-net fishing-place," from -K'sch-achquonican, "Great bush-net." (Zeisb.), the last word from -_Achewen,_ "Thicket"; from which also _t' Vlact Bosch_ (Dutch), modern -Flatbush. The Indian village was between the Stroome (tidewater) Kil and -the Vresch Kil, near Jamaica. - -Narrioch was given by the chief who confirmed the title to it in 1643, -as the name of what is now known as Coney Island, and _Mannahaning_ as -that of Gravesend Neck. (Thompson's Hist. L. I., ii, 175.) The Dutch -called the former Conynen, and the latter Conyne Hoeck--"_t' Conijen -Conine._" Jasper Dankers wrote in 1679: "On the south (of Staten Island) -is the great bay, which is enclosed by Najaq, t' Conijen Island, -Neversink," etc. Conijen (modern Dutch, Konijn), signifies "Rabbit"--Cony, -Coney--inferentially "Small"--literally, "Rabbit, or Coney Island," in -Dutch. The Indian names have been transposed, apparently. _Mannahaning_ -means "At the island," and _Narrioch_ is the equivalent of _Nayaug,_ "A -point or comer," as in Nyack. The latter was the Dutch "Conyne Hoeck." -Judge Benson claimed Conyn as "A Dutch surname, from which came the name -of Coney, or Conyn's Island," but if so, the surname was from "Rabbit" -surely. - -Gowanus--_Gowanus,_ 1639; _Gowanes,_ 1641; _Gouwanes,_ 1672--the name of -one of the boundmarks of a tract of land in Brooklyn, is probably from -_Koua_ (_Kowaw,_ Williams; _Curve,_ Zeisb.), "Pine"; _Kowawese_ -(Williams), "A young pine," or small pine. It was that of a place on a -small stream, the description in the Indian deed of 1639, reading: -"Stretching southward to a certain kil or little low bushes." The land -conveyed is described as being "overflowed at every tide, and covered -with salt-meadow grass." The latter gave to it its value. The claim that -the name was that of an Indian owner is not well sustained. The evidence -of the Dutch description of the bay as Boompje Hoek, meaning, literally, -"Small tree cape, corner or angle," and the fact that small pines did -abound there, seems to establish _Koua_ as the derivative of the name. - -Marechkawick, treaty of 1645--_Mereckawack,_ Breeden Raddt, 1649; -_Mareckawick_ and _Marechkawieck,_ Rapelie deed, 1630; _Marechkourick,_ -O'Callaghan; _Marechkawick,_ Brodhead--forms of the name primarily given -as that of Wallabout Bay, [FN] "The bought or bend of Marechkawick"--"in -the bend of Marechkawick," 1630--has been translated by Dr. Tooker from -_Men'achk_ (_Manachk,_ Zeisb.), "fence, fort," and _-wik,_ "house" -(Zeisb.), the reference being to a fenced or palisaded cabin presumably -occupied by a sachem and his family of the clan known in Dutch history -as the Mareckawicks. The existence of a palisaded cabin in the vicinity -of "the bought or bend" is possible, but the name has the appearance of -an orthography (Dutch) of _Mereca,_ the South-American name of a teal, -(Mereca Americani) the Widgeon, and _-wick_ (_Wijk,_ M. L. G.), "Bay, -cove, inlet, retreat," etc., literally "Widgeon Bay." "Situate on the -bay of Merechkawick," is entered on map of 1646 in Stiles' "History of -Brooklyn." _Merica_ was the Mayan name of the American Continent. It is -spread all over South America and was applied to many objects as in the -Latinized Mereca Americani. The early Dutch navigators were no doubt -familiar with it in application to the Widgeon, a species of wild duck, -and employed it in connection with the word _-wijk._ Until between 1645 -and 1656, the Indians residing on the west end of Long Island were known -as Marechkawicks; after 1656 they were called Canorise. (See Canar'sie.) -Brooklyn is from Dutch _Breukelen,_ the name of a village about eighteen -miles from Amsterdam. It means "Broken land." (Breuk.) On Van der Donck's -map the name is written correctly. A record description reads: "There is -much broken land here." - - * * * * * - - [FN] Wallabout Bay takes its first name from Dutch _Waal,_ "gulf, - abyss," etc., and _Bocht,_ "bend," It was spoken of colloquially by the - early Dutch as "The bay of the foreigners," referring to the Walloons - who had settled on the north side of the bay in 1625. The first white - child, Sarah Rapelie, born in New Netherland, now the State of New York, - was born here June 17th, 1625. - - -Manette, so written of record--"near Mannato hill," about thirty miles -from Brooklyn and midway between the north and south sides of the -island--has been interpreted from its equivalent, _Manitou,_ "Hill of -the Great Spirit," but means strictly, "That which surpasses, or is more -than ordinary." (Trumbull.) It was a word in common use by the Indians -in application to everything that was more than ordinary or that they -could not understand. In this instance it seems to have been applied to -the water of a spring or well on the rising ground which they regarded -as of surpassing excellence; from the spring transferred to the hill. -The tradition is that some ages ago the Indians residing in the vicinity -of the hill were suffering for water. They prayed to the Great Spirit -for relief, and were directed to shoot an arrow in the air and where it -fell to dig and they would find water. They did so and dug the well now -on the rising ground, the water of which was of surpassing excellence, -or Manitou. The story was probably invented to account for the name. It -is harmless fiction. - -Rennaquakonck, Rinnegahonck, a landmark so called in the boundaries of -a tract on Wallabout Bay, described in deed as "A certain swamp where -the water runs over the stones," and, in a subsequent deed, "At the -sweet marsh" (Hist. of Brooklyn), is an orthography of _Winnegackonck,_ -meaning "At the sweet place," so called from some plant which was found -there, or to distinguish the marsh as fresh or sweet, not a salt marsh. -The exchange of R and W may be again noted. - -Comac, the name of a village in Suffolk County, is an apheresis of -_Winne-comac,_ as appears of record. The combination expresses, "Good -enclosed place," from _Winne,_ "Good, fine, sweet, beautiful, pleasant," -etc., and _-komuck,_ "Place enclosed," or having definite boundaries, -limited in size. - -Nyack, the name of the site of Fort Hamilton, is a generic verbal from -_Nâï,_ "A point or corner." (_Nâïag,_ Mass., _Néïak,_ Len.) The -orthographies vary--Naywayack, Narrack, Nanak, Narrag, Najack, Niuck, -Narrioch, etc. With the suffix _-ak,_ the name means "Land or place at -the point." (See Nyack-on-the-Hudson.) Dankers and Sluyter wrote in -their Journal (1679-80): "We went part of the way through the woods and -fine, new-made land, and so along the shore to the west end of the -island called Najack. . . . Continuing onward from there, we came to the -plantation of the Najack Indians, which was planted with maize, or -Turkish Wheat." The Nayacks removed to Staten Island after the sale of -their lands at New Utrecht. (See Narrioch.) - -Nissequague, now so written, the name of a hamlet in Smithtown, and of -record as the name of a river and of a neck of land still so known, is -of primary record _Nisinckqueg-hackey_ (Dutch notation), as the name of -a place to which the Matinnecock clan removed after the war of 1643. -(Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 60.) The English scribes wrote Nesequake (1650), -Nesaquake (1665), Nessequack (1686), Wissiquack (1704), (Cal. N. Y. -Land Papers), and other forms. The Indian deed of 1650 (Smithtown -Records) recites the sale by "Nasseoonseke, sachem of Nesequake," of a -tract "Beginning at a river called and commonly known by the name of -Nesaquake River, and from that river eastward to a river called -Memanusack." "Nesaquauke River" is the entry in patent to Richard Smith, -1665. The stream has its source in a number of springs in the southern -part of Smithtown, the flow of which forms a considerable river. -(Thompson.) The theory that "The tribe and river derived their name from -Nesequake, an Indian sagamore, the father of Nassaconset" (Hist. Suf. -Co.), is not well sustained. The suffix _-set,_ cannot be applied to an -animate object; it is a locative meaning "Less than at." In addition to -this objection, Nassaconset is otherwise written Nessaquauke-ecoompt-set, -showing that the name belonged to a place that was "On the other side" -of Nessaquauke. Neesaquauke stands for _Neese-saqû-auke,_ from _Nisse,_ -"two," _Sauk,_ "Outlet," and _-auke,_ "Land" or place, and describes a -place at "the second outlet," or as the text reads, "At a river called -and commonly known by the name of Nesaquake River." The sagamore may -have been given the name from the place, but the place could not have -taken the name from the sagamore. The estuary, now known as Nissequage -Harbor into which the stream flows, extends far inland and forms the -west boundary of Nissequage Neck. - -Marsepinck, a stream so called in Queens County, from which extended to -the land which was sold, in 1639, by "Mechowout, chief sachem of -Marossepinck, Sint-Sink and dependencies," and also extended to an -Indian clan known as Marsepings, is no doubt an orthography of _Massepe_ -and _-ing,_ locative. It means "At, to or on the great river." _Mas_ is -an abbreviation of _Massa, Missi,_ etc., "great," and _Sepe,_ means -"river." It was probably used comparatively-the largest compared with -some other stream. (See Massepe.) - -Unsheamuck, otherwise written Unthemamuk, given as the name of Fresh -Pond, on the boundary line between Huntington and Smithtown, means -"Eel-fishing place." (Tooker.) - -Suggamuck, the name of what is now known as Birch Creek, in Southampton, -means "Bass fishing-place." (Tooker.) - -Rapahamuck, a neck or point of land so called, is from _Appé-amuck,_ -"Trap fishing-place." (Tooker.) The name is assigned to the mouth of -Birch Creek. (See Suggamuck.) - -Memanusack and _Memanusuk,_ given as the name of Stony Brook, probably -has its locative "At the head of the middle branch of Stony Brook," -Which formed the boundmark noted in the Indian deed. The same name is -probably met in _Mayomansuk,_ from _Mawé,_ meaning "To bring together," -"To meet"; and _-suck,_ "Outlet," _i. e._ of a pond, marsh or river. -The brook was "stony" no doubt, but that description is English. - -Cussqunsuck is noted as the name of Stony Brook referred to in -Memanusack. The stream is probably the outlet of the waters of a swamp. -In his will Richard Smith wrote: "I give to my daughter Sarah, 130 acres -of land at the _two_ swamps called _Cutts-cunsuck._" The first word -seems to stand for _Ksúcqon,_ "Heavy" (Zeisb.), by metonymie, "Stone," -_-es,_ "Small," and _-uck,_ locative, "Place of small stone." _Ksúcqon_ -may be employed as an adjectival prefix. Eliot wrote, "_Qussukquemin,_ -Stone fruit," the cherry. - -Mespaechtes, deed to Governor Keift, 1638, from which Mespath (Brodhead), -Mespat (Riker), Mashpeth and Mashpett (Co. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 602), now -Maspeth, a village in Newtown, Queens County, and met in application to -Newtown Creek (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 25), has been translated by Dr. -Tooker, "From _Mech-pe-is-it,_ Bad-water place," and by Wm. R. Gerard, -"From _Massapichtit,_ verbal describing scattered settlements, as though -the Indians who sold the lands had said, 'We include the lands of those -living here and there.'" [FN] Flint, in his "Early History of Long -Island," wrote: "Mespat Kills, now Maspeth, from the Indian _Matsepe,_ -written by the Dutch, _Maespaatches Kiletje_"--long known as "Dutch -Kills." In patent of 1642, for lands described as lying "on the east -side of Mespatches Kil," the boundary is stated: "Beginning at the kil -and the tree standing upon the point towards the small kil." Obviously -there were two streams here, the largest called Mespatches, which seems -to be, as Flint states, a Dutch rendering of _Matsepe-es,_ from _Mas_ -(Del. _Mech_), a comparative term--"great," as distinguished from -"small," the largest of two, and _Sepees (Sepoûs, Sepuus),_ "a brook." -_Sepe, Sipo, Sipu,_ etc., is generally applied to a long stream. The -west branch of Mespatt Kill has the record name of _Quandoequareus._ -Flint wrote: "The _Canapauke,_ or Dutch Kills, sluggishly winding its -way through the meadows of bronzed grasses." _Canapauke_ stands for -_Quana-pe-auke,_ "Long water-land," or "Land on the long water." The -stream is a tidal current receiving several small streams. (See -Massepe.) Mespatches seems to belong to the stream noted in patent of -1642. - - * * * * * - - [FN] "_Missiachpitschik,_ those who are or live scattered." (Zeisberger's - Onond. Dic.) - - -Sint-Sink, of record as the name of Schout's Bay, [FN] also, "Formerly -called Cow Neck, and by the Indians Sint-Sink," was the name of a place -now known as Manhasset. (Col. Hist. N. Y.) It means "Place of small -stones," as in Sint-Sink, modern Sing-Sing, on the Hudson. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Known also as "Martin Garretson's bay." Garretson was Schout - (Sheriff), hence "Schout's bay." The neck of land "called by the Indians - Sint-Sink," was fenced for the pasturage of cows, and became known as - "Cow Neck," hence "Cow bay" and "Cow harbor," now Manhasset bay. (See - Matinnec'ock and Mochgonneck-onck.) - - -Manhasset, correctly _Manhanset,_ means, "Near the Island," or something -less than at the island. The locative was long known as "Head of Cow -Neck." - -Matinnecock is noted in a survey for Lewis Morris, in 1685: "A tract of -land lying upon the north side of Long Island, within the township of -Oyster Bay, in Queens County, and known by the name of Matinicock," and -in another survey: "A certain small neck of land at a place called -Mattinicock." Extended also to an island and to an Indian clan. Cornelius -van Tienhoven wrote in 1650: "Martin Garritson's Bay, or Martinnehouck, -[FN-1] is much deeper and wider than Oyster Bay; it runs westward in and -divides into three rivers, two of which are navigable. The smallest -stream runs up in front of the Indian village called Martinnehouck, -where they have their plantations. The tribe is not strong, and consists -of about thirty families. In and about this bay were formerly great -numbers of Indian plantations which now lie waste. On the rivers are -numerous valleys of sweet and salt meadows." The name has, with probable -correctness, been interpreted from _Metanak-ok_ (Lenape, _Metanak-onk_; -Abn., _Metanak-ook_), meaning, "Along the edge of the island," or, as -Van Tienhoven wrote, "About this bay." The same name appears on the -Delaware as that of what is now known as Burlington Island. [FN-2] It is -corrupted in New Jersey to Tinnicum, and is preserved on Long Island as -the name of a village in the town of Oyster Bay. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] A corruption from "Martin." - - [FN-2] Mattinacunk, Matinneconke, Matinnekonck--"having been formerly - known by the name of Kipp's Island, and by ye Indian name of - Koo-menakanok-onck." (Col. Hist. N. Y.) _Koo-menakanok-onck_ was the - largest of two islands in the Delaware and was particularly identified - by the Indian name, which means "Pine-tree-islands place." The name by - which the Island came to be known was transferred to it apparently. - - -Hog's Island, so called by the early settlers, now known as Center -Island, has the record description: "A piece of land on Martin -Garretson's Bay, in the Indian tongue called Matinnecong, alias Hog's -Neck, or Hog's Island, being an island at high tide." (Col. Hist. N. Y., -xiv, 435.) "Matinneckock, a neck on the Sound east of Muchito Cove." -(See Muchito.) The island is connected with the main land by a neck or -beach which was overflowed at high tide. - -Caumsett is recorded as the name of "The neck of land which makes the -west side of Cow Harbor and the east side of Oyster Bay" (Ind. Deed of -1654), known later as Horse Neck and Loyd's Neck. Apparently a -corruption of _Ketumpset,_ "Near the great standing rock." The reference -may have been to what was known as Bluff Point. - -Muchito, the name of what is now Glen Cove, near Hempstead Harbor, is -otherwise written Muschedo, Mosquito and Muscota. It was primarily -written as the name of Muchito Neck. It means "Meadow"--_Moskehtu_ -(Eliot), "grass;" _Muskuta,_ "A grassy plain or meadow." (See Muscota.) - -Katawomoke, "or, as called by the English, Huntington," is written in -the Indian deed of 1653, _Ketauomoke_; in deed of 1646, _Ketauomocke,_ -and assigned to a neck of land "Bounded upon the west side with a river -commonly called by the Indians Nachaquetuck, and on the east by a river -called Opcutkontycke," the latter now known as Northfield-Harbor Brook. -The name is preserved in several orthographies. In deed to Lion Gardiner -(1638), _Ar-hata-amunt_; in deed to Richard Smith (1664), _Catawaunuck_ -and _Catawamuck_, and in another entry "Cattawamnuck land," _i. e._ land -about Catawamuck; in Huntington Records, _Ketewomoke_; in Cal. N. Y. -Land Papers, p. 60: "To the eastward of the town of Huntington and to -the westward of Nesaquack, commonly called by the Indians _Katawamake_ -and in English by the name of Crope Meadow;" in another entry, "Crab -Meadow," by which last name the particular tract was known for many -years. "Crope" and "Crab" are English equivalents for a species of -grass called "finger-grass or wire-grass," and were obviously employed -by the English to describe the kind of grass that distinguished the -meadow--certainly not as an equivalent of the Indian name, which was -clearly that of a place at or near the head of Huntington Harbor, from -which it was extended to the lands as a general locative. The several -forms of the name may probably be correctly read from _Kehti,_ or its -equivalent. _Kehchi_, "Chief, principal, greatest," and _-amaug,_ -"Fishing-place" (_-amuck,_ L. I.), literally "The greatest -fishing-place." The orthography of 1638 is especially corrupt, and -_Ketawamuck_, apparently the most nearly correct, the rule holding good -in this, as in other cases, that the very early forms are especially -imperfect. - -Nachaquatuck, the western boundary stream of Eaton's Neck, quoted as the -name of Cold Spring, is translated by Dr. Tooker from _Wa'nashque-tuck_, -"The ending creek, because it was the end or boundary of the tract." -"Called by the Indians Nackaquatok, and by the English Cold Spring." -(Huntington Patent, 1666.) _Wanashque,_ "The tip or extremity of -anything." - -Opcutkontycke, now assigned to a brook entering Northfield Harbor, and -primarily given as the name of a boundary stream (see Katawamake), seems -to be a corruption of _Ogkomé_ (Acoom-), "On the other side," and -_-tuck,_ "A tidal stream or estuary." It was a place on the other side -of the estuary. - -Aupauquack, the name of a creek in West Hampton, is entered, in 1665, -_Aupaucock_ and described as a boundary stream between the Shinnecock -and the Unchechauge lands, "Either nation may cutt flags for their use -on either side of the river without molestation." Also given as the name -of a "Lily Pond" in East Hampton. Written Appauquauk and Appoquague, and -now Paucuck. The name describes a place "Where flags grow," and nothing -else. [FN] (See Apoquague.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] Rev. Thomas James, in a deposition made Oct. 18, 1667, said that - two old Indian women informed him they "gathered flags for mats within - that tract." (East Hampton Town Records, 156.) - - -Wading River, now so called, was also called "The Iron or Red Creek," -"Red Creek" and "Wading Place," and by the Indians _Pauquacumsuck_ and -_Pequoockeon,_ the latter, wrote Dr. Trumbull, "Because Pequaocks, a -little thick shell-fish was found there, which the Indians waded for; -hence the name 'Wading River,' _Quahaug_ is from this term, and -_Pequaock,_ Oyster Bay." "Iron or Red Creek" explains itself. Wading -River is preserved in the name of a village in the town of Riverhead. - -Assawanama--"a tract of land near the town of Huntington called by the -natives _Anendesak,_ in English Eaderneck's Beach, and so along the -Sound four miles, or thereabouts, until [to] the fresh pond called by -the natives _Assaiwanama,_ where a creek runs into the Sound"--describes -"A creek beyond," _i. e._ beyond Anendesak; from Assawa-amhames. - -Aquebogue, Aquebauke--"on the north side of Aquebauke or Piaconnock -River" (COl. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 600)--means, "Land or place on this side," -_i. e._ on the side towards the speaker, as is obvious from the -description, "On the north side," and from the deed of 1648, which -reads: "The whole tract of land called Ocquebauck, together with the -lands and meadows lying on the _other side_ of the water as far as the -creek," the latter called "The Iron or Red Creek," now "Wading River." -The name is preserved in two villages in the town of Riverhead, on the -original tract. - -Wopowag, more correctly _Wepowage,_ given as the name of Stony Brook, -town of Brookhaven, describes a place "At the narrows," _i. e._ of a -brook or cove, and usually "The crossing place." (Trumbull.) - -So'was'set, correctly _Cowas'sett_ (Moh.), the name of what is now Port -Jefferson, signifies, "Near a place of small pine trees." (Trumbull.) -The name was applied to what was long known as the "Drowned Meadow," but -not the less a "Place of small pine trees" which was at or near the -meadow. - -Wickaposset, now given as the name of Fisher's Island, appears to be -from _Wequa,_ "End of," _-paug_ (-peauke), "Waterland," and _-et,_ -locative--near the end of the water-land, marsh or pond. The island is -on the north side of the Sound opposite Stonington, Ct., but is included -in the jurisdiction of Southampton. - -Hashamomuck, "being a neck of land." (Southold Records.) Hashamomock or -Nashayousuck. (Ib.) The adjectivals _Hash_ and _Nash_ seem to be from -_Nashaué,_ "Between," and _-suck,_ "The mouth or outlet of a brook." The -suffix _-momuck,_ in the first form, may stand for _-komuk,_ "Place"--a -place between. The orthographies are very uncertain. - -Minnepaug, "being a little pond with trees standing by it." (Southold -Records.) The name is explained in the description, "A little pond." In -Southampton Records the same pond is called Monabaugs, another -orthography of Minnepaug. - -Masspootupaug (1662), describes a boggy meadow or miry land. The -substantival is _Póotapaug,_ Mass., "A bog." The adjectival may stand for -_Mass,_ "Great," or _Matt,_ derogative. - -Manowtassquott, or Manowtatassquott, is assigned to Blue Point, in Great -South Bay, town of Brookhaven. The record reads: "Bounded easterly by a -brook or river to the westward of a point called the Blue Point, known -by the Indian name of Manowtatassquott." The name belongs to a place -where Menhaden abounded--Manowka-tuck-ut--from which extended to the -point. - -Ochabacowesuck, given as the name of what is now called Pine Neck, stands -for _Acquebacowes-uck,_ meaning, "On this side of the small pines." -Narraganset. _Cówawés-uck,_ "At the young pine place," or "Small-pine -place." _Koowa,_ Eliot; _-es,_ diminutive; _-uck,_ locative. The name of -the tree was from its pointed leaves; _Kous,_ a thorn or briar, or -"having a sharp point." (Trumbull.) _Acqueb,_ "This side." - -Ronkonkoma, _Raconkamuck, Wonkonkoamaug, Wonkongamuck, Wonkkeconiaug, -Raconkcamake,_ "A fresh pond, about the middle of Long Island." -(Smithtown Records.) "_Woukkecomaug_ signifying crooked pond." (Indian -deed of 1720.) Obviously from _Wonkun,_ "Bent," and _-komuk,_ "Place, -limited or enclosed." Interpretation from _Wonkon'ous,_ "Fence," and -_-amaug,_ "Fishing-place" (Tooker), has no other standing than that -there was a fence of lopped trees terminating at the pond. The name, -however, was in place before the fence was made. The explanation in the -Indian deed of 1720 cannot be disputed. The pond divides the towns of -Islip, Smithtown, Setauket, and Patchoug. - -Potunk, a neck of land on Shinnecock Bay, is written _Potuncke_ in -Smithtown Records, in 1662. "A swamp at Potunk," is another entry. Dr. -Trumbull quoted it as a form of _Po'dunk,_ Conn., which is of primary -record, "Called _Potaecke,_" and given as the name of a "brook or -river." In Brookfield, Mass., a brook bearing the name is said to have -been so called "from a tract of meadow adjoining." In Washington County, -N. Y., is recorded "Podunk Brook." (Cal. Land Papers.) The meaning of the -name is uncertain, but from its wide distribution it is obviously from -a generic--presumably a corruption of _P'tuk-ohke,_ a neck or corner of -land. "The neck next east of Onuck is known by the Indian name of -Potunk." (Local History.) - -Mannhonake, the name of Gardiner's Island--"called by the Indians -Mannhonake, [FN] and by us the Isle of Wight"--means, "Island place or -country," from _Munnohhan,_ "Island," and _-auke,_ "Land, ground, place -(not limited or enclosed), country," etc. (Trumbull.) In common with -other islands in Gardiner's Bay, it was recommended, in 1650, as offering -rare inducements for settlement, "Since therein lie the cockles whereof -wampum is made." "The greatest part of the wampum for which the furs are -traded is made there." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xii, 360.) The island was -claimed in the deed as the property of the Narragansetts. Dr. Dwight's -interpretation of the name, "A place where a number of Indians had died," -is a pure invention. - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Manchonacke_ is the orthography in patent to Lion Gardiner, 1639. - (Doc. Hist. N. Y., i, 685.) Dr. Trumbull quotes _Manchonat,_ - Narragansett. - - -Manah-ackaquasu-wanock, given as the name of Shelter Island, is a -composition of two names, as shown by the record entry, "All that their -island of _Ahaquasu-wamuck,_ otherwise called _Manhansack._" -_Ahaquasu-wamuck_ is no doubt the equivalent of _Aúhaquassu_ (Nar.), -"Sheltered," and _-amuck_ is an equivalent of _amaug,_ "Fishing-place," -literally, "Sheltered fishing-place." _Menhansack_ is _Manhansick_ in -deed of 1652, and _Munhassett_ and _Manhasett_ in prior deed of 1640. -(East-Hampton Records.) It is a composition from _Munnohan,_ "Island;" -_es,_ "small," and _et,_ "at" and describes a small island as "at" or -"near" some other island. The compound _Manah-ahaquasu-wanock,_ means, -therefore, simply, "Sheltered-fishing-place island," identifying the -island by the fishing-place, while _Manhasett_ identifies it in generic -terms as a small island near some other island or place. [FN] The island -now bears the generic terms _Manhasett._ Pogatacutt, sachem of the -island, is supposed to have lived on what is now known as "Sachem's -Neck." (See Montauk.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] Perhaps explained by the entry, "Roberts' Island, situate near - Manhansack." (Records, Town of East-Hampton.) - - -Manises, or _Menasses,_ as written by Dr. Trumbull, the name of Block -Island, means, literally, "Small island," just as an Englishman would -describe it. The Narragansetts were its owners. Its earliest European -occupant was Capt. Adriaen Block, who, having lost his vessel by burning -at Manhattan, constructed here another which he called the "Onrust" or -"Restless," in 1614. It was the first vessel constructed by Europeans in -New York waters. In this vessel Block made extended surveys of Hudson's -River, the Connecticut, the Sound, etc. Acquiring from his residence -among them a knowledge of the Connecticut coast dialects, he wrote the -names of tribes on the Hudson in that dialect. Reference is made to what -is better known as the "Carte Figurative of 1614-16." There is no better -evidence that this Figurative was from Block's chart than its presumed -date and the orthographies of the names written on it. - - - - - * * * * * - - - Hudson's River on the West. - - - -Neversink, now so written as the name of the hills on the south side of -the lower or Raritan Bay, is written _Neuversin_ by Van der Donck, -_Neyswesinck_ by Van Tienhoven, _Newasons_ by Ogilby, 1671, and more -generally in early records Naver, Neuver, Newe, and Naoshink. The -original was no doubt the Lenape Newas-ink, "At the point, comer, or -promontory." The root _Ne_ (English _Nâï_), means, "To come to a point," -"To form a point," or, as rendered by Dr. Trumbull, "A corner, angle or -point," _Nâïag._ Dr. Schoolcraft's translation, "Between waters," and -Dr. O'Callaghan's "A stream between hills," are incorrect, as can be -abundantly proved. (See Nyack.) - -Perth Amboy, at the mouth of Raritan River, is in part, from James, -Earl of Perth, Lord High Chancellor of Scotland, who founded a settlement -there, and part from _Amboy_ (English _Ambo_), meaning any rising or -stage, a hill or any elevation. A writer in 1684 notes: "Where the town -of Perth is now building is on a shelf of land rising twenty, thirty and -forty feet." Smith (Hist. of New Jersey) wrote: "_Ambo_, in Indian, 'A -point;'" but there is no such word as _Ambo,_ meaning "A point," in any -Indian dialect. Heckewelder's interpretation: "_Ompoge,_ from which -_Amboy_ is derived, and also _Emboli,_ means 'A bottle,' or a place -resembling a bottle," is equally erroneous, although _Emboli_ may easily -have been an Indian pronunciation of Amboy. The Indian deed of 1651 -reads, "From the Raritan Point, called _Ompoge,_" which may be read from -_Ompaé,_ Alg. generic, "Standing or upright," of which _Amboy,_ English, -is a fair interpretation. - -Raritangs (Van Tienhoven), _Rariton_ (Van der Donck), _Raretans, -Raritanoos, Nanakans,_ etc., a stream flowing to tide-water west of -Staten Island, extended to the Indian sub-tribal organization which -occupied the Raritan Valley, is from the radical _Nâï,_ "A point," as -in Naragan, Naraticon, Narrangansett, Nanakan, Nahican, etc., fairly -traced by Dr. Trumbull in an analysis of Narragansett, and apparently -conclusively established in Nanakan and Narratschoen on the Hudson, the -Verdrietig Hoek, or "Tedious Point," of Dutch notation, where, after -several forms it culminates in _Navish._ Lindstrom's _Naratic-on,_ on -the lower Delaware, was probably Cape May, and an equivalent -substantially of the New England _Nayantukq-ut,_ "A point on a tidal -river," and Raritan was the point of the peninsula which the clan -occupied terminating on Raritan Bay, where, probably, the name was first -met by Dutch navigators. The dialectic exchange of N and R, and of the -surd mutes _k_ and _t_ are clear in comparing _Nanakan_ on the Hudson, -_Naratic-on_ on the Delaware, and _Raritan_ on the Raritan. Van der -Donck's map locates the clan bearing the name in four villages at and -above the junction of a branch of the stream at New Brunswick, N. J., -where there is a certain point as well as on Raritan Bay. The clan was -conspicuous in the early days of Dutch New Netherland. Van Tienhoven -wrote that it had been compelled to remove further inland on account of -freshets, but mainly from its inability to resist the raids of the -southern Indians; that the lands which they left unoccupied was between -"two high mountains far distant from one to the other;" that it was "the -handsomest and pleasantest country that man can behold." The great -southern trunk-line Indian path led through this valley, and was then, -as it is now, the great route of travel between the northern and the -southern coast. (See Nanakan, Nyack-on-the-Hudson, and Orange.) - -Orange, a familiar name in eastern New Jersey and supposed to refer to -the two mountains that bound the Raritan Valley, may have been from the -name of a sachem or place or both. In Breeden Raedt it is written: "The -delegates from all the savage tribes, such as the Raritans, whose chiefs -called themselves Oringkes from Orange." _Oringkes_ seems to be a form of -_Owinickes,_ from _Owini,_ N. J. (_Inini,_ Chip., _Lenni,_ Del.), meaning -"Original, pure," etc., and _-ke,_ "country"--literally, "First or -original people of the country," an interpretation which agrees with -the claim of the Indians generally when speaking of themselves. [FN] -_Orange_ is _Oranje,_ Dutch, pure and simple, but evidently introduced -to represent the sound of an Indian word. What that word was may, -probably, be traced from the name given as that of the sachem, _Auronge_ -(Treaty of 1645), which seems to be an apheresis of _W'scha-já-won-ge,_ -"On the hill side," or "On the side of a hill." (Zeisb.) Awonge, Auronge, -Oranje, Orange, is an intelligible progression, and, in connection with -"from Orange," indicates the location of a village or the side of a hill, -which the chiefs represented. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Dr. D. G. Brinton wrote me "I believe you are right in identifying - _Oringkes_ with _Owine_--possibly with locative _k._" - - -Succasunna, Morris County, N. J., is probably from _Sûkeu,_ "Black," and -_-achsün,_ "Stone," with substantive verbal affix _-ni._ It seems to -describe a place where there were black stones, but whether there are -black stones there or not has not been ascertained. - -Aquackanonck, Aquenonga, Aquainnuck, etc.. is probably from -_Achquam'kan-ong,_ "Bushnet fishing place." Zeisberger wrote -"_Achquanican,_ a fish dam." The locative was a point of land formed by -a bend in Pasaeck River on the east side, now included in the City of -Paterson. Jasper Bankers and Peter Sluyter wrote, in 1679-80: -"Acquakenon: on one side is the kil, on the other is a small stream by -which it (the point) is almost surrounded." The Dutch wrote here, -_Slooterdam,_ _i. e._ a dam with a gate or sluiceway in it, probably -constructed of stone, the sluiceway being left open to enable shad to -run up the stream, and closed by bushes to prevent their return to the -sea. (Nelson.) - -Watchung (Wacht-unk, Del.) is from _Wachtschu_ (Zeisb.), "Hill or -mountain," and _-unk,_ locative, "at" or "on." _Wachtsûnk,_ "On the -mountain" (Zeisb.); otherwise written _Wakhunk._ The original application -was to a hill some twelve miles west of the Hudson. The first deed (1667) -placed the boundmark of the tract "At the foot of the great mountain," -and the second deed (1677) extended the limit "To the top of the mountain -called Watchung." - -Achkinckeshacky; _Hackinkeshacky,_ 1645; _Hackinghsackin, Hackinkesack_ -(1660); _Hackensack_ (1685); _Ackinsack, Hockquindachque; Hackquinsack,_ -are early record forms of the name of primary application to the stream -now known as the Hackensack, from which it was extended to the adjacent -district, to an Indian settlement, and to an Indian sachem, or, as Van -Tienhoven wrote, "A certain savage chief, named Haickquinsacq." (Breeden -Raedt.) The most satisfactory interpretation of the name is that -suggested by the late Dr. Trumbull: "From _Huckquan,_ Mass., _Hócquaan,_ -Len., 'Hook,' and _sauk,_ 'mouth of a river'--literally, 'Hook-shaped -mouth,' descriptive of the course of the stream around Bergen Point, by -the Kil van Kull, [FN-1] to New York Bay." Campanus wrote _Hócküng,_ -"Hook," and Zeisberger, _Hócquaan._ [FN-2] The German _Hacken,_ now -Hackensack, means "Hook," as in German _Russel Hacken,_ "Pot-hook," a -hook incurved at both ends, as the letter S; in Lenape _Hócquoan_ -(Zeisb.). Probably simply a substitution. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Before entering New York Harbor, Hudson anchored his ship below - the Narrows and sent out an exploring party in a boat, who entered the - Narrows and ascended as far as Bergen Point, where they encountered a - second channel which they explored as far as Newark Bay. The place where - the second channel was met they called "The Kils," or channels, and so - it has remained--incorrectly "Kills." The Narrows they called _Col,_ a - pass or defile, or mountain-pass, hence _Kil van Col,_ channel of the - Narrow Pass, and hence _Achter Col,_ a place behind the narrow channel. - "Those [Indians] of Hackingsack, otherwise called Achter Col." (Journal - of New Neth., 1641-47, Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv, 9.) . . . "Whether the - Indians would sell us the hook of land behind the Kil van Col." (Col. - Hist. N. Y., xiii, 280.) Achter Col became a general name for all that - section of New Jersey. _Kul_ and _Kull_ are corruptions of _Col._ - _Arthur Kull_ is now applied to Newark Bay. - - [FN-2] Heckewelder wrote "_Okhúcquan, Woâkhucquoan,_ or short _Húcquan_ - for the modern _Occoquan,_ the name of a river in Virginia, and - remarked, 'All these names signify a hook.'" (Trumbull.) Rev. Thomas - Campanus (Holm), who was chaplain to the Swedish settlements on the - Delaware, 1642-9, and who collected a vocabulary, wrote _Hócküng_ - (_ueug_), "Hook." This sound of the word may have led the Dutch to - adopt _Hackingh_ as an orthography--modern _Haking,_ "Hooking," incurved - as a hook. - - -Commoenapa, written in several forms, was the name of the most southern -of the six early Dutch settlements on the west side of Hudson's River, -known in their order as Commoenapa, Aresseck, Bergen, Ahasimus, -Hoboken-Hackingh, and Awiehacken. Commoenapa is now preserved as the name -of the upland between Communipaw Avenue and Walnut Street, Jersey City, -but was primarily applied to the arm of the main land beginning at -Konstabel's Hoek, and later to the site of the ancient Dutch village of -Gamœnapa, as written by De Vries in 1640, and by the local scribes, -Gamœnapaen. [FN] (Col. Hist. N. Y. xiii, 36, 37.) Dunlap (Hist. N. Y., -i, 50) claimed the name as Dutch from _Gemeente,_ "Commons, public -property," and Paen, "Soft land," or in combination, "Tillable land and -marsh belonging to the community," a relation which the lands certainly -sustained. (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 234.) The lands were purchased by -Michael Pauw in 1630, and sold by him to the Dutch government in 1638. -Although clearly a Dutch name it has been claimed as Indian, from Lenape -_Gamenowinink_ (Zeisb.), "England, on the other side of the sea." -_Gamœnapaug,_ one of the forms of the name, is quoted as the basis of -this claim; also, _Acomunipag,_ "On the other side of the bay." The Dutch -did substitute _paen_ for _paug_ in some cases, but it is very doubtful -if they did here. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Jasper Dankers and Peter Sluyter wrote in their Journal: - "Gamaenapaen is an arm of the main land on the west side of the North - River, beginning at Constable's Hook, directly opposite to Staten - Island, from which it is separated by the Kil van Kol. It is almost an - hour broad, but has large salt meadows or marshes on the Kil van Kol. - It is everywhere accessible by water from the city." - - -Ahasimus--_Achassemus_ in deed to Michael Pauw, 1630--now preserved in -Harsimus, was a place lying west of the "Little Island, Aressick;" later -described as "The corn-land of the Indians," indicating that the name -was from Lenape _Chasqummes_ (Zeisb.), "Small corn." _Ashki'muis,_ "Sea -maize." [FN] (See Arisheck.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] "The aforesaid land Ahasimus and Aressick, by us called the Whore's - Corner, extending along the river Maurites and the Island Manhates on - the east side, and the Island Hobokan-Hackingh on the north side, - surrounded by swamps, which are sufficiently distinct for boundaries." - (Pauw Deed, Nov. 22, 1630; Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 3.) Mr. Winfield - located Ahasimus "At that portion of Jersey City which lies east of - Union Hill, excepting Paulus' Hoeck (Areisheck), . . . generally from - Warren to near Grove Street." - - -Bergen, the name of the third settlement, is met in Scandinavian and in -German dialects. "Bergen, the Flemish for Mons (Latin), 'a hill,' a town -of Belgium." (Lippincott.) "Bergen, op. Zoom, 18 miles north of Antwerp, -'a hill at (or near) the bank,' or border." The original settlement was -on what is now known as Jersey City Heights. - -Arisheck--"The Little Island Aressick" (See Ahasimus), called by the -Dutch Aresseck Houck, Hoeren Houck, and Paulus Houck--now the eastern -point of Jersey City--was purchased from the Indians by Michael Pauw, -Nov. 22, 1630, with "the land called Ahasimus," and, with the "Island -Hobokan-Hackingh," purchased by him in July of the same year, was -included in his plantation under the general name of Pavonia, a Latinized -form of his own name, from Pavo, "Peacock" (Dutch Pauw), which is -retained in the name of the Erie R. R. Ferry. Primarily, Arisseck was a -low neck of land divided by a marsh, the eastern end forming what was -called an island. The West India Company had a trading post there -conducted by one Michael Paulis, from whom it was called Paulus' Hook, -which it retains, Pauw also established a trading post there which, as -it lay directly in the line of the great Indian trunk-path (see -Saponickan), so seriously interfered with the trade of the Dutch post -that the Company purchased the land from him in 1638, and in the same -year sold the island to one Abraham Planck. In the deed to Planck the -description reads: "A certain parcel of land called Pauwels Hoek, -situated westward of the Island Manhates and eastward of Ahasimus, -extending from the North River into the valley which runs around it -there." (Col. Hist. N, Y., xiii, 3.) The Indian name, _Arisheck_ or -_Aresseck,_ is so badly corrupted that the original cannot be -satisfactorily detected, but, by exchanging _n_ for _r,_ and adding the -initial _K,_ we would have _Kaniskeck,_ "A long grassy marsh or meadow." - -Hoboken, now so written--_Hobocan-Hacking,_ July, 1630; _Hobokan-Hacking,_ -Nov. 1630; _Hobokina,_ 1635; _Hobocken,_ 1643; _Hoboken,_ 1647; _Hobuck_ -and _Harboken,_ 1655-6--appears of record first in the Indian deed to -Michael Pauw, July 12, 1630, negotiated by the Director-general and -Council of New Netherland, and therein by them stated, "By us called -Hobocan-Hacking." Primarily it was applied to the low promontory [FN-1] -below Castle Point, [FN-2] bounded, recites the deed, on the south by -the "land Ahasimus and Aressick." On ancient charts Aressick and -Hoboken-Hacking are represented as two long necks of land or points -separated by a cove on the river front now filled in, both points being -called hooks. In records it was called an island, and later as "A neck of -land almost an island, called Hobuk, . . . extending on the south side -to Ahasimus; eastward to the river Mauritus, and on the west side -surrounded by a valley or morass through which the boundary can be seen -with sufficient clearness." (Winfield's Hist. Hudson Co.; Col. Hist. -N. Y., xiii, 2, 3, 4.) In "Freedoms and Exemptions," 1635; "But every one -is notified that the Company reserves, unto itself the Island Manhates; -Fort Orange, with the lands and islands appertaining thereto; Staten -Island; the land of Achassemes, Arassick and Hobokina." The West India -Company purchased the latter lands from Michael Pauw in 1638-9, and -leased and sold in three parcels as stated in the Pauw deeds. The first -settlement of the parcel called by the Dutch Hobocan-Hacking is located -by Whitehead (Hist. East N. J.) immediately north of Hobokan Kill and -called _Hobuk._ Smith, in his "History of New Jersey," wrote _Hobuck,_ -and stated that it was a plantation "owned by a Dutch merchant who in -the Indian wars, had his wife, children and servants murdered by the -Indians." In a narrative of events occurring in 1655, it is written: -"Presently we saw the house on Harboken in flames. This done the whole -Pavonia was immediately in flames." [FN-3] (Col. Hist. N. Y., xii, 98.) -The deed statement, "By us named," is explicit, and obviously implies -that the terms in the name were Dutch and not Indian, and Dutch they -surely were. Dr. A. S. Gatschet, of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me: -"Hoboken, called after a village on the river Scheldt, a few miles below -Antwerp, [FN-4] and after a high elevation on its north side. _Ho-,_ -_hoh-,_ is the radical of 'high' in all German dialects, and _Buck_ is -'elevation' in most of them. _Buckel_ (Germ.), _Bochel_ (Dutch), means -'hump,' 'hump-back.' _Hump_ (Low German) is 'heap,' 'hill.' _Ho-bok-an_ -locates a place that is distinguished by a hill, or by a hill in some -way associated with it." Presumably from the ancient village of Hoboken -came to Manhattan, about 1655, one Harmon van Hobocoon, a schoolmaster, -who evidently was given his family name from the village from whence he -came. He certainly did not give his family name to Hoboken twenty years -prior to his landing at Manhattan. - -_Hacking_ and _Haken_ are unquestionably Dutch from the radical _Haak,_ -"hook." The first is a participle, meaning _Hooking,_ "incurved as a -hook," by metonymie, "a hook." It was used in that sense by the early -Dutch as a substitute for Lenape _Hócquan,_ "hook," in Hackingsack, and -Zeisberger used it in "_Ressel Hacken,_ pot-hook." No doubt Stuyvesant -used it in the same sense in writing _Hobokan-Hacking,_ describing -thereby both a hill and a hook, corresponding with the topography, to -distinguish it from its twin-hook Arisheck. Had there been an Indian -name given him for it, he would have written it as surely as he wrote -Arisheck. When he wrote, "By us called," he meant just what he said and -what he understood the terms to mean. To assume that he wrote the terms -as a substitute for Lenape _Hopoakan-hacki-ug,_ "At (or on) the -smoking-pipe land." or place where materials were obtained for making -smoking-pipes, has no warrant in the record narrative. _Hacking_ was -dropped from the name in 1635. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] An ancient view of the shore-line represents it as a considerable - elevation--a hill. - - [FN-2] Castle Point is just below Wehawken Cove in which Hudson is - supposed to have anchored his ship in 1609. In Juet's Journal this land - is described as "beautiful" and the cliff as of "the color of white - green, as though it was either a copper or silver mine." It has long - been a noted resort for mineralogists. - - [FN-3] Teunissed van Putten was the first white resident of Hoboken. He - leased the land for twelve years from Jan. 1, 1641. The West India - Company was to erect a small house for him. Presumably this house is - referred to in the narrative. It was north of Hoboken Kill. - - [FN-4] Now a commercial village of Belgium. The prevailing dialect - spoken there was Flemish, usually classed as Low German. The Low German - dialects of three centuries ago are imperfectly represented in modern - orthographies. In and around Manhattan eighteen different European - dialects were spoken, as noted of record--Dutch, Flemish, German, - Scandinavian, Walloon, etc. - - -Wehawken and Weehawken, as now written, is written _Awiehaken_ in deed -by Director Stuyvesant, 1658-9. Other orthographies are Wiehacken, -Whehockan, Weehacken, Wehauk, obvious corruptions of the original, but -all retaining a resemblance in sound. The name is preserved as that of -a village, a ferry, and a railroad station about three miles north of -Jersey City, and is historically noted for its association with the -ancient custom of dueling, the particular resort for that purpose being -a rough shelf of the cliff about two and one-half miles north of Hoboken -and about opposite 28th Street, Manhattan. The locative of the name is -described in a grant by Director Stuyvesant, in 1647, to one Maryn -Adriaensen, of "A piece of land called Awiehaken, situate on the west -side of the North River, bounded on the south by Hoboken Kil, and running -thence north to the next kil, and towards the woods with the same -breadth, altogether fifty morgens of land." [FN] (Col. Hist. N. Y., -xiii, 22.) The "next kil" is presumed to have been that flowing to the -Hudson in a wild ravine just south of the dueling ground, now called the -Awiehackan. A later description (1710) reads: "Between the southernmost -cliffs of Tappaen and Ahasimus, at a place called Wiehake." (Cal. N. Y. -Land Papers, 98.) The petition was by Samuel Bayard, who then owned the -land on both sides of Wiehacken Creek, for a ferry charter covering the -passage "Between the southernmost cliffs of Tappaen and New York Island, -at a place called Wiehake," the landing-place of which was established -at or near the mouth of Awiehacken Creek just below what is now known as -King's Point. Of the location generally Winfield (Hist.. Hudson Co., -N. J.) wrote: "Before the iconoclastic hand of enterprise had touched it -the whole region about was charming beyond description. Just south of -the dueling ground was the wild ravine down which leaped and laughed the -Awiehacken. Immediately above the dueling ground was King's Point looking -boldly down upon the Hudson. From this height still opens as fair, as -varied, as beautiful a scene as one could wish to see. The rocks rise -almost perpendicularly to one hundred and fifty feet above the river. -Under these heights, about twenty feet above the water, on a shelf about -six feet wide and eleven paces long, reached by an almost inaccessible -flight of steps, was the dueling ground." South of King's Point were the -famed Elysian Fields, at the southern extremity of which, under Castle -Point, was Sibyl's Cave, a rocky cavern containing a fine spring of -water. - -The place to which the name was applied in the deed of 1658 seems to have -been an open tract between the streams named, presumably a field lying -along the Hudson, from the description, "running back towards the woods," -suggesting that it was from the Lenape radical _Tauwa,_ as written by -Zeisberger in _Tauwi-échen,_ "Open;" as a noun, "Open or unobstructed -space, clear land, without trees." Dropping the initial we have _Auwi, -Awie,_ of the early orthography; dropping _A_ we have _Wie_ and _Wee,_ -and from _-échen_ we have _-ákan, -haken, -hawking,_ etc. As the name -stands now it has no meaning in itself, although a Hollander might read -_Wie_ as _Wei,_ "A meadow," and _Hacken_ as "Hooking," incurved as a -hook, which would fairly describe Weehawking Cove as it was. - -Submitted to him in one of its modern forms, the late Dr. Trumbull wrote -that _Wehawing_ "Seemed" to him as "most probably from _Wehoak,_ Mohegan, -and _-ing,_ Lenape, locative, 'At the end (of the Palisades)'" and in -his interpretation violated his own rules of interpretation which -require that translation of Indian names must be sought in the dialect -spoken in the district where the name appears. The word for "End," in -the dialect spoken here, was _Wiqui._ Zeisberger wrote _Wiquiechung,_ -"End, point," which certainly does not appear in any form of the name. -The Dr.'s translation is simply worthless, as are several others that -have been suggested. It is surprising that the Dr. should quote a -Mohegan adjectival and attach to it a Lenape locative suffix. - - * * * * * - - [FN] A Dutch "morgen"' was about two English acres. - - -Espating (_Hespating,_ Staten Island deed) is claimed to have been the -Indian name of what is now known as Union Hill, in Jersey City, where, -it is presumed, there was an Indian village. The name is from the root -_Ashp_ (_Usp,_ Mass.; _Esp,_ Lenape; _Ishp,_ Chip.), "High," and _-ink,_ -locative, "At or on a high place." From the same root Ishpat-ink, -Hespating. (O'Callaghan.) See Ashpetong. - -Siskakes, now Secaucus, is written as the name of a tract on Hackensack -meadows, from which it was extended to Snake Hill. It is from -_Sikkâkâskeg,_ meaning "Salt sedge marsh." (Gerard.) The Dutch found -snakes on Snake Hill and called it Slangberg, literally, "Snake Hill." - -Passaic is a modern orthography of _Pasaeck_ (Unami-Lenape), German -notation, signifying "Vale or valley." Zeisberger wrote _Pachsójeck_ in -the Minsi dialect. The valley gave name to the stream. In Rockland County -it has been corrupted to Paskack, Pasqueck, etc. - -Paquapick is entered on Pownal's map as the name of Passaic Falls. It is -from _Poqui,_ "Divided, broken," and _-ápuchk,_ "Rock." Jasper Dankers -and Peter Sluyter, who visited the falls in 1679-80, wrote in their -Journal that the falls were "formed by a rock stretching obliquely across -the river, the top dry, with a chasm in the center about ten feet wide -into which the water rushed and fell about eighty feet." It is this rock -and chasm to which the name refers--"Divided rock," or an open place in -a rock. - -Pequannock, now so written, is the name of a stream flowing across the -Highlands from Hamburgh, N. J. to Pompton, written Pachquak'onck by Van -der Donck (1656); Paquan-nock or Pasqueck, in 1694; Paqunneck, Indian -deed of 1709, and in other forms, was the name of a certain field, from -which it was extended to the stream. Dr. Trumbull recognized it as the -equivalent of Mass. _Paquan'noc, Pequan'nuc, Pohqu'un-auke,_ etc., "A -name common to all cleared land, _i. e._ land from which the trees and -bushes had been removed to fit it for cultivation." Zeisberger wrote, -_Pachqu (Paghqu),_ as in _Pachqu-échen,_ "Meadow;" _Pachquak'onck,_ "At -(or on) the open land." - -Peram-sepus, Paramp-seapus, record forms of the name of Saddle River, -[FN] Bergen County, N. J., and adopted in _Paramus_ as the name of an -early Dutch village, of which one reads in Revolutionary history as the -headquarters of General George Clinton's Brigade, appears in deed for a -tract of land the survey of which reads: "Beginning at a spring called -_Assinmayk-apahaka,_ being the northeastern most head-spring of a river -called by the Indians _Peram-sepus,_ and by the Christians Saddle River." -Nelson (Hist. Ind. of New Jersey) quoted from a deed of 1671: -"_Warepeake,_ a run of water so called by the Indians, but the right -name is _Rerakanes,_ by the English called Saddle River." _Peram-sepus_ -also appears as _Wieramius,_ suggesting that _Pera, Para, Wara,_ and -_Wiera_ were written as equivalent sounds, from the root _Wil (Willi, -Winne, Wirri, Waure),_ meaning, "Good, fine, pleasant," etc. The suffix -varies, _Sepus_ meaning "Brook"; _Peake (-peék),_ "Water-place," and -_Anes,_ "Small stream," or, substantially, _Sepus,_ which, by the prefix -_Ware,_ was pronounced "A fine stream," or place of water. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Called "Saddle River," probably, from Richard Saddler, a purchaser - of lands from the Indians in 1674. (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 478.) - - -Monsey, a village in Rockland County, takes that name from an Indian -resident who was known by his tribal name, _Monsey_--"the Monseys, -Minsis, or Minisinks." - -Mahway, Mawayway, Mawawier, etc., a stream and place now Mahway, N. J., -was primarily applied to a place described: "An Indian field called -Maywayway, just over the north side of a small red hill called -Mainatanung." The stream, on an old survey, is marked as flowing south -to the Ramapo from a point west of Cheesekook Mountain. The name is -probably from _Mawéwi_ (Zeisb.), "Assembly," where streams or paths, or -boundaries, meet or come together. (See Mahequa.) - -Mainaitanung, Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, and _Mainating_ in N. J. Records, -given as the name of "A small red hill" (see Mahway), does not describe -a "Red hill," but a place "at" a small hill--_Min-attinuey-unk._ The -suffixed locative, _-unk,_ seems to have been generally used in -connection with the names of hills. - -Pompton--_Ponton,_ East N. J. Records, 1695; _Pompeton, Pumpton, Pompeton,_ -N. Y. Records--now preserved in Pompton as the name of a village at the -junction of the Pequannock, the Wynokie, and the Ramapo, and continued -as the name of the united stream south of Pompton Village to its junction -with the Passaic, and also as the name of a town in Passaic County, -N. J., as well as in Pompton Falls, Pompton Plains, etc., and historically -as the name of an Indian clan, appears primarily as the name of the Ramapo -River as now known. It is not met in early New York Records, but in -English Records, in 1694, a tract of land is described as being "On a -river called Paquannock, or Pasqueck, near the falls of Pampeton," and -in 1695, in application to lands described as lying "On Pompton Creek, -about twenty miles above ye mouth of said creek where it falls into -Paquanneck River," the particular place referred to being known as -Ramopuch, and now as Ramapo. (See Ramapo.) Rev. Heckewelder located the -name at the mouth of the Pompton (as now known) where it falls into the -Passaic, and interpreted it from _Pihm_ (root _Pimé_), "Crooked mouth," -an interpretation now rejected by Algonquian students from the fact that -the mouth of the stream is not crooked. A reasonable suggestion is that -the original was _Pomoten,_ a representative town, or a combination of -towns. [FN-1] which would readily be converted to Pompton. In 1710, -"Memerescum, 'sole sachem of all the nations (towns or families) of -Indians on Remopuck River, and on the east and west branches thereof, on -Saddle River, Pasqueck River, Narranshunk River and Tappan,' gave title -to all the lands in upper or northwestern Bergen and Passaic counties." -(Nelson, "Indians of New Jersey," 111), indicating a combination of -clans. Fifty years later the tribal title is entered in the treaty of -Easton (1758) as the "Wappings, Opings or Pomptons," [FN-2] as claimants -of an interest in lands in northern New Jersey, [FN-3] subordinately to -the "Minsis, Monseys or Minisinks," with whom the treaty was made. The -clan was then living at Otsiningo as ward's of the Senecas, and seems to -have been composed of representatives of several historic northern New -Jersey families. It has been inferred that their designation as -"Wappings" classed them as immigrants from the clans on the east side of -the Hudson. Obviously, however, the term described them as of the most -eastern family of the Minsis or Minisinks, which they were. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] _Pomoteneyu,_ "There are towns." (Zeisb.) Pompotowwut-Muhheakan-neau, - was the name of the capital town of the Mahicans. - - [FN-2] So recognized in the treaty of Easton. - - [FN-3] The territory in which the Pomptons claimed an interest included - northern New Jersey as bounded on the north by a line drawn from - Cochecton, Sullivan County, to the mouth of Tappan Creek on the Hudson, - thence south to Sandy Hook, thence west to the Delaware, and thence - north to Cochecton, lat. 41 deg. 40 min., as appears by treaty deed in - Smith's hist, of New Jersey. - - -Ramapo, now so written and applied to a village and a town in Rockland -County, and also to a valley, a stream of water and adjacent hills, is -written Ramepog in N. Y. Records, 1695; Ramepogh, 1711, and Ramapog in -1775. In New Jersey Records the orthographies are Ramopock, Romopock and -Remopuck, and on Smith's map Ramopough. The earliest description of the -locative of the name appears in N. Y. Records, 1695: "A certain tract of -land in Orange County called Ramepogh, being upon Pompton Creek, about -twenty miles above ye mouth of said creek where it falls into Pequanneck -River, being a piece of low land lying at ye forks on ye west side of ye -creek, and going down the said creek for ye space of six or seven miles -to a small run running into said creek out of a small lake, several -pieces of land lying on both sides of said creek, computed in all about -ninety or one hundred acres, _with upland adjoining_ thereto to ye -quantity of twelve hundred acres." In other words: "A piece of low land -lying at the forks of said river, about twenty miles above the mouth of -the stream where it falls into the Pequannock, with upland adjoining." -The Pompton, so called then, is now the Ramapo, and the place described -in the deed has been known as Remapuck, Romapuck, Ramopuck, Ramapock, -Pemerpuck, and Ramapo, since the era of first settlement. The somewhat -poetic interpretation of the name, "Many ponds," is without warrant, nor -does the name belong to a "Round pond," or to the stream, now the Ramapo -except by extension to it. Apparently, by dialectic exchange of initials -L and R, _Reme, Rama,_ or _Romo_ becomes _Lamó_ from _Lomówo_ (Zeisb.), -"Downward, slanting, oblique," and _-pogh, -puck,_ etc., is a compression -of _-apughk_ (_-puchk_, German notation), meaning--"Rock." -_Lamów-ápuchk,_ by contraction and pronunciation, _Ramápuck,_ meaning -"Slanting rock," an equivalent of _Pimápuchk,_ met in the district in -Pemerpock, in 1674, denoting "Place or country of the slanting rock." -[FN] Ramapo River is supposed to have its head in Round Pond, in the -northwest part of the town of Monroe, Orange County. It also received -the overflow of eight other ponds. Ramapo Pass, beginning about a mile -below Pierson's, is fourteen miles long. (See Pompton.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] Dr. John C. Smock, late State Geologist of New Jersey, wrote me of - the location of the name at Suffern: "There is the name of the stream - and the name of the settlement (in Rockland County, near the New Jersey - line), and the land is low-lying, and along the creek, and above a - forks, _i. e._ above the forks at Suffern. On the 1774 map in my - possession, Romapock is certainly the present Ramapo. The term 'Slanting - rock' is eminently applicable to that vicinity." The Ramapock Patent of - 1704 covered 42,500 acres, and, with the name, followed the mountains - as its western boundary. - - -Wynokie, now so written as the name of a stream flowing to the Pequannock -at Pompton, takes that name from a beautiful valley through which it -passes, about thirteen miles northwest of Paterson. The stream is the -outlet of Greenwood Lake and is entered on old maps as the Ringwood. The -name is in several orthographies--Wanaque, Wynogkee, Wynachkee, etc. It -is from the root _Win,_ "Good, fine, pleasant," and _-aki,_ land or -place. (See Wynogkee.) - -Pamerpock, 1674, now preserved in _Pamrepo_ as the name of a village in -the northwest part of the city of Bayonne, N. J., is probably another -form of _Pemé-apuchk,_ "Slanting rock." [FN] (See Ramapo.) The name -seems to have been widely distributed. - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Pemé_ is _Pemi_ in the Massachusetts dialect. "It may generally - be translated by 'sloping' or 'aslant.' In Abnaki _Pemadené - (Pemi-adené)_ denotes a sloping mountain side," wrote Dr. Trumbull. The - affix, _-ápuchk,_ changes the meaning to sloping rock, or "slanting - rock," as Zeisberger wrote. - - -Hohokus, the name of a village and of a railroad station, is probably -from _Mehŏkhókus_ (Zeisb.), "Red cedar." It was, presumably, primarily -at least, a place where red cedar abounded. The Indian name of the stream -here is written _Raighkawack,_ an orthography of _Lechauwaak,_ "Fork" -(Zeisb.), which, by the way, is also the name of a place. - -Tuxedo, now a familiar name, is a corruption of _P'tuck-sepo,_ meaning, -"A crooked river or creek." Its equivalent is _P'tuck-hanné_ (Len. Eng. -Dic.), "A bend in the river"--"Winding in the creek or river"--"A bend -in a river." The earliest form of the original appears in 1754--Tuxcito, -1768; Tuxetough, Tugseto, Duckcedar, Ducksider, etc., are later. -Zeisberger wrote _Pduk,_ from which probably Duckcedar. The name seems -to have been that of a bend in the river at some point in the vicinity -of Tuxedo Pond to which it was extended from a certain bend or bends in -the stream. A modern interpretation from _P'tuksit,_ "Round foot," is of -no merit except in its first word. It was the metaphorical name, among -the Delawares, of the wolf. It would be a misnomer applied to either a -river or a pond. _Sepo_ is generic for a long river. (See Esopus.) - -Mombasha, Mombashes, etc., the name of a small lake in Southfield, Orange -County, is presumed to be a corruption of _M'biìsses_ (Zeisb.), "Small -lake or pond," "Small water-place." The apostrophe indicates a sound -produced with the lips closed, readily pronouncing _o_ (Mom). Charles -Clinton, in his survey of the Cheesec-ook Patent in 1735, wrote -Mount-Basha. Mombasa is an Arabic name for a coral island on the east -coast of Africa. It may have been introduced here as the sound of the -Indian name. - -Wesegrorap, Wesegroraep, Wassagroras, given as the name of "A barren -plain," in the Kakiate Patent, is probably from Wisachgan, "Bitter," sad, -distressing, pitiable. Ziesberger wrote, "Wisachgak, Black oak," the -bark of which is bitter and astringent. A black oak tree on "the -west-southwest side" of the plain may have given name to the plain. - -Narranshaw, Nanaschunck, etc., a place so called in the Kakiate Patent -boundary, is probably a corruption of Van der Donck's _Narratschæn,_ -"A promontory" or high point. (See Nyack-on-the-Hudson.) - -Kakiate, the name of patented lands in Rockland County, is from Dutch -_Kijkuit,_ meaning "Look out," or "Place of observation, as a tower, -hill," etc. The highest hill in Westchester County bears the same name -in _Kakcout,_ and _Kaykuit_ is the name of a hill in Kingston, Ulster -County. The tract to which the name was extended in Rockland County is -described, "Commonly called by the Indians _Kackyachteweke,_ on a neck of -land which runs under a great hill, bounded on the north by a creek -called Sheamaweck or Peasqua." Hackyackawack is another orthography. The -name seems to be from _Schach-achgeu-ackey,_ meaning "Straight land," -"Straight along," (Zeisb.); _i. e._ direct, as "A neck of land"--"A pass -between mountains," or, as the description reads, "A neck of land which -runs under a great hill." Compare Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 48, 183, etc. - -Torne, the name of a high hill which forms a conspicuous object in the -Ramapo Valley, is from Dutch _Torenherg,_ "A tower or turret, a high -pointed hill, a pinnacle." (Prov. Eng.) The hill is claimed to have been -the northwest boundmark of the Haverstraw Patent. In recent times it has -been applied to two elevations, the Little Torne, west of the Hudson, and -the Great Torne, near the Hudson, south of Haverstraw. (Cal. N. Y. Land -Papers, 46.) - -Cheesek-ook, Cheesek-okes, Cheesec-oks, Cheesquaki, are forms of the name -given as that of a tract of "Upland and meadow," so described in Indian -deed, 1702, and included in the Cheesek-ook Patent, covering parts of the -present counties of Rockland and Orange. It is now preserved as the name -of a hill, to which it was assigned at an early date, and is also quoted -as the name of adjacent lands in New Jersey. The suffix _-ook, -oke, --aki,_ etc., shows that it was the name of land or place (N. J., _-ahke;_ -Len. _-aki_). It is probably met in _Cheshek-ohke,_ Ct., translated by -Dr. Trumbull from _Kussukoe,_ Moh., "High," and _-ohke,_ "Land or -place"--literally, high land or upland. The final _s_ in some forms, is -an English plural: it does not belong to the root. (See Coxackie.) In -pronunciation the accent should not be thrown on the letter _k_; that -letter belongs to the first word. There is no _Kook_ about it. - -Tappans, Carte Figurative of date (presumed) 1614-16, is entered thereon -as the name of an Indian village in Lat. 41° 15', claimed, traditionally, -to have been at or near the site of the later Dutch village known as -Tappan, in Rockland County. In the triangulation of the locative on the -ancient map is inscribed, "En effen veldt" (a flat field), the general -character of which probably gave name to the Indian village. Primarily, -it was a district of low, soft land, abounding in marshes and long -grasses, with little variation from level, extending along the Hudson -from Tappan to Bergen Point, a distance of twenty-seven miles. Wassenaer -wrote, in 1621-25, _Tapants_; DeLaet wrote, in 1624, _Tappaans_; in -Breeden Raedt, _Tappanders_; _Tappaen,_ De Vries, 1639; _Tappaen,_ Van -der Horst deed, 1651: _Tappaens,_ official Dutch; "Savages of _Tappaen_"; -_Tappaans,_ Van der Donck, are the early orthographies of the name and -establish it as having been written by the Dutch with the long sound of -_a_ in the last word--_paan_ (-paen)--which may be read _pan,_ as a pan -of any kind, natural or artificial--a stratum of earth lying below the -soil--the pan of a tap into which water flows--a mortar pit. [FN-1] The -compound word _Tap-pan_ is not found in modern Dutch dictionaries, but -it evidently existed in some of the German dialects, as it is certainly -met in _Tappan-ooli (uli)_ on the west coast of Summatra, in application, -to a low district lying between the mountains and the sea, opposite a -fine bay, in Dutch possession as early as 1618, and also in -_Tappan-huacanga,_ a Dutch possession in Brazil of contemporary date. It -is difficult to believe that Tappan was transferred to those distant -parts from an Indian name on Hudson's River; on the contrary its presence -in those parts forces the conclusion that it was conferred by the Dutch -from their own, or from some dialect with which they were familiar, -precisely as it was on Hudson's River and was descriptive of a district -of country the features of which supply the meaning. DeLaet wrote in his -"New World" (Leyden Edition, 1625-6) of the general locative of the name -on the Hudson: "Within the first reach, on the west side of the river, -where the land is low, dwells a nation of savages named _Tappaans,_" -presumably so named by the Dutch from the place where they had -jurisdiction, _i. e._ the low lands. Specifically, De Vries wrote in -1639, _Tappaen_ as the name of a place where he found and purchased, "A -beautiful valley of clay land, some three or four feet above the water, -lying under the mountains, along the river," presumed to have been in the -meadows south of Piermont, into which flows from the mountains Tappan -Creek, now called Spar Kill, [FN-2] as well as the overflow of Tappan -Zee, of which he wrote without other name than "bay": "There flows here -a strong flood and ebb, but the ebb is not more than four feet on account -of the great quantity of water that flows from above, overflowing the -low lands in the spring," converting them into veritable soft lands. -_Gamænapaen,_ now a district in Jersey City, was interpreted by the -late Judge Benson, "Tillable land and marsh." Dr. Trumbull wrote: -"_Petuckquapaugh,_ Dumpling Pond (round pond) gave name to part of the -township of Greenwich, Ct. The Dutch called this tract _Petuck-quapaen._" -The tract is now known as Strickland Plain, [FN-3] and is described as -"Plain and water-land"--"A valley but little above tidewater; on the -southwest an extended marsh now reclaimed in part." The same general -features were met in _Petuckquapaen,_ now Greenbath, opposite Albany, -N. Y. Dr. Trumbull also wrote, "The Dutch met on Long Island the word -_Seaump_ as the name of corn boiled to a pap. The root is _Saupáe_ -(Eliot), 'soft,' _i. e._ 'made soft by water,' as _Saupáe manoosh,_ -'mortar,' literally 'softened clay.' Hence the Dutch word -_Sappaen_--adopted by Webster _Se-pawn._" Other examples could be quoted -but are not necessary to establish the meaning of Dutch Tappaan, or -Tappaen. An interpretation by Rev. Heckewelder, quoted by Yates & -Moulton, and adopted by Brodhead presumably without examination: "From -_Thuhaune_ (Del.), cold stream," is worthless. No Delaware Indian would -have given it as the name of Tappan Creek, and no Hollander would have -converted it into Tappaan or Tappaen. - -The Palisade Range, which enters the State from New Jersey, and borders -the Hudson on the west, terminates abruptly at Piermont. Classed by -geologists as Trap Rock, or rock of volcanic origin, adds interest to -their general appearance as calumnar masses. The aboriginal owners were -not versed in geologic terms. To them the Palisades were simply _-ompsk,_ -"Standing or upright rock." - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] _Paen,_ old French, meaning _Pagan,_ a heathen or resident of a - heath, from _Pagus,_ Latin, a heath, a district of waste land. - - [FN-2] Tappan Creek is now known as the Spar Kill, and ancient Tappan - Landing as Tappan Slote. _Slote_ is from Dutch _Sloot._ "Dutch, trench, - moat." "Sloops could enter the mouth of the creek, if lightly laden, at - high tide, through what, from its resemblance to a ditch, was called the - Slote." (Hist. Rockl. Co.) The man or men who changed the name of the - creek to Spar Kill cannot be credited with a very large volume of - appreciation for the historic. The cove and mouth of the creek was no - doubt the landing-place from which the Indian village was approached, - and the latter was accepted for many years as the boundmark on the - Hudson of the jurisdiction of New Jersey. - - [FN-3] Strickland Plain was the site of the terrible massacre of Indians - by English and Dutch troops under Capt. Underhill, in March, 1645. - (Broadhead, Hist. N. Y., i, 390.) About eight hundred Indians were - killed by fire and sword, and a considerable number of prisoners taken - and sold into slavery. The Indian fort here was in a retreat of - difficult access. - - -Mattasink, Mattaconga and Mattaconck, forms of names given to certain -boundmarks "of the land or island called Mattasink, or Welch's Island," -Rockland County, describe two different features. _Mattaconck_ was "a -swampy or hassocky meadow," lying on the west side of Quaspeck Pond, from -whence the line ran north, 72 degrees east, "to the south side of the -rock on the top of the hill," called Mattasinck. In the surveyor's notes -the rock is described as "a certain rock in the form of a sugar loaf." -The name is probably an equivalent of _Mat-assin-ink,_ "At (or to) a bad -rock," or a rock of unusual form. _Mattac-onck_ seems to be an -orthography of _Maskék-onck,_ "At a swamp or hassocky meadow." Surd mutes -and linguals are so frequently exchanged in this district that locatives -must be relied upon to identify names. _Mattac_ has no meaning in itself. -The sound is that of _Maskék._ - -Nyack, Rockland County, does not take that name from _Kestaub-niuk,_ a -place-name on the east side of the Hudson, as stated by Schoolcraft, nor -was the name imported from Long Island, as stated by a local historian; -on the contrary, it is a generic Algonquian term applicable to any point. -It was met in place here at the earliest period of settlement in -application to the south end of Verdrietig Hoek Mountain, as noted in -"The Cove or Nyack Patent," near or on which the present village of Nyack -has its habitations. It means "Land or place at the angle, point or -corner," from _Néïak_ (Del.), "Where there is a point." (See Nyack, -L. I.) The root appears in many forms in record orthographies, due -largely to the efforts of European scribes to express the sound in either -the German or the English alphabet. Adriaen Block wrote, in 1614-16, -_Nahicans_ as the name of the people on Montauk Point; Eliot wrote -_Naiyag_ (_-ag_ formative); Roger Williams wrote _Nanhigan_ and -_Narragan;_ Van der Donck wrote _Narratschoan_ on the Verdrietig Hoek -Mountain on the Hudson; _Naraticon_ appears on the lower Delaware, and -_Narraoch_ and _Njack_ (Nyack) are met on Long Island. The root is the -same in all cases, Van der Donck's _Narratschoan_ on the Hudson, and -_Narraticon_ on the Delaware, meaning "The point of a mountain which has -the character of a promontory," kindred to _Néwas_ (Del.), "A -promontory," or a high point. [FN] The Indian name of Verdrietig Hoek, -or Tedious Point, is of record _Newas-ink_ in the De Hart Patent, and in -several other forms of record--Navish, Navoash-ink, Naurasonk, Navisonk, -Newasons, etc., and Neiak takes the forms of Narratsch, Narrich, Narrock, -Nyack, etc. Verdrietig Hoek, the northeastern promontory of Hook -Mountain, is a rocky precipitous bluff forming the angle of the range. -It rises six hundred and sixty-eight feet above the level of the Hudson -into which it projects like a buttress. Its Dutch-English name "Tedious -Point," has been spoken of in connection with _Pocantico,_ which see. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Dr. Trumbull wrote: "_Náï,_ 'Having corners'; _Náïyag,_ 'A corner - or angle'; _Náïg-an-eag,_ 'The people about the point.'" William R. - Gerard wrote: "The Algonquian root _Ne_ (written by the English _Náï_) - means 'To come to a point,' or 'To form a point.' From this came Ojibwe - _Naiá-shi,_ 'Point of land in a body of water.' The Lenape _Newás,_ with - the locative affix, makes _Newás-ing,_ 'At the promontory.' The Lenape - had another word for 'Point of land.' This was _Néïak_ (corrupted to - Nyack). It is the participial form of _Néïan,_ 'It is a point.' The - participle means, 'Where there is a point,' or literally, 'There being - a point.'" - - -Essawatene--"North by the top of a certain hill called Essawatene," so -described in deed to Hermanus Dow, in 1677--means "A hill beyond," or on -the other side of the speaker. It is from _Awassi_ (Len.), "Beyond," and -_-achtenne,_ "Hill," or mountain. _Oosadenighĕ_ (Abn.), "Above, beyond, -the mountain," or "Over the mountain." We have the same derivative in -_Housaten-ûk,_ now Housatonic. - -Quaspeck, Quaspeek, Quaspeach, "Quaspeach or Pond Patent"--"A tract of -land called in the Indian language Quaspeach, being bounded by the brook -Kill-the-Beast, running out of a great pond." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, -53, 56, 70, 82.) The land included in the patent was described as "A -hassocky meadow on the west side of the lake." (See Mattasink.) The full -meaning of the name is uncertain. The substantival _-peék,_ or _-peach,_ -means "Lake, pond or body of still water." [FN] As the word stands its -adjectival does not mean anything. The local interpretation "Black," is -entirely without merit. The pond is now known as Rockland Lake. It lies -west of the Verdrietig Hoek range, which intervenes between it and the -Hudson. It is sheltered on its northeast shore by the range. The ridge -intervening between it and the Hudson rises 640 feet. It is a beautiful -lake of clear water reposing on a sandy bottom, 160 feet above the level -of the Hudson. - - * * * * * - - [FN] The equivalent Mass. word is _paug,_ "Where water is," or "Place - of water." (Trumbull.) Quassa-paug or Quas-paug, is the largest lake in - Woodbury, Ct. Dr. Trumbull failed to detect the derivative of _Quas,_ - but suggested, Kiche, "Great." Probably a satisfactory interpretation - will be found in _Kussûk,_ "High." (See Quassaick.) - - -Menisak-cungue, so written in Indian deed to De Hart in 1666, and also -in deed from De Hart to Johannes Minnie in 1695, is written _Amisconge_ -on Pownal's map, as the name of a stream in the town of Haverstraw. As -De Hart was the first purchaser of lands at Haverstraw, the name could -not have been from that of a later owner, as locally supposed. Pownal's -orthography suggests that the original was _Ommissak-kontu,_ Mass., -"Where Alewives or small fishes are abundant." The locative was at the -mouth of the stream at Grassy Point. [FN] Minnie's Falls, a creek so -known, no doubt, took that name from Johannes Minnie. On some maps it is -called Florus' Falls, from Florus Crom, an early settler. An unlocated -place on the stream was called "The Devil's Horse Race." - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Kontu,_ an abundance verb, is sometimes written _contee,_ easily - corrupted to _cungue._ Dutch _Congé_ means "Discharge," the tail-race - of a mill, or a strong, swift current. Minnie's Congé, the tail-race of - Minnie's mill. - - -Mahequa and Mawewier are forms of the name of a small stream which -constitutes one of the boundaries of what is known as Welch's Island. -They are from the root _Mawe,_ "Meeting," _Mawewi,_ "Assembly" (Zeisb.), -_i. e._ "Brought together," as "Where paths or streams or boundaries -come together." The reference may have been to the place where the stream -unites with Demarest's Kill, as shown on a map of survey in "History of -Rockland County." Welch's Island was so called from its enclosure by -streams and a marsh. (See Mattaconga and Mahway.) - -Skoonnenoghky is written as the name of a hill which formed the southwest -boundmark of a district of country purchased from the Indians by Governor -Dongan in 1685, and patented to Capt. John Evans by him in 1694, -described in the Indian deed as beginning on the Hudson, "At about the -place called the Dancing Chamber, thence south to the north side of the -land called Haverstraw, thence northwest along the hill called -Skoonnenoghky" to the bound of a previous purchase made by Dongan "Called -Meretange pond." (See Pitkiskaker.) The hill was specifically located in -a survey of part of the line of the Evans Patent, by Cadwallader Colden, -in 1722, noted as "Beginning at Stony Point and running over a high hill, -part of which makes the Stony Point, and is called Kunnoghky or -Kunnoghkin." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 162.) The south side of Stony Point -was then accepted as the "North side of the land called Haverstraw." The -hills in immediate proximity, at varying points of compass, are the -Bochberg (Dutch, _Bochelberg,_ "Humpback hill"), and the Donderberg, -neither of which, however, have connection with Stony Point, leaving the -conclusion certain that from the fact that the line had its beginning at -the extreme southeastern limit of the Point on the Hudson, the hill -referred to in the survey must have been that on which the Stony Point -fort of the Revolution was erected, "Part of which hill" certainly "makes -the Stony Point." Colden's form of the name, "Kunnoghky or Kunnoghkin," -is obviously an equivalent of Dongan's Schoonnenoghky. Both forms are -from the generic root _Gún,_ Lenape (_Qûn,_ Mass.), meaning -"Long"--_Gúnaquot,_ Lenape, "Long, tall, high, extending upwards"; -_Qunnúhqui_ (Mass.), "Tall, high, extending upwards"; _Qunnúhqui-ohke_ -or _Kunn'oghky,_ "Land extending upwards," high land, gradual ascent. -The name being generic was easily shifted about and so it was that in -adjusting the northwest line of the Evans Patent it came to have -permanent abode as that of the hill now known as Schunnemunk in the town -of Cornwall, Orange County, to the advantage of the proprietors of the -Minisink Patent. [FN] Reference to the old patent line will be met in -other connections. - - * * * * * - - [FN] The patent to Capt. John Evans was granted by Gov. Dongan in 1694, - and vacated by act of the Colonial Assembly in 1708, approved by the - Queen in 1708. It included Gov. Dongan's two purchases of 1784-85. - {_sic_} It was not surveyed; its southeast, or properly its northwest - line was never satisfactorily determined, but was supposed to run from - Stony Point to a certain pond called Maretanze in the present town of - Greenville, Orange County. Following the vacation of the patent in 1708, - several small patents were granted which were described in general terms - as a part of the lands which it covered. In order to locate them the - Surveyor-General of the Province in 1722, propounded an inquiry as to - the bounds of the original grant; hence the survey by Cadwallader - Colden. The line then established was called "The New Northwest Line." - It was substantially the old line from Stony Point to Maretanze Pond - (now Binnenwater), in Greenville, and cut off a portion of the territory - which was supposed to have been included in the Wawayanda Patent. - Another line was projected in 1765-6, by the proprietors of the Minisink - Patent, running further northeast and the boundmark shifted to a pond - north of Sam's Point, the name going with it. The transaction formed the - well-known Minisink Angle, and netted the Minisink proprietors 56,000 - acres of unoccupied lands. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 986.) Compare Cal. - N. Y. Land Papers, 164, 168, 171, 172, and Map of Patents in Hist. - Orange Co., quarto edition. - - -Reckgawank, of record in 1645 as the name of Haverstraw, appears in -several later forms. Dr. O'Callaghan (Hist. New Neth.) noted: -"Sessegehout, chief of Rewechnong of Haverstraw." In Col. Hist. N. Y., -"Keseshout [FN-1] chief of Rewechnough, or Haverstraw," "Curruppin, -brother, and representative of the chief of Rumachnanck, alias -Haverstraw." In the treaty of 1645: "Sesekemick and Willem, chiefs of -Tappans and Reckgawank," which Brodhead found converted to "Kumachenack, -or Haverstraw." [FN-2] The original is no doubt from _Rekau,_ "Sand, -gravel," with verb substantive _wi,_ and locative _-ng,_ or _-ink_; -written by Zeisberger, _Lekauwi._ The same word appears in _Rechqua-akie,_ -now Rockaway, L. I. The general meaning, with the locative _-nk_ or -_-ink,_ is "At the sandy place," and the reference to the sandy flats, -at Haverstraw, where Sesegehout presumably resided. There is no reason -for placing this clan on Long Island. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] _Sesehout_ seems to have been written to convey an idea of the - rank of the sachem from the Dutch word _Schout,_ "Sheriff." - _K'schi-sakima,_ "Chief, principal," or "greatest sachem." In Duchess - County the latter is written _t'see-saghamaugh._ - - [FN-2] Haverstraw is from Dutch _Haverstroo._ "Oat straw," presumably - so named from the wild oats which grew abundantly on the flats. - - -Nawasink, Yan Dakah, Caquaney and Aquamack, are entered in the Indian -deed to De Hart as names for lands purchased by him at Haverstraw in -1666. The deed reads: "A piece of land and meadow lying upon Hudson's -River in several parcels, called by the Indians Nawasink, Yan Dakah, -Caquaney, and Aquamack, within the limits of Averstraw, bounded on the -east and north by Hudson's River, on the west by a creek called -Menisakcungue, and on the south by the mountain." The mountain on the -south could have been no other than Verdrietig Hoek, and the limit on the -north the mouth of the creek in the cove formed by Grassy Point, which -was long known as "The further neck." Further than is revealed by the -names the places cannot be certainly identified. Taken in the order in -the deed, _Newasink_ located a place that was "At (or on) a point or -promontory." It is a pure Lenape name. _Yan Dakah_ is probably from _Yu -Undach,_ "On this side," _i. e._ on the side towards the speaker. -_Caquancy_ is so badly corrupted that its derivative is not recognizable. -_Aquamack_ seems to be the same word that we have in Accomack, Va., -meaning, "On the Other side," or "Other side lands." In deed to Florus -Crom is mentioned "Another parcel of upland and meadow known by the name -of _Ahequerenoy,_ lying north of the brook called Florus Falls and -extending to Stony Point," the south line of which was the north line of -the Haverstraw lands as later understood. The tract was known for years -as "The end place." - -Sankapogh, Indian deed to Van Cortlandt, 1683--Sinkapogh, Songepogh, -Tongapogh--is given as the name of a small stream flowing to the Hudson -south of the stream called Assinapink, locally now known as Swamp Kill -and Snake-hole Creek. The stream is the outlet of a pool or spring which -forms a marsh at or near the foot of precipitous rocks. Probably an -equivalent of Natick _Sonkippog,_ "Cool water." - -Poplopen's Creek, now so written, the name of the stream flowing to the -Hudson between the sites of the Revolutionary forts Clinton and -Montgomery, south of West Point, and also the name of one of the ponds -of which the stream is the outlet, seems to be from English _Pop-looping_ -(Dutch _Loopen_), and to describe the stream as flowing out -quickly--_Pop_, "To issue forth with a quick, sudden movement"; _Looping_, -"To run," to flow, to stream. The flow of the stream was controlled by -the rise and fall of the waters in the ponds on the hills, seven in -number. The outlet of Poplopen Pond is now dammed back to retain a head -of water for milling purposes. It is a curious name. The possessive _'s_ -does not belong to the original--Pop-looping Creek. - -Assinapink, the name of a small stream of water flowing to the Hudson -from a lake bearing the same name--colloquially _Sinsapink_--known in -Revolutionary history as Bloody Pond--is of record, "A small rivulet of -water called _Assin-napa-ink_" (Cal. N, Y. Land Papers, 99), from -_Assin,_ "stone"; _Napa,_ "lake, pond," or place of water, and _-ink,_ -locative, literally, "Place of water at or on the stone." The current -interpretation, "Water from the solid rock," is not specially -inappropriate, as the lake is at the foot of the rocks of Bare Mountain. -At a certain place in the course of the stream a legal description reads: -"A whitewood tree standing near the southerly side of a ridge of rocks, -lying on the south side of a brook there called by the Indians -_Sickbosten_ Kill, and by the Christians Stony Brook." [FN] The Indians -never called the stream _Sickbosten,_ unless they learned that word from -the Dutch, for corrupted Dutch it is. The derivative is _Boos,_ "Wicked, -evil, angry"; _Zich Boos Maken,_ "To grow angry," referring particularly -to the character of the stream in freshets. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Adv. in Newburgh Mirror, June 18, 1798. - - -Prince's Falls, so called in description of survey of patent to Samuel -Staats, 1712: "Beginning at ye mouth of a small rivulet called by the -Indians Assin-napa-ink, then up the river (Hudson) as it runs, two -hundred chains, which is about four chains north of Prince's Falls, -including a small rocky isle and a small piece of boggy meadow called -John Cantton Huck; also a small slip of land on each side of a fall of -water just below ye meadow at ye said John Cantonhuck." (Cal. N. Y. Land -Papers, 99.) Long known as Buttermilk Falls and more recently as Highland -Falls. In early days the falls were one of the most noted features on -the lower Hudson. They were formed by the discharge over a precipice of -the outlet waters of Bog-meadow Brook. They were called Prince's Falls -in honor of Prince Maurice of Holland. The name was extended to the creek -in the Staats survey--Prince's Kill. - -Manahawaghin is of record as the name of what is now known as Iona -Island, in connection with "A certain tract of land on the west side of -Hudson's River, beginning on the south side of a creek called Assinapink, -together with a certain island and parcel of meadow called Manahawaghin, -and by the Christians Salisbury Island." The island lies about one mile -south of directly opposite Anthony's Nose, and is divided from the main -land by a narrow channel or marshy water-course. The tract of land lies -immediately north of the Donderberg; it was the site of the settlement -known as Doodletown in Revolutionary history. The name is probably from -_Mannahatin,_ the indefinite or diminutive form of _Mannahata,_ "The -Island"--literally, "Small island." The last word of the record form is -badly mangled. (See Manhattan.) - - - -[Illustration: Northern Gate of the Highlands] - - - -Manahan, meaning "Island"--indefinite _-an_--is a record name of what is -now known as Constitution Island, the latter title from Fort Constitution -which was erected thereon during the war of the Revolution. The early -Dutch navigators called it Martelaer's Rack Eiland, from Martelaer, -"Martyr," and Rack, a reach or sailing course--"the Martyr's Reach"--from -the baffling winds and currents encountered in passing West Point. The -effort of Judge Benson to convert "Martelaer's" to "Murderer's." and -"Rack" to "Rock"--"the Murderer's Rock"--was unfortunate. - -Pollepel Eiland, a small rocky island in the Hudson at the northern -entrance to the Highlands, was given that name by an early Dutch -navigator. It means, literally, "Pot-ladle Island," so called, presumably, -from its fancied resemblance to a Dutch pot-ladle. Jasper Dankers and -Peter Sluyter wrote the name in their Journal in 1679-80, indicating that -the island was then well known by that title. On Van der Donck's map of -1656 the island is named Kaes Eiland. Dutch _Kaas_ (cheese) _Eiland._ -Dankers and Sluyter also wrote, "_Boter-berg_ (Butter-hill), because it -is like the rolls of butter which the farmers of Holland take to market." -Read in connection the names are Butter Hill and Cheese Island. The same -writers wrote, "_Hays-berg_ (Hay-hill), because it is like a hay-stack -in Holland," and "_Donder-berg_ (Thunder-hill), so called from the echoes -of thunder peals which culminated there." The latter retains its ancient -Dutch title. It is eminently the Echo Hill of the Highlands. The oldest -record name of any of the hills is _Klinker-berg,_ which is written on -the Carte Figurative of 1614-16 directly opposite a small island and -apparently referred to Butter Hill. It means literally, "Stone Mountain." -The passage between Butter Hill and Break Neck, on the east side of the -river, was called "Wey-gat, or Wind-gate, because the wind often blowed -through it with great force," wrote Dr. Dwight. The surviving name, -however, is _Warragat,_ from Dutch _Warrelgat,_ "Wind-gate." It was at -the northern entrance to this troublesome passage that Hudson anchored -the Half-Moon, September 29th, 1609. Brodhead suggested (Note K, Vol. I) -that Pollepel Island was that known in early Dutch history as Prince's -Island, or Murderer's Creek Island, and that thereon was erected Fort -Wilhelmus, referred to by Wassenaer in 1626. