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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5a96eee --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #51040 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/51040) diff --git a/old/51040-8.txt b/old/51040-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 9951d7a..0000000 --- a/old/51040-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1083 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Cuban Folk-Lore, by L. Roy Terwilliger - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Cuban Folk-Lore - -Author: L. Roy Terwilliger - -Release Date: January 25, 2016 [EBook #51040] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CUBAN FOLK-LORE *** - - - - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously -made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - - - CUBAN FOLK-LORE - - L. ROY TERWILLIGER - - HAVANA - AVISADOR COMERCIAL PRINTING HOUSE - 30, AMARGURA ST. - 1908 - - - - - - - -SUPERSTITION AND WITCHCRAFT IN CUBA - - -Nowhere will one find such a mass of superstitious customs practiced, -as in Cuba; especially among the black and mestizos, and even the -educated whites, while not admitting their belief in witchcraft have -a wholesome fear of the Brujo or witch doctor. - -It is probable that most of these queer practices were introduced by -the blacks who brought their strange beliefs from Africa. The belief -in the Evil Spirit was doubtless the result of their early contact -with the aboriginal Cubans, who worshipped the devil. - -Ñañiguismo is a form of superstition in which Catholicism and -witchcraft are mingled in bewildering confusion. - -The society of Ñáñigos was first introduced in Cuba in 1836 by a -cabildo of the Carabalí nation; many conjectures as to its origin have -been put forward, but it is most probable that a priest or Chief of the -African institution called Ñanguitua, was brought to Cuba as a slave -and here resumed his official character among his enslaved countrymen. - -The first Juego or chapter was founded in Regla and called the Apapa -Epi; it was officially sanctioned and licensed by the government. - -The African order disbelieved in God and the worship of idols and -fetiches prevailed: in fact was one of the principal causes of the -organization of the society. Brujos or members of the order who -were supposed to possess supernatural powers were consulted in all -cases of sickness. Slave holders claimed that "the gente de nación -(imported slaves) refused to be doctored by other means than their own -brujos and corporal punishment was absolutely necessary to overcome -their stubbornness". - -Whites and even mulatoes were at first refused admission to the -society, but in 1863 a traitor to the original chapter sold for twenty -cents the secrets of the order to a society of white and mulatoes who -by means of the secret pass words and signs gained admittance to the -hall where an initiatory session was in progress and demanded that -their chapter be recognized by the head Juego. A severe battle was the -outcome of this high-handed manner of securing the administration of -the initiation rites, but eventually resulted in the formation of the -Ocolio Ñáñigos, an order in which whites and half castes were admitted. - -Many catholic rites were introduced in the new order, which however -did not entirely displace their belief in their former idols. - -The Ñáñigos about this time began to assume a vicious character -and soon became a serious menace to society; the degenerate whites -who became Ñáñigos soon displaced the old negro kings or chiefs and -introduced many new customs, most of which were not to be desired in -a civilized country. - -It is a curious fact that the avatism or reversion of half breeds -almost always result in excesses. Religious dances of an indecent -character were introduced and more revolting rites of initiation -installed. - -Rivalry among the different chiefs sprung up and dissensions among -the various orders soon assumed a bloody aspect. - -Sanguinary battles among the negros and half castes were common every -feast day and resulted in stringent laws being passed against the -entire organization. - -After the entrance of whites and mulatoes in the different orders -the cross became one of the most important symbols of the order. - -The great seal was used only by the head chapter at Regla, each -district having a different symbol. - -All initiatory rites were performed by the chief of the district -and the Carabali tongue was used exclusively. The novice was marked -on the forehead with blood in the sign of the cross + on the breast -+/o|o/+ and on the back o/o|o/o after which he was struck several -times with the palo Mocongo, a cane covered with skin and mounted with -precious metals; this was to test his courage; many other ceremonies -were practiced. - -The novice being declared a fit candidate for membership, blood was -mixed with aguardiente and drunk by the new member and a wild scene -of revelry wound up the ceremony. - -Under the severe laws passed, Ñañiguismo shrunk to insignificant -proportions and the different chapters were supposed to have been -broken up. - -During the last few years it has been on the increase, the character -however having somewhat changed. - -But little can be learned of this society, at present a recent -criminal cases brought to light the fact that the very rites of -initiation were criminal in their character, a novice in the society -must wound some stranger and drink the flowing blood before the last -rites are administered. - -The Society is governed by a King, who is represented in each district -by a "Father of the Community" or Chief Doctor, who has at his command -the Brujos or Conjurors. - -Santa Baraba, the patron saint of the order is no less than a savage -idol with a Catholic name. - -There are annual fiestas in honor of this Saint, where only members -of the Society are admitted, but I was fortunate enough to witness -from a friendly roof the sacred dance and battle with the devil. - -Clothed only in long strings of feathers, the Brujo who played the -part of "leading man", prostrated himself before the sacred image -and lighted the sacrificial flames. - -Goats, black cocks and other animals were brought forward by the -devotees and beheaded. Fruit also was offered. - -The nature of the sacrifice most acceptable to the Mabruja is -communicated in advance to each of the Saint's followers, through -the medium of the Brujo. - -It is certain that most of the time the exigencias of the saint -do not pass the sacrifice of a fat cock, or a goat whose head is -consumed by the flames (while the father of the community eats the -rest of the victim), but cases have presented where the dagger or -poison, have been ordered to remove some obstruction from the path of -private individuals, whose money has influenced the saint to decree -their death. - -Sacrificial dances are always at night and the weird, scantily clad -figure of the officiating priest can easily be likened to that of -some demon tending the infernal fires. - -After the sacrifice, the low monotonous moaning of the tom-tom -announces that the ball has opened. - -Twisting his body in painful contortions, the brujo dances about -the sacred fire, gaining momentum with each round until he at last -resembles a human pin-wheel; now slower and slower he dances, scanning -the faces of his fear-stricken followers for a victim, until at last -his hypnotic eye fixes upon an aged negress, who falls screaming to -earth in convulsed fear. She is possessed of a Mabruja or Evil Spirit, -who has inconsiderately taken possession of the old lady's person, -without her leave, and the "doctor" wants to extract it; apparently -the operation becomes painful to the old lady, who would doubtless -have much rather been left in quiet possession of his satanic majesty. - -After much manoeuvring, the doctor announces that the Mabruja was -vanquished and has left his country woman, who still sits in comical -amazement where she had fallen; to one who has really entered the -inner life of the country districts of Cuba this is no strange sight. - -One of the most abhorrent practices of witchcraft is the use of -Love Philters composed of ingredients of a nature too horrible to -mention. It is needless to say that this custom is practiced almost -solely by the lowest class of society, but in so great respect and -fear are its results held that almost the first advice one receives on -arriving in Cuba, is to never accept refreshments in a strange house, -for fear that they may contain this concoction; many tales are told -of young men who by means of this drug have been lured into attachment -for women of shady complexion and still more shady reputation. - -The Piedra Imán, a sort of lodestone, plays an important part in the -practice of witchcraft; sacrifices of animals are made to this stone -whose absorbent qualities cause it to greedily suck the blood of the -victims. In sickness and love this stone is always in evidence. Are -you dying of unrequited love? No need to worry while a dozen old -witches are aching for the opportunity of relieving your heart (and -pocket). For gold a small stone will be placed in your possession -and if you carefully follow directions, luck will attend your affairs -with Cupid. - -To succeed it is necessary to secure a strand of hair (pulled, not -cut) and the parings of your loved one's nails; these are mixed with -steel filings and placed with the "stone" in a metal box. On Mondays -the "stone" is strictly teetotal and only water may be offered, but -as Friday draws near, the "God" develops a taste for strong liquor -and wine must be given it. Woe betide the mortal who neglects the -"little God's" taste in drinks. - -Has disease laid its foul hand on your person? No need to worry; -any witch doctor will recommend the following recipe. - - - Rx 1 Pair half burned candles. - 7 Grains of corn. - 7 Copper pennies. - 7 Clean pebbles. - 1 Head of a black cock. - 7 Pieces glass. - - -Wrap carefully in red cloth, this enclose in black cloth, over all -wrap a large white handkerchief and place in public highway, await -developments.... An innocent wayfarer comes down the highway, sees -the ownerless package and gleefully makes off with it. Oh joy! you -are already feeling better, and the one who so fondly imagines he -has found a fortune wrapped up in a napkin, has only brought down -upon his head the load of your disease! - -Barrenness need no longer bring grief to those who long for the patter -of little feet about their home. - -Secure a white child and with the help of a brujo extract its heart -and take in small doses!! - -It is impossible to dispute the fact of this and other horrible -cannibalistic practices to which the superstitious negros are addicted; -the public can scarcely have forgotten the developments of the noted -"Gabriel Case" when a number of Brujos were sentenced to long terms -of imprisonment and one at least received the death penalty. - -Not only in the greater joys and griefs of life is witchcraft used, -but in the petty annoyances of everyday life. - -The dread combination of sprinkling salt in an old shoe and placing it -upon an upturned broom, has caused many an unwelcome guest to hasten -his departure. - -Some of the common superstitions are: never twist an empty chair. - -Never read by the light of two candles; you are mocking death. - -A moth flying about you at night means that you are to receive -a letter. - -A match which continues burning after being