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 35.) -The evidence is quite clear, however, that the island to which Wassenaer -referred was in the vicinity of Schodac, where there was also a -Murderer's Creek. - -Hudson, on his exploration of the river which now bears his name, sailed -into the bay immediately north of Butter Hill, now known as Newburgh Bay, -on the morning of the 15th of September, 1709. After spending several -days in the northern part of the river, he reached Newburgh Bay on his -return voyage in the afternoon of September 29th, and cast anchor, or -as stated in Juet's Journal, "Turned down to the edge of the mountains, -or the northernmost of the mountains, and anchored, because the high -lands hath many points, and a narrow channel, and hath many eddie winds. -So we rode quietly all night." The hill or mountain long known as -Breakneck, on the east side of the river, may be claimed as the -northernmost, which would place his anchorage about midway between -Newburgh and Pollepel Island. - -Quassaick, now so written, is of record, _Quasek,_ 1709; "Near to a place -called _Quasaik,_" 1709-10; _Quasseck,_ 1713; "_Quassaick_ Creek upon -Hudson's River," 1714. It was employed to locate the place of settlement -of the Palatine immigrants in 1709--"The Parish of Quassaick," later, -"The Parish of Newburgh." It is now preserved as the name of the creek -which bounds (in part) the city of Newburgh on the south. "Near to a -place called Quasek," indicates that the place of settlement was located -by the name of some other place which was near to it and generally known -by the name. The late Dr. E. B. O'Callaghan read it, in 1856: "From -_Qussuk,_ 'Stone,' and _-ick,_ 'Place where,' literally, 'A place of -stone,'" the presumed reference being to the district through which the -stream flows, which is remarkable for its deposit of glacial bowlders. -The correctness of this interpretation has been questioned on very -tenable grounds. _Qusuk_ is not in the plural number and _-uk_ does not -stand for _-ick._ Eliot wrote: "_Qussuk,_ a rock," and "_Qussukquan-ash,_ -rocks." _Qussuk,_ as a substantive simply, would be accepted as the name -of a place called "A rock," by metonymie, "A stone." No other meaning -can be drawn from it. It does not belong to the dialect of the district, -the local terms being _-ápuch,_ "Rock," and _-assin,_ or _-achsûn,_ -"Stone." Dr. O'Callaghan's interpretation may safely be rejected. William -R. Gerard writes: "The worst corrupted name that I know of is _Wequaskeg_ -or _Wequaskeek,_ meaning, 'At the end of the marsh.' It appears in -innumerable forms--_Weaxashuk, Wickerschriek, Weaquassic,_ etc. I think -that Quassaick, changed from Quasek (1709), is one of these corruptions. -The original word probably referred to some place at the end of a swamp. -The word would easily become Quasekek, Quasek, and Quassaick. The -formative _-ek,_ in words meaning swamp, marsh, etc., was often dropped -by both Dutch and English scribes." This conjecture would seem to locate -the name as that of the end of Big Swamp, nearly five miles distant from -the place of settlement. My conjecture is that the name is from Moh. -_Kussuhkoe,_ meaning "High;" with substantive _Kussuhkohke,_ "High -lands," the place of settlement being described as "Near the Highlands," -which became the official designation of "The Precinct of the Highlands." -_Kussuhk_ is pretty certainly met in _Cheesek-ook,_ the name of patented -lands in the Highlands, described as "Uplands and meadows;" also in -_Quasigh-ook,_ Columbia County, which is described as "A high place on -a high hill." The Palatine settlers at _Quasek,_ wrote, in 1714, that -their place was "all uplands," a description which will not be disputed -at the present day. (See Cheesekook, Quissichkook, etc.) - -Much-Hattoos, a hill so called in petition of William Chambers and -William Sutherland, in 1709, for a tract of land in what is now the town -of New Windsor, and in patent to them in 1712, a boundmark described as -"West by the hill called Much-Hattoes," is apparently from _Match,_ -"Evil, bad;" _-adchu,_ "Hill" or mountain, and _-es,_ "Small"--"A small -hill bad," or a small hill that for some reason was not regarded with -favor. [FN] The eastern face of the hill is a rugged wall of gneiss; the -western face slopes gradually to a swamp not far from its base and to a -small lake, the latter now utilized for supplying the city of Newburgh -with water, with a primary outlet through a passage under a spur of the -hill, which the Indians may have regarded as a mysterious or bad place. -In local nomenclature the hill has long been known as Snake Hill, from -the traditionary abundance of rattle-snakes on it, though few have been -seen there in later years. - - * * * * * - - [FN] "I think your reading of _Muchattoos_ as an orthography of original - _Matchatchu's,_ is very plausible. I think _Massachusetts_ is the same - word, plus a locative suffix and English sign of the plural. It was - formerly spelled in many ways: Mattachusetts, Massutchet, Matetusses, - etc. Dr. Trumbull read it as standing for _Mass-adchu-set,_ 'At the big - hills'; but I learn from history that Massachusetts was originally the - name of a _hillock_ situated in the midst of a salt marsh. It was a - locality selected by the sachem of his tribe as one of his places of - residence. He stood in fear of his enemies, the Penobscotts, and this - hillock, from its situation was a 'bad,' or difficult place to reach. - So Massachsat for Matsadchuset or Mat-adchu-set plainly means, 'On the - bad hillock.'" (Wm. R. Gerard.) - - -Cronomer's Hill and Cronomer's Valley, about three miles west of the city -of Newburgh, take their names from a traditionary Indian called Cronomer, -the location of whose wigwam is said to be still known as "The hut lot." -The name is probably a corruption of the original, which may have been -Dutch Jeronimo. - -Murderer's Creek, so called in English records for many years, and by the -Dutch "den Moordenaars' Kil," is entered on map of 1666, "R. Tans Kamer," -or River of the Dance Chamber, and the point immediately south of its -mouth, "de Bedrieghlyke Hoek" (Dutch, Bedrieglijk), meaning "a deceitful, -fraudulent hook," or corner, cape, or angle. Presumably the Dutch -navigator was deceived by the pleasant appearance of the bay, sailed into -it and found his vessel in the mouth of the Warrelgat. Tradition affirms -in explanation of the Dutch Moordenaars that an early company of traders -entered their vessel in the mouth of the stream; that they were enticed -on shore at Sloop Hill and there murdered. Paulding, in his beautiful -story, "Naoman," related the massacre of a pioneer family at the same -place. The event, however, which probably gave the name to the stream -occurred in August, 1643, when boats passing down the river from Fort -Orange, laden with furs, were attacked by the Indians "above the -Highlands" and "nine Christians, including two women were murdered, and -one woman and two children carried away prisoners," (Doc. Hist. N. Y., -iv, 12), the narrative locating the occurrence by the name "den -Moordenaars' Kil," _i. e._ the kill from which the attacking party issued -forth or on which the murderers resided. The first appearance of the name -in English records is in a deed to Governor Dongan, in 1685, in which the -lands purchased by him included "the lands of the Murderers' Creek -Indians," the stream being then well known by the name. The present name, -Moodna, was converted to that form, by N. P. Willis from the Dutch -"Moordenaar," by dropping letters, an inexcusable emasculation from a -historic standpoint, but made poetical by his interpretation, "Meeting -of the waters." - -Schunnemunk, now so written, the name of a detached hill in the town of -Cornwall, Orange County, appears of record in that connection, first, in -the Wilson and Aske Patent of 1709, in which the tract granted is -described as lying "Between the hills at Scoonemoke." Skoonnemoghky, -Skonanaky, Schunnemock, Schonmack Clove, Schunnemock Hill, are other -forms. In 1750 Schunnamunk appears, and in 1774, on Sauthier's map (1776) -Schunnamank is applied to the range of hills which have been described -as "The High Hills to the west of the Highlands." 'In a legal brief in -the controversy to determine finally the northwest line of the Evans -Patent, the name is written Skonanake, and the claim made that it was the -hill named Skoonnemoghky in the deed from the Indians to Governor Dongan, -in 1685, and therein given as the southeast boundmark of the lands of -"The Murderer's Creek Indians," and, later, the hill along which the -northwest line of the Evans Patent ran, which it certainly was not, -although the name is probably from the same generic. (See Schoonnenoghky.) -The hill forms the west shoulder of Woodbury Valley. It is a somewhat -remarkable elevation in geological formation and bears on its summit many -glacial scratches. On its north spur stood the castle of Maringoman, one -of the grantors of the deed to Governor Dongan, and who later removed to -the north side of the Otter Kill where his wigwam became a boundmark in -two patents. [FN] The traditionary word "castle," in early days of Indian -history, was employed as the equivalent of town, whether palisaded or -not. In this case we may read the name, "Maringoman's Town," which may or -may not have been palisaded. It seems to have been the seat of the -"Murderer's Creek Indians." The burial ground of the clan is marked on a -map of the Wilson and Aske Patent, and has been located by Surveyor Fred -J. McKnight (1898) on the north side of the Cornwall and Monroe line and -very near the present road past the Houghton farm, near which the castle -stood. The later "cabin" of the early sachem is plainly located. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Van Dam Patent (1709) and Mompesson Patent (1709-12). The late Hon. - George W. Tuthill wrote me in 1858: "On the northwestern bank of - Murderers' Creek, about half a mile below Washingtonville, stands the - dwelling-house of Henry Page (a colored man), said to be the site of - Maringoman's wigman, referred to in the Van Dam Patent of 1709. The - southwesterly corner of that patent is in a southwesterly direction from - said Page's house." - - In the controversy in regard to the northwest line of the Evans Patent, - one of the counsel said: "It is also remarkable that the Murderers' - Creek extends to the hill Skonanaky, and that the Indian, Maringoman, - who sold the lands, did live on the south side of Murderers' Creek, - opposite the house where John McLean now (1756) dwells, near the said - hill, and also lived on the north bank of Murderers' Creek, where Colonel - Mathews lives. The first station of his boundaries is a stone set in the - ground at Maringoman's castle." - - -Winegtekonck, 1709--_Wenighkonck,_ 1726; _Wienackonck,_ 1739--is quoted -as the name of what is now known as Woodcock Mountain, in the town of -Blooming-Grove, It is not so connected, however, in the record of 1709, -which reads: "A certain tract of land by the Indians called -_Wineghtek-onck_ and parts adjacent, lying on both sides of Murderers' -Kill" (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 91), in which connection it seems to be -another form of Mahican _Wanun-ketukok,_ "At the winding of the river"--"A -bend-of-the-river-place." Presumably the reference is to a place where -the stream bends in the vicinity of the hill. The name appears in an -abstract of an Indian deed to Sir Henry Ashurst, in 1709, for a tract of -land of about sixteen square miles. The purchase was not patented, the -place being included in the Governor Dongan purchase of 1685, and in the -Evans Patent. - -Sugar Loaf, the name of a conical hill in the town of Chester, Orange -County, is not an Indian name of course, but it enters into an enumeration -of Indian places, as in its vicinity were found by Charles Clinton, in -his survey of the Cheesec-ock Patent in 1738, the unmistakable evidences -of the site of an Indian village, then probably not long abandoned, and -Mr. Eager (Hist. Orange Co.) quoted evidences showing that on a farm then -(1846) owned by Jonathan Archer, was an Indian burying ground, the marks -of which were still distinct prior to the Revolution. - -Runbolt's Run, a spring and creek in the town of Goshen, are said to have -taken that name from Rombout, one of the Indian grantors of the Wawayanda -tract. It is probable, however, that the name is a corruption of Dutch -_Rondbocht,_ meaning, "A tortuous pool, puddle, marsh," at or near which -the chief may have resided. _Rombout_ (Dutch) means "Bull-fly." It could -hardly have been the name of a run of water. - -Mistucky, the name of a small stream in the town of Warwick, has lost -some of its letters. _Mishquawtucke_ (Nar.), would read, "Place of red -cedars." - -Pochuck, given as the name of "A wild, rugged and romantic region" in -Sussex County, N. J., to a creek near Goshen, and, modernly, to a place -in Newburgh lying under the shadow of Muchhattoes Hill, is no doubt from -_Putscheck_ (Len.), "A corner or repress," a retired or "out-of-the-way -place." Eliot wrote _Poochag,_ in the Natick dialect, and Zeisberger, in -the Minsi-Lenape, _Puts-cheek,_ which is certainly heard in Pochuck. - -Chouckhass, one of the Indian grantors of the Wawayanda tract, left his -name to what is now called Chouck's Hill, in the town of Warwick. The -land on which he lived and in which he was buried came into possession -of Daniel Burt, an early settler, who gave decent sepulture to the bones -of the chief. [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] The traditional places of residence of several of the sachems who - signed the Wawayanda deed is stated by a writer in "Magazine of American - History," and may be repeated on that authority, viz: "Oshaquememus, - chief of a village, near the point where the Beaver-dam Brook empties - into Murderers' Creek near Campbell Hall; Moshopuck, on the flats now - known as Haverstraw; Ariwimack, chief, on the Wallkill, extending from - Goshen to Shawongunk; Guliapaw, chief of a clan residing near Long Pond - (Greenwood Lake), within fifty rods of the north end of the pond; - Rapingonick died about 1730 at the Delaware Water-Gap." The names given - by the writer do not include all the signers of the deed. One of the - unnamed grantors was _Claus,_ so called from _Klaas_ (Dutch), "A tall - ninny"; an impertinent, silly fellow; a ninny-jack. The name may have - accurately described the personality of the Indian. - - -Jogee Hill, in the town of Minisink, takes its name from and preserves -the place of residence of Keghekapowell, alias Jokhem (Dutch Jockem for -Joachim), one of the grantors of lands to Governor Dongan in 1684. The -first word of his Indian name, _Keghe,_ stands for _Keche,_ "Chief, -principal, greatest," and defined his rank as principal sachem. The -canton which he ruled was of considerable number. He remained in -occupation of the hill long after his associates had departed. - -Wawayanda, 1702--_Wawayanda_ or _Wocrawin,_ 1702; _Wawayunda,_ 1722-23; -_Wiwanda, Wowando,_ Index Col. Hist. N. Y.--the first form, one of the -most familiar names in Orange County, is preserved as that of a town, a -stream of water, and of a large district of country known as the -Wawayanda Patent, in which latter connection it appears of record, first, -in 1702, in a petition of Dr. Samuel Staats, of Albany, and others, for -license to purchase "A tract of land called Wawayanda, in the county of -Ulster, containing by estimation about five thousand acres, more or less, -lying about thirty miles backward in the woods from Hudson's River." (Land -Papers, 56.) In February of the same year the parties filed a second -petition for license to "purchase five thousand acres adjoining thereto, -as the petitioners had learned that their first purchase, 'called -Wawayanda' was 'altogether a swamp and not worth anything.'" In November -of the same year, having made the additional purchase, the parties asked -for a patent for ten thousand acres "Lying at Wawayanda or Woerawin." -Meanwhile Dr. John Bridges and Company, of New York, purchased under -license and later received patent for "certain tracts and parcels of -vacant lands in the county of Orange, called Wawayanda, and some other -small tracts and parcels of lands," and succeeded in including in their -patent the lands which had previously been purchased by Dr. Staats. -Specifically the tract called Wawayanda or Woerawin was never located, -nor were the several "certain tracts of land called Wawayanda" purchased -by Dr. Bridges. The former learned in a short time, however, that his -purchase was not "altogether a swamp," although it may have included or -adjoined one, and the latter found that his purchase included a number of -pieces of very fine lands and a number of swamps, and especially the -district known as the Drowned Lands, covering some 50,000 acres, in which -were several elevations called islands, now mainly obliterated by drainage -and traversed by turnpikes and railroads. Several water-courses were -there also, notably the stream now known as the Wallkill, and that known -as the Wawayanda or Warwick Creek, a stream remarkable for its tortuous -course. - -What and where was Wawayanda? The early settlers on the patent seem to -have been able to answer. Mr. Samuel Vantz, who then had been on the -patent for fifty-five years, gave testimony in 1785, that Wawayanda was -"Within a musket-shot of where DeKay lived." The reference was to the -homestead house of Col. Thomas DeKay, who was then dead since 1758. The -foundation of the house remains and its site is well known. In adjusting -the boundary line between New York and New Jersey it was cut off from -Orange County and is now in Vernon, New Jersey, where it is still known -as the "Wawayanda Homestead." Within a musket-shot of the site of the -ancient dwelling flows Wawayanda Creek, and with the exception of the -meadows through which it flows in a remarkably sinuous course, is the -only object in proximity to the place where DeKay lived, except the -meadow and the valley in which it flows. The locative of the name at that -point seems to be established with reasonable certainty as well as the -object to which it was applied--the creek. - -The meaning of the name remains to be considered. Its first two syllables -are surely from the root _Wai_ or _Wae;_ iterative and frequentive -_Wawai,_ or _Waway,_ meaning "Winding around many times." It is a generic -combination met in several forms--_Wawau,_ Lenape; _Wohwayen,_ Moh.; [FN] -_Wawai,_ Shawano; _Wawy, Wawi, Wawei,_ etc., on the North-central-Hudson, -as in _Waweiqate-pek-ook,_ Greene County, and _Wawayachton-ock,_ Dutchess -County. Dr. Albert S. Gatschet, of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me: -"_Wawayanda_, as a name formed by syllabic reduplication, presupposes a -simple form, _Wayanda,_ 'Winding around.' The reduplication is _Wawai,_ -or _Waway-anda,_ 'many' or 'several' windings, as a complex of river -bends." As the name stands it is a participial or verbal noun. _Waway,_ -"Winding around many times";--_-anda,_ "action, motion" (radical _-an,_ -"to move, to go"), and, inferentially, the place where the action of the -verb is performed, as in _Guttanda,_ "Taste it," the action of the throat -in tasting being referred to, and in _Popachándamen,_ "To beat; to -strike." As the verb termination of _Waway,_ "Round about many times," -it is entirely proper. The uniformity of the orthography leaves little -room for presuming that any other word was used by the grantors, or that -any letters were lost or dropped by the scribe in recording. It stands -simply as the name of an object without telling what that object was, but -what was it that could have had action, motion--that had many -windings--except Wawayanda Creek? - - * * * * * - - [FN] "_Wohwayen_ (Moh.), where the brook 'winds about,' turning to the - west and then to the east." (Trumbull.) _Wowoaushin,_ "It winds about." - (Eliot.) _Woweeyouchwan._ "It flows circuitously, winds about." (Ib.) - - -Mr. Ralph Wisner, of Florida, Orange County, recently reproduced in the -Warwick Advertiser, an affidavit made by Adam Wisner, May 19th, 1785, -at a hearing in Chester, in the contention to determine the boundary line -of the Cheesec-ock Patent, in which he stated that he was 86 years old -on the 15th of April past; that he had lived on the Wawayanda Patent -since 1715; that he "learned the Indian language" when he was a young -man; that the Indians "had told him that Wawayanda signified 'the -egg-shape,' or shape of an egg." Adam Wisner was an interpreter of the -local Indian dialect; he is met as such in records. His interpretations, -as were those of other interpreters, were mainly based on signs, motions, -objects. _Waway,_ "Winding about many times," would describe the lines -of an egg, but it is doubtful if the suffix, _-anda,_ had the meaning of -"shape." - -The familiar reading of Wawayanda, "Away-over-yonder," is a word-play, -like Irving's "Manhattan, Man-with-a-hat-on." Dr. Schoolcraft's -interpretation, "Our homes or places of dwelling," quoted in "History of -Orange County," is pronounced by competent authority to be "Dialectically -and grammatically untenable." It has poetic merit, but nothing more. -Schoolcraft borrowed it from Gallatin. - -Woerawin, given by Dr. Staats as the name of his second purchase, is also -a verbal noun. By dialectic exchange of _l_ for _r_ and giving to the -Dutch _æ_ its English equivalent _ü_ as in bull, it is probably from -the root _Wul,_ "Good, fine, handsome," etc., with the verbal termination -_-wi_ (Chippeway _-win_), indicating "objective existence," hence -"place," a most appropriate description for many places in the Wawayanda -or Warwick Valley. - -Monhagen, the name of a stream in the town of Wallkill, is, if Indian as -claimed, an equivalent of _Monheagan,_ from _Maingan,_ "A wolf," the -totem of the Mohegans of Connecticut. The name, however, has the sound of -Monagan--correctly, _Monaghan,_ the name of a county in Ireland, and quite -an extensive family name in Orange County. - -Long-house, Wawayanda, and Pochuck are local names for what may be -regarded as one and the same stream. It rises in the Drowned Lands, in -New Jersey, where it is known as Long-house Creek; flows north until it -receives the outlet of Wickham's Pond, in Warwick, Orange County, and -from thence the united streams form the Wawayanda or Warwick Creek, which -flows southwesterly for some miles into New Jersey and falls into Pochuck -Creek, which approaches from the northwest, and from thence the flow is -northwest into Orange County again to a junction with the Wallkill, -which, rising in Pine Swamp, Sparta, N. J., flows north and forms the -main drainage channel of the Drowned Lands. In addition to its general -course Wawayanda Creek is especially sinuous in the New Milford and -Sandfordville districts of Warwick, the bends multiplying at short -distances, and also in the vicinity of the De Kay homestead in Vernon. -In Warwick the stream has been known as "Wandering River" for many years. -The patented lands are on this stream. Its name, Long-house Creek, was, -no doubt, from one of the peculiar dwellings constructed by the Indians -known as a Long House, [FN] which probably stood on or near the stream, -and was occupied by the clan who sold the lands. _Pochuck_ is from a -generic meaning "A recess or corner." It is met in several places. (See -Wawayanda and Pochuck.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] The Indian Long House was from fifty to six hundred and fifty feet - in length by twenty feet in width, the length depending upon the number - of persons or families to be accommodated, each family having its own - fire. They were formed by saplings set in the ground, the tops bent - together and the whole covered with bark. The Five Nations compared - their confederacy to a long house reaching, figuratively, from Hudson's - River to Lake Erie. - - -Gentge-kamike, "A field appropriated for holding dances," may reasonably -have been the Indian name of the plateau adjoining the rocky point, at -the head of Newburgh Bay, which, from very early times, has been known -as _The Dans Kamer_ (Dance Chamber), a designation which appears of -record first in a Journal by David Pietersen de Vries of a trip made by -him in his sloop from Fort Amsterdam to Fort Orange, in 1639, who wrote, -under date of April 15: "At night came by the Dans Kamer, where there -was a party of Indians, who were very riotous, seeking only mischief; -so we were on our guard." Obviously the place was then as well known as -a landmark as was Esopus (Kingston), and may safely be claimed as having -received its Dutch name from the earliest Dutch navigators, from whom it -has been handed down not only as "The Dans Kamer," but as "t' Duivel's -Dans Kamer," the latter presumably designative of the fearful orgies -which were held there familiarly known as "Devil worship." During the -Esopus War of 1663, Lieut. Couwenhoven, who was lying with his sloop -opposite the Dans Kamer, wrote, under date of August 14th, that "the -Indians thereabout on the river side" made "a great uproar every night, -firing guns and Kintecaying, so that the woods rang again." There can be -no doubt from the records that the plateau was an established place for -holding the many dances of the Indians. The word _Kinte_ is a form of -_Géntge_ (Zeisb.), meaning "dance." Its root is _Kanti,_ a verbal, -meaning "To sing." _Géntgeen,_ "To dance" (Zeisb.), _Gent' Keh'n_ (Heck.), -comes down in the local Dutch records _Kinticka, Kinte-Kaye, Kintecaw, -Kintekaying_ (dancing), and has found a resting place in the English word -_Canticoy,_ "A social dance." Dancing was eminently a feature among the -Indians. They had their war dances, their festival dances, their social -dances, etc. As a rule, their social dances were pleasant affairs. Rev. -Heckewelder wrote that he would prefer being present at a social Kintecoy -for a full hour, than a few minutes only at such dances as he had -witnessed in country taverns among white people. "Feast days," wrote -Van der Donck in 1656, "are concluded by old and middle aged men with -smoking; by the young with a Kintecaw, singing and dancing." Every Indian -captive doomed to death, asked and was granted the privilege of singing -and dancing his Kintekaye, or death song. War dances were riotous; the -scenes of actual battle were enacted. The religious dances and rites were -so wonderful that even the missionaries shrank from them, and the English -government forbade their being held within one hundred miles of European -settlements. The holding of a war dance was equivalent to opening a -recruiting station, men only attending and if participating in the dance -expressed thereby their readiness to enter upon the war. It was probably -one of these Kantecoys that Couwenhoven witnessed in 1663. - -There were two dancing fields here--so specified in deed--the "Large Dans -Kamer" and the "Little Dans Kamer," the latter a limited plateau on the -point and the former the large plateau now occupied in part by the site -of the Armstrong House. The Little Dans Kamer is now practically -destroyed by the cut on the West-shore Railroad. 'Sufficient of the Large -Dans Kamer remains to evidence its natural adaptation for the purposes -to which the Indians assigned it. Paths lead to the place from all -directions. Negotiations for the exchange of prisoners held by the Esopus -Indians were conducted there, and there the Esopus Indians had direct -connection with the castle of the Wappingers on the east side of the -Hudson. There are few places on the Hudson more directly associated with -Indian customs and history than the Dans Kamer. - -Arackook, Kachawaweek, and Oghgotacton are record but unlocated names of -places on the east side of the Wallkill, by some presumed to have been -in the vicinity of Walden, Orange County, from the description: "Beginning -at a fall called Arackook and running thence northwesterly on the east -side of Paltz Creek until it comes to Kachawaweek." The petitioner for -the tract was Robert Sanders, a noted interpreter, who renewed his -petition in 1702, calling the tract Oghgotacton, and presented a claim -to title from a chief called Corporwin, as the representative of his -brother Punguanis, "Who had been ten years gone to the Ottowawas." He -again gave the description, "Beginning at the fall called Arackook," but -there is no trace of the location of the patent in the vicinity of -Walden. - -Hashdisch was quoted by the late John W. Hasbrouck, of Kingston, as the -name of what has long been known as "The High Falls of the Wallkill" at -Walden. Authority not stated, but presumably met by Mr. Hasbrouck in -local records. It may be from _Ashp, Hesp,_ etc., "High," and _-ish,_ -derogative. The falls descend in cascades and rapids about eighty feet -at an angle of forty-five degrees. Though their primary appearance has -been marred by dams and mills, they are still impressive in freshet -seasons. - -Twischsawkin is quoted as the name of the Wallkill at some place in New -Jersey. On Sauthier's map it stands where two small ponds are represented -and seems to have reference to the outlet. _Twisch_ may be an equivalent -of _Tisch,_ "Strong," and _Sawkin_ may be an equivalent of Heckewelder's -_Saucon,_ "Outlet," or mouth of a river, pond, etc. Wallkill, the name -of the stream as now written, is an Anglicism of Dutch _Waal,_ "Haven, -gulf, depth," etc., and _Kil,_ "Channel" or water-course. It is the name -of an arm of the Rhine in the Netherlands, and was transferred here by -the Huguenots who located in New Paltz. (See Wawayanda.) - -Shawangunk, the name of a town, a stream of water, and a range of hills -in Ulster County, was that of a specific place from which it was -extended. It is of record in many orthographies, the first in 1684, of -a place called _Chauwanghungh,_ [FN-1] in deed from the Indians to -Governor Dongan, in the same year, _Chawangon,_ [FN-2] and _Chanwangung_ -in 1686, [FN-3] later forms running to variants of _Shawangunk._ The -locative is made specific in a grant to Thomas Lloyd in 1687; [FN-4] in -a grant to Severeign Tenhout in 1702, [FN-5] and in a description in -1709, "Adjoining Shawangung, Nescotack and the Palze." [FN-6] In several -other patent descriptions the locative is further identified by "near to" -or "adjoining," and finally (1723) by "near the village of Showangunck," -at which time the "village" consisted of the dwellings of Thomas Lloyd, -on the north side of Shawangunk Kill; Severeign Tenhout on the south -side; and Jacobus Bruyn, Benjamin Smedes, and others, with a mill, at and -around what was known later as the village of Tuthiltown. In 1744, -Jacobus Bruyn was the owner of the Lloyd tract. [FN-7] The distribution -of the name over the district as a general locative is distinctly -traceable from this center. It was never the name of the mountain, nor -of the stream, and it should be distinctly understood that it does not -appear in Kregier's Journal of the Second Esopus War, nor in any record -prior to 1684, and could not have been that of any place other than that -distinctly named in Governor Dongan's deed and in Lloyd's Patent. - -Topographically, the tract was at and on the side of a hill running north -from the fiats on the stream to a point of which Nescotack was the -summit, the Lloyd grant lying in part on the hill-side and in part on the -low lands on the stream. The mountain is eight miles distant. Without -knowledge of the precise location of the name several interpretations of -it have been made, generally from _Shawan,_ "South"--South Mountain, -South Water, South Place. [FN-8] The latter is possible, _i. e._ a place -lying south of Nescotack, as in the sentence: "Schawangung, Nescotack, -and the Paltz." From the topography of the locative, however, Mr. William -R. Gerard suggests that the derivatives are _Scha_ (or _Shaw_), "Side," -_-ong,_ "hill," and _-unk,_ locative, the combination reading, "At (or -on) the hill-side." [FN-9] This reading is literally sustained by the -locative. - -The name is of especial interest from its association with the Dutch and -Indian War of 1663, although not mentioned in Kregier's narrative of the -destruction of the Indian palisaded village called "New Fort," and later -Shawongunk Fort. The narrative is very complete in colonial records. -[FN-10] The village or fort was not as large as that called Kahanksan, -which had previously been destroyed. It was composed of ten huts, -probably capable of accommodating two or three hundred people. The -palisade around them formed "a perfect square," on the brow of a tract -of table-land on the bank of Shawongunk Kill. Since first settlement the -location has been known as "New Fort." It is on the east side of the -stream about three miles west of the village of Wallkill. [FN-11] In the -treaty of 1664 the site and the fields around it were conceded, with -other lands, to the Dutch, by the Indians, as having been "conquered by -the sword," but were subsequently included (1684) in the purchase by -Governor Dongan. Later were included in the patent to Capt. John Evans, -and was later covered by one of the smaller patents into which the Evans -Patent was divided. When the Dutch troops left it it was a terrible -picture of desolation. The huts had been burned, the bodies of the -Indians who had been killed and thrown into the corn-pits had been -unearthed by wolves and their skeletons left to bleach on the plain, with -here and there the half eaten body of a child. For years it was a fable -told to children that the place was haunted by the ghosts of the slain, -and even now the timid feel a peculiar sensation, when visiting the site, -whenever a strange cry breaks on the ear, and the assurance that it is -real comes with gratefulness in the shouts of the harvesters in the -nearby fields. It is a place full of history, full of poetry, full of -the footprints of the aboriginal lords, "Further down the creek," says -the narrative, "several large wigwams stood, which we also burned, and -divers maize fields which we also destroyed." On the sites of some of -these wigwams fine specimens of Indian pottery and stone vessels and -implements have been found, as well as many arrow-points of flint. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "Land lying about six or seven miles beyond ye Town where ye - Walloons dwell, upon ye same creek; ye name of ye place is Chauwanghungh - and Nescotack, two small parcels of land lying together." (N. Y. Land - Papers, 29, 30.) - - [FN-2] "Comprehending all those lands, meadows and woods called - Nescotack, Chawangon, Memorasink, Kakogh, Getawanuck and Ghittatawah." - (Deed to Gov. Dongan.) - - [FN-3] "Beginning on the east side of the river (now Wallkill), and at - the south end of a small island in the river, at the mouth of the river - Chauwangung, in the County of Ulster, laid out for James Graham and John - Delaval." (N. Y. Land Papers, 38.) - - [FN-4] "Description of a survey of 410 acres of land, called by the - Indian name Chauwangung, laid out for Thomas Lloyd." (N. Y. Land Papers, - 44.) - - [FN-5] N. Y. Land Papers, 60. - - [FN-6] Ib. 169. Other early forms are Shawongunk (1685), Shawongonck - (1709), Shawongunge (1712). - - [FN-7] From Jacobus Bruyn came the ancient hamlet still known as - Bruynswick. He erected a stone mansion on the tract, in the front wall - of which was cut on a marble tablet, "Jacobus Bruyn. 1724." The house - was destroyed by fire in 1870 (about), and a frame dwelling erected on - its old foundation. It is about half-way between Bruynswick and - Tuthilltown; owned later by John V. McKinstry. The location is certain - from the will of Jacobus Bruyn in 1744. - - [FN-8] The most worthless interpretation is that in Spofford's Gazeteer - and copied by Mather in his Geological Survey: "_Shawen,_ in the Mohegan - language, means 'White,' also 'Salt.' and _Gunk,_ 'A large pile of - rocks,' hence 'White Rocks' or mountain." The trouble with it is that - there is no such word as _Shawen,_ meaning "White" in any Algonquian - dialect, and no such word as _Gunk,_ meaning "Rocks." - - [FN-9] The monosyllable _Shaw_ or _Schaw,_ radical _Scha,_ means "Side, - edge, border, shore," etc. _Schauwunuppéque,_ "On the shore of the - lake." _Enda-tacht-schawûnge,_ "At the narrows where the hill comes - close to the river." (Heck.) _Schajawonge,_ "Hill-side" (Zeisb.), from - which _Schawong-unk,_ "On the hill-side," or at the side of the hill, - the precise bound of the name cannot be stated. - - [FN-10] Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv, 71, 72, _et. seq._ Col. Hist. N. Y., - xiii, 272, 326. - - [FN-11] Authorities quoted and paper by Rev. Charles Scott, D. D., in - "Proceedings Ulster Co. Hist. Soc." - - -Memorasink, Kahogh, Gatawanuk, and Ghittatawagh, names handed down in the -Indian deed to Governor Dongan in 1684, have no other record, nor were -they ever specifically located. The lands conveyed to him extended from -the Shawangunk range to the Hudson, bounded on the north by the line of -the Paltz Patent, and south by a line drawn from about the Dans Kamer. -_Ghittatawagh_ is probably from _Kitchi,_ "Great, strong," etc., and -_Towatawik,_ "Wilderness"--the great wilderness, or uninhabited district. -_Gatawanuk_ seems to be from _Kitchi,_ "Strong," _-awan,_ impersonal verb -termination, and _-uk,_ locative, and to describe a place on a strong -current or flowing stream. The same name seems to appear in Kitchawan, -now Croton River. It may have located lands on the Wallkill. - -Nescotack, a certain place so called in the Dongan deed of 1684, is -referred to in connection with Shawongunk. It was granted by patent to -Jacob Rutsen and described as "A tract of land by the Indians called -Nescotack and by the Christians Guilford." (N. Y. Land Papers, 29, 30.) -Guilford was known for many years as Guilford Church, immediately west -of Shawongunk. The actual location of the name, however, is claimed for -a hamlet now called Libertyville, further north, which was long known as -Nescotack. The district is an extended ridge which rises gradually from -the Shawongunk River-bottoms on the east and falls off on the west more -abruptly. The name, probably, describes this ridge as "High lands," an -equivalent of _Esquatak_ and _Eskwatack_ on the Upper Hudson; _Ashpotag,_ -Mass., and Westchester Co. _Esp, Hesp, Ishp, Hesko, Nesco,_ etc., are -record orthographies. (See Schodac and Shawongunk.) - -Wishauwemis, a place-name in Shawongunk, was translated by Rev. Dr. -Scott, "The place of beeches," from _Schauwemi,_ "Beech wood"; but seems -to be an equivalent of Moh. _Wesauwemisk,_ a species of oak with yellow -bark used for dyeing. _Wisaminschi,_ "Yellow-wood tree." (Zeisb.) - -Wickquatennhonck, a place so called in patent to Jacobus Bruyn and Benj. -Smedes, 1709, is described as "Land lying near a small hill called, in -ye Indian tongue, Wickqutenhonck," in another paper Wickquatennhonck, -"Land lying near the end of the hill." The name means, "At the end of -the hill," from _Wequa,_ "End of"; _-ateune_ (_-achtenne,_ Zeisb.), -"hill," and _-unk,_ "at." The location was near the end of what is still -known as the Hoogte-berg (Hooge-berg, Dutch), a range of hills, where -the proprietors located dwellings which remained many years. - -Wanaksink, a region of meadow and maize land in the Shawongunk district, -was translated by Dr. Scott from _Winachk,_ "Sassafras" (Zeisb.); but -_Wanachk_ may and probably does stand for _Wonachk,_ "The tip or -extremity of anything," and _-sing_ means "Near," or less than. A piece -of land that was near the end of a certain place or piece of land. It is -not the word that is met in Wynogkee. - -Maschabeneer, Masseks, Maskack, Massekex, a certain tract or tracts of -land in the present town of Shawongunk, appear in a description of -survey, Dec. 10, 1701, of seven hundred and ten acres "at a place called -_Maschabeneer Shawengonck,_" laid out for Mathias Mott, accompanied by an -affidavit by Jacob Rutsen concerning the purchase of the same from the -Indians. At a previous date (Sept. 22) Mott asked for a patent for four -hundred acres "at a place called Shawungunk," which was "given him when -a child by the Indians." Whether the two tracts were the same or not does -not appear; but in 1702, June 10, Severeyn Tenhout remonstrated against -granting to Mott the land which he had petitioned for, and accompanied -his remonstrance by an extract from the minutes of the Court at Kingston, -in 1693, granting the land to himself. He asked for a patent and gave -the name of the tract "Called by the Indians _Masseecks,_ near -Shawengonck," _i. e._ near the certain tract called Shawongunk which had -been granted to Thomas Lloyd. He received a patent. In 1709, Mott -petitioned "in relation to a certain tract of land upon Showangonck -River" which had been granted to Tenhout, asking that the "same be so -divided" that he (Mott) should "have a proportion of the good land upon -the said river"--obviously a section of low land or meadow, described by -the name of a place thereon called _Maskeék_ (Zeisb.), meaning "Swamp, -bog"; _Maskeht_ (Eliot), "Grass." The radical is _ask,_ "green, raw, -immature." The suffix _-eghs_ represents an intensive form of the -guttural formative, which the German missionaries softened to _-ech_ and -_-ck,_ and the English to _-sh,_ and is frequently met in _X._ Heckewelder -wrote that the original sound was that of the Greek X, hence Maskex and -x in Coxsackie. _Maschabeneer,_ the name given by Mott, is not -satisfactorily translatable. - -Pitkiskaker and Aioskawasting appear in deed from the Esopus Indians to -Governor Dongan, in 1684, as the names of divisions of what are now -known as the Shawongunk Mountains south of Mohunk or Paltz Point. The -deed description reads: "Extending from the Paltz," _i. e._ from the -southeast boundmark of the Paltz Patent on the Hudson, now known as Blue -Point (see Magaat-Ramis), south "along the river to the lands of the -Indians at Murderers' Kill, thence west to the foot of the high hills -called Pitkiskaker and Aioskawasting, thence southwesterly all along the -said hills and the river called Peakadasink to a water-pond lying upon -said hills called Meretange." [FN-1] Apparently the general boundaries -were the line of the Paltz Patent on the north, the Hudson on the east, -a line from "about the Dancing Chamber" on the Hudson to Sam's Point on -the Shawongunk range on the southwest, and on the west by that range and -the river Peakadasank. The Peakadasank is now known as Shawangunk Kill. -The pond "called Meretange," is claimed by some authorities, as that now -known as Binnen-water in the town of Mount Hope, Orange County. On -Sauthier's map it is located on the southern division of the range noted -as "Alaskayering Mts.," and represented as the head of Shawongunk Kill. -The same distinction is claimed for Meretange or Peakadasank Swamp in -the town of Greenville, Orange County. A third Maratanza Pond is located -a short distance west of Sam's Point. The name of the hill has been -changed from _Aioskawasting_ to _Awosting_ as the name of a lake and a -waterfall about four miles north of Sam's Point, and translated from -_Awoss_ (Lenape), "Beyond," "On the other side," and claimed to have been -originally applied to a crossing-place in the depression north of Sam's -Point, neither of which interpretations is tenable. The prefix, _Aioska,_ -cannot be dropped and the name have a meaning, and the adjectival, -_Awoss,_ cannot be used as a substantive and followed by the locative -_-ing,_ "at, on," etc. _Awoss_ means "Beyond," surely, but must be -followed by a substantive telling what it is that is "beyond." The -particular features of the Shawongunk range covered by the boundary line -of the deed are "The Traps," a cleft which divides the range a short -distance south of Mohunk, and Sam's Point, [FN-2] about nine miles south -of Mohunk. The latter stands out very conspicuously, its general surface -covered by perpendicular rocks from one hundred to two hundred and fifty -feet high, the point itself crowned by a wall of rock which rises 2200 -feet above the valley below. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Meretange, Maretange, or Maratanza, is from Old English _Mere,_ - "A pond or pool," and _Tanze,_ "Sharp" or offensive to the taste. The - name was transferred to this pond from the pond first bearing it in the - town of Greenville, Orange County, in changing the northwest line of - the Evans Patent. (See Peakadasank.) The pond is about a mile in - circumference and is lined with cranberry bushes and other shrubbery, - but the water is clear and sweet. It lies about three-quarters of a - mile west of Sam's Point. Long Pond, lying about four miles north of - Maratanza, is now called Awosting Lake. It is about two miles long by - possibly one-quarter of a mile wide and lies in a clove or cleft of the - hills. Its outlet was called by the Dutch Verkerde Kil, now changed to - Awosting. About one mile further north lies "The Great Salt Pond," so - called in records of the town of Shawongunk. It is now called Lake - Minnewaska, a name introduced from the Chippeway dialect, said to mean - "Colored water," which has been changed to "Frozen water." The lake is - particularly described as being "Set into the hills like a bowl." It - has an altitude of 1,600 feet and a depth of seventy to ninety feet of - water of crystal clearness through which the pebbly bottom can be seen. - The fourth pond is that known as Lake Mohonk. - - [FN-2] Sam's Point is in the town of Wawarsing, about seven miles south - of the village of Ellenville and about nine miles south of Mohunk or - Paltz Point. It is the highest point on the Shawongunk range in New York - State. Its name is from Samuel Gonsaulus, who owned the tract. - Gertruyd's Nose, the name of another point, was so called from the - fancied resemblance of its shadow to the nose of Mrs. Gertrude, wife of - Jacobus Bruyn, who owned the tract. The pass, cleft or clove known as - "The Traps," was so called from the supposed character of the rock which - it divides. The rock, however, is not Trappean. The pass is 650 feet - wide and runs through the entire range. Its sides present the appearance - of the hill having slipped apart. - - -Peakadasank, so written in Indian deed to Governor Dongan in -1684--_Pachanasinck_ in patent to Jacob Bruyn, 1719; _Peckanasinck, -Pachanassinck,_ etc.