thrown away will bring -you money. - -A dog scratching the floor of a house is digging his master's grave. He -will soon die. - -If a hearse passes a person twice during the same funeral, he will -be its next occupant. - -Never cross the arms over the head; your mother or nearest relation -will die. - -Never sweep the crumbs from a table with a paper; it will bring -disgrace to your family. - -In former years, when the milk man brought his cows along to town and -milked them before your door, there was a curious belief that if a -cow bawled in front of a house where a sick person lay, that person -would die. - -If a mass is not said for the repose of a soul, the newly dead will -come at night and pull the feet or carry off the blanket of the -nearest relation. - -A black moth flying at night means that there will be a death in -the house. - -Should an eyelash fall, you will receive a visit from a long forgotten -friend. - -If an owl hoots as it flies over a house, somebody in that house -will die. - -That there is "something" in witchcraft it is impossible to deny. The -fear and reverence in which the brujos are held is far more powerful -than their fear of the law, as has been shown in several recent -criminal cases. - -Is it not possible that the something, is mesmerism, that the subjects -are mesmerized by their own belief in the brujo, or that the brujo -himself has acquired the power of hypnotism though unconscious of the -source or nature of this power, a "power" that makes him different -from other men? - -Superstition is a serious menace to the advancement of Cuba. - - - - - - - -THE PRIMITIVE INHABITANTS OF CUBA - - -Fortunately for history, most early Spanish expeditions were -accompanied by such observers as Las Casas, Cortés, Gomara and Oviedo, -who although differing in minor details and unreliably eulogistic of -their own expeditions and leaders have agreed on their accounts of -the habits of the Indians as found at the time of the discovery. - -Bartolomé Las Casas in particular made a study of the Indians and in -so far as possible sought to relieve their sufferings. - -Separated by but a narrow stretch of water from the other islands -of the West Indies, Cuba was inhabited by an entirely different -race of men. The Caribes, who infested the smaller islands, were a -warlike tribe of anthropophagi who terrorized the shores of Cuba by -frequent and bloody excursions, carrying off many captives for their -cannibalistic feasts. - -The Indians of Cuba were of the Siboneyes tribe, excepting those -about Bayamo and Baracoa, who were of the Caribe nation. In these -two localities deformed skulls have been found identical with those -collected at Guadalupe, the principal seat of the Caribes. - -Several hypotheses have been given of the origin of the Siboney -Indians. Some writers claim them as descendants of the Mayas of -Yucatan, but Bachiller y Morales disposes this on the radical -difference of the characters of the two tribes. With the exception -of the Floridians and the Araucanians of Chile; the Siboneyes are -unlike all other American Indians. - -Abbe Don J. Ignatius Molina writing of the Araucanian about the year -1800 says, "The natives of this part of the New World being of a mild -character, much resembling that of the Southern Asiatics," and again: -"The features of both (hill or plain tribes) are regular; they have -round faces, small animated eyes full of expression, a nose rather -flat, a handsome mouth, even and white teeth, muscular and well shaped -limbs and small flat feet." - -Of the Siboneyes Bachiller y Morales says: "They did not present the -robust muscularity of the North American Indian nor did the expression -of their faces assume the bloody instincts of the Caribe. In color -light olive, they were tall straight limbed men of peaceful disposition -who lived mainly by the chase and agriculture." - -On the strength of this resemblance some writers have concluded that -the Siboneyes were descendants of the Araucanians. This disagrees -with the traditions of the Siboneyes themselves who claim to have -immigrated from Florida; first driving from the island the males of -a nation who were inferior to themselves in number and civilization; -moreover the Indians of Cuba long had tradition of the wonderful land -of Cantio or Florida. - -Washington Irving in his "Spanish Voyages of Discovery" says: "The -belief of the existence in Florida, of a river like that sought by -Juan Ponce, was long prevalent among the Indians of Cuba, and the -caciques were anxious to discover it." - -Geographical conditions would also favor the theory of the Siboneyes -coming originally from Florida. - -Evidence of an earlier race in Cuba has been discovered in the caves -of the eastern part of the island. Skulls differing greatly from both -those of the Siboneyes and Caribes have been found, as well an stone -implements, which most authors agree were not used by the Siboneyes. - -It is probable that the Siboney tradition of their coming originally -from Florida is correct. - -At the time of discovery, Cuba was divided politically into thirty -different states as follows: - -Sabeneque, Cayaguaya, Manibon, Bani, Barajogua, Sagua, Baracoa on -the north coast; Hanamano, Jagua, Guanjaya, Magon, Omapai, Guanaros, -Cueiba, Cucanajani, Macaca, Boyuca, Bajatiquiri and Masi on the -south coast; Cuanajami, Guanejuanica, Marien, Habana, and Canauei -touching both coasts; Macoriges, Calacon, Bayamo, Maeye and Cuamaj -in the interior. - -Each state was independent and was governed by a king or cacique who -was absolute ruler of the nation: subject to no laws and holding the -power of life and death over his subjects, this power was seldom used -arbitrarily, the cacique appearing more in the role of a father to -his people. - -The subjects of the kingdom were called tainos probably signifying -citizens or subjects; they were of different rank; the naitains -or naitanos formed the nobility or commanding part, the naboris or -anaboris the vassals or laboring class, who were divided into different -groups, each group under the authority or command of a naitains. - -As a mark of distinction the nobles wore the hair tied high up on the -head and on feast days adorned themselves with feathers, gold shells, -etc. The hair of the vassal was cut straight about the ears. - -The national laws were few and severe, theft being the crime most -severely punished. - -The convicted thief was impaled on a large stick and suspended between -two upright posts until life was extinct. - -As among many uncivilized races most of the manual work was performed -by women. Among the Siboneyes married men were exempt from agricultural -presents, but assisted in gold washing, etc. They were obliged however, -to live separate from their families for some time before going on -a gold hunting expedition. - -"Los hombres casados iban en busca de oro á los ríos como los demás, -pero se abstenían de la cohabitación y trato mujeril antes, para que -no se les turbara la vista". - -The primitive Cubans were of an amorous disposition, somewhat -indolent. Polygamy was permitted, but seldom practiced except among -the ruling classes; promiscuous intercourses and unnatural crimes were -ascribed to the Siboneyes by the early settlers. Narvaez gave this -as his excuse for the massacres of the entire Indian village of Caonao. - -Their acts were very ceremonious especially when receiving a visit -from a neighbouring cacique. The receiving cacique was borne forth in -a litter preceded by a number of women who were slightly clothed, and -who scattered palm leaves before the approaching guest. A visit was -always attended by great feasting, where nobles acted as servants to -the visiting cacique, during the feast the women entertained their -lords by songs and dancing; a number of young girls were always -appointed to the service of a welcome visitor as a peace offering. - -They in common with other West Indian nations had a tradition of the -formation of the world. Lucuo (God) formed the world, we know he -made all things; he came from a country beyond the clouds peopled -by spirits and souls. The world was first formed without mountains -or water, but under the influence of the sea sunk forming mountains -and bringing fair water. - -Lucuo formed the first man of wheat; when he was finished he touched -the image on the stomach with his foot changing it into two grand -Lucayos, male and female to whom nine divine offsprings were born. - -The first Nounm (the moon) was very proud and boastful of his -brilliancy but when Huin (the sun) was born and showed his shining -face Nounm became ashamed and hid himself only coming out at night -when Huin is absent. - -The other offsprings were given charge of the elements. - -Cuasima was chief of the Cemi inferior gods who were the offsprings -of Lucuo and the first woman. - -Lucuo lived a long time with his people and taught them the first -principles of agriculture. - -Taking an old man aside he buried a stick in the ground and told him to -dig in the same place after nine months had passed; at the end of this -period the old man dug up the place as directed and found yuca growing. - -The Behique or doctors of the tribe exerted an important -influence. They were charged with the perpetuation of the nations -history or traditions, which were taught to the children of the -nobility in the form of songs which were chanted by them on feast days. - -The Behique was also at the head of their religion. Their prayers -were directed not to the creator by but to the Mabuya or bad spirit -their belief being as "God is good it is not necessary to gain his -protection; the devil is bad and it is therefore better for us to -adore and propitiate him so that he will work us no ill." - -Their intercessions were made through the medium of the Cemi inferior -Gods of whom stone images were erected, and who acted as messengers -to the greater Gods. Each Behique had his own particular Cemi called -Cochexi who was solely at the command of that special Behique; the -Cochexi of some Behique, were regarded as superior to others. The -Cemi also had charge of all natural objects such as the springs, -the rain, thunder, and dew. - -Diseases were very rare and also very violent among the Siboneyes; -the Behique cured their followers by medical preparations of herbs and -roots, together with magical symbols and by blowing upon them; after -fasting and pretending to hold direct communication with their Cemi. - -Twice a year great religious feasts were held when the Behiques fasting -weeks in advance living only on the juices of certain grains appearing -weak and emaciated. After the usual sacrifices to the Cemi they worked -themselves into a religious ecstasy; while in this condition they were -questioned on subjects of interest, such as the probability of war, -battles and death, their answers being received as coming direct from -the Gods. - -At their fiesta or Gloritas wonderful dances were held several taking -hold of each other's hands then moved themselves to the rhythm of -a slow chant and the music of the tom-tom, a hollow trunk of a tree -covered by the skin of some wild animal. It was their custom to dance -until so exhausted that they fell to the ground. During the dances -wine was passed from one to another and drunk without spilling or -interrupting the dance. Men and women danced together only on the -occasion of a great victory or on the birth or death of a cacique, -when no wine was drunk. - -The Siboneyes were armed with the bow and arrow, dart and mace; the -arrow and dart were tipped with fish bones; the mace was a heavy club -made of hardwood and seems to have been their favorite weapon. They -also construed clever traps to ensnare game. - -They had a primitive idea of weaving and wove cloth from the wild -cotton plant that appears to have been indigenous to Cuba. - -Fire was made by rubbing a piece of hard wood between two pieces of -softer wood. - -Fishing was one of their pursuits many of the houses of the noble -were built upon piles along the shores of streams; this was probably -a means of securing themselves against surprise by the cannibals. - -The hardships to which the Siboneyes were subjected has caused them -to rapidly disappear, with the exception a possible few among the -mountains of Santiago. The race has entirely disappeared even as early -as 1532 but 5,600 of the original population of two hundred thousand -(according to Las Casas 1.000.000) remained in 1511. Moreover in 1553, -Fray Luis Beltran writing of the travels in Cuba in 1551 claims they -were entirely exterminated. - -"Los 200.000 indios que entonces contenía serían exterminados por -los tratamientos de que eran víctimas." - - - - - - - -SOME CUBAN SHRINES - - -In Cuba as in all pro-Catholic countries the natives have a host of -saints to whom they attribute various supernatural powers; they are -held in greater or less esteem according to the miraculous cures they -have achieved or the concessions they have granted their followers. - -Each family or individual has a special saint to whom they appeal -in times of trouble or sickness. Sometimes however when a saint -has repeatedly proved inefficient or has failed to grant the wishes -of a devotee, it is cast aside or exchanged for one that has been -recommended by a friend. It is no unusual thing to hear one lady -advising another to try such and such a saint. "Rece á San José, él -me ha concedido todo lo que yo le pedí". Pray to San José he grants -all I ask him. - -There are also a number of saints who are specially efficient in -certain diseases or conditions. One always prays to San Blas to cure -throat trouble, and young ladies know that San Nicolas with gladly -assist them to secure good (rich) husbands, San Ramón protects them -during pregnancy and San Lázaro during child-birth. Sta. Bárbara makes -timid hearts brave in times of war; Santo Domingo cures fever, Santa -Lucia looks after the eyes, San Antonio protects from fire; and so in -every case that may be presented there is some saint (or saintess) who -has taken that disease or ill for their special power of benefaction. - -When an article is lost San Antonio de Padua is in disgrace until it -is found. The figure of the saint is placed head-down-wards and if -some time elapses without the lost object being recovered the image -is bound to a chair back and severely whipped for failing in his duty; -if the lost object still remains undiscovered the infant which always -accompanies the saint is cut away from the image and the following -couplet repeated - - - "San Antonio Bendito - si no me concedes lo que te pido - no te devuelvo tu niño." - - -"Blessed San Antonio if you do not grant what I ask, I will not return -your child" this last resource rarely fails in causing the recovery -of whatever is missing. - -"El Señor Milagroso" the miracle worker, is an image treasured as -one of the most valued religious possession of Matanzas. Although -the church has offered many thousands of dollars for its possession, -and its owner is in comparatively poor circumstances, it still remains -in the hands of a private family. - -It has been handed down through many generations of the Castro family -and is at present in the possession of Sr. Arturo Castro who has -built a shrine where all are welcome to visit and revere the saint. - -This saint is supposed to instantly answer the prayer of those who are -in great danger. A curious story is connected with the image of a snake -twined about the body of a man that is placed before in the saint. - -During the revolution of 1868 when many well to do families were -temporarily reduced to needy circumstances an old man was accustomed -to visit his married son about the time of the mid-day meal. The -son who found it difficult to fill the all too many mouths of his own -household one day ordered the meal to be kept back until his father had -gone. The father came and failing to see the usual preparations for -breakfast in progress inquired if the meal had already been served, -he was given to understand that it had and left the house somewhat -nettled as was natural. The dish was now ordered to be placed on the -table with the least possible delay. As moments passed and no food -appeared the master of the house went to the kitchen to inquire the -causes of delay and there found the servant struggling to lift the -cover from a kettle. Angry at the inability to perform so apparently -simple a task he gave the cover a pull ... and then slowly from the -boiling liquid appeared the shining coils of a monstrous serpent, -which wound itself about the body of the selfish son! ... imagine -the confusion and consternation in which the household was thrown on -seeing their master in the coils of this huge monster. - -The master finding it impossible to release himself from the coils -of the serpent and realising that this was the punishment of God for -deceiving his parent vowed to present the Señor Milagroso a silver -image of the incident. - -El Santo Sudario is a saint out-lawed and unrecognized by the -authorities of the church; persons found wearing the reliquary -containing the prayer to the saint are accounted rebels against the -church and are excommunicated. - -This saint is the patron of robbers and assassins, and of people who -are in constant danger of death by violence or drowning. - -El Santo Sudario or Just Judge protects its followers against fire, -wild animals, bullets, death by drowning, and hanging, it is in great -request by soldiers or sailors. - -During the Spanish regime in Cuba it became a misdemeanor to have -an image of the saint in one's possession it being believed by -the authorities that it gave criminals immunity against detection -or arrest. - -A laughable accident in connection with the saint happened to the -knowledge of the writer. During the last political unpleasantness an -officer of the government forces was pressed to accept a present of a -reliquary of El Santo Sudario to protect him against the dangers of -battle incredulous of its power but willing to please his friend he -accepted the gift and placed it about his neck. The reliquary encased -in a red silk bag to prevent its chafing the skin was soon forgotten. - -While taking account of the casualties after a very active skirmish the -officer was astonished and somewhat frightened to have his attention -called to an apparently severe wound he himself had received in -the breast. Glancing down sure enough a huge stain of blood had -appeared on the front of his uniform. Feeling no pain and the wound -appearing in such a vital place the officer imagined himself booked -for the long voyage. Frantically tearing open his clothing in haste -to stop the bleeding he found to his surprise that the red silk bag, -containing the reliquary was dripping with perspiration and had run -through his clothing. - -The Shrine of La Santa Imagen in the Hermitage of Monserrat, Matanzas, -is the Mecca of the Spanish residents of Cuba, who annually in the -8th of November journey from all parts of the Island to attend the -fiesta of Monserrat. - -This saint is supposed to have the power to grant three wishes to -those who fulfill their vows during the year. The many offerings of -gold and silver about the altar offer eulogiastic proof of the faith -and esteem in which the saint is regarded. These objects are vowed to -the saint in times of sickness or despair and usually take the form -of a miniature representative of the parts of the body that are made -well by the intercession of the saint. - -Vows of humility are also made to the saint. One devout more believer -has passed the whole of each fiesta on his knees for than 20 years, -in fulfillment of a vow made when he received intelligence of a fatal -accident to his only daughter that happened while he was far from -home. He vowed to the Holy Image that if he were allowed to reach the -bedside of the child before she passed away he would perform this -act of humility as long as he lived in gratitude for the saint's -intercession in his behalf. - -For some special favor shown young girls will promise Our Lady Carmelo -to use no other dress for a certain period than that prescribed by -the Order of the Sisters of Carmelo, a dusty brown with black girdle. - -La Señora del Cobre is the patron saint of Cuba. This saint is a -wooden image placed on El Cobre hill near Santiago of Cuba. - -This Image has a touch of the wanderlust often disappearing during -the night and returning, covered with sand and sea weed. Once some -accident befell it and it was picked far out at sea by a fishing boat -and returned to its place. - - - - - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Cuban Folk-Lore, by L. 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-padding-right: 17px; -} -.exlink, .wplink, .biblink, .seclink { -background-image: url(images/external.png); -padding-right: 13px; -} -.pglink:hover { -background-color: #DCFFDC; -} -.catlink:hover { -background-color: #FFFFDC; -} -.exlink:hover, .wplink:hover, .biblink:hover { -background-color: #FFDCDC; -}body { -background: #FFFFFF; -font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, serif; -} -body, a.hidden { -color: black; -} -h1, .h1 { -padding-bottom: 5em; -} -h1, h2, .h1, .h2 { -text-align: center; -font-variant: small-caps; -font-weight: normal; -} -p.byline { -text-align: center; -font-style: italic; -margin-bottom: 2em; -} -.figureHead, .noteref, .pseudonoteref, .marginnote, p.legend, .versenum -{ -color: #660000; -} -.rightnote, .pagenum, .linenum, .pagenum a { -color: #AAAAAA; -} -a.hidden:hover, a.noteref:hover { -color: red; -} -h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { -font-weight: normal; -} -table { -margin-left: auto; -margin-right: auto; -} -.tablecaption { -text-align: center; -}.pagenum, .linenum { -speak: none; -} -</style> - -<style type="text/css"> -/* CSS rules generated from @rend attributes in TEI file */ -.xd21e103width -{ -width:455px; -} -.xd21e110width -{ -width:481px; -} -.xd21e237width -{ -width:35px; -} -.xd21e241width -{ -width:34px; -} -@media handheld -{ -} -</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Cuban Folk-Lore, by L. Roy Terwilliger - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Cuban Folk-Lore - -Author: L. Roy Terwilliger - -Release Date: January 25, 2016 [EBook #51040] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CUBAN FOLK-LORE *** - - - - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously -made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div class="front"> -<div class="div1 cover"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first"></p> -<div class="figure xd21e103width"><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt= -"Original Front Cover." width="455" height="720"></div> -<p class="par"><span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd21e107" href="#xd21e107" -name="xd21e107">1</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 titlepage"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first"></p> -<div class="figure xd21e110width"><img src="images/titlepage.jpg" alt= -"Original Title Page." width="481" height="720"></div> -<p class="par"></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="titlePage"> -<div class="docTitle"> -<div class="mainTitle">Cuban Folk-Lore</div> -</div> -<div class="byline"><span class="docAuthor">L. ROY -TERWILLIGER</span></div> -<div class="docImprint">HAVANA<br> -AVISADOR COMERCIAL PRINTING HOUSE<br> -30, AMARGURA ST.