--is given as the name of a stream bounding a tract -of land, the Dongan deed description reading: "Thence southwesterly all -along said hills and the river Peakadasank to a water-pond lying on said -hills called Meretange." The name is preserved in two streams known as -the Big and the Little Pachanasink, in Orange County, and in Ulster -County as the "Pachanasink District," covering the south part of the town -of Shawongunk. The Big Pachanasink is now known as Shawongunk Kill. In -1719, Nov. 26, a certain tract of land "called Pachanasink" was granted -to Jacobus Bruyn and described in survey as "on the north side of -Shawongunck Creek, beginning where the Verkerde Kill [FN] flows into -said river," indicating locative of the name at the Verkerde Branch. In -a brief submitted in the boundary contention, it is said that the line -of the Dongan purchase ran "along the foot of the hills from a place -called Pachanasink, where the Indians who sold the land had a large -village and place," and from thence "to the head of the said river, and -no where else the said river is called by that name." The evidence is -cumulative that the name was that of the dominant feature of the district, -from which it was transferred to the stream. It is a district strewn -with masses of conglomerate rocks thrown off from the hills and -precipitous cliffs. The two forms of the name, Peakadasank (1684) and -Pachanassink (1717), were no doubt employed as equivalents. They differ -in meaning, however. Wm. R. Gerard writes: "_Peakadasank,_ or -_Pakadassin,_ means, 'It is laid out through the effects of a blow,' or -some other action. The participial form is _Pakadasing,_ meaning, 'Where -it is laid out,' or 'Where it lies fallen.' The reference in this case -would seem to be to the stone which had fallen off or been thrown down -from the hills." _Pachanasink_ means, "At the split rocks"; _Pachassin,_ -"Split stone." In either form the name is from the split rocks. - - * * * * * - - [FN] The Verkerde Kill falls over a precipice of about seventy feet. - The exposed surface of the precipice is marked by strata in the - conglomerate as primarily laid down. The entire district is a region - of split rocks. Verkerde Kill takes that name from Dutch _Verkeerd,_ - meaning "Wrong, bad, angry, turbulent," etc. It is the outlet of - Meretange Pond near Sam's Point. It flows from the pond to the falls - and from the falls at nearly a right angle over a series of cascades - aggregating in all a fall of two hundred and forty feet. The falls are - in the town of Gardiner, Ulster County. (See Aioskawasting.) - - The lands granted to Bruyn included the tract "Known by the Indian - name of Pacanasink," now in the town of Shawongunk, and also a tract - "Known by the Indian name of Shensechonck," now in the town of Crawford, - Orange County. The latter seems to have been a parcel of level upland. - It was about one mile to the southward of the stream. - - -Alaskayering, entered on Sauthier's map of 1774, as the name of the south -part of the Shawongunk range, was conferred by the English, possibly as -a substitute for Aioskawasting. The first word is heard in _Alaska,_ -which is said, on competent authority, to mean, "The high bald rocks"; -with locative _-ing,_ "At (or on) the high bald rocks." This -interpretation is a literal description of the hill, and Aioskawasting -may have the same meaning, although those who wrote the former may not -have had a thought about the latter. [FN] (See Pitkiskaker.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] High Point, the highest elevation in the southern division of the - range, is in New Jersey. It is said to be higher than Sam's Point, and - to bear the same general description. - - -Achsinink, quoted by the late Rev. Charles Soott, D. D., from local -records probably, as the name of Shawongunk Kill, is an apheresis -apparently of _Pach-achsün-ink,_ "At (or on) a place of split stones." -Many of the split rocks thrown off from the mountain lie in the bed of -the stream, in places utilized for crossing. "There are rocks in it, so -that it is easy to get across." (Col. Hist. N. Y., viii, 272.) _Achsün,_ -as a substantive, cannot be used as an independent word with a locative. -An adjectival prefix is necessary. (See Pakadasink.) - -Palmagat, the name of the bend in the mountain north of Sam's Point, -regarded by some as Indian, is a Dutch term descriptive of the growth -there of palm or holly (_Ilex opaca_), possibly of shrub oaks the leaf -of which resembles the holly. _Gat_ is Dutch for opening, gap, etc. - -Moggonck, Maggonck, Moggonick, Moggoneck, Mohonk, etc., are forms of the -name given as that of the "high hill" which forms the southwest boundmark -of the Paltz Patent, so known, now generally called locally, Paltz Point, -and widely known as Mohunk. The hill is a point of rock formation on the -Shawongunk range. It rises about 1,000 feet above the plain below and -is crowned by an apex which rises as a battlement about 400 feet above -the brow of the hill, now called Sky Top. _Moggonck_ and _Maggonck_ are -interchangeable orthographies. The former appears in the Indian deed from -_Matseyay,_ and other owners, to Louis Du Bois, and others, May 26, 1677, -and is carried forward in the patent issued to them in September of the -same year. _Moggoneck_ appears in Mr. Berthold Fernow's translation of -the Indian deed in Colonial History of N. Y., xiii, 506. _Moggonick_ was -written by Surveyor Aug. Graham on his map of survey in 1709, and -_Mohunk_ is a modern pronunciation. The boundary description of the -tract, as translated by the late Dr. E. B. O'Callaghan, from the Dutch -deed (N. Y. Land Papers, 15), reads: "Beginning at the high hill called -Moggonck, then southeast to Juffrouw's Hook in the Long Reach, on the -Great River (called in Indian Magaat Ramis), thence north to the island -called Raphoos, lying in the Kromme Elbow at the commencement of the -Long Reach, thence west to the high hill to a place [called] Warachaes -and Tawarataque, along the high hill to Moggonck." The translation in -Colonial History is substantially the same except in the forms of the -names. "Beginning from the high hill, at a place called Moggonck," is a -translation of the deed by Rev. Ame Vaneme, in "History of New Paltz." -It seems to be based on a recognition of the locative of the name as -established by Surveyor Graham in 1709, rather than on the original -manuscript. In the patent the reading is: "Beginning at the high mountain -called Moggonck," and the southwest line is described as extending from -Tawarataque "To Moggonck, formerly so called," indicating that the -patentees had not located the name as they would like to have it located; -certainly, that they had discovered that a line drawn from the apex of -the hill on a southeast course to Juffrouw's Hook, would divide a certain -fine piece of land, which they called the Groot Stuk (great piece), lying -between the hill and the Wallkill and fertilized by that stream, which -they wished to have included in the grant as a whole. So it came about -that they hurried to Governor Andros and secured an amended wording in -the patent of the deed description, and Surveyor-General Graham, when he -came upon the scene in 1709, to run the patent lines, found the locatives -"fixed," and wrote in his description, "Beginning at a certain point on -the hill called Moggonick, . . . thence south, thirty-six degrees -easterly, to a certain small creek called Moggonck, at the south end of -the great piece of land, and from thence south, fifty-five degrees -easterly, to the south side of Uffroe's Hook." Thereafter "The south end -of the great piece," and the "certain small creek," became the "First -station," as it was called. Graham marked the place by a stone which was -found standing by Cadwallader Colden in a survey by him in 1729, and -noted as at "The west end of a small gully which falls into Paltz River, - . . . from the said stone down the said gully two chains and forty-six -links to the Paltz River." The "west end" of the gully was the east end -of the "Certain small creek" noted in Graham's survey. The precise point -is over three miles from the hill. In the course of the years by the -action of frost or flood, the stone was carried away. In 1892, from -actual survey by Abram LeFever, Surveyor, assisted by Capt. W. H. D. -Blake, to whom I am indebted for the facts stated, it was replaced by -another bearing the original inscription. By deepening the gully the -swamp of which the stream is the drainage channel, has been mainly -reclaimed, but the stream and the gully remain, as does also the Groot -Stuk. This record narrative is more fully explained by the following -certificate which is on file in the office of the Clerk of Ulster County: - - "These are to certify, that the inhabitants of the town of New Paltz, - being desirous that the first station of their patent, named Moggonck, - might be kept in remembrance, did desire us, Joseph Horsbrouck, John - Hardenburgh, and Roeloff Elting, Esqs., Justices of the Peace, to - accompany them, and there being Ancrop, the Indian, then brought us to - the High Mountain, which he named Maggeanapogh, at or near the foot of - which hill is a small run of water and a swamp, which he called - Maggonck, and the said Ancrop affirmed it to be the right Indian names - of the said places, as witness our hands the nineteenth day of December, - 1722." - -Ancrop, or Ankerop as otherwise written, was a sachem of the Esopus -Indians in 1677, and was still serving in that office in 1722. He was -obviously an old man at the latter date. He had, however, no jurisdiction -over or part in the sale of the lands to the New Paltz Company in 1677. -His testimony, given forty-five years after the sale by the Indians, was -simply confirmatory in general terms of a location which had been made -in 1677, and the interpretation of what he said was obviously given by -the Justices in terms to correspond with what his employers wished him -to say. In the days of the locations of boundmarks of patents, his -testimony would have been regarded with suspicion. Locations of -boundmarks were then frequently changed by patentees who desired to -increase their holdings, by "Taking some Indians in a public manner to -show such places as they might name to them," wrote Sir William Johnson, -for many years Superintendent of Indian Affairs, adding that it was -"Well known" that an Indian "Would shew any place by any name you please -to give him, for a small blanket or a bottle of rum." Presumably Ankerop -received either "A small blanket or a bottle of rum" for his services, -but it is not to be inferred that the location of the boundmarks in 1677 -was tainted by the "sharp practice" which prevailed later. It is -reasonable to presume, however, that the name would never have been -removed from the foot of the hill had not the Groot Stuk been situated -as it was with reference to a southeast line drawn from its apex to -Juffrouw's Hook. - -Algonquian students who have been consulted, regard the name as it stands -as without meaning; that some part of the original was lost by mishearing -or dropped in pronunciation; that in the dialect which is supposed to -have been spoken here the suffix _-onck_ is classed as a locative and -the adjectival _Mogg_ is not complete. Several restorations of presumed -lost letters have been suggested to give the name a meaning, none of -which, however, are satisfactory. Apparently the most satisfactory -reading is from _Magonck_, or _Magunk_ (Mohegan), "A great tree," -explained by Dr. Trumbull: "From _Mogki,_ 'Great,' and _-unk,_ 'A tree -while standing.'" It is met as the name of a boundmark on the Connecticut, -and on the east side of the Hudson, within forty miles of the locative -here, _Moghongh-kamigh_, "Place of a great tree," is met as the name of -a boundmark. _Mogkunk_ is also in the Natick dialect, and there is no -good reason for saying that it was not in the local dialect here. There -may have been a certain great tree at the foot of the hill, from which -the name was extended to the hill, and there may have been one on the -Wallkill, which Ankerop said "Was the right Indian name of the place." -It will be remembered that the deed boundmark was "The foot of the hill." -It is safe to say that the name never could have described "A small run -of water and a swamp," nor did it mean "Sky-Top." The former features -were introduced by the Justices to identify the place where the -boundary-stone was located and have no other value; the latter is a -fanciful creation, "Not consistent with fact or reason," but very good -as an advertisement. - -Maggeanapogh, the name which Ankerop gave as that of the hill called -Moggonck, bears every evidence of correctness. It is reasonably pure -Lenape or Delaware, to which stock Ankerop probably belonged. The first -word, _Maggean,_ is an orthography of _Machen_ (_Meechin,_ Zeisb.; -_Mashkan,_ Chippeway), meaning "Great," big, large, strong, hard, -occupying chief position, etc., and the second, _-apogh,_ written in -other local names _-apugh, -apick,_ etc., is from _-ápughk_ (_-ápuchk,_ -Zeisb.), meaning "Rock," the combination reading, literally, "A great -rock." In the related Chippeway dialect the formative word for rock is -_-bik,_ and the radical is _-ic_ or _-ick,_ of which Dr. Schoolcraft -wrote, "Rock, or solid formation of rock." No particular part of the -hill was referred to, the text reading, "There being Ankerop, the Indian, -then brought us to the High Mountain which he named Maggeanapogh." The -time has passed when the name could have been made permanent. For all -coming time the hill will bear the familiar name of Mohonk, the Moggonck -of 1677, the Paltz Point and the High Point of local history, from the -foot of which the place of beginning of the boundary line was never -removed, although the course from it was changed. - -Magaat-Ramis, the record name of the southeast boundmark of the Paltz -Patent, is located in the boundary description at "Juffrou's Hook, in -the Long Reach, on the Great River (called in Indian Magaat-Ramis)." -(Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 15.) Juffrouw's Hook is now known as Blue Point. -It is about two miles north of Milton-on-the-Hudson, and takes its -modern name from the color of the rock which projects from a blue-stone -promontory and runs for some distance under the water of the river, -deflecting the current to the northwest. The primal appearance of the -promontory has been changed by the cut for the West Shore Railroad, but -the submerged point remains. The Dutch name, _Juffrouw's Hook,_ was -obviously employed by the purchasers to locate the boundmark by terms -which were then generally understood. Juffrouw, the first word, means -"Maiden," one of the meanings of which is "Haai-rog"; "_rog_" means -"skate," or Angel-fish, of special application to a species of shark, -but in English shad, or any fish of the herring family, especially the -female. Hook means "Corner, cape, angle, incurved as a hook"; hence -"Maiden Hook," an angle or corner noted as a resort for shad, alewives, -etc.: by metonymie, "A noted or well-known fishing-place." The first -word of the Indian name, _Magaat,_ stands for _Maghaak_ (Moh.), _Machak_ -(Zeisb., the hard surd mutes _k_ and _t_ exchanged), meaning "Great," -large, extended, occupying chief position. The second word, _Ramis_ is -obscure. It has the appearance of a mishearing of the native word. What -that word was, however, may be inferred from the description, "Juffrou's -Hook, in the Long Reach, on the Great River (called in Indian -Magaat-Ramis)," or as written in the patent, "To a certain Point or -Hooke called the Jeuffrou's Hooke, lying in the Long Reach, named by the -Indians Magaat-Ramis." That the name was that of the river at that -place--the Long Reach--is made clear by the sentence which follows: -"Thence north along the river to the island called Rappoos, at the -commencement of the Long Reach," in which connection _Ramis_ would stand -for _Kamis_ or _Gamis,_ from _Gami,_ an Algonquian noun-generic meaning -"Water," frequently met in varying forms in Abnaki and Chippeway--less -frequently in the Delaware. In Cree the orthography is _Kume._ The final -_s_ is the equivalent of _k,_ locative, as in Abnaki _Gami-k,_ a -particular place of water. "On the Great Water," is probably the meaning -of Ramis. In Chippeway _Keeche-gummee,_ "The greatest water," was the -name of Lake Superior. As the name of the "Great Water," _Magaat-Ramis_ -is worthy of preservation. - -Rappoos, which formed the northeast boundmark of the Paltz Patent, is -specifically located in the Indian deed "Thence north [from Juffrou's -Hook] along the river to the island called Rappoos, lying in the Kromme -Elbow, at the commencement of the Long Reach." The island is now known -as Little Esopus Island, taking that name from Little Esopus Creek, which -flows to the Hudson at that point. It lies near the main land on the east -side of the river, and divides the current in two channels, the most -narrow of which is on the east. Kromme Elleboog (Crooked elbow), is the -abrupt bend in the river at the island, and the Long Reach extends from -the island south to Pollepel's Island. The name is of record Rappoos, -Raphoes, Raphos and Whaphoos, an equivalent, apparently, of _Wabose_ and -_Warpose,_ the latter met on Manhattan Island. It is not the name of the -island, but of the small channel on the east side of it from which it -was extended to the island. It means, "The narrows," in a general sense, -and specifically, "The small passage," or strait. The root is _Wab,_ or -_Wap,_ meaning, "A light or open place between two shores." (Brinton.) - -Tawarataque, now written and pronounced _Tower-a-tauch,_ the name of the -northwestern boundmark of the Paltz Patent, is described in the Indian -deed already quoted: "Thence [from Rappoos] west to the high hills _to a -place_ called _Warachoes_ and _Tawarataque,_" which may refer to one and -the same place, or two different places. Surveyor Graham held that two -different places were referred to and marked the first on the east side -of the Wallkill at a place not now known, from whence by a sharp angle he -located the second "On the point of a small ridge of hills," where he -marked a flat rock, which, by the way, is not referred to in the name. -The precise place was at the south end of a clove between the hills, -access to which is by a small opening in the hills at a place now known -as Mud Hook. Probably _Warachoes_ referred to this opening. By dialectic -exchange of _l_ and _r_ the word is _Walachoes--Walak,_ "Hole," "A hollow -or excavation"; _-oes,_ "Small," as a small or limited hollow or open -place. "Through this opening," referring to the opening in the side of -the hill at Mud Hook, "A road now runs leading to the clove between the -ridges of the mountain," wrote Mr. Ralph LeFever, editor of the "New -Paltz Independent," from personal knowledge. _Tawarataque_ was the name -of this clove. It embodies the root _Walak_ prefixed by the radical _Tau_ -or _Taw,_ meaning "Open," as an open space, a hollow, a clove, an open -field, etc., suffixed by the verb termination _-aque,_ meaning "Place," -or _-áke_ as Zeisberger wrote in _Wochitáke,_ "Upon the house." The -reading in _Tawarataque_ is, "Where there is an open space"; _i. e.,_ the -clove. [FN] The late Hon. Edward Elting, of New Paltz, wrote me: "The -flat rock which Surveyor Graham marked as the bound, lies on the east -side of the depression of the Shawongunk Mountain Range leading -northwesterly from Mohunk, at the south end of the clove known as Mud -Hook, near the boundary line between New Paltz and Rosendale, say about -half a mile west of the Wallkill Valley R. R. station at Rosendale. I -think, but am not certain, that the rock can be seen as you pass on the -railroad. It is of the character known as Esopus Millstone, a white or -gray conglomerate. I cannot say that it bears the Surveyor's -inscription." - -It is not often that four boundmarks are met that stand out with the -distinctness of those of the Paltz Patent, or that are clothed with -deeper interest as geological features, or that preserve more distinctly -the geographical landmarks of the aboriginal people. - - * * * * * - - [FN] The adjectival formative _-alagat,_ or _-aragat,_ enters into the - composition of several words denoting "Hole," or "Open space," as - _Taw-álachg-at,_ "Open space," _Sag-álachg-at,_ "So deep the hole." The - verb substantive suffix _-aque,_ or _-ake_ (_qu_ the sound of _k_), - meaning "Place," is entirely proper as a substitute for the verbal - termination _-at._ - - - -[Illustration: HUDSON'S RIVER FROM BUTTER HILL TO MAGDALEN ISLAND. -(From Map of 1666)] - - - -Ossangwak is written on Pownal's map as the name of what is known as the -Great Binnenwater (Dutch, "Inland water") in the town of Lloyd. The -orthography disguises the original, which may have been a pronunciation -of _Achsün_ (Minsi), "Stone," as in _Otstónwakin_, read by Reichel, "A -high rock," or rocky hill. Perhaps the name referred to the rocky bluff -which bounds the Hudson there, immediately west of which the lake is -situated. - -Esopus--so written on Carte Figurative of 1614-16, and also by De Laet -in 1624-5; _Sopus,_ contemporaneously; _Sypous,_ Rev. Megapolensis, 1657, -is from _Sepuus_ (Natick), "A brook"; in Delaware, _Sipoes_ (Zeisberger). -It is from _Sepu_, "River," and _-es,_ "small." On the Carte Figurative -it is written on the east side of the river near a stream north of -Wappingers' Creek, as it may have been legitimately, but in 1623 it came -to be located permanently at what is now Rondout Creek, from which it -was extended to several streams, [FN] to the Dutch settlement now -Kingston, to the resident Indians, and to a large district of country. -The chirographer of 1614-16 seems to have added the initial E from the -uncertain sound of the initial S, and later scribes further corrupted -it to the Greek and Latin Æ. (See Waronawanka.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] The streams entering the Hudson in proximity came to be known as - the Kleine Esopus, south of Rondout; the Groot Esopus, now the Rondout, - and the Esopus, now the Saugerties. In the valley west of old Kingston - was a brook, called in records the "Mill Stream." - - -Waronawanka, Carte Figurative 1614-16--_Warrawannan-koncks,_ Wassenaer, -1621-5; _Warranawankongs,_ De Laet, 1621-5, and _Waranawankcougys,_ 1633; -_Waranawankongs,_ Van der Donck, 1656; _Waerinnewongh,_ local, 1677--is -located on the Carte Figurative on the west side of the Hudson a few -miles north of latitude 42. On Van der Donck's map it is placed on the -west side between Pollepel's Island and the Dans Kamer. De Laet wrote -in his "New World" (Leyden edition): "This reach [Vischer's, covering -Newburgh Bay] extends to another narrow pass, where, on the west side -of the river, there is a point of land juts out covered with sand, -opposite a bend in the river on which another nation of savages called -the _Waoranecks,_ have their abode at a place called Esopus. A little -beyond, on the west side of the river, where there is a creek, and the -river becomes more shallow, the _Waranawankongs_ reside. Here are several -small islands." In his French and Latin edition, 1633-40, the reading -is: "A little beyond where projects a sandy point and the river becomes -narrower, there is a place called Esopus, where the _Waoranekys_ have -their abode. To them succeed, after a short interval, the -_Waranawancougys_, on the opposite side of the river." Read together -there would seem to be no doubt that the _Waoranecks_ were seated on or -around the cove or bay at Low Point and the estuary of Wappingers' Creek, -and that the _Waranatwankongs_ were seated at and around the cove or bay -at Kingston Point, "Where a creek comes in and the river becomes more -shallow." - -Of the meaning of the name Dr. A. S. Gatschet, of the Bureau of -Ethnology, wrote me: "If the _Warana-wan-ka_ lived on a bay or cove of -Hudson's River, their name is certainly from _Walina,_ which means -'hollowing, concave site,' and 'cove, bay,' in several eastern languages. -A good parallel are the _Wawenocks_ of S. W. Maine, now living at St. -Francis, who call themselves _Walinaki,_ or those living on a cove--'cove -dwellers'--in referring to their old home on the Atlantic coast near -Portland. In the Micmac (N. S.) dialect _Walini_ is 'bay, cove,' and -even the large Bay of Fundy is called so. The meaning of _k_ or _ka_ is -not clear, but _ong,_ in the later forms, is the locative 'at, on, upon.'" - -It is safe to say that at either the Dans Kamer, Low Point, or Kingston -Point, the clan would have been seated on a bay, cove, recess or -indentation shaped like a bay, and it is also safe to say that _Warona_ -and _Walina_ may be read as equivalents, the former in the local dialect, -and the latter in the Eastern, and that its general meaning is "Concave, -hollowing site." Zeisberger wrote _l_ instead of _r_ in the Minsi-Lenape, -hence _Woalac,_ "A hollow or excavation"; _Walóh,_ "A cove"; _Walpecat,_ -"Very deep water." The dialectic _r_ prevails pretty generally on the -Hudson and on the Upper Delaware. On the latter, near Port Jervis, is -met of record _Warin-sags-kameck,_ which is surely the equivalent of -_Walina-ask-kameck,_ "A hollowing or concave site, a meadow or field." -It was written by Arent Schuyler, the noted interpreter, as the name of -a field which he described as "A meadow or vly." _Vly_ is a contraction -of Dutch _Vallei,_ meaning "A hollow or depression in which water stands -in the rainy season and is dry at other times," hence "hollowing." _Ask_ -(generic), meaning "Green, raw," is the radical of words meaning -"meadow," "marsh," etc., and _-kameck_ stands for an enclosed field, or -place having definite boundaries as a hollow. _Awan_ (_-awan, -wan, --uan,_ etc.), as Dr. Gatschet probably read the orthography, is an -impersonal verb termination met on the Hudson in Matteawan, Kitchiwan, -etc. Mr. Gerard writes that it was sometimes followed by the participial -and subjunctive _k._ It may have been so written here, but it seems to -be a form of the guttural aspirate _gh,_ for which it is exchanged in -many cases, here and in Kitchiwangh. In Connecticut on the Sound -apparently the same name is met in _Waranawankek,_ indicating that -whoever wrote it on the Figurative of 1614-16 was familiar with the -dialect of the coast Indians. As it stands the name is one of the oldest -and most sonorous in the valley of Hudson's River. - -Ponkhockie is the familiar form of the name of the point, cove or -landing-place on the south side of Kingston Point. It is from Dutch -_Punthoekje,_ meaning, "Point of a small hook, or angle." The local -interpretation, "Canoe harbor," is not in the name, except inferentially -from the fact that the cove was a favorite landing place for canoes. -[FN-1] After the erection of a stockaded redoubt there, the Dutch called -the place Rondhout, meaning. "Standing timber," and the English followed -with Redoubt, and extended the name to the creek, as of record in 1670. -The present form is substantially a restoration of the early Dutch -Rondhout. The stockade was erected by Director Stuyvesant, at the -suggestion of the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company, about -1660. There were Dutch traders here certainly as early as 1622, and -presumably as early as 1614, but no permanent settlement appears of -record prior to 1652-3, nor is there evidence that there was a Rondhout -here prior to 1657-8. Compare Stuyvesant's letter of September, 1657, and -Kregier's Journal of the "Second Esopus War" (Col. Hist N. Y., xiii, 73, -314, also page 189), showing that the Rondhout was not completed until -the fall and winter of 1660. De Vries wrote in 1639-40, referring to -Kingston Point probably: "Some Indians live here and have some corn-lands, -but the lands are poor and stony." When Stuyvesant visited the place, in -1658, he anchored his barge "opposite to the two little houses of the -savages standing near the bank of the kil." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 82.) -In the vicinity the war of 1658 had its initiative in an unwise attack by -some settlers on a party of Indians who had been made crazy drunk on -brandy furnished them by Captain Thomas Chambers. Two houses were burned -belonging to settlers, and hostilities continued for eight or nine days. -"At the tennis-court near the Strand," a company of eleven Dutch soldiers -"allowed themselves to be taken prisoners," by the Indians, in 1659. It -does not seem probable that the Dutch had a Tennis Court here at that -early date, but the record so reads. [FN-2] The hook or cove, was the -most desirable place for landing on the south side of the Point. It has -since been the commercial centre of the town and city. Punthoekje is -certainly not without interesting history. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] In early times there were two principal landing places: One at - Punthoekje and one north of the present steamboat landing, or Columbus - Point as it is called. The Point is a low formation on the Hudson and - was primarily divided from the main land by a marsh. It was literally - "a concave, hollowing site." The marsh was later crossed by a corduroyed - turnpike connecting with the old Strand Road, now Union Avenue. A ferry - was established here in 1752 and is still operated under its original - charter. The Point is now traversed by rail and trolley roads. - - [FN-2] Perhaps an Indian Football Court, resembling a Tennis Court. A - writer in 1609 says of the Virginia natives: "They use, beside, football - play, which women and boys do much play at. They have their goals as - ours, only they never fight and pull each other down." There was a - famous Tennis Court (Dutch _Kaatsbaan_) in the town of Saugerties, which - seems to have been there long before the Dutch settlement. The Tennis - Court referred to in the text is said to have been near the site of the - present City Hall in Kingston, but would that place be strictly "near - the Strand"? "Strand" means "shore, beach." It was probably on the - beach. - - -Atkarkarton, claimed by some local authorities as the Indian name of -Kingston, comes down to us from Rev. Megapolensis, who wrote, in 1657: -"About eighteen miles [Dutch] up the North River lies a place called by -the Dutch Esopus or Sypous, by the Indians Atkarkarton. It is an -exceedingly beautiful land." (Doc, Hist. N. Y., iii, 103.) The Reverend -writer obviously quoted the name as of general application, although it -would seem to have been that of a particular place. As stated in another -connection, Esopus, Sypous, and Sopus were at first (1623) applied to a -trading-post on the Hudson, from which it was extended inland as a -general name and later became specific as that of the first palisaded -Dutch village named Wildwijk, which was founded a year after Megapolensis -wrote. At the date of his writing the territory called Sopus included the -river front, the plateau on which Kingston stands, and the flats on the -Esopus immediately west, particularly the flat known as the Groot Plat, -and later (1662) as the Nieuw Dorp or New Village, [FN-1] as distinguished -from Sopus or Wildwijk, or the Old Village, the specific site of which -could not have been referred to. Of the site of the Old Village, Director -Stuyvesant wrote in 1658: "The spot marked out for the settlement has a -circumference of about two hundred and ten rods [FN-2] and is well -adapted for defensive purposes. When necessity requires it, it can be -surrounded by water on three sides, and it may be enlarged according to -the convenience and requirements of the present and of future -inhabitants." The palisaded enclosure was enlarged by Stuyvesant, in -1661, to over three times its original size. The precise spot was on the -northwest corner of the plateau. It was separated from the low lands of -the Esopus Valley by a ridge of moderate height extending on the north, -east, and west, and had on the south "a swampish morass" which was -required to be drained, in 1669, for the health of the town "and the -improvement of so much ground." The Groot Plat in the Esopus Valley was -a garden spot ready for the plough and was regarded as of size sufficient -for "fifty bouweries" (farms). From the description quoted, and present -conditions, it may be said with certainty that the site of the Old -Village of Wildwijk was a knoll in an area of prairie and marsh. Neither -of the village sites seem to have been occupied by the Indians except by -temporary huts and corn-lands. The Wildwijk site was given to Director -Stuyvesant by the Indians, in 1658, "to grease his feet with" after his -"long journey" from Manhattan. Of the Groot Plat one-half was given by -the Indians to Jacob Jansen Stoll in compensation for damages. A -commission appointed at that time to examine the tract, and to ascertain -what part of it the Indians wished to retain, reported that the Indians -had "some plantations" there, "but of little value"; that it was "only -a question of one or two pieces of cloth, then they would remove and -surrender the whole piece." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 86, 89.) Instead of -paying the Indians for the lands, however, the settlers commenced -occupation, with the result that the Indians burned the New Village, -June 7, 1663, attacked the Old Village, killed eighteen persons and -carried away thirty captives, women and children. The war of 1663 -followed, the results of which are accessible in several publications, -but especially in Colonial History of New York, Vol. xiii. It is -sufficient to say here that the Indians lost the lands in controversy -and a much larger territory. Interpretation of the name can only be made -conjecturally. William R. Gerard wrote me: "I think _Atkarkarton_ simply -disguises _Atuk-ak-aten,_ meaning 'Deerhill,' from _Atuk,_ 'Deer'; _ak,_ -plural, and _aten,_ 'hill.' The _r's_ in the name do not mean anything; -they simply indicate that the _a's_ which precede them were nasal." The -Delaware word for "deer" is _Achtuch._ Dr. Schoolcraft wrote the -tradition that the first deers were the hunters of men. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] The land or place on the Esopus flat on which the New Village - was founded, is now known as Old Hurley Village. It is repeatedly and - specifically designated as "The Groot Plat"--"The large tract of land - called the New Village"--"The burnt village called the Groot Plat." - (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 275, _et. seq._) Hurley was given to it by - Governor Lovelace in 1669, from his family, who were Barons Hurley of - Ireland. - - [FN-2] A Dutch rod is twelve feet, which would give this circumference - at less than an English half mile. Schoonmaker writes in "History of - Kingston": "The average length of the stockade was about thirteen - hundred feet, and the width about twelve hundred feet." Substantially, - it enclosed a square of about one-quarter of a mile. - - -Wildwijk, Dutch--_Wiltwyck,_ modern--the name given by Governor -Stuyvesant, in 1650, to the palisaded village which later became Kingston, -and then and later called Sopus, is a composition of Dutch _Wild,_ meaning -"Wild, savage," and _Wijk,_ "Retreat, refuge, quarter"; constructively, -"A village, fort or refuge from the savages." The claim that the place -was so called by Stuyvesant as an acknowledgment of the fact that the -land was a gift from the Indians, is a figment. The English came in -possession, in 1664, and, in 1669, [FN] changed the early name to -Kingston. The Dutch recovered possession in 1673, and changed the name -to Swanendale, and the English restored Kingston in 1674. (See -Atkarkarton.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] "On this day (vizt 25th) the towne formerly called Sopez was named - Kingston." Date Sept. 25th, 1669. (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 435.) - - -Nanoseck, Manoseck, forms of the name of a small island in Rondout Creek, -so "called by the Indians" says the record, may be from Natick -_Nohōōsik,_ "Pointed or tapering." The Dutch called it "Little Cupper's -Island." _Cupper,_ "One who applies a cupping glass." Another island in -the same stream, was "called by the Indians _Assinke,_" that is "Stony -land" or place. (See Mattassink.) Another island was called by the Dutch -_Slypsten Eiland,_ that is, "Whetstone Island"; probably from the quality -of the stone found on it. It lies in the Hudson next to Magdalen Island. - -Wildmeet, an Indian "house" so called by the Dutch, means, in the Dutch -language, "A place of meeting of savages." It was not a palisaded village. -It was burned by the Dutch forces in the war of 1660, at which time, the -narrative states, some sixty Indians had assembled at or were living in -it. Its location, by the late John W. Hasbrouck, at the junction of the -Vernoy and Rondout kills, is of doubtful correctness, as is also his -statement that it was "The council-house of all the Esopus Indians." Its -location was about two (Dutch) miles from Wildwyck, or about six or seven -English miles. Judge Schoonmaker wrote: "Supposed to have been located -in Marbletown." - -Preumaker's Land, a tract described as "Lying upon Esopus Kil, within -the bounds of Hurley," granted to Venike Rosen, April 1, 1686, was the -place of residence of Preumaker, "The oldest and best" of the Esopus -sachems, whose life was tragically ended by Dutch soldiers in the war -of 1660. The location of his "house" is described as having been "At the -second fall of Kit Davits Kil." [FN-1] A creek now bears the name of the -sachem, who was a hero if he was a savage. - - * * * * * - - [FN] "Kit Davits' Kil" or the Rondout was so called from Christopher - Davids, an Englishman, who was first at Fort Orange, and was an - interpreter. He obtained, in 1656, a patent for about sixty-five acres, - described as "Situate about a league (about three miles) inland from - the North River in the Esopus, on the west side of the Great Kil, - opposite to the land of Thomas Chambers, running west and northeast - halfway to a small pond on the border of a valley which divides this - parcel and the land of John de Hulter, deceased." Ensign Smith wrote: - "I came with my men to the second valley on Kit Davietsen's River.. . . - Further up in said valley I crossed the stream and found their house." - (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii.) Supposed to have been at LeFever's Falls in - Rosendale. (Schoonmaker.) - - -Frudyachkamik, so written in treaty--deed of 1677 as the name of a place -on the Hudson at the mouth of Esopus (now Saugerties) Creek, is written -Tintiagquanneck in deed of 1767 (Cal. Land Papers, 454), and by the late -John W. Hasbrouck, _Tendeyachameck._ The deed orthography of 1677 is -certainly wrong as there is no sound of F in Algonquian. (See -Kerhonksen.) - - * * * * * - - {TN} {Unable to locate interlinear references to the following two notes - which appear on this page.} - - [FN-1] _Saugerties_ is probably a corruption of Dutch _Zager's Kiltje,_ - meaning in English, "Sawyer's little Kill." The original appears first - of record in Kregier's Journal of the Second Esopus War (1663), "They - were at Zager's Kiletje"; "To Sager's little Kill"; "To the Sager's - Killetje." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 342, 344.) The first corruption of - record also belongs to that period. It was by a Mohawk sachem who - visited Esopus and at a conference converted Zager's Kiltje to - Sagertjen. Some of the local Dutch followed with "de Zaagertje's." Other - corruptions were numerous until the English brought in Saugerties. The - original _Zager,_ however, seems to have held legal place for many - years. In 1683, in a survey of the Meals Patent, covering lands now - included in Saugerties, it is written: "Being part of the land called - Sagers," and in another, "Between Cattskill and Sager's Kill." It is - also of record that a man known by the surname of Zager located on the - stream prior to 1663, obtained a cession of the lands on the kill from - Kaelcop, an Esopus sachem, and later disappeared without perfecting his - title by patent. _Zager_ is now converted to _Sager,_ and in English to - _Sawyer._ The claim that Zager had a sawmill at the mouth of the stream - seems to rest entirely upon his presumed occupation from the meaning of - his name. A sawmill here, in 1663, would seem to have been a useless - venture. In 1750, ninety years later, one Burregan had a mill at the - mouth of the kill. "Burregan" stands for Burhans. - - [FN-2] "To Freudeyachkamik on the Groote River." (Col. Hist. N. Y., - xiii, 505.) It was probably the peninsular now known as Flatbush, - Glasco, etc., at the mouth of the creek. The orthographies of the name - are uncertain. An island south of the mouth of the creek was called - _Qusieries._ Three or four miles north is _Wanton_ Island, the site of - a traditionary battle between the Mohawks and the Katskill Indians. It - is now the northeast boundmark of Ulster County. Neither of these - islands could have been the boundmark of the lands granted by the - Indians. _Wanton_ seems to be from _Wanquon_ (_Wankon,_ Del.), - "Heel"--resembling a human heel in shape--pertuberant. The letter _t_ - in the name is simply an exchange of the surd mutes _k_ and _l._ Modern - changes have destroyed the original appearance of the island. - - -Kerhonkson, now so written as the name of a stream of water and of a -village in the town of Wawarsing, Ulster County, is of record in several -forms--Kahanksen, Kahanghsen, Kahanksnix, Kahanckasink, etc. It takes -interest from its connection with the history and location of what is -known, in records of the Esopus Indian War of 1663, as the Old Fort as -distinguished from the New Fort. In the treaty of peace with the Dutch -in 1664, the fort is spoken of without name in connection with a district -of country admitted by the Indians to have been "conquered by the sword," -including the "two captured forts." In the subsequent treaty (1665) with -Governor Nicolls the ceded district is described as "A certain parcel of -land lying and being to the west or southwest of a certain creek or river -called by the name of Kahanksen, and so up to the head thereof where the -Old Fort was; and so with a direct line from thence through the woods and -crosse the meadows to the Great Hill lying to the west or southwest, -which Great Hill is to be the true west or southwest bounds, and the said -creek called Kahanksen the north or northeast bounds of the said lands." -In a treaty deed with Governor Andros twelve years later (April 27, -1677), the boundary lines _"as they were to be thereafter,"_ are -described: "Beginning at the Rondouyt Kill, thence to a kill called -Kahanksnix, thence north along the hills to a kill called -Maggowasinghingh, thence to the Second Fall, easterly to Freudyachkamick -on the Groot River, south to Rondouyt Kill." In other words the district -conceded to have been "conquered by the sword" lay between the Esopus and -the Rondout on the Hudson, and extended west to the stream called -Kahanksen, thence north to a stream called Maggowasinghingh, thence -north, etc. The only stream that has been certainly identified as the -Maggowasinghingh is the Rondout, where it flows from the west to its -junction with the Sandberg Kill, east of Honk Falls, and this -identification certainly places Kahanksen _south_ of that stream. And in -this connection it may be stated that _the conquered lands did not extend -west of the Rondout._ The Beekman and the Beake patents were held -primarily by Indian deeds. After the conquest the Indians did not sell -lands _east_ of the boundary line, but did sell lands _west_ of that -line. The deed from Beekman to Lowe distinctly states that the lands -conveyed were "within the bounds belonging to the Indians." As the lands -on the west of the kill were not conquered and ceded to the Dutch, the -Old Fort could not have been on that side of the stream. In reaching -conclusions respect must be had to Indian laws, treaties, and boundary -descriptions. In the records of the town of Rochester, of which town -Wawarsing was a part, is the entry, under date of July 22, 1709, "Marynus -van Aken desired the conveyance of about one hundred acres of land lying -over against the land of Colonel Jacob Rutsen called Kahankasinck, known -as Masseecs," that is the land asked for by Van Aken took the name of -Masseecs from a swamp which the name means. Colonel Rutsen's land has not -been located; he held several tracts at different times, and one -especially on the west line of Marbletown known as Rosendale. Whatever -its location it shows that its name of Kahankasinck was extended to it -or from it from some general feature. Obviously from the ancient treaty -and deed boundaries the site of the Old Fort has not been ascertained, -nor has the Great Hill been located. Presumably both must be looked for -on Shawongunk Mountain. - -The fort, as described by Kregier in his "Journal of the Second Esopus -War," was a palisaded village and the largest settlement of the Esopus -Indians. He made no reference to a stream or to a ravine, but did note -that he was obliged to pass over swamps, frequent kills, and "divers -mountains" that were so steep that it was necessary to "haul the wagons -and cannon up and down with ropes." His course was "mostly southwest" -from Wildwijk, and the fort "about ten miles" (Dutch), or from thirty to -thirty-five miles English. It was not so far southwest from Wildwijk -(Kingston) as the New Fort by "about four hours," a time measure equal -to nine or ten English miles. The Indians did not defend the fort; they -abandoned it "two days before" the Dutch troops arrived. No particular -description of it has been handed down. Under date of July 31, 1663, -Kregier wrote: "In the morning at dawn of day set fire to the fort and -all the houses, and while they were in full blaze marched out in good -order." And so disappeared forever the historic Indian settlement, not -even the name by which it was known certainly translatable in the absence -of knowledge of the topography of its precise location. [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] The name has the appearance of derivation from _Gahan_ (Del.), - "Shallow, low