<br> -<span class="docDate">1908</span></div> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd21e131" href="#xd21e131" name= -"xd21e131">3</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="body"> -<div id="superstition" class="div1 chapter"><span class= -"pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<div class="figure"><img src="images/p03.png" alt= -"Superstition and Witchcraft in Cuba" width="604" height="86"></div> -<h2 class="main">Superstition and Witchcraft in Cuba</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Nowhere will one find such a mass of superstitious -customs practiced, as in Cuba; especially among the black and <i lang= -"es">mestizos</i>, and even the educated whites, while not admitting -their belief in witchcraft have a wholesome fear of the <i lang= -"es">Brujo</i> or witch doctor.</p> -<p class="par">It is probable that most <span class="corr" id= -"xd21e146" title="Source: if">of</span> these queer practices were -introduced by the blacks who brought their strange beliefs from Africa. -The belief in the <i>Evil Spirit</i> was doubtless the result of their -early contact with the aboriginal Cubans, who worshipped the devil.</p> -<p class="par"><i lang="es">Ñañiguismo</i> is a form of -superstition in which Catholicism and witchcraft are mingled in -bewildering confusion.</p> -<p class="par">The society of <i lang= -"es">Ñáñigos</i> was first introduced in Cuba in -1836 by a <i lang="es">cabildo</i> of the <i lang= -"es">Carabalí</i> nation; many conjectures as to its origin have -been put forward, but it is most probable that a priest or Chief of the -African institution called <i lang="es">Ñanguitua</i>, was -brought to Cuba as a slave and here resumed his official character -among his enslaved countrymen.</p> -<p class="par">The first <i lang="es">Juego</i> or chapter was founded -in Regla and called the <i lang="es">Apapa Epi</i>; it was officially -sanctioned and <span class="corr" id="xd21e178" title= -"Source: licenced">licensed</span> by the government. <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="xd21e181" href="#xd21e181" name= -"xd21e181">4</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">The African order disbelieved in God and the worship of -idols and <i lang="es">fetiches</i> prevailed: in fact was one of the -principal causes of the organization of the society. <i lang= -"es">Brujos</i> or members of the order who were supposed to possess -supernatural powers were consulted in all cases of sickness. Slave -holders claimed that “the <i lang="es">gente de nación</i> -(imported slaves) refused to be doctored by other means than their own -<i lang="es">brujos</i> and corporal punishment was absolutely -necessary to overcome their stubbornness”.</p> -<p class="par">Whites and even mulatoes were at first refused admission -to the society, but in 1863 a traitor to the original chapter sold for -twenty <span class="corr" id="xd21e198" title= -"Source: centenes">cents</span> the secrets of the order to a society -of white and mulatoes who by means of the secret pass words and signs -gained admittance to the hall where an initiatory session was in -progress and demanded that their chapter be recognized by the head -<i lang="es">Juego</i>. A severe battle was the outcome of this -high-handed manner of securing the administration of the initiation -rites, but eventually resulted in the formation of the <i lang= -"es">Ocolio Ñáñigos</i>, an order in which whites -and half castes were admitted.</p> -<p class="par">Many catholic rites were introduced in the new order, -which however did not entirely displace their belief in their former -idols.</p> -<p class="par">The <i lang="es">Ñáñigos</i> about -this time began to assume a vicious character and soon became a serious -menace to society; the degenerate whites who became <i lang= -"es">Ñáñigos</i> soon displaced the old negro -kings or chiefs and introduced many new customs, most of which were not -to be desired in a civilized country.</p> -<p class="par">It is a curious fact that the <span class="corr" id= -"xd21e219" title="Source: avatisim">avatism</span> or reversion of half -breeds almost always result in excesses. Religious dances of an -indecent character were introduced and more revolting rites of -<span class="corr" id="xd21e222" title= -"Source: iniciation">initiation</span> installed.</p> -<p class="par">Rivalry among the different chiefs sprung up and -dissensions among the various orders soon assumed a bloody aspect.</p> -<p class="par">Sanguinary battles among the negros and half castes were -common every feast day and resulted in stringent laws being passed -against the entire organization.</p> -<p class="par">After the entrance of whites and mulatoes in the -different orders the cross became one of the most important symbols of -the order.</p> -<p class="par">The great seal was used only by the head chapter at -Regla, each district having a different symbol. <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="xd21e234" href="#xd21e234" name= -"xd21e234">5</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">All initiatory rites were performed by the chief of the -district and the Carabali tongue was used exclusively. The novice was -marked on the forehead with blood in the sign of the cross + on the -breast <img src="images/p05-1.png" alt="+/o|o/+" width="35" height= -"29"> and on the back <img src="images/p05-2.png" alt="o/o|o/o" width= -"34" height="28"> after which he was struck several times with the -<i lang="es">palo Mocongo</i>, a cane covered with skin and mounted -with precious metals; this was to test his courage; many other -ceremonies were practiced.</p> -<p class="par">The novice being declared a fit candidate for -membership, blood was mixed with aguardiente and drunk by the new -member and a wild scene of revelry wound up the ceremony.</p> -<p class="par">Under the severe laws passed, <i lang= -"es">Ñañiguismo</i> shrunk to insignificant proportions -and the different chapters were supposed to have been broken up.</p> -<p class="par">During the last few years it has been on the increase, -the character however having somewhat changed.</p> -<p class="par">But little can be learned of this society, at present a -recent criminal cases brought to light the fact that the very rites of -initiation were criminal in their character, a <i>novice</i> in the -society must wound some stranger and drink the flowing blood before the -last rites are administered.</p> -<p class="par">The Society is governed by a King, who is represented in -each district by a “<i>Father of the <span class="corr" id= -"xd21e266" title="Source: Comunity">Community</span></i>” or -Chief Doctor, who has at his command the <i lang="es">Brujos</i> or -Conjurors.</p> -<p class="par"><i>Santa Baraba</i>, the patron saint of the order is no -less than a savage idol with a Catholic name.</p> -<p class="par">There are annual <i>fiestas</i> in honor of this Saint, -where only members of the Society are admitted, but I was fortunate -enough to witness from a friendly roof the sacred dance and battle with -the devil.</p> -<p class="par">Clothed only in long strings of feathers, the <i lang= -"es">Brujo</i> who played the part of “leading man”, -<span class="corr" id="xd21e287" title= -"Source: postrated">prostrated</span> himself before the sacred image -and lighted the <span class="corr" id="xd21e290" title= -"Source: sacrifical">sacrificial</span> flames.</p> -<p class="par">Goats, black cocks and other animals were brought -forward by the devotees and beheaded. Fruit also was offered.</p> -<p class="par">The nature of the sacrifice most acceptable to the -<i lang="es">Mabruja</i> is communicated in advance to each of the -Saint’s followers, through the medium of the <i lang= -"es">Brujo</i>.</p> -<p class="par">It is certain that most of the time the <i lang= -"es">exigencias</i> of the saint do <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"xd21e308" href="#xd21e308" name="xd21e308">6</a>]</span>not pass the -sacrifice of a fat cock, or a goat whose head is consumed by the flames -(while the father of the <span class="corr" id="xd21e310" title= -"Source: comunity">community</span> eats the rest of the victim), but -cases have presented where the dagger or poison, have been ordered to -remove some obstruction from the path of private individuals, whose -money has influenced the saint to decree their death.</p> -<p class="par"><span class="corr" id="xd21e314" title= -"Source: Sacrifical">Sacrificial</span> dances are always at night and -the weird, scantily clad figure of the officiating priest can easily be -likened to that of some demon tending the infernal fires.</p> -<p class="par">After the sacrifice, the low monotonous moaning of the -tom-tom announces that the ball has opened.</p> -<p class="par">Twisting his body in painful contortions, the <i lang= -"es">brujo</i> dances about the sacred fire, gaining momentum with each -round until he at last resembles a human pin-wheel; now slower and -slower he dances, scanning the faces of his fear-stricken followers for -a victim, until at last his hypnotic eye fixes upon an aged negress, -who falls screaming to earth in convulsed fear. She is possessed of a -<i lang="es">Mabruja</i> or Evil Spirit, who has inconsiderately taken -possession of the old lady’s person, without her leave, and the -“doctor” wants to extract it; apparently the operation -becomes painful to the old lady, who would <span class="corr" id= -"xd21e327" title="Source: doubtles">doubtless</span> have much rather -been left in quiet possession of his satanic majesty.</p> -<p class="par">After much manœuvring, the doctor announces that -the <i>Mabruja</i> was vanquished and has left his country woman, who -still sits in comical amazement where she had fallen; to one who has -really entered the inner life of the country districts of Cuba this is -no strange sight.</p> -<p class="par">One of the most abhorrent practices of witchcraft is the -use of Love Philters composed of ingredients of a nature too horrible -to mention. It is needless to say that this custom is practiced almost -solely by the lowest class of society, but in so great respect and fear -are its results held that almost the first advice one receives on -arriving in Cuba, is to never accept refreshments in a strange house, -for fear that they may contain this concoction; many tales are told of -young men who by means of this drug have been lured into attachment for -women of shady complexion and still more shady reputation.</p> -<p class="par">The <i lang="es">Piedra Imán</i>, a sort of -lodestone, plays an important part <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"xd21e342" href="#xd21e342" name="xd21e342">7</a>]</span>in the -practice of witchcraft; sacrifices of animals are made to this stone -whose absorbent qualities cause it to greedily suck the blood of the -victims. In sickness and love this stone is always in evidence. Are you -dying of unrequited love? No need to worry while a dozen old witches -are aching for the opportunity of relieving your heart (and pocket). -For gold a small stone will be placed in your possession and if you -carefully follow directions, luck will attend your affairs with -Cupid.</p> -<p class="par">To succeed it is necessary to secure a strand of hair -(pulled, not cut) and the parings of your loved one’s nails; -these are mixed with steel filings and placed with the -“stone” in a metal box. On Mondays the “stone” -is strictly teetotal and only water may be offered, but as Friday draws -near, the “God” <span class="corr" id="xd21e347" title= -"Source: developes">develops</span> a taste for strong liquor and wine -must be given it. Woe betide the mortal who neglects the “little -God’s” taste in drinks.</p> -<p class="par">Has disease laid its foul hand on your person? No need -to worry; any witch doctor will recommend the following recipe.</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td rowspan="6" class="cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">℞</td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">1 Pair half burned candles.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellRight">7 Grains of corn.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellRight">7 Copper pennies.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellRight">7 Clean pebbles.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellRight">1 Head of a black cock.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">7 Pieces glass.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -<p class="par"></p> -<p class="par">Wrap carefully in red cloth, this enclose in black -cloth, over all wrap a large white handkerchief and place in public -highway, await developments.... An innocent wayfarer comes down the -highway, sees the ownerless package and gleefully makes off with it. Oh -joy! you are already feeling better, and the one who so fondly imagines -he has found a fortune wrapped up in a napkin, has only brought down -upon his head the load of your disease!</p> -<p class="par">Barrenness need no longer bring grief to those who long -for the patter of little feet about their home.</p> -<p class="par">Secure a white child and with the help of a <i lang= -"es">brujo</i> extract its heart and take in small doses!!</p> -<p class="par">It is impossible to dispute the fact of this and other -horrible cannibalistic practices to which the superstitious negros are -addicted; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd21e385" href="#xd21e385" -name="xd21e385">8</a>]</span>the public can scarcely have forgotten the -developments of the noted “Gabriel Case” when a number of -<i lang="es">Brujos</i> were sentenced to long terms of imprisonment -and one at least received the death penalty.</p> -<p class="par">Not only in the greater joys and griefs of life is -witchcraft used, but in the petty <span class="corr" id="xd21e392" -title="Source: anoyances">annoyances</span> of everyday life.</p> -<p class="par">The dread combination of sprinkling salt in an old shoe -and placing it upon an upturned broom, has caused many an unwelcome -guest to hasten his departure.</p> -<p class="par">Some of the common superstitions are: never twist an -empty chair.</p> -<p class="par">Never read by the light of two candles; you are mocking -death.</p> -<p class="par">A moth flying about you at night means that you are to -receive a letter.</p> -<p class="par">A match which continues burning after being thrown away -will bring you money.</p> -<p class="par">A dog scratching the floor of a house is digging his -master’s grave. He will soon die.</p> -<p class="par">If a hearse passes a person twice during the same -funeral, he will be its next occupant.</p> -<p class="par">Never cross the arms over the head; your mother or -nearest relation will die.</p> -<p class="par">Never sweep the crumbs from a table with a paper; it -will bring disgrace to your family.</p> -<p class="par">In former years, when the milk man brought his cows -along to town and milked them before your door, there was a curious -belief that if a cow bawled in front of a house where a sick person -lay, that person would die.</p> -<p class="par">If a mass is not said for the repose of a soul, the -newly dead will come at night and pull the feet or carry off the -blanket of the nearest relation.</p> -<p class="par">A black moth flying at night means that there will be a -death in the house.</p> -<p class="par">Should an eyelash fall, you will receive a visit from a -long forgotten friend.</p> -<p class="par">If an owl hoots as it flies over a house, somebody in -that house will die.</p> -<p class="par">That there is “something” in witchcraft it -is <span class="corr" id="xd21e426" title= -"Source: imposible">impossible</span> to <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"xd21e429" href="#xd21e429" name="xd21e429">9</a>]</span>deny. The fear -and reverence in which the <i>brujos</i> are held is far more powerful -than their fear of the law, as has been shown in several recent -criminal cases.</p> -<p class="par">Is it not possible that the something, is mesmerism, -that the subjects are mesmerized by their own belief in the <i lang= -"es">brujo</i>, or that the <i lang="es">brujo</i> himself has acquired -the power of <span class="corr" id="xd21e443" title= -"Source: hypnotismal">hypnotism</span> though unconscious of the source -or nature of this power, a “power” that makes him different -from other men?</p> -<p class="par">Superstition is a serious menace to the advancement of -Cuba. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd21e448" href="#xd21e448" name= -"xd21e448">10</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="inhabitants" class="div1 chapter"><span class= -"pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">The <span class="corr" id="xd21e452" title= -"Source: Primative">Primitive</span> Inhabitants of Cuba</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Fortunately for history, most early Spanish -expeditions were <span class="corr" id="xd21e457" title= -"Source: accompannied">accompanied</span> by such observers as Las -Casas, Cortés, Gomara and Oviedo, who although differing in -minor details and unreliably eulogistic of their own expeditions and -leaders have agreed on their accounts of the habits of the Indians as -found at the time of the discovery.</p> -<p class="par">Bartolomé Las Casas in particular made a study of -the Indians and in so far as possible sought to relieve their -sufferings.</p> -<p class="par">Separated by but a narrow stretch of water from the -other islands of the West Indies, Cuba was inhabited by an entirely -different race of men. The Caribes, who infested the smaller islands, -were a warlike tribe of anthropophagi who terrorized the shores of Cuba -by frequent and bloody excursions, carrying off many captives for their -cannibalistic feasts.</p> -<p class="par">The Indians of Cuba were of the Siboneyes tribe, -excepting those about Bayamo and Baracoa, who were of the Caribe -nation. In <span class="corr" id="xd21e466" title= -"Source: there">these</span> two localities deformed skulls have been -found identical with those collected at Guadalupe, the principal seat -of the Caribes.</p> -<p class="par">Several <span class="corr" id="xd21e471" title= -"Source: hypothesis">hypotheses</span> have been given of the origin of -the Siboney Indians. Some writers claim them as descendants of the -Mayas of Yucatan, but Bachiller y Morales disposes this on the radical -difference of the characters of the two tribes. With the exception of -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd21e474" href="#xd21e474" name= -"xd21e474">11</a>]</span>the Floridians and the Araucanians of Chile; -the Siboneyes are unlike all other American Indians.</p> -<p class="par">Abbe Don J. Ignatius Molina writing of the Araucanian -about the year 1800 says<span class="corr" id="xd21e478" title= -"Source: .">,</span> “The natives of this part of the New World -being of a mild character, much resembling that of the Southern -<span class="corr" id="xd21e481" title= -"Source: asiatics">Asiatics</span>,” and again: “The -features of both (hill or plain tribes) are regular; they have round -faces, small animated eyes full of expression, a nose rather flat, a -handsome mouth, even and white teeth, muscular and well shaped limbs -and small flat feet.”</p> -<p class="par">Of the Siboneyes Bachiller y Morales says: “They -did not present the robust muscularity of the North American Indian nor -did the expression of their faces assume the bloody instincts of the -Caribe. In color light olive, they were tall straight limbed men of -peaceful disposition who lived mainly by the chase and -agriculture.”</p> -<p class="par">On the strength of this resemblance some writers -<span class="corr" id="xd21e488" title="Source: hare">have</span> -concluded that the Siboneyes were descendants of the Araucanians. This -disagrees with the traditions of the Siboneyes themselves who claim to -have <span class="corr" id="xd21e491" title= -"Source: inmigrated">immigrated</span> from Florida; first driving from -the island the males of a nation who were inferior to themselves in -number and civilization; <span class="corr" id="xd21e494" title= -"Source: morever">moreover</span> the Indians of Cuba long had -tradition of the wonderful land of Cantio or Florida.</p> -<p class="par">Washington Irving in his “Spanish Voyages of -Discovery” says: “The belief of the existence in Florida, -of a river like that sought by Juan Ponce, was long prevalent among the -Indians of Cuba, and the caciques were anxious to discover -it.”</p> -<p class="par">Geographical conditions would also favor the theory of -the Siboneyes coming originally from Florida.</p> -<p class="par">Evidence of an earlier race in Cuba has been discovered -in the caves of the eastern part of the island. Skulls differing -greatly from both those of the Siboneyes and Caribes have been found, -as well an stone implements, which most authors agree were not used by -the Siboneyes.</p> -<p class="par">It is probable that the Siboney tradition of their -coming originally from Florida is correct.</p> -<p class="par">At the time of discovery, Cuba was divided politically -into thirty different states as follows:</p> -<p class="par">Sabeneque, Cayaguaya, Manibon, Bani, Barajogua, Sagua, -Baracoa on the north coast; Hanamano, Jagua, Guanjaya, Magon, -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd21e510" href="#xd21e510" name= -"xd21e510">12</a>]</span>Omapai, Guanaros, Cueiba, Cucanajani, Macaca, -Boyuca, Bajatiquiri and Masi on the south coast; Cuanajami, -Guanejuanica, Marien, Habana, and Canauei touching both coasts; -Macoriges, Calacon, Bayamo, Maeye and Cuamaj in the interior.</p> -<p class="par">Each state was independent and was governed by a king or -cacique who <span class="corr" id="xd21e514" title= -"Source: has">was</span> absolute ruler of the nation: subject to no -laws and holding the power of life and death over his subjects, this -power was seldom used arbitrarily, the cacique appearing more in the -role of a father to his people.</p> -<p class="par">The subjects of the kingdom were called <i lang= -"es">tainos</i> probably signifying citizens or subjects; they were of -different rank; the <i lang="es">naitains</i> or <i lang= -"es">naitanos</i> formed the nobility or commanding part, the <i lang= -"es">naboris</i> or <i lang="es">anaboris</i> the <span class="corr" -id="xd21e535" title="Source: vassels">vassals</span> or laboring class, -who were divided into different groups, each group under the authority -or command of a <i>naitains</i>.