water"'; spoken with the guttural aspirate _-gks_ - (Gahaks), and indefinite formative _-an._ As a generic it would be - applicable to the headwaters of any small stream, or place of low water, - and may be met in several places. - - -Magowasinghinck, so written in its earliest form in treaty deed of 1677 -(Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii) as the name of an Indian family, and also as the -name of a certain kill, or river--"Land lying on both sides of Rondout -Kill, or river, and known by the name of Moggewarsinck," in survey for -Henry Beekman, 1685--"Land on this side of Rondout Kill named -_Ragowasinck,_ from the limits of Frederick Hussay, to a kill that runs -in the Ronduyt Kill, or where a large rock lies in the kill," grant to -George Davis, 1677. The Beekman grant was on both sides of Rondout Creek -west and immediately above Honk Falls, where a large rock lying in the -kill was the boundmark to which the name referred and from which it was -extended to the stream and place. The George Davis grant has not been -located, and may never have been taken up. Beekman sold to Peter Lowe in -1708, and the survey of the latter, in 1722, described his boundary as -running west from "the great fall called Heneck." In Mr. Lindsay's -History of Ulster County it is said that the grant was half a mile wide -on the southeast side of the stream and a mile wide on the northwest -side. Hon. Th. E. Benedict writes me: "The Rondout is eminently a river -of rocks. It rises on the east side of Peekamoose, Table, and Lone -mountains, and west side of Hanover Mountain of the Catskills, and flows -through chasms of giant rocks. All the way down there are notable rocks -reared in midstream. The rock above Honk Falls is hogback shape, a -hundred or more feet long. It lies entirely in the stream and divides -it into two swift channels which join together just above the falls. -Here, amid the roar, the swirl and dash of waters breaking through rocky -barriers, with the rapids at the falls, the Great Rock was an object to -be remembered as a boundmark." - -Without knowledge of the locative of the name or of the facts of record -concerning it, the late Dr. D. G. Brinton, replying to inquiry, wrote -me: "I take _Magow_ or _Moggew-assing-ink_ to be from _Macheu_ (Del.), -'It is great, large'; _achsün,_ 'stone', and _ink_ locative; literally -'at the place of the large stone'." The name does not describe the place -where the rock lies. The Davis grant in terms other than the Indian name -located one as lying "in the kill," and the other is described in the -survey of the patent to Beekman: "Land situate, lying and being upon both -sides of Rondout Kill or river, and known by the name of Moggewarsinck, -beginning at a great rock stone in the middle of the river and opposite -to a marked tree on the south side of the river, between two great rock -stones, which is the bounds betwixt it and the purchase of Mr. William -Fisher," etc.; both records confirm Dr. Brinton's interpretation. As a -generic the name may, like Kahanksan, be found in several places, but the -particularly certain place in the Beekman grant was at the falls called -Honneck, now Honk. - -Wawarasinke, so written by the surveyor as the name of a tract of land -granted to Anna Beake and her children in 1685, has been retained as the -name of a village situate in part on that tract, about four miles north -of Ellenville. The precise location of the southern boundmark of the -patent was on the west bank of the Rondout, south of the mouth of -Wawarsing Creek, or Vernooy Kill as now called, which flows to the -Rondout in a deep rocky channel, the southern bank forming a very steep, -high hill or point. It is claimed that the Old Fort was on this hill, -and that to and from it an Indian path led east across the Shawongunk -Mountain to the New Fort and is still distinctly marked by the later -travel of the pioneers. That there was an Indian path will not be -questioned, nor will it be questioned that there may have been at least -a modern Indian village on the hill, but the Old Fort was not there. At -the point where the boundmark of the patent was placed the Rondout turns -at nearly a right angle from an east and west course to nearly north, -winding around a very considerable point or promontory. The orthography -of the name is imperfect. By dialectic exchange of _n_ and _r,_ it may be -read _Wa-wa-nawás-ink,_ "At a place where the stream winds, bends, -twists, or eddies around a point or promontory." This explanation is -fully sustained by the topography. Hon. Th. E. Benedict writes me: "The -Rondout at that point (the corner of the Anna Beake Patent) winds around -at almost a right angle. At the bend is a deep pool with an eddying -current, caused by a rock in the bank below the bend. The bend is caused -by a point of high land. It is a promontory seventy-five feet high." The -inquiry as to the meaning of the name need not be pursued further. The -frequently quoted interpretation, "Blackbird's Nest," is puerile. (See -Wawayanda.) - -Honk, now so written as the name of the falls on Rondout Creek at -Napanock, appears first in Rochester town records, in 1704, _Hoonek,_ as -the name of the stream. In the Lowe Patent (1722), the reading is: -"Beginning by a Great Fall called _Honeck._" The Rochester record is -probably correct in the designation of the name as that of the creek, -indicating that the original was _Hannek_ (Del.), meaning, "A rapid -stream," or a stream flowing down descending slopes. As now written the -name means nothing unless read from Dutch _Honck,_ "Home, a standing post -or place of beginning," but that could not have been the derivative for -the name was in place before the falls became the boundmark. The familiar -interpretation: "From _Honck_ (Nar.), 'Goose'--'Wild-goose Falls,'" is -worthless. The local word for Goose was _Kaak._ The falls descend two -hundred feet, of which sixty is in a single cataract--primarily a wild, -dashing water-fall. - -Lackawack appears of record as the name of a stream in Sullivan County, -otherwise known as the West Branch of Rondout Creek, and also as the name -of the valley through which it passes. The valley passes into the town -of Wawarsing, Ulster County, where the name is met in the Beekman and in -the Lowe patents, with special application to the valley above Honk -Falls, and is retained as the name of a modern village. In the Lowe -Patent it is written Ragawack, the initials L and R exchanged; in the -Hardenberg Patent it is Laughawake. The German missionary orthography is -_Lechauwak_ (Zeisb.), "Fork, division, separation," that which forks or -divides, or comes together in the form of a fork; literally, "The Fork." -_Lechauwak,_ "Fork"; _Lechau-hanne,_ "Fork of a river," from which -Lackawanna; _Lechau-wiechen,_ "Fork of a road," from which -Lackawaxen--"abbreviated by the Germans to _Lecha,_ and by the English -to _Lehigh._" (Reichel.) - -Napanoch, on the Rondout below Honk Falls, is probably the same word that -is met in _Nepeak,_ translated by Dr. Trumbull, "Water-land, or land -overflowed by water." At or near Port Jervis, Napeneck, Napenack, etc. -The adjectival is _Nepé, Napé,_ "Water." - -Wassahawassing, in the Lowe Patent and also in the deed to Lowe from -Henry Beekman, is probably from _Awossi-newás-ing_ (Del.), "At the point -or promontory beyond," or on the other side of a certain place. - -Mopochock--"A certain Great Kil called Mopochock," in patent to Joachim -Staats, 1688, is said to have been the name of what is now known as -Sandberg Kill, but was not, as that stream was in no way connected with -the Staats Patent. - -Naversing is entered on Pownal's map between Rosendale and Fountain -creeks, in the old town of Rochester. The map location may not be -correct. The name is from _Newás-ing,_ (Del.), "At a point or -promontory." The familiar form is Neversink. - -Mattachonts, a modern orthography, preserves the name of a place in the -town of Rochester, Ulster County, and not that of an Indian maiden as -locally stated. The boundary description refers to a creek and to a -swamp. The record orthographies are Magtigkenighonk and Maghkenighonk, -in Calendar of Land Papers, and "Mattekah-onk Kill," local. - -Amangag-arickan, given as the name of an Indian family in western Ulster -(Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 505), is probably from _Amangak,_ "Large," with -the related meaning of terrible, and _Anakakan,_ "Rushes," or sharp -rushes. _Amangak_ is from _Amangi,_ "Big, large, powerful, dire," etc., -and _-ak,_ animate plural. - -Ochmoachk-ing, an unlocated place, is described as "Above the village -called Mombackus, extending from the north bound of the land of Anna -Beake southerly on both sides of the creek or river to a certain place -called Ochmoachking." (Patent to Staats, 1688.) - -Shokan, the name of a village on Esopus Creek, in the town of Olive, has -been interpreted as a pronunciation of _Schokkan_ (Dutch), "To jolt, to -shake," etc., by metonymie, "A rough country." The district is -mountainous and a considerable portion of it is too rough for successful -cultivation, but no Hollander ever used the word _Schokken_ to describe -rough land. At or near the village bearing the name a small creek flows -from the west to the Esopus, indicating that _Shokan_ is a corruption of -_Sohkan,_ "Outlet or mouth of a stream." _Sohk_ is an eastern form and -_an_ is an indefinite or diminutive formative. Heckewelder wrote in the -Delaware, _Saucon,_ "The outlet of a small stream into a larger one." -_Ashokan_ is a pronunciation. The same name is met at the mouth of the -East or Paghatagan Branch of the Delaware. Shokan Point is an elevation -rising 3100 feet. - -Koxing Kil, a stream so called in Rosendale, is of record _Cocksing_ and -_Cucksink_--"A piece of land; it lyeth almost behind Marbletown." It is -not the name of the stream but of a place that was at or near some other -place; probably from _Koghksuhksing,_ "Near a high place." (See -Coxackie.) On map of U. S. Geological Survey the name is given to the -outlet of Minnewaska Lake, which lies in a basin of hills on Shawongunk -Mountain, 1650 feet above sea level. - -Shandaken, the name of a town in Ulster County, is not from any word -meaning "Rapid water," as has been suggested, but is probably from -_Schindak,_ "Hemlock woods"--_Schindak-ing,_ "At the hemlock woods," or -place of hemlocks. The region has been noted for hemlocks from early -times. - -Mombackus, accepted as the name of a place in the present town of -Rochester, Ulster County, is first met in 1676, in application to three -grants of land described as "At ye Esopus at ye Mumbackers, lying at ye -Round Doubt River." In a grant to Tjerck Classen de Witt, in 1685, the -orthography is Mombackhouse--"Lying upon both sides of the Mumbackehous -Kill or brook." The stream is now known as Rochester Creek flowing from -a small lake in the town of Olive. The late John W. Hasbrouck wrote, -"Mombakkus is a Dutch term, literally meaning 'Silent head,' from _Mom,_ -'silent,' and _Bak_ or _Bakkus,_ 'head.' It originated from the figure -of a man's face cut in a sycamore tree which stood near the confluence -of the Mombakkus and Rondout kills on the patent to Tjerck Classen de -Witt, and was carved, tradition says, to commemorate a battle fought -near the spot," that "for this information" he was "indebted to the late -Dr. Westbrook, who said the stump of the tree yet stood in his youthful -days." Although the evidence of the existence of a tree marked as -described is not entirely positive, the fact that trees similarly marked -were frequently met by Europeans in the ancient forests gives to its -existence reasonable probability. In his treatment of the name Mr. -Hasbrouck made several mistakes. "Place of death" is not in the word, -and Dutch _Mom_ or _Mum_ does not mean "Silent"; it means "Mask," or -covering, and _Bak_ or _Bakkes,_ does not mean "head," it is a cant term -for "Face, chops, visage." _Mombakkes_ is plainly a vulgar Dutch word -for "Mask." It describes a grotesque face as seen on a Mascaron in -architecture, or a rude painting. Usually trees marked in the manner -described included other figures commemorative of the deeds of a warrior -designed to be honored. Sometimes the paintings were drawn by a member -of the clan or family to which the subject belonged, and sometimes by -the hero himself, who was flattered by the expectation that his memory -would thereby be preserved, or his importance or prowess impressed upon -his associates, or on those of other clans, and perhaps handed down to -later generations. - -Wieskottine, located on Van der Donck's map (1656), north of Esopus -Creek and apparently in the territory of the Catskill Indians, is a Dutch -notation of _Wishquot-attiny,_ meaning, literally, "Walnut Hill." A hill -and trees are figured on the map. The dialect of the Catskill Indians -was Mahican or Mohegan. It seems to have influenced very considerably -the adjoining Lenape dialect. On a map of 1666, the orthography is -_Wichkotteine,_ and the location placed more immediately north of the -stream. The settlement represented can be no other than that of the -ancient Wildwijk, now Kingston. The name has disappeared of record, as -has also _Namink_ on the Groot Esopus. - -Catskill, now so written, primarily Dutch _Kat's Kil,_ presumably from -_Káterákts,_ or "Kil of the Katarakts," has come down from a very early -date in _Katskil._ On Van der Donck's map of 1656 it is written _Kats -Kill,_ but he never wrote Kil with two l's. Older than Van der Donck's -map it evidently was from the frequent reference to the "Kats Kil -Indians" in Fort Orange records. Its origin is, of course, uncertain. -Reasonably and presumably it was a colloquial form of Katerakts -Kil--reasonably, because the falls on that stream would have naturally -attracted the attention of the early Dutch navigators, as they have -attracted the attention of many thousands of modern travelers. It was -the absence of an authoritative explanation that led Judge Benson to -inflict upon the innocent streams which now bear them the distinguishing -names of _Kat's_ and _Kauter's,_ and to relate that as catamounts were -probably very abundant in the mountains there and were naturally of the -male and female species, the former called by the Dutch _Kauter,_ or "He -cat," and the latter _Kat,_ "She cat," the streams were called by those -names. His hypothesis is absurd, but is firmly believed by most of modern -residents, who do not hesitate to write _Kauter,_ "He cat," on their -cards and on their steamboats, although it is no older than Judge -Benson's application. He might have found a better basis for his -conjecture in the fact that in 1650, on the north side of the Kat's Kil -reigned in royal majesty, _Nipapoa,_ a squaw sachem, while on the other -side _Machak-nimano,_ "The great man of his people," held sway; that, -as they painted on their cabins a rude figure of a wolf, their totemic -emblem, easily mistaken for a catamount, the name of "He cat" was given -to one stream, and "She cat" to the other. - -Katarakts Kil, as it is met of record--now Judge Benson's Kauter Kil--is -formed by the outlets of two small lakes lying west of the well-known -Mountain House. A little below the lakes the united streams leap over a -ledge and fall 175 feet to a shelf of rock, and a few rod's below fall -85 feet to a ravine from which they find their way to the Kat's Kil. -Beautiful are the falls and appropriate is the ancient name "The Kil of -the Kataracts." Compare it, please, with Judge Benson's "He cat kil." - -The Kat's Kil Indians have an interesting history. They are supposed to -have been the "loving people" spoken of in Juet's Journal of Hudson's -voyage in 1609. They were Mahicans and always friendly in their -intercourse with the Dutch. In the wars with the Esopus Indians they took -no part. Their hereditary enemies were the Mohawks who adjoined them on -the west side of the mountains, their respective territories following -the line of the watersheds. They came to be more or less mixed with -fugitives from the eastern provinces, after the overthrow of King Philip. -A palisaded village they had north of the Esopus, and fierce traditional -battles with the Mohawks. They disappeared gradually by the sale of their -lands, and gave place to the Rip van Winkles of modern history. - - - -[Illustration: The River at Hudson Looking South-West] - - - -Quatawichnack and Katawichnack, record forms of the name given as that -of a fall on Kauter's Kill, now so written, supposed to be the fall near -the bridge on the road to High Falls, has been interpreted "Place of the -greatest overflow," from the overflow of the stream which forms a marsh, -which, however, the name describes as a "Moist, boggy meadow," or boggy -land. (See Quatackuaohe.) - -Mawignack, Mawichnack, Machawanick, Machwehenoc, forms of the name given -as that of the meadow at the junction of the Kauter Kil and the Kat's -Kil, locally interpreted, "Place where two streams meet," means, "At the -fork of the river." (See Mawichnauk.) - -Pasgatikook is another record name of the Katskill, varied in Pascakook -and Pistakook. It is an orthography of _Pishgachtigûk_ (Moh.), meaning, -"Where the river divides, or branches." (See Schaghticoke.) In patent to -John Bronck, 1705, the name is given to "A small piece of land called -Pascak-ook, lying on the north side of Katskil creek." The locative is -claimed by the village of Leeds. - -Teteachkie, the name of a tract granted to Francis Salisbury and described -as "A place lying upon Katskill Creek," has not been located. _Teke,_ from -_Teke-ne,_ may stand for "Wood," and _-achkie_ stand for land--a piece -of woodland. - -Quachanock, modern _Quajack,_ the name of a place described as the west -boundary of a tract sold to Jacob Lockerman, does not mean "Christian -corn-lands," as locally interpreted, although the Indians may have called -"the five great plains" the "Christian corn-land" after their occupation -by the purchasers. The original word was probably _Pahquioke,_ or -_Pohqu'un-auke_ (_-ock_), "Cleared, opened land," or land from which the -trees and bushes had been removed to fit it for cultivation. - -Wachachkeek, of record as the name of the first of "five great flats, -with the woodland around them," which were included in the Catskill -Patent of 35,000 acres, is otherwise written _Machachkeek._ It is -described as "lying on both sides of Catskil Creek," and is claimed to -be known as a place west of the village of Leeds. Dr. O'Callaghan -interpreted the name from _Wacheu,_ "hill," and _-keag,_ "land" or -place--"Hill country," and Dr. Trumbull gave the same meaning from -_Wadchuauke._ The orthography of the second form, however, is probably -the most correct--_Machachkeek_--which pretty surely, from the locative, -stands for _Maskekeck,_ meaning, "Marsh or wet meadow." - -Wichquanachtekok, the name of the second flat, is no doubt an equivalent -of _Wequan-achten-ûk,_ "At the end of the hill," from _Wequa,_ "the end"; -_-achtene,_ "hill" or mountain, and _-ûk,_ locative. - -Pachquyak, Pachquyak, Paquiage, etc., forms of the name of the third flat -(_Pachquayack,_ 1678), given also as the name of a flat "in the Great -Imbocht," [FN] is the equivalent of _Panqua-auke,_ Mass., "Clear land, -open country." Brodhead wrote _Paquiage_ as the name of the place on the -west side of the Hudson to which the followers of King Philip retreated -in 1675, but the name may have been that of any other open or unoccupied -land west of the Hudson. (See Potik.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] Dutch _Inbocht,_ "In the bend," "bay," etc. "Great" was added as - an identification of the particular bend spoken off. - - -Paskaecq--"a certain piece of land at Katskill, on the north side of the -kill, called by the Indians Paskaecq, lying under a hill to the west of -it." Conveyed to Jan Bronk in 1674-5. The name describes a vale, cleft -or valley. It is widely distributed. (See Paskack.) - -Assiskowachok or Assiskowacheck, the name of record as that of the fourth -flat, is no doubt from _Assiskeu,_ "Mud"--_Assiskew-aughk-ûk,_ "At (or -on) a muddy place." - -Potic, the name of the fifth flat, is also of record Potick, Potatik, and -Potateuck, probably an equivalent of _Powntuckûk_ (Mass.), denoting, -"Country about the falls." (Trumbull.) From the flat the name was -extended to a hill and to a creek in the town of Athens. Hubbard, in his -"History of Indian Wars," assigns the same name to a place on the east -side of Hudson's River. (See Pachquyak and Schaghticoke.) - -Ganasnix and Ganasenix, given as the name of a creek constituting the -southern boundary of the Lockerman Patent (1686), seems to be an -orthography of Kaniskek, which see. - -Waweiantepakook, Waweantepakoak, Wawantepekoak, are forms of a name given -as that of "a high round hill" near Catskill. The description reads: "A -place on the northeast side of a brook called Kiskatamenakook, on the -west side of a hill called Waweantepakoak." (Land Papers, 242.) The -location has not been ascertained. _Antpéch_ (_Antpek,_ Zeisb.), means -"Head." In Mass. (Eliot), _Puhkuk--Muppukuk,_ "A head." _Wawei_ is a -reduplicative of _Wai_ or _Way_; it means, "Many windings around," or -deviations from a direct line. The name is sufficiently explained by the -description, "On the west side of a hill," or a hill-side, but -descriptive of a hill resembling a head--"high, erect"--with the -accessory meaning of superiority. "Indian Head" is now applied to one -of the peaks of the Catskills. The parts of the body were sometimes -applied by the Indians to inanimate objects just as we apply them in -English--head of a cove, leg of a table, etc. (See Wawayanda.) - -Kiskatom, a village and a stream of water so called in Greene County, -appears in two forms in original records, _Kiskatammeeche_ and -_Kiskatamenakoak._ The abbreviated form, _Kiskatom,_ appears in 1708, -more particularly describing "A certain tract by a place called -Kiskatammeeche, beginning at a turn of Catrick's Kill ten chains below -where Kiskatammeeche Kill watereth into Catrick's Kill," and "Under the -great mountain called Kiskatameck." Dr. Trumbull wrote: -"_Kiskato-minak-auke,_ 'Place of thin-shelled nuts,' or shag-bark hickory -nuts." He explained: "Shag-bark hickory nuts, 'nuts to be cracked by -the teeth,' are the 'Kiskatominies' and 'Kisky Thomas nuts' of the -descendants of the Dutch colonists of New Jersey and New York." (Comp. -Ind. Geographical Names.) - -Kaniskek, or Caniskek, of record as the name of Athens, is described in -original deeds: "A certain tract of land on the west side of North River -opposite Claverack, called Caniskek, which stretches along the river from -the lands of Peter Bronck down to the valley lying near the point of the -main land behind the Barren Island, called Mackawameck," now known as -Black Rock, at the south part of Athens. The description covers the long -marshy flat in front of Athens, or between Athens and Hudson. The name -seems to be from _Quana_ (_Quinnih,_ Eliot), "Long"; _-ask,_ the radical -of all names meaning grass, marsh, meadow, etc., and _-ek,_ -formative--literally, "Long marsh or meadow." The early settlement at -Athens was called Loonenburgh, from one Jan van Loon, who located there -in 1706. Esperanza succeeded this name and was followed by Athens. The -particular place of first settlement is described as running "from the -corner called Mackawameck west into the woodland to the Kattskill road -or path, which land is called Loonenburgh." Athens is from the capital -of the ancient Greek State of Attica. - -Keessienwey's Hoeck, a place so called, [FN-1] has not been located. It -is presumed to have been in the vicinity of Kaniskek and to have taken -its name from the noted "chief or sachem" of the Katskill Indians called -Keessienwey, Keesiewey, Kesewig, Keeseway, etc. On the east side of the -river, south of Stockport, Kesieway's Kil is of record. Mr. Bernard -Fernow, in his translation of the Dutch text wrote, "_Keessienweyshoeck_ -(Mallows Meadow Hook)," but no meadow of that character is of local -record. Kessiewey was a peace chief, or resident ruler, whose office it -was to negotiate treaties of peace for his own people, or for other clans -when requested, and in this capacity, with associates, announced himself -at Fort Orange, in 1660, as coming, "in the name of the Esopus sachems, -to ask for peace" with them. [FN-2] He was engaged in similar work in -negotiating the Esopus treaty of 1664; signed the deed for Kaniskek in -1665, and disappears of record after that date. In "History of Greene -County," he is confused with Aepjen, a peace chief of the Mahicans, and -in some records is classed as a Mahican, which he no doubt was tribally, -but not the less "a Katskil Indian." Beyond his footprints of record, -nothing is known of the noted diplomat. His name is probably from -_Keeche,_ "Chief, principal, greatest." _Keechewae,_ "He is chief." (See -Schodac.) - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] ". . . We have, therefore, gathered information from the - Mahicanders, who thought we knew of it, that more than fifteen days ago - some Esopus [Indians] had been at Keessienwey's Hoeck who wanted to come - up [to Fort Orange], but had been prevented until this time, and in - order to get at the truth of the matter, we have concluded to send for - two or three sachems of the Katskil Indians, especially Macsachneminanau - and Safpagood, also Keesienwey, to come hither." (Col. Hist. N. Y., - xiii, 309.) - - [FN-2] "May 24, 1660. To-day appeared [at Fort Orange] three Mahican - chiefs, namely, Eskuvius, alias Aepjen (Little Ape), Aupaumut, and - Keessienway, alias Teunis, who answered that they came in the name of - the Esopus sachems to ask for peace." - - -Machawameck, the south boundmark of Kaniskek, was not the name of -Barrent's Island, as stated in French's Gazetteer. It was the name of a -noted fishing place, now known as Black Rock, in the south part of -Athens. The prefix _Macha,_ is the equivalent of _Massa_ (Natick _Mogge_), -meaning "Great," and _-ameck_ is an equivalent of _-ameek_ (_-amuk,_ -Del.), "Fishing-place." As the root, _-am,_ means "To take by the mouth," -the place would seem to have been noted for fish of the smaller sort. -The Dutch called the place _Vlugt Hoek,_ "Flying corner," it is so -entered in deed. Qr. "Flying," fishing with a hook in the form of a fly. - -Koghkehaeje, Kachhachinge, Coghsacky, now Coxsackie, a very early place -name where it is still retained, was translated by Dr. Schoolcraft from -_Kuxakee_ (Chip.), "The place of the cut banks," and by Dr. O'Callaghan, -"A corruption of Algonquin _Kaakaki,_ from _Kaak,_ 'goose,' and _-aki,_ -'place.'" In his translation of the Journal of Jasper Dankers and Peter -Sluyter, in which the name is written _Koch-ackie_ (German notation; -Dutch, _Kok,_ "cook"), the late Hon. Henry C. Murphy wrote: "The true -orthography is probably _Koek's-rackie_ (the Cook's Little Reach), to -distinguish it from the Koek's Reach below the Highlands, near New York." -Unfortunately there is no evidence that there was a reach called the -Cook's north of the Highlands, while it is certain that the name is -Algonquian. Dankers and Sluyter gave no description of the place in -1679-80, but their notice of it indicates that it was familiar at that -date. In 1718 it was given as the name of a bound-mark of a tract -described as "having on the east the land called Vlackte and Coxsackie." -(Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 124.) _Vlackte_ (Vlakte) is Dutch for "Plain or -flat," and no doubt described the Great Nutten Hoek Flat which lies -fronting Coxsackie Landing, and Coxackie described the clay bluff which -skirts the river rising about one hundred feet. The bluff and flat -bounded the tract on the east. From the locative the name may be -translated from Mass. _Koghksuhk-ohke,_ meaning "High land." The guttural -_ghks_ had the sound of Greek x, hence _Kox_ or _Cox._ - -Stighcook, a tract of land so called, now in Greene County, granted to -Casparus Brunk and others in 1743, is located in patent as lying "to the -westward of Koghsacky." In Indian deed to Edward Collins, in 1734, the -description reads, "Westerly by the high woods known and called by the -Indian name Sticktakook." Apparently from Mass. _Mishuntugkook,_ "At a -place of much wood." The district seems to have been famed for nut trees. -It is noted on Van der Donck's map "Noten Hoeck," from which it was -extended to Great Nutten Hook Island and Little Nutten Hook Island, on -which there were nut trees. (See Wieskottine, Kiskatom, etc.) - -Siesk-assin, a boundmark of the Coeymans Patent, is described as a point -on the west side of the Hudson, "opposite the middle of the island called -_Sapanakock_ and by the Dutch called Barrent's Island." The suffix -_-assin,_ probably stands for _Assin,_ "Stone," but the prefix is -unintelligible. _Sapanak-ock_ means, "Place of wild potatoes," or bulbous -roots. (See Passapenoc.) Barrent's is from Barrent Coeymans, the founder -of the village of Coeymans. The earlier Dutch name was Beerin Island, or -"She-bear's Island," usually read Bear's Island. - -Achquetuck is given as the name of the flat at Coeyman's Hollow. The -suffix _-tuck_ probably stands for "A tidal river or estuary," and -_Achque_ means "On this side," or before. The reference seems to have -been to land before or on this side of the estuary, or the side toward -the speaker. - -Oniskethau, quoted as the name of Coeymans' Creek, is said to have been -the name of a Sunk-squa, or sachem's wife. Authority not given. The -stream descends in two falls at Coeymans' Village, covering seventy-five -feet. The same name is met in _Onisquathaw,_ now _Niskata,_ of record as -the name of a place in the town of New Scotland, Albany County. - -Hahnakrois, or Haanakrois, the name of a small stream sometimes called -Coeymans' Creek, which enters the Hudson in the northeast corner of -Greene County, is Dutch corrupted. The original was _Haan-Kraait,_ -meaning "Cock-crowing" Kill, perhaps from the sound of the waterfall. - -Sankagag, otherwise written _Sanckhagag,_ is given, in deed to Van -Rensselaer, 1630, as the name of a tract of land described as "Situated -on the west side of the North River, stretching in length from a little -above Beeren Island along the river upward to Smack's Island, and in -width two days' journey inland." Beeren Island is about twelve miles -south of Albany, and Smack's Island is near or at that city. The western -limit of the tract included the Helderberg [FN] hills. - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Helder_ (Dutch) means "Clear, bright, light, clearly, brightly," - and Berg means "hill" or mountain. It was probably employed to express - the appearance of the hills in the landscape. Some of the peaks of the - range afford fine view of the valley of Hudson's River. - - -Nepestekoak, a tract of land described, "Beginning at the northernmost -fall of water in a certain brook, called by the Indians Nepestekoak"; -in another paper, Nepeesteegtock. The name was that of the place. It is -now assigned to a pond in the town of Cairo, Greene County. (See -Neweskeke.) - -Neweskeke, -keek, about ten miles south of Albany, is described as "The -corner of a neck of land having a fresh water river running to the east -of it." In another paper the neck is located "near a pool of water called -Nepeesteek," and "a brook called Napeesteegtock." The name of the brook -and that of the pool is from _Nepé_, "Water," the first describing -"Water at rest," a pool or lake, and the second a place adjoining -extending to the stream. _Neweskeke_ means "Promontory, point or -corner," [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] This name appears to be a contraction of _Newas-askeg,_ "Marshy - promontory,' or a promontory or point near a marsh." (Gerard.) - - -Pachonahellick and Pachonakellick are record forms of the name of Long -or Mahikander's Island, otherwise known historically as Castle Island. -It is the first island south of Albany, and lies on the west side of the -river, near the main land opposite the mouth of Norman's Kill. On some -maps it is called Patroon's Island and Martin Garretson's Island. The -first Dutch traders were permitted to occupy it, and they are said to -have erected on it, in 1614, a fort or "castle," which they called Fort -Nassau. In the spring of 1617 this fort was almost wholly destroyed by -freshet. The traders then erected a fort on the west bank of the river, -on the north side of Norman's Kill, which they called Fort Orange. This -fort was succeeded, in 1623, by one on or near the present steamboat -landing in Albany, to which the name was transferred and which was known -as Fort Orange until the English obtained possession (1664), when the -name was changed to Fort Albany, from which the present name of the -capital of the State. [FN-1] In addition to the early history of the -island the claim is made by Weise, in his "History of Albany," that it -was occupied by French traders in 1540; that they erected a fort or -castle thereon, which they were forced to leave by a freshet in the -spring of 1542, and that they called the river, and also their trading -post, "Norumbega." These facts are also stated in another connection. -There is some evidence that French traders visited the river, and that -they constructed a fort on Castle Island, but none that they called the -river "Norumbega." (See Muhheak-unuk.) By the construction of an -embankment and the filling of the passage between the island and the -main land, the island has nearly disappeared. [FN-2] - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Fort Albany was succeeded by a quadrangular fort called Fort - Frederick, built by the English (1742-3) on what is now State Street, - between St. Peter's Church and Geological Hall. It was demolished soon - after the Revolution. Wassenaer wrote, under date of 1625: "Right - opposite [Fort Orange] is the fort of the Maykans which they built - against their enemies the Maquas" [Mohawks]. "Right opposite" means - "directly opposite," _i. e._ directly opposite the present steamboat - landing at Albany, presumably on the bluff at Greenbush. - - [FN-2] The name seems to have been that of the mouth of Norman's Kill - immediately west of the island, and to be from _Sacona-hillak._ "An - out-pour of water," the mouth of the stream serving to locate the - island. "Patroon's Island" and "Patroon's Creek" were local Dutch - names. (See Norman's Kill.) - - -Norman's Kill, so well known locally, took that name from one Albert -Andriessen, Brat de Noordman (the Northman), who leased the privilege -and erected a mill for grinding corn, sometime about 1638. On Van -Rensselaer's map of 1630 it is entered "Godyn's Kil and Water Val," a -mill stream, not a cataract. Brat de Noordman's mill was in the town of -Bethlehem, adjoining the city of Albany. The stream rises in Schenectady -County and flows southeast about twenty-eight miles to the Hudson. The -Mohawks called it _Tawalsontha._ In a petition for a grant of land near -Schenectady, in 1713, is the entry, "By ye Indian name Tawalsontha, -otherwise ye Norman's Kill"--"A creek called D'Wasontha" (1726)--from -the generic _Toowawsuntha_ (Gallatin), meaning, "The falls of a stream"; -_Twasenta_ (Bruyas), "Sault d'eau," applied by the French to rapids in -a stream--a leaping, jumping, tumbling waterfall. - -Aside from the names of the stream it has especial historic interest in -connection with early Dutch settlement and the location of Fort Orange -where Indians of all nations and tongues assembled for intercourse with -the government. (See Pachonahellick.) Dr. Schoolcraft wrote, without any -authority that I have been able to find, _Tawasentha_ as the name of the -mound on which Fort Orange was erected, with the meaning, "Place of the -many dead," adding that the Mohawks had a village near and buried their -dead on this hill; a pure fiction certainly in connection with the period -to which he referred. The Mohawks never had a village here, nor owned a -foot of land east of the Helderberg range. The Mahicans were the owners -and occupants, but neither Mahicans or Mohawks would have permitted the -Dutch to build a fort on their burial ground. Heckewelder wrote, in his -"Indian Nations," "_Gaaschtinick,_ since called by the name of Norman's -Kill," and recited a Delaware tradition, with the coloring of truth, that -that nation consented there, under advisement of the Dutch, to take the -rank of women, _i. e._ a nation without authority to make war or sell -lands. The tradition is worthless. The Dutch did make "covenants of -friendship" here with several tribes as early as 1625 (Doc Hist. N. Y. -iii, 51), but none of the character stated. All the tribes were treated -as equals in trade and friendship. Whatever of special favor there was -was with the Mahicans among whom they located. The first treaty, -"offensive and defensive," which was made was by the English with the -Five Nations in 1664-5. The Mahicans had then sold their lands and -retired to the Housatenuk, and the Mohawks and their alliant nations had -become the dominant power at Albany. - -Nachtenak is quoted as the Mahican name of Waterford, or rather as the -name of the point of land now occupied by that city, lying between the -Mohawk and the Hudson. Probably the same as the following: - -Mathahenaak, "being a part of a parcel of land called the foreland of the -Half-Moon, and by the Indians Mathahenaack, being on the north of the -fourth branch or fork of the Mohawk." _Matha_ is an orthography of -_Macha_ (Stockbridge, _Naukhu_; Del. _Lechau_), with locative _ûk,_ "At -the fork"--now or otherwise known as Half-Moon Point, Waterford. - -Quahemiscos is a record form of the name of what is now known as Long -Island, near Waterford. - -Monemius Island, otherwise Cohoes Island and Haver Island, just below -Cohoes Falls, the site of Monemius's Castle, or residence of Monemius or -Moenemines, a sachem of the Mahicans in 1630, so entered on Van -Rensselaer's map. Haver is Dutch, "Oat straw." (See Haverstraw.) - -Saratoga, now so written, was, primarily, the name of a specific place -extended to a district of country lying on both sides of the Hudson, -described, in a deed from the Indian owners to Cornelis van Dyk, Peter -Schuyler, and others, July 26, 1683, as "A tract of land called -_Sarachtogoe_" (by the Dutch), "or by the Maquas _Ochseratongue_ or -_Ochsechrage,_ and by the Machicanders _Amissohaendiek,_ situated to the -north of Albany, beginning at the utmost limits of the land bought from -the Indians by Goose Gerritse and Philip Pieterse Schuyler deceased, -there being" (_i. e._ the bound-mark) "a kil called _Tioneendehouwe,_ -and reaching northward on both sides of the river to the end of the -lands of _Sarachtoge,_ bordering on a kil, on the east side of the river, -called _Dionandogeha_ and having the same length on the west side to -opposite the kil (Tioneendehouwe), and reaching westward through the -woods as far as the Indian proprietors will show, and the same distance -through the woods on the east side." The boundary streams of this tract -are now known as the Hoosick (Tioneendehowe), and the Batten Kill -(Dionondehowe), as written on the map of the patent. The boundaries -included, specifically, the section of the Hudson known as "The Still -Water," [FN-1] noted from the earliest Dutch occupation as the Great -Fishing Place and Beaver Country, two elements the most dear to the -Indian heart and the most contributive to his support, inciting wars -for possession. Specifically, too, the locative of the name, from the -language of the deed and contemporary evidence, would seem to have been -on the east side of the river--"the end of the lands of Sarachtoge, -bordering on a kil on the east side of the river, called," etc., a place -which Governor Dongan selected, in 1685, on which to settle the Mohawk -Catholic converts, who had been induced to remove to Canada, as a -condition of their return, and which he described as a tract of land -"called Serachtogue, lying upon Hudson's River, about forty miles above -Albany," and for the protection of which Fort Saratoga was erected in -1709; noted by Governor Cornbury in 1703, as "A place called Saractoga, -which is the northernmost settlement we have"; topographically described, -in later years, as "a broad interval on the east side of the river, south -of Batten Kill," and as including the mouth of the kill and lake -Cossayuna. (Col. Hist. N. Y.; Fitch's Survey; Kalm's Travels.) On the -destruction of the fort, in the war of 1746, the settlement was removed -to the opposite side of the river and the name went with it, but to -which it had no legitimate title. (See Kayauderossa.) - -Apparently the Mahican name, _Amissohaendiek,_ is the oldest. It carries -with it a history in connection with the wars between the Mohawks and -the Mahicans. At the sale of the lands, the Mahicans who were present -renounced claim to compensation "because in olden time the lands belonged -to them, before the Maquas took it from them." [FN-2] (Col. Hist. N. Y., -xiii, 537.) It is this section of Hudson's River that the only claim was -ever made and conceded of Mohawk possession by conquest. - -The Mohawk name, _Ochseratongue_ or _Ochsechrage,_ became, in the course -of its transmission, _Osarague_ and _Saratoga,_ and in the latter form, -without reference to its antecedents, was translated by the late Henry -R. Schoolcraft "From _Assarat,_ 'Sparkling water,' and _Oga,_ 'place,' -'the place of the sparkling water,'" the reference being to the mineral -springs, one of which. "High Rock," was, traditionally, known to the -Indians, who, it is said, conveyed Sir William Johnson thither, in 1767, -to test the medicinal virtues of the water; but, while the tradition may -recite a fact the translation is worthless. - -With a view to obtain a satisfactory explanation of the record names, -the writer submitted them to the late eminent Iroquoian philologist, -Horatio Hale, M. A., of Clinton, Ontario, Canada, and to the eminent -Algonquian linguist, the late Dr. D. G. Brinton, of Philadelphia. In -reply, Mr. Hale wrote: . . . "Your letter has proved very acceptable, -as the facts you present have thrown light on an interesting question -which has heretofore perplexed me. I have vainly sought to discover the -origin and meaning of the name Saratoga. My late distinguished friend, -L. H. Morgan, was, it seems, equally unsuccessful. In the appendix of -local names added to his admirable 'League of the Iroquois,' Saratoga -is given in the Indian form as _Sharlatoga,_ with the addition, -'signification lost.' There can be no doubt that the word, as we have -it, and indeed as Morgan heard it, is, as you suggest, much abbreviated -and corrupted. One of the ancient forms, however, which you give from -the old Dutch authorities, seems to put us at once on the right track. -This form is _Ochsechrage._ The 'digraph' _ch_ in this word evidently -represents the hard guttural aspirate, common to both the Dutch and the -German languages. This aspirate is of frequent occurrence in the Iroquois -dialects, but it is not a radical element. As I have elsewhere said, it -appears and disappears as capriciously as the common _h_ in the speech -of the south of England. In etymologies it may always be disregarded. -Omitting it, we have the well-known word _Oserage_--in modern Iroquois -orthography _Oserake,_ meaning 'At the beaver-dam.' It is derived from -_osera,_ 'beaver-dam,' with the locative particle _ge_ or _ke_ affixed. - -"In Iroquois _r_ and _l_ are interchangeable, and _s_ frequently sounds -like _sh._ Thus we can understand how in Cartier's orthography _Oserake_ -(pronounced with an aspirate) became _Hochelaga,_ the well-known -aboriginal name of what is now Montreal. That this name meant simply -'At the beaver-dam' is not questioned. It is rather curious, though not -surprising, that two such noted Indian names as _Saratoga_ and -_Hochelaga_ should have the same origin. In _Ochseratongue_ the name is -lengthened by an addition which is so evidently corrupted that I hesitate -to explain it. I may say, however, that I suspect it to be a 'verbalized' -form. It may possibly be derived from the verb _atona,_ 'to become' (in -its perfect tense _atonk_), added to _osera,_ in which case the word -would mean, 'where a beaver-dam has been forming,' or, as we should -express it in English, 'where the beavers have been making a dam.' - -"With regard to the Mahican name _Amissohaendiek_ or _Amissohaendick_ -(whichever it is) I cannot say much, my knowledge of the Algonquin -dialects not being sufficient to warrant me in venturing on etymologies. -I remark, however, that 'beaver' in Mahican, as in several other -Algonquin dialects, is _Amisk_ or some variant of that word. This would -apparently account for the first two syllables of the name. In Iroquois -the word for 'beaver-dam' 'has no connection with the word 'beaver,' but -it may be otherwise in Mahican." . . . - -Dr. Brinton wrote: - -. . . "I have little doubt but that the Mahican term is practically a -translation of the Iroquois name. It certainly begins with the element -_Amik, Amisk_ or _Amisque,_ 'Beaver,' and terminates with the locative -_ck_ or _k._ The intermediate portion I am not clear about. There is -probably considerable garbling of the middle syllables, and this obscures -their forms. In a general way, however, it means 'Place where beavers -live,' or 'are found.'" - -Father Le June wrote _Amisc-ou,_ "Beaver," an equivalent of _Amis-so_ in -the text. Dr. Trumbull wrote: "_Amisk,_ a generic name for beaver-kind, -has been retained in the principal Algonquian dialects." The district -was a part of Ochsaraga, "The beaver-hunting country of the Confederate -Indians," conquered by them about 1624. The evolution from -_Ochsera-tongue_ (deed of 1683) appears in Serachtogue (Dongan, 1685); -Serasteau (contemporary French); Saractoga (Cornbury, 1703); Saratoga -(modern). The _Ossarague,_ noted by Father Jogues, in 1646, as a famous -fishing-place, is now assigned to Schuylerville. - -Aside from its linguistic associations, the Batten Kill is an interesting -stream. It has two falls, one of which, near the Hudson, is seventy-five -feet and preserves in its modern name, _Dionandoghe,_ its Mohawk name, -Ti-oneenda-houwe, for the meaning of which see Hoosick. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "At a place called the Still Water, so named for that the water - passeth so slowly as not to be discovered, yet at a little distance both - above and below is disturbed and rageth as in a sea, occasioned by great - rocks and great falls therein." (Col. Hist. N. Y., x, 194.) - - [FN-2] The war in which the Mahicans lost and the Mohawks gained - possession of the lands here occurred in 1627, as stated in Dutch - records (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 48), sustained by the deed to King - George in 1701. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., i, 773.) There was no conquest on - the Hudson south of Cohoes Falls. - - -Sacondaga, quoted as the name of the west branch of the Hudson, is not -the name of the stream but of its mouth or outlet at Warrensburgh, -Warren County. It is from Mohawk generic _Swe'ken,_ the equivalent of -Lenape _Sacon_ (Zeisb.), meaning "Outlet," or "Mouth of a river," "Pouring -out," and _-daga,_ a softened form of _-take,_ "At the," the composition -meaning, literally, "At the outlet" or mouth of a river. (Hale.) -_Ti-osar-onda,_ met in connection with the stream, means "Branch" or -"Tributory stream." (Hewitt.) The reference may have been to the stream -as a branch of the Hudson, or to some other stream. The stream comes -down from small lakes and streams in Lewis and Hamilton counties, and -is the principal northwestern affluent of the Hudson. - -Scharon, Scarron, Schroon, orthographies of the name now conferred on a -lake and its outlet, and on a mountain range and a town in Essex County, -is said to have been originally given to the lake by French officers in -honor of the widow Scarron, the celebrated Madam Maintenon of the reign -of Louis XVI. (Watson.) The present form, _Schroon,_ is quite modern. On -Sauthier's map the orthography is Scaron. The lake is about ten miles -long and forms a reservoir of waters flowing from a number of lakes and -springs in the Adirondacks. Its outlet unites with the Hudson on the east -side at Warrensburgh, Warren County, and has been known for many years -as the East Branch of Hudson's River. The Mohawk-Iroquoian name of the -stream at one place is of record _At-a-te'ton,_ from _Ganawate^cton_ -(Bruyas), meaning "Rapid river," "Swift current." (J. B. N. Hewitt.) A -little valley at the junction of the stream with the Hudson at -Warrensburgh, dignified by the name of "Indian Pass," bears the record -name of _Teohoken,_ from Iroquois generic _De-ya-oken,_ meaning "Where -it forks," or "Where the stream forks or enters the Hudson." (J. B. N. -Hewitt.) The little valley is described as "a picture of beauty and -repose in strong contrast with the rugged hills around." (Lossing.) - -Oi-o-gue, the name given by the Mohawks to Father Jogues in 1646, at Lake -George, to what we now fondly call Hudson's River, is fully explained in -another connection. The stream has its sources among the highest peaks -of the Adirondacks, the most quoted springlet being that in what is known -as "Adirondack or Indian Pass," a deep and rugged gorge between the steep -slopes of Mt. Mclntyre and the cliffs of Wallface Mountain, in Essex -County. The level of this gorge is 2,937 feet above tide. [FN-1] The -highest lakelet-head sources, however, are noted in Verplanck Colvin's -survey of the Adirondack region as Lake Moss and Lake Tear-of-the-clouds -on Mount Marcy, [FN-2] the former having an elevation of 4,312 feet above -sea-level and the latter 4,326 feet, "the loftiest water-mirror of the -stars" in the State. The little streams descending from these lakes, -gathering strength from other small lakes and springlets, flow rapidly -into Warren County, where they receive the Sacondaga and Schroon. Between -Warrensburgh and Glen's Falls the stream sweeps, in tortuous course with -a wealth of rapids, eastward among the lofty hills of the Luzerne [FN-3] -range of mountains, and at Glen's Falls descends about sixty feet, -passing over a precipice, in cataract, in flood seasons, about nine -hundred feet long, and then separates into three channels by rocks piled -in confusion. In times of low water there is, on the south side of the -gorge, a perpendicular descent of about forty feet. Below, the channels -unite and in one deep stream flow on gently between the grained cliffs -of fine black marble, which rises in some places from thirty to seventy -feet. At the foot of the fall the current is divided by a small island -which is said to bear on its flat rock surface a petrifaction having the -appearance of a big snake, which may have been regarded by the Mohawks -with awe as the personification of the spirit of evil, according to the -Huron legend, "_Onniare jotohatienn tiotkon,_ The demon takes the figure -of a snake." (Bruyas.) Under the rock is a cave over which the serpent -lies as a keeper, extending from one channel to the other and which, as -well as the snake, comes down to us embalmed in Cooper's "Last of the -Mohegans," though some visitors with clear heads have failed to discover -the snake. In times of flood the cave is filled with water and all the -dividing rocks below the fall are covered, presenting one vast foaming -sheet. - -At Sandy Hill the river-channel curves to the south and pursues a broken -course to what are known as Baker's Falls, where the descent is between -seventy and eighty feet--primarily nearly as picturesque as at Glen's -Falls, untouched by Cooper's pen. The bend to the south at Sandy Hill is -substantially the head of the valley of Hudson's River. Throughout the -mountainous region above that point several Indian names are quoted by -writers in obscure orthographies and very doubtful interpretations, the -most tangible, aside from those which have been noticed, being that which -is said to have been the name of Glen's Falls, but was actually the name -of the very large district known as _Kay-au-do-ros-sa._ In Mohawk, Sandy -Hill would probably be called _Gea-di-go,_ "Beautiful plain," but it has -no Indian name of record. The village stands upon a high sandy plain. It -has its traditionary Indian story, of course; in this section of country -it is easy to coin traditions of the wars of the Mohawks, the Hurons, and -the Algonquians; they interest but do not harm any one. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] This famous Pass is partly in the town of Newcomb and partly in - the town of North Elba, Essex County. Wall-face, on the west side, is - a perpendicular precipice 800 to 1,000 feet high, and Mt. Mclntyre rises - over 3,000 feet. The gorge is seldom traversed, even adventurous - tourists are repelled by its ruggedness. - - [FN-2] By Colvin's survey Mount Marcy has an elevation of 5,344.411 feet - "above mean-tide level in the Hudson." It is the highest mountain in the - State. Put four Butter Hills on the top of each other and the elevation - would be only a few hundred feet higher. - - [FN-3] French, "Spanish Trefoil." "Having a three-lobed extremity or - extremities, as a cross." Botanically, plants having three leaves, as - white clover, etc. Topographically, a mountain having three points or - extremities. - - - -[Illustration: GLENS FALLS: ABOVE LEATHERSTOCKING COVE.] - - - -Kay-au-do-ros-sa (modern), _Kancader-osseras, Kanicader-oseras_ (primary), -the name given as that of a stream of water, of a district of country, -and of a range of mountains, was originally the name of the stream now -known as Fish Creek, [FN] the outlet of Saratoga Lake, and signifies, -literally, "Where the lake mouths itself out." Horatio Hale wrote me: -"Lake, in Iroquois, is, in the French missionary spelling, _Kaniatare,_ -the word being sounded as in Italian. _Mouth_ is _Osa,_ whence (writes -the Rev. J. A. Cuoq in his Lexique de la langue Iroquois), _Osara,_ mouth -of a river, 'boudhe d'un fleure, embouchure d'une riviere.' This word -combined would give either _Kauicatarosa_ or _Kaniatarossa,_ with the -meaning of 'Lake mouth,' applicable to the mouth of a lake, or rather, -according to the verbalizing habit of the language, 'the place where the -lake disembogues,' literally, 'mouths itself out.'" To which J. B. N. -Hewitt added the explanation, "Or flood-lands of the lake--the overflow -of the lake." - - * * * * * - - [FN] "About Kayaderossres Creek and the lakes in that quarter." "The - chief tract of hunting land we have left, called Kayaderossres, with a - great quantity of land about it." (Doc. Hist. N. Y., ii, 110.) The - stream drains an extensive district of country, flows into and becomes - the outlet of Saratoga Lake, and is now known as Fish Creek and Fish - Kill, a very cheap substitute for the expressive Mohawk term. - - -Adirondacks, or Ratirontaks, a name now improperly applied to the -mountainous district of northern New York, is said to have been primarily -bestowed by the Iroquois on a tribe occupying the left bank of the St. -Lawrence above the present site of Quebec, who were called by the French -Algonquins specifically, as representatives of a title which had come to -be of general application to a group of tribes speaking radically the -same language. [FN-1] The term is understood to mean, "They eat trees," -_i. e._ people Who eat the bark of certain trees for food, presumably -from the climatic difficulty in raising corn in the latitude in which -they lived. [FN-2] Horatio Hale analyzed the name: "From _Adi,_ 'they'; -_aronda,_ 'tree,' and _ikeks,_ 'eat.'" The name was not that of the -district, nor is it convertible with _Algonquin_. The later is a French -rendering of _Algoumquin,_ from _A'goumak,_ "On the other side of the -river," _i. e._ opposite their neighbors lower down. (Trumbull.) -Schoolcraft gave substantially the same interpretation from the Chippewa, -"_Odis-qua-guma,_ 'People at the end of the waters,'" making its -application specific to the Chippewas as the original Algonquins, instead -of the Ottawas. The accepted interpretation, "Country of mountains and -forests," is correct only in that that it is descriptive of the country. -The record names of the district are _Cough-sagh-raga_ and -_Canagariarchio_, the former entered on Pownal's map with the addition -"Or the beaver--hunting country of the Confederate Indians," and the -latter entered in the deed from the Five Nations to the King in 1701. -(Col, Hist. N. Y., iv, 909.) _Cough-sagh-raga_ is now written _Koghsarage_ -(Elliot) and _Kohserake_ (modern), and signifies "Winter" or "Winter -land"; but the older name, _Cana-gariarc-hio,_ means, "The beaver-hunting -country." [FN-3] It is not expected that this explanation will affect -the continuance, by conference, of _Adirondacks_ as the name of the -district; but it may lead to the replanting of the much more expressive -Iroquoian title, _Kohsarake,_ on some hill-top in the ancient wilderness. - - * * * * * - - [FN] The specific tribe called Algonquins by the French, were seated, - in 1738, near Montreal, and described as a remnant of "A nation the most - warlike, the most polished, and the most attached to the French." Their - armorial bearing, or totem, was an evergreen oak. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., i, - 16.) It is claimed that they were principally Ottawas, residing on the - Ottawa River. (Schoolcraft.) The primary location of the language is - only measurably involved in the first application of the name, the honor - being claimed for the Chippewa, the Cree, and the Lenni-Lenape. The - Eastern Algonquins substituted for the Iroquois Adirondacks, - _Mihtukméchaick_ (Williams) with the same meaning. - - [FN-2] The bark of the chestnut, the walnut, and of other trees was - dried, macerated, and rolled in the fat of bears or other animals, and - probably formed a palatable and a healthful diet. Presumably the eating - of the bark of trees was not confined to a particular tribe. - - [FN-3] "_Coughsaghrage,_ or the Beaver-Hunting Country of the Confederate - Indians. The Confederates, called by the French Iroquois, surrendered - this country to the English at Albany, on the 19th day of July, 1701; - and their action was confirmed the 14th of September, 1724. It belongs - to New York, and is full of Swamps, Lakes, Rivers, Drowned Lands; a Long - Chain of Snowy Mountains which are seen. Lake Champlain runs thro' the - whole tract. North and South. This country is not only uninhabited, but - even unknown except towards the South where several grants have been - made since the Peace." - - So wrote Governor Pownal on his map of 1775. There is no question that - Coughsaghraga means "Winter." It may also mean "At the Beaver-dam," or - "In the country of Beaver-dams." _Kohseraka_ may be a form of _Hochelaga_ - or _Ochseraga._ _Osera_ means "Beaver-dam" as well as "Winter," wrote - Horatio Hale. (See Saratoga.) In explanation of _Canagariachio_ Mr. Hale - wrote: "_Kanagariarchio_ is a slightly corrupted form of the Iroquois - word _Kanna'kari-kario,_ which means simply 'Beaver.' It is a descriptive - term compounded of _Kannagare,_ 'Stick' or club, _Kakarien,_ To bite,' - and _Kario,_ 'Wild animal.' It is not the most common Iroquois word for - Beaver, which, in the Mohawk dialect is _Tsionuito,_ or _Djonuito._ That - the word should be understood to mean 'The Beaver-Hunting Country,' is - in accordance with Indian usage." - - - - * * * * * - - - On the Mohawk. - - -Mohawk, the river so called--properly "the Mohawk's River," or river of -the Mohawks--rises near the centre of the State and reaches the Hudson -at Cohoes Falls. Its name preserves that by which the most eastern nation -of the Iroquoian confederacy, the Six Nations, is generally known in -history--the Maquaas of the early Dutch. The nation, however, did not -give that name to the stream except in the sense of occupation as the -seat of their possessions; to them it was the _O-hyoⁿhi-yo'ge,_ "Large, -chief or principal river" (Hewitt); written by Van Curler in 1635, -_Vyoge_ and _Oyoghi,_ and by Bruyas "_Ohioge,_ a la riviere," now written -_Ohio_ as the name of one of the rivers of the west, nor did they apply -the word Mohawk to themselves; that title was conferred upon them by -their Algonquian enemies, as explained by Roger Williams, who wrote in -1646, "_Mohowaug-suck,_ or _Mauquawog,_ from _Moho,_ 'to eat,' the -cannibals or men-eaters," the reference being to the custom of the nation -in eating the bodies of enemies who might fall into its hands, a custom -of which the Huron nations, of which it was a branch, seem to have been -especially guilty. To themselves they gave the much more pleasant name -_Canniengas,_ from _Kannia,_ "Flint," Which they adopted as their -national emblem and delineated it in their official signatures, -signifying, in that connection, "People of the Flint." When and why they -adopted this national emblem is a matter of conjecture. Presumably it -was generations prior to the incoming of Europeans and from the discovery -of the fire-producing qualities of the flint, which was certainly known -to them and to other Indian nations [FN-1] in pre-historic times. When -the flint and steel were introduced to them they added the latter to -their emblem, generally delineated it on all papers of national -importance, and called it _Kannien,_ "batte-feu," as written by Bruyas, -a verbal form of _Kannia,_ "a flint," or fire-stone, the verb describing -a new method of "striking fire out of a flint," or a new instrument for -striking fire, and a new emblem of their own superiority springing from -their ancient emblem. The Delawares called them _Sank-hikani,_ [FN-2] or -"The fire-striking people," from Del. _Sank_ or _San,_ "stone" (from -_Assin_), and _-hikan,_ "an implement," obviously a flint-stone implement -for striking fire, or, as interpreted by Heckewelder, "A fire-lock," and -by Zeisberger, "A fire-steel." - -The French called them _Agnié_ and _Agniérs,_ presumably derived from -_Canienga_ (Huron, _Yanyenge_). The Dutch called them _Mahakuas_, by -contraction _Maquaas,_ from Old Algonquian _Magkwah_ (Stockbridge, -_Mquoh_), Bear, "He devours, he eats." As a nation they were Bears, -tearing, devouring, eating, enemies who fell into their hands. Bruyas -wrote in the Huron dialect, "_Okwari_, ourse (that is Bear); -_Ganniagwari,_ grand ourse" (grand, glorious, superb, Bear), and in -another connection, "It is the name of the Agniers," the characteristic -type of the nation. They were divided in three ruling totemic tribes, -the Tortoise (_Anowara_), the Bear (_Ochquari_), and the Wolf (_Okwaho_), -and several sub-tribes, as the Beaver, the Elk, the Serpent, the -Porcupine, and the Fox, as shown by deeds of record, of which the most -frequently met is that of the Beaver. On Van der Donck's map of 1656, -the names of four tribal castles are entered: _Carenay, Ganagero, -Schanatisse,_ and _t' Jonnontego._ In the recently recovered Journal of -a trip to the Mohawk country, by Arent van Curler, in the winter of -1634-5, the names are _Ouekagoncka, Ganagere, Sohanidisse,_ and _Tenotoge_ -or _Tenotogehooge._ In 1643, Father Isaac Jogues, in French notation, -wrote the name of the first, _Osseruehon,_ and that of the last, -_Te-ononte-ogen._ Rev. Megapolensis, the Dutch minister at Fort Orange, -wrote, in 1644, the name of the first _Assarue,_ the second _Banigiro,_ -and the last _Thenondiago._ On a map republished in the Third Annual -Report of the State Historian, copied from a map published in Holland -in 1666, the first is called _Caneray_ (Van der Donck's _Carenay_), and -the second, _Canagera._ [FN-3] The several names refer in all cases to -the same castles tribally, in some cases, apparently, by the name of a -specific topographical feature near which the castles were located, and -in some cases, apparently, by the name of the tribe. Cramoisy, in his -Relation of 1645-6, referring to the visit of Father Jogues to the -Mohawks, wrote: "They arrived at their first small village, called -_Oneugiouré,_ formerly _Osserrion._" (Relations, 29: 51), showing very -clearly that those two names referred to one and the same castle. What -_Oneugiouré_ stands for certainly, cannot be stated, though it seems to -read easily from _Ohnaway_ (Cuoq), "Current, swift river," indicating -that it may have referred to the long rapids. [FN-4] Chief W. H. Holmes, -of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me: "According to our best expert -authority, an Iroquoian, _Onekagoncka_ signifies 'At the junction of the -waters,' and _Osserueñon, Osserrion, Assarue,_ etc., signifies 'At the -beaver-dam.'" Accepting these interpretations, the particular place where -the two names seem to come together is at the mouth of Aurie's Creek -"where it falls into Mohawk's river." (See Oghracke.) As generic terms, -however, they would be applicable at any place where the features were -met and would only become specific here from other locative testimony, -which we seem to have. - -The first castle or town was that of the Tortoise tribe; the second, that -of the Bear tribe; the third, that of the Beaver (probably), and the -fourth, that of the Wolf tribe. On Van der Donck's map there are four, -and Greenhalgh, in 1677, noted four. In a Schenectady paper of the same -year the names of two sachems are subscribed who acted "for themselves" -and as "the representatives of ye four Mohock's castles." The French -invaded the valley in 1666, and burned all the castles of the early -period, and the tribes retreated to the north side of river and -established themselves, the first at Caughnawaga; the second about one -and one-half miles west of the first; the third, west of the second, and -the fourth beyond the third, in their ancient order as Greenhalgh found -them in 1677. The French destroyed them again in 1693, [FN-5] and the -tribes returned to and rebuilt on the south side of the river in proximity -to their ancient seats. After the changes which had swept over the -nation, three castles are noted in later records--the "Upper" at -Canajohare, the "Lower" at the mouth of Schohare Creek, and the "Third" -on the Schohare some sixteen miles inland. - -While the early castles were known to the Dutch traders prior to 1635, -and their locations marked, approximately, on their rude charts which -formed the basis of Van der Donck's and other early maps, it was not -until the recovery and publication in 1895, of Van Curler's Journal -[FN-6]that much was known concerning them prior to 1642-44, when the -Jesuit missionaries and the Dutch minister at Fort Orange, Rev. -Megapolensis, went into the field. Van Curler's Journal, supplemented by -the Relations of the Jesuit Fathers and Rev. Megapolensis's notes, -enables us now to almost look in upon the early homes of the "barbarians," -as they were called. - -The Mohawks were the most important factor in the "Five [Six] Nations -Confederacy," particularly from the standpoint of their proximity to and -relations with the Dutch and the English governments, primarily in trade -and later as alliants offensive and defensive under treaty of 1664 and -more definitely under treaty of 1683. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., i, 576.) Their -written history is graven in no uncertain colors on the valley which -still bears their name, as well as on northeastern New York, marred -though it may be by claims to pre-historical supremacy which cannot be -maintained. When Van Curler visited them the nation was at peace, and the -occupants of the towns and villages engaged in the duties of home life. -He wrote that "Most of the people were out 'hunting for deer and bear"; -that "the houses were full of corn and beans"; that he "saw maize--yes, -in some of the houses more than three hundred bushels." He added that he -was hospitably entertained, was fed on "pumpkins cooked and baked, -roasted turkeys, venison and bear's meat," and altogether seems to have -fared sumptuously. Rev. Megapolensis wrote of them, that though they were -cruel to their enemies, they were very friendly to the Dutch. "We go with -them into the woods; we meet with each other, sometimes at an hour's walk -from any house, and think no more of it than if we met with Christians." -The dark side of their character may be seen in a single quotation from -Father Jogues's narrative, as related by Father Lalemant: "Happily for -the Father the very time when he was entering the gates, a messenger -arrived who brought news that a warrior and his comrades were returning -victorious, bringing twenty Abanaqois prisoners. Behold them all joyful; -they leave the poor Father; they burn, they flay, they roast, they eat -those poor victims with public rejoicings." Gentle and affable in peace, -with many evidences of a rude civilization, they were indeed "Demons in -war." - -Faithful in their labors among them were the Jesuit Fathers. They were -men who were ready to suffer torture and death in the propagation of -their faith, as several of them did. The conflict of those heroes of the -Cross in the valley of the Mohawk, inaugurated by the capture and -martyrdom of Father Jogues and his companion, Rene Goupil, in 1646, did -not deter them; the wars of the nation with the French aided them. So -successful were they that many of the nation were drawn off to Canada -and became zealous partisans of the French and a scourge to English -settlements, especially emphasized in the massacre at Schenectady in -February, 1689-90. Those who remained true to the English became no -longer "barbarians" in the full sense of that word, but "Praying Maquas." -The subsequent story of the nation may be gleaned from the pages of -history. At the close of the Revolution the integrity of the Six Nations -had been effectually broken, and the castles of the Mohawks swept from -the valley proper. The history, of the latter nation especially, needs -to be studied, not in the wild glamour of fiction, but in the realm of -fact, as that of an original people, native to the soil of the New World, -clasping hands with the era of the origin of man; a people who, when they -were first met, had borrowed nothing, absolutely nothing, from the -civilizations or the languages of the Old World--the _Ougwe-howe,_ the -"real men" of the Mohawk Valley. - -The locations of the castles or principal towns of the nation, as noted -in Van Curler's Journal, has given rise to considerable discussion, -particularly in regard to the location of the first of the series and -its identity under the different names by which it was called. Van Curler -was not an "ignorant Hollander wandering around in the woods," as one -writer states; on the contrary, he was an educated man and one of the -best equipped men then in the country for the trip he had undertaken, -and instead of "wandering around in the woods," he was conducted by -Mohawk guides. He wrote that he left Fort Orange in company with -Jeronimus la Crock, William Thomasson, and five Mohawks as guides and -bearers, "between nine and ten o'clock in the morning," December 12, -1634, and after walking "mostly northwest about eight miles" (Dutch), -stopped "at half-past twelve in the evening" (p. m.) "at a little -hunters' cabin near the stream that runs into their land, of the name -of Vyoge." His hours' travel and his miles' travel to this point were -either loosely stated in his manuscript or were misread by the -translator. [FN-7] A Dutch mile is one and one-quarter hours' walk and -the equivalent of three and one-half English miles and a fraction over. -Van Curler no doubt estimated his miles by this standard and not as -correct measurements of rough Indian paths. He certainly did not walk -eight Dutch miles in three hours. Twenty-four English miles would have -taken him to a point northwest of the later Schenectady stockade, which, -in 1690, was counted as twenty-four English miles from Fort Orange by -the road as then traveled. The "little hunters' cabin" at which he -stopped and which he located "near the Vyoge," he explained in his notes -of his second day's travel, as "one hour's walk" from the place where he -crossed the stream, which would have taken him to a crossing place west -of Schenectady, noted in a French Itinerary of 1757 as about one and -one-quarter leagues west of the then fort at that settlement, and, -presumably, by the canal survey of 1792, as at the first rift west of -the beginning of deep water one and one-half miles (English) east of the -rift referred to, from which point the survey gave the distance "to the -deep water at or above the mouth of Schohare creek" as twenty-five miles. -In going to, or from, the crossing-place he "passed Mohawk villages" -where "the ice drifted fast," and gave his later travel as "mostly along -the kill that ran swiftly," indicating very clearly that he passed along -the rapids. Why he crossed the Mohawk when there was a path on the south -side, is explained by Pearson's statement (Hist. Schenectady) that the -path on the north side "was the best and most frequently traveled path -to the Mohawk castles," and held that reputation for many years. It was -a trunk line from the Hudson with many connecting paths. In considering -his miles' travel the survey of 1792 may be safely referred to. [FN-8] -His miles' travel, which he wrote as "eleven" (Dutch) he wrote on his -return as "ten," which, counted as standard Dutch, would have been about -thirty-five English miles; if counted by General John S. Clark's average -of shrinkage, about thirty, which would have taken him from the hunters' -cabin to a point two or three miles west of the mouth of Schohare Creek. - -Referring particularly to his Journal: On the morning of the 13th, at -three o'clock, he left the "little hunters' cabin" where he passed the -night, spent one hour in walking to the crossing-place, crossed "in the -dark," resumed his march on the north side "mostly along the aforesaid -kill that ran swiftly," and after marching ten miles arrived, "at one -o'clock in the evening" (p. m.) "at a little house half a mile" (Dutch) -"from their First Castle." When he stopped he was so exhausted by the -rough road that he could scarcely move his feet, and hence remained at -the "little house" until the next morning, when he recrossed the Mohawk -to the south side "on the ice which had frozen over the kill during the -night," and "after going half-a-mile" (Dutch), or say one and one-half -English, arrived "at their First Castle," which he found "built on a high -mountain." It contained "thirty-six houses in rows like streets." The -houses were "one hundred, ninety or eighty paces long," and were no doubt -palisaded as he called the castle a "fort." The name of the castle, he -wrote later, was _Onekagoncka._ The crossing was the only one which he -made to the south side of the Mohawk in going west. _Where,_ aside from -a fair computation of his miles' travel, _did he cross?_ Certainly he did -not cross on the ice which had frozen over the rapids east of the mouth -of Schohare Creek, for they were never known to freeze over in one night, -if at all. Certainly he did not cross east of the rapids, for they -extended three and one-half miles east of the mouth of the creek. -Obviously, if he crossed Schohare Creek on the ice and "did not know it," -as one writer suggests, he must have crossed it in _going to the castle,_ -which would surely locate the castle _west_ of the stream. There is not -the slightest notice of the stream in his Journal, nor is there any place -for it in the harmony of his narrative. The tenable conclusion, from the -comparison of his miles and from the natural facts, is that he crossed -"on the ice" which had frozen over the deep water "at or above the mouth -of Schohare Creek"; that his march took him to the vicinity of Aurie's -Creek, or substantially to the castle which Father Jogues called -_Osseruenon,_ the site of which is now marked by the Society of Jesus -with the Shrine, "Our Lady of Martyrs," whether that castle was east or -west of Aurie's Creek, evidences of Indian occupation having been found -on a hill on the west side of the creek as well as on a hill on the east -side. [FN-9] These evidences, however, prove very little in determining -the location of a particular castle three hundred years ago; they only -become important when sustained by distances from given points or by -natural features of record. - -The locative conclusion stated above is more positively emphasized by -counting Van Curler's miles' travel and his landmarks in going west from -_Onekagoncka,_ and by the natural features which he noted in his Journal. -Leaving _Onekagoncka,_ he wrote that he walked "half a mile" (Dutch) "on -the ice" which had frozen over the kill, or say one and one-half English -miles, and in that distance passed "a village of six houses of the name -of _Canowarode._" It was near the river obviously. Walking on the ice -"another half mile" (Dutch), he passed "a village of twelve houses named -_Senatsycrossy._" After walking "another mile or mile and a half" on the -ice, he passed "great stretches of flat lands" and came to a castle which -he first called _Medatshet,_ and later _Canagere,_ which he denominated -"The Second Castle." His distances traveling west "on the ice" were -evidently more correctly computed than they were on his march on the -rough path "along the kill that ran swiftly." His miles from _Onekagoncka_ -to _Canagere_ are given as two and a half (Dutch) or about nine miles -English. The actual distance is supposed to have been about eight. He -found the castle "built on a hill without any palisades or any defence." -He located it east of Canajohare Creek, a stream which has never lost its -identity. When Van Curler visited the castle it contained "sixteen -houses, fifty, sixty, seventy or eighty paces long." - -Detained in this castle by a heavy fall of rain which broke up the -streams--the "January thaw" of 1635 in the Mohawk Valley--Van Curler -resumed his journey on the 20th, and "after marching a mile" (Dutch), -came to Canajohare Creek which he was obliged to ford. After crossing -and walking "half a mile" (Dutch), he came to what he called the "Third -Castle of the name of _Sohanidisse,_" later written by him _Rohanadisse,_ -and by Van der Donck _Schanatisse,_ suggesting the name of the hill on -which it stood, which Van Curler described as "very high." It contained -"thirty-two houses like the others"; was not palisaded. The very high -hill, and the flat lands which he referred to, remain. - -On the 21st, _before_ reaching the second stream which he noted later -as having crossed, he wrote that "half a mile" _west_ of Canajohare Creek -he came to a village of "nine houses of the name of _Osquage,_" which -gave name to the stream now known as the _Otsquage,_ which he also called -_Okquage_ and _Okwahohage,_ "Wolves"--a village of the Wolf tribe. On the -23d he forded the Otsquage, and after going "half a mile" (Dutch) _west_ -of that stream, came "to a village named _Cawaoge._" It had fourteen -houses and stood "on a very high hill." On his return trip he wrote the -name _Nawaoga;_ on old maps it is _Canawadage,_ and has since 1635 been -known as the _Nowadage_ or Fort Plain Creek. _He did not cross this -stream,_ but after stopping at the village for a short time moved on "by -land," presumably inland either north or south, and "going another mile" -came to the "Fourth Castle," which he called _Tenotoge_ and _Tenotohage,_ -and Father Jogues called _Te-ouonte-ogén,_ and also "the furthest castle." -It was no doubt the principal castle of the Wolf tribe, strongly palisaded -to defend the western approach to the seat of the nation, as was -_Onekagoncka_ to guard the east. It was, he wrote, composed of fifty-five -houses like the others. It stood in a valley evidently, probably on the -bank of the creek, as he wrote that the stream (Otsquaga) which he had -crossed in the morning "ran past" the castle; that he saw on the opposite -(east) "bank" of the stream "a good many houses filled with corn and -beans," and also extensive flat lands. Further than this topographical -description the location of the castle cannot be determined. [FN-10] Van -Curler's miles to the castle from _Onekagonka,_ as nearly as can be -counted from his Journal, were about six Dutch or about twenty-one -English, or as General Clark counted Dutch miles, about eighteen English. -As Van Curler traveled "on the ice" for the most considerable part of the -way from _Onekagoncka,_ and followed necessarily the bend in the river -and diverged at times from the shore line, exact computation of his miles -cannot be made. General Clark located the castle at Spraker's Basin, -thirteen miles by rail west of Aurie's Creek. Van Curler located it _on -the west side of Otsquage Creek._ On Simeon DeWitt's map of survey of -patents in 1790 (Doc. Hist. N. Y., i, 420), the direct line from the west -side of the mouth of Otsquage Creek to the west side of the mouth of -Aurie's Creek is fifteen and three-tenths miles; following the bend in -the Mohawk, as Van Curler did, it is seventeen and one-half miles. -Granting that the lithographic reproduction of the map may vary from the -original, it nevertheless shows conclusively that _Onekagoncka_ must have -been located at or near Aurie's Creek, The suggestion that it was located -on a hill on the east side of Schohare Creek is untenable, as is also the -suggestion that it was at Klein, eight miles east of Schohare Creek. -There may have been villages at a later date at the places suggested, but -never one of the ancient castles. Counted from the east or from the west -there is no location that meets Van Curler's miles, or Father Jogues' -"leagues," so certainly as does Aurie's Creek. (See Oghracke.) - -In addition to the locations of the ancient castles, Van Curler's notes -supply interesting evidence of the strength of the Mohawks when the Dutch -first met them, which was then at its highest known point in number and -in the number of their settlements, namely: Two hundred and twenty-five -"long houses" in castles and villages, without including villages on the -lower Mohawk "where the ice drifted fast," which he passed without -particular note, and those in villages or settlements which he did not -see. Two hundred and twenty-five houses were capable of holding and no -doubt did hold a very large number of people, packed as they were packed. -Father Pierron reported, in 1669, after the French invasion of 1666, that -he visited every week "six large villages, covering seven and one-half -leagues distance," around Caughnawaga where he was stationed. In almost -constant wars with the French, and with the Hurons and other Indian -tribes as allies of the French, their number had dwindled to an estimate -of eighty warriors in 1735. The story of their greatness and of their -decay is of the deepest interest. No student of American history can -dispense with its perusal and be well-informed in the events of the -pioneer era. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Arent Van Curler, in 1635, in his "Journal of a Visit to the - Seneca Country," wrote: "I was shown a parcel of flint-stones with which - they make a fire when in the forest. These stones would do very well for - flint-lock guns." - - Roger Williams wrote of the Narraganset Indians in 1643: "I have seen - a native go into the woods with his hatchet, carrying a basket of corn - with him, and stones to strike a fire." Father Le June wrote, in 1634: - "They strike together two metallic stones, just as we do with a piece - of flint and iron or steel. . . . That is how they light their fire." - The "Metallic stones" spoken of are presumed, by some writers, to have - been iron pyrites, as they may have been in some cases, but the national - emblem was the flint. - - [FN-2] "_Sankhicani,_ the Mohawk's, from _Sankhican,_ a gun-lock." - (Heckewelder.) The name appears first on the Carte Figurative of 1614-16, - in application to the Indians of northern New Jersey (Delawares), who - were, by some writers, called "The Fire-workers." They seem to have - manufactured stone implements by the application of fire. Presumably - they were "Fire-strikers" as well as the Mohawks. Certainly they were - not Mohawks. Were the Mohawks the discoverers of the fire-striking - properties of the flint? - - [FN-3] State Historian Hastings writes me: "The map of which you - inquire, appeared originally in a pamphlet published at Middleburgh, - Holland, at the Hague, 1666. It was first reproduced by the late Hon. - Henry C. Murphy in his translation of the 'Vertoogh van Nieu Nederland,' - etc. His reproduction gives _Canagere,_ as the name of the second - castle, and _Caneray_ as the name of the first, precisely as they appear - in order in our reproduction in our Third Report." - - [FN-4] _Oneongoure_ is a form of the name in Colonial History. In the - standard translation of Jesuit Relations it is _Oneugiouré._ _Oneon_ is - a clerical error. The letters _u_ and _ou_ represent a sound produced - by the Indian in the throat without motion of the lips. Bruyas wrote it - 8{_sic_ ȣ?}; it is now read _w-Onew._ Adding an _a,_ we have very nearly - M. Cuoq's _Ohnawah,_ "current," "swift river"; with suffix _gowa,_ - "great," the reference being to the great rapids near which the castle - was located. The omission of the locative participle shows that it was - not "at" or "on" the great rapids. - - [FN-5] "Their three castles destroyed and themselves dispersed." (Col. - Hist. N. Y., iv, 20, 22.) The castles referred to Caughnawaga, Canagora, - and Tiononteogen. A castle on the south side of the Mohawk, said to have - been about two miles inland, escaped. Presumably it was the village of - the Beaver family, but we have nothing further concerning it. The attack - was made on the night of Feb. 16, 1693. The warriors of the first two - castles were absent, and the few old men and the women made little - resistance. At the third, the warriors fought bravely but unsuccessfully. - The three castles were burned; that at Caughnawaga was given to the - flames on the morning of February 20, 1693. - - [FN-6] Journal of Arent van Curler, of a visit to the Seneca country, - 1634-5 O. S., translated by General James Grant Wilson, printed in "The - Independent," N. Y., Oct. 5, 1895. Republished by National Historical - Society. - - [FN-7] General Wilson wrote me that the Journal was translated for him - by a Hollander, now (1905) dead, and that the manuscript had passed out - of his hands. The question of hours and miles is not important here. On - his return travel he gave the distance from the little hunters' cabin - (which in the meantime had been burned), as "A long walk," which will - not be disputed. It may be added that it is not justifiable to count - his two days' travel as one, and count the two as thirty-two English - miles from Fort Orange. The two days' travel are very distinct in the - Journal. - - [FN-8] Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 1087. - - [FN-9] Father Jogues noted in his narrative a "torrent" which passed - "At the foot of their village"--a brook or creek which was swollen by - rains into a torrent, and from which, on the later recedence of the - water, he recovered the remains of the body of his companion, Rene - Goupil, who had been murdered and his body thrown into it, probably with - the expectation that it would be carried down into the Mohawk, "At the - foot of their village," or at the foot of the hill on which the village - stood. - - [FN-10] In the town of Minden, four miles south of Fort Plain, on a - tongue of land formed by the Otsquaga Creek and one of its tributaries, - are the remains of an ancient fortification, showing a curved line two - hundred and forty feet in length, inclosing an area of about seven - acres. The remains are, of course, claimed as belonging to the age of - the mound-builders, but with equal probability are the remains of the - ancient fort which Van Curler visited. - - - -[Illustration: The Mohawk River] - - - - * * * * * - - -Kahoos, Kahoes, Cohoes, Co'os, forms of the familiar name of the falls -of the Mohawk River at the junction of that stream with Hudson's River, -has had several interpretations based on the presumption that it is from -the Mohawk-Iroquoian dialect, but none that have been satisfactory to -students of that dialect, nor any that have not been purely conjectural. -One writer has read it: "From _Kaho,_ a boat or ship," commemorative of -Hudson's advent at Half-Moon Point in 1609. Beauchamp repeated from -Morgan: "A shipwrecked canoe," and, in another connection: "From _Kaho,_ -a torrent." Another writer has read it: "Cahoes, 'the parting of the -waters,' the reference being to the separation of the stream into three -channels at its junction with the Hudson." The late Horatio Hale wrote -me: "Morgan gives, as the Iroquois form of the name, _Gä-hŏ-oose_ (in -which _ä_ represents the Italian _a_ as in father), with the signification -of 'ship-wrecked canoe.' This, I presume, is correct, though I cannot -analize the word to my satisfaction." The obvious reason for this -uncertainty is that the name is _not_ Mohawk-Iroquoian, but an early -Dutch orthography of the Algonquian generic _Koowa,_ "Pine"; _Koaaés,_ -"Small pine," or "Small pine trees"; written with locative _it,_ "Place -of small pine trees"; now applied to a small island. On the Connecticut -River this generic is met in _Co'os_ and _Co'hos._ The "Upper Co-hos -Interval" on that stream (Sauthier's map) [FN-1] was a tract of low small -pine trees, between the hills and the river, corresponding with the -topography at the falls on the Hudson. The Dutch termination _-hoos,_ -meaning in that language, "Water-spout," may have given rise to the -interpretation "The Great Falls," but if so the reading was simply -descriptive. The presumption that the name was Mohawk-Iroquoian was no -doubt from the general impression that the falls were primarily in a -Mohawk district, but the fact is precisely the reverse. The Hudson, on -both sides, was held by Algonquian-Mahicans when the Dutch located at -Albany, and for some years later, and the Dutch no doubt received the -name from them, as they did others. What few Mohawk names are met in this -district are of later introduction. It may be noted that there is no -element in the name in any dialect which refers to falls. [FN-2] When the -falls were first known they were regarded as the most wonderful in the -world, and even as late as 1680 they were so called by visitors. In early -days the stream poured a flood nine-hundred feet wide and eight feet deep -over a rocky declivity of seventy-eight feet, of which forty feet was -perpendicular, in addition to which are the rapids above and below. The -roar of the falling waters, and in the breaking up and precipitation of -ice, was very distinctly heard at Fort Orange, nine miles distant, and -the hills on which Albany now stands trembled under the impact. Primarily -the falls were much higher than they are now, the stream having cut its -way through one hundred feet of rock which rises on either side in -massive wall. Below the falls the water separates in four branches or -"Sprouts," the northerly and the southerly one reaching the Hudson five -miles apart, at Waterford and West Troy respectively. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "L. Intervale-Cowass or Kohas (Coas) meadows." (Pownal's Map.) - - [FN-2] The name having been submitted to the Bureau of Ethnology for - interpretation, the late Prof. J. W. Powell, Chief, wrote me, as the - opinion of himself and his co-laborers: "The name is unquestionably - from the Algonquian _Koowa._" - - -Wathoiack, of record as the name of "The Great Rift above Kahoes Falls" -(Cal. Land Papers, 134, etc.) is also written _Wathojax, D'Wathoiack,_ -and _DeWathojaaks,_ means, substantially, what it describes, a rift or -rapid. The cis-locative _De_ locates a place "On this side of the rapid," -or the side toward the speaker. The flow of water is between walls of -rock over a rocky bed, and the rapids extend for a distance of -thirty-five or forty feet. (Ses Kahoes.) - -Niskayune, now so written as the name of a town and of a village in -Schenectady County, is from _Kanistagionne,_ primarily located on the -north side of the Mohawk, _Canastagiowane_ (1667) being the oldest form -of record. The locative description reads: "Lying at a place called -_Neastegaione,_ . . . known by the name of _Kanistegaione._" West of -Schenectady the Mohawk is a succession of rapids. At or below Schenectady -it makes a bend to the northeast in the form of a crescent, around which -the water flows in a sluggish current. At the north point of the crescent -was, and probably is a place called by the Dutch the Aal-plaat -(Eel-place), marked on maps by a small stream from the north which still -bears the name, and which formed the eastern boundmark of the Schenectady -Patent. In Barber's collection it is stated that there was an Indian -village here called _Canastagaones,_ or "People of the Eel-place." -Naturally there would be fishing villages in the vicinity. The location -of the Aal-plaat is particularly identified in the Mohawk deed for five -small islands lying at Kanastagiowne, in 1667, and by the abstract of -title filed by one Evart van Ness in 1715. (Cal. Land Papers.) The name -is from _Keantsica,_ "Fish," of the larger kind, and _-gionni, -"Long"--tsi,_ "Very long"--constructively, "The Long-fish place," the -Aal-plaat, or Eel-place, of the Dutch. The suggestion by Pearson (Hist. -Schenectady) that the name "was properly that of the flat on the north -side of the river," is untenable from the name itself. The reading by -the late Dr. E. B. O'Callaghan: "From _Oneasti,_ 'Maize,' and _Couane,_ -'Great'--'Great maize field'"--is also erroneous. The generic name for -the field or flat was _Shenondohawah,_ compressed by the Dutch to -_Skonowa._ In the vicinity of the Aal-plaat was the ancient crossing-place -of the path from Fort Orange to the Mohawk castles, in early days -regarded as the "Best" as it was the "Most traveled." The path continued -north from the crossing as well as west to the castles. - -Schenectady, now so written, is claimed by some authorities to be an -Anglicism of a Mohawk-Iroquoian verbal primarily applied by them to Fort -Orange (Albany), with the interpretations, "The place we arrive at by -passing through the pine trees" (Bleecker); "Beyond the opening" (L. H. -Morgan); "Beyond (or on the other side) of the door" (O'Callaghan), and -by Horatio Hale: "The name means simply, 'beyond the pines.' from -_oneghta_ (or _skaneghet_), 'pine,' and _adi_ or _ati,_ a prepositional -suffix (if such an expression may be allowed), meaning 'beyond,' or 'on -the other side of.' The suffix is derived from _skati,_ side. It was -equally applicable to Albany or Schenectady, both being reached from the -Mohawk castles by passing through openings in the pine forest." Mr. -Hale's interpretation, from the standpoint of a Mohawk term, is -exhaustive and no doubt correct, and the correctness of the preceding -interpretations may be admitted from the combinations which may have -been employed to determine the object of which _askati_ was "one side," -as in "_Skannátati,_ de un coste du village," or the end of, as in -"_Skannhahati,_ a l'autre bout de la cabane" (Bruyas). The word does not -appear to mean "beyond," but one side or one end of anything. Aside from -a critical rendering, it would seem to be evident that all the -interpretations are in error, not in the translation of the name as a -Mohawk word-sentence, but in the assumption that Schenectady was primarily -a Mohawk phrase, instead of a confusion of the Mohawk _Skannatati_ with -the original Dutch _Schaenhecstede,_ the primary application of which is -amply sustained by official record, while the Mohawk term is without -standing in that connection, or later except as a corrupt Mohawk-Dutch -[FN-1] substitution. The facts of primary application may be briefly -stated. The deed from the Mohawk owners of the Schenectady flats, in -1661, reads: "A certain parcel of land called in Dutch the Groote -Vlachte, lying behind Fort Orange, between the same and the Mohawk -country called in Indian _Skonowe._" _Skonowe_ is the equivalent of the -Dutch "great flat," and nothing more. Its Mohawk equivalent is written -on the section _Shenondohawah,_ which the Dutch reduced to _Skonowe._ -(See Shannondhoi.) Van der Donck wrote on his map (1656), in pure Dutch, -_Schoon Vlaack Land,_ or "Fine flat land." It was not continued in -application to the Dutch settlement, the proprietors of which immediately -(1661) gave to it the Dutch name _Schaenechstede,_ "as the town came to -be called." (Munsell's Annals of Albany, ii, 49, 52; Brodhead's Hist. -N. Y., i, 691.) Under that name the tract was surveyed (1664), and it -has remained apparent in the synthesis of the many corrupt forms in which -it is of record. _Schaenechstede_ is a clear orthographic pronunciation -of the Dutch _Schoonehetstede,_ signifying, literally, "The beautiful -town." The syllable _het_ is properly _hek,_ "fence, rail, gate," etc., -and in this connection indicates an enclosed or palisaded town. In 1680, -_Schaenschentendeel_ appears--a pronunciation of _Schoonehettendal,_ -"Beautiful valley," or the equivalent of the German _Schooneseckthal,_ -"Beautiful corner or turn of a valley." The German Labadists, Jasper -Bankers and Peter Sluyter, made no mistake in their recognition of the -name when they wrote _Schoon-echten-deel_ in their Journal in 1679-80, -describing the town as a square set off by palisades. [FN-2] Unfortunately -for the Dutch name it was conferred and came into use during the period -of the transition of the province from the Dutch to the English, with the -probability of its conversion to Mohawk-Dutch, as already noted. Certain -it is that the name is not met in any form until after its introduction -by the Dutch, and is not of record in any connection except at -Schenectady, the statement by Brodhead, on the authority of Schoolcraft, -that it was applied in one form, by the Mohawks, to a place some two -miles above Albany, as "the end of a portage path of the Mohawks coming -from the west," being without anterior or subsequent record, though -possibly traditional, and it may be added that it was never the name of -Albany, nor is there record that there ever was a Mohawk village "on the -site of the present city of Albany," nor anywhere near it. The Mohawks -did go there to trade and on business with the government and occupied -temporary encampments probably. The occupants primarily were Mahicans. -The evolution of the name from the original Dutch to its present form -may be readily traced in the channels through which it has passed. Even -though clouded by traditional and theoretical rendering, the truth of -history will ever rest in _Schoonehetstede_ (Schaenechstede) and in the -interpretation which it was designed to express by the intelligent men -who conferred it. It is not expected that the correction will be adopted, -now that the term has passed to the domain of a "proper name." With the -aroma of assumed Mohawk origin and the negative "beyond" clinging to it, -it will remain at least as a harmless fiction, although the honor due to -a Dutch ancestry would seem to warrant a different result. By ancient -measurements Schenectady is "about nine miles (English) above the falls -called Cahoes" (1792). - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] A considerable number of the early settlers had Indian wives. - (Dominie Megapolensis wrote: "The Dutch are continually running after - the Mohawk women.") The children, growing up with Indian relatives, - among the tribes and with men speaking so great a variety of tongues, - built up a patois of their own, the "Mohawk-Dutch," many words in it - defying the dictionaries of the schools. Many words are untranslatable - save by the context. (Hist. Schenectady Patent, 388.) - - [FN-2] Memoirs Long Island Hist. Soc, i, 315. - - -Shannondhoi and Shenondohawah are record forms of the name of a section -of Saratoga County now embraced in Clifton Park, Half-Moon, etc. It is -a sandy plain running west from the clay bluffs on the Hudson to the foot -of the mountain, and extends across the Mohawk into Schenectady County. -The name is generic Iroquois, signifying "Great plain," and as such was -their name for Wyoming, Pa., where it is written _Schahandoanah_ (Col. -Hist. N. Y., vi, 48), and _Skehandowana_ (Reichel). Scanandanani, -Schenondehowe, Skenandoah, and Shanandoah, are among other forms met in -application. Skonowe is followed on Van der Donck's map of 1656, by the -Dutch legend _Schoon Vlaack Land,_ literally, "Fine, flat land," and for -all these years the name has been accepted as meaning, "Great meadow," -or "Great plain." The late Horatio Hale wrote: "The name is readily -accounted for by the word _Kahenta_ (or _Kahenda_), meaning -'plain'--frequently abridged to _Kenta_ (or _Kenda_)--with the nominal -prefix _S_ and the augmentative suffix _owa_ (or _owana_)." "The great -flat or plain in Pennsylvania was called, in the Minsi dialect, -'_M'chewomink_, at (or on) the great plain.' From this word we have the -modern name Wyoming. The Iroquois word for this flat was _Skahentowane,_ -'Great meadow (or plain),' a term which was applied also to extensive -meadows in other localities and became corrupted to Shenandoah." -(Gerard.) - -Quaquarionu, of record, Calendar Land Papers, p. 6: "Bounds of a tract -of land above Schenectady purchased of the Mohawk Indians, extending from -Schenectady three miles westward, along both sides of the river, ending -at Quaquarionu, _where the last Mohawk castle stands._" The deed of same -date (1672) reads: "The lands lying near the town of Schenhectady within -three Dutch miles in compass on both sides of the river westward, which -ends at Kinaquariones, where the last battle was between the Mohawks and -the North Indians." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 465.) _Canaquarioeny_ is the -orthography in another deed. In Pearson's History of Schenectady: "Lands -lying near the town of Schonnhectade within three Dutch miles [about -twelve English miles] on both sides of the river westward, which ends at -Hinquariones [Towareoune], where the last battle was between the Mohoax -and North Indians." The last battle in that section of country explains -the text. Father Pierron, in 1669, located the battle "In a place that -was precipitous, . . . about eight leagues [French] east of Gandauague" -(Caughnawaga), or about sixteen miles English, and modern authorities -have added, "A steep rocky hill on the north side of the Mohawk, just -west of Hoffman's Ferry, now called Towareoune Hill, east of Chucktanunda -Creek, a stream which is supposed to have taken its name from the -overhanging rocks of the hill." [FN] Dr. Beauchamp, on the authority of -Albert Cusick, an educated Tuscarorian, translated: "_Kinaquarioune,_ -'She arrow-maker,' the name of a person who resided there." Rev. Isaac -Bearfoot, an educated Onondagian, especially instructed in the Mohawk -dialect, and an educator on the Canada Reservation, supplied to W. Max -Reid of Amsterdam, N. Y., the reading: "_Ki-na-qua-ri-one_, 'He killed -the Bear,' or, the place where the Bears die, or any place of death. It -seems to have been used to denote the place of the last great battle with -the Mahicans." The battle referred to occurred on the 18th of August, -1669. An account of it is given in Jesuit Relations, iii, 137, by Father -Pierron, the Jesuit missionary, who was then stationed at Caughnawaga. -The war which was then raging was continued until 1673, when the Governor -of New York succeeded in negotiating peace and by treaty "linked -together" the opposing nations as allies of the English government, a -relation which they subsequently sustained until the war of the -Revolution, when the Mahicans united with the revolutionists. - - * * * * * - - [FN] In a deed of 1685 is the entry: "Opposite a place called - Jucktumunda, that is ye stone houses, being a hollow rock on ye river - bank where ye Indians generally lie under when they travel." - - -Onekee-dsi-enos is of record in a deed of land purchased by one Abraham -Cuyler of Albany, in 1714, "from the native owners of the land at -Schohare, on the west side of Schohare creek, beginning on the north by -a stone mountain called by the Indians Onekeedsienos." (Cal. N. Y. Land -Papers, 110.) The name is probably an equivalent of Bruyas' -_Onueja-tsi-entos,_ a composition from _Onne'ja,_ "Stone"; _tsi_ or -_dsi,_ augmentative, "Very hard," such as stones used for making -hatchets, axes, etc., and _entos,_ plural inflection--"very hard stones," -or "where there are hard stones." The location has been claimed for Flint -Hill at Klein, Montgomery County, which, it is said, the name correctly -describes. Positive identification, however, can only be made from the -lines of the survey of Cuyler's purchase. It has also been claimed that -the Mohawk castle called _Onekagoncka_ by Van Curler in 1635, and the -_Osseruenon_ of 1642, was located at Klein, about eight miles east of -Schohare Creek. This claim is based on what is certainly an erroneous -computation of Van Curler's miles' travel, but particularly on the -location on Van der Donck's map of _Carenay_ directly north of a small -lake now in the town of Duane, Schenectady County. Van der Donck's map -locations are merely approximative, however, and of no other value than -as showing that the places existed. On an ancient map reprinted by the -War Department at Washington, the lake and the castle are both located -east of Schenectady. The old maps are from traders' descriptions in -general terms. - -Onuntadass, _Onuntasasha,_ etc., "six miles west from Schoharie between -the mountains of Schoharie and the hill called by the Indians Onuntadass" -(Cal. N. Y. Land Papers), describes a hill or mountain--_Ononté_--with -adjective termination _es_ or _ese,_ meaning "long" or "high." -_Jonondese,_ "It is a high hill." The hill has not been located. The name -could be applied to any long or high hill. - -Schoharie, now so written as the name of a creek and of a county and -town, would properly be written without the _i_. The stream came into -notice particularly after 1693-4, when the Tortoise tribe retreated from -Caughnawaga and located their principal town on the west side of the -stream a short distance south of its junction with the Mohawk, taking -with them their ancient title of "The First Mohawk Castle," and where its -location became known by the name of _Ti-onondar-aga_ and -_Ti-ononta-ogen;_ but later from the location on the creek about sixteen -miles above its mouth of what was known in modern times as "The Third -Mohawk Castle," more frequently called "The Schohare Castle," a mixed -aggregation of Mohawks and Tuscaroras who had been converted by the -Jesuit missionaries and persuaded to remove to Canada, but subsequently -induced to return. "A few emigrants at Schohare," wrote Sir William -Johnson in 1763. In the same district was also gathered a settlement of -Mahicans and other Algonquian emigrants. From the elements which were -gathered in both settlements came what were, long known as the Schohare -Indians. The early record name of the creek, _To-was-sho'hare,_ was -rendered for me by Mr. J. B. N. Hewitt, of the Bureau of Ethnology, -_T-yo^c-skoⁿ-hà-re,_ "An obstruction by drift wood." [FN] In Colonial -History, "_Skohere_, the Bear," means that the chief so called was of the -Bear tribe. He was otherwise known by the title, "He is the great -wood-drift." - - * * * * * - - [FN] "Schoharie, according to Brant, is an Indian word signifying drift - or flood-wood, the creek of that name running at the foot of a steep - precipice for many miles, from which it collected great quantities of - wood." (Spofford's Gazetteer.) - - -Ti-onondar-aga and Tiononta-ogen are forms of the name by which the -"First Mohawk Castle" was located after the Tortoise tribe was driven by -the French from Caughnawaga in 1693. The castle was located on the _west_ -side and near the mouth of Schohare Creek, as shown by a rough map in -Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 902, and also by a French Itinerary in 1757, in -the same work, Vol. i, 526. [FN-1] For the protection of the settlement, -the government erected, in 1710, what was known as Fort Hunter, by which -name the place is still known. The settlement was ruled over for a number -of years by "Little Abraham," brother of the Great King Hendrick of the -"Upper Mohawk Castle," at Canajohare. Its occupants were especially -classed as "Praying Maquas," and had a chapel and a bell and a priest of -the Church of England. In the war of the Revolution they professed to be -neutral but came to be regarded by the settlers as being composed of -spies and informers. So it came about that General Clinton sent out, in -1779, a detachment, captured all the inmates, and seized their stock and -property. [FN-2] There were only four houses--very good frame -buildings--then standing, and on the solicitation of settlers, who had -been made houseless in the Brant and Johnson raids, they were given to -them. It was the last Mohawk castle to disappear from the valley proper. - -_Ti-onondar-ága_ and _Te-ononte-ógen_ are related terms but are not -precisely of the same meaning. The first has the locative particle _ke,_ -or _acu_, as Zeisberger wrote it, and the second, _ógen,_ means "A space -between," or "between two mountains," an intervale, or valley, a very -proper name for Schohare Valley. It is a generic composition and was also -employed in connection with the "Upper (Third) Mohawk Castle" (1635-'66). - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] The settlement included "Some thirty cabins of Mohawk Indians" - in 1757. as stated in the French Itinerary referred to, Rev. Gideon - Hawley described it, in 1753, as on the southwest side of the creek "Not - far from the place where it discharges its waters into Mohawk River." - The place is still known as "Fort Hunter," although the fort and the - Indian settlement disappeared years ago. - - [FN-2] A detachment of one hundred men, sent out for that purpose, - surprised the castle on the 29th of October, 1779, making prisoners of - "Every Indian inmate." The houseless settlers took possession of the four - houses and of all the stock, grain and furniture of the tribe. The tribe - made claim for restitution on the ground of neutrality, which the - settlers denied. They had come to hate the very name of Mohawk. - - -Kadarode, of record in 1693 as the name of a tract of land "Lying upon -Trinderogues (Schohare) creek, on both sides, made over to John Petersen -Mabie by _Roode,_ the Indian, in his life time, [FN] principal sachem, -by and with the consent of the rest of the Praying Indian Castle in the -Mohawk country" (Land Papers, 61), is further referred to in grant of -permission to Mabie, in 1715, to purchase additional land "known as -Kadarode," on the _east_ side of the creek, and also lands "adjoining" -his lands on the _west_ side of the stream. (Ib. 118.) By the DeWitt map -of survey of 1790, Mabie's entire purchase extended east from the mouth -of Aurie's Creek to a point on the east side of Schohare Creek, a distance -of about four miles, the territory covering the presumed site of the -early Mohawk castle called by different writers from names which they had -heard spoken, Onekagoncka, Caneray, Osseruenon, and Oneugioure, now the -site of the Shrine, "Our Lady of Martyrs." The Mohawk River, west of the -long rapids, above and including the mouth of Schohare Creek, flows "in -a broad, dark stream, with no apparent current," giving it the appearance -of a lake--"a long stretch of still water in a river." The section was -much favored by the Tortoise tribe, whose castle in 1635 and again in -1693-4 was seated upon it. The record name, _Kadarode,_ has obviously -lost some letters. Its locative suggests its derivation from _Kanitare,_ -"Lake," and _-okte_, "End, side, edge," etc. Van Curler wrote here, in -1635, _Canowarode,_ the name of a village which he passed while walking -on the ice which had frozen over the Mohawk; it was evidently on the side -of the stream. _Carenay_ or _Kaneray,_ Van der Donck's name of the -castle, may easily have been from _Kanitare._ The letters _d_ and _t_ are -equivalent sounds in the Mohawk tongue. The aspirate _k_ was frequently -dropped by European scribes; it does not represent a radical element. The -several record names which are met here is a point of interest to -students. - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Roode_ was living in 1683. An additional name was given to him in - a Schenectady patent of that year, indicating that the name by which he - was generally known was from his place of residence. He could easily - have been a sachem in 1635. - - -Oghrackee, Orachkee, Oghrackie, orthographies of the record name of what -is now known as Aurie's Creek, appear in connection with land patented -to John Scott, 1722. In the survey of the patent by Cadwallader Colden, -in the same year, the description reads: "On the south side of Mohawk's -river, about two miles above Fort Hunter, . . . beginning at a certain -brook called by the Indians Oghrackie, otherwise known as Arie's creek, -where it falls into Maquas river." (N. Y. Land Papers, 164.) In other -words the name was that of a place at the mouth of the brook. Near the -brook at Auriesville, which takes its name from that of the stream, has -been located the Shrine, "Our Lady of Martyrs," marking the presumed site -of the Mohawk castle called by Father Jogues _Osserueñon,_ in which he -suffered martyrdom in 1646. [FN] The Indian name, _Oghrackie,_ has no -meaning as it stands; some part of it was probably lost by mishearing. -The digraph _gh_ is not a radical element in Mohawk speech; it is -frequently dropped, as in _Orachkee,_ one of the forms of the name here. -Omitting it from Colden's _Oghrackie,_ and inserting the particle _se_ or -_sa,_ yields _Osarake,_ "At the beaver dam," from _Osara,_ "Beaver dam," -and locative participle _ke,_ "At." (Hale.) This interpretation is -confirmed, substantially, by the Bureau of Ethnology in an interpretation -of _Osseruenon_ which Father Jogues gave as that of the castle. W. H. -Holmes, Chief of the Bureau, wrote me, under date of March 8, 1906, as -has been above stated, "The term _Osserueñon_ (or _Osserneñon, Asserua, -Osserion, Osserrinon_) appears to be from the Mohawk dialect of the -Iroquoian stock of languages. It signifies, if its English dress gives -any approximation to the sound of the original expression, 'At the beaver -dam.'" This expert testimony has its value in the force which it gives -to the conclusion that the castle in which Father Jogues suffered was at -or near Aurie's Creek. The relation between Megapolensis' _Assarue_ and -Jogues's _Osseru_ is readily seen by changing the initial _A_ in the -former to _O._ - -_Aurie's,_ the present name of the stream, otherwise written _Arie's,_ is -Dutch for _Adrian_ or _Adrianus_ (Latin) "Of or pertaining to the sea." -It is suggestive of the name _Adriochten,_ written by Van Curler as that -of the ruling sachem of the castle which he visited and called -_Onekagoncka_ in 1635. The only tangible fact, however, is that the -stream took its present name from Aurie, a ruling sachem who resided on -or near it. - -In this connection the several names by which the castle was called, viz: -_Onekagoncka, Carenay_ or _Caneray, Osserueñon, Assarue,_ and -_Oneugiouré,_ may be again referred to. As already stated, the "best -expert authority" of the Bureau of Ethnology reads _Onekagoncka_ as -signifying, "At the junction of the waters," and _Osserueñon,_ in any of -its forms, as signifying "At the beaver-dam." Possibly the names might be -read differently by a less expert authority, but _Oneka_ certainly means -"Water," and _Ossera_ means "Beaver-dam." Add the reading by the late -Horatio Hale of _Oghracke,_ "At the beaver-dam," and the locative chain -is complete at the mouth of Aurie's Creek (Oghracke). _Tribally,_ the -names referred to one and the same castle, as has been noted, and the -evidence seems to be clear that the location was the same. There is no -evidence whatever that any other than one and the same place was occupied -by the "first castle" between the years 1635 and 1667. It is not strictly -correct to say that "castles were frequently removed." Villages that were -not palisaded may have been frequently changed to new sites, but the -evidence is that palisaded towns remained in one place for a number of -years unless the tribe occupying was driven out by an enemy or by -continued unhealthfulness, as the known history of all the old castles -shows; nor were they ever removed to any considerable distance from their -original sites. - -Van Curler's description of the castle has been quoted. He did not say -that it was palisaded, but he did call it a "fort," which means the same -thing. Rev. Megapolensis wrote, in 1644: "These [the Tortoise tribe] have -built a fort of palisades and call their castle _Assarue._" It was not -an old castle when Van Curler visited it in 1635, or when Father Jogues -was a prisoner in it in 1642, but in its then short existence it had had -an incident in the wars between the Mohawks and the Mahicans of which -there is no mention in our written histories. On his return trip Van -Curler wrote that after leaving _Onekagoncka_ and walking about "two -miles," or about six English miles, his guide pointed to a high hill on -which the immediately preceding castle of the tribe had stood and from -which it had been driven by the Mahicans "nine years" previously, _i. e._ -in 1627, when the war was raging between the Mohawks and the Mahicans of -which Wassenaer wrote. It was obviously about that time that the tribe, -retreating from its enemies, rallied west of Schohare Creek and founded -the castle of which we are speaking, and there it remained until it was -driven out by the French under De Tracey in 1666, when its occupants -gathered together at Caughnawaga on the north side of the Mohawk, where -they remained until 1693 when their castle was again destroyed by the -French, and the tribe found a resting place on the west side of the mouth -of Schohare Creek. The remarkable episode in the early history of the -castle, the torture and murder of Father Jogues in 1646, is available in -many publications. The location in Brodhead's and other histories of the -castle in which he suffered as at Caughnawaga, is now known to be -erroneous. Caughnawaga was not occupied by the tribal castle until over -twenty years later. - - * * * * * - - [FN] The site of the Shrine was approved by the Society of Jesus mainly - on examinations and measurements made by General John S. Clark, the - locally eminent antiquarian of Auburn, N. Y., who gave the most - conscientious attention to the work of investigation. The data supplied - by Van Curler's Journal, which he did not have before him, may suggest - corrections in some of his locations. - - -Senatsycrossy, written by Van Curler, in 1635, as the name of a Mohawk -Village west of _Canowarode,_ seems to have been in the vicinity of -Fultonville, where tradition has always located one, but where General -John S. Clark asserts that there never was one. It may not have remained -at the place named for a number of years. Villages that were not palisaded -were sometimes removed in a single night. Van Curler described it as a -village of twelve houses. It was, presumably, the seat of a sub-tribe or -gens of the Tortoise tribe. Its precise location is not important. A gens -or sub-tribe was a family of the original stock more or less numerous -from natural increase and intermarriages, and always springing from a -single pair--the old, old story of Adam and Eve, the founders of the -Hebrews. The sachem or first man of these gens was never a ruler of the -tribe proper. They did sign deeds for possessions which were admitted to -be their own, but never a treaty on the part of the nation. - -Caughnawaga, probably the best known of the Mohawk castles of what may -be called the middle era (1667-93), and the immediate successor of -_Onekagoncka_ of 1635, was located on the north side of the Mohawk, on -the edge of a hill, near the river, half a mile west of the mouth of -Cayuadutta Creek, in the present village of Fonda. The hill on which it -was built is now known as Kaneagah, writes Mr. W. Max Read of Amsterdam. -Its name appears first in French notation, in Jesuit Relations (1667), -_Gandaouagué._ [FN] Contemporaneous Dutch scribes wrote it _Kaghnawaga_ -and _Caughnawaga,_ and Greenhalgh, an English trader, who visited the -castle in 1677, wrote it _Cahaniaga,_ and described it as "about a bowshot -from the river, doubly stockaded around, with four ports, and twenty-four -houses." The most salient points in its history are in connection with -its wars with the French and with the labors of the Jesuit missionaries, -who, after the murder of Father Jogues and the destruction of the castle -in which he suffered and the peace of 1667, were very successful, so much -so that in 1671 the occupants of the castle erected in its public square -a Cross, and a year later a very large number of the tribe under the lead -of the famous warrior Krin, removed to Canada and became allies of the -French. The members of the tribe who remained occupied the castle until -the winter of 1693, when it was captured and burned by the French, and -the tribe returned to the south side of the river and located on the -flats on the west side of Schohare Creek, where they were especially -known as "The Praying Maquaas," and where they remained until 1779, when -they were dispersed by the Revolutionary forces under General Clinton. -_Caughnawaga_ is accepted as meaning "At the rapids," more correctly "At -the rapid current." It is from the Huron radical _Gannawa_ (Bruyas), -for which M. Cuoq wrote in his Lexicon _Ohnawagh,_ "Swift current," or -very nearly the Dutch _Kaghnawa_; with locative particle _-ge_ or _-ga,_ -"At the rapids." It is a generic term and is met of record in several -places. As has been noted elsewhere, the rapids of the Mohawk extend at -intervals fifteen in number from Schenectady to Little Falls, the longest -being east of the mouth of Schohare Creek. The rapid or rift at -Caughnawaga extends about half a mile. - - * * * * * - - [FN] The letters _ou,_ in _Gandaouaga_ and in other names, represents - a sound produced by the Mohawks in the throat without motion of the - lips. Bruyas wrote it 8. {_sic_ ȣ?} It is now generally written - _w--Gandawaga._ - - -Cayudutta, modern orthography; _Caniadutta_ and _Caniahdutta,_ 1752. -"Beginning at a great rock, lying on the west side of a creek, called by -the Indians Caniadutta." (Cal. Land Papers, 270.) The name was that of -the rock, from which it was extended to the stream. It was probably a -rock of the calciferous sandstone type containing garnets, quartz and -flint, which are met in the vicinity. "The name is from _Onenhia,_ or -_Onenya,_ 'stone,' and _Kaniote,_ 'to be elevated,' or standing" (Hale). -[FN] Dr. Beauchamp translated the name, "Stone standing out of the -water." The meaning, however, seems to be simply, "Standing stone," or -an elevated rock. Its location is stated in the patent description as -"lying on the west side of the creek." The place is claimed for Fulton -County. (See Caughnawaga.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] The same word is now written as the name of the Oneida nation. Van - Curler's trip, in 1635, extended to the castle of the Oneidas, which he - called' _Enneyuttehage,_ "The standing-stone town." (Hale.) - - -Canagere, written by Van Curler, in 1635, as the name of the "Second -Castle" or tribal town, was written _Gandagiro_ by Father Jogues, in -1643; _Banigiro_ by Rev. Megapolensis; _Gandagora_ in Jesuit Relations -in 1669, and _Canagora_ by Greenhalgh in 1677. The several orthographies - are claimed to stand for _Canajohare,_ from the fact that the castle was -"built on a high hill" east of Canajohare Creek. It was, however, the -castle of the Bear tribe, the _Ganniagwari,_ or Grand Bear of the nation, -and carried its name with it to the north side of the Mohawk in 1667. -_Ganniagwari_ and _Canajohare_ are easily confused. The creek called -_Canajohare_ gave a general locative name to a considerable district of -country around it. It took the name from a pot-hole in a mass of limestone -in its bed at the falls on the stream about one mile from its mouth. -Bruyas wrote "_Ganna-tsi-ohare,_ laver de chaudiere" (to wash the cauldron -or large kettle). Rev. Samuel Kirkland, the noted missionary to the -Oneidas, wrote the same word "_Kanaohare_, or Great Boiling Pot, as it is -called by the Six Nations." (Dr. Dwight.) The letter _j_ stands for -_tsi,_ augmentative, and the radical _ohare_ means "To wash." (Bruyas.) -The hole was obviously worn by a round stone or by pebbles, which, moved -by the action of the current, literally washed the kettle. Van Curler -described the castle as containing "sixteen houses, fifty, sixty, seventy, -or eighty paces long, and one of five paces containing a bear," which he -presumed was "to be fattened." No matter what may be said in regard to -precise location, this castle was _east_ of Canajohare Creek. - -Sohanidisse, a castle so called by Van Curler, and denominated by him as -the "Third Castle," is marked on Van der Donck's map _Schanatisse._ It -is described by Van Curler as "on a very high hill," _west_ of Canajohare -Creek, was composed of thirty-two long houses, and was not enclosed by -palisades. "Near this castle was plenty of flat land and the woods were -full of oak trees." The "very high hill" west of Canajohare Creek and the -flat lands remain to verify its position. It is supposed to have been the -castle of the Beaver tribe--a sub-gens. - -Osquage, Ohquage, Otsquage, etc., was written by Van Curler as the name -of a village of nine houses situated east of what has been known since -1635 as Osquage or Otsquage Creek. The chief of the village was called -"_Oguoho,_ that is Wolf." Megapolensis wrote the same term _Okwaho_; Van -Curler later wrote it _Ohquage,_ and in vocabulary "_Okwahohage,_ wolves," -accessorily, "Place of wolves." From the form _Osquage_ we no doubt have -_Otsquage_ or _Okquage._ - -Cawaoge, a village so called by Van Curler, was described by him as on a -"very high hill" west of _Osquage._ On his return trip he wrote the name -_Nawoga;_ on old maps it is _Canawadoga,_ of which _Cawaoge_ is a -compression, apparently from _Gannawake._ For centuries the name has been -preserved in _Nowadaga_ as that of Fort Plain Creek. - -Tenotoge and Tenotehage, Van Curler; _t' Jonoutego,_ Van der Donck; -_Te-onont-ogeu,_ Jogues; _Thenondigo,_ Megapolensis--called by Van Curler -the "Fourth Castle" and known later as the castle of the Wolf tribe, and -as the "Upper Mohawk Castle," was described by Van Curler as composed of -fifty-five houses "surrounded by three rows of palisades." It stood in a -valley evidently, as Van Curler wrote that the stream called the Osquaga -"ran past this castle." On the opposite (east) side of the stream he saw -"a good many houses filled with corn and beans," and extensive flat -lands. It was undoubtedly strongly palisaded to defend the western door -of the nation as was Onekagoncka on the east. _Te-onont-ogen,_ which is -probably the most correct form of the name, means "Between two mountains," -an intervale or space between, from _Te,_ "two"; _-ononte,_ "mountain," -and _-ogen,_ "between." The same name is met later at the mouth of -Schohare Creek. General John S. Clark located this castle at Spraker's -Basin, thirteen miles (railroad) _west_ of Auriesville and three miles -_east_ of Nowedaga Creek. The correctness of this location must be -determined by the topographical features stated by Van Curler and not -otherwise. General Clark did an excellent work in searching for the sites -of ancient castles from remaining evidences of Indian occupation, but the -remaining evidence of names and topographical features where they are met -of record must govern. In this case the creek that "ran past the door of -this castle," is an indisputable mark. The French destroyed the castle in -October, 1666. In the account of the occurrence (Doc. Hist. N. Y., ii, -70) it is described as being surrounded by "A triple palisade, twenty -feet in height and flanked by four bastions." The tribe did not defend -their possession, only a few old persons remaining who were too feeble to -follow the retreat of the warriors and kindred. The tribe rebuilt the -castle on the north side of the Mohawk under the name of _Onondagowa,_ -"A Great Hill." The French destroyed it again in 1693, and the tribe -returned to the south side of the river and located on the flat at the -mouth of the Nowadaga or Fort Plain Creek, where the government built, -in 1710, Fort Hendrick for its protection, and where it became known as -the Upper or Canajohare Castle. - -Aschalege, Oschalage, Otsgarege, etc., are record forms of the name given -as that of the stream now known as Cobel's Kill, a branch of Schohare -Creek in Schohare County. Morgan translated it from _Askwa_ or _Oskwa,_ -a scaffolding or platform of any kind, and _ge,_ locative, the combination -yielding "At or on a bridge." Bruyas wrote _Otserage,_ "A causeway," a -way or road raised above the natural level of the ground, serving as a -passage over wet or marshy grounds. Otsgarage is now applied to a noted -cavern near the stream in the town of Cobel's Kill. - -Oneyagine, "called by the Indians _Oneyagine,_ and by the Christians -Stone Kill," is the record name of a creek in Schohare County. J. B. N. -Hewitt read it from _Onehya_ (_Onne'ja,_ Bruyas), "stone"; _Oneyagine,_ -"At the broken stone," from which transferred to the stream. - -Kanendenra, "a hill called by the Indians Kanendenra, otherwise by the -Christians Anthony's Nose"--"to a point on Mohawk River near a hill called -by the Indians Kanandenra, and by the Christians Anthony's Nose"--"to a -certain hill called Anthony's Nose, whose point comes into the said -river"--"Kanendahhere, a hill on the south side of the Mohawk, by the -Christians lately called Anthony's Nose"--now known as "The Noses" and -applied to a range of hills that rises abruptly from the banks of the -Mohawk just below Spraker's. The name is an abstract noun, possessing a -specialized sense. The nose is the terminal peak of the Au Sable range. -The rock formation is gneiss, covered by heavy masses of calciferous -limestone containing garnets. "Anthony's Nose," probably so called from -resemblance to Anthony's Nose on the Hudson. - -Etagragon, now so written, the name of a boundmark on the Mohawk, is of -record "_Estaragoha,_ a certain rock." The locative is on the south side -of the river about twenty-four miles above Schenectady. (Cal. N. Y. Land -Papers, 121.) The name is an equivalent of _Astenra-kowa,_ "A large -rock." Modern _Otsteara-kowa,_ Elliot. - -Astenrogen, of record as the name of "the first carrying place," now -Little Falls, is from _Ostenra,_ "rock," and _ogen,_ "divisionem" -(Bruyas), literally, "Divided or separated rock." The east end of the -gorge was the eastern boundmark of what is known as the "German Flats," -which was purchased and settled by a part of the Palatine immigrants who -had been located on the Livingston Patent in 1710. The patent to the -Germans here was granted in 1723. The description in it reads: "Beginning -at the first carrying place, being the easternmost bounds, called by the -natives _Astenrogen,_ running along on both sides of said river westerly -unto _Ganendagaren,_ or the upper end [_i. e._ of the flats, a fine -alluvial plain on both sides of the river], [FN] being about twenty-four -miles." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 182.) The passage between the rocks, now -Little Falls, covered a distance of "about three-quarters of a mile" and -the rapids "the height of thirty-nine feet," according to the survey of -1792. The Mohawk here breaks through the Allegheny ridge which primarily -divided the waters of the Ontario Basin from the Hudson. The overflow -from the basin here formed a waterfall that probably rivaled Niagara and -gradually wore away the rock. The channel of the stream was very deep and -on the subsidence of the ice sheet, which spread over the northern part -of the continent, became filled with drift. The opening in the ridge and -the formation of the valley of the Mohawk as now known are studies in the -work of creation. The settlements known as the German Flats were on both -sides of the river. The one that was on the north side was burned by the -French in the war of 1756-7. It was then composed of sixty houses. The -one on the south side was known as Fort Kouari and later as Fort -Herkimer. The district shared largely in the historic events in the -Mohawk Valley during the Revolution. There are very few districts of -country in the nation in which so many subjects for consideration are -centered. - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Ganendagraen_ is probably from _Gahenta_ (Gahenda), "Prairie." - - - - * * * * * - - - - On the Delaware. - - -Keht-hanne, Heckewelder--_Kittan,_ Zeisberger--"The principal or greatest -stream," _i. e._ of the country through which it passes, was the generic -name of the Delaware River, and _Lenapewihittuck,_ "The river or stream -of the Lenape," its specific name, more especially referring to the -stream where its waters are affected by tidal currents. In the Minisink -country it was known as _Minisinks River,_ or "River of the Minisinks." -At the Lehigh junction the main stream was called the East Branch and the -Lehigh the West Branch (Sauthier's map), but above that point the main -stream was known as the West Branch to its head in Utsyantha [FN-1] Lake, -on the north-east line of Delaware County, N. Y., where it was known as -the Mohawk's Branch. It forms the southwestern boundary of the State from -nearly its head to Port Jervis, Orange County, Where it enters or becomes -the western boundary of New Jersey. At Hancock, Delaware County, it -receives the waters of what was called by the Indians the _Paghkataghan,_ -and by the English the East Branch. The West Branch was here known to the -Indians as the _Namaes-sipu_ and its equivalent _Lamas-sépos,_ or "Fish -River," by Europeans, Fish-Kill, "Because," says an affidavit of 1785, -"There was great numbers of _Maskunamack_ (that is Bass) and _Guwam_ -(that is Shad) [FN-2] went up that branch at Shokan, and but few or none -went up the East [Paghkataghan] Branch." [FN-3] In the course of time the -East or Paghkataghan [FN-4] Branch became known as the Papagonck from a -place so called. The lower part of the stream was called by the Dutch the -"Zuiden River," or South River. In early days the main or West Branch was -navigable by flat-boats from Cochecton Falls to Philadelphia and -Wilmington. Smith, in his "History of New Jersey," wrote: "From Cochecton -to Trenton are fourteen considerable rifts, yet all passable in the long -flat boats used in the navigation of these parts, some carrying 500 or -600 bushels of wheat." _Meggeckesson_ (Col. Hist. N. Y., xii, 225) was -the name of what are now known as Trenton Falls, or rapids. It means, -briefly, "Strong water." Heckewelder's _Maskek-it-ong_ and his -interpretation of it, "Strong falls at," are wrong, the name which he -quoted being that of a swamp in the vicinity of the falls, as noted in -Col. Hist. N. Y., and as shown by the name itself. - -The Delaware was the seat of the _Lenni-Lenapé_ (_a_ as _a_ in father, -_é_ as _a_ in mate--_Lenahpa_), or "Original people," or people born of -the earth on which they lived, who were recognized, at the time of the -discovery, as the head or "Grandfather" of the Algonquian nations. From -their principal seat on the tide-waters of the Delaware, and their -jurisdiction on that stream, they became known and are generally met in -history as the Delawares. In tribal and sub-tribal organizations they -extended over Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, New Jersey, and -New York as far north as the Katskills, speaking dialects radically the -same as that of the parent stock. [FN-5] They were composed of three -primary totemic tribes, the _Minsi_ or Wolf, the _Unulachtigo_ or Turkey, -and the _Unami_ or Turtle, of whom the Turtle held the primacy. They were -a milder and less barbaric people than the Iroquoian tribes, with whom -they had little affinity and with whom they were almost constantly in -conflict until they were broken up by the incoming tide of Europeans, the -earliest and the succeeding waves of which fell upon their shores, and -the later alliance of the English with their ancient enemies, the -confederated Six Nations of New York, who, from their geographical -position and greater strength from their remoteness from the -demoralization of early European contact, offered the most substantial -advantages for repelling the advances of the French in Canada. Ultimately -conquered by the Six Nations, and made "Women," in their figurative -language, _i. e._ a people without power to make war or enter into -treaties except with the consent of their rulers, they nevertheless -maintained their integrity and won the title of "Men" as the outcome of -the war of 1754-6. Their history has been fully--perhaps too -favorably--written by Heckewelder and others. The geographical names -which they gave to the hills and streams of their native land are their -most remindful memorial. While western New York was Iroquoian, southern -New York was Lenni-Lenape or Algonquian. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Also written _Oteseontio_ and claimed as the name of a spring. - The lake is a small body of water lying 1,800 feet above tide level, in - the town of Jefferson, Schohare County. It is usually quoted as the head - of the West Branch of Delaware River. - - [FN-2] "_Guwam;_ modifications, _Choam, Schawan._ The stem appears to be - _Shawano,_ 'South,' 'Coming from the south,' or from salt water." - (Brinton.) - - [FN-3] Affidavit of Johannes Decker, Hist. Or. Co. (quarto) p. 699: - "Called by the Indians Lamas-Sepos, or Fish Kill, because they caught - the shad there." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 698, _et. seq._) - - [FN-4] _Paghkataghan_ means "The division or branch of a stream"--"Where - the stream divides or separates." The Moravian missionaries wrote the - name _Pachgahgoch,_ from which, by corruption, _Papagonck._ The - Papagoncks seem to have been, primarily, Esopus Indians, and to have - retreated to that point after yielding up their Esopus lands. (See - Schaghticoke.) - - [FN-5] Two slightly different dialects prevailed among the Delawares, - the one spoken by the Unami and the Unulachtigo, the other the Minsi. - The dialect which the missionaries Learned, and in which they composed - their works, was that of the Lehigh Valley. We may fairly consider it - to have been the upper or inland Unami. It stood between the Unulachto - and Southern Unami and the true Minsi. (Dr. Brinton.) The dialects - spoken in the valley of Hudson's River have been referred to in another - connection. - - -Minisink, now so written and preserved as the name of a town in Orange -County, appears primarily, in 1656, on Van der Donck's map, "Minnessinck -ofte t' Landt van Bacham," which may be read, constructively, "Indians -inhabiting the back or upper lands," or the highlands. [FN] Heckewelder -wrote: "The Minsi, which we have corrupted to Monsey, extended their -settlements from the Minisink, a place named after them, where they had -their council seat and fire," and Reichel added, "The Minisinks, _i. e._ -the habitation of the Monseys or Minsis." The application was both -general and specific to the district of country occupied by the Minsi -tribe and to the place where its council fire was held. The former -embraced the mountainous country of the Delaware River above the Forks -or junction of the Lehigh Branch; the latter was on Minnisink Plains in -New Jersey, about eight miles south of Port Jervis, Orange County. It was -obviously known to the Dutch long before Van der Donck wrote the name. -It was visited, in 1694, by Arent Schuyler, a credited interpreter, who -wrote, in his Journal, Minissink and Menissink as the name of the tribal -seat. Although it is claimed that there was another council-seat on the -East Branch of the Delaware, that on Minisink Plains was no doubt the -principal seat of the tribe, as records show that it was there that all -official intercourse with the tribe was conducted for many years. -Schuyler met sachems and members of the tribe there and the place was -later made a point for missionary labor. Their village was palisaded. -On one of the early maps it is represented as a circular enclosure. In -August, 1663, they asked the Dutch authorities at New Amsterdam, through -_Oratamy,_ sachem of the Hackinsacks, "For a small piece of ordnance to -use in their fort against the _Sinuakas_ and protect their corn." (Col. -Hist. N. Y., xiii, 290.) In the blanket deed which the tribe gave in -1758, to their territory in New Jersey they were styled "Minsis, Monseys, -or Minnisinks." _Minsis_ and _Monseys_ are convertible terms of which the -late Dr. D. G. Brinton wrote: "From investigation among living Delawares, -_Minsi,_ properly _Minsiu,_ formerly _Min-assin-iu,_ means 'People of the -stony country,' or briefly, 'Mountaineers.' It is the synthesis of -_Minthiu,_ 'To be scattered,' and _Achsin,_ 'Stone.' according to the -best native authority." Apparently from _Min-assin_ we have Van der -Donck's _Minn-essin;_ with locative _-k, -ck, -g, -gh, Minn-essin-ks,_ -"People of the stony country," back-landers or highlanders. -Interpretations of less merit have been made. One that is widely quoted -is from Old Algonquian and Chippeway _Minnis,_ "Island," and _-ink,_ -locative; but there is no evidence that _Minnis_ was in the dialect spoken -here; on the contrary the record name of Great Minnisink Island, which -is supposed to have been referred to, was _Menag'nock,_ by the German -notation _Menach'hen-ak._ Aside from this _Minnissingh_ is of record at -Poughkeepsie, in 1683, where no island is known to have existed, and in -Westchester County the same term is met in _Men-assink_ (_Min-assin-ink_), -"At a place of small stones." The deed description at Poughkeepsie -located the tract conveyed "On the bank of the river," _i. e._ on the -back or ridge lands. (See Minnis-ingh.) The final _s_ which appears in -many of the forms of the name, and especially in _Minsis,_ is a foreign -plural. - - * * * * * - - [FN] "Minnessinck ofte t' Landt Van Bacham," apparently received some - of its letters from the engraver of the map. _Ofte_--Dutch and Old Saxon, - _av_--English _of_--was probably used in the sense of identity or - equivalency. Bacham--Dutch, _bak;_ Old High-German, _Bahhoham_--describes - "An extended upper part, as of a mountain or ridge." In application to - a tribe, "Ridge-landers," "Highlanders," or "Mountaineers." On the - Hudson the tribe was generally known as Highlanders. The double _n_ and - the double _s,_ in many of the forms, show that _e_ was pronounced - short, or _i._ - - -Menagnock, the record name of what has long been known as "The Great -Mennissincks Island"--"The Great Island of the Mennisinks"--is probably -an equivalent of _Menach'henak_ (Minsi) meaning "Islands." The island, -so called, is a flat cut up by water courses, forming several small -islands. - -Namenock, an island so called by Rev. Casparus Freymout in 1737, is -probably an equivalent of Naman-ock and Namee-ock, L. I., which was -translated by Dr. Trumbull from Mass. _Namau-ohke,_ "Fishing place," or -"Fish country"--_Namauk,_ Del, "Fishing place." Perhaps it was the site -of a weir or dam for impounding fish. Such dams or fishing places became -boundmarks in some cases. The name was corrupted to _Nomin-ack,_ as the -name of a church and of a fort three or four miles below what is now -Montague, N. J. On Long Island the name is corrupted to _Nomin-ick._ -(See Moriches.) - -Magatsoot--A tract of land "Called and known by the name of Magockomack -and Magatsoot"--so entered in petition of Philip French for Minisink -Patent in 1703, is noted in petition of Ebenezer Wilson (same patent), -in 1702, "Beginning on the northwest side of the mouth of Weachackamack -Creek where it enters Minisink River." The creek was then given the name -of the field called Maghaghkamieck; it is now called Neversink. -_Magatsoot_ was the name of the mouth of the stream, "Where it enters -Minisink River," or the Delaware. It is an equivalent of _Machaak-sók,_ -[FN] meaning, "The great outlet," or mouth of a river. Although specific -in application to the mouth of the river, it is more strictly the name -of the stream than that which it now bears. (See Magaat-Ramis.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Machaak,_ Moh., _Mechek,_ Len.; "Great, large"; _soot, sók, sóhk, - sauk,_ "Pouring out," hence mouth or outlet of a river. - - -Maghagh-kamieck, so written in patent to Arent Schuyler in 1694, and -described therein as "A certain tract of land at a place called -Maghaghkamieck," which "Place" was granted, in 1697, to Swartwout, -Coddebeck, and others, has been handed down in many orthographies. The -precise location of the "Place" was never ascertained by survey, but by -occupation it consisted of some portion of a very fine section of -bottom-land extending along the northeast side of Neversink River from -near or in the vicinity of the junction of that stream and the Delaware -at Carpenter's Point to the junction of Basha's Kill [FN-1] and the -Neversink, in the present county of Sullivan, a distance of about eleven -miles. In general terms its boundaries are described in the patent as -extending from "The western bounds of the lands called _Nepeneck_ to a -small run of water called by the Indian name _Assawaghkemek,_ and so along -the same and the lands of Mansjoor, the Indian." It matters not that in -later years it was reported by a commission that the patent "Contained -no particular boundaries, but appeared rather to be a description of a -certain tract of country in which 1,200 acres were to be taken up," the -name nevertheless was that of a certain field or place so distinct in -character as to become a general locative of the whole, as in the Schuyler -grant of 1694. It may reasonably be presumed that the district to which -it was extended began at Carpenter's Point (Nepeneck) and ended on the -north side of Basha's Kill. (See Assawaghkemek.) The same name is met in -New Jersey on the Peaquaneck River, where it is of record in 1649, -"_Mechgacham-ik,_ or Indian field" (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 25); noted -as an Indian settlement in the Journal of Arent Schuyler, in 1694, giving -an account of his visit to the Minissinck country, in February of that -year, in which the orthography is _Maghagh-kamieck,_ indicating very -clearly that the original was _Maghk-aghk-kamighk,_ a combination of -_Maghaghk,_ "Pumpkin," and _-kamik,_ "Field," or place limited, where -those vegetables were cultivated, and a place that was widely known -evidently. [FN-2] The German missionaries wrote _Machg-ack,_ "Pumpkin," -and Captain John Smith, in his Virginia notes of 1620, wrote the same -sound in _Mahcawq._ No mention is made of an Indian village here. If -there was one it certainly was not visited by Arent Schuyler in 1694, -as is shown by the general direction of his route, as well as by maps of -Indian paths. To have visited Maghaghkamik in Orange County would have -taken him many miles out of his way. Maghaghkamik Fork and Maghaghkamik -Church lost those names many years ago, but the ancient name is still -in use in some connections in Port Jervis, and most wretchedly spelled. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Basha's Kill, so called from a place called Basha's land, which - see. - - [FN-2] _Kamik,_ Del., _Komuk,_ Mass., in varying orthographies, means - "Place" in the sense of a limited enclosed, or occupied space; - "Generally," wrote Dr. Trumbull, "An enclosure, natural or artificial, - such as a house or other building, a village, or planted field, a thicket - or place surrounded by trees"; briefly, a place having definite - boundaries. _Maghkaghk_ is an intense expression of quality--perfection. - - -Nepeneck, a boundmark so called in the Swartwout-Coddebeck Patent of -1697--Napenock, Napenack, Napenough, later forms--given as the name of -the western or southwestern bound of the Maghaghkamick tract, is -described: "Beginning at the western bounds of the lands called Nepeneck." -The place is presumed to have been at or near Carpenter's Point, on the -Delaware, which at times is overflowed by water. It disappears here after -1697, but reappears in a similar situation some twenty miles north at the -junction of the Sandberg and Rondout kills. It is probably a generic as -in _Nepeak,_ L. I., meaning, "Water land," or land overflowed by water. -"_Nepenit_ 'In a place of water.'" (Trumbull.) Carpenter's Point or -ancient Nepeneck, is the site of the famous Tri-States Rock, the boundmark -of three states. - - - -[Illustration: On The Delaware, Tri-States Rock Port Jervis, N.Y.] - - - -Assawaghkemek, the name entered as that of the northeast boundmark of -the Swartwout-Coddebeck Patent, and described therein, "To a small run of -water called Assawaghkemek . . . and so along the same and the lands of -Mansjoor, the Indian," is known by settlement, to have been _at_ and -_below_ the junction of Basha's Kill and the Neversink, from which the -inference seems to be well sustained that "the lands of Mansjoor, the -Indian" were the lands or valley of Basha's Kill, which the name describes -as an enclosed or occupied place "beyond," or "on the other side" of the -small run of water. The prefix _Assaw,_ otherwise written _Accaw, Agaw,_ -etc., means "Beyond," "On the other side." The termination _agh,_ or -_aug,_ indicates that the name is formed as a verb. _Kemek_ (Kamik) means -an enclosed, or occupied place, as already stated. The translation in -"History of Orange County," from _Waseleu,_ "Light, bright, foaming," is -erroneous, as is also the application of the name to Fall Brook, near the -modern village of Huguenot. In no case was the name that of a stream, -except by extension to it. - -Peenpack, (Paan, Paen, Pien, Penn) is given, _traditionally,_ as the name -of a "Small knoll or rise of ground, some fifty or sixty rods long, ten -wide, and about twenty feet high above the level of" Neversink River, -"on and around which the settlers of the Maghaghkamik Patent first -located their cabins." It has been preserved for many generations as the -name of what is known as the Peen-pach Valley, the long narrow flats on -the Neversink. Apparently it is corrupt Dutch from _Paan-pacht,_ "Low, -soft land," or leased land. The same name is met in _Paan-paach,_ Troy, -N. Y., and in _Penpack,_ Somerset County, N. J. The places bearing it -were primary Dutch settlements on low lands. (See Paanpaach.) Doubtfully -a substitution for Algonquian from a root meaning, "To fall from a height" -(Abn., _Paⁿna;_ Len. _Pange_), as in Abn. _Panaⁿk'i,_ "Fall of land," -the downward slope of a mountain, suggested by the slope of the Shawongunk -Mountain range, which here runs southwest to northeast and falls off on -the west until it meets the narrow flats spoken of. The same feature is -met at Troy. - -Tehannek, traditionally the name of a small stream on the east side of -the Peenpack Knoll, probably means "Cold stream," from _Ta_ or _Te,_ -"cold," and _-hannek,_ "stream." It is a mountain brook. - -Sokapach, traditionally the name of a spring in Deerpark, means, "A -spring." It is an equivalent of _Sókapeék,_ "A spring or pool." - -Neversink, the name quoted as that of the stream flowing to the Delaware -at Carpenter's Point, is not a river name. It is a corruption of Lenape -_Newás,_ "A promontory," and _-ink,_ locative, meaning "At the -promontory." The particular promontory referred to seems to have been -what is now known as Neversink Point, in Sullivan County, which rises -3,300 feet. The name is generic and is met in several places, notably in -Neversink, N. J. (See Maghaghkameck.) - -Seneyaughquan, given as the name of an Indian bridge which crossed the -Neversink, may have its equivalent in "_Tayachquano,_ bridge--a dry -passage over a stream." (Heckewelder.) The bridge was a log and the -location said to have been above the junction of the stream with the -Mamacottin. - -Saukhekemeck, otherwise _Maghawam,_ so entered in the Schuyler Patent, -1697, apparently refer to one and the same place. The locative has not -been ascertained. The patent covered lands now in New Jersey. The tract -is described in the patent: "Situated upon a river called Mennissincks, -before a certain island called Menagnock, which is adjacent to or near a -tract of land called by the natives Maghaghkamek." (See Menagnock.) - -Warensagskemeck, a tract also conveyed to Arent Schuyler in 1697, -described as "A parcel of meadow or vly, adjacent to or near a tract -called Maghaghkamek," is probably, by exchange of _r_ and _l_ and -transpositions, _Walenaskameck; Walen,_ "hollowing, concave"; _Walak,_ -hole; _Waleck,_ a hollow or excavation; _-ask,_ "Grass"; _-kameck,_ an -enclosed or limited field; substantially, "a meadow or vly," [FN] as -described in the deed. - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Vly_ is a Dutch contraction of _Vallei,_ with the accepted - signification, "A swamp or morass; a depression with water in it in - rainy seasons, but dry at other times." A low meadow. _Walini,_ - (Eastern), hollowing, concave site. - - -Schakaeckemick, given as the name of a parcel of land on the Delaware -described as "lying in an elbow," seems to be an equivalent of -_Schaghach,_ meaning "Straight." level, flat, and _-kamick,_ a limited -field. The tract was given to one William Tietsort, a blacksmith, who had -escaped from the massacre at Schenectady (Feb. 1689-90), and was induced -by the gift to settle among the Minisinks to repair their fire-arms. He -was the first European settler on the Delaware within the limits of the -old county of Orange. He sold the land to one John Decker, and removed -to Duchess County. No abstract of title from Decker has been made, and -probably cannot be. Decker's name, however, appears in records as one of -the first settlers, in company with William Cole and Solomon Davis, in -what was long known as "The Lower Neighborhood"; in New Jersey annals, -"Cole's Fort." The precise location is uncertain. In History of Orange -Co. (Ed. 1881, p. 701), it is said: "It is believed that further -investigation will show that Tietsort's land was the later Benj. van -Vleet place, near Port Jervis." In Eager's "History of Orange County" -(p. 396), Stephen St. John is given as the later owner of the original -farm of John Decker. Decker's house was certainly in the "Lower -Neighborhood." It was palisaded and called a fort. - -Wihlahoosa, given, locally, as the name of a cavern in the rocks on the -side of the mountain, about three miles from Port Jervis, on the east -side of Neversink River, is probably from _Wihl_ (Zeisb.), "Head," and -_-hōōs,_ "Pot or kettle." The reference may have been to its shape, or -its position. In the vicinity of the cavern was an Indian burial ground -covering six acres. Skeletons have been unearthed there and found -invariably in a sitting posture. In one grave was found a sheet-iron -tobacco-box containing a handkerchief covered with hieroglyphics probably -reciting the owner's achievements. Tomahawks, arrow-heads and other -implements have also been found in graves. The place was long known as -"Penhausen's Land," from one of the grantors of the deed. The cavern may -have had some connection with the burial ground. - -Walpack, N. J., is probably a corruption of _Walpeék,_ from _Walak_ -(_Woalac,_ Zeisb.), "A hollow or excavation," and _-peék,_ "Lake," or -body of still water. The idea expressed is probably "Deep water." It was -the name of a lake. - -Mamakating, now so written and preserved in the name of a town in Sullivan -County, is written on Sauthier's map _Mamecatink_ as the name of a -settlement and _Mamacotton_ as the name of a stream. Other forms are -_Mamacoting_ and _Mamacocking._ The stream bearing the name is now called -Basha's Kill, the waters of which find their way to the Delaware, and -Mamakating is assigned to a hollow. The settlement was primarily a trading -post which gathered in the neighborhood of the Groot Yaugh Huys (Dutch, -"Great Hunting House"), a large cabin constructed by the Indians for their -accommodation when on hunting expeditions, [FN-1] and subsequently -maintained by Europeans for the accommodation of hunters and travelers -passing over what was known as the "Mamacottin path," a trunk line road -connecting the Hudson and Delaware rivers, more modernly known as the -"Old Mine Road," which was opened as a highway in 1756. The Hunting House -is located on Sauthier's map immediately south of the Sandberg, in the -town of Mamakating, and more recently, by local authority, at or near -what is known as the "Manarse Smith Spring," otherwise as the "Great -Yaugh Huys Fontaine," or Great Hunting House Spring. [FN-2] The meaning -of the name is largely involved in the orthography of the suffix. If the -word was _-oten_ it would refer to the trading post or town, as in -"_Otenink,_ in the town" (Heckewelder), and, with the prefix _Mamak_ -(_Mamach,_ German notation), root _Mach,_ "evil, bad, naughty" (_Mamak,_ -iterative), would describe something that was very bad in the town; but, -if the word was _-atin,_ "Hill or mountain," the name would refer to a -place that was at or on a very bad hill. Presumably the hill was the -objective feature, the settlement being at or near the Sandberg. There -is nothing in the name meaning plain or valley, nor anything "wonderful" -about it. Among other features on the ancient path was the wigwam of -_Tautapau,_ "a medicine man," so entered in a patent to Jacob Rutzen in -1713. _Tautapau_ (Taupowaw, Powaw), "A priest or medicine man," literally, -"A wise speaker." - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Indian Hunting-houses were met in all parts of the country. They - were generally temporary huts, but in some cases became permanent. (See - Cochecton.) - - [FN-2] _Fontaine_ is French--"A spring of water issuing from the earth." - The stream flowing from the spring is met in local history as Fantine - Kill. - - -Kau-na-ong-ga, "Two wings," is said to have been the name of White Lake, -Sullivan County, the form of the lake being that of a pair of wings -expanded, according to the late Alfred B. Street, the poet-historian, -who embalmed the lake in verse years before it became noted as a -fashionable resort. (See Kong-hong-amok.) - - "Where the twin branches of the Delaware - Glide into one, and in their language call'd - _Chihocken,_ or 'the meeting of the floods';" [FN-1] - -The "Willemoc," [FN-2] and "The Falls of the Mongaup," are also among -Street's poetical productions. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "Formerly Shohakin or Chehocton." (French's Gaz.) In N. Y. Land - Papers, Schohakana is the orthography. Street's translation is a poetical - fancy. The name probably refers to a place at the mouth of the northwest - or Mohawk Branch of the Delaware, and the northeast or Paghkataghan - Branch, at Hancock, Del. Co. - - [FN-2] _Willemoc_ probably stands for _Wilamauk,_ "Good fishing-place." - There were two streams in the town, one known as the Beaver Kill and the - other as the _Williwemack._ In Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 699, occurs the - entry: "The Beaver Kill or Whitenaughwemack." The date is 1785. The - orthography bears evidence of many years' corruption. It may have been - shortened to Willewemock and Willemoc, and stand for _Wilamochk,_ "Good, - rich, beaver." It was, presumably, a superior resort for beavers. - - -Shawanoesberg was conferred on a hill in the present town of Mamakating, -commemorative of a village of the Shawanoes who settled here in 1694 on -invitation of the Minisinks. (Council Minutes, Sept. 14, 1692.) Their -council-house is said to have been on the summit of the hill. - -Basha's Land and Basha's Kill, familiar local terms in Sullivan County, -are claimed to have been so called from a squaw-sachem known as Elizabeth -who lived near Westbrookville. "Basha's Land" was one of the boundmarks -of the Minisink Patent and Basha's Kill the northeast bound of the -Maghaghkemik Patent. Derivation of the name from Elizabeth is not -well-sustained. [FN-1] The original was probably an equivalent of -_Bashaba,_ an Eastern-Algonquian term for "Sagamore of Sagamores," or -ruling sachem or king of a nation. It is met of record Bashaba, Betsebe, -Bessabe, Bashebe, etc. Hubbard wrote: "They called the chief rulers, -who commanded the rest, Bashabeas. Bashaba is a title." "Chiefs bearing -this title, and exercising the prerogatives of their rank, are frequently -spoken of by the early voyagers." [FN-2] (Hist. Mag., Second Series, 3, -49.) The lands spoken of were the recognized territorial possession of -the chief ruler of the nation or tribe. The "squaw-sachem" [FN-3] may -have held the title by succession or as the wife of the Bashaba. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Basha's Kill was applied to Mamcotten Kill north of the village - of Wurtsboro, south of which it retained the name of Mamacotten, as - written on Sauthier's map. Quinlan, in his "History of Sullivan County," - wrote: "The head-waters of Mamakating River subsequently became known - as Elizabeth's Kill, in compliment to Elizabeth Gonsaulus. We could - imagine that she was the original Basha, Betje, or Betsey, who owned the - land south of the Yaugh House Spring, and gave to the Mamakating stream - its present name; but unfortunately she was not born soon enough. - Twenty-five years before her family came to Mamakating, 'Basha's land' - was mentioned in official documents." It appears in the Minisink Patent - in 1704. - - [FN-2] A. S. Gatschet, of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me: "The Bashas, - Bashebas and Betsebas of old explorers of the coast of Maine, I explain - by _pe'sks,_ 'one,' and _a'pi,_ 'man,' or person--'First man in the - land.'" - - [FN-3] _Squaw,_ "Woman," means, literally, "Female animal." _Saunk-squa_ - stands for "Sochem's squaw." "The squa-sachem, for so they call the - Sachem's wife." (Winslow.) - - -Mongaup, given as the name of a stream which constitutes in part the -western boundary of Orange County, is entered on Sauthier's map, -"Mangawping or Mangaup." Quinlan (Hist. Sullivan County) claimed for it -also Mingapochka and Mingwing, indicating that the stream carried the -names of two distinct places. _Mongaup_ is a compression of Dutch -_Mondgauwpink,_ meaning, substantially, "At the mouth of a small, rapid -river," for which a local writer has substituted "Dancing feather," which -is not in the composition in any language. _Mingapochka_ (Alg.), appears -to be from _Mih'n_ (_Mih'nall_ plural; Zeisb.), "Huckleberry," and -_-pohoka,_ "Cleft, clove or valley"--literally, "Huckleberry Valley." -Street, writing half a century ago, described the northern approach of -the stream as a valley wreathed (poetically) in whortle berries-- - - "In large tempting clusters of light misty blue." - -The stream rises in the center of Sullivan County and flows to the -Delaware. The falls are said to be from sixty to eighty feet in four -cascades. (Hist. Sul. Co.) Another writer says: "Three miles above -Forestburgh village, the stream falls into a chasm seventy feet deep, -and the banks above the falls are over one hundred feet high." - -Meenahga, a modern place-name, is a somewhat remarkable orthography of -_Mih'n-acki_ (aghki), "Huckleberry land" or place. - -Callicoon, the name of a town in Sullivan County, and of a stream, is -an Anglicism of _Kalkan_ (Dutch), "Turkey"--_Wilde Kalkan,_ "Wild -turkey"--in application, "Place of turkeys." The district bearing the -name is locally described as extending from Callicoon Creek to the mouth -of Ten Mile River, on the Delaware. Wild turkeys were abundant in the -vicinage of the stream no doubt, from which perhaps the name, but as -there is record evidence that a clan of the Turkey tribe of Delawares -located in the vicinity, it is quite probable that the name is from them. -The stream is a dashing mountain brook, embalmed poetically by the pen -of Street. (See Cochecton.) - -Keshethton, written by Colonel Hathorn in 1779, as the name of an Indian -path, is no doubt an orthography of Casheghton. In early years a -trunk-line path ran up the Delaware to Cochecton Falls, where, with other -paths, it connected with the main path leading to Wyoming Valley, [FN] -the importance of the latter path suggesting, in 1756, the erection of -a fort and the establishment of a base of supplies at Cochecton from -which to attack the Indians under Tedyuscung and Shingask in what was -then known as "The Great Swamp," from which those noted warriors and -their followers made their forays. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., ii. 715; Ib. Map, -i, 586.) Colonel Hathorn passed over part of this path in 1779, in pursuit -of Brant, and was disastrously defeated in what is called "The Battle of -Minnisink." - - * * * * * - - [FN] "The first well-beaten path that connected the Delaware and - Susquehanna Rivers, and subsequently the first rude wagon road leading - from Cochecton through Little Meadows, in Salem township, and across - Moosic Mountains." (Hist. Penn.) It was with a view to connect the - commerce from this section with the Hudson that the Newburgh and - Cochecton Turnpike was constructed in the early years of 1800. - - -Cochecton, the name of a town and of a village in Sullivan County, -extended on early maps to an island, to a range of hills, and to a fall -or rift in the Delaware River, is written Cashieghtunk and in other forms -on Sauthier's map of 1774; Cushieton on a map of 1768; _Keshecton,_ Col. -Cortlandt, 1778; _Cashecton,_ N. Y. Land Papers, 699; Cushietunk in the -proceedings of the Treaty of Easton, 1758, and in other New Jersey -records: Cashighton in 1744; Kishigton in N. Y. records in 1737, and -Cashiektunk by Cadwallader Colden in 1737, as the name of a place near -the boundmark claimed by the Province of New Jersey, latitude 41 degrees -40 minutes. "On the most northerly branch of Delaware River, which point -falls near Cashiektunk, an Indian village, on a branch of that river -called the Fish Kill." (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv, 177.) In the Treaty of -Easton, 1758, the Indian title to land conveyed to New Jersey is -described: "Beginning at the Station Point between the Province of New -Jersey and New York, at the most northerly end of an Indian settlement -on the Delaware, known by the name of Casheitong." Station Point, called -also Station Rock, is about three miles southeast of the present village -of Cochecton, on a flat at a bend in the river, by old survey twenty-two -miles in a straight line from the mouth of Maghaghkamik Creek, now -Carpenter's Point, in the town of Deerpark, Orange County. Cochecton -Falls, so called, are a rocky rapid in a narrow gorge covering a fall -of two or three hundred feet, the obstruction throwing the water and the -deposits brought down back upon the low lands. The Callicoon flows to the -Delaware a few miles northeast of the falls. Between the latter and the -mouth of the Callicoon lies the Cochecton Flats or valley. The precise -location of "Station Point or Rock," described as "At the most northerly -end" of the Indian village, has not been ascertained, but can be readily -found. The late Hon. John C. Curtis, of Cochecton, wrote: "Our beautiful -valley, from Cochecton Falls to the mouth of the Callicoon, was called, -by the Indians, _Cushetunk,_ or low lands," the locative of the name -having been handed down from generation to generation, and an -interpretation of the name which is inferentially correct. There is no -such word as _Cash_ or _Cush_ in the Delaware dialect, however; it stands -here obviously as a form of _K'sch,_ intensive _K'schiecton_ (Len. Eng. -Dic.); _Geschiechton,_ Zeisberger, verbal noun, "To wash," "The act of -washing," as by the "overflow of the water of a sea or river. . . . The -river washed a valley in the plain"; with suffix _-unk_ -(_K'schiechton-unk_--compressed to _Cushetunk_), denoting a place where -the action of the verb was performed, _i. e._ a place where at times the -land is washed or overflowed by water, from which the traditionary -interpretation, "Low land." [FN-1] - -The Indian town spoken of was established in 1744, although its site was -previously occupied by Indian hunting houses or huts for residences while -on hunting expeditions. In Col. Mss. v. 75, p. 10, is preserved a paper -in which it is stated that the Indians residing at Goshen, Orange County, -having "Removed to their hunting houses at Cashigton," were there -visited, in December, 1744, by a delegation of residents of Goshen, -consisting of Col. Thomas DeKay, William Coleman, Benj. Thompson, Major -Swartwout, Adam Wisner, interpreter, and two Indians as pilots, for the -purpose of ascertaining the cause of the removal; that the delegation -found the residents composed of two totemic families, Wolves and Turkeys; -that, having lost their sachem, they were debating "Out of which tribe -a successor should be chosen"; that they had removed from Goshen through -fear of the hostile intention on the part of the settlers there, who -"Were always carrying guns." Later, a delegation from the Indian town -visited Goshen, and was there "Linked together" with Colonel De Kay, as -the representative of the Governor of the province, in their peculiar -form of locking arms, for three hours, as a test of enduring friendship. -[FN-2] It was the only treaty with the Indians in Orange County of which -there is record. - -Aside from its Indian occupants the town is historic as the point forming -the old northwest boundmark of New Jersey (Lat. 41 degrees 40 minutes), -as recognized in the Treaty of Easton. (See Pompton.) From its association -with the history of three provinces, the story of the town is of more -than local interest. The lands were ultimately included in the Hardenberg -Patent, and most of the Indian descendants of its founders of 1744 -followed the lead of Brant in the Revolution. They probably deserved a -better fate than that which came to them. They are gone. The long night -with its starless robe has enveloped them in its folds--the ceaseless -wash of the waters of the Delaware upon the beautiful valley of Cochecton, -hymns their requiem. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Probably the same name is met in _Sheshecua-ung,_ the broad flats - opposite and above the old Indian meadows, Wyoming Valley, where the - topography is substantially the same. - - [FN-2] A belt was presented by the Indians to Col. De Kay, but what - became of it neither the records or tradition relates. - - - - * * * * * - - - -Here we close our survey of the only monuments which remain of races -which for ages hunted the deer, chanted songs of love, and raised fierce -war cries--the names which they gave and which remain of record of the -hills and valleys, the lakes and waterfalls, amid which they had their -abiding places. Wonderfully suggestive and full of inferential deductions -are those monuments; volumes of history and romance are linked with them; -the most controlling influences in making our nation what it is is graven -in their crude orthographies. Their further reclamation and restoration -to the geographical locations to which they belonged is a duty devolving -on coming generations. - - - - * * * * * - - - - THE DUTCH RACKS OF 1625-6. - - - [_From De Laet's "New World," Leyden Edition._] - - - "Within the first reach, where the land is low, there dwells a nation of - savages named Tappaans. . . . The second reach extends upward to a - narrow pass named by our people Haverstroo; then comes Seyl-maker's - (Zeil-maker's, sail-maker's) reach, as they call it; and next, a crooked - reach, in the form of a crescent, called Koch's reach (Cook's reach). - Next is Hooge-rack (High reach); and then follows Vossen reach (Foxes - reach), which extends to Klinckersberg (Stone mountain). This is - succeeded by Fisher's (Vischer's) reach, where, on the east bank of the - river, dwells a nation of savages called Pachamy. This reach extends to - another narrow pass, where, on the west side of the river, there is a - point of land that juts out covered with sand, opposite a bend in the - river, on which another nation of savages, called the Waoranecks, have - their abode, at a place called Esopus. A little beyond, on the west - side, where there is a creek, and the river becomes more shallow, the - Waronawankongs reside; _here are several small islands._ Next comes - another reach called Klaver-rack, where the water is deeper on the west - side, while the eastern side is sandy. Then follow Backer-rack, John - Playser's rack and Vaster rack as far as Hinnenhock. Finally, the - Herten-rack (Deer-rack) succeeds as far as Kinderhoek. Beyond Kinderhoek - there are several small islands, one of which is called Beeren Island - (Bear's Island). After this we come to a sheltered retreat named Onwee - Ree (_Onwereen,_ to thunder, _Ree,_ quick, sudden thunder storms), and - farther on are Sturgeon's Hoek, over against which, on the east side of - the river, dwell the Mohicans." - - - - - TO THE READER. - - * * * * * - -A work of the character of that which is herewith presented to you would -be eminently remarkable if it was found to be entirely free from -typographical and clerical errors. No apology is made for such as you -may find, the rule being regarded as a good one that the discoverer of -an error is competent to make the necessary correction. Whatever you may -find that is erroneous, especially in the topographical features of -places, please have the kindness to forward to the compiler and enable -him to correct. - - Respectfully, - E. M. RUTTENBER, - Newburgh, N. Y. - - - - - INDEX. - -{Transcriber's note: The page numbers indicated below refer to pages in -the separate article, "Footprints of the Redmen," and are not in sequence -with the complete published volume of proceedings. The HTML and e-book -versions of the article have hyperlinks to the names indexed.} - -{Transcriber's Note: Some of the original index entries are incorrect. -The corrected page numbers are shown in braces {p.} Alphabetical placement -errors are left as in the original.} - - - Achquetuck 177 - Achsinink 148 - Ackinckes-hacky 104 - Adirondacks 187 - Aepjin (Sachem) 59 - Agwam (Agawam) 83 - Ahashewaghick 51 - Ahasimus 106 - Aioskawasting 146 {145} - Alaskayering 148 - Albany 178 - Alipkonck 26 - Amagansett 83 - Amangag-arickan 168 - Anaquassacook 69 - Anthony's Nose 31, 217 - Apanammis 33 - Appamaghpogh 30 - Aquackan-onck 104 - Aquassing 46 - Aquebogue 98 - Aquehung 32 - Arackook 139 - Arisheck 106 - Armonck 33 - Assawagh-kemek 224 - Assawanama 98 - Assiskowackok 173 - Assinapink 126 - Assup (Accup) 77 - Aschalege 216 - Aspetong 32 - Astenrogan 217 - Athens 174 - Atkarkarton 158 - Aupaumut, Hendrick 11 - Aupauquack 98 - Aurie's Creek 210 - - Basha's Land 229 - Bergen 106 - - Callicoon 230 - Canagere 214 - Canajohare 214 - Canarsie 88 - Caneray (Carenay) 191 - Caniade-rioit 70 - Caniade-riguarunte 72 - Canniengas 189 - Canopus 36 - Casperses Creek 44 - Cataconoche 80 - Catskill 170 - Caughnawaga 213 - Caumset 96 - Cawaoge 215 - Cayudutta 214 - Cheesek-ook 117 - Chihocken 229 - Chouckhass 133 - Ciskhekainck 56 - Claverack 55 - Cobel's Kill 216 - Cochecton 231 - Comae 92 - Commoenapa 105 - Connecticut 80 - Copake 59 - Cronomer's Hill 130 - Cumsequ-ogue 81 - Cussqunsuck 94 - Cutchogue 84 - - Dans Kamer 183 {138} - DeKay, Colonel Thomas 232 - Delaware River 219 - Delawares, or Lenni-Lenape 219 - Di-ononda-howe 70 - Dutch Racks (Rechts) 234 - - Eaquoris-ink 45 - Eauketaupucason 34 - Esopus 155 - Espating 111 - Essawatene 121 - Etagragon 217 - - Fall-kill 44 - Fish-kill 37 - Fort Albany 178 - Fort Frederick 178 - Fort Orange 178 - Frudyach-kamik 162 - - Ganasnix 173 - Gentge-kamike 183 {138} - German Flats 217 - Gesmesseecks 61 - Glens Falls 136 {186} - Gowanus 90 - Greenwich Village 17 - - Hackingsack 104 - Hahnakrois 177 - Hashamomuck 99 - Hashdisch 140 - Haverstraw 124 - Hoboken 107 - Hog's Island 96 - Hohokus 115 - Honk Falls 166 - Hoosick River 67 - Hopcogues 85 - Horikans 71 - Hudson's River 12 - - Jamaica 88 - Jogee Hill 134 - Jogues (Father) 12, 185, 193 - - Kackkawanick 54 - Kadarode 209 - Kahoes (Kahoos) 200 - Kakeout 32 - Kakiate 116 - Kanendenra 217 - Kaniskek 174 - Kapsee (Kapsick) 17 - Katawamoke 97 - Katonah (Sachem) 35 - Kaphack 59 - Kaunaumeek 58 - Kau-na-ong-ga 228 - Kay-au-do-ros-sa 187 - Keessienwey's Hoeck 175 - Keht-hanne 218 - Kenagtiquak 58 - Kerhonkson 162 - Keschsechquereren 90 - Keshethton 231 - Kesieway's Kill 57 - Keskeskick 22 - Keskistk-onck 30 - Kestateuw 88 - Ketchepunak 85 - Kewighec-ack 29 - Kinderhook 54 {55} - Kingston 155 - Kiosh 15 - Kiskatom 174 - Kitchaminch-oke 82 - Kitchiwan 27 - Kit Davit's Kil (Rondout) 161 - Kittatinny 31 - Koghkehaeje (Coxackie) 176 - Koghsaraga 188 - Koxing Kil 168 - - Lackawack 167 - Lake Champlain 72 - Lake George 71 - Lake Tear-of-the-clouds 185 - Little Falls 217 - Longhouse Creek 137 - - Machackoesk 58 - Machawameck 175 - Magaat-Ramis 152 - Magatsoot 222 - Magdalen Island 46 - Maggeanapogh 151 - Maghagh-kamieck 223 - Magopson 33 - Magow-asingh-inck 164 - Maharness 35 - Mahask-ak-ook 52 - Mahequa 122 - Mahopack 36 - Mahway 112 - Mainaitanung 113 - Mamakating 227 - Mamaroneck 34 - Manah-ackaquasu-wanock 101 - Manahan 127 - Manahawaghin 106 {126} - Manhaset 95 - Manhattan 13 - Mananosick 49 - Manette 91 - Manises 101 - Mannhon-ake 100 - Mannepies 23 - Manowtassquott 99 - Manuketesuck 35 - Manussing 34 - Marechkawick 91 - Maretange Pond 145 - Marsep-inck 93 - Maschabeneer 144 - Maskahn-ong 87 - Maskutch-oung 84 {86} - Massaback 85 {84} - Massape-age 85 - Masseks (Maskeks) 144 - Mas-seps 86 - Masspootapaug 99 - Mastic 79 - Mathahenaak 180 - Matinnec-ock 95 - Matouwackey (L. I.) 73 - Mattachonts 168 - Mattapan 44 - Matteawan 37 - Mattituck 84 - Mawe-nawas-igh 38 - Mawichnauk 53 - Mawighanuck 58 - Mawignack 171 - Mattasink 120 - Meenahga 230 - Meghkak-assin 24 - Menagnock 222 - Menagh 29 - Menisak-congue 122 - Memanusack 94 - Memorasink 143 - Merick 87 - Mespaechtes 94 - Metambeson 46 - Minasser-oke 81 - Mingapochka 230 - Minnahan-ock 17 - Minnepaug 99 - Minnischtan-ock 54 - Minnissingh 45 - Minnisais 15 - Minisink 220 - Mistucky 133 - Mochgonneck-onck 78 - Mochquams 33 - Mogongh-kamigh 58 - Moggonck (Maggonck) 148 - Moharsic 35 - Mohawk River 189 - Mohawk Castles 191, 211 - Mombackus 169 - Mombasha 116 - Monachnong 16 - Monatun 16 - Monemius Island 180 - Mongaup 230 - Monhagen 137 - Monowautuck 80 - Monsey 112 - Montauk 75 - Mopochock 169 {167} - Moriches 81 - Muchito 96 - Muhheakun'nuk 11 - Murderer's Creek 130 - Muscota 19 - Much-Hattoes 129 - - Nachaquatuck 97 - Nachawakkano 53 - Nachtenack 180 - Nahtonk (Recktauck) 18 - Namaus 81 - Namenock 222 - Namke 85 - Nanichiestawack 35 - Nannakans 28 - Nanapenahaken 49 - Nanoseck 161 - Napanoch 167 - Napeak 76 - Narranshaw 116 - Narratschoan Errata - Narrioch 90 - Navers-ing 165 - Navish 28 - Nawas-ink 124 - Nepeneck 224 - Nepah-komuk 23 - Neperah (Nipproha) 23 - Nepestek-oak 177 - Nescotack 143 - Neversink 102, 226 - Neweskake 178 - Newburgh 128 - New Fort 142 - Niamug (Niamuck) 82 - Nickankook 49 - Niskayune 201 - Nissequague 93 - Norman's Kill 179 - Norumbega 179 - Nowadaga 215 - Nyack 92, 120 - - Ochabacowesuck 100 - Ochmoach-ing 165 - Oghrackee 210 - Oi-o-gue 12, 189 - Old Fort 164 - Onekee-dsi-enos 206 - Onekagoncka 191 - Oneyagine 217 - Oniskethau 177 - Onuntadass 207 - Orange 103 - Oscawanna 26 - Osquage (Ohquage) 215 - Ossangwack 155 - Osserrion 191 - Osseruenon 191 - - Pachonahellick 178 - Pachquyak 173 - Pagganck 15 - Pahhaoke 67 - Palmagat 148 - Pamerpock 115 - Panhoosick 67 - Paanpaach (Troy) 63 - Papinemen 19 - Paquapick 111 - Pasgatikook 172 - Paskaecq 173 - Passaic 111 - Passapenoc 61 - Patchogue 81 - Pattkoke 55 - Peakadasank 146 - Peconic 83 - Peekskill 30 - Peenpack 225 - Peningo 33 - Peppineghek 29 - Pequaock (Oyster Bay) 98 - Pequannock 111 - Peram-sepus 112 - Perth Amboy 102 - Petuckqua-paug 35 - Petuckqua-paen 62 - Pietawickqu-assick 41 - Pishgachtigok 42 - Piskawn 63 - Pitkiskaker 145 - Pocanteco 25 - Pochuck 133 - Pockotessewacke 34 - Podunk 69 - Poesten Kill 62 - Pollepel Eiland 127 - Pompoenick 58 - Pompton 113 - Ponkhockie 157 - Poosepatuck 79 - Poplopen's Creek 125 - Poquatuck 79 - Potic 173 - Potunk (L. I.) 100 - Poughkeepsie 43 - Poughquag 41 - Preumaker's Land 161 - Primary Explanations 3 - Prince's Falls 126 - - Quachanock 172 - Quahemiscos 180 - Quantuck 87 - Quaquarion 205 - Quarepogat 42 - Quarepos 33 - Quaspeck 121 - Quassaick 128 - Quatackqua-ohe 69 - Quatawichnack 171 - Quauntowunk 78 - Quequick 65 {66} - Quinnehung 31 - Quissichkook 54 - Quogue 87 - - Ramapo 114 - Rapahamuck 94 - Rappoos 153 - Raritangs 102 - Reckgawank 124 - Rechqua-akie 87 - Rennaquak-onck 92 - Rockaway 87 - Roelof Jansen's Kill 47 - Ronkonkoma 100 - Runboldt's Run 133 - - Sachus (Sachoes) 30 - Sacondaga 184 - Sacrahung 31 - Sacut 88 - Sagabon-ock 85 - Sag-Harbor 85 - Saghtekoos 83 - Sahkaqua 54 - Sam's Point 146 - Sanckhaick 65 - Sankagag 177 - Sankapogh 125 - Saponickan 17 - Saratoga 180 - Saaskahampka 49 - Saugerties 162 - Saukhenak 47 - Schaghticoke 65 - Schakaec-kemick 226 - Scharon (Schroon) 184 - Schenectady 202 - Schodac 59 - Schoharie 207 - Schunnemunk 131 - Scompamuck 59 - Senasqua 29 - Senatsycrossy 212 - Seneyaughquan 226 - Shannondhoi 204 - Shandaken 169 - Shappequa 32 - Shaupook 53 - Shawanoesberg 229 - Shawangunk 140 - She'kom'eko 42 - Shenandoah 43 - Sheepshack 63 - Shildrake 27 - Shinnec'ock 77 - Shokan 165 - Shorakkapoch 21 - Sickajoock 61 - Sickenekas 61 - Sicktew-hacky 82 - Siesk-assin 176 - Sing-Sing 27 - Siskakes 111 - Sint-Sink 95 - Skoonnenoghky 123 - Sleepy Hollow 26 - Sohanidisse 215 - Sokapach 225 - So'was'set 99 - Speonk 79 - Spuyten Duyvil 21 - Stighcook 176 - Stissing 43 - Stoney Point 123 - Succabonk 36 - Succasunna 104 - Sugar-Loaf 132 - Suggamuck 94 - Sunquams 84 - - Taghkanick 52 - Tammoesis 29 - Tauquashqueick 46 - Tappans 117 - Tawalsentha 13, 179 - Tawarataque 154 - Tehannek 225 - Tenotoge (Tenotehage) 215 - Tenkenas 15 - Tete-achkie 172 - Ticonderoga 71 - Ti-oneenda-howe 69 - Tionondar-aga 208 - Titicus 28 - Tomhenack 65 - Torne 117 - Tri-States Rock 224 - Tuckahoe 27, 84 - Tuxedo 116 - Twastawekah 54 - Twischsawkin 140 - Tyoshoke 65 - - Unsheamuck 94 - - Valatie 59 - Van Curler's Journal 193, 194 - Vastrix Island 48 - Verkerde Kill 147 - - Wachanekassick 47 - Waichachkeekok 172 - Wading River 98 - Wahamanesing 39 - Wallabout Bay 91 - Wallam 41 - Wallumsch-ack 64 - Walpack 228 {227} - Wanaksink 144 - Wapemwatsjo 58 - Wappingers' Creek 39 - Waragh-kameck 46 - Waranawonkongs 155 - Waranecks 38 - Waronawanka 155 - Warpoes 19 - Wassahawassing 167 - Wassaic 41 - Watchunk 104 - Wathoiack 201 - Waumaniuck 34 - Wawanaquasik 50 - Wawarasinke 166 - Wawayanda 134 - Waweiantepakook 173 - Wawyacbtanock 45 - Wechquadnach 42 - Wehawken 109 - Wehtak 42 - Weputing 42 - Weque-hackhe 36 - Wesegrorap 116 - Whalefish Island 63 - Wiocopee 36 - Wickaposset 99 - Wichquapakat 52 {53} - Wichquaskeck 24 - Wickqu-atenn-honck 144 - Wieskottine 170 - Wildmeet 161 - Wihlahoosa 227 - Wildwijk (Wiltwyck) 160 - Winegtekonck 132 - Wishauwemis 143 - Woerawin 137 - Wompenanit 74 - Wopowag 99 - Wyandanch (Sachem) 79 - Wynokie 115 - Wynogkee 41 - - Yaphank 80 - Yonkers 23 - - - - - ERRATA. - - - -Through an oversight in revising manuscript written several years ago, -_Narratschoan_ (page 121) was assigned to the Verdrietig Hoek Mountain. -It should have been assigned to Butter Hill, and _Klinkersberg_ should -have been assigned to the Donderberg. _Klinkers_ is from Dutch _Klinken,_ -"To sound, to resound." It describes, with the suffix _-berg,_ a hard -stone mountain or hill that resounds or echoes--Echo Hill. _Narratschoan,_ -the name of Butter Hill, is from _Nâï,_ "It is angular, it -corners"--"having corners or angles." (Trumbull.) The letters _-atscho_ -stand for _-achtschu,_ Zeisb., _-adchu,_ Natick, "Hill or mountain," and -_-an_ is the formative. The combination may be read, "A hill that forms -an angle or corner." To recover the Indian name of Butter Hill compensates -in some degree for oversight referred to. - -Brodhead (Hist. N. Y., i, 757, note), it will be seen by those who will -examine, made the same mistake in locating _Klinkersberg_ that is referred -to above. The "Vischer's Rack" or "Fisherman's Bend" was clearly the bend -around West Point. The Donderberg, or Klinkersberg is the elevation -immediately north of Stony Point. - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Proceedings of the New York Historical -Association [1906], by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROCEEDINGS--NEW YORK HIST. ASSOC. 1906 *** - -***** This file should be named 51218-0.txt or 51218-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/1/2/1/51218/ - -Produced by Roger Burch with scans provided by the Internet Archive. -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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