</p> -<p class="par">As a mark of distinction the nobles wore the hair tied -high up on the head and on feast days adorned themselves with -feathers<span class="corr" id="xd21e543" title="Not in source">,</span> -gold shells, etc. The hair of the <span class="corr" id="xd21e546" -title="Source: vassel">vassal</span> <span class="corr" id="xd21e549" -title="Source: vas">was</span> cut straight about the ears.</p> -<p class="par">The national laws were few and severe, theft being the -crime most severely punished.</p> -<p class="par">The convicted thief was <span class="corr" id="xd21e556" -title="Source: empaled">impaled</span> on a large stick and suspended -between two upright posts until life was extinct.</p> -<p class="par">As among many uncivilized races most of the manual work -was performed by women. Among the <i><span class="corr" id="xd21e562" -title="Source: siboneyes">Siboneyes</span></i> married men were exempt -from agricultural presents, but assisted in gold washing, etc. They -were obliged however, to live separate from their families for some -time before going on a gold hunting expedition.</p> -<p lang="es" class="par">“<i lang="es">Los hombres casados</i> -iban en busca de oro á los ríos como los demás, -pero se abstenían de la cohabitación y trato mujeril -antes, para que no se les turbara la vista”.</p> -<p class="par">The primitive Cubans were of an amorous disposition, -somewhat indolent. Polygamy was permitted, but seldom practiced except -among the ruling classes; promiscuous intercourses and unnatural crimes -were ascribed to the <span class="corr" id="xd21e573" title= -"Source: siboneyes">Siboneyes</span> by the early settlers. Narvaez -gave this as his excuse for the massacres of the entire Indian village -of Caonao.</p> -<p class="par">Their acts were very ceremonious especially when -receiving a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd21e578" href="#xd21e578" -name="xd21e578">13</a>]</span>visit from a neighbouring cacique. The -receiving cacique was borne forth in a litter <span class="corr" id= -"xd21e580" title="Source: preceeded">preceded</span> by a number of -women who were slightly clothed, and who scattered palm leaves before -the approaching guest. A visit was always attended by great feasting, -where nobles acted as servants to the visiting cacique, during the -feast the women entertained their lords by songs and dancing; a number -of young girls <span class="corr" id="xd21e583" title= -"Source: was">were</span> always appointed to the service of a welcome -visitor as a peace offering.</p> -<p class="par">They in common with other West Indian nations had a -tradition of the formation of the world. <i>Lucuo</i> (God) formed the -world, we know he made all things; he came from a country beyond the -clouds peopled by spirits and souls. The world was first formed without -mountains or water, but under the influence of the <span class="corr" -id="xd21e591" title="Source: sen">sea</span> <span class="corr" id= -"xd21e594" title="Source: asunk">sunk</span> forming mountains and -bringing fair water.</p> -<p class="par"><i>Lucuo</i> formed the first man of wheat; when he was -finished he touched the image on the stomach with his foot changing it -into two grand <i>Lucayos</i>, male and <span class="corr" id= -"xd21e604" title="Source: fernale">female</span> to <span class="corr" -id="xd21e607" title="Source: who mnine">whom nine</span> divine -offsprings were born.</p> -<p class="par">The first <i lang="es">Nounm</i> (the moon) was very -proud and boastful of his brilliancy but when <i lang="es">Huin</i> -(the sun) was born and showed his shining face <i lang="es">Nounm</i> -became ashamed and hid himself only coming out at night when <i lang= -"es">Huin</i> is absent.</p> -<p class="par">The other offsprings were given charge of the -elements.</p> -<p class="par"><i lang="es">Cuasima</i> was chief of the <i lang= -"es">Cemi</i> inferior gods who were the offsprings of Lucuo and the -first woman.</p> -<p class="par">Lucuo lived a long time with his people and taught them -the first principles of agriculture.</p> -<p class="par"><a id="xd21e636" name="xd21e636"></a>Taking an old man -aside he buried a stick in the ground and told him to dig in the same -place after nine months had passed; at the end of this period the old -man dug up the place as directed and found yuca growing.</p> -<p class="par">The Behique or doctors of the tribe <span class="corr" -id="xd21e640" title="Source: exected">exerted</span> an important -influence. They were charged with the perpetuation of the nations -history or traditions, which were taught to the children of the -nobility in the form of songs which were chanted by them on feast -days.</p> -<p class="par">The Behique was also at the head of their religion. -Their prayers were directed not to the creator by but to the <i lang= -"es">Mabuya</i> or <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd21e648" href= -"#xd21e648" name="xd21e648">14</a>]</span>bad spirit their belief being -as “God is good it is not necessary to gain his protection; the -devil is bad and it is therefore better for us to adore and propitiate -him so that he will work us no ill.”</p> -<p class="par">Their intercessions were made through the medium of the -<i lang="es">Cemi</i> inferior Gods of whom stone images were erected, -and who acted as messengers to the greater Gods. Each Behique had his -own particular Cemi called Cochexi who was solely at the command of -that special Behique; the Cochexi of some Behique, were regarded as -superior to others. The Cemi also had charge of all natural objects -such as the springs, the rain, thunder, and dew.</p> -<p class="par">Diseases were very rare and also very violent among the -<span class="corr" id="xd21e658" title= -"Source: Siboneys">Siboneyes</span>; the Behique cured their followers -by medical preparations of herbs and roots, together with magical -symbols and by blowing upon them; after fasting and pretending to hold -direct communication with their Cemi.</p> -<p class="par">Twice a year great religious feasts were held when the -Behiques fasting weeks in advance living only on the juices of certain -grains appearing weak and <span class="corr" id="xd21e663" title= -"Source: emancipated">emaciated</span>. After the usual sacrifices to -the Cemi they worked themselves into a religious ecstasy; while in this -condition they were questioned on subjects of interest, such as the -probability of war, battles and death, their answers being received as -coming direct from the Gods.</p> -<p class="par">At their fiesta or Gloritas wonderful dances were held -several taking hold of each other’s hands then moved themselves -to the <span class="corr" id="xd21e668" title= -"Source: rymth">rhythm</span> of a slow chant and the music of the -tom-tom, a hollow trunk of a tree covered by the skin of some wild -animal. It was their custom to dance until so exhausted that they fell -to the ground. During the dances wine was passed from one to another -and drunk without spilling or interrupting the dance. Men and women -danced together only on the <span class="corr" id="xd21e671" title= -"Source: occassion">occasion</span> of a great victory or on the birth -or death of a cacique, when no wine was drunk.</p> -<p class="par">The Siboneyes were armed with the bow and arrow, dart -and mace; the arrow and dart were tipped with fish bones; the mace was -a heavy club made of hardwood and seems to have been their favorite -weapon. They also construed clever traps to <span class="corr" id= -"xd21e676" title="Source: ennare">ensnare</span> game.</p> -<p class="par">They had a <span class="corr" id="xd21e681" title= -"Source: primative">primitive</span> idea of weaving and wove cloth -from the wild cotton plant that appears to have been indigenous to -Cuba. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd21e684" href="#xd21e684" name= -"xd21e684">15</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">Fire was made by rubbing a piece of hard wood between -two pieces of softer wood.</p> -<p class="par">Fishing was one of their pursuits many of the houses of -the noble were built upon piles along the shores of streams; this was -probably a means of securing themselves against surprise by the -cannibals.</p> -<p class="par">The hardships to which the Siboneyes were subjected has -caused <span class="corr" id="xd21e691" title= -"Source: then">them</span> to rapidly disappear, with the exception a -possible few among the mountains of Santiago. The race has entirely -<span class="corr" id="xd21e694" title= -"Source: dissappeared">disappeared</span> <span class="corr" id= -"xd21e697" title="Source: evenas">even as</span> early as 1532 but -5,600 of the original population of two hundred thousand (according to -Las Casas 1.000.000) remained in 1511. Moreover in 1553, Fray Luis -Beltran writing of the travels in Cuba in 1551 claims <span class= -"corr" id="xd21e700" title="Source: their">they</span> were entirely -exterminated.</p> -<p lang="es" class="par">“Los 200.000 indios que entonces -contenía serían exterminados por los tratamientos de que -eran víctimas.” <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd21e705" -href="#xd21e705" name="xd21e705">16</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="shrines" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">Some Cuban Shrines</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">In Cuba as in all pro-Catholic countries the -natives have a host of saints to whom they attribute various -supernatural powers; they are held in greater or less esteem according -to the miraculous cures they have achieved or the concessions they have -granted their followers.</p> -<p class="par">Each family or individual has a special saint to whom -they appeal in times of trouble or sickness. Sometimes however when a -saint has repeatedly proved inefficient or has failed to grant the -wishes of a devotee, it is cast aside or exchanged for one that has -been recommended by a friend. It is no unusual thing to hear one lady -advising another to try such and such a saint. “<span lang= -"es">Rece á San José, él me ha concedido todo lo -que yo le pedí</span>”. Pray to San José he grants -all I ask him.</p> -<p class="par">There are also a number of saints who are specially -efficient in certain diseases or conditions. One always prays to San -Blas to cure throat trouble, and young ladies know that San Nicolas -with gladly assist them to secure good (rich) husbands, San -Ramón protects them during pregnancy and San Lázaro -during child-birth. Sta. Bárbara makes timid hearts brave in -times of war; Santo Domingo cures fever, Santa Lucia looks after the -eyes, San Antonio protects from fire; and so in every case that may be -presented there is some saint (or <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"xd21e718" href="#xd21e718" name="xd21e718">17</a>]</span>saintess) who -has taken that disease or ill for their special power of -benefaction.</p> -<p class="par">When an article is lost San Antonio de Padua is in -disgrace until it is found. The figure of the saint is placed -head-down-wards and if some time elapses without the lost object being -recovered the image is bound to a chair back and severely whipped for -failing in his duty; if the lost object still remains undiscovered the -infant which always accompanies the saint is cut away from the image -and the following couplet repeated</p> -<div lang="es" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“San Antonio Bendito</p> -<p class="line">si no me concedes lo que te pido</p> -<p class="line">no te devuelvo tu niño.”</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">“Blessed San Antonio if you do not grant -what I ask, I will not return your child” this last resource -rarely fails in causing the recovery of whatever is missing.</p> -<p class="par">“<span lang="es">El Señor -Milagroso</span>” the miracle worker, is an image treasured as -one of the most valued religious <span class="corr" id="xd21e736" -title="Source: possesion">possession</span> of Matanzas. Although the -church has offered many thousands of dollars for its possession, and -its owner is in comparatively poor <span class="corr" id="xd21e739" -title="Source: circunstances">circumstances</span>, it still remains in -the hands of a private family.</p> -<p class="par">It has been handed down through many generations of the -Castro family and is at present in the possession of Sr. Arturo Castro -who has built a shrine where all are welcome to visit and revere the -saint.</p> -<p class="par">This saint is supposed to instantly answer the prayer of -those who are in great danger. A curious story is connected with the -image of a snake twined about the body of a man that is placed before -in the saint.</p> -<p class="par">During the revolution of 1868 when many well to do -families were temporarily reduced to needy <span class="corr" id= -"xd21e748" title="Source: circunstances">circumstances</span> an old -man was accustomed to visit his married son about the time of the -mid-day meal. The son who found it difficult to fill the all too many -mouths of his own household one day ordered the meal to be kept back -until his father had gone. The father came and failing to see the usual -preparations for breakfast in progress inquired if the meal had already -been served, he was given to understand that it had and left the house -somewhat nettled as was natural. The dish was now ordered to be placed -on the table with the least possible <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"xd21e751" href="#xd21e751" name="xd21e751">18</a>]</span>delay. As -moments passed and no food appeared the master of the house went to the -kitchen to inquire the causes of delay and there found the servant -struggling to lift the cover from a kettle. Angry at the inability to -perform so apparently simple a task he gave the cover a pull ... and -then slowly from the boiling liquid appeared the shining coils of a -monstrous serpent, which wound itself <span class="corr" id="xd21e753" -title="Source: aboutthe">about the</span> body of the selfish son! ... -imagine the confusion and consternation in which the household was -thrown on seeing their master in the coils of this huge monster.</p> -<p class="par">The master finding it impossible to release himself from -the coils of the serpent and realising that this was the punishment of -God for deceiving his parent vowed to present the <span lang= -"es">Señor Milagroso</span> a silver image of the incident.</p> -<p class="par">El Santo Sudario is a saint out-lawed and unrecognized -by the authorities of the church; persons found wearing the reliquary -containing the prayer to the saint are accounted rebels against the -<span class="corr" id="xd21e764" title="Source: churchand">church -and</span> are <span class="corr" id="xd21e767" title= -"Source: excomunicated">excommunicated</span>.</p> -<p class="par">This saint is the patron of robbers and <span class= -"corr" id="xd21e772" title="Source: assasins">assassins</span>, and of -people who are in constant danger of death by violence or drowning.</p> -<p class="par">El Santo Sudario or Just Judge protects its followers -against fire, wild animals, bullets<span class="corr" id="xd21e777" -title="Source: ;">,</span> death by drowning, and hanging, it is in -great request by soldiers or sailors.</p> -<p class="par">During the Spanish regime in Cuba it became a -misdemeanor to have an image of the saint in one’s <span class= -"corr" id="xd21e782" title="Source: possesion">possession</span> it -being believed by the authorities that it gave criminals <span class= -"corr" id="xd21e785" title="Source: inmunity">immunity</span> against -detection or arrest.</p> -<p class="par">A laughable accident in connection with the saint -happened to the knowledge of the writer. During the last political -unpleasantness an officer of the government forces was pressed to -accept a present of a reliquary of El Santo Sudario to protect him -against the dangers of battle <span class="corr" id="xd21e790" title= -"Source: uncredulous">incredulous</span> of its power but willing to -please his friend he accepted the gift and placed it about his neck. -The <span class="corr" id="xd21e793" title= -"Source: reliquiary">reliquary</span> encased in a red silk bag to -prevent its chafing the skin was soon forgotten.</p> -<p class="par">While taking account of the casualties after a very -active skirmish the officer was astonished and somewhat frightened to -have his attention called to an apparently severe wound he himself had -received in the breast. <span class="corr" id="xd21e798" title= -"Source: Glacing">Glancing</span> down sure enough a huge stain of -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd21e801" href="#xd21e801" name= -"xd21e801">19</a>]</span>blood had appeared on the front of his -uniform. Feeling no pain and the wound appearing in such a vital place -the officer imagined himself booked for the long voyage. Frantically -tearing open his clothing in haste to stop the bleeding he found to his -surprise that the red silk bag, containing the <span class="corr" id= -"xd21e803" title="Source: reliquia">reliquary</span> was dripping -<a id="xd21e806" name="xd21e806"></a>with <span class="corr" id= -"xd21e808" title="Source: pispiration">perspiration</span> and had run -through his clothing.</p> -<p class="par">The Shrine of La Santa Imagen in the Hermitage of -Monserrat, Matanzas, is the Mecca of the Spanish residents of Cuba, who -<span class="corr" id="xd21e813" title= -"Source: anually">annually</span> in the 8th of November journey from -all parts of the Island to attend the fiesta of Monserrat.</p> -<p class="par">This saint is supposed to have the power to grant three -wishes to those who fulfill their vows during the year. The many -offerings of gold and silver about the altar offer eulogiastic proof of -the faith and esteem in which the saint <span class="corr" id= -"xd21e818" title="Source: in">is</span> regarded. These objects are -vowed to the saint in times of sickness or <span class="corr" id= -"xd21e821" title="Source: dispair">despair</span> and usually take the -form of a miniature representative of the parts of the body that are -made well by the intercession of the saint.</p> -<p class="par">Vows of humility are also made to the saint. One devout -more believer has passed the whole of each fiesta on his knees for than -20 years, in fulfillment of a vow made when he received intelligence of -a fatal accident to his only daughter that happened while he was far -from home. He vowed to the Holy Image that if he were allowed to reach -the bedside of the child before she passed away he would perform this -act of humility as long as <span class="corr" id="xd21e826" title= -"Source: the">he</span> lived in gratitude for the saint’s -intercession in his behalf.</p> -<p class="par">For some special favor shown young girls will promise -Our Lady Carmelo to use no other dress for a certain period than that -prescribed by the Order of the Sisters of Carmelo, a dusty brown with -black girdle.</p> -<p class="par"><span lang="es">La Señora del Cobre</span> is the -patron saint of Cuba. This saint is a wooden image placed on El Cobre -hill near Santiago of Cuba.</p> -<p class="par">This Image has a touch of the <span class="corr" id= -"xd21e838" title="Source: wanderbust">wanderlust</span> often -disappearing during the night and returning, covered with sand and sea -weed. Once some accident befell it and it was picked far out at sea by -a fishing boat and returned to its place.</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="back"> -<div class="div1" id="toc"> -<h2 class="main">Table of Contents</h2> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href= -"#superstition">Superstition and Witchcraft in Cuba</a></td> -<td class="tocPageNum"><a class="pageref" href= -"#superstition">3</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#inhabitants">The -Primitive Inhabitants of Cuba</a></td> -<td class="tocPageNum"><a class="pageref" href= -"#inhabitants">10</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#shrines">Some Cuban -Shrines</a></td> -<td class="tocPageNum"><a class="pageref" href="#shrines">16</a></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -<div class="transcribernote"> -<h2 class="main">Colophon</h2> -<h3 class="main">Availability</h3> -<p class="par first">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no -cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give -it away or re-use it under the terms of the <a class="exlink xd21e43" -title="External link" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" rel= -"license">Project Gutenberg License</a> included with this eBook or -online at <a class="exlink xd21e43" title="External link" href= -"http://www.gutenberg.org/" rel="home">www.gutenberg.org</a>.</p> -<p class="par">This eBook is produced by the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at <a class="exlink xd21e43" title="External link" -href="http://www.pgdp.net/">www.pgdp.net</a>.</p> -<h3 class="main">Encoding</h3> -<p class="par first"></p> -<h3 class="main">Revision History</h3> -<ul> -<li>2016-01-25 Started.</li> -</ul> -<h3 class="main">External References</h3> -<p>This Project Gutenberg eBook contains external references. These -links may not work for you.</p> -<h3 class="main">Corrections</h3> -<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p> -<table class="correctiontable" summary= -"Overview of corrections applied to the text."> -<tr> -<th>Page</th> -<th>Source</th> -<th>Correction</th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e146">3</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">if</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">of</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e178">3</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">licenced</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">licensed</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e198">4</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">centenes</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">cents</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e219">4</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">avatisim</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">avatism</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e222">4</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">iniciation</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">initiation</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e266">5</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Comunity</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Community</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e287">5</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">postrated</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">prostrated</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e290">5</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">sacrifical</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">sacrificial</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e310">6</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">comunity</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">community</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e314">6</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sacrifical</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sacrificial</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e327">6</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">doubtles</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">doubtless</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e347">7</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">developes</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">develops</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e392">8</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">anoyances</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">annoyances</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e426">8</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">imposible</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">impossible</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e443">9</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">hypnotismal</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">hypnotism</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e452">10</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Primative</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Primitive</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e457">10</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">accompannied</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">accompanied</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e466">10</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">there</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">these</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e471">10</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">hypothesis</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">hypotheses</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e478">11</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">.</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">,</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e481">11</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">asiatics</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Asiatics</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e488">11</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">hare</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">have</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e491">11</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">inmigrated</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">immigrated</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e494">11</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">morever</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">moreover</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e514">12</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">has</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">was</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e535">12</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">vassels</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">vassals</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e543">12</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">,</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e546">12</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">vassel</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">vassal</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e549">12</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">vas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">was</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e556">12</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">empaled</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">impaled</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e562">12</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd21e573">12</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">siboneyes</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Siboneyes</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e580">13</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">preceeded</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">preceded</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e583">13</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">was</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">were</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e591">13</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">sen</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">sea</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e594">13</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">asunk</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">sunk</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e604">13</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">fernale</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">female</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e607">13</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">who mnine</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">whom nine</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e636">13</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">”</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e640">13</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">exected</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">exerted</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e658">14</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Siboneys</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Siboneyes</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e663">14</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">emancipated</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">emaciated</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e668">14</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">rymth</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">rhythm</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e671">14</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">occassion</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">occasion</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e676">14</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">ennare</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">ensnare</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e681">14</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">primative</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">primitive</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e691">15</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">then</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">them</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e694">15</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">dissappeared</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">disappeared</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e697">15</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">evenas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">even as</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e700">15</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">their</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">they</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e736">17</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd21e782">18</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">possesion</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">possession</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e739">17</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd21e748">17</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">circunstances</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">circumstances</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e753">18</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">aboutthe</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">about the</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e764">18</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">churchand</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">church and</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e767">18</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">excomunicated</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">excommunicated</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e772">18</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">assasins</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">assassins</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e777">18</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">;</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">,</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e785">18</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">inmunity</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">immunity</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e790">18</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">uncredulous</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">incredulous</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e793">18</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">reliquiary</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">reliquary</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e798">18</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Glacing</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Glancing</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e803">19</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">reliquia</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">reliquary</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e806">19</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">wit</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e808">19</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">pispiration</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">perspiration</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e813">19</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">anually</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">annually</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e818">19</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">in</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">is</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e821">19</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">dispair</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">despair</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e826">19</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">the</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">he</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd21e838">19</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">wanderbust</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">wanderlust</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -</div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Cuban Folk-Lore